Biological impacts of minor shoreline structures on the coastal environment state of the art review

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Biological Services Program

FWS/OBS-77/51
March 1980
Biological Impacts of Minor Shoreline
Structures on the Coastal Environment:
State of the Art Review
VOLUME II

4,1

..........

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Fish and Wildlife Service
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U.S. Department of the Interior

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FWS/OBS-77/51
March 1980

BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF MINOR SHORELINE
STRUCTURES ON THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT:
STATE OF THE ART REVIEW

Volume II

DATA PRINTOUT

E. L. Mulvihill, C. A. Francisco, J. B. Glad,
K. B. Kaster, and R. E. Wilson

Beak Consultants, Inc.
317 S.W. Alder
Portland, Oregon 97204

with

0. Beeman - Special Consultant

Project Officer
Larry R. Shanks
National Coastal Ecosystems Team
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
NASA-Slidell Computer Complex
1010 Gause Boulevard
Slidell, Louisiana 70458

Prepared for

National Coastal Ecosystems Team
Office of Biological Services
Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
fto"rty of CSC Liftur

For sale by UC6CV=PArft0Frinting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
NOAA Coastal Services center Library
2234 South Hobson Avenue
Charleston, SC 29405-2413

PREFACE

This report was written for fish and wildlife biologists who review
permits for the construction of minor shoreline structures in the coastal
environment, and was submitted in fullfilment of Contract 14-16-0008-2153.

Any suggestions or questions regarding this review should be directed
to:

Information Specialist
National Coastal Ecosystems Team
NASA-Slidell Computer Complex
1010 Gause Boulevard
Slidell, Louisiana 70458

The correct citation for this report is:

Mulvihill, E. L., C. A. Francisco, J. B. Glad, K. B. Kaster, and
R. E. Wilson. 1980. Biological impacts of minor shoreline structures
on the coastal environment: state of the art review. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program. FWS/OBS-77/51. 2 vol.

SUMMARY

Beak Consultants Incorporated conducted a state of the art review of the
biological impacts of minor shoreline structures on the coastal environment.
The types of structures included in this study were as follows: breakwaters,
jetties, groins, bulkheads, revetments, ramps, piers, and other support struc-
tures, buoys and floating platforms, harbors for small crafts, bridges, and
causeways.

A total of 555 information sources were obtained of which approximately
220 references were found by commercial bibliographic searches. Other sources
were, located by cross referencing from identi@ied sources; visiting key lib-
raries; interviewing and sending questionnaires to institutions, government
agencies, and individuals who might have had useful information.

Information was extracted from the literature and compiled by type of
shoreline structure and by coastal region. The following categories of infor-
mation were sought: structure functions; site characteristics; geographic
prevalence; engineering, socioeconomic and biological placement constraints;
construction materials; expected life span; environmental conditions, method-
ology of environmental impact studies; physical and biological impacts; and
structural and nonstructural alternatives.

Existing information was evaluated and a text was prepared (Volume I).
An annotated bibliography, keyword index, and primary author reference number
index were produced from the data base (Volume II).

This state of the art review summarizes and evaluates the information
found in the literature for each type of structure. Areas requiring additional
study are delineated. Germane studies in progress are identified, and selected
case histories depicting the impacts of shoreline structures are presented as
part of the review.

The impact of any structure on the coastal environment is site-specific
and should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Few studies were found which
quantitatively investigated the impacts of specific structures.

Structures which appear to have the greatest potential for impacting the
coastal environment are small boat harbors, bridges and causeways, bulkheads,
breakwaters, and jetties. Those with moderate impact potential are revetments,
groins, and ramps. Low-impact potential structures include buoys and floating
platforms, and piers, pilings and other support structures. Based on this
classification scheme and the number and types of information sources located,
bridges, causeways, and small boat harbors have received very little study
relative to their potential impacts.

CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
SUMMARY . . . ' ' * * * ' * * * * ' * ' * . * * * ' * ' * . . . iv
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
PRIMARY AUTHOR-REFERENCE NUMBER INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
KEYWORD INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BEB Beach Erosion Board
BIO biological
CERC Coastal Engineering Research Center
CR 1 North Pacific: Canadian border south to Point Pinos,
California
CR 2 Southern California: Point Pinos, California to Imperial
Beach, California
CR 3 Gulf of Mexico: Port Isabel, Texas to Terra Ceia, Florida
CR 4 Southern Florida: Terra Ceia, Florida to Cape Canaveral,
Florida
CR 5 South Atlantic: Cape Canaveral, Florida to Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina
CR 6 Middle Atlantic: Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Coney
Island, New York
CR 7 North Atlantic: Coney Island, New York north to Canadian
border
CR 8 Great Lakes: Great Lakes area
EIA environmental impact assessment
EIS environmental impact statement
ENG engineering
GENERAL information which is not specific to one coastal region
GOVREP government inter- or intra- agency report
INT interview
LITREV literature review
MSPREP manuscript in preparation/press
Pers. Comm. personal communication
PUB published
REF. NO. reference number
UNPUB unpublished

INTRODUCTION

This volume contains a printout of the data base which was used to pre-
pare Biological Impacts of Minor Shoreline Structures on the Coastal Environ-
ment: State of the Art Review, Volume 1.

The printout contains information about:

0 Breakwaters 0 Structure supports
0 Jetties 0. Buoys
0 Groins 0 Floating platforms
0 Bulkheads 0 Harbors
0 Revetments 0 Bridges
0 Ramps 0 Causeways
0 Piers 0 Dredge/fill
0 Pilings

Information that was related to the above structures and which fell into
one of the categories in Table I was extracted from the literature and entered
into the data base by category. The information in each of the categories is
presented either by coastal region or as general information. Information may
be traced back to its source by noting the reference number which accompanies
each listing and referring to the author reference number index and annotated
bibliography.

It should be noted that the ratings of the references which appear on
this printout reflect only a given article's usefulness and applicability to
the project and not its scientific validity or excellence.

This printout served as one means of integrating and organizing the in-
formation contained in the literature for purposes of preparing the state of
the art review. The data in the printout is a summary of information from
each source as it related to the outline in Table I and is not inclusive of
all information contained in an article. All persons using this volume should
refer to the original article for verification of information and to the Vol-
ume I.

vii

Table 1. Types of information contained in the data base.

Local name of structure
Structure function(s)
Prevalence in coastal region
Geographical location of structure
Town and state
Name of waterway
Site characteristics
Placement relative to shoreline
Elevation/depth of structure
Placement constraints
Engineering
Socioeconomic
Biological
Others
Alternate locations
Alternate structures considered
Construction materials
Expected life span of structure
Availability of construction plans
Unaltered conditions/environment
General characteristics
Shoreline topograp-hy
Substrate
Environmental factors
Flora
Vertebrate fauna
Invertebrate fauna
Ecological interrelationships
Others
Altered conditions/environment
General characteristics
Shoreline topography
Substrate
Environmental Factors
Flora
Vertebrate fauna
Invertebrate fauna
Ecological interrelationships
Physical impacts from construction
Biological impacts from construction
Physical impacts from presence of structure
and accumulation of structures within a
coastal zone
Biological impacts from presence of structure
and accumulation of structures within a
coastal zone
Others
Environmental impact methodology
Research in progress at time of publication

viii

PRIMARY AUTHOR - REFERENCE NUMBER INDEX REF. NOS. 0001 TO 0100

REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR
-------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- ------------------------------
0001 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 0051 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND
0002 D'ANGREMOND, K. 0052 WHITE, S.T.
0003 DOLAN, R. 0053 MCCARTNEY, B.L.
0004 COPELAND, R.J. 0054 TERICH, T.A
0005 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 0055 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND
0006 BECKMAN, C. 0056 RIGG, G.B.
0007 COLLEY, P.H. 0057 STEMBRIDGE, J.E., JR.
0008 TAYLOR, J.L. 0058 KAHN, R.A.
0009 WILDER, C.P. 0059 HALL, J.V., JR.
0010 MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION. 0060 KIESLICH, J.M.
0011 WALTON, J.M. 0061 THOMPSON, J.R.
0012 REISH, D.J. 0062 LEE, C.E.
0013 BALSILLIE, J.H. 0063 HORIKAWA, K.
0014 LINDGREN, E.W. 0064 SILVESTER, R.
0015 NIXON, S.W. 0065 GIVENS, F.B., JR.
0016 COPELAND, B.J. 0066 OMHOLT, T.
0017 COLLIER, C.A. 0067 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0018 ECKHART, B. 0068 JOHNSON, J.W.
0019 MOCK, C.P. 0069 WONG, V.D.
0020 SAT0, S. 0070 ROUNSEFELL, G.A.
0021 BACKMAN, T.W. 0071 OMHOLT, T.
0022 TRENT, L. 0072 DENT, E.J.
0023 BERG, D.W. 0073 OLSEN, E.J.
0024 CALDWELL, J.M. 0074 SAVAGE, R.P.
0025 SLAUGHTE, T.H. 0075 BERG, D.W.
0026 TRAUTMAN, M.B. 0076 GARBISCH, E.W., JR.
0027 CORLISS, J. 0077 COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS
0028 PRICE, W.A. 0078 CHABRECK, R.H.
0029 WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES 0079 SILVESTER, R.
0030 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 0080 FREDERIKSEN, H.D.
0031 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 0081 BRUUN, P.
0032 DODD, J.D. 0082 CHRISTMAS, J.Y.
0033 KOMAR, P.D. 0083 REISH, D.J.
0034 TRENT, W.L. 0084 ERERHART, R.C.
0035 SHERK, J.A. 0085 CARSTEA, D.
0036 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 0086 WEBB, J.W.
0037 GREER, A. 0087 SALOMAN, C.H.
0038 HOCHMAN, H. 0088 PARSONS, D.A.
0039 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 0089 RAY, G.C.
0040 SAVILLE, T., JR. 0090 QUINN, A.D.
0041 HANDIN, J.W. 0091 BALSILLIE, J.H.
0042 SAVILLE, T., JR. 0092 SENECA, E.D.
0043 HALL, V.L. 0093 COURTENAY, W.R.
0044 NIERING, W.A. 0094 BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
0045 BRETSCHNEIDER, C. 0095 EL-ASHRY, M.T.
0046 CARSTEA, D. 0096 MCCABE, R.A.
0047 ANDERSON, J.W. 0097 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0048 TERICH, T.A. 0098 MASON, M.A.
0049 DEMORY, D. 0099 POWER, G.
0050 SNOW, D. 0100 BOWERMAN, F.R.
1

PRIMARY AUTHOR - REFERENCE NUMBER INDEX REF. NOS. 0101 TO 0200

REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR
-------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- ------------------------------
0101 VESPER, W.H. 0151 HERRON, W.J., JR.
0102 NECE, R.P. 0152 MACCAMY, R.C.
0103 HOUSE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS 0153 WEYMOUTH, O.F.
0104 RHODE ISLAND STATEWIDE PLANNING PROGRAM 0154 HALL, W.C.
0105 SHARP, W.C. 0155 WATKINS, L.
0106 PARKER, P.O., JR. 0156 COLE, B.J.
0107 DOLAN, R. 0157 U.S. DEPT. OF INTERIOR, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
0108 LEWIS, T.E. 0158 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0109 GUNTER, G. 0159 H.W. LOCHNER, INC., CONSULTING ENGINEERS
0110 WOODHOUSE, W.W., JR. 0160 STUART, T.A.
0111 NAGAI, S. 0161 RIESE, R.C.
0112 ERCHINGE0, H.F. 0162 RICHEY, E.P.
0113 OLMSTEAD, L.W. 0163 SCHULTZ, L.P.
0114 SAVAGE, P.P 0164 WAGNER, F.W.
0115 KNUTSON, P.L. 0165 SCHIJF, J.B.
0116 BARRETT, R.J. 0166 DUNHAM, J.W.
0117 ROSS, C.W. 0167 BUCHANAN, C.C.
0118 REIMBERT, M.L. 0168 BELLA, D.A.
0119 ALLEN, R.H. 0169 KOWALSK1, T.
0120 ISHIHARA, T. 0170 HERRON, W.J.
0121 BALDWIN, W.P. 0171 DEWEES, C.M.
0122 BRATER, F.F. 0172 EDWARDS, P.
0123 BERG, C.J., JR. 0173 BRUUN, P.
0124 DUANE, D.P. 0174 KETCHUM, B.H.
0125 SAVILLE, T., JR. 0175 KEITH, J.M.
0126 CLARK, J. 0176 DOCKS AND HARBOUR AUTHORITY
0127 LEE, C.E. 0177 COEN-CAGLI, M.E.
0128 BRIGGS, D.T. 0178 PERAIN0, J.
0129 BRATER, E.F. 0179 BUDDECKE, R.
0130 SAVILLE, T., JR. 0180 HADERLIE, E.C.
0131 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 0181 U.S. DEPT. OF INTERIOR, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
0132 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 0182 ALLISON, D.M.
0133 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 0183 WALTON, J.C.
0134 BELLIS, V. 0184 SCOTT, H.A.
0135 CAMMEN, C.M. 0185 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0136 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 0186 LIZARRAGA-ARCINIEGA, J.R.
0137 OLIVER, J.S. 0187 TERRY, O.W.
0138 YASSO, W.E. 0188 AYERS, J.
0139 SANKO, P. 0189 MARSHALL, A.R.
0140 EDMUND, N.W. 0190 SIPPLE, W.S.
0141 ELLIS, H.M. 0191 FLORIDA ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENT STATIO
0142 INMAN, D.L. 0192 COURSEY, G.E.
0143 SNOW, B.C., JR. 0193 GEYER, R.A.
0144 AHRENS, J.P 0194 ALFIERI, O.J.
0145 MACHEMEHL, J.L. 0195 DARNELL, R.M.
0146 HURME, A.K. 0196 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0147 HOCKETT, C.A. 0197 OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
0148 MONNEY, N.T. O198 OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
0149 WILSON, P.W. 0199 OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
0150 WILLIAMS, S.J. 0200 OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

PRIMARY AUTHOR - REFERENCE NUMBER INDEX REF. NOS. 0201 TO 0300

REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR
----------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- -------------------------------
0201 P., W.M. 0251 BELLA, D.A.
0202 GILMORE, G. 0252 HALL, J.V., JR.
0203 WILSON, J.N. 0253 GAITHER, W.S.
0204 LEUCHNER. P. 0254 CHEN, T.C.
0205 PRICE, W.A. 0255 NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY
0206 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, WILMINGTON 0256 NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY
0207 FLORIDA SAME AND FRESHWATER FISH COMMISSION 0257 NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY
0208 ORTOLANO, L. 0258 NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY
0209 DALE, V. 0259 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER
0210 COND0n, F. 0260 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER
0211 DEAN, C. 0261 MITCHELL, J.K.
0212 GOSSELINK, J.G. 0262 BROWN, G.M.
0213 WALTON, T.L., JR. 0263 DAVIS, R.A.
0214 WALLEN, T.F. 0264 SIBUL, O.J.
0215 DEAN, R.G. 0265 DOLAN, R.
0216 MASSEY, L.L. 0266 SHULENBERGER, E.
0217 DAISER, F.C. 0267 STONE, R.B.
0218 KING, C.A.M. 0268 ELLIFRIT, N.J.
0219 WALTON, G.F 0269 OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
0220 PETERSON, A,R. 0270 SIPPLE, W.S.
0221 KNUTSON, P.L. 0271 HEISER, D.W.
0222 NELSON, F.P. 0272 EARATTUPUZHA, J.J.
0223 CILWECK, B.A. 0273 HOURN, W.S.
0224 SOUTH CAPOLINA MARINE RESOURCES DIVISION 0274 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION
0225 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CHARLESTON 0275 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
0226 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO 0276 BARADA, W.
0227 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CHARLESTON 0277 ZUMSERGE, J.H.
0228 FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 0278 VESPER, W.H.
0229 KUENZLER, E.J. 0279 MCCARTNEY, S.L.
0230 JEFFERSON, C.A. 0280 REISH, D.J.
0231 BEETON, A.M. 0281 ODUM, W.E.
0232 MACHEMEHL, J.L. 0282 PISAPIA, R.C.
0233 TWENHOFEL, W.S. 0283 GANTT, L.K.
0234 U.S. DEPT. OF INTERIOR 0284 PARR, R.A.
0235 NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY 0285 WILSON, G.C.
0236 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO 0286 DISKIN, M.H.
0237 BERG, D.W. 0287 SAVILLE, T., JR.
0238 JACHOWSKI, R.A. 0288 MARSHALL, H.E.
0239 REED, R. 0289 WOODHOUSE, W.W., JR.
024D U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 0290 REISH, D.J.
0241 WHITAKER. 0. 0291 COTTAM, C.
0242 PRICE, W.A. 0292 SIPPLE, W.S.
0243 CENTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAN INC. 0293 8ERG, D.W.
0244 FINE, J.C. 0294 MOORE, D.
0245 ANONYMOUS 0295 WOODHOUSE, W.W., JR.
0246 COLE, B.J. 0296 KOISCH, F.P.
0247 DARNELL, P.M. 0297 DAHL, B.E.
0248 DAVIS, J.H., JR. 0298 MILLIKAN, A.
0249 HARRIS, P.W. 0299 RORHOLM, N.
0250 CROOKE, P.C. 0300 WICK, W.Q.
3

PRIMARY AUTHOR - REFERENCE NUMBER INDEX REF. NOS. 0301 TO 0400

REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR
-------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- ------------------------------
0301 GIANNIO, S.P. 0351 METSKER, H.E.
0302 MACK, W.N. 0352 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL
0303 BLUME, J.A. 0353 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, DETROIT
0304 SCHUBEL, J.R. 0354 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL
0305 GRAETZ, K.E. 0355 CLARK, K.B.
0306 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 0356 HAJE, R.L.
0307 THOMSEN, A.L. 0357 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0308 PALLET, N. 0358 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO
0309 SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION 0359 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO
0310 NOBLE, R.M. 0360 LEOPOLD, L.B.
0311 VESPER, W.H. 0361 FORNEY, F.H.
0312 HILL, P.G. 0362 BAUER, W.
0313 REID, G.K. 0363 PLOESSEL, M.R.
0314 MOORE, R.C.A. 0364 CRONIN, L.E.
0315 WOODHOUSE, W.W., JR. 0365 ENVIRONMENT CANADA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
0316 ALLEN, G.W. 0366 WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY
0317 GUNTER, G. 0367 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO
0318 ANONYMOUS 0368 BAUER, W.
0319 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BALTIMORE 0369 PERSAUD, D.
0320 HERBICH, J.H. 0370 MCWILLIAMS, W.R., JR.
0321 MICHIGAN SEA GRANT ADVISORY PROGRAM 0371 BAILEY, D.
0322 MENZEL, R.W 0372 HALL, J.R.
0323 MIFKOVIC, C.S. 0373 ROGERS, S.M., JR.
0324 ANONYMOUS 0374 WORK, R.
0325 REISH, D.J. 0375 CLEWELL, A.F.
0326 WOLCOTT, T.G. 0376 ROSS, N.W.
0327 SNODGRASS, F. 0377 SPAGNOLI, J.J.
0328 BENEFIEL0, R.L. 0378 MARSHALL, H.L.
0329 JOHNSON, R.B., JR. 0379 SHEALY, M.H., JR.
0330 SOUTH CAPOLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION 0380 GERKE, R.J.
0331 BELLER, W.S. 0381 MOORE, H.B.
0332 TRIGOM 0382 ROSS, B.
0333 RAYNOR, A.C. 0383 BAUER, W.
0334 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0384 BAUER, W.
0335 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0385 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0336 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0386 PETERSON, A.R.
0337 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0387 HEITZ, J.G.
0338 GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION 0388 BAUER, W.
0339 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES 0389 ECOLOGICAL SUB-COMMITTEE FOR THE VANCOUVER INTERNATL
0340 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO 0390 DEAN, J.M.
0341 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES 0391 HAVEN, K.F.
0342 GARBISCH, F.W., JR. 0392 COASTAL PLAINS CENTER FOR MARINE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE
0343 SLOSSON, J.E. 0393 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BALTIMORE
0344 NELSON, F.P. 0394 BAUER, W.
0345 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0395 SHEPARD, F.P.
0346 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0396 DAVIS, G.
0347 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0397 SHULDINER, P.
0348 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NORFOLK 0398 CALDER, D.R.
0349 GUSTAFSON, J.F. 0399 CALDER, D.R.
0350 ADEE, B.H. 0400 YANGGEN, D.A.

PRIMARY AUTHOR - REFERENCE NUMBER INDEX REF. NOS. 0401 TO 0500

REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR
-------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- ----------------------------
0401 DUNHAM,J.W. 0451 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, DETROIT
0402 CARLISLE, J. 0452 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, DETROIT
0403 VILKS, G. 0453 KAY, A.R.
0404 U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 0454 BRUUN, P.
0405 ROESSLER, M.A. 0455 CHESTNUTT, C.B.
0406 CARLTON, J.M. 0456 ROY MANN ASSOCIATES
0407 BRATER, F.F. 0457 U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE
0408 BRISBY, W.L. 0458 DANTIN, E.J.
0409 SPRUILL, J. 0459 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL
0410 FEITEROLF, C.M., JR. 0460 STEPHENS, J.S., JR.
0411 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES 0461 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO
0412 KLIMM, L.E. 0462 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES
0413 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES 0463 PFITZENMEYER, H.T.
0414 BOBERSCHMIDT, L. 0464 SWEENEY, W.D.
0415 NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 0465 PFITZENMEYER, H.T.
0416 SLAWSON, J. 0466 MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
0417 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 0467 CARROLL, A.
0418 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 0468 ANGAS, W.M.
0419 MCCAULEY, J.E. 0469 CARSTEA, D.
0420 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 0470 SILBERHORN, G.M.
0421 CRONIN, L.E. 0471 MCCARTNEY, B.L.
0422 CARTER, C.H. 0472 DAVIS, J.H.
0423 STOCKLEY, C. 0473 SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE
0424 HALL, J.V., JR. 0474 BRUUN, P.
0425 GORDON, J.R. 0475 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
0426 RICKER, F.W. 0476 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL
0427 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO 0477 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL
0428 U.S. COAST GUARD 0478 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES
0429 NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY 0479 GIFFORD, C.A.
0430 NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY 0480 BRUUN, P.
0431 MCWILLIAMS, W.R. 0481 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LABORATORY, INC.
0432 DEN UYL, R.B. 0482 SUTKO, A.A.
0433 ADIE, D.W. 0483 ADEE, B.H.
0434 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS 0484 RICHEY, E.P.
0435 CLARK, J. 0485 KOWALSKI, T.
0436 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 0486 MILLER, D.S.
0437 WATTS, G.M. 0487 BRATER, E.F.
0438 BRITISH COLUMBIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT 0488 SALOMAN, C.H.
0439 LOUISIANA ADVISORY COMMISSION ON COASTAL AND MARINE 0489 BRATER, E.F.
0440 MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 0490 CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM, INC.
0441 MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 0491 SMITH, G.F.
0442 MORTON, J.W. 0492 JOHNSON, R.B.
0443 ELLIS, R.H. 0493 BRATER, E.F.
0444 MCALLISTER, R. 0494 JOHNSON, R.B.
0445 U.S. COAST GUARD 0495 TREADWELL, G.T.
0446 LEEDY, D.L. 0496 WILSON, W.B.
0447 MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 0497 HFRBICH, J.B.
0448 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, LAKE HYDRAULICS LABORATORY 0498 KOWALSKI, T.
0449 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES 0499 MILLER, D.S.
0450 GREAT LAKES RESEARCH INSTITUTE 0500 MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

PRIMARY AUTHOR - REFERENCE NUMBER INDEX REF. NOS. 0501 TO 0555

REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR REF. NO. PRIMARY AUTHOR
-------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- ----------------------
0501 HARRIS, A.J. 0551 CRONIN, L.E.
0502 CANDLE, P.D. 0552 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
0503 CHRISTENSEN, D.R. 0553 BAUER, W.
0504 COLONELL, J.M. 0554 FLORIDA BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
0505 FREY, K.P.H. 0555 BYRNE, R.J.
0506 HOWLEY, W.W.
0507 SETHNESS, F.D., JR.
0508 NASSAU-SUFFOLK REGIONAL PLANNING BOARD
0509 DAVIES, D.S.
0510 HASTINGS, R.W.
0511 BIRD, E.C.F.
0512 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, SEATTLE
0513 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
0514 SMITH, F.G.W.
0515 SKINNER, F.W.
0516 VAN WEELF, B.J.
0517 CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM, INC.
0518 HASLER, H.G.
0519 FLORIDA COASTAL COORDINATING COUNCIL
0520 SEYMOUR, R.J.
0521 GODFREY, P.J.
0522 MARKS, W.D.
0523 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS
0524 HENRY, W.T.
0525 SMITH, F.E.
0526 NYBAKKEN, J.
0527 LINDALL, W.N., JR.
0528 WARNKE, D.A.
0529 CONNER, W.H.
0530 WEBB, D.A.
0531 CHENOWETH, D.R.
0532 GAGE, B.O.
0533 COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS INCORPORATED
0534 NEW ENGLAND RIVER BASINS COMMISSION
0535 STANSBY, M.E.
0536 LOS ANGELES COUNTY
0537 LONG BEACH CITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
0538 GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION
0539 DAVIS, R.
0540 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, SAVANNAH
0541 SHAY, E.A.
0542 DODD, J.D.
0543 WOODHOUSE, W.W., JR.
0544 DAVIS, J.H.
0545 KAPLAN, F.H.
0546 PAINTER, W.T.
0547 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL
0548 U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, NEW YORK
0549 GOSSELINK, J.G.
0550 MCCAULEY, J.E. 6

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0000
0474 AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 5, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0529 AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING
0121 AQUATIC PLANTS, BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DIKE, HABITAT
0298 AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, MIGRATION, PROTECT, SPAWNING,
SUBSTRATE
0306 AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, CR 1, HARBOR, RECREATION
0371 AQUATIC PLANTS, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, FISH, LAND PLANTS, REVETMENT
0375 AQUATIC PLANTS, CAUSEWAY, CR 3
0021 AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2
0290 AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, SHELLFISH, STABILIZE, SUCCESSION
0325 AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, JETTY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION
0172 AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 3, HABITAT, JETTY, PILING
0374 AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 4, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, SHELLFISH
0015 AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 7, HARBOR, MOORING, PRODUCTIVITY
0364 AQUATIC PLANTS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, NURSERY, SHELLFISH
0078 AQUATIC PLANTS, ECONOMICS, HABITAT
0511 AQUATIC PLANTS, STABILIZE, SUCCESSION
0036 BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, HETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0211 BEAUTIFY, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, LITTORAL PROCESSES, NESTING, RESEARCH NEEDS, TURTLES
0449 BENTHOS, BIRDS, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR
0180 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 1, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, SEDIMENTATION
0280 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION
0352 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION
0353 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION
0354 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION
0358 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, PLANKTON
0359 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, REVETMENT
0457 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH
0459 BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION
0046 BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, pIER,
PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE
0052 BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, PIER
0202 BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR
0217 BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PLANKTON
0490 BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION
0085 BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION
0403 BENTHOS, CAUSEWAY, LAND TRANSPORT
0137 BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SPAWNING, SUCCESSION
0168 BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0284 BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, INVERTEBRATES, SEDIMENTATION
0550 BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION
0280 BENTHOS, CR 1, HARBOR, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION
0012 BENTHOS, CR 2, HARBOR, SUCCESSION
0488 BENTHOS, CR 3
0087 BENTHOS, CR 3, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION
0529 BENTHOS, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS
0093 BENTHOS, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, INVERTEBRATES
0514 BENTHOS, CR 4, HABITAT, PLANKTON

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0225 BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, JETTY, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION
0398 BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, JETTY
0399 BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, SHELLFISH
0540 BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0379 BENTHOS, CR 5, HABITAT
0474 BENTHOS, CR 5, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, AQUATIC PLANTS
0463 BENTHOS, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL
0465 BENTHOS, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, RESEARCH NEEDS
0545 BENTHOS, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION
0451 BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION
0452 BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION
0547 BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION
0442 BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HABITAT, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE
0551 BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION,
SHELLFISH, SPAWNING
0190 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0191 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0196 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0197 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0198 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0199 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0200 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0209 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0216 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0234 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0235 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0255 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0256 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0257 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0258 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0259 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0260 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0269 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0312 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0429 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0430 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0466 BIBLIOGRAPHY
0210 BIBLIOGRAPHY, DREDGE/FILL
0415 BIRDS, BRIDGE, CR 7, HABITAT, LAND TRANSPORT, SHELLFISH
0212 BIRDS, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, SHELLFISH,
SPAWNING
0449 BIRDS, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, BENTHOS
0121 BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DIKE, HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS
0291 BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS
0206 BIRDS, CR 6, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, MIGRATION, PIER
0273 BIRDS, CR 6, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION
0301 BIRDS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION
0427 BOAT HOIST, CR 8, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER
0080 BREAKWATER
0111 BREAKWATER

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0158 BREAKWATER
0287 BREAKWATER
0126 BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER,
SEDIMENTATION
0247 BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING,
PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION
0444 BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 4, GROIN, JETTY, RAMP, REVETMENT
0001 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0001 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0017 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0029 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, PROTECT, SHELLFISH
0036 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING,
PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY
0067 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0079 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION,
STABILIZE, TRAINING
0097 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT
0116 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 4, JETTY, REVETMENT
0119 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT
0122 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0139 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0143 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY
0173 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
STABILIZE, TRAINING
0174 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAL, CAUSEWAY, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY
0177 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, PROTECT
0228 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT
0243 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0272 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, PROTECT
0298 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, MIGRATION, PROTECT, SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE,
AQUATIC PLANTS
0320 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT,
REVETMENT
0321 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT,
REVETMENT
0361 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0366 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, HARBOR, PIER
0392 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT
0423 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, SHELLFISH
0424 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT
0479 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE,
TRAINING
0487 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN, REVETMENT
0493 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0538 BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0389 BREAKWATER, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, JETTY, RESEARCH NEEDS
0327 BREAKWATER, CR 1, CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0050 BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREGE/FILL, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE,
TRAINING
0240 BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, JETTY
0491 BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, PILING, SEDIMENTATION
0162 BREAKWATER, CR 1, ECONOMICS, FISH, HARBOR, LEGAL, MIGRATION, PROTECT
0300 BREAKWATER, CR 1, GROIN, HARBOR
0180 BREAKWATER, CR 1, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0306 BREAKWATER, CR 1, HARBOR, RECREATION, AQUATIC PLANTS
0512 BREAKWATER, CR 1, HABITAT, TRAINING
0056 BREAKWATER, CR 1, PROTECT
0411 BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, RECREATION
0478 BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0170 BREAKWATER, CR 2, ECONOMICS, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0068 BREAKWATER, CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0460 BREAKWATER, CR 2, FISH, HARBOR
0041 BREAKWATER, CR 2, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0335 BREAKWATER, CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT
0337 BREAKWATER, CR 6, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0468 BREAKWATER, CR 6, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0357 BREAKWATER, CR 7, HARBOR
0385 BREAKWATER, CR 7, HARBOR
0475 BREAKWATER, CR 7, HABITAT, HARBOR
0352 BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0353 BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, BENTHOS
0354 BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0358 BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, PLANKTON, BENTHOS
0359 BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, REVETMENT, BENTHOS
0459 BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0522 BREAKWATER, CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0477 BREAKWATER, CR 8, HARBOR, PROTECT
0236 BREAKWATER, CR 8, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0208 BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0169 BREAKWATER, ECONOMICS, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT
0009 BREAKWATER, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0020 BREAKWATER, EROSION, REVETMENT, SCOURING
0064 BREAKWATER, EROSION, PROTECT
0156 BREAKWATER, EROSION, HARBOR, PROTECT
0457 BREAKWATER, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS
0395 BREAKWATER, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0369 BREAKWATER, GROIN, JETTY
0350 BREAKWATER, HARBOR
0498 BREAKWATER, HARBOR, PROTECT
0499 BREAKWATER, HARBOR, PROTECT
0002 BREAKWATER, JETTY, PROTECT, TRAINING
0182 BREAKWATER, PROTECT
0286 BREAKWATER, PROTECT
0484 BREAKWATER, PROTECT
0485 BREAKWATER, PROTECT
0486 BREAKWATER, PROTECT
0501 BREAKWATER, PROTECT

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0518 BREAKWATER, PROTECT
0520 BREAKWATER, PROTECT
0070 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, BUOY, REEF, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION
0126 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION,
BREAKWATER
0181 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT
0247 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY,
SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER
0372 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, HABITAT
0467 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 7, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PILING
0207 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, PIER
0444 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 4, GROIN, JETTY, RAMP, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0553 BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, RAMP, SUPPORT
0371 BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, FISH, LAND PLANTS, REVETMENT, AQUATIC PLANTS
0378 BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4
0405 BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL
0549 BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, ECONOMICS, LAND PLANTS, LAND TRANSPORT, PRODUCTIVITY
0159 BRIDGE, CR 4, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES
0382 BRIDGE, CR 4, LAND TRANSPORT
0445 BRIDGE, CR 5, LAND TRANSPORT
0415 BRIDGE CR 7, HABITAT, LAND TRANSPORT, SHELLFISH, BIRDS
0176 BRIDGE, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, SUPPORT
0070 BULKHEAD, BUOY, REEF, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, BRIDGE
0126 BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER,
BRIDGE
0174 BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER
0181 BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, BRIDGE
0247 BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY,
SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE
0372 BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, HABITAT, BRIDGE
0467 BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 7, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PILING, BRIDGE
0552 BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0388 BULKHEAD, CR 1
0368 BULKHEAD, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, REVETMENT
0394 BULKHEAD, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0553 BULKHEAD, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, RAMP, SUPPORT, BRIDGE
0048 BULKHEAD, CR 1, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0029 BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER
0052 BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, PIER, BENTHOS
0271 BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, REVETMENT
0298 BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, MIGRATION, PROTECT, SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS,
BREAKWATER
0380 BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER
0423 BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER
0366 BULKHEAD, CR, HARBOR, PIER, BREAKWATER
0362 BULKHEAD, CR 1, REVETMENT
0268 BULKHEAD, CR 1, SHELLFISH
0363 BULKHEAD, CR 2, EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT
0402 BULKHEAD, CR 2, GROIN, HABITAT, HRABOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0022 BULKHEAD, CR 3
0017 BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0172 BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING,
BREAKWATER
0207 BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, PIER, BRIDGE
0228 BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0479 BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING,
BREAKWATER
0527 BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL
0469 BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP,
RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT
0016 BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION
0202 BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, BENTHOS
0320 BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
BREAKWATER
0455 BULKHEAD, CR 3, EROSION
0019 BULKHEAD, CR 3, INVERTEBRATES
0027 BULKHEAD, CR 3, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY
0086 BULKHEAD, CR 3, PROTECT
0528 BULKHEAD, CR 3, REVETMENT
0201 BULKHEAD, CR 4
0513 BULKHEAD, CR 4, CR 5, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0444 BULKHEAD, CR 4, GROIN, JETTY, RAMP, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE
0116 BULKHEAD, CR 4, JETTY, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0134 BULKHEAD, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0326 BULKHEAD, CR 5, CR 6, CR 7, CRUSTACEAN
0224 BULKHEAD, CR 5, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0046 BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER,
PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS
0138 BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE,
TRAINING
0319 BULKHEAD, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PIER, SEDIMENTATION
0217 BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PLANKTON, BENTHOS
0490 BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0517 BULKHEAD, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, MOORING
0283 BULKHEAD, CR 6, ECONOMICS, EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0025 BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT
0065 BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0334 BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT
0345 BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, PIER, PROTECT
0346 BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT
0188 BULKHEAD, CR 6, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, PIER, PILING, PROTECT, SUPPORT
0336 BULKHEAD, CR 6, PROTECT
0440 BULKHEAD, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL
0441 BULKHEAD, CR 7, EROSION
0509 BULKHEAD, CR 7, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT
0377 BULKHEAD, CR 7, PRODUCTIVITY
0534 BULKHEAD, CR 7, PROTECT, REVETMENT

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0321 BULKHEAD, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
BREAKWATER
0448 BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, REVETMENT
0487 BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0043 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0067 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0113 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, STABILIZE
0122 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0129 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0361 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT,
REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER
0489 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0538 BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0493 BULKHEAD, CR 8, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0414 BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT
0281 BULKHEAD, CUMULATIVE EFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0077 BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, LEGAL
0143 BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER
0243 BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER
0392 BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0481 BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT
0036 BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT,
RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER
0212 BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING,
BIRDS
0001 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0001 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0024 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0079 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE,
TRAINING, BREAKWATER
0081 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, REVETMENT
0139 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER
0218 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0308 BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, REVETMENT
0119 BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0085 BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0097 BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0544 BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, PILING, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0177 BULKHEAD, GROIN, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0404 BULKHEAD, GROIN, PROTECT
0401 BULKHEAD, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, RAMP, REVETMENT
0155 BULKHEAD, INVERTEBRATES, PIER, PILING
0424 BULKHEAD, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0166 BULKHEAD, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE
0530 BULKHEAD, PILING
0039 BULKHEAD, PROTECT
0272 BULKHEAD, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0125 BULKHEAD, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0454 BULKHEAD, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0461 BUOY, CR 8, FLOAT PLATFORM, MOORING

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0070 BUOY, REEF, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0408 CAUSEWAY, CR 2, HABITAT, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION
0175 CAUSEWAY, CR 2, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, SUPPORT
0375 CAUSEWAY, CR 3, AQUATIC PLANTS
0378 CAUSEWAY, CR 4, BRIDGE
0371 CAUSEWAY, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, FISH, LAND PLANTS, REVETMENT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BRIDGE
0405 CAUSEWAY, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, BRIDGE
0372 CAUSEWAY, CR 4, HABITAT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0428 CAUSEWAY, CR 5, LAND TRANSPORT
0292 CAUSEWAY, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, SEDIMENTATION
0467 CAUSEWAY, CR 7, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PILING, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0126 CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE,
BULKHEAD
0181 CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0247 CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION,
BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0389 CUASEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, JETTY, RESEARCH NEEDS, BREAKWATER
0552 CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, BULKHEAD
0549 CAUSEWAY, ECONOMICS, LAND PLANTS, LAND TRANSPORT, PRODUCTIVITY, BRIDGE
0174 CAUSEWAY, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0397 CAUSEWAY, LAND TRANSPORT
0403 CAUSEWAY, LAND TRANSPORT, BENTHOS
0388 CR 1, BULKHEAD
0327 CR 1, CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER
0127 CR 1, CR 2, HARBOR
0060 CR 1, CR 5, JETTY, STABILIZE
0102 CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HARBOR, HARBOR, PRODUCTIVITY
0368 CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0383 CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, EROSION
0384 CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, EROSION
0394 CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0168 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, BENTHOS
0031 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY, PIER, STABILIZE
0049 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0055 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT
0069 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY
0230 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0050 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, TRAINING,
BREAKWATER
0491 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, PILING, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER
0553 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, RAMP, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0284 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, INVERTEBRATES, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0240 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, JETTY, BREAKWATER
0137 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SPAWNING, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS
0550 CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0162 CR 1, ECONOMICS, FISH, HARBOR, LEGAL, MIGRATION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0048 CR 1, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0030 CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, SEDIMENTATION
0033 CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE
0186 CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0310 CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE
0314 CR 1, EROSION, JETTY
0011 CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, PIER, REEF
0171 CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, RECREATION, REEF, RESEARCH NEEDS
0298 CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, MIGRATION, PROTECT, SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD
0029 CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0271 CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0380 CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, BULKHEAD
0423 CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0052 CR 1, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, PIER, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD
0300 CR 1, GROIN, HARBOR, BREAKWATER
0180 CR 1, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0051 CR 1, HABITAT, JETTY
0123 CR 1, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH
0512 CR 1, HABITAT, TRAINING, BREAKWATER
0495 CR 1, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0366 CR 1, HARBOR, PIER, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0306 CR 1, HARBOR, RECREATION, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER
0280 CR 1, HARBOR, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS
0054 CR 1, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE
0047 CR 1, JETTY, PROTECT
0192 CR 1, JETTY, PROTECT
0056 CR 1, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0362 CR 1, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0268 CR 1, SHELLFISH, BULKHEAD
0021 CR 2, AQUATIC PLANTS
0094 CR 2, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PRODUCTIVITY
0341 CR 2, DREDGE/FILL
0449 CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, BENTHOS, BIRDS
0416 CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, TIDE GATE
0462 CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, PROTECT, RECREATION
0411 CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, RECREATION, BREAKWATER
0478 CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0170 CR 2, ECONOMICS, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0339 CR 2, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0536 CR 2, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, RECREATION
0068 CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER
0327 CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0142 CR 2, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0363 CR 2, EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0460 CR 2, FISH, HARBOR, BREAKWATER
0402 CR 2, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD
0413 CR 2, GROIN, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, RECREATION
0237 CR 2, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RESEARCH NEEDS
0161 CR 2, GROIN, PROTECT
0100 CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR
0290 CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, SHELLFISH, STABILIZE, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS
0409 CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR
0325 CR 2, HABITAT, JETTY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0408 CR 2, HABITAT, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, CAUSEWAY
0127 CR 2, HARBOR, CR 1
0537 CR 2, HARBOR, MOORING, SEDIMENTATION
0012 CR 2, HARBOR, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS
0083 CR 2, HARBOR, SUCCESSION
0006 CR 2, INVERTEBRATES, PILING
0041 CR 2, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0175 CR 2, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, SUPPORT, CAUSEWAY
0375 CR 3, AQUATIC PLANTS, CAUSEWAY
0488 CR 3, BENTHOS
0022 CR 3, BULKHEAD
0519 CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER
0519 CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, CR 3
0121 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DIKE, HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BIRDS
0207 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, PIER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0228 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0017 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0173 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING,
BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0435 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, HABITAT
0373 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT
0479 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD
0370 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, JETTY, NURSERY, REVETMENT, SHELLFISH
0315 CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT
0087 CR 3, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0291 CR 3, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, BIRDS
0527 CR 3, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, BULKHEAD
0469 CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP,
SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD
0239 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0320 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD
0529 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS
0533 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REEF, REVETMENT
0082 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0202 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD
0016 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD
0431 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, PIER
0328 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH
0496 CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH
0455 CR 3, EROSION, BULKHEAD
0458 CR 3, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0494 CR 3, FISH, HABITAT, PROTECT
0510 CR 3, FISH, JETTY, SUCCESSION
0313 CR 3 FISH, SHELLFISH
0172 CR 3, HABITAT, JETTY, PILING, AQUATIC PLANTS
0294 CR 3, HARBOR, MOORING, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH
0019 CR 3, INVERTEBRATES, BULKHEAD
0542 CR 3, LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0027 CR 3, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY,BULKHEAD
0086 CR 3, PROTECT, BULKHEAD,
0053 CR 3, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0528 CR 3, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0378 CR 4, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY
0201 CR 4, BULKHEAD
0519 CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING,PIER, CR 3, CR 3
0519 CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4
0513 CR 4, CR 5, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0121 CR 4, CR 5, DIKE,HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BIRDS, CR 3
0207 CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL,HARBOR, PIER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0228 CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0017 CR 4, CR 5, ECONOMICS,GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0173 CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD, CR 3
0435 CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, HABITAT, CR 3
0373 CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, CR 3
0479 CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD,
CR 3
0370 CR 4, CR 5, JETTY,NURSERY, REVETMENT, SHELLFISH, CR 3
0315 CR 4, CR 5, LAND PLANTS,PROTECT, CR 3
0087 CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS,HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 3
0371 CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS,FISH, LAND PLANTS, REVETMENT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY
0406 CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS,LAND PLANTS, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE
0405 CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY
0527 CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0093 CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, BENTHOS
0291 CR 4, DREDGE/FTLL, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, BIRDS, CR 3
0095 CR 4, EROSION, JETTY, STABILIZE
0396 CR 4, FISH,INVERTEBRATES, NURSERY
0444 CR 4, GROIN, JETTY, RAMP, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD
0372 CR 4, HABITAT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY
0381 CR 4, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, BRIDGE
0159 CR 4, HABITAT, LAND TRANSPORT, BRIDGE
0514 CR 4, HABITAT, PLANKTON, BENTHOS
0374 CR 4, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS,SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS
0116 CR 4, JETTY,REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0382 CP 4, LAND TRANSPORT,BRIDGE
0519 CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4
0326 CR 5, CR 6, CR 7, CRUSTACEAN,BULKHEAD
0110 CR 5, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE
0003 CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT, RECREATION
0092 CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT
0134 CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0521 CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT
0513 CR 5, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 4
0121 CR 5,DIKE, HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4
0135 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, SUCCESSION
0540 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BENTHOS
0225 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, JETTY, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0399 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS
0228 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4
0207 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, PIER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4
0398 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, JETTY, BENTHOS
0519 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5
0211 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, LITTORAL PROCESSES, NESTING, RESEARCH NEEDS, TURTLES, BEAUTIFY
0167 CR 5, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, RECREATION, REEF
0017 CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4
0145 CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN, STABILIZE
0131 CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0173 CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD,
CR 3, CR 4
0435 CR 5, EROSION, HABITAT, CR 3, CR 4
0184 CR 5, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RECREATION, STABILIZE
0289 CR 5, EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT
0227 CR 5, FISH, SHELLFISH
0373 CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, CR 3, CR 4
0479 CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3,
CR 4
0379 CR 5, HABITAT, BENTHOS
0370 CR 5, JETTY, NURSERY, REVETMENT, SHELLFISH, CR 3, CR 4
0060 CR 5, JETTY, STABILIZE, CR 1
0315 CR 5, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, CR 3, CR 4
0428 CR 5, LAND TRANSPORT, CAUSEWAY
0445 CR 5, LAND TRANSPORT, BRIDGE
0474 CR 5, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS
0224 CR 5, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD
0330 CR 5, PIER
0326 CR 6, CR 7, CRUSTACEAN, BULKHEAD, CR 5
0046 CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT,
REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD
0138 CR 6, CR 7, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING,
BULKHEAD
0099 CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LEGAL, MOORING, SEDIMENTATION
0292 CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, SEDIMENTATION, CAUSEWAY
0319 CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD
0393 CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION
0241 CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0463 CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, BENTHOS
0217 CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD
0517 CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, MOORING, BULKHEAD
0110 CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE, CR 5
0465 CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, RESEARCH NEEDS, BENTHOS
0490 CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD
0283 CR 6, ECONOMICA, EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD
0065 CR 6, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0134 CR 6, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 5
0105 CR 6, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT
0092 CR 6, EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, CR 5
0347 CR 6, EROSION, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0348 CR 6, EROSION, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0345 CR 6, EROSION, PIER, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0521 CR 6, EROSION, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, CR 5
0003 CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 5
0025 CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0037 CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0334 CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0335 CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0346 CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0206 CR 6, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, MIGRATION, PIER, BIRDS
0548 CR 6, GROIN, HABITAT
0188 CR 6, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, PIER, PILING, PROTECT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD
0304 CR 6, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0468 CR 6, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER
0337 CR 6, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0163 CR 6, GROIN, PROTECT
0273 CR 6, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, BIRDS
0336 CR 6, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0144 CR 6, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0114 CR 6, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0326 CR 7, CRUSTACEAN, BULKHEAD, CR 5, CR 6
0101 CR 7, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, ECONOMICS, GROIN, STABILIZE
0426 CR 7, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PRODUCTIVITY
0440 CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, BULKHEAD
0046 CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT,
REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0508 CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0187 CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, SUBSTRATE
0545 CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0332 CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, RESEARCH NEEDS
0441 CR 7, EROSION, BULKHEAD
0066 CR 7, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0071 CR 7, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE
0072 CR 7, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY
0509 CR 7, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0088 CR 7, EROSION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0128 CR 7, FISH, SUBSTRATE
0096 CR 7, GROIN
0467 CR 7, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PILING, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY
0138 CR 7, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BULKHEAD
CR 6
0475 CR 7, HABITAT, HARBOR, BREAKWATER
0415 CR 7, HABITAT, LAND TRANSPORT, SHELLFISH, BIRDS, BRIDGE
0194 CR 7, HABITAT, REEF, SUBSTRATE
0357 CR 7, HARBOR, BREAKWATER
0385 CR 7, HARBOR, BREAKWATER
0015 CR 7, HARBOR, MOORING, PRODUCTIVITY, AQUATIC PLANTS
0377 CR 7, PRODUCTIVITY, BULKHEAD
0534 CR 7, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0321 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD
0451 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0352 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0358 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0359 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, REVETMENT, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0452 CR 8 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0459 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0547 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS
0513 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 4, CR 5
0353 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0354 CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0448 CR 8, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0487 CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0522 CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0023 CR 8, EROSION
0546 CR 8, EROSION
0043 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD
0067 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0113 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD
0122 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0129 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0293 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0361 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0407 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0489 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0538 CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0221 CR 8, EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0342 CR 8, EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0124 CR 8, EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, SEDIMENTATION
0179 CR 8, EROSION, PROTECT
0500 CR 8, EROSION, PROTECT
0098 CR 8, EROSION, REVETMENT
0461 CR 8, FLOAT PLATFORM, MOORING, BUOY
0062 CR 8, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0333 CR 8, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0476 CR 8, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0493 CR 8, GROIN, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0414 CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0410 CR 8, HABITAT, LEGA
0324 CR 8, HARBOR
0477 CR 8, HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0427 CR 8, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, BOAT HOIST
0236 CR 8, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0367 CR 8, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0456 CR 8, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0326 CRUSTACEAN, BULKHEAC, CR 5, CR 6, CR 7
0464 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0087 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 3, CR 4

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0094 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PRODUCTIVITY, CR 2
0099 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LEGAL, MOORING, SEDIMENTATION, CR 6
0101 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, ECONOMICS, GROIN, STABILIZE, CR 7
0102 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HARBOR, HARBOR, PRODUCTIVITY, CR 1
0195 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0281 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, BULKHEAD
0292 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, SEDIMENTATION, CAUSEWAY, CR 6
0319 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0368 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0371 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, FISH, LAND PLANTS, REVETMENT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR
0383 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, EROSION, CR 1
0384 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, EROSION, CR 1
0393 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, CR 6
0394 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0406 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, LAND PLANTS, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, CR 4
0421 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY
0426 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PRODUCTIVITY, CR 7
0469 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION,
SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0525 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS,LEGAL
0121 DIKE,HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0061 DREDGE/FILL
0193 DREDGE/FILL
0322 DREDGE/FILL
0168 DREDGE/FILL, BENTHOS, CR 1
0463 DREDGE/FILL, BENTHOS, CR 6
0210 DREDGE/FILL, BIBLIOGRAPHY
0405 DREDGE/FILL, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4
0440 DREDGE/FILL, BULKHEAD, CR 7
0527 DREDGE/FILL, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4
0341 DREDGE/FILL, CR 2
0239 DREDGE/FTLL, CR 3
0241 DREDGE/FILL, CR 6
0101 DREDGE/FILL, ECONOMICS, GROIN, STABILIZE, CR 7, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0031 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY, PIER, STABILIZE, CR 1
0046 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECTION,
SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7
0049 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1
0055 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT, CR 1
0069 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, CR 1
0093 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, BENTHOS, CR 4
0126 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT,9 HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE,
CAUSEWAY
0135 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, SUCCESSION, CR 5
0208 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0230 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1
0252 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0320 DREDGE/FTLL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER,
CR 3

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0321 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD,
CR 8
0442 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HABITAT, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS
0451 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8
0540 DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BENTHOS, CR 5
0364 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, NURSERY, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS
0551 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH ENEDS, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH,
SPAWNING, BENTHOS
0352 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0358 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0359 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, REVETMENT, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0399 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, CR 5
0449 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, BENTHOS, BIRDS, CR 2
0452 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8
0459 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0491 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, PILING, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0529 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 3
0547 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8
0050 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER,
CR 1
0225 DREDGE/FILL, FISH, JETTY, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 5
0143 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0181 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY
0228 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0243 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0247 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER,
BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY
0392 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0416 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, TIDE GATE, CR 2
0462 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 2
0481 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0508 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, CR 7
0513 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 4, CR 5, CR 8
0533 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REEF, REVETMENT, CR 3
0552 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY
0553 DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, RAMP, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0082 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, CR 3
0195 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0217 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0281 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, BULKHEAD, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0282 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0301 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BIRDS
0319 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0353 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0398 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, JETTY, BENTHOS, CR 5
0411 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, RECREATION, BREAKWATER, CR 2
0478 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 2
0517 DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, MOORING, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0099 DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LEGAL, MOORING, SEDIMENTATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0202 DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 3

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0207 DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, PIER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0354 DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0519 DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5
0284 DREDGE/FILL, INVERTEBRATES, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 1
0240 DREDGE/FILL, JETTY, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0389 DREDGE/FILL, JETTY, RESEARCH NEEDS, BREAKWATER, CAUSEWAY
0110 DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE, CR 5, CR 6
0187 DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, SUBSTRATE, CR 7
0077 DREDGE/FILL, LEGAL, BULKHEAD
0211 DREDGE/FILL, LITTORAL PROCESSES, NESTING, RESEARCH NEEDS, TURTLES, BEAUTIFY, CR 5
0431 DREDGE/FILL, PIER, CR 3
0545 DREDGE/FILL, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 7
016 DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0291 DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4
0332 DREDGE/FILL, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 7
0465 DREDGE/FILL, RESEARCH NEEDS, BENTHOS, CR 6
0137 DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SPAWNING, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 1
0189 DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION
0328 DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, CR 3
0349 DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION
0490 DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0496 DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, CR 3
0550 DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 1
0036 ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION,
REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0283 ECONOMICS, EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0288 ECONOMICS, EROSION, PROTECT
0448 ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0471 ECONOMICS, EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0167 ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, RECREATION, REEF, CR 5
0212 ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BIRDS,
BULKHEAD
0162 ECONOMICS, FISH, HARBOR, LEGAL, MIGRATION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0017 ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0522 ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0487 ECONOMICS, GROIN, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0101 ECONOMICS, GROIN, STABILIZE, CR 7, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL
0145 ECONOMICS, GROIN, STABILIZE, CR 5
0078 ECONOMICS, HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS
0169 ECONOMICS, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0170 ECONOMICS, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 2
0549 ECONOMICS, LAND PLANTS, LAND TRANSPORT, PRODUCTIVITY, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY
0441 EROSION, BULKHEAD, CR 7
0455 EROSION, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0383 EROSION, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0384 EROSION, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0023 EROSION, CR 8
0546 EROSION, CR 8

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0046 EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL
0442 EROSION, FISH, HABITAT, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL
0451 EROSION, FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0093 EROSION, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, BENTHOS, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL
0024 EROSION, GROIN, BULKHEAD
0126 EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY,
DREDGE/FILL
0036 EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT,
STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS
0079 EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, TRAINING,
BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0174 EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY
0361 EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0043 EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0072 EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, CR 7
0165 EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0173 EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD,
CR 4, CR 5
0208 EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL
0320 EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3,
DREDGE/FILL
0509 EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 7
0028 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE
0048 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0065 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0066 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 7
0071 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 7
0075 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, TRAINING
0139 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0218 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD
0308 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0321 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8,
DREDGE/FILL
0540 EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0001 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0001 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0009 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER
0067 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0122 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0129 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0131 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 5
0134 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 5, CR 6
0293 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8
0339 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 2
0407 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, CR 8
0489 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0536 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 2
0538 EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0081 EROSION, GROIN, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0448 EROSION, GROIN, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS
0113 EROSION, GROIN, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0435 EROSION, HABITAT, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0055 EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0068 EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 2
0069 EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0327 EROSION, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 1, CR 2
0156 EROSION, HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0314 EROSION, JETTY, CR 1
0033 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1
0049 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0105 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, CR 6
0142 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 2
0184 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RECREATION, STABILIZE, CR 5
0186 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 1
0230 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0310 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1
0458 EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 3
0031 EROSION, JETTY, PIER, STABILIZE, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0030 EROSION, JETTY, SEDIMENTATION, CR 1
0095 EROSION, JETTY, STABILIZE, CR 4
0092 EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, CR 5, CR 6
0221 EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8
0289 EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, CR 5
0342 EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, CR 8
0124 EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, SEDIMENTATION, CR 8
0252 EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, DREDGE/FILL
0363 EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 2
0347 EROSION, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6
0348 EROSION, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6
0345 EROSION, PIER, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0521 EROSION, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, CR 5, CR 6
0064 EROSION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0335 EROSION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 6
0025 EROSION, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0334 EROSION, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0346 EROSION, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0179 EROSION, PROTECT, CR 8
0500 EROSION, PROTECT, CR 8
0288 EROSION, PROTECT, ECONOMICS
0003 EROSION, PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 5, CR 6
0037 EROSION, PROTECT, REETMENT, CR 6
0283 EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 6, ECONOMICS
0471 EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT, ECONOMICS
0020 EROSION, REVETMENT, SCOURING, BREAKWATER
0088 EROSION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, CR 7
0098 EROSION, REVETMENT, CR 8
0141 EROSION, SEDIMENTATION
0135 EROSION, SUCCESSION, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0046 FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION,
STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0364 FISH, GROIN, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, NURSERY, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, DREDGE/FILL
0551 FISH, GROIN, JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING,
BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL
0358 FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0359 FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, REVETMENT, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0399 FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0449 FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, BENTHOS, BIRDS, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL
0457 FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER
0459 FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0491 FISH, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, PILING, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0212 FISH, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BIRDS, BULKHEAD,
ECONOMICS
0298 FISH, HABITAT, MIGRATION, PROTECT, SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD,
CR 1
0011 FISH, HABITAT, PIER, REEF, CR 1
0442 FISH, HABITAT, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSIOM
0167 FISH, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, RECREATION, REEF, CR 5, ECONOMICS
0494 FISH, HABITAT, PROTECT, CR 3
0171 FISH, HABITAT, RECREATION, REEF, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 1
0267 FISH, HABITAT, RECREATION, REEF
0106 FISH, HABITAT, REEF
0140 FISH, HABITAT, REEF
0352 FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0529 FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0460 FISH, HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 2
0380 FISH, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0162 FISH, HARBOR, LEGAL, MIGRATION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 1, ECONOMICS
0451 FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0029 FISH, HARBOR, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0271 FISH, HARBOR, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0452 FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0547 FISH, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0423 FISH, HARBOR, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0050 FISH, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1,
DREDGE/FILL
0052 FISH, INVERTEBRATES, PIER, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0093 FISH, INVERTEBRATES, BENTHOS, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0109 FISH, INVERTEBRATES, NURSERY, SALINITY
0206 FISH, INVERTEBRATES, MIGRATION, PIER, BIRDS, CR 6
0396 FISH, INVERTEBRATES, NURSERY, CR 4
0225 FISH, JETTY, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0510 FISH, JETTY, SUCCESSION, CR 3
0371 FISH, LAND PLANTS, REVETMENT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0227 FISH, SHELLFISH, CR 5
0313 FISH, SHELLFISH, CR 3
0128 FISH, SUBSTRATE, CR 7
0461 FLOAT PLATFORM, MOORING, BUOY, CR 8
0146 GLOSSARY

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0112 GROIN
0552 GROIN, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL
0024 GROIN, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0096 GROIN, CR 7
0508 GROIN, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL
0548 GROIN, HABITAT, CR 6
0126 GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL,
EROSION
0143 GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL
0247 GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE,
BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL
0402 GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD, CR 2
0046 GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE,
BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH
0413 GROIN, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, RECREATION, CR 2
0462 GROIN, HABITAT, PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL
0300 GROIN, HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0036 GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION
0119 GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0174 GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, EROSION
0181 GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL
0361 GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE,
BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0392 GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL
0395 GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER
0467 GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PILING, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 7
0079 GROIN, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, TRAINING,
BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0188 GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, PIER, PILING, PROTECT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0416 GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, TIDE GATE, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL
0481 GROIN, HARBOR, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL
0553 GROIN, HARBOR, RAMP, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0364 GROIN, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, NURSERY, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0369 GROIN, JETTY, BREAKWATER
0072 GROIN, JETTY, CR 7, EROSION
0148 GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BULKHEAD, CR 6,
CR 7
0173 GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4,
CR 5, EROSION
0304 GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 6
0320 GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL,
EROSION
0468 GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 6
0551 GROIN, JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BENTHOS,
DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0085 GROIN, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD
0479 GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4,
CR 5
0544 GROIN, JETTY, PILING, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0043 GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0165 GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, STABILIZE, EROSION
0208 GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0228 GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0243 GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL
0513 GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 4, CR 5, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0533 GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REEF, REVETMENT, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0444 GROIN, JETTY, RAMP, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 4
0005 GROIN, JETTY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION
0097 GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0373 GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0509 GROIN, JETTY, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 7, EROSION
0076 GROIN, LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE
0013 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0028 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, EROSION
0048 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, EROSION
0062 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8
0063 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE
0065 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION
0066 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 7, EROSION
0071 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 7, EROSION
0074 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0075 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, TRAINING, EROSION
0120 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE
0139 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0205 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0218 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0237 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 2
0308 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0321 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL,
EROSION
0333 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, CR 8
0337 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 6
0476 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, CR 8
0540 GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0091 GROIN, PROTECT
0177 GROIN, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0404 GROIN, PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0161 GROIN, PROTECT, CR 2
0163 GROIN, PROTECT, CR 6
0407 GROIN, PROTECT, CR 8, EROSION
0536 GROIN, PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 2, EROSION
0001 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0001 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0009 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, EROSION
0017 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, ECONOMICS
0067 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0122 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0129 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0134 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0339 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 2, EROSION
0489 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0493 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0522 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 8, ECONOMICS
0538 GROIN, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0131 GROIN, PRTOECT, STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION
0293 GROIN, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION
0487 GROIN, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS
0081 GROIN, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, EROSION
0448 GROIN, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS, EROSION
0113 GROIN, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION
0101 GROIN, STABILIZE, CR 7, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, ECONOMICS
0145 GROIN, STABILIZE, CR 5, ECONOMICS
0078 HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS, ECONOMICS
0121 HABITAT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DIKE
0379 HABITAT, BENTHOS, CR 5
0372 HABITAT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 4
0281 HABITAT, BULKHEAD, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL
0435 HABITAT, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION
0082 HABITAT, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0548 HABITAT, CR 6, GROIN
0195 HABITAT, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL
0282 HABITAT, DREDGE/FILL
0449 HABITAT, HARBOR, BENTHOS, BIRDS, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0475 HABITAT, HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 7
0100 HABITAT, HARBOR, CR 2
0409 HABITAT, HARBOR, CR 2
0399 HABITAT, HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0143 HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0247 HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD,
CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0290 HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, SHELLFISH, STABILIZE, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2
0402 HABITAT, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD, CR 2, GROIN
0517 HABITAT, HARBOR, MOORING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL
0126 HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION,
GROIN
0358 HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0169 HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, ECONOMICS
0411 HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, RECREATION, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL
0478 HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL
0180 HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0353 HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0393 HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0359 HABITAT, HARBOR, REVETMENT, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0301 HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BIRDS, DREDGE/FILL
0457 HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, FISH
0459 HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0273 HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, BIRDS, CR 6
0381 HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, BRIDGE, CR 4
0491 HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, PILING, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0398 HABITAT, JETTY, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0051 HABITAT, JETTY, CR 1
0046 HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS,
BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN
0172 HABITAT, JETTY, PILING, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 3
0325 HABITAT, JETTY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2
0212 HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BIRDS, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS,
FISH
0413 HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, RECREATION, CR 2, GROIN
0159 HABITAT, LAND TRANSPORT, BRIDGE, CR 4
0415 HABITAT, LAND TRANSPORT, SHELLFISH, BIRDS, BRIDGE, CR 7
0414 HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8
0469 HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD,
CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0410 HABITAT, LEGAL, CR 8
0298 HABITAT, MIGRATION, PROTECT, SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1,
FISH
0011 HABITAT, PIER, REEF, CR 1, FISH
0319 HABITAT, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL
0217 HABITAT, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL
0514 HABITAT, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, CR 4
0442 HABITAT, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH
0123 HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, CR 1
0167 HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, RECREATION, REEF, CR 5, ECONOMICS, FISH
0421 HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0494 HABITAT, PROTECT, CR 3, FISH
0408 HABITAT, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, CAUSEWAY, CR 2
0462 HABITAT, PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0171 HABITAT, RECREATION, REEF, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 1, FISH
0267 HABITAT, RECREATION, REEF, FISH
0106 HABITAT, REEF, FISH
0140 HABITAT, REEF, FISH
0194 HABITAT, REEF, SUBSTRATE, CR 7
0087 HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 3, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0352 HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0529 HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0512 HABITAT, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0449 HARBOR, BENTHOS, BIRDS, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0202 HARBOR, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0350 HARBOR, BREAKWATER
0300 HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 1, GROIN
0357 HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 7
0385 HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 7
0460 HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 2, FISH
0475 HARBOR, BREAKWATER, CR 7, HABITAT
0127 HARBOR, CR 1, CR 2
0100 HARBOR, CR 2, HABITAT
0409 HARBOR, CR 2, HABITAT
0324 HARBOR, CR 8

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0036 HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE,
BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN
0102 HARBOR, HARBOR, PRODUCTIVITY, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0399 HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0143 HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT
0174 HARBOR, JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, EROSION, GROIN
0069 HARBOR, JETTY, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0036 HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY,
BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR
0068 HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 2, EROSION
0119 HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN
0361 HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0181 HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0247 HARBOR, JETTY,. PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY,
DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT
0380 HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH
0392 HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0401 HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0467 HARBOR, JETTY, PILING, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 7, GROIN
0055 HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0395 HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, GROIN
0290 HARBOR, JETTY, SHELLFISH, STABILIZE, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT
0519 HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0162 HARBOR, LEGAL, MIGRATION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 1, ECONOMICS, FISH
0099 HARBOR, LEGAL, MOORING, SEDIMENTATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL
0079 HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0170 HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, ECONOMICS
0327 HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 1, CR 2, EROSION
0402 HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD, C 2, GROIN, HABITAT
0451 HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH
0495 HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1
0517 HARBOR, MOORING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0188 HARBOR, MOORING, PIER, PILING, PROTECT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, GROIN
0294 HARBOR, MOORING, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, CR 3
0015 HARBOR, MOORING, PRODUCTIVITY, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 7
0537 HARBOR, MOORING, SEDIMENTATION, CR 2
0416 HARBOR, MOORING, TIDE GATE, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0366 HARBOR, PIER, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0207 HARBOR, PIER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0481 HARBOR, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0358 HARBOR, PIER, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0126 HARBOR, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN,
HABITAT
0102 HARBOR, PRODUCTIVITY, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HARBOR
0376 HARBOR, PRODUCTIVITY
0156 HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, EROSION
0169 HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, ECONOMICS, HABITAT
0477 HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 8

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0498 HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0499 HARBOR, PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0411 HARBOR, PROTECT, RECREATION, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0478 HARBOR, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0029 HARBOR, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH
0553 HARBOR, RAMP, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0180 HARBOR, RECREATION, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 1, HABITAT
0306 HARBOR, RECREATION, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0353 HARBOR, RECREATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0393 HARBOR, RECREATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT
0271 HARBOR, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH
0359 HARBOR, REVETMENT, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0301 HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BIRDS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0354 HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL
0452 HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0457 HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, FISH, HABITAT
0459 HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATE, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0547 HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0423 HARBOR, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH
0280 HARBOR, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 1
0012 HARBOR, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 2
0083 HARBOR, SUCCESSION, CR 2
0266 INVERTEBRATES
0093 INVERTEBRATES, BENTHOS, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH
0381 INVERTEBRATES, BRIDGE, CR 4, HABITAT
0019 INVERTEBRATES, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0050 INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL,
FISH
0364 INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, NURSERY, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN
0399 INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR
0273 INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, BIRDS, CR 6, HABITAT
0374 INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 4
0206 INVERTEBRATES, MIGRATION, PIER, BIRDS, CR 6, FISH
0109 INVERTEBRATES, NURSERY, SALINITY, FISH
0396 INVERTEBRATES, NURSERY, CR 4, FISH
0052 INVERTEBRATES, PIER, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH
0155 INVERTEBRATES, PIER, PILING, BULKHEAD
0006 INVERTEBRATES, PILING, CR 2
0014 INVERTEBRATES, PILING
0238 INVERTEBRATES, PILING
0491 INVERTEBRATES, PILING, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0284 INVERTEBRATES, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0398 JETTY, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0143 JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR
0174 JETTY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR
0240 JETTY, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0369 JETTY, BREAKWATER, GROIN
0069 JETTY, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, HARBOR
0314 JETTY, CR 1, EROSION
0051 JETTY, CR 1, HABITAT

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0072 JETTY, CR 7, EROSION, GROIN
0033 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION
0036 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR
0049 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0050 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH,
INVERTEBRATES
0054 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1
0068 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR
0105 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION
0119 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR
0138 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7,
GROIN
0142 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 2, EROSION
0173 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5,
EROSION, GROIN
0184 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RECREATION, STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION
0186 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION
0230 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0304 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 6, GROIN
0310 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION
0320 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION,
GROIN
0361 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD,
CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR
0424 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0458 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 3, EROSION
0468 JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 6, GROIN
0046 JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD,
CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT
0551 JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BENTHOS,
DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN
0370 JETTY, NURSERY, REVETMENT, SHELLFISH, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0364 JETTY, NURSERY, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, INVERTEBRATES
0380 JETTY, PIER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR
0247 JETTY, PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY,
DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR
0401 JETTY, PIER, PILING, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, HARBOR
0392 JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR
0479 JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5,
GROIN
0085 JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, GROIN
0181 JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR
0031 JETTY, PIER, STABILIZE, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0172 JETTY, PILING, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 3, HABITAT
0467 JETTY, PILING, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 7, GROIN, HARBOR
0544 JETTY, PILING, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, GROIN
0225 JETTY, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH
0228 JETTY, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0047 JETTY, PROTECT, CR 1

0055 JETTY, PROTECT, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, HARBOR
0192 JETTY, PROTECT, CR 1
0243 JETTY, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0533 JETTY, PROTECT, REEF, REVETMENT, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0043 JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0166 JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD
0208 JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN
0513 JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 4, CR 5, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN
0165 JETTY, PROTECT, STABILIZE, EROSION, GROIN
0395 JETTY, PROTECT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, GROIN, HARBOR
0002 JETTY, PROTECT, TRAINING, BREAKWATER
0444 JETTY, RAMP, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 4, GROIN
0005 JETTY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, GROIN
0389 JETTY, RESEARCH NEED, BREAKWATER, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL
0097 JETTY, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN
0116 JETTY, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 4
0509 JETTY, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 7, EROSION, GROIN
0373 JETTY, REVETMENT, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN
0030 JETTY, SEDIMENTATION, CR 1, EROSION
0399 JETTY, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES
0290 JETTY, SHELLFISH, STABILIZE, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR
0325 JETTY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT
0060 JETTY, STABILIZE, CR 1, CR 5
0095 JETTY, STABILIZE, CR 4, EROSION
0510 JETTY, SUCCESSION, CR 3, FISH
0549 LAND PLANTS, LAND TRANSPORT, PRODUCTIVITY, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, ECONOMICS
0212 LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BIRDS, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, FISH,
HABITAT
0273 LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, BIRDS, CR 6, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES
0092 LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION
0187 LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, SUBSTRATE, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL
0221 LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION
0289 LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, CR 5, EROSION
0315 LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5
0342 LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION
0413 LAND PLANTS, RECREATION, CR 2, GROIN, HABITAT
0371 LAND PLANTS, REVETMENT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, FISH
0406 LAND PLANTS, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0374 LAND PLANTS, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 4, INVERTEBRATES
0076 LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE, GROIN
0110 LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE, CR 5, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL
0542 LAND PLANTS, STABILIZE, CR 3
0403 LAND TRANSPORT, BENTHOS, CAUSEWAY
0159 LAND TRANSPORT, BRIDGE, CR 4, HABITAT
0382 LAND TRANSPORT, BRIDGE, CR 4
0445 LAND TRANSPORT, BRIDGE, CR 5
0397 LAND TRANSPORT, CAUSEWAY
0428 LAND TRANSPORT, CAUSEWAY, CR 5
0549 LAND TRANSPORT, PRODUCTIVITY, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, ECONOMICS, LAND PLANTS
0415 LAND TRANSPORT, SHELLFISH, BIRDS, BRIDGE, CR 7, HABITAT

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0414 LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT
0427 LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, BOAT HOIST, CR 8
0469 LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3,
CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT
0519 LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR
0077 LEGAL, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL
0410 LEGAL, CR 8, HABITAT
0525 LEGAL, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0162 LEGAL, MIGRATION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 1, ECONOMICS, FISH, HARBOR
0099 LEGAL, MOORING, SEDIMENTATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR
0013 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, GROIN
0028 LITTORAL PROCESSES, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, EROSION, GROIN
0033 LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY
0036 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER,
BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY
0041 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 2
0048 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, EROSION, GROIN
0049 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY
0050 LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, INVERTEBRATES,
JETTY
0054 LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1, JETTY
0062 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8, GROIN
0063 LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, GROIN
0065 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, GROIN
0066 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 7, EROSION, GROIN
0068 LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY
0071 LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 7, EROSION, GROIN
0074 LITTORAL PROCESSES, GROIN
0075 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, TRAINING, EROSION, GROIN
0079 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD,
EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR
0105 LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, JETTY
0119 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY
0120 LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, GROIN
0124 LITTORAL PROCESSES, SEDIMENTATION, CR 8, EROSION
0138 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, GROIN,
JETTY
0139 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0142 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 2, EROSION, JETTY
0170 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, ECONOMICS, HARBOR
0173 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION,
GROIN, JETTY
0184 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RECREATION, STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION, JETTY
0186 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY
00205 LITTORAL PROCESSES, GROIN
0211 LITTORAL PROCESSES, NESTING, RESEARCH NEEDS, TURTLES, BEAUTIFY, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL
0218 LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0230 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY
0236 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 8
0237 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 2, GROIN

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0252 LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0252 LITTORAL PROCESSES, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0304 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 6, GROIN, JETTY
0308 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0310 LITTORAL PROCESSES, STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY
0320 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN,
JETTY
0321 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION,
GROIN
0327 LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 1, CR 2, EROSION, HARBOR
0333 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, CR 8, GROIN
0337 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 6, GROIN
0361 LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8,
EROSIO , GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY
0361 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0363 LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 2, EROSION
0402 LITTORAL PROCESSES, BULKHEAD, CR 2, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR
0424 LITTORAL PROCESSES, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, JETTY
0436 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, STABILIZE
0451 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HARBOR
0458 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 3, EROSION, JETTY
0468 LITTORAL PROCESSES, BREAKWATER, CR 6, GROIN, JETTY
0474 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 5
0476 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, CR 8, GROIN
0495 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 1, HARBOR
0540 LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN
0206 MIGRATION, PIER, BIRDS, CR 6, FISH, INVERTEBRATES
0162 MIGRATION, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 1, ECONOMICS, FISH, HARBOR, LEGAL
0298 MIGRATION, PROTECT, SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH,
HABITAT
0517 MOORING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR
0461 MOORING, BUOY, CR 8, FLOAT PLATFORM
0427 MOORING, PIER, BOAT HOIST, CR 8, LAUNCH
0519 MOORING, PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH
0188 MOORING, PIER, PILING, PROTECT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, GROIN, HARBOR
0046 MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD
CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY
0414 MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH
0469 MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3,
CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH
0224 MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 5
0347 MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION
0348 MOORING, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION
0294 MOORING, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, CR 3, HARBOR
0015 MOORING, PRODUCTIVITY, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 7, HARBOR
0099 MOORING, SEDIMENTATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LEGAL
0537 MOORING, SEDIMENTATION, CR 2, HARBOR
0416 MOORING, TIDE GATE, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR
0211 NESTING, RESEARCH NEEDS, TURTLES, BEAUTIFY, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, LITTORAL PROCESSES

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0396 NURSERY, CR 4, FISH, INVERTEBRATES
0551 NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL,
FISH, GROIN, JETTY
0370 NURSERY, REVETMENT, SHELLFISH, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, JETTY
0109 NURSERY, SALINITY, FISH, INVERTEBRATES
0364 NURSERY, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY
0052 PIER, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, INVERTEBRATES
0206 PIER, BIRDS, CR 6, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, MIGRATION
0427 PIER, BOAT HOIST, CR 8, LAUNCH, MOORING
0366 PIER, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, HARBOR
0207 PIER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR
0380 PIER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, JETTY
0519 PIER, CR 3, CR 3, CR 4, CR 4, CR 5, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LAUNCH, MOORING
0431 PIER, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0330 PIER, CR 5
0155 PIER, PILING, BULKHEAD, INVERTEBRATES
0247 PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL,
GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY
0188 PIER, PILING, PROTECT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING
0401 PIER, PILING, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, HARBOR, JETTY
0119 PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0481 PIER, PILING, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR
0358 PIER, PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR
0046 PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7,
DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING
0414 PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING
0469 PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS,
HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING
0392 PIER, PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY
0345 PIER, PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION
0176 PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, SUPPORT, BRIDGE
0347 PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, MOORING
0348 PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, MOORING
0479 PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN,
JETTY
0224 PIER, PROTECT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 5, MOORING
0011 PIER, REEF, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT
0181 PIER, REVETMENT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY
0085 PIER, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY
0126 PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT,
HARBOR
0319 PIER, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0031 PIER, STABILIZE, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY
0524 PILING
0172 PILING, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 3, HABITAT, JETTY
0467 PILING, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, CR 7, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY
0530 PILING, BULKHEAD
0155 PILING, BULKHEAD, INVERTEBRATES, PIER
0006 PILING, CR 2, INVERTEBRATES
0014 PILING, INVERTEBRATES

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0238 PILING, INVERTEBRATES
0247 PILING, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN,
HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER
0036 PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS,
EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0544 PILING, PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY
0188 PILING, PROTECT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, PIER
0401 PILING, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER
0119 PILING, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER
0481 PILING, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, PIER
0491 PILING, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES
0007 PILING, SUPPORT
0038 PILING, SUPPORT
0217 PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT
0358 PLANKTON, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, PIER
0514 PLANKTON, BENTHOS, CR 4, HABITAT
0027 PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0294 PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, CR 3, HARBOR, MOORING
0442 PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HABITAT
0545 PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL
0451 PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0015 PRODUCTIVITY, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 7, HARBOR, MOORING
0549 PRODUCTIVITY, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, ECONOMICS, LAND PLANTS, LAND TRANSPORT
0027 PRODUCTIVITY, BULKHEAD, CR 3, PLANKTON
0294 PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, CR 3, HARBOR, MOORING
0442 PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HABITAT
0545 PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL
0451 PLANKTON, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0015 PRODUCTIVITY, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 7, HARBOR, MOORING
0549 PRODUCTIVITY, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, ECONOMICS, LAND PLANTS, LAND TRANSPORT
0027 PRODUCTIVITY, BULKHEAD, CR 3, PLANKTON
0377 PRODUCTIVITY, BULKHEAD, CR 7
0102 PRODUCTIVITY, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HARBOR, HARBOR
0094 PRODUCTIVITY, CR 2, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0426 PRODUCTIVITY, CR 7, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0421 PRODUCTIVITY, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT
0376 PRODUCTIVITY, HARBOR
0046 PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7,
DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER
0212 PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BIRDS, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT,
LAND PLANTS
0414 PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER
0469 PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS,
HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER
0521 PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION
0167 PRODUCTIVITY, RECREATION, REEF, CR 5, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT
0291 PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL
0551 PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH,
JETTY, NURSERY
0016 PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0225 PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, JETTY
0247 PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT,
HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING
0442 PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HABITAT, PLANKTON
0545 PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, PLANKTON
0123 PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, CR 1, HABITAT
0273 PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, BIRDS, CR 6, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0294 PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH, CR 3, HARBOR, MOORING, PLANKTON
0474 PROTECT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 5, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0540 PROTECT, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0182 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0286 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0484 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0485 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0486 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0501 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0518 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0520 PROTECT, BREAKWATER
0041 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0056 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 1
0064 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, EROSION
0156 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, EROSION, HARBOR
0162 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 1, ECONOMICS, FISH, HARBOR, LEGAL, MIGRATION
0169 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, ECONOMICS, HABITAT, HARBOR
0170 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, ECONOMICS, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0177 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN
0228 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HETTY
0236 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 8, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0272 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD
0335 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 6, EROSION
0337 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 6, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0392 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER
0477 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, CR 8, HARBOR
0498 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, HARBOR
0499 PROTECT, BREAKWATER, HARBOR
0039 PROTECT, BULKHEAD
0025 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION
0048 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0065 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0086 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0334 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION
0336 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6
0345 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION, PIER
0346 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, EROSION
0404 PROTECT, BULKHEAD, GROIN
0055 PROTECT, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, HARBOR, JETTY
0047 PROTECT, CR 1, JETTY
0192 PROTECT, CR 1, JETTY
0161 PROTECT, CR 2, GROIN
0315 PROTECT, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, LAND PLANTS
0494 PROTECT, CR 3, FISH, HABITAT
0092 PROTECT, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, LAND PLANTS
0521 PROTECT, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, PRODUCTIVITY
0289 PROTECT, CR 5, EROSION, LAND PLANTS
0163 PROTECT, CR 6, GROIN
0179 PROTECT, CR 8, EROSION
0407 PROTECT, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0500 PROTECT, CR 8, EROSION
0333 PROTECT, CR 8, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0476 PROTECT, CR 8, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0288 PROTECT, ECONOMICS, EROSION
0091 PROTECT, GROIN
0013 PROTECT, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0469 PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH,
MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY
0414 PROTECT, RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY
0003 PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION
0036 PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION,
GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING
0184 PROTECT, RECREATION, STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0243 PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY
0411 PROTECT, RECREATION, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR
0462 PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT
0536 PROTECT, RECREATION, CR 2, EROSION, GROIN
0533 PROTECT, REEF, REVETMENT, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY
0237 PROTECT, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 2, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0059 PROTECT, REVETMENT
0130 PROTECT, REVETMENT
0279 PROTECT, REVETMENT
0001 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0001 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0009 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, EROSION, GROIN
0017 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN
0037 PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION
0043 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY
0046 PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION,
FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY
0053 PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 3
0067 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0079 PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN,
HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0122 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0125 PROTECT, REVETMETN, BULKHEAD
0129 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0134 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, GROIN
0138 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, GROIN, JETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES
0139 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0144 PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6
0166 PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, JETTY
0176 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, PIER
0208 PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY
0283 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 6, ECONOMICS, EROSION
0308 PROTECT, REVETMENT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0320 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0321 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN,
LITTORAL PROCESSES
0339 PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 2, EROSION, GROIN
0342 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION, LAND PLANTS
0347 PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, MOORING, PIER
0348 PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, MOORING, PIER
0361 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0367 PROTECT, REVETMENT, CR 8
0394 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0408 PROTECT, REVETMENT, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, CAUSEWAY, CR 2, HABITAT
0454 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD
0471 PROTECT, REVETMENT, ECONOMICS, EROSION
0478 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR
0479 PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY,
PIER
0489 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0493 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, GROIN
0513 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 4, CR 5, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY
0522 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN
0534 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 7
0538 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0544 PROTECT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, PILING
0029 PROTECT, SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR
0212 PROTECT, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BIRDS, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS,
PRODUCTIVITY
0298 PROTECT, SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT,
MIGRATION
0062 PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0114 PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 6
0131 PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN
0165 PROTECT, STABILIZE, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY
0173 PROTECT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES
0186 PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0221 PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION, LAND PLANTS
0224 PROTECT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 5, MOORING, PIER
0293 PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0395 PROTECT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY
0436 PROTECT, STABILIZE, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0456 PROTECT, STABILIZE, CR 8
0187 PROTECT, SUBSTRATE, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS
0188 PROTECT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, PIER, PILING
0002 PROTECT, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, JETTY
0075 PROTECT, TRAINING, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0469 RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING,
PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT
0444 RAMP, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 4, GROIN, JETTY
0401 RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING
0414 RAMP, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0553 RAMP, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR
0306 RECREATION, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, CR 1, HARBOR
0353 RECREATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR
0411 RECREATION, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT
0462 RECREATION, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, PROTECT
0536 RECREATION, CR 2, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0413 RECREATION, CR 2, GROIN, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS
0003 RECREATION, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT
0393 RECREATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, HARBOR
0167 RECREATION, REEF, CR 5, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY
0267 RECREATION, REEF, FISH, HABITAT
0171 RECREATION, REEF, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT
0036 RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT
HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT
0243 RECREATION, REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT
0180 RECREATION, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 1, HABITAT, HARBOR
0184 RECREATION, STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0469 RECREATION, SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER,
PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP
0244 REEF
0011 REEF, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, PIER
0167 REEF, CR 5, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY, RECREATION
0106 REEF, FISH, HABITAT
0140 REEF, FISH, HABITAT
0267 REEF, FISH, HABITAT, RECREATION
0171 REEF, RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, RECREATION
0533 REEF, REVETMENT, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT
0194 REEF, SUBSTRATE, CR 7, HABITAT
0070 REEF, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, BUOY
0470 RESEARCH NEEDS
0465 RESEARCH NEEDS, BENTHOS, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL
0291 RESEARCH NEEDS, BIRDS, CR 3, CR 4, DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY
0389 RESEARCH NEEDS, BREAKWATER, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, JETTY
0171 RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, RECREATION, REEF
0237 RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 2, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0332 RESEARCH NEEDS, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL
0005 RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, GROIN, JETTY
0551 RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, JETTY,
NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY
0211 RESEARCH NEEDS, TURTLES, BEAUTIFY, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, LITTORAL PROCESSES, NESTING
0371 REVETMENT, AQUATIC PLANTS, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, FISH, LAND PLANTS
0359 REVETMENT, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR
0001 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0001 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0009 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0017 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT
0067 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0097 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY
0116 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 4, JETTY
0119 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PIER, PILING

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0122 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0320 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
PROTECT
0321 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
PROTECT
0424 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0444 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 4, GROIN, JETTY, RAMP
0478 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR, PROTECT
0487 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN
0493 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, GROIN, PROTECT
0522 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, CR 8, ECONOMICS, GROIN, PROTECT
0538 REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0181 REVETMENT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWARY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER
0081 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN
0125 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, PROTECT
0129 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0134 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 5, CR 6, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0271 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR
0308 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0362 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0363 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 2, EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0368 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0394 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 1, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PROTECT
0401 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, HARBOR, JETTY, PIER, PILING, RAMP
0414 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, RAMP
0448 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN
0454 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, PROTECT
0481 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, PIER, PILING
0489 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0509 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 7, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY
0513 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 4, CR 5, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT
0528 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 3
0534 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, CR 7, PROTECT
0544 REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, PILING, PROTECT
0339 REVETMENT, CR 2, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0373 REVETMENT, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY
0533 REVETMENT, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REEF
0053 REVETMENT, CR 3, PROTECT
0037 REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, PROTECT
0105 REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0347 REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT
0348 REVETMENT, CR 6, EROSION, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT
0144 REVETMENT, CR 6, PROTECT
0098 REVETMENT, CR 8, EROSION
0367 REVETMENT, CR 8, PROTECT
047 REVETMENT, ECONOMICS, EROSION, PROTECT
0059 REVETMENT, PROTECT
0130 REVETMENT, PROTECT
0279 REVETMENT, PROTECT
0308 REVETMENT, REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0020 REVETMENT, SCOURING, BREAKWATER, EROSION
0046 REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH,
GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT
0079 REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0085 REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, PIER
0166 REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, JETTY, PROTECT
0175 REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, SUPPORT, CAUSEWAY, CR 2
0208 REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT
0370 REVETMENT, SHELLFISH, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, JETTY, NURSERY
0036 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR,
JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION
0043 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT
0088 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, CR 7, EROSION
0138 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
PROTECT
0139 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0176 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, PIER, PROTECT
0243 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, RECREATION
0283 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 6, ECONOMICS, EROSION, PROTECT
0342 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT
0361 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0479 REVETMENT, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER,
PROTECT
0408 REVETMENT, SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, CAUSEWAY, CR 2, HABITAT, PROTECT
0109 SALINITY, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, NURSERY
0020 SCOURING, BREAKWATER, EROSION, REVETMENT
0085 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, REVETMENT
0087 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 3, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT
0180 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 1, HABITAT, HARBOR, RECREATION
0208 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0225 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, JETTY, PRODUCTIVITY
0284 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, INVERTEBRATES
0352 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0354 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR
0451 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PLANKTON
0452 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR
0459 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR
0490 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL
0545 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY
0547 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 8, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HARBOR
0550 SEDIMENTATION, BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0301 SEDIMENTATION, BIRDS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, HARBOR
0126 SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR,
PIER
0247 SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CAUSEWAY, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY,
PIER, PILING, PRODUCTIVITY
0491 SEDIMENTATION, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, PILING
0016 SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0319 SEDIMENTATION, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, PIER
0292 SEDIMENTATION, CAUSEWAY, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
0030 SEDIMENTATION, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY
0537 SEDIMENTATION, CR 2, HARBOR, MOORING
0099 SEDIMENTATION, CR 6, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, HARBOR, LEGAL, MOORING
0124 SEDIMENTATION, CR 8, EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0189 SEDIMENTATION, DREDGE/FILL
0349 SEDIMENTATION, DREDGE/FILL
0141 SEDIMENTATION, EROSION
0005 SEDIMENTATION, GROIN, JETTY, RESEARCH NEEDS
0328 SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0457 SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR
0496 SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL
0529 SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT
0551 SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY,
RESEARCH NEEDS
0137 SEDIMENTATION, SPAWNING, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL
0028 SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0046 SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT,
JETTY, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0079 SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0166 SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, JETTY, PROTECT REVETMENT
0406 SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, LAND PLANTS
0442 SEDIMENTATION, SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HABITAT, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY
0175 SEDIMENTATION, SUPPORT, CAUSEWAY, CR 2, REVETMENT
0364 SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, NURSERY
0374 SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 4, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS
0399 SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY
0457 SHELLFISH, BENTHOS, BREAKWATER, FISH, HABITAT, HARBOR, SEDIMENTATION
0415 SHELLFISH, BIRDS, BRIDGE, CR 7, HABITAT, LAND TRANSPORT
0029 SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR, PROTECT
0423 SHELLFISH, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HARBOR
0268 SHELLFISH, BULKHEAD, CR 1
0123 SHELLFISH, CR 1, HABITAT, PRODUCTIVITY
0370 SHELLFISH, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, JETTY, NURSERY, REVETMENT
0328 SHELLFISH, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION
0496 SHELLFISH, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION
0313 SHELLFISH, CR 3, FISH
0294 SHELLFISH, CR 3, HARBOR, MOORING, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY
0227 SHELLFISH, CR 5, FISH
0212 SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BIRDS, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY,
PROTECT
0529 SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION
0551 SHELLFISH, SPAWNING, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY,
RESEARCH NEEDS, SEDIMENTATION
0290 SHELLFISH, STABILIZE, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY
0273 SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, BIRDS, CR 6, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY
0325 SHELLFISH, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, JETTY
0529 SPAWNING, AQUATIC PLANTS, BENTHOS, CR 3, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, HABITAT, SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0551 SPAWNING, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, GROIN, JETTY, NURSERY, PRODUCTIVITY, RESEARCH NEEDS,
SEDIMENTATION, SHELLFISH
0212 SPAWNING, BIRDS, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, FISH, HABITAT, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT,
SHELLFISH
0298 SPAWNING, SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, MIGRATION,
PROTECT
0137 SPAWNING, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION
0036 STABILIZE, BEAUTIFY, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, ECONOMICS, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, HARBOR, HETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, PILING, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT
0046 STABILIZE, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, GROIN, HABITAT, JETTY,
MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION
0139 STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0243 STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, RECREATION, REVETMENT
0361 STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0395 STABILIZE, BREAKWATER, GROIN, HARBOR, JETTY, PROTECT
0043 STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0113 STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN
0166 STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, JETTY, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION
0224 STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 5, MOORING, PIER, PROTECT
0283 STABILIZE, BULKHEAD, CR 6, ECONOMICS, EROSION, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0060 STABILIZE, CR 1, CR 5, JETTY
0031 STABILIZE, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, JETTY, PIER
0033 STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0186 STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0310 STABILIZE, CR 1, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0054 STABILIZE, CR 1, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0542 STABILIZE, CR 3, LAND PLANTS
0406 STABILIZE, CR 4, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, LAND PLANTS, SEDIMENTATION
0095 STABILIZE, CR 4, EROSION, JETTY
0110 STABILIZE, CR 5, CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS
0145 STABILIZE, CR 5, ECONOMICS, GROIN
0131 STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0184 STABILIZE, CR 5, EROSION, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, RECREATION
0114 STABILIZE, CR 6, PROTECT
0101 STABILIZE, CR 7, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, DREDGE/FILL, ECONOMICS, GROIN
0071 STABILIZE, CR 7, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0088 STABILIZE, CR 7, EROSION, REVETMENT
0221 STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT
0293 STABILIZE, CR 8, EROSION, GROIN, PROTECT
0342 STABILIZE, CR 8, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0062 STABILIZE, CR 8, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0456 STABILIZE, CR 8, PROTECT
0028 STABILIZE, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, SEDIMENTATION
0165 STABILIZE, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, PROTECT
0076 STABILIZE, GROIN, LAND PLANTS
0063 STABILIZE, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0120 STABILIZE, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES
0436 STABILIZE, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0290 STABILIZE, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, SHELLFISH

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0511 STABILIZE, SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS
0176 STABILIZE, SUPPORT, BRIDGE, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0050 STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES
0079 STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT,
REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION
0138 STABILIZE, TRAINING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT,
REVETMENT
0173 STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, HETTY,
LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0479 STABILIZE, TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT,
REVETMENT
0298 SUBSTRATE, AQUATIC PLANTS, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 1, FISH, HABITAT, MIGRATION, PROTECT,
SPAWNING
0442 SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, FISH, HABITAT, PLANKTON, PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION
0187 SUBSTRATE, CR 7, DREDGE/FILL, LAND PLANTS, PROTECT
0128 SUBSTRATE, CR 7, FISH
0194 SUBSTRATE, CR 7, HABITAT, REEF
0070 SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, BUOY, REEF
0280 SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 1, HARBOR
0408 SUBSTRATE, SUCCESSION, CAUSEWAY, CR 2, HABITAT, PROTECT, REVETMENT
0290 SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, HARBOR, JETTY, SHELLFISH, STABILIZE
0325 SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, CR 2, HABITAT, JETTY, SHELLFISH
0511 SUCCESSION, AQUATIC PLANTS, STABILIZE
0012 SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 2, HARBOR
0137 SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, SPAWNING
0280 SUCCESSION, BENTHOS, CR 1, HARBOR, SUBSTRATE
0273 SUCCESSION, BIRDS, CR 6, HABITAT, INVERTEBRATES, LAND PLANTS, PRODUCTIVITY, SHELLFISH
0070 SUCCESSION, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, BUOY, REEF, SUBSTRATE
0408 SUCCESSION, CAUSEWAY, CR 2, HABITAT, PROTECT, REVETMENT, SUBSTRAE
0083 SUCCESSION, CR 2, HARBOR
0510 SUCCESSION, CR 3, FISH, JETTY
0135 SUCCESSION, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, EROSION
0553 SUPPORT, BRIDGE, BULKHEAD, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, RAMP
0176 SUPPORT, BRIDGE, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT, STABILIZE
0188 SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 6, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING, PIER, PILING, PROTECT
0469 SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECT,
RAMP, RECREATION, SUPPORT
0175 SUPPORT, CAUSEWAY, CR 2, REVETMENT, SEDIMENTATION
0007 SUPPORT, PILING
0038 SUPPORT, PILING
0469 SUPPORT, SUPPORT, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, HABITAT, LAUNCH, MOORING, PIER, PRODUCTIVITY,
PROTECT, RAMP, RECREATION
0416 TIDE GATE, CR 2, DREDGE/FILL, GROIN, HARBOR, MOORING
0002 TRAINING, BREAKWATER, JETTY, RPOTECT
0050 TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1, DREDGE/FILL, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
STABILIZE
0079 TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, EROSION, GROIN, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
SEDIMENTATION, STABILIZE

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0173 TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, EROSION, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES,
PROTECT, STABILIZE
0479 TRAINING, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, GROIN, JETTY, PIER, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
STABILIZE
0512 TRAINING, BREAKWATER, CR 1, HABITAT
0138 TRAINING, BULKHEAD, CR 6, CR 7, GROIN, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT, REVETMENT,
STABILIZE
0075 TRAINING, EROSION, GROIN, LITTORAL PROCESSES, PROTECT
0211 TURTLES, BEAUTIFY, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, LITTORAL PROCESSES, NESTING, RESEARCH NEEDS
0004 UNUSABLE
0008 UNUSABLE
0010 UNUSABLE
0018 UNUSABLE
0026 UNUSABLE
0032 UNUSABLE
0034 UNUSABLE
0035 UNUSABLE
0040 UNUSABLE
0042 UNUSABLE
0044 UNUSABLE
0045 UNUSABLE
0057 UNUSABLE
0058 UNUSABLE
0073 UNUSABLE
0084 UNUSABLE
0089 UNUSABLE
0090 UNUSABLE
0103 UNUSABLE
0104 UNUSABLE
0107 UNUSABLE
0108 UNUSABLE
0115 UNUSABLE
0117 UNUSABLE
0118 UNUSABLE
0132 UNUSABLE
0133 UNUSABLE
0136 UNUSABLE
0147 UNUSABLE
0148 UNUSABLE
0149 UNUSABLE
0150 UNUSABLE
0151 UNUSABLE
0152 UNUSABLE
0153 UNUSABLE
0154 UNUSABLE
0157 UNUSABLE
0160 UNUSABLE
0164 UNUSABLE
0178 UNUSABLE
0183 UNUSABLE

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORO(S)
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0185 UNUSABLE
0203 UNUSABLE
0204 UNUSABLE
0213 UNUSABLE
0214 UNUSABLE
0215 UNUSABLE
0219 UNUSABLE
0220 UNUSABLE
0222 UNUSABLE
0223 UNUSABLE
0226 UNUSABLE
0229 UNUSABLE
0231 UNUSABLE
0232 UNUSABLE
0233 UNUSABLE
0242 UNUSABLE
0245 UNUSABLE
0246 UNUSABLE
0248 UNUSABLE
0249 UNUSABLE
0250 UNUSABLE
0251 UNUSABLE
0253 UNUSABLE
0254 UNUSABLE
0261 UNUSABLE
0262 UNUSABLE
0263 UNUSABLE
0264 UNUSABLE
0265 UNUSABLE
0270 UNUSABLE
0274 UNUSABLE
0275 UNUSABLE
0276 UNUSABLE
0277 UNUSABLE
0278 UNUSABLE
0285 UNUSABLE
0295 UNUSABLE
0296 UNUSABLE
0297 UNUSABLE
0299 UNUSABLE
0302 UNUSABLE
0303 UNUSABLE
0305 UNUSABLE
0307 UNUSABLE
0309 UNUSABLE
0311 UNUSABLE
0316 UNUSABLE
0317 UNUSABLE
0318 UNUSABLE
0323 UNUSABLE

KEYwORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0329 UNUSAHLF
0331 UNUSABLE
0338 UNUSABLE
0340 UNUSABLE
0343 UNUSABLE
0344 UNUSABLE
0351 UNUSABLE
0355 UNUSA8LE
0356 UNUSABLE
0360 UNUSABLE
0365 UNUSABLE
0386 UNUSABLE
0387 UNUSABLE
0390 UNUSABLE
0391 UNUSABLE
0400 UNUSABLE
0412 UNUSABLE
0417 UNUSABLE
0418 UNUSABLE
041,9 UNUSABLE
0420 UNUSABLE
0422 UNUSABLE
0425 UNUSABLE
0432 UNUSABLE
0433 UNUSABLE
0434 UNUSABLE
0437 UNUSABLE
0438 UNUSABLE
0439 UNUSABLE
0443 UNUSABLE
0446 UNUSABLE
0447 UNUSABLE
0450 UNUSABLE
0453 UNUSABLE
0472 UNUSABLE
0473 UNUSABLE
0480 UNUSABLE
0482 UNUSABLE
0483 UNUSABLE
0492 UNUSABLE
0497 UNUSABLE
0502 UNUSABLE
0503 UNUSABLE
0504 UNUSABLE
0505 UNUSABLE
0506 UNUSABLE
0507 UNUSABLE
0515 UNUSABLE
0516 UNUSABLE
0523 UNUSABLE

KEYWORD INDEX
REF. NO. KEYWORD(S)
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0526 UNUSABLE
0531 UNUSABLE
0532 UNUSABLE
0535 UNUSABLE
0539 UNUSABLE
0541 UNUSABLE
0543 UNUSABLE

REF. NO.-0350

ADEE9 B.H. 1975.

ANALYSIS OF FLOATING BREAKWATER PERFORMANCE.

WASHINGTON SEA GRANT PUBL. NO. WSG-TA-75-22. 18 PP.

A TWO DIMENSIONAL LINEAR THEORETICAL MODEL HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WHICH CAN PREDICT THE
PERFORMANCE OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS OF ARBITRARY CROSS- SECTIONAL SHAPE9 INCLUDING CATAMARANS.
THIS THEORY IS APPLIED TO VARIOUS BREAKWATERS OF DIFFERENT SHAPES AND RESULTS ARE COMPARED
WITH MEASUREMENTS FROM THE MODEL TANK AND PROTOTYPE INSTALLATION IN THE FIELD. THESE RESULTS
INDICATE THAT THE THEORETICAL MODEL MAY BE VERY USEFUL AS A DESIGN AND RESEARCH TOOL AND WHERE
ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORETICAL MODEL IS REQUIRED. (AUTHOR A4STRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PREAKWATER9 HARBOR

REF. NO.-0483

ADEEP B.H. MARTINg W. 1974.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FLOATING BREAKWATER PERFORMANCE.

PP. 21-39 IN: PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORTt RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (Q.V.
KOWALSKI9 1974A).

THE PROBLEM OF COMPUTING THE RESPONSE OF A FLOATING-BREAKWATER SYSTEM ACTED UPON BY INCIDENT
WAVES IS CONSIDERED. A THEORETICAL9 LINEAR MODEL IS DEVELOPED BASED ON THE ASSUMPTIONS OF DEEP
WATER9 AN INVISCID FLUID9 IRROTATIONAL FLUID FLOW9 SMALL INCIDENT WAVES AND SMALL BREAKWATER
MOTIONS.9 THE BREAKWATER IS ASSUMED TO BE LONG AND UNIFORM IN THE DIRECTION PARALLEL TO THE
INCIDENT WAVE CRESTSo THESE ASSUMPTIONS PERMIT THE FORMULATION OF A SET OF COUPLED9 LINEAR9
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR THE BREAKWATER SWAY9 HEAVE AND ROLL MOTIONS. THE
SOLUTIONS TO FOUR SIMILAR BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS FOR THE VELOCITY POTENTIAL PERMIT THE
COMPUTATION OF THE EXCITING FORCES AND HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS REQUIRED IN THE EQUATIONS OF
MOTION. THE DIFFRACTED AND BREAKWATER MOTION GENERATED WAVE FIELDS ARE OBTAINED FROM THE
SOLUTION OF THE BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS. COMPUTER CALCULATED BREAKWATER SYSTEM RESPONSE IS
COMPARED WITH EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED DATA FOR A BREAKWATER OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION.
ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME DESCREPANCIES9 THE THEORETICAL MODEL PROVIDES REASONABLE PREDICTIONS
OF THE TRANSMITTED WAVES AND BREAKWATER MOTIONS. (NTIS MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0433

ADIE9 D.W. 1976.

POLLUTION CONTROL.

PP. 276-286 IN D.W- ADIE9 MARINAS9 A WORKING GUIDE TO THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGNo CAHUERS BOOKS9
BOSTON.

THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION UPON MARINAS ARE EXAMINED. POLLUTION# EITHER GENERATED BY THE MARINA
OR IMPOSED UPON IT FROM OUTSIDE HAS BECOME A PROBLEM AROUSING PUBLIC INTEREST. SANITATION9
RUBBISH DISPOSAL9 ALGAE9 PETROL AND OIL9 AND NOISE ARE ALL DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF MARINAS IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM. THE LEGAL ASPECTS9 PARTICULARLY THOSE LAWS REGARDING POLLUTION OF ALL
TYPES ARE LISTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0144

AHRENS9 J.P. 1975.

LARGE WAVE TANK TESTS OF RIPRAP STABILITY.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO NO. 51. 41 PP.

TESTS OF RIPRAP STABILITY UNDER WAVE ATTACK WERE CONDUCTED AT PROTOTYPE SCALE IN THE LARGE
WAVE TANK AT THE U.S. ARMY COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER (CERC). WAVE HEIGHTS RANGING
FROM 1.4 TO 6 FEET AND WAVE PERIODS RANGING FROM 2.8 TO 110 SECONDS WERE USED. THREE
EMBANKMENT SLOPESP 1 ON 2.59 1 ON 3.59 AND 1 ON 59 WERE TESTED. THE RIPRAP STONE WAS A DIORITE
PLACED ON THE EMBANKMENTS BY DUMPING. THE MEDIAN STONE WEIGHTS OF THE RIPRAP RANGED FROM 27 TO
120 POUNDS. THE STUDY SHOWED THAT WAVE PERIOD9 BECAUSE OF ITS INFLUENCE ON BREAKER
CHARACTERISTICS9 HAS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON RIPRAP STABILITY. WAVE CONDITIONS WHICH PRODUCE
THE LOWEST RIPRAP STABILITY ARE PREDICTABLE AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A COLLAPSING-TYPE BREAKER.
FOR THE MOST DANGEROUS WAVE CONDITIONS9 THE AVERAGE STABILITY COEFFICIENT WAS 2.70 FOR A I ON
2.5 SLOPF9 2.36 FOR A 1 ON 3.5 SLOPE9 AND 2.11 FOR A I ON 5 SLOPE. (AUTHOP A@,4STRAc'r)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REVETHENT9 PROTECT9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0194

ALFTER19 D.J- 1975.

ORGANISMAL DEVELOPMENT ON AN ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE: I JULY 1972 TO 6 JUNE 1974.

REF. NO.-0194 (CONTINUED)

ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MARINE SCIENCE 3:465-472.

THE USE OF OLD AUTOMOBILE TIRES AS ARTIFICIAL REEFS IS DISCUSSED. DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND
MONITORING THE GROWTH OF ATTACHED BIOTA9 AS WELL AS ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TIRES AS AN
ARTIFICIAL SU13STRATE ARE EXPLORED. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT ARTIFICIAL REEFS PROVE OF USE IN
COLONIZING AN OTHERWISE BARREN AREA BY PROVIDING A SOLID SUBSTRATE TO WHICH ORGANISMS CAN
ADHERE AND CONGREGATE. THE REEFS AFFORD AN INCREASED BIOMASS TO THE IMMEDIATE AREA9 AS WELL AS
PROVIDING SHELTER AND FOOD FOR ORGANISMS. (AUTHOR AHSTPACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REEF9 CR 79 SUBSTRATE9 HABITAT

RFF. NO.-0316

ALLEN9 G.W. 1964.

ESTUARINE DESTRUCTION... A MONUMENT TO PROGRESS.

NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE CONF. 29:324-331.

THIS PAPFR OUTLINES SOME OF THE SOCIAL REASONS BEHIND ESTUARINE DESTRUCTION AND BRIEFLY
DESCRIBE@, EXAMPLES OF FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT IN ESTUARINE ALTERATIONS. ONE OF THE PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED IN PRESERVING ESTUARIES IS STRONG LOCAL SUPPORT OF INDUSTRTAL9 AGRICULTURAL OR
RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT WHICH WOULD RESULT IN LOSS OF TIDELANDS AND MARSH AREAS. NAVIGATION
CHANNELS HAVE CAUSED MUCH DESTRUCTION IN ESTUARIES AND HAVE ALSO ACCOUNTED FOR ENCROACHMENT OF
SALT WATER IN RIVERS AND FRESHWATER LAKES. THE LABORATORY AT DAUPHIN ISLAND9 ALABAMA IS
INVOLVED IN VARIED PROJECTS CONCERNING PRODUCTIVITY IN ESTUARIES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0119

ALLENt R.H. 1972.

A GLOSSARY OF COASTAL ENGINEERING TERMS.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER. 2-72. 55 PP.

A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED BY COASTAL ENGINEERS IS PRESENTED. THE TERMS APPLY TO SUCH SUBJECTS
AS WAVES- TIDES9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 SHORE PROTECTION9 SHORE STRUCTURES9 AND COASTAL
GEOMORPHOLOGY. PRIMARY SOURCES ARE CITED. (AUTHOR AHSTRACT)
54

REF. NO.-0119 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT9 BLJLKHEADq GROINg PIER9 HARBOR9 PILING9 JETTY9 BREAKWATER9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0182

ALLISON9 D.M. SAVAGE9 R.P. 1976.

TESTS OF LOW-DENSITY MARINE LIMESTONE FOR USE IN BREAKWATERS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. PAPER NO. 76-4. 43 PP.

A POROUS9 LOW-DENSITY LIMESTONE (CEMENTED SHELL STONE) AVAILABLE FROM A QUARRY IN NEW BERNO
NORTH CAPOLINA9 WAS SUGGESTED FOR USE AS A COVER LAYER IN COASTAL STRUCTURES. THE STABILITY OF
THE NEW REPN STONE AS A RUBBLE-MOUND ARMOR UNIT WAS TESTED IN THE LARGE WAVE TANK AT CERC.
FOURTEEN TESTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH 3.759 5.60* AND 7.87 SECOND WAVE PERIODS AND WAVE HEIGHTS
RANGING FROM 2.5 TO 4.2 FEET. THE ARMOR STONES WERE ALSO NUMBERED AND WEIGHED AT THE BEGINNING
AND END OF TESTING TO EVALUATE THE DURABILITY OF THE STONE. RESULTS OF THE STABILITY TEST
SHOWED ARMOR UNIT STA81LITY COEFFICIENTS OF 2.89 3.5v AND 7.8 FOR THE 3.75 AND 7.87 SECOND
WAVE PERTODS9 RESPECIVELY. THE STONES STILL IDENTIFIABLE AT THE END OF TESTING LOST AN AVERAGE
OF 5.5 PERCENT OF THEIR ORIGINAL WEIGHT. AS A RESULT OF THE STONE WEIGHT LOSSES EXPERIENCED IN
THE LABOPATORY TESTS, 13 STONES WERE PLACED ON OR NEAR A JETTY IN FORT MACON9 NORTH CAROLINA9
BY THE U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT# WILMINGTON. THE STONES WERE PERIODICALLY REMOVED9 WEIGHED9
AND REPLACED FOR ABOUT 18 MONTHS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE STONES CONSIDERED TO BE OF THE BEST
QUALITY HAT) LOST FROM 5 TO 20 PERCENT OF THEIR ORIGINAL WEIGHT AFTER 6 MONTHS. ADDITIONAL
HEAVY WEIGHT LOSSES (45 TO 65 PERCENT) TO THOSE STONES STILL LOCATED AT THE END OF TESTING
INDICATED THAT EXCESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS WOULD CONTINUE. THE USE OF NEW BERN STONE AS A COVER OR
UNDERLAYERS OF RUBBLE-MOUNT COASTAL STRUCTURES IS NOT RECOMMENDED. (AuTHOP A@is,[PACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RREAKWATER@ PROTECT

REF. NO.-0047

ANDERSON9 J.W. 1975.

VALUE ENGINEEPING COASTAL JETTIES.

J- SOC. AMER. MILITARY ENG. 64 (437): 158-160.

VALVE ENGINEERING (VE) IS DEFINED BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS AS AN ORGANIZED ANALYSIS OF THE
FUNCTION OF CONSTRUCTION9 OPERATIONS9 SYSTEMS9 EQUIPMENT9 FACILITIES9 PROCEDURES9 METHODS9 AND
SUPPLIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF ACHIEVING THE REQUIRED FUNCTION AT THE LOWEST COST CONSISTENT WITH

REF. NO.-0047 (CONTINUED)

PERFORMANCE9 RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY REQUIREMENTS. A TEAM OF EXPERTS WITH DIVERSE
BACKGROUNDS PERFORMS THIS ANALYSIS IN FIVE STEPS: INFORMATION* SPECULATION9 ANALYSIS$
DEVELOPMENT9 AND PRESENTATION. VE WAS USED ON THE TILLAMOOK9 OREGON SOUTH JETTY TO SOLVE
CONSTRUCTION PRORLEMS ARISING FROM STRONG CROSSCURRENTS. THE VE TEAMIS PROPOSALS RESULTED IN A
TOTAL PRnJECT SAVINGS OF $198579000.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pug

DESCRIPTORS: CR lt JETTY9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0468

ANGAS9 W.M. 1960.

SHARK RIVER INLET SAND BY-PASSING PROJECT.

J. WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIVISION ASCE 86(WW3) :29-47.

THE BY-PASSING OF SAND ACROSS SHARK RIVER INLET ON THE NEW JERSEY COAST APPEARS TO BE AN
EFFECTIVE METHOD OF NOURISHING AND RESTORING A STARVED BEACH AT THE DOWN-DRIFT SIDE OF THE
INLET. THE BY-PASSING OPERATIONt WHICH WAS UNDERTAKEN AS A FULL SCALE EXPERIMENTv IS
CONSIDERED SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE: 1) THE SAND BY-PASSED ACROSS THE INLET IS COARSERO BETTER
GRADED9 AND HAS MADE A BEACH FILL THAT IS MORE STABLE THAN BEACH FILLS MADE ELSEWHERE ON THE
NEW JERSEY COAST WITH FINE SANDS SUCH AS MIGHT HAVE BEEN OBTAINED BY DREDGING IN SHARK RIVER;
2) THE BY-PASSED SAND MAKES A MORE ATTRACTIVE BEACH THAN SANDS USUALLY OBTAINED BY DREDGING IN
INLAND WATERS INASMUCH AS IT 15 FREER OF OBJECTIONABLE SHELL FRAGMENTS9 CLAY BALLS9 AND SILTI
3) SAND OBTAINED FROM THE ACCRETION AT THE UP-DRIFT SIDE OF THE INLET HAS PROVED CHEAPER THAN
SANDS OBTAINED FROM OTHER SOURCES WHEN COMPARATIVE COSTS ARE BASED ON THE UNIT PRICE OF SAND
THAT STAYS IN PLACE ON THE BEACH; 4) THE REMOVAL OF THE EXCESS ACCRETION AT THE UP-DRIFT SIDE
OF THE INLET IS BENEFITING THE COMMUNITY FACING THE UP-DRIFT BEACH IN THREE WAYS: IT
RESTORES TO UTILITY MUCH OF THE LENGTH OF A IFISHING PIERO WHICH WAS BEING MADE USELESS BY THE
DEVELOPMENT OF DRY BEACH UNDER IT; THE REDUCTION OF THE BEACH BERM TO AN OPTIMUM WIDTH OF FROM
100 FT TO 20OFT HAS BEEN FOUND DESIRABLE; AND IT IS ANTICIPATED THAT THE REMOVAL OF THE EXCESS
ACCRETON WILL FACILITATE THE MAINTENANCE OF THE NAVIGATION CHANNEL OF SHARK RIVER INLET.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pug

DESCRIPTORS: LITTORAL PROCESSES9 JETTY9 GROIN9 BREAKWATER9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0245

ANONYMOUS. 1965.

PRECAST CONCRETE MAKES A FISHING PIER.

ENGINEERING NEWS-RECORD 174(14):81-82.

REF. NOo-0245 (CONTINUED)

A FISHING PIER OVER 1300'FEET FROM SHORE AND IN 23 FEET OF WATER WAS CONSTRUCTED AT VENICE9
CALIFORNIA. THE PIER IS MADE ALMOST ENTIRELY OF PRECAST CONCRETE COMPONENTS. THE 167
PRESTRESSED PILES9 WHICH WEIGHED UP TO 15 TONS APIECE9 WERE THE ONLY COMPONENTS NOT CAST AT
THE JOB SITE AND WERE BARGED IN. THE ARTICLE IS CHIEFLY A COMPREHENSIVE AND DETAILED REPORT OF
THE CONSTRUCTION METHODS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0318

ANONYMOUS., 1975.

STATE COMMISSION TACKLES CUMULATIVE IMPACT IN HUNTINGTON BEACH.

THE COASTLINE LETTER 31:5. SEA GRANT PUBL. SCU-Z3-75-020.

THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION IS REGULATING NEW RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT SO THAT A SERIES OF
SEEMINGLY INSIGNIFICANT STRUCTURES DOES NOT INCREMENTALLY CHIP AWAY AT REMAINING OPEN SPACE.
THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THEIR ACTION CONCERNING APPLICATIONS FOR TWENTY-FIVE FOURPLEXES IN
HUNTINGTON BEACH, ORANGE COUNTY. SOME WERE PERMITTED AND SOME DENIED. A FULL-SCALE URBAN
RENEWAL EFFORT MAY BE NECESSARY FOR THE AREA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO*-0324

ANONYMOUS. 1973.

THE PROBLEM OF GREAT LAKES SHORELAND DAMAGE AND A STRATEGY FOR SHORELINE DAMAGE REDUCTION.

COASTAL ZONE TNFORMATION CENTER. 42 PP.

THE BROCHURE SUMMARIZES THE STATUS AND SCOPE OF FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR MITIGATING SHORE DAMAGES
ON THE GREAT LAKES AND THE INTEREST OF THE GREAT LAKES STATES IN THE STRATEGY ALTERNATIVES FOR
SHORELAND DAMAGE REDUCTION. BACKGROUND INFORMATION IS PRESENTED9 FOLLOWED BY INFORMATIONON
EMERGENCY FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR SHORELAND DAMAGE REDUCTION. EROSION CONTROL PROGRAMS9 PERMIT
PROGRAMS9 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAMS9 FLOOD CONTROL PROGRAMS9 NAVIGATION PROGRAMS9
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS9 AND AN ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF STATE STRATEGY
ALTERNATTVES. SEVERAL PROJECTS ARE UNDERWAY AT LOCATIONS LISTED IN THE ARTICLE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG 57

REF. NO.-0324 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR, CR 8

REF. NO.-0188

AYERS9 J. STOKES9 R. 1976.

SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHODS OF TREATED TIMBER STRUCTURES FOR SHORE9 BEACH AND MARINA CONSTRUCTION.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. REPORT NO. 76-4. 42 PP. 10.

PRESSURE-TPEATED TIMBER HAS WIDE APPLICATION IN THE WATERFRONT AND SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES
THAT ARE BUILT IN MARINA DEVELOPMENTS AND OTHER SHORE AND BEACH LOCATIONS BORDERING ON BAYS,
LAKES AND RIVER RESORTS. BECAUSE OF ITS STRENGTH9 DURABILITY AND ECONOMY9 PRESSURE-TREATED
TIMBER IS THE PRINCIPAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FOR BULKHEADS9 SEAWALLS9 PIERS AND GROINS AT
LOCATIONS WITH MILD EXPOSURE AND SHALLOW TO INTERMEDIATE WATER DEPTHS. THIS REPORT IS DESIGNED
TO PROVInE COASTAL ENGINEERS WITH SIMPLIFIED TECHNICAL GUIDELINES ON THE PROPER USE OF TREATED
TIMBER IN COASTAL STRUCTURES. (MODIFIEO AUrHOR ABSTPACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEADt GROINg PIER* PILING9 PROTECT9 MOORING9 SUPPORT9 HARBOR9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0021

BACKMAN9 T.W. RARILOTTIP D.C. 2976.

IRRADIANCE REDUCTION : EFFECTS ON STANDING CROPS OF THE EELGRASS ZOSTERA MARINA IN A COASTAL LAGOON.

MARINE BIOL. 34: 33-40.

ABUNDANCE OF THE EELGRASS ZOSTERA MARINA L. WAS STUDIED IN A COASTAL LAGOON IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA 9 AND WAS FOUND TO CORRELATE WITH THE LEVEL OF IRRADIANCE AT DEPTHS GREATER THAN
0.5 M BELOW TIDAL DATUM. RESULTS OF CONTROLLED FIELD EXPERIMENTS9 USING CANOPIES TO REDUCE
DOWNWELLING ILLUMINANCE BY 639 CONFIRMED THAT TURION DENSITY IS A FUNCTION OF THE IRRADIANCE
THE PLANTS RECEIVE. BY DAY 18 OF THE EXPERIMENT9 TURION DENSITY IN THE SHADED EXPERIMENTAL
AREAS HAD DECREASED COMPARED TO THE DENSITY OF ADJACENT UNSHADED CONTROLS. TURION DENSITIES
WERE CONTINUALLY LOWER THROUGHOUT THE 9-MONTH STUDY IN THE EXPERIMENTAL AREAS9 WHICH AT THE
END OF THE STUDY HAD A TURION DENSITY ONLY 5% THAT OF THE CONTROL AREAS. FLOWERING IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL AREAS WAS ALSO INHIBITED BY SHADING. THE BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THESE
FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED WITH RESPECT TO SEASONAL CHANGES IN INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATIONt WATER
TRANSPARENCY9 ANO CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY DUE TO MAN'S INCREASED INTERVENTION IN THE NATURAL
PROCESSES OF COASTAL LAGOONS. (AUTHOP Pi@STkACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

REF. NO.-0021 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: AQUATIC PLANTS9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0371

BAILEY9 D. 1977.

CONCERNING FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENTS AND OTHER FLORIDA SHORELINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.

ENV. SPEC. 1. BUR. ENV. PROTECT9 FLORIDA GAME AND FRESHWATER FISH COMM. PERS. COMM.

THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROPOSED FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT IS GIVEN.
AMONG THF POSSIBLE PROBLEMS WHICH THIS PROJECT MAY INTENSIFY ARE SALT WEDGE INTRUSION INTO THE
EVERGLADES* DESTRUCTION OF TURTLE GRASS BEDS AND MANGROVE COMMUNITIES AND SILTATION OF THE
BARRIER PEFF ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE KEYS. THE COMMISSION ENCOURAGES RIPRAP REVETMENTS RATHER
THAN VERTICAL BULKHEADS ON THE SHORELINE AND ARE MORE CONCERNED WITH PROTECTING PRISTINE AREAS
THAN WITH STOPPING SMALL PROJECTS IN ALREADY DEGRADED AREAS. OTHER SUBJECTS SUCH AS BEACH
REPLENISHMENT AND DEAD-END CANALS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL-

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: LAND PLANTS9 AQUATIC PLANTS9 FISH9 CR 49 BRIDGE9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTSS CAUSEWAY$
PEVETMENT

REF. NO.-0121

BALDWINg W.P. 1968.

IMPOUNDMENTS FOR WATERFOWL ON SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTAL MARSHES.

PP. 127-133 IN NEWSOM9 J.D. (ED) PROC. OF THE MARSH AND ESTUARY MANAGEMENT SYMP. BATON ROUGE9 LA.

SEVEN MILLION ACRES OF COASTALi TIDAL MARSHES9 PLUS SEVEN MILLION ACRES OF INLAND MARSHESO ARE
THREATENED IN EIGHT SOUTHERN MARITIME STATES WITH DECLINE IN ACPEAGE AND QUALITY. IN THEIR
NORMAL CONDITION THESE MARSHES ARE KEPT VITAL THROUGH THE INTERPLAY OF DROUGHT FLUCTUATION9
SALINITY FLUCTUATION9 FIRE. ANIMAL USE9 HURRICANES9 AND FRESHETS. IF MAN MUST COMPENSATE FOR
THE LOSS OF NATURAL MARSH WITH INTENSIFIED AND EXPENSIVE IMPOUNDMENT MANAGEMENTt THE MANAGERS
MUST BE SKILLED IN THE INTERPRETATION OF A RAPID AND COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION BY SEVERAL
HUNDRED SPECIES OF PLANTS9 AND MUST ACTIVELY MANIPULATE THE HABITATS TO ENCOURAGE THE SEVERAL
DOZEN SPECIES MOST DESIRED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DIKE9 HARITAT9 BIRDS9 AQUATIC PLANTS9 CR 39 CR 49 CR 5

REF. NO.-0013

BALSILLIEv J.H. BERG9 D.W. 1973.

STATE OF GROIN DESIGN AND EFFECTIVENESS.

PROC. 13TH COASTAL ENG. CONF.v AMER. SOC. CIVIL ENG. VANCOUVER9 B.C. P 1367-1383.

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON GROINS9 COMPILED BY SALSILLIE AND BRUNO (1972)9 HAS PROVIDED THE
BACKGROUND FOR THIS PAPER. A REVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL DESIGN CRITERIA IS PRESENTED INCLUDING GROIN
LENGTH9 HEIGHT9 SPACING9 PERMEABILITY-ADJUSTABILITY9 AND ORIENTATION. A DISCUSSION OF COASTAL
PROCESS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GROIN DESIGN AND EFFECTIVENESS IS ALSO GIVEN. (A(ITHOP AHSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg PROTECT9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0091

BALSILLIE9 J.H. BRUN09 R.O. 1972.

GROINS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF'ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER 1-72. 249 PP.

A GROIN IS A SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE BUILT (USUALLY PERPENDICULAR TO THE SHORE) TO TRAP
SEDIMENTARY MATERIAL OR TO RETARD EROSION OF THE SHORE. OF ALL THE SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES
USED BY COASTAL ENGINEERS9 THE GROIN IS THE MOST DIFFICULT TO DESZGN-FUNCTIONALLY AND
STRUCTURALLY. BECAUSE THIS COMPLEXITY OF DESIGN WAS NOT RECOGNIZED UNTIL RECENTLY9 MANY EARLY
GROIN INSTALLATIONS WERE FAILURES. CERC SUPPORTS A CONTINUING RESEARCH PROGRAM DEVOTED TO
GAINING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF GROINS. THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY EVOLVED FROM THE GROIN RESEARCH
PROGRAM* ABOUT 460 ARTICLES PUBLISHED SINCE 1900 ON GROINS AND GROIN-TYPE STRUCTURES ARE
PRESENTED IN THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. ANNOTATIONS ACCOMPANY EACH BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY WHERE POSSIBLE.
INDICES OF AUTHOR9 TITLES9 AND SUBJECTS ARE INCLUDED TO AID THE RESEARCHER. UNAVAILABLE
LITERATURE SUCH AS FOREIGN ARTICLES9 ALTHOUGH NOT ANNOTATED9 ARE INCLUDED AS ENTRIES IN BOTH
THE ANNOTATED SECTION AND THE INDICES. (NTIS ABSTr(ACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg PROTECT

REF. NO.-0276

BARADA9 Wo PARTINGTON9 W.M.9 JR. 1972.

REPORT OF INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PRIVATE WATER FRONT CANALS*

ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION CENTER9 WINTER PARK9 FLORIDA. 63 PP* AND APPENDICES.
60

REF. NO.-0276 ICONTINUED)

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF CANAL-TYPE WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENTS ON FLORIDAIS AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT AND ITS POSSIBLE CONFLICT OF PUBLIC INTEREST IS DISCUSSED. TOPICS INCLUDE EFFECTS
ON FISH AND FISHING. CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY9 BENTHOS9 SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS9 EFFECT ON
PUBLIC MEALTH9 EFFECT ON GROUNDWATER9 AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THESE DEVELOPMENTS. THE STUDY WAS
BASED ON A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT BY KNOWLEDGEABLE PERSONS. DEVELOPING PRIVATE
WATERFRONT PROPERTY CAUSES SERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION BEYOND THE PRIVATE BOUNDARIES AND
THEREFORE AFFECTS PUBLIC INTEREST.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0116

BARRETT9 R.J. 1966.

USE OF PLASTIC FILTERS IN COASTAL STRUCTURES.

PROC. 10TH CONF. ON COASTAL ENG. PP. 1048-1067.

IT HAS LONG BEEN THE OPINION OF MANY ENGINEERS THAT THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF FAILURE IN CERTAIN
COASTAL STRUCTURES IS DUE TO AN INADEQUATE FILTER SYSTEM. NORMALLY9 FILTERS FOR GRANULAR SOILS
ARE MADE UP OF LAYERS OF GRADED SAND9 GRAVEL AND STONE MATERIALS IN VARIOUS COMBINATIONS AND
THICKNESS DIMENSIONS. VERY OFTEN THESE MATERIALS ARE EXPENSIVE AND IN SOME CASES9 DUE TO
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION9 ARE UNAVAILABLE. EVEN IF THE REQUIRED MATERIALS ARE EASILY ACCESSIBLE9
PROPER PLACEMENT IS TEDIOUS AND DEMANDS STRICT SUPERVISION. THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE USE OF
*PLASTIC FILTERSt AS A REPLACEMENT FOR GRADED FILTER SYSTEMS AND FILTER BLANKETS IN COASTAL
STRUCTURES. WHILE THIS DISCUSSION AND ILLUSTRATIONS ARE LIMITED To COASTAL STRUCTURES9 PLASTIC
FILTERS CAN AND HAVE BEEN USED IN RIVER9 LAKE9 CANAL9 DAM AND OTHER HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.
(AUTHOR A8STRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TXPE Of REFERF%cEt

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 BULKHEAD9 JETTY9 6REAKWATER9 CR 4

REF. NO.-0362

BAUER9 W. 1974b.

THE DRIFT SECTORS OF WHATCOM COUNTY MARINE SHORES9 THEIR SHOREFORMS AND GEO-HYDRAULIC STATUS.

WHATCOM COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION9 BELLINGHAM9 WA.

A REPORT IS PRESENTED ON THE SEARCH9 INVENTORY9 BOUNDARY DETERMINATION9 AERIAL
PHOTO-DOCUMENTATION9 MAPPING9 FIELD INVESTIGATION9 AND RESOURCE ANALYSES OF THE MARINE DRIFT

REF. NO.-0362 (CONTINUED)

SECTORS OF WHATCOM COUNTY9 AND THEIq GEO-HYDRAULIC ENVIRONMENTS. AN EXPLANATION OF TERMINOLOGY
AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IS GIVEN9 FOLLOWED BY A CHART OF EACH OF THE 34 DRIFT SECTORS WITH
INFORMATION ON: BOUNDARIESi SHOREFORMS9 BLUFF FACTORS, INTRUSION STATUS (PRESENCE OF SHORELINE
STRUCTURES)* USE POTENTIAL AND LIMITS AND SPECIAL NOTES OR PROBLEMS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0368

BAUER9 W. 1977.

INTERVIEW WITH WOLF BAUER.

SHORE-RESOURCF CONSULTANT9 SEATTLE9 WA. PERS. COMM.

AN INTERVIEW WAS CONDUCTED9 CONCERNING WOLF BAUERIS EXPERIENCES WITH MINOR SHORELINE
STRUCTURES. BAUER HAS COINED SEVERAL TERMS TO USE IN EVALUATING COASTAL CONDITIONS AND
ALTERNATTVE ACTIONS. HE IS GENERALLY OPPOSED TO BULKHEADING9 RIPRAP AND OTHER SIMILAR
STRUCTURES AND PREFERS METHODS THAT WORK 4ITH THE GEO-HYDRAULIC SHORE PROCESS SYSTEM RATHER
THAN AGATNST IT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: PULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 CR 19 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0383

BAUER# W. 1974c.

THE SHORE-PROCESS CORRIDOR: ITS ANATOMY9 FUNCTION9 AND BASIS FOR SHORELAND PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT.

A PILOT STUDY TO THE OREGON COASTAL CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONS.

THE 'SHORE-PROCESS CORRIDOR*q DEFINED AS THAT SHORE-ZONE STRIP WITHIN WHICH ALL PHYSICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL SHORE RESOURCES ARE CONTAINED AND FUNCTION9 IS EXPLAINED AND DESCRIBED. THE ANATOMY
OF THE SHORE-PROCESS CORRIDOR9 THE ENERGY SYSTEMS9 FUNCTIONS9 AND PARAMETERS FOR A MANAGEMENT
APPROACH ARE INCLUDED IN THE DISCUSSION. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ACCEPTED USE OF THE CONCEPT
OF THE SHORE-PROCESS CORRIDOR ARE PRESENTED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT WE MUST PROTECT REMAINING
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES9 WHILE RAISING ALL OTHER UTILIZATION EFFECIENCIES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

REF. NO.-0383 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: FROSIONg CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0384

BAUER9 W. 1974a.

CONCURRENT MARINA AND PARK SITING EXPANSION FOR DRAYTON HARBOR.

WHATCOM COUNTY PARK BOARD9 PORT OF RELLINGHAM9 WA. 23 PP.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE MARINE PARK POTENTIAL OF THE DRAYTON HARBOR AREA IS PRESENTED. INCLUDED IN
THE ANALYSIS ARE SITING CONSIDERATIONS9 SEMIAHMOO PARK-USE POTENTIALS9 ARTIFICIAL PARK-BEACH
DEVELOPMFNT AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE CITY OF BLAINE SUCH AS LOCATION AND PHYSICAL BEACH
REQUIREMFNTS. EXPANDABLEt MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAMS PLANNED TO REINFORCE EACH OTHER9 RATHER THAN
TO INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER ARE RECOMMENDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 19 EROSION9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0388

BAUER9 W. 1970.

PUGET SOUND INVENTORY.

A TIME FOR UNDERSTANDING HERITAGE SERIES. THE MOUNTAINEERS9 SEATTLE9 WA.

AN INVENTORY AND EVALUATION OF RARE AND SPECIAL LANDFORMS CREATED BY THE WATERS ACTION IN THE
PUGET SOUND AREA IS PRESENTED. A GEOLOGIC HISTORY OR EXPLANATION AND MAN'S INTERFERENCE WITH
NATURAL PROCESS OF SEA-BLUFF BEACH ZONES9 POINTS9 SPITS9 HOOKS9 BARS9 AND ESTUARIES IS
DISCUSSED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE STATE HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO RECOGNIZEt CLASSIFY9 AND
PROTECT THE LIMITED RESOURCES DISCUSSED9 AND THAT THERE HAS BEEN A FAILURE TO STUDY AND PLAN
FOR THE POTENTIAL OF THESE GFOLOGIC-MARINE LAND FORMS AND FEATURES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 CR I

REF. NO.-0394

BAUER9 W. 1975.

BIRCH SAY SHORE RESOURCE ANALYSIS.

REF. NO.-0394 (CONTINUED)

WHATCOM COUNTY PLA-NNING COMMISSION, wHATCOM COUNTY, WA. CONTRACT NO 11-305-15.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS POSITION PAPER IS TO DISCUSS SOME OF THE SHORTCOMINGS AND PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH SHORE IDEFENSE, MEASURES AND ENCOURAGE BOTH TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTALLY
VALID IMPROVEMENTS OVER PRESENT PRATICES AND ATTITUDES. BEACH COMPONENTS9 CLASSIFICATION AND
SYSTEMS ARE DESCRIBED. RESOURCE VALUES OF ACCRETION SHOREFORMS ARE DISCUSSED AND THE USE OF
BULKHEADING IS ALSO DISCUSSED. THE USE OF GRAVEL BERM-BUILDING AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR
RESTORATION OF BIRCH BAY9 WASHINGTON ARE PRESENTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 19 BULKHEAD# REVETMENT# PROTECT# CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0553

SAUER# W. 1973.

MANAGEMENT POLICIES WITHIN THE SHORE-PROCESS CORRIDOR. PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO
PROTECT OUR SHORE-RESOURCE HERITAGE.

WHATCOM COUNTY9 WASHINGTON CITIZENS COMMITTEE. 40 PP.

A POSITION PAPER IS PRESENTED TO SERVE AS A CHALLENGE AND TOOL TO SHORE-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AT
THE LOCAL LEVEL. THE TERM $SHORE-PROCESS CORRIDOR# WHICH RECOGNIZES THE EXISTENCE AND
INTERDEPENDENCY OF ALL LAND- WATER ELEMENTS WITHIN SUCH A ZONE9 IS ESTABLISHED9 REPLACING THE
TERM #SHORELINE#. LIMITATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THE SHORE-PROCESS CORRIDOR ARE
DISCUSSED9 INCLUDING THE TOPICS OF: BIO-PROCESS RESERVES9 WILDLIFE SPECIES HABITAT9
RECREATION9 AGRICULTURE9 FORESTRY9 PARKS9 PILED STRUCTURESP ROADS AND PARKING AREAS9 BOAT
LAUNCH RAMPS9 MARINASP DREDGING9 SAND AND GRAVEL OPERATIONS9 EROSION DEFENSE9 DIKES AND LEVEES
BULKHEADED FILLSt JETTIES AND GROINSP AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT* IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SHORE
RESOURCESt BECAUSE THEY CAN NOT BE REPLACED9 MUST NOT BE DESTROYED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 19 SUPPORT9 BRIDGE9 RAMP9 HARBOR9 DREDGE/FILL9 BULKHEAD9 GROIN

REFs NO.-0006

BECKMANt C. MENZIESt R.J. WAKEMAN9 C.M. 1957.

THE BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ATTACK ON CREOSOTED WOOD By LIMNORIA.

CORROSION 13 : 162-164.

A STUDY WAS MADE OF THE ANIMAL SPECIMENS FOUND IN SAMPLES OF CREOSOTED AND NON-CREOSOTED

REF. NO.-0006 (CONTINUED)

DOUGLAS FIR PILINGS. THE SPECIES CAUSING THE ATTACK ON THE WOOD WAS IDENTIFIED As LIMNORIA
TRIPUNCTATA. DATA ARE GIVEN TO SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF TREATED TO UNTREATED SAMPLES WITH
REGARD TO ANIMAL SIZE9 ROPULATION DENSITY AND REPRODUCTION CAPABILITIES. POLLUTION IS
DISCUSSED AS A POSSIBLE FACTOR IN THE GROWTH OF LIMNORIA POPULATIONS* DATA ARE GIVEN TO SHOW
CHANGES OF FRACTIONATION CHARACTERISTICS WITH TIME FOR CREOSOTE INJECTED INTO PILINGS.
(AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PILING9 INVERTEBRATES9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0231

BEETON9 A.M. 1969.

CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND BIOTA OF THE GREAT LAKES.

PP. 150- 187 IN EUTROPHICATION: CAUSES9 CONSEQUENCES9 CORRECTIVES. NATL. ACAD. SCI. WASH. D.C.

CHANGES IN THE BIOTA AND WATER QUALITY HAVE OCCURRED IN ALL OF THE GREAT LAKES. ALMOST ALL OF
THE CHANGES ARE ATTRIBUTED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY TO MANIS ACTIVITIES (OVERFISHING9
INTRODUCTION OF NON-NATIVE FISHES9 CHANNEL CONSTRUCTION9 WATER POLLUTION). EACH LAKE IS
DISCUSSED SEPARATELY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0168

BELLA9 D.A. 1972.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ESTUARINE BENTHAL SYSTEMS.

WATER RES. 6:1409-1418.

ESTUARINE RENTHAL SYSTEMS INVOLVE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL9 CHEMICAL$ PHYSICAL AND
HYDRAULIC FACTORS. A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF SUCH SYSTEMS IS PRESENTED. FIELD RESULTS ARE
PRESENTED WHICH ILLUSTRATE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BENTHAL SYSTEMS. A NUMBER OF MAN'S
ACTIVITIES WHICH CAN AFFECT ESTUARINE BENTHAL SYSTEMS IS DISCUSSED WITH REFERENCE TO THE
CONCEPTUAL MODEL PRESENTED. AMONG THESE ARE CHANNELIZATION9 DREDGING AND SPOIL DISPOSAL. THE
TYPE OF RENTHIC SYSTEM THAT DEVELOPS AT A GIVEN LOCATION CAN BE DEPENDENT ON BIOLOGICAL
TURNOVER AND TRANSIENT CONDITIONS MAY ELIMINATE COMMUNITIES CONTRIBUTING TO THIS TURNOVER.
RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF PREVIOUS COMMUNITIES MIGHT NOT BE POSSIBLE DUE TO CHANGING CONDITIONS,
(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

REF. NO.-0168 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PENTHOS9 CR 19 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0251

BELLA# D.A. 1975.

STRATEGIC APPROACH TO ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.

J. WATERWAYS9 HARBORS AND COASTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION9 ASCE. 101(l):73-92.

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MUST BE EXAMINED FROM A SPECTRUM OF VIEWS RANGING FROM THOSE OF HIGH
PERSPECTTVF-LOW DETAIL TO THOSE OF LOW PERSPECTIVE- HIGH DETAIL. VARIOUS CONCEPTS AND
APPROACHES PERTINENT TO THE COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FOR ESTUARIES ARE DEVELOPED.
A HIGH PERSPECTIVE-LOW DETAIL VIEW IS EMPLOYED TO EXAMINE THE ORGANIZATION9 FUNCTION9 AND
REQUIREMFNTS OF WHOLE ESTUARINE SYSTEMS. A PLANNING APPROACH CALLING FOR THE UNEVEN
DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AMONG OREGONtS ESTUARINE SYSTEMS IS PRESENTED. A NUMBER
OF METHODS9 CONCERNS AND PROHLEMS RELATED TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS APPROACH ARE
IDENTIFIFDo

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0331

BELLER9 W.So 1972.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE COASTAL ZONE.

TRANS. 37TH N. AMER. WILDL. RES. CONF. PP. 100-109.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE COASTAL ZONE IS DEFINED9 NOTING THAT THE QUALITY OF THE
ENVIRONMFNT CAN IN LARGE PART BE MEASURED BY THE QUALITY OF ITS AIR9 WATER9 AND LAND. SOME OF
THE COMPETING AND OFTEN CONFLICTING PRESSURES IN THE COASTAL ZONE ARE ENUMERATED. IT IS
SUGGESTED THAT THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGER IS TO DEVISE PLANS SO THAT THE COASTAL
PRESSURES CONTR18UTE TO AN ECOSYSTEM STABILITY THAT WILL PERMIT A PEOPLE TO HAVE THE QUALITY
OF LIFE THEY WANT AND ARE WILLING TO PAY FOR.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0134

BELLIS9 V. O'CONNER9 M.P. RIGGS9 S.R. 1975.

ESTUARINE SHOOELINE EROSION IN THE ALBEMARLE-PAMLICO REGION OF NORTH CAROLINA.

EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY9 GkEENVILLEq N.C. 76 PP.

SHORELINE EROSION WITHIN THE ESTUARIES OF NORTH CAROLINA IS A CONTINUING PROCESS WHICH HAS
BEEN IN OPERATION FOR SEVERAL THOUSAND YEARS. ACTUAL RATES OF EROSION RANGE UP TO TWENTY FEET
PER YEAR BUT AVERAGE 2-3 FEET PER YEAR. VARIABLES AFFECTING RATE OF SHORELINE EROSION ARE:
BANK HEIGHT AND COMPOSITION, VEGETATIVE COVER9 EXPOSURE TO PREVAILING WINDS AND FETCH OFFSHORE
TOPOGRAPHY- AND VARIOUS HUMAN ACTIVITIES. THREE MAJOR SHORELINE TYPES ARE IDENTIFIED ON THE
BASIS OF THESE PARAMETERS. THESE ARE: (1) SAND AND CLAY BANKS; (2) SWAMP FOREST; AND (3) GRASS
MARSH. OF THESE SHORELINE TYPES ONLY THE SAND AND CLAY BANKS CAN BE EASILY DEVELOPED. ALL
TYPES9 HOWEVER9 CAN BE PROTECTED BY SHORELINE MODIFICATION STRUCTURESi USE OF NATURAL
PROTECTIVE FEATURES9 OR APPROPRIATE SETBACK REGULATION. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: QEVETMENT9 BULKHEAD9 GROINg PROTECT9 EROSION9 CR 59 CR 6

REF. NO.-0328

BENEFIELD9 R.L. 1976.

SHELL DREDGING SEDIMENTATIONS IN GALVESTON AND SAN ANTONIO BAYS.

TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPT. TECH. SER. NO. 19. 34 PP.

SEDIMENTATTON ON OYSTER REEFS CAUSED BY HYDRAULIC MUDSHELL DREDGING WAS STUDIED AT SEVEN SITES
IN GALVESTON AND SAN ANTONIO BAYS. SILT BASKETSv CORE TUBES AND OYSTER TONGS WERE USED TO
MONITOR PATES OF SEDIMENTATION. IMPORTANT FACTORS IN REEF SEDIMENTATIONS WERE OYSTER REEF
CONTOURS, SEDIMENT COMPOSITION9 DIRECTION OF CURRENT FLOW AND THE NUMBER OF SHELL DREDGES
DISCHARGING SEDIMENTS. NO SEDIMENTATION WAS FOUND ON A REEF RISING 0.91 TO 2.22 M 13 To 4 FT)
ABOVE THF SURROUNDING BOTTOM WHILE A SHELL DREDGE OPERATED 91.4 M (300 FT) FROM THE EDGE. A
REEF WITH A FLAT PROFILE RECEIVED DEPOSITS OF DREDGE SEDIMENTS WHEN THE NEAREST OF FIVE
DREDGES WAS 19798 M (Sv900 FT) AWAY. SEDIMENT DEPOSITS OF 10.2 TO 15.2 CM (4 TO 6 IN) CAUSED
OYSTER MORTALITIES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT EACH DREDGING SITE CONTAINED PARTICULAR
CHARACTERISTICS AND THAT REGULATIONS PROVIDING INFLEXIBLE MINIMUM DISTANCES BETWEEN DREDGES
AND REEFS WERE NOT APPROPRIATE. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 CR 3* SEDIMENTATION9 SHELLFISH

REF. NO.-0123

BERG9 C.J.9 JR. 1971.

A REVIEW OF POSSIBLE CAUSES OF MORTALITY OF OYSTER LARVAE OF THE GENUS CRASSOSTREA IN TOMALES BAY9
CA.

CALIF. FISH AND GAME9 57(l); 69-75.

OYSTERS OF THE GENUS CRASSOSTREA DO NOT PRODUCE SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS IN TOMALES BAY9
CALIFORNIA BECAUSE OF THE FAILURE OF THE LARVAE To SURVIVE AND SET. EXCESSIVE TURBIDITIES9
LACK OF PROPER FOOD AND BLOOMS OF DINOFLAGELATES ARE PROBABLY THE MAJOR CAUSES OF OYSTER
LARVAE MORTALITY9 ALTHOUGH THERE ARE OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARITAT9 SHELLFISH9 PRODUCTIVITY9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0023

BERG9 D.W. 1966.

FACTORS AFFECTING BEACH NOURISHMENT REQUIREMENTS AT PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA9 ERIE9 PENNSYLVANIA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 3-66. 10 PP.

ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE DATA ON PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA9 ERIE9 PENNSYLVANIA9 INDICATES APPARENT
CORRELATION OF INITIAL HIGH EROSION RATES OF PLACED BEACH FILL WITH SAND SIZE CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE FILL AND THE MEAN LEVEL OF LAKE ERIE FOR THE PERIOD OVER WHICH MEASURED LOSSES OCCUR.
ALTHOUGH EROSION OF THE FILL HAS BEEN MORE THAN ANTICIPATED9 THE DATA INDICATE THAT
NOURISHMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR REPLENISHING THE BEACHES9 SHOULD DECREASE AS THE BEACH PROFILES
BECOME READJUSTED THROUGH SELECTIVE SORTING OF THE FILL MATERIAL TO INCIDENT WAVE FORCES
REACHING THE PENINSULA. (AUTHOR ARSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: EROSION9 CR 8

REF. NO.-0075

BERG* D.W. WATTS9 G.M. 1967.

VARIATIONS IN GROIN DESIGN.

JOURNAL OF THE WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIVISION. PROC. OF THE A.S.C.E. PROC. PAPER 5241.
93(WW2):79-100.

CONSIDERING ALL TYPES OF STRUCTURES USED FOR SHORE PROTECTION PURPOSES, THE GROIN 15 PROBABLY
68

REF. NO,-0075 (CONTINUED)

THE MOST WIDELY USED AND YET IT IS PERHAPS THE ONE STRUCTURE LEAST UNDERSTOOD. GROINS OR GROIN
SYSTEMS OF A PARTICULAR DESIGN MAY BE FOUND WHERE THE INTENDED PURPOSE WAS ACHIEVEDI HOWEVERO
IT IS NOT UNCOMMON TO LEARN OF OTHER CASES WHERE A S1141LAR DESIGN WAS USED AND NEGLIGIBLE
BENEFITS RESULTED. BASICALLY9 THE FUNCTION OF A GROIN IS TO BUILD OR MAINTAIN A PROTECTIVE
BEACH BY TRAPPING LITTORAL DRIFT (BEACH MATERIALS) OR TO RETARD THE EROSION OF AN EXISTING
BEACH. A LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF ALL FACTORS AFFECTING THE FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN
OF GROINS HAS LED TO SEEMINGLY ENDLESS VARIATIONS IN GROIN DESIGN. THIS LACK OF UNDERSTANDING
IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE PAUCITY OF ESTABLISHED THEORETICAL OR EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR OF GROINS AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN WHICH THE
STRUCTURES MUST EXIST. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PRESENTATION IS TO POINT OUT PERTINENT FEATURES OF
BASIC TYPES OF GROINS AND TO ILLUSTRATE SOME OF THE MANY VARIATIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN BUILT IN
THE UNITED STATES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg PROTECT9 TRAINING9 EROSION9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0237

BERG9 DOW. WATTS9 G.M. 1971.

GROINS AND GROIN SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH.

SHORE AND BEACH 39(2):34-36.

SUMMARIZATION OF THE COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTERIS STUDY ON GROINS AS APPLIED TO SHORE
STABILIZATION. COMPLETED STUDIES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED FOR LOCATIONS IN CTqFL9 MOO MS9 AND NJ.
PRESENT FIFLD STUDIES INCLUDE LOCATIONS IN CA9 CT9 FLO NH9 NY9 PAO AND SC. LABORATORY STUDIES
ARE ALSO BEING CONDUCTED. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD STUDIES VARY9 HOWEVER9 ALL ARE CONCERNED
WITH THE FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR OF GROINS. A REVIEW OF PUBLISHED LITERATURE OF GROINS IS BEING
CONDUCTED AT CERC WITH THE INTENT OF PRODUCING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. THIS REVIEW9 TO DATE
SUBSTANTIATES THE NEED FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA TO IMPROVE CRITERIA FOR THE FUNCTIONAL AND
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF GROINS. AN EXPERIMENTAL STPUCTURE 680 FEET LONG HAS BEEN CONSTRUCTED THAT
CAN BE ALTERED TO YIELD VARIOUS GROIN DIMENSIONS AND CONFIGURATIONS BY INSERTION OF
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PANELS IN THE BASIC STRUCTURE. DETAILED INFORMATION IS BEING COLLECTED ON
LITTORAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE AREA9 AND ALL BASIC IMPERMEABLE AND PERMEABLE CONFIGURATIONS WILL
BE EXAMINED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: GROINi PROTECT9 LITTORAL PROCESSESt CR 2s RESEARCH NEEDS

REF. NO.-0293

BERG9 DOW. DUANE9 D.B. 1968.

REF. NO.-0293 (CONTINUED)

EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION ON STABILITY OF ARTIFICIALLY FILLED PRESQUE ISLE
PENINSULA9 PENNSYLVANIA.

PROC. IlTH CONF. GREAT LAKES RES. INTERNAT. ASSOC. GREAT LAKES RES. PP. 161-178.

PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA* A SANDY SPIT ON THE SOUTH SHORE OF LAKE ERIE HAS EXPERIENCED CONTINUED
EROSION OF ITS LAKESIDE SHORE LINE SINCE THE FIRST ATTEMPTS TO STABILIZE AND HALT ITS NATURAL
EASTWARD MIGRATION. FOR NEARLY 150 YEARS NUMEROUS STRUCTURES HAVE BEEN BUILT ON ITS SHORELINE
IN ATTEMPTS TO SLOW DOWN OR HALT THE DETERIORATION AND MIGRATION OF THE PENINSULA AND
CONSEQUENT LOSS OF VALUABLE LAND. IN 1965 APPROXIMATELY 1.27 X 10(4) M(3) OF SAND FILL COARSER
THAN FILL PREVIOUSLY USED AS WELL AS COARSER THAN THAT WHICH NATURALLY EXISTED ON THE
PENINSULA9 WAS PLACED ON A SECTION OF THE BEACH; SUBSEQUENTLY ANNUAL DATA COLLECTION SURVEYS
WERE MADE IN THE FILL AREA AND ADJACENT PARTS OF THE PENINSULA. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA INDICATE
THE TEST AREA INVOLVING COARSE SAND FILL HAS UNDERGONE MINIMAL MATERIAL LOSS AND MAINTAINED A
RELATIVELY STABLE PROFILE. ON THE BASIS OF THIS EXPERIMENT IT IS JUDGED THAT DEFINITE SHORE
STABILIZATION OCCURS9 WITH ATTENDANT BENEFITS SUCH AS SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED NOURISHMENT
REQUIREMFNTS9 FROM THE UTILIZATION OF SAND FILL THAT HAS SIZE CHARACTERISTICS SUPERIOR TO THAT
ORIGINALLY FOUND ON AN ERODING BEACH.(AUTHOR AB.-ITHACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN. PROTECT@ STABILIZE9 CR 89 EROSION

REF. NO.-0511

BIRD9 E.C.F. 1971.

MANGROVES AS LAND-BUILDERS.

VICTORIA NAT. 89(7):189-197.

MANGROVES APE SHRUBS AND TREES THAT GROW ON THE TIDAL SHORES OF ESTUARIES9 INLETS AND
EMBAYMENTS9 IN SECTORS PROTECTED FROM STRONG WAVE OR CURRENT ACTION. MANGROVES ACT AS
LAND-BUILDERS ON TIDAL SHORES WHEN THEY TRAP SEDIMENT AND BUILD UP DEPOSITIONAL TERRAIN THAT
WOULD OTHERWISE NOT HAVE DEVELOPED. MANGROVES CANNOT DIRECTLY CAUSE SHORELINE ADVANCE SINCE
THEY SPREAD FORWARD ONLY AFTER THE ADJACENT HUDFLATS HAVE BEEN BUILT UP BY VERTICAL ACCRETION
TO A SUITABLE LEVEL. BY SHELTERING THE NEARSHORE ZONE AT HIGH TIDE FROM THE EFFECTS*OF
OFFSHORE WINDS THEY MAY NEVERTHELESS FACILITATE THE VERTICAL ACCRETION WHICH WILL PERMIT THEIR
ADVANCE. ONCE ESTABLISHED9 MANGROVES GRADUALLY CONFINE THE EBB AND FLOW OF TIDES TO RESIDUAL
TIDAL CREEK SYSTEMS

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: STABILIZE9 AQUATIC PLANTS9 SUCCESSION

REF. NO.-0303

BLUME9 J.A. KEITH, J.M. 1959.

RINCON OFFSHORE ISLAND AND OPEN CAUSEWAY.

JOURNAL OF THF WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIVISION. A.S.C.E. WW361-92.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE DESIGN PROBLEMS AND THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN CREATING A
MANMADE TSLAND OF SAND9 ROCK AND PRECAST CONCRETE ARMOR IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN OFF SHORE FROM
CALIFORNIA. THIS OIL PRODUCTION ISLAND WITH THE OPEN CAUSEWAY WHICH CONNECTS IT TO THE
SHORELINE CONSTITUES ONE OF THE MOST UNIQUE MARINE INSTALLATIONS IN THE WORLD. THE DESIGN
INCLUDED MANY ALTERNATE ECONOMIC STUDIES9 MODEL TESTS IN A WAVE LABORATORY9 AND STORM DAMAGE
AND WAVE RUNUP STUDIES WITH ALTERNATE ARMOR TYPES% MATERIALS9 AND SLOPES. THE FIELD OPERATIONS
INCLUDED SKIN DIVING AND THE USE OF SPECIAL FATHOMETERS IN CONTROL OPERATIONS FOR UNDERWATER
PLACEMENT.(AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0414

BOBERSCHMIDT9 L. CARSTEA9 D. HOLBERGER9 R. SAAR19 S. 1976.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SMALL STRUCTURES AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
AS APPLIED TO THE CHICAGO DISTRICTs U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS.

2 VOLS. THE MITRE CORP.- MCLEAN9 VA. PAGING VARIOUS.

THIS DOCUMENT DESCRIBES THE GUIDELINES DEVELOPED FOR THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSt CHICAGO
DISTRICT* FOR USF IN DESCRIBING THE PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (PHYSICAL9 BIOLOGICAL AND
SOCIOLCONOMIC) OF REPRESENTATIVE STRUCTURES AND COMMON ACTIVITIES PERFORMED IN THE DISTRICT.
GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES ARE MADE WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS: PIER9 RIPRAP9
DREDGING* 8ULKHEAD9 SUBMERGED STRUCTURE9 OUTFALL9 AERIAL CROSSING9 AND BOAT RAMP. THE
GUIDELINES ALLOW FOR AN EFFECTIVE AND RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFIC PERMIT
APPLICATIONS DURING THE REVIEW PROCESS OF SUCH APPLICATIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PIER9 BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 RAMP9 PROTECT9 MOORING9 LAUNCH9 PRODUCTIVITY9 HABITAT9 CR 8

REF. NO.-0273

BOURN9 W.S. COTTAM9 C. 1950.

SOME BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DITCHING TIDEWATER MARSHES.

REF. NO.-0273 (CONTINUED)

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV. RES. REP. 19. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 16 PP. AND FIGURES.

STUDIES CONDUCTED OVER A TWELVE-YEAR PERIUD (1935-47) OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DITCHING
TIDEWATER MARSHES IN DELAWARE FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL SHOWED MARKED ECOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE
FLORAL COVER AND INVERTEBRATE FAUNA FOLLOWING SUCH OPERATIONS. THESE STUDIES REVEALED THAT
SYSTEMATIC DITCHING9 WHICH HAS PROVED USELESS AS A PERMANENT MOSQUITO-CONTROL MEASURE9
RESULTED IN SHRUBBY GRowrHS SUCCEEDING THE MARSHES' NATURAL VEGETATION AND GREATLY REDUCED THE
INVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS SO IMPORTANT AS WATERFOWL FOOD. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: LAND PLANTS9 HABITAT9 8IRDS9 INVERTEBRATES9 SHELLFISH9 PRODUCTIVITY9 SUCCESSION9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0100

BOWERMAN9 F.R. CHEN9 K.Y. 1971.

MARINA DEL RAY: A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN A SEMI-ENCLOSED COASTAL WATER.

UNIV. SOUTHERN CA.9 LOS ANGELES. SEA GRANT PUBLICATION NO. USC-SG-4-TI. 59 PP.

THE MARINA DEL RAY BOAT HARBOR WAS OPENED TO THE PUBLIC IN 1962. SINCE THEN9 NO EXTENSIVE
STUDY HAS BEEN PERFORMED ON THE WATER QUALITY OF ITS CHANNELS. ANTICIPATED POPULATION GROWTH
IN THE AREA AND THE EVER GROWING NUMBER OF SMALL CRAFT USING THE CHANNELS PRECIPITATED THE
NEED TO ESTIMATE THE QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY. CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS9
TEMPERATURE9 SALINITY9 PH9 CLARITY9 DEPTH9 DISSOLVED OXYGENg HEAVY METALS9 PESTICIDES9 BOTTOM
SEDIMENT COMPOSITION9 BENTHIC ORGANISMS AND STORM WATER ANALYSIS WERE TESTED OVER THE WORKING
PERIOD OF OCTOBER 1970 TO SEPTEMBER 1971. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE MARINA AND
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION WERE INVESTIGATED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE! GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 CR 29 HABITAT

REF* NO.-0506

BOWLEY9 W.W. 1974.

A WAVE BARRIER CONCEPT.

PP. 91-112 IN: PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT9 RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24* (Q.V.
KOWALSK19 1974A).

THIS PAPER TRACES THE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND SUBSEQUENT EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE

REF. NO.-0506 (CONTINUED)

BOWLEY WAVE BARRIER. THE WAVE BARRIER CONSISTS OF MODULAR UNITS WHICH CAN BE SET INTO VARIOUS
ARRAYS TO FORM A SUBSTANTIAL SYSTEM CAPABLE OF ATTENUATING WAVES OF VARYING HEIGHTS AND
LENGTHS. SUFFICIENT DATA IS PRESENTED TO SUBSTANTIATE THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE SYSTEM AS WELL AS
THE RESULTANT PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF THE TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT. THE WORK ACCOMPLISHED TO
DATE SEEMS TO INDICATE A VERY STRONG NEED FOR ESTABLISHING A FIGURE OF MERIT THAT IS OF
SUFFICIENT GENERALITY TO tLLOW AN EVALUATION OF THE NUMEROUS FLOATING BREAKWATERS EXISTING AND
CONTEMPLATED. THERE IS AL 0 A NEED FOR A SITE ENGINEERING COMPUTER PROGRAM WHICH WILL ALLOW
THEORETICAL EMPLACEMENT EVALUATIONS TO BE MADE WITHOUT THE NEED FOR COSTLY ENACTMENT ON A FULL
SCALE. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REFo NO.-0122

BRATER9 E.F. ARMSTRONG9 J.M. MCGILL9 M. 1974.

MICHIGANIS DEMONSTRATION EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM9 EVALUATION REPORT.

THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 99 PP.

THIS DOCUMENT IS A STATUS REPORT ON A NUMBER OF DEMONSTRATION SHORELINE PROTECTION PROJECTS
ALONG MICHIGANOS GREAT LAKES SHORELINE. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AS A SERVICE To SHORELINE
PROPERTY OWNERS TO PROVIDE THEM WITH INFORMATION ON THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND LEAST COSTLY
INSTALLATION FOR PROTECTION OF PARTICULAR SHORELINE TYPES. THE NATURE OF EACH INSTALLATION9
SITE9 COSTS9 CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS9 AND INFORMA71ON ABOUT AND EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE IS
GIVEN. SHORE EROSION PROCESSES ARE DESCRIBED AND VARIOUS METHODS OF REDUCING EROSION DAMAGE
ARE PRESENTED. A PARTICULAR EFFORT WAS MADE TO FIND REASONABLY EFFECTIVE METHODS WHICH COULD
BE CONSTRUCTED BY THE PROPERTY OWNERS THEMSELVES. A GREAT DEAL OF VALUABLE INFORMATION WAS
OBTAINED REGARDING CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF A LARGE VARIETY OF MATERIALS. HOWEVER9 TOTAL
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INSTALLATIONS CANNOT BE JUDGED UNTIL AFTER A NUMBER OF YEARS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 GROIN9 BREAKWATER9 BULKHEAD9 PROTECT9 CR 89 EROSION

REF. NO.-0129

BRATER9 E.F. 1954.

LOW COST SHORE PROTECTION USED ON THE GREAT LAKES.

PROC 4TH CONF. ON COASTAL ENG. PP 214-2269.

THE RESULTS OF THREE YEARS OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON LOW COST BEACH PROTECTION STRUCTURES IN
73

REF. NO.-0129 (CONTINUED)

USE ON THE GREAT LAKES ARE PRESENTED. THE STRUCTURES WERE STUDIED IN REGARD TO THEIR
EFFECTIVENESS AS BEACH BUILDING AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND WITH RESPECT TO THEIR DURABILITY IN
IN RESISTING ICE AND WAVE FORCES. Tt+E TERM LOW COST REFERS TO STRUCTURES WHICH COST S10-$30
PER FOOT OF FRONTAGE AT 1952 PRICES. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 GROINg BULKHEAD9 EROSION9 CR 89 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0407

BRATER9 E.F. SEI8EL9 E. 1973.

AN ENGINEERING STUDY OF GREAT LAKES SHORE EROSION IN THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN.

MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION9 DEPT. OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 47 PP.

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE SEVERITY OF EROSION AND THE RATE OF BLUFF RECESSION AT
SELECTED SITES ON LAKE MICHIGAN AND LAKE HURON. CAUSES OF EROSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
SHORE PROTECTION WERE ALSO PRESENTED. EACH SITE WAS VISITED 3 TIMES AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
WERE USED IN THE STUDY. LACK OF PLANNING OR ZONING9 EFFECTS OF POLITICAL AND PERSONAL
CONFLICT, AND COSTS OF CONSTRUCTING PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES ARE MENTIONED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 GROIN, EROSION9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0487

BRATER9 E.F. ARMSTRONG9 J.M. MCGILL9 M. 1975.

MICHIGANIS DEMONSTRATION EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATE EVALUATION REPORT-AUGUSTI 1975.

MICHIGAN DEPT. NATL. RES. 53 PP.

THIS REPORT SERVES AS AN UPDATE TO PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED REPORT@ ON MICHIGANS DEMONSTRATION
EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM (Q.V.) IT CONTAINS A FAIRLY COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE FOR A NUMBER OF STRUCTURES ALUNG MICHIGANS SHORELINE. THESE ANALYSIS INCLUDE: 1)
DESCRIPTION OF CONDITIONS OF STRUCTURES9 INCLUDING PHOTOGRAPHS9 IN LATE 1974 OR EARLY 1975 AND
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS; 2) AN ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURES FAILURE IF IT OCCURRED; 3) AN
EXPLANATION OF AMOUNT ANU TYPE OF MAINTENANCE REQUIRED FOR EACH; 4) DESCRIPTION OF DESIGN
MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED TO INCREASE EACH STRUCTURE TYPES EFFECTIVENESS; 5) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
AND CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE STRUCTURE

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

REF. NO.-0487 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT, BULKHEAD, GROIN, BREAKWATER, CR 8, ECONOMICS

******************************
REF. NO.-0489

BRATER, E.F. 1950.

BEACH EROSION IN MICHIGAN.

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR. 39 PP.

BEACH EROSION PROCESSES ON MICHIGAN'S SHORELINES ARE DISCUSSES. A BACGROUND OF BEACH EROSION
STUDIES AND PROTECTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES ARE PRESENTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: BULKHEAD, REVETMENT, GROIN, CR 8, PROTECT, EROSION

***********************
REF. NO.-0493

BRATER, E.F. ARMSTRONG, J.M. MCGILL, M.R. HYMA, N.D. 1977.

THE MICHIGAN DEMONSTRATION EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM IN 1976.

MICH. SEA GRANT PROGRAM TECH. REPT. NO. 55. MICHU-SG-77-200. 71 PP.

THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES NEW DATA GATHERED DURING 1975-76 FOR THE LONG TERM OBJECTIVE OF
PROVIDING ASSISTANCE IN THE SELECTION AND DESIGN OF ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE LOW-COST SHORE
PROTECTION. EXPERIMENTAL REVETMENTS, SEAWALLS, GROINS, AND BREAKWATERS IN VARIOUS MICHIGAN
LOCATIONS ARE REVIEWED FOR EFFECTIVENESS. A LABORATORY PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED TO SUPPLEMENT
INFORMATION GATHERED FROM THE MONITORING OF THE FIELD INSTALLATIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 8, REVETMENT, BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, GROIN, PROTECT

*************************
REF. NO.-0045

BRETSCHNEIDER, C. 1971.

COASTAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES.

IN IMPINGEMENT OF MAN ON THE OCEANS. D. W. HOOD. ED. WILEY - INTERSCIENCE. NEW YORK.
75

REF. NO.-0045 (CONTINUED)

THE NATURAL SOURCE OF BEACH SAND AND MATE41ALS IS THE LAND THAT IS BEING ERODED BY NATURAL
MEANS- MAN-MADE STRUCTURES 8UILT FOR RECLAMATION9 FLOOD CONTROL9 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS9
OR OTHER PURPOSES WILL TEND TO DISRUPT THE NORMAL EGUILIBRIUM BALANCE. CONTROLLED PEAK
DISCHARGES FROM FLOOD CONTROL AND RECLAMATION PROJECTS SHOULD BE MADE AT REASONABLE INTERVALS
OF TIME TO PROVIDE FOR THE TRANSPORT OF THE IMPOUNDED SANDS AND SEDIMENTS TO THE SEA.
LONGSHORF TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IS NORMAL AND WHEN INTERRUPTED BY MAN,PROVISION SHOULD BE
MADE TO TRANSPORT SAND AROUND THESE OSBTACLES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0128

BRIGGS9 P.T. O'CONNOR9 J.S. 1971.

COMPARISON OF SHORE-ZONE FISHES OVER NATURALLY VEGETATED AND SAND-FILLED BOTTOMS IN GREAT SOUTH BAY-

N.Y. FISH AND GAME. 18(4):15-41.

BETWEEN MAY 1967 AND NOVEMBER 19689 A TOTAL OF 310 SEINE HAULS WERE MADE AT PAIRED STATIONS9
REPRESENTING NATURALLY VEGETATED BOTTOMS AND SAND-FILLED BOTTOMS9 AT THREE SITES IN GREAT
SOUTH BAY ON LONG ISLAND. COLLECTED FISH WERE COUNTED9 MEASURED AND WEIGHED TO COMPARE SPECIES
COMPOSITION OVER THE TWO TYPFS OF BOTTOM. ALL SAND-FILLED BOTTOMS WERE CREATED BY THE
DEPOSITION OF SPOIL FROM DREDGING OPERATIONS. MOST OF THE NON-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN SPECIES
COMPOSITION COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE BOTTOM TYPES. OF 40 FISH SPECIES
RECORDED9 23 CLEARLY PREFERRED ONE BOTTOM TYPE OVER THE OTHER. MOST SPECIES PREFERRED THE
NATURALLY VEGETATED BOTTOMS. (AJTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 SUBSTRATE9 FISH

REF. NO.-0408

BRISBY9 W.L. 1977.

MARINE ORGANISMS ON RIPRAP AT RINCON ISLAND9 CALIFORNIA.

DEPT. MARINE SIOLOGY9 MOORPARK COLLEGE9 MOORPARK9 CA. PERS. COMM.

A NUMBER OF YEARS OF OBSERVATION DURING AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF RINCON ISLAND9 SANTA BARBARA
CHANNEL9 CALIFORNIA9 HAVE SHOWN THAT THE RIPRAP SIDES OF THE ISLAND PROVIDE A GOOD HABITAT FOR
SESSILE MARINE ORGANISMS AND THE ORGANISMS THAT GRAZE THEM. NO ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE APPARENT

REF. NO.-0408 (CONTINUED)

FROM THE EXISTENCE OF THE CAUSEWAY TO THE ISLAND. SILT IN THE WATER AND IN A THIN LAYER ON THE
LOWER PARTS OF THE ISLAND BASE DOES RESTRICT IT AS A HABITAT9 BUT IN GENERAL THE ISLAND HAS
PROVED TO BE A NEW HABITAT. DAMES AND MOORE ARE CURRENTLY DOING A STUDY ON THE BIOTA OF RINCON
ISLAND FOR THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (CERC).

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 PROTECT9 CR 29 SUBSTRATE9 HABITAT9 SUCCESSION9 CAUSEWAY

REF. NO.-0438

BRITISH COLUMPIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 1976.

LADYSMITH HARBOUR: A GUIDE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF FORESHORE RESOURCES.

BRITISH COLUMRIA LANDS SERVICE9 LAND MANAGEMENT BRANCH. 97 PP.

THIS REPORT IS A GUIDE TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF AN INTENSIVELY USED SMALL HARBOR ON
SOUTHEASTERN VANCOUVER ISLAND. IT PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR THE PLANNING OF FORESHORE USE BY A
VARIETY OF INTERESTS OPERATING WITHIN LADYSMITH HARBOR. THESE GUIDELINES INCLUDE A PHYSICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA9 CURRENT LAND USE PRACTICES9 LAND USE CONFLICTS9 AND
LAND USE RECOMMENDATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN LADYSMITH HARBOR IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE
LOGGING TNOUSTRY9 SEWAGE OUTFALL9 AND BOATING ACTIVITY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0262

BROWN9 G.M. POLLAKOWSKI9 H.O. 1975.

THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF UNDEVELOPED SHORELINE.

DEPT. OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. USDI/OWRR PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT. 22 PP.

PROPERTY VALUES IN FIVE AREAS OF SEATTLE LOCATED NEAR LAKE FRONTAGE WERE SAMPLED. THE AREAS
DIFFERED IN THE AMOUNT OF UNDEVELOPED LAND OR OPEN ACCESS AROUND THE LAKE9 WHICH WAS DEFINED
AS SETBACK. THROUGH APPLICATION OF ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION TECHNIQUES9 THE
RELATIONqHIP WAS ESTIMATED BETWEEN PROPERTY VALUES AND (1) NEIGHBORHOOD VARIABLES SUCH AS
POPULATION DENSITY; (2) LOCATION VARIABLES SUCH AS DISTANCE TO DOWNTOWN OR TO JOB CENTERS; (3)
HOUSE AND LOT VARIABLES SUCH AS LIVING AREA9 NUMBER OF ROOMS9 VIEW9 NUMBER OF FIREPLACES9
NUMBER OF RATHROOMS9 AND (4) DISTANCE TO WATER AND AMOUNT OF SETBACK. OTHER THINGS EQUAL9 THE
VALUE OF PROPERTY FALLS AS THE DISTANCE FROM WATER INCREASES. THE VALUE OF PROPERTY INCREASES
AS THE AMOUNT OF SETBACK INCREASES9 BUT AT A DECREASING RATE. THESE RESULTS PERMITTED THE

REF. NO.-0262 (CONTINUED)

DETERMINATION OF ESTIMATES OF OPTIMAL SETBACK AND THE NET BENEFITS OF SETBACK.
NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0081

BRUUNq P. PUPPURA9 J.A. 1965.

EMERGENCY METWOnS TO COMBAT BEACH EROSION.

DOCK AND HARBOUR AUTHORITY. 45:391-396.

THIS ARTTCLE PROVIDES CERTAIN ADVICE FOR EMERGENCY MAINTENANCE OF VARIOUS SHORELINE
STRUCTURES. DAMAGE TO SEAWALLS AND REVETMENTS9 UNDERCUT BULKHEADS9 EXCESSIVE SCOURING FROM
GROINS ARE CONSIDERED. PROPER USE OF HEAVY EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT IS ALSO DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE-OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: EROSION9 GROINt REVETMENT9 BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0173

BRUUNq P. MANOHAR9 M. 1963.

COASTAL PROTECTION FOR FLORIDA DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN.

FLORIDA ENG. ANO INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLEGE OF ENG.i UNIV. OF FLORIDAt GAINESVILLE.
BULL. NO. 113. S6 PP.

CONSIDERTNG THE 1300 MILES OF FLORIDA TIDAL SHORELINE AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO SURVEY THE
CONDITION9 STRUCTURES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION AND THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH.
DISCUSSED ARE PERMEABLE AND IMPERMEABLE GROINS9 JETTIES9 BULKHEADS (SEAWALLS)g REVETMENTS AND
BREAKWATFRS. ARTIFICIAL BEACH NOURISHMENT IS ALSO INCLUDED. EROSION AND LITTORAL DRIFT
OCCUPIES A LARGE PORTION OF THE DISCUSSION9 WHICH IN FLORIDAt WITH 800 MILES OF SANDY BEACHES
IS VERY IMPORTANT. GROIN SPACING RATIO GUIDELINES9 SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEAWALLS9
ADVANTAGES OF PERMEABLE AND IMPERMEABLE STRAUCTURES9 AS WELL AS ADJUSTABLE AND NONADJUSTABLE
STRUCTURES ARE DISCUSSED. AN APPENDIX ON COASTAL PROTECTION IN THE NETHERLANDS IS ALSO
INCLUDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

REF. NO.-0173 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: PROSIONt GROINg BULKHEAD9 BREAKWATER9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 PROTECT9 TRAINING9 STABILIZE9

CR 49 JETTY9 CR 39 CR 5

REF. NO.-0454

BRUUNq P. 1964.

REVETMENTS FOP COASTAL PROTECTION: REVIEW OF SOME DIFFERENT TYPES.

DOCK AND HAR80R AUTHORITY PP. 320-322.

REVETmENT STRUCTURES ARE REVIEWED IN GENERAL AND COMPARED BRIEFLY TO BULKHEADS IN TERMS OF
EFFECTIVFNESS. DIFFERENT DESIGNS ARE ILLUSTRATED AND DESIGN CRITERIA OUTLINED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 BULKHEAD9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0474

BRUUNq P. 1960.

ENGINEERING AqPECTS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

COASTAL ENGINFERING LA89UNIV. OF FLORIDA9 GAINESVILLE. 101 PP. + APPENDICES.

THIS PAPFR C71VES A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING ASPECTS IN SEDIMENTS TRANSPORT BASED ON
PRESENT (UP TO 1960) KNOWLEDGE. IT INCLUDES PARAGRAPHS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RIVERS9 STABLE
CHANNELS IN ALLUVIAL MATERIAL# SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ON SEA SHORES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE
DESIGN OF HARBOR AND COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS OF COASTAL INLETS. FURTHERMORE IT MENTIONS
TRACING nF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOACTIVE
TRACERS. THE LAST SECTION COVERS THE PRINCIPAL PLANT AND ANIMAL GROUPS WHICH HAVE SOME EFFECT
ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. SUCH TRANSPORT IS dRIEFLY DISCUSSED FROM THE ASPECT OF WHAT ORGANISMS
AID IT9 AND HOW9 AND WHICH ONES IMPEDE IT. GENERALLY ONLY BROAD ASPECTS OF MARINE TRANSPORT
ARE MENTTONED AND IT HAS BEEN NOTED THAT SOME OF THESE SAME FACTORS ARE PRESENT IN FRESH
WATERS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 59 LITTORAL PROCESSESi PROTECT9 BENTHOS9 AQUATIC PLANTS

REF. NO.-0480

BRUUNq P. 1955. 79

REF. NO.-0480 (CONTINUED)

COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND COASTAL PROTECTION.

FLORIDA ENGIN. AND INDUST. EXP. STN.9 GAINESVILLE. BULL. SER. NO. 76. 30 PP.

AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO EXPLAIN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND COASTAL
PROTECTION. FLORIDA HAS TWO PROBLEMS-THE SEA9 AND PROPERTY OWNERS AT THE SEASHORE WHO VERY
OFTEN BUILD HOMES SO CLOSE TO THE SHORELINE SO AS TO BE DESTROYED BY WAVES. THE PROBLEMS
INVOLVED IN BEACH EROSION CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THE TERMS ISOURCEI (COASTAL AREA WHICH DELIVERS
MATERIALS TO OTHER BEACHES) AND IDRAINI (COASTAL AREA WHERE MATERIALS ARE DEPOSITED). IN
DISCUSSING BEACH EROSIONg ONE MUST DISTINGUISH BETWEEN NATURAL EROSION AND THAT CAUSED By
MANMADE STRUCTURES. ONE SECTION IS A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR DEFENSE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
GROINS9 SEAWALLS9 AND ARTIFICIAL NOURISHMENT. ANOTHER MENTIONS DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL
PROTECTION FOR CONDITIONS IN FLORIDA. BEFORE PLANS ARE PREPARED FOR COASTAL PROTECTION9
INVESTIGATIONS SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN A COASTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY.
(mODIFIED AUTHOR A65TRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0167

BUCHANAN9 C.C. 1973.

EFFECTS ON AN ARTIFICIAL HABITAT ON THE MARINE SPORT FISHERY AND ECONOMY OF MORRELLS INLET9 SOUTH
CAROLINA.

MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW 35(9):15-22.

PARADISE ARTIFICIAL REEF IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 3 MILES FROM MURRELLS INLETV S.C.9 RECEIVED 35
PERCENT OF THE ANGLER-HUURS EXPANDED IN THE OCEAN SPORT FISHERY OF THE AREA AND YIELDED OVER
40 PERCENT OF THE CATCH. THE SURVEY ESTIMATED 19905 BOAT-DAYS OF OCEAN SPORT FISHING FROM JUNE
THROUGH SEPT.t CATCH PER ANGLER-HOUR AND THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF CATCHES WHILE BOTTOM
FISHING ON THE ARTIFICIAL REEF WERE ABOUT THE SAME AS THOSE OVER NATURAL ROCK REEFS. ANGLER
SUCCESS FOR PELAGIC FISHES ON THE REEF WAS SIMILAR TO THAT OVER NATURAL HABITATS. THE
ARTIFICIAL REEF WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR AN INCREASE OF 16 PERCENT IN THE NUMBER OF PRIVATE BOAT
ANGLERS IN THE OCEAN SPORT FISHERY AND FOR AN INCREASE OF NEARLY 10 PERCENT IN THE GROSS
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OCEAN SPORT FISHING ON THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES. (AUTHOR AHSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PECREATION9 ECONOMICS9 FISH9 PRODUCTIVITY9 CR 59 REEF9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0179

BUDDECKE9 R. 1973.

REF. NO.-0179 (CONTINUED)

HELP YOURSELF-A DISCUSSION OF THE CRITICAL EROSION PROBLEMS ON THE GREAT LAKES.

SHORE AND BEACH 41(2):15-17.

SHORE EROSION IS A MAJOR WATER RESOURCE PROBLEM ON THE GREAT LAKES. HIGH LAKE LEVELS HAVE
SUBMERGED NATURAL SEACHESTHAT PROTECT THE HIGHLY ERODIBLE SHORE UPLANDS FROM STORM INDUCED
WAVE ACTION. RAISED ABOVE THE BEACHES9 STORM INDUCED WAVE ACTION IS ABLE TO ATTACK THE TOE OF
ERODIBLE BLUFFS AND DUNES OTRECTLY9 RESULTING IN RAPID LANDWARD MOVEMENT OF THE SHORE. THE
MAIN METHOD FOR REDUCING FUTURE SHORE DAMAGE IS LAND MANAGEMENT. THERE IS A GREAT NEED FOR THE
TECHNICAL DATA ON WHICH TO BASE ZONING CONCEPTS. A COORDINATED PROGRAM DOES NOT EXIST IN THE
GREAT LAKES REGION TO OBTAIN THIS INFORMATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECT9 EROSIONg CR 8

REF. NO.-0094

BUREAU OF SPOPT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE. 1972-

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ESTUARIES AND COASTAL WETLANDS: ENDANGERED ENVIRONMENTS.

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 8PP.

A REPORT ON THE VALUE OF ESTUARIES ON NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES. THE HIGH
PRODUCTIVITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ESTUARIES IS EMPHASIZED. DISCUSSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL
INTERRELATIONSHIPS WITHIN ESTUARIES IS RATHER BROAD BUT FAIRLY THOROUGH. MANtS EFFECTS UPON
ESTUARIES HAVE REDUCED THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND EVEN DESTROYED SOME. MANIS PLACE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT OF COASTAL WETLANDS MUST BE UNDERSTOOD AND THESE AREAS PROTECTED FOR THEIR SCENIC
BEAUTY9 RECREATION VALUE AND ESPECIALLY THEIR PRODUCTIVITY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 29 PRODUCTIVITY9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0555

BYRNE% R.J. 1977.

LETTER CONATINING COMMENTS ON 81OLOGICAL IMPACTS OF VERTICAL BULKHEADS AND OFFSHORE SAND SAG SILLS.

DEPT. OF GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE9 GLOUCESTER POINT9 VIRGINIA*
2 PP.

THE BIOLnGICAL IMPACT OF VERTICAL BULKHEAUS AND OFFSHORE SAND BAG SILLS WERE DISCUSSED. NO

REF. NO.-0555 (CONTINUED)

SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON VERTICAL BULKHEADS OR SILLS WERE KNOWN TO THE AUTHOR.
OBSERVATTONS HAVE INDICATED INTER-TIDAL FAUNA MAY BE LOST WHEN VERTICAL BULKHEADS ARE PLACED
NEAR OR BELOW HIGH WATER LINE DUE TO CHANGES IN CIRCULATION AND RESULTING LOSS OF SAND
ACCUMULATION. A POSSIBLE LONG TERM IMPACT OF 8ULKHEkOING IS THE PREVENTION OF TIDAL MARSH
COMMUNITIES FROM MOVING LANDWARD AS SEA-LEVEL RISES. OFFSHORE SAND BAG SILLS HAVE RESULTED IN
HIGHER AND WIDER SEACHEs WHEN USED ON THIN BEACHES OVERLYING IMPERMEABLE SUBSTRATES. IT Is
SPECULATED THAT IMPACTS ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE OF A GROIN SYSTEM.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD, SAND BAG SILL

REF. NO.-0398

CALDER9 D.R. BEARDEN, C-M- BOOTHE9 B.H.9 JR. TINER R.W.9 JR. 1977.

A RECONNAISSANCE OF' THE MACHOBENTHIC COAMUNITIES9 WETLANDS9 AND SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF LITTLE RIVER
INLET9 NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA.

S.C. MAR. RES. CENT. TECH. REP. NO. 17. 58 PP.

PRIOR TO INITIATION OF THE LITTLE RIVER NAVIGATION PROJECT9 INVOLVING CHANNEL STABIL17ATION
AND A JETTY SYSTEM9 A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVENTORY BENTHIC COMMUNITIES9 WETLANDS9 AND
SHELLFISH RESOURCES OF THE AREA. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITIVE SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED9 AND AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS WERE USED. THE NUMBER OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE SPECIES IS RELATIVELY LOW; HOWEVER9
THE ESTUARY SERVES AS AN IMPORTANT NURSERY AREA FOR SHRIMP9 CRABS AND FISHES.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: CR 59 JETTY9 DREDGE/FILL9 BENTHOS9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0399

CALDER, D.R. BEARDEN, C-M- BOOTHE, d.d.f JR. 1976.

ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY OF A SMALL NEUTRAL EMBAYMENT: MURRELLS INLETvSOUTH CAROLINA.

S-C. MAR. RES. CENT. TECH. REP. NO. 10. 52 PP. + APPENDICES.

STUDIES WEPE CONDUCTED TO INVENTORY MACR06ENTHTC COMMUNITIES9 MARSHLANDSO OYSTER REEFS9 AND
OTHER WETLAND AREAS OF HURRELLS INLET PRIOR TO INITIATION OF A PROJECT TO CONSTRUCT TWO
JETTIES AND PROVIDE A STABILIZED CHANNEL. DREDGE AND GRAB COLLECTIONS WHERE TAKEN AND AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS WERE USED. SPECIES DIVERSITY WAS HIGHEST INSIDE AND LOWEST AT THE MOUTH OF THE
INLET9 TYPICAL OF A NEUTRAL EMBAYMENT AND REFLECTING THE ABSENCE OF A SALINITY GRADIENT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

REF. NO.-0399 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR, CR 59 HA81TAT9 JETTY9 DREDGE/FILL9 BENTHOS9 FISH9 INVERTEHRATES9 SHELLFISH

REF. NO.-0024

CALDWELL9 J.H. 1959.

SHORE EROSION By STORM WAVES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER 1-59. 17 PP.

A SUMMARY OF THE INFORMATION IN THE FILES OF THE BEACH EROSION BOARD ON THE MAGNITUDE OF SHORE
EROSION WHICH CAN BE EXPECTED FROM HURRICANE AND STORM WAVES IS PRESENTED. ESTABLISHMENT OF
PROTECTIVE REACHES AND DUNES ARE SUGGESTED TO CURB MAINLAND EROSION. THE USE OF BULKHEADS AND
GROINS IS MENTIONED AS A WAY To MINIMIZE EROSION OF PROTECTIVE BEACHES AND DUNES.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: FROSIONg GROINg BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0135

CAMMEN9 C.M. SENECA9 E.D. COPELAND9 B.J. 1976.

ANIMAL COLONIZATION OF MAN-INITIATED SALT MASHES ON DREDGE SPOIL.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 76-7. 58 PP.

DREDGE SPOIL (SAND AND MUD SCOOPED FROM THE BOTTOM OF NAVIGATION ROUTES AND PILED HIGH ON
CHANNEL EDGES) HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY STABILIZED WITH PLANTINGS OF NORTH CAROLINAIS DOMINANT
MARSH GRASS9 SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. BENEFITS OF STABILIZING SPOIL WITH SPARINAt COMMONLY KNOWN
AS SMOOTH CORDGRASS9 APPEAR TO BE TWOFOLD. IN THE SHORT TERM9 MARSH GRASS SLOWS EROSION OF
SPOIL BACK INTO THE WATERWAYS9 THEREBY REDUCING THE NEED FOR FREQUENT AND COSTLY DREDGING WITH
ITS WEAR AND TEAR ON THE ENVIRONMENT. IN THr LONG TERM# AREAS COVERED WITH SPARTINA COME TO
LOOK LIKE NATURAL MARSHLANDS. MARSH PROVIDES A VITAL SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND FOOD FOR MANY
YOUNG FISH AND SHELLFISH AND IS9 THEREFORE9 IMPORTANT TO FISHERY RESOURCES. THE PURPOSE OF
THIS RESEARCH WAS TO ANSWER THE GENERAL QUESTION: DOES SPOIL COVERED WITH SMOOTH CORDGRASS
FUNCTION SIMILARLY TO NATURAL MARSH? SPECIFICALLY, THE RESEARCH WAS AIMED AT DETERMINING
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL LIFF (FAUNA) IN SPOIL AREAS AND NATURAL MARSH. FOUR OBJECTIVES WERE
CARRIED OUT. THEY WERE: (A) TO DETERMINE WHAT FAUNA ARE FOUND IN TRANSPLANTED SPOIL; (8) TO
COMPARE SPOIL AND NATURAL MARSH FAUNA; (C) TO DETERMINE IF SPOIL WILL EVER RESEMBLE THAT OF
THE NATURAL MARSH; AND (D) IF THE ANSWER TO (C) IS YES9 TO DETERMINE HOW LONG AFTER SPOIL IS
DEPOSITED ANIMAL LIFE IN THE NEW MARSH WILL BECOME SIMILAR TO NATURAL MARSH FAUNA. AN
ADDITIONAL OBJECTIVE WAS TO INVESTIGATE HOW THE GROWTH OF SPARTINA MAY AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT
OF ANIMAL LIFE. THE RESEARCH INDICATES THAT PLANTED SPOIL FAUNA AT DRUM INLET WILL MORE
QUICKLY RESEMBLE THE NATURAL MARSH THAN THAT AT SNOWIS CUT9 EVEN THOUGH THE DRUM INLET AREA

REF. NO.-0135 (CONTINUED)

HAS BEEN DEVELOPING FOR A SHORTER TIME. TWO EXPLANATIONS ARE OFFERED: (A) SEDIMENT PARTICLE
SIZE AT DRUM INLET WAS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE NATURAL MARSH9 WHILE PARTICLES AT
SNOWfS CUT WERE SMALLER THAN NATURAL MARSH SEDIMENT$ AND (B) IT IS POSSIBLE THAT BECAUSE OF
PERIODIC OVERWASH THE NATURAL MARSH AT DRUM INLET WAS LESS MATURE THAN THAT AT SNOWlS CUT.
LESS MATURITY COULD MEAN THAT FAUNAL DEVELOPMENT WOULD REQUIRE LESS TIME TO, RESEMBLE THAT IN
THE NATUPAL MARSH THAN IN A MORE MATURE SYSTEM. ONE INDICATION OF HOW LONG IT WILL TAKE SPOIL
MARSH TO RFSEMBLE NATURAL MARSH IS THE ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT OF THE SEDIMENT. USING ORGANIC
CARBON CONTENT AS AN INDICATOR9 ESTIMATES ARE THAT DRUM INLET SPOIL WILL RESEMBLE THAT OF
NATURAL MARSH IN APPROXIMATELY 4 YEARS FROM THE TIME SPOIL WAS LAST DEPOSITED. BUT AT SNOWtS
CUTt THE PROCESS MAY TAKE AS MUCH AS 25 YEARS. IN CONCLUSION* THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT PLANTING
SPARTINA ON DREDGE SPOIL CAN LEAD TO THE CREATON OF SALT MARSH THAT RESEMBLES MARSH BUILT BY
NATURE. HOW LONG THIS TAKES DEPENDS ON HOW CLOSELY SPOIL RESEMBLES THE NATURAL MARSH SEDIMENT9
THE NATUPAL SEDIMENTATION RATE OF THE AREA9 THE ELEVATION AND THE MATURITY OF THE NATURAL
MARSH COMPARED To THE AREA OF SPOIL DEPOSTION. (AUTHOR ABSTHACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILLv EROSION9 SUCCESSION9 CR 5

REF. NO.-0502

CANDLE9 R.D. 1974.

GOODYEAR SCRAP TIRE FLOATING BREAKWATER CONCEPTS.

PP. 193-211 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT# RI. TECH. SER. NO 24. (Q.V.
KOWALSKI9 1974A).

SCRAP TIRES ARE PROPOSED AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FOR BUILDING LARGE FLOATING BREAKWATER
DEVICES. THE GOODYEAR SCRAP TIRE FLOATING BREAKWATER ASSEMBLIES ARE FORMED BY SECURING
TOGETHER MODULAR BUNDLES OF TIGHTLY INTERLOCKED SCRAP TIRES WITH HIGH STRENGTH ROPE OR CABLE.
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE YIELDS AN EASILY INSTALLEDo READILY ADAPTABLE BREAKWATER STRUCTURE
WHICH HAS HIGH ENERGY ABSORBING CAPACITY FOR NORMAL LOADING CONDITIONS9 BUT WHICH DEFORMS AND
YIELDS WHEN SUBJECTED TO OVERLOADS. THE DESIGN POSSIBILITIES USING SCRAP TIRE BUILDING MODULES
ARE VIRTUALLY LIMITLESS. ALL SCRAP TIRE BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTIONS SHOULD BE VERY EFFECTIVE AS
ENERGY DISSIPATORS BECAUSE OF THE PERVIOUS9 AND FLEXIBLE NATURE OF THE MODULES. THE SCRAP
TIRES ARE IDEAL ENERGY- ABSORBING COMPONENTS. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0402

CARLISLEt J. 1977.

REF. NO.-0402 (CONTINUED)

OBSERVATIONS OF EFFECTS OF SHORELINE STRUCTURES.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME9 LONG BEACH9 CA. PERS. COMM.

OBSERVED EFFECTS OF A NUMBER OF STRUCTURES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA INCLUDE HABITAT LOSSO
PROLIFERATION OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS INCORPORATING BULKHEADED CHANNELS9 NEW HABITAT
DEVELOPING WHERE RIPRAP IS USED9 AND A GRADUAL NET LOSS OF SAND FROM THE BEACHES IN SPITE OF
GROINS BUILT TO PREVENT IT. ONE COMMON RESULT OF HARBORS HAVING POOR WATER CIRCULATION IS A
HIGH INCIDENCE OF RED TIDES WITHIN THEM SINCE THEY ARE NATURAL TRAPS FOR DINOFLAGELLATE
BLOOMS- MORE STUDY IS NEEDED TO PREVENT STAGNANT IN HARBORS WITHOUT SACRIFICING LOW WAVE
ENERGY CONDITIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: GROINt BULKHEAD9 HARBOR9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 CR 29 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0406

CARLTON9 J.M. 1974.

LAND-BUILDING AND STABILIZATION BY MANGROVES.

'ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 1(4):285-294.

MANGROVES9 A WOODY PERENNIAL9 ARE UNIQUELY ADAPTED TO SALINE CONDITIONS ALONG COASTLINES. SOME
RECOGNIZED ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS BY MANGROVES ARE: 1) STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
ADAPTATIONS OF SEEDS AND FRUITS; 2) PRODUCTION IN THE RHIZOPHORACEAE OF SPECIALIZED9 BRANCHING
AERIAL ROOTS; 3) PRODUCTION OF PNEUMATOPHORES IN THE AVICENNIACEAt EXTENDING VERTICALLY ABOVE
THE SUBSTRATE OR PHEUMATHODES IN OTHER SPECIES. THESE STRUCTURES APPEAR TO REPRESENT PLANT
MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE RESPIRATION IN THE WATERLOGGED HABITAT. WITH THE PROPER SUBSTRATE
SEEDLINGS MAY BE TRANSPORTED SUCCESSFULLY. WITH PRUNING THEY MAY THEN BE UTILIZED FOR
STABILIZATION AROUND HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS. BLACK MANGROVES APPEAR TO BE THE MOST USEFUL FOR
THIS PURPOSE. SOME INSECT AND ISOPOD DAMAGE HAS BEEN NOTED AND SUCH DAMAGE MAY LEAD TO
INCREASED COASTAL EROSION. MANGROVES HAVE ALSO BEEN SUGGESTED FOR USE AS STABILIZERS OF
SUBSTRATES IN CONJUNCTION WITH PLANNED FILLING AND SEAWALL CONSTRUCTION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: SEDIMENTATION9 STABILIZEt CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 CR 49 LAND PLANTS

REF. NO.-0467

CARROLL9 A. UNDATED.

DEVELOPERIS HANDBOOK.

REF. NO.-0467 (CONTINUED)

CONNECTICUT DEPT. ENVIRON. PROTECT. COASTAL AREA MANAGE. PROG. 60 PP.

THIS PUBLICATION PRESENTS, IN A NON-TECHNICAL, GRAPHIC FORMAT, MAJOR NATURAL SYSTEMS AN
RESOURCES AND THE OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS THEY IMPOSE ON DEVELOPERS. IT IS INTEND
HELP DEVELOPERS AVOID EXPENSIVE CORRECTIVE MEASURES AND EQUALLY COSTLY DELAYS IN OBTAIN
PERMITS. THE HANDBOOK DEALS PRIMARILY WITH CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROT
(DEP) PERMIT PROGRAMS AND DOES NOT CONSIDER OTHER STATE AND FEDERAL PERMIT REQUIREMENTS
EXIST IN ADDITION TO THE DEP ONES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BULKHEAD, JETTY, GROIN, PILING, HARBOR, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, CR 7

REF. NO.-0046

CARSTEA, 0. RINDER, A. STRIETER, R. BOBERSCHMIDT, L. THOMAS, L. GOLDEN, J. 1975.

GUIDELINES FOP THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SMALL STRUCTURES AND RELATED ACTIVITIE
COASTAL BODIES OF WATER.

THE MITRE CORP., MCLEAN, VIRGINIA TECH. REPT. MTR-6916. 344 PP.

CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF VARIOUS SHORELINE STRUCTURES ARE
WATER TURBIDITY, STORM RUNOFF, BOAT EMISSIONS, EROSION, SEDIMENTATION, IMPATCS ON BIOTA
IMPACTS ON ECOLOGICALLY VITAL AREAS, AIR QUALITY, AND NOISE ARE SOME OF THE FACTORS
CONSIDERED. STRUCTURES REVIEWED INCLUDE RIPRAP, BULKHEADS, GROINS, JETTIES, PIERS,
DREDGE-FILL, OUTFALLS, SUBMERGED LINES AND PIPES, AND AERIAL CROSSINGS,

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN, JETTY, BULKHEAD, REVETMENT, PIER, SEDIMENTATION, CR 6, CR 7, BENTHOS,
DREDGE/FILL, EROSION, PROTECT, STABILIZE, MOORING, HABITAT, FISH, PRODUCTIVITY

REF. NO.-0085

CARSTEA, D. SOLOEN, J. THOMAS, L. 1975.

GUIDELINES FOP THE ANALYSIS OF CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SMALL PROJECTS IN NAVIGAB
WATERS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. MITRE TECHNICAL REPORT MTR-6939. 103 PP.

GUIDELINES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PROPOSED PROJECTS
NAVIGABLE WATERS ARE GIVEN. THESE GUIDELINES ASSIST IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE

REF. NO.-0085 (CONTINUED)

INTERREL4TTONSHIPS AMONG ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AND PROVIDE A MEANS OF PROJECTING THE
RESULTS nF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATING PROJECT APPLICATIONS. THE ENVIRNOMENTAL
PARAMETERS FOR WHICH GUIDELINES ARE PRESENTED AS TO THE CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THEIR
IMPLEMENTATION INCLUDE NAVIGATION9 NOISE9 AIR QUALITY9 WATER QUALTTY9 AND SOCTOECONOMICS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 910

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: PIFR9 BULKHEAD9 GROINg JETTY9 REVETMENT, BENTHOS9 SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0469

CARSTEA, D. A08ERSCHMIDT9 L. HOLBERGER9 R. SAAR19 S. STRIETER9 R. 1976.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SMALL STRUCTURES AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
AS APPLIED TO THE NEW ORLEANS DISTRICT# U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS.

2 VOLS. THE MITRE CORP.9 MCLEAN, VA. PAGING VARIOUS.

THIS DOCUMENT DESCRIPES THE GUIDELINES DEVELOPED FOR THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 NEW
ORLEANS DISTRICT FOR USE IN DESCRIHING THE PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (PHYSICAL9
BIOLOGICAL ANO SOCIOECONOMIC) OF REPRESENTATIVE STRUCTURES AND COMMON ACTIVITIES PERFORMED IN
THE LOUISIANA DISTRICT. GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES ARE MADE WITH RESPECT To THE FOLLOWING
ACTIONS: CANAL AND CANAL EXTENSION9 BULKHEAD* RAMP9 PILE-SUPPORTED STRUCTURES$ PIPELINEV
DREDGING. SUBMERGED LINE9 PIER, RING LEVEE-BOARD ROAD AND AERIAL CROSSING. THE GUIDELINES
ALLOW FOR AN EFFECTIVE AND RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFIC PERMIT APPLICATIONS
DURING THE REVIEW PROCESS OF SUCH APPLICATIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORSt RULKHEAD9 RAMPt PIER9 SUPPORT9 PRDTECT9 MOORING9 LAUNCH9 RECREATION9 SUPPORT9 HABITAT9
CUMULATIVE EFFECTSt PRODUCTIVITY9 CR 3

REF. NO.-0422

CARTER9 C.H. 1973.

NATURAL AND MANMADE FEATURES AFFECTING THE OHIO SHORE OF LAKE ERIE.

OHIO DEPT. NAT. RES. GUIDE800K NO. 1. 34 PP.

THIS PUBLICATION IS INTENDED TO SERVE AS A TOUR GUIDE TO REPRESENTATIVE AREAS OF INTEREST
ALONG THF OHIO SHORE OF LAKE ERIE. 80TH NATURAL AND MANMADE SHORELINE FEATURES ARE DESCRIBED
AND HISTORICAL CHANGES IN THE SHORELINE ARE DISCUSSED. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF EACH STOP ALONG
THE TOUR ARE INCLUDED AND EACH IS ACCOMPANIED BY A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF EROSIONg CONSTRUCTION
AND EFFECTS OF STRUCTURES.

REF. NO.-0422 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0243

CENTER FOR,THF ENVIRONMENT AND MAN INC. 1971.

SHORE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES.

HARTFORD9 CT. PREPARED FOR U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 62 PP.

IN 1968 THE 90TH CONGRESS AUTHORIZED A NATIONAL APPRAISAL OF SHORE EROSION AND SHORE
PROTECTION NEEDS. BEACH AND SHORE EROSION ARE RECOGNIZED AS A CONCERN FOR ALL LEVELS OF
GOVERNMENT AND FOR ALL CITIZENS. THIS PUBLICATION PROVIDES INFORMATION TO ASSIST IN DEVELOPING
AND IMPLEMENTING SHORE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. THIS IS A THREE-PART PRESENTATION COVERING THE
MUNICIPAL LEVEL9 METROPOLITAN-COUNTY LEVEL9 MULTI-COUNTY LEVEL AND STATE LEVEL IN THE FIRST
PART; SHORE MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES IN THE SECOND PART AND PLANNING TO IMPROVE MANAGEMENT AND
ENGINEERTNG TECHNIQUES IS DISCUSSED IN THE THIRD PART. (NTIS AHSTHACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECT9 REVETMENT9 STABILIZE9 BREAKWATERs JETTY9 GROINO RECREATION9 BULKHEAD9
OREDGE/FrLL

REF. NO.-0078

CHABRECK9 R.H. 1968.

WIERS9 PLUGS AND ARTIFICIAL POTHOLES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE IN COASTAL MARSHES.

PAGES 178-192 IN: NEWSOM9 J.D. (ED.) PROC. OF THE MARSH AND ESTUARY MANAGEMENT SYMP.9 BATON ROUGE9
LA.

BY CAREFUL MANAGEMENT THE VALUE OF OUR SOUTHEASTERN MARSHES CAN BE GREATLY IMPROVED FOR
WILDLIFE. IMPOUNDMENTS GREATLY BENEFIT DUCKS9 BUT HAVE CERTAIN DRAWBACKS WHICH AT TIMES MAKE
IT NECESSARY TO USE OTHER TYPES OF MANAGEMENT. THESE INCLUDE WEIRS AND EARTHEN PLUGS IN THE
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND POTHOLES AND DITCHES IN THE MARSH. WEIRS AND PLUGS STABILIZE WATER LEVELS
IN MARSH PONDS AND LAKES AND GREATLY INCREASE ACCESS TO THE MARSHES. THE PONDS BEHIND WEIRS
PRODUCE FAR MORE AQUATIC VEGETATION THAN NATURAL PONDS9 HOWEVER T4 EARTHEN PLUGS HAVE NO
NOTICEABLE EFFECT ON AQUATIC VEGETATION UNLESS CERTAIN TREATMENT MEASURES ARE APPLIED.
POTHOLES AND DITCHES CAN BE MADE IN MARSHES To CREATE PERMANENT WATER AREAS AND TO OPEN UP
DENSE VEGETATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

REF. NO.-0078 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: ECONOMICS9 HABITATt AQUATIC PLANTS

REF. NO.-0531

CHENOWETH9 D.R. 1974.

A DEFENSE FOR A SHORELINE.

WATER SPECTRUM 6(3):41-46.

A TEMPORARY EMERGENCY DIKING PROJECT ON THE GREAT LAKES IS DISCUSSED. 1OPERATION FORESIGHT ON
THE GREAT LAKES' INVOLVED MORE THAN 100 MILES OF ENDANGERED SHORELINE IN COMMUNITIES OF ALL OF
THE GREAT LAKES EXCLUDING LAKE SUPERIOR WHERE THE DANGER OF FLOODING WAS NOT SO GREAT. IT IS
CONCLUDED THAT THE DIKING SYSTEMS ARE NOT PERFECT9 BUT PROPERLY MAINTAINED9 WILL BE OF GREAT
ASSISTANCE IN MINIMIZING FLOOD DAMAGE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0254

CHEN9 T.C. 1961.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE SOLITARY WAVE REFLECTION ALONG A STRAIGHT SLOPED WALL AT OBLIQUE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BEB TECH. MEMO. NO. 124. 24 PP.

THE REFLECTION PATTERN OF A SOLITARY WAVE IMPINGING ON A SLOPING WALL AND SOME ACCOMPANYING
PHENOMENA WERE STUDIED IN A LABORATORY RIPPLE TANK. THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE OF THE WAVE WAS
VARIED BETWEEN ZERO AND 90 DEGREES AND THE SLOPE ANGLE OF THE WALL WITH THE HORIZONTAL#
BETWEEN 20 DEGREES AND 150 DEGREES. IT WAS FOUND THAT CURVED RIPPLES DEVELOPED WHEN INCIDENT
WAVES HIT A WALL OF SLOPE LESS THAN 65 DEGREES APPROXIMATELY. AS THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
INCREASEnt AN ENVELOPE OF THESE RIPPLES FORMED AND BECAME LARGE ENOUGH BEYOND A CERTAIN ANGLE
OF INCIDENCEi DEPENDING ON SLOPEi TO LOOK LIKE A REFLECTED WAVE BUT REMAINED CURVED AS WERE
THE RIPPLES. FOR A RELATIVELY STEEP WALL SLOPE9 LARGER THAN 65 DEGREES9 REFLECTION WAS
REGULAR9 BUT THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AT WHICH A STRAIGHT REFLECTED WAVE OCCURRED DEPENDED ON
THE SLOPF OF THE WALL. FOR A WALL WITH NEGATIVE SLOPE MACH REFLECTION TOOK PLACE FOR WAVE
INCIDENT ANGLES RETWEEN 30 DEGREES AND 35 DEGREES. MACH REFLECTION CEASED AND REGULAR
REFLECTION OCCURRED WHEN THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE WAS 45 DEGREES. THREE TYPES OF WAVE BEHAVIOR
RELATIVE TO BREAKING WERE OBSERVED AND FOUND TO BE RELATED TO THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

REF. NO.-0254 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0490

CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM9 INC. 1976.

CASE STUDY OF A CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMIT APPLICATION: NABOP-P (MD. PORT ADMINISTRATION) 20.

CHESAPEAKE RES. CONSORTIUM PUB. NO. 2. 78 PP.

TO DEVELOP INFORMATION9 CRITERIA AND GUIDELINES WHICH CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE THE MMANAGEMENT
OF PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY* A CASE STUDY OF A PERMIT APPLICATION OF A PROPOSED
PROJECT TS REVIEWED. THE MARYLAND PORT AD41NSTRATION PROPOSES To BUILD A 19350 FOOT BULKHEAD
TO PROVIDE A TERMINAL COMPLEX FOR HANDLING GENERAL CARGO IN BALTIMORE HARBOR.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 69 BULKHEAD9 DREDGE/FILL9 SEDIMENTATION9 BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0517

CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM9 INC. 1974.

CASE STUDY OF A CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMIT APPLICATION: NABOP-P (WATERGATE VILLAGE9 ANNAPOLIS9 MO.)
73-673.

CHESAPEAKE RES. CONSORTIUM PUB. NO. 1. 66 PP.

THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY IS TO DEVELOP INFORMATION9 CRITERIA AND GUIDELINES WHICH CAN BE USED BY
PUBLIC ADMINSTRATORS TO MANAGE PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY IN A MANNER THAT WILL
ENHANCE THE USES OF THE REGION. AN APPLICATION BY WATERGATE VILLAGE TO THE BALTIMORE DISTRICT
OFFICE OF THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS FOR PERMISSION TO EXPAND ITS BOAT DOCKING
FACILITIES WAS SELECTED AS A CASE STUDY. THIS CASE STUDY PROVIDES A MODEL OF A METHODOLOGY
WHICH IF EMPLOYED By EXISTING REGULATORY AGENCIES COULD IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THEIR
DECISIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: CR 69 HARBOR9 BULKHEAD9 DREDGE/FILL9 MOORING9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0455

CHESTNUTT9 C.Q. SCHILLER9 H.E.9 JR. 1971.

SCOUR OF SIMULATED GULF COAST SAND REACHES DUE TO WAVE ACTION IN FRONT OF SEA WALLS AND DUNE
BARRIERS.

SEA GRANT PUBL. TAMU-SG-71-207. 54 PP.

THIS STUDY WAS AN ATTEMPT TO INVESTIGATE SCUUR IN FRONT OF SEA WALLS AND DUNE BARRIERS FOR
C014DITIONIS SIMULATING TEXAS GULF COAST BEACHES. TEXAS SEACH SAND9 WHICH WAS FOUND TO BE
UNIFORM TN GRAIN SIZE ALONG THE COAST FROM SABINE PASS TO MID-WAY OF PADRE ISLAND9 WAS USED IN
CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENTS. THREE REACH SLOPES, 1:40, 1:709 AND 1:1009 TYPICAL OF TEXAS
BEACHES WERE STUDIED. SEA WALLS WITH INCLINATIONS OF 15 DEGREESO 30 DEGREES9 AND 90 DEGREES
FROM THE HORIZONTAL WERE INSERTED IN EACH OF THE THREE SLOPES. STUDIES WERE ALSO CONDUCTED ON
BEACH FOOMATIONS WITHOUT A SEA WALL. THE ULTIMATE SCOUR DEPTH JUST IN FRONT OF THE WALL
DECREASED AS THE BEACH SLOPE FLATTENED AND AS THE ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE SEA WALL
DECREASED. AS WAVE HEIGHT INCREASED* THE SCOUR DEPTH INCREASED. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 EROSION9 CR 3

REF. NO.-0503

CHRISTENSEN9 D.R. RICHEY9 E.P. 1974.

PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A FLOATING BREAKWATER.
PP. 159-179 IN: PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT9 RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (Q.V.
KOWALSK19 1974A).

THE CHARACTERISTICS (I-E.9 TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS9 ANCHOR FORCES9 AND ACCELERATIONS) IN
HEAVE9 ROLL9 AND SWAY ARE EVALUATED FROM MEASUREMENTS TAKEN ON A FLOATING BREAKWATER
PROTECTING A SMALL BOAT HARBOR AT TENAKEE SPRINGS, ALASKA. THE BREAKWATER CONSISTS OF
SERIES-CnNFCTED MODULES OF LIGHwEIGHTv POST-TENSIONEDv STYROFOAM FILLED CONCRETE. THE MODULESs
IN PL4NFORmq ARE 21IX601 OPEN RECTANGLES WITH A THREE FOOT PERIMETER AND DRAFT ABOUT 3 FT OF
THEIR 5 rT VERTICAL DIMENSION. THE FIELD MEASUREMENTS WERE PLANNED WITH THE COMBINED PURPOSE
OF EVALUATING A PARTICULAR TYPE OF BREAKWATER UNDER DIFFERENT WAVE EXPOSURES AND TO SUPPLY
BASIC DATA FOR THE VERIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A THEORETICAL PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR
BREAKWATER PERFORMANCE. THE INSTRUMENTATION WAS DESIGNED WITH MULTIPLE- CHANNEL9 DIGITAL
RECORDING CAPABILITY AND PACKAGED FOR USE IN REMOTE LOCATIONS9 REQUIRING ONLY PERIODICAL
MAINTENANCE CHECKS AND TAPE CHANGES. THE SYSTEM CAN BE SET TO BE ACTUATED AT A SELECTED WIND
SPEED AND TO SAMPLE THE VARIOUS INPUT SENSORS AT PRESCRIBED INTERVALS AND DURATIONS OF TIME.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0082

CHRISTMAS9 J.Y. 1973.

COOPERATIVE GULF OF MEXICO ESTUARINE INVENTORY AND STUDY9 MISSISSIPPI.

MISSISSIPPI GULF COAST RESEARCH LABORATORYt OCEAN SPRINGS9 MISS. 144 PP.

THIS ARTICLE COVERS IN DEPTH THE ESTUARINE AREA OF MISSISSIPPI. A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
MISSISSIPPI BASIN TYPE OF ESTUARY9 SHORELINE TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY ARE DISCUSSED. METHODS OF
WET SURFACE AREA DETERMINATION4 DEPTH AT VARIOUS TIDES AND SPECIFIC CHANNELS AND HARBORS WITH
THEIR ATTENDANT NEEDS FOR UPKEEP ARE ALSO COVERED. TYPES OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION WERE OBSERVED
AS WERE THE PRINCIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: SALINITY, TEMPERATURE9 AND OXYGEN. OTHER SECTIONS
DISCUSS HYDROLOGY9 SEDIMENTOLOGY9 AND BIOLOGY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DRFDGE/FILL9 HABITAT9 CR 3

REF. NO.-0223

CILWECK# S.A. 1969.

WAVE DAMAGE9 SANTA CATALINA ISLAND.

PP. 319-321 IN: R- LUNG AND R. PROCTOR. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. ASSN OF
ENGINEERING GFOLOGISTS9 ARCADIA9 CA.

THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CATALINA ISLAND9 CALIFORNIA AND THE OCEAN AND WIND CURRENTS IMPINGING UPON
THIS ISLAND ARE DESCRIBED. IMPROVEMENT AND EXPANSION OF MOORING AND BOATING FACILITIES ON THE
ISLAND HAVE NOT KEPT PACE WITH INCREASED USAGE OF THE TWO MAIN HARBOR AREAS OF THE ISLAND.
STORMS AND SANTA ANA WINDS (WINDS BLOWING SEAWARD DOWN MAINLAND SLOPES AND VALLEYS)
PERIODICALLY CAUSE EXTENSIVE DAMAGE TO THESE LARGELY UNPROTECTED HARBORS. CONSTRUCTION OF
BREAKWATERS AND/OR HARBOR FACILITIES WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF A MARINE GEOLOGIST WOULD ELIMINATE
THIS PROPLEM

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0126

CLARK9 J. 1974.

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS: ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE COASTAL ZONE.

THE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION WASHINGTON9 D.C. 191 PP.
92

REF. NO.-0126 (CONTINUED)

THE PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDEBOOK IS TO REDUCE A VAST STOCKPILE OF ECOLOGICAL DATA TO A FEW SIMPLE
PRINCIPLESt BY MEANS OF WHICH TO IMPROVE OUR USE OF COASTAL LANDS AND WATER. STARTING WITH A
FOUNDATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGIC PRINCIPLES THE AUTHOR HAS DEVELOPED FOR THIS GUIDEBOOK A
NUMBER OF GENERAL MANAGEMENT RULES AND SUGGESTED A VARIETY OF CONSTRAINTS ON COASTAL
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES. THESE CONSTRAINTS ARE AIMED AT SPECIFIC USES OF COASTAL WATERS AND
SHORELANDS SUCH AS AGRICULTURE9 MARINAS9 RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT9 AND SO FORTH. THE AUTHOR
ATTEMPTS To PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE ECOLOGICAL BACKGROUND FOR DECISION MAKING AND To SUGGEST A
FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGEMENT PRACTICE WHICH WILL LEAD TO THE BEST ACHIEVABLE ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION.
(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEADo GROIN9 EROSIONP DREDGE/FILLP SEDIMENTATION9 HABITAT9 PIER# HARBOR9 BREAKWATER
9
RRIDGE9 CAUSEWAY

REF. NO.-0435

CLARK9 J. SAPOKWASH9 P.J. 1974.

ROOKERY BAY LAND USE STUDIES9 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANGROVE
SHORELINE.

STUDY NO. 9. IN J. CLARK AND P.j. SAROKWASH9 PRINCIPLES OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT. THE CONSERVATION
FOUNDATION9 WASHINGTON9 D.C. 17 PP.

THE PROTECTION OF ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS REQUIRES A COMPREHENSIVE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM WITH SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS SET WITHIN THIS LARGER FRAMEWORK. CONTROL
ELEMENTS MUST BE DERIVED FROM CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECOSYSTEM INVOLVED AND DESIGNED TO
ACHIEVE THE BEST LEVEL OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION POSSIBLE. THE BASIC MANAGEMENT UNIT MUST BE A
COMPLETE COASTAL ECOSYSTEM INCLUDING BOTH THE COASTAL WATER BASIN AND RELATED ADJACENT
SHORELANDS. WITHIN THIS UNIT9 COMPONENTS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE TO CERTAIN SPECIES OR TO THE
FUNCTIONING OF THE ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM MUST BE CLASSIFIED AS VITAL AREAS AND PROTECTED FROM
SIGNIFICANT ALTEPA71ON AND POLLUTION. THE COASTAL FLOOD-PLAIN MAY BE DESIGNATED AN AREA OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN9 OR CONSERVATION AREAt PROTECTED BY STRINGENT CONTROLS ON DEVELOPMENT9
OR DESIGNATED A BUFFER AREA TO PROTECT VITAL AREAS ALONG THE SHORELINE. SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE REQUIRED TO MINIMIZE DISTURBANCE OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE CONTROLS ON
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES WHICH AFFECT WATER CIRCULATION9 TEMPERATURE9 SALINITY9 TURBIDITY9
OXYGEN9 NUTRIENT SUPPLY9 LEVELS OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES9 AND VITAL AREAS. ECOSYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
AND RECOmMENDED MANAGEMENT PRACTICE APPLICABLE TO SOUTH FLORIDA ARE DISCUSSED9 AS ARE CERTAIN
TYPES OF VITAL AREAS OF SOUTH FLORIDA9 THE ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS THEY PERFORMf AND THEIR MAJOR
VULNERABILITIES TO DISTURBANCE. (NTIS AbST@?ACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 39 CR 49 CR 59 HABITAT9 EROSION

REF. NO.-0355

CLARK9 K.B. 1975.

NUDIBRANCH LIFE CYCLES IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE ECOLOGY OF FOULING
COMMUNITIES.

HELGOLANDER WTSS MEERESUNTERS 27:28-69.

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE LIFE HISTORIES OF VARIOUS NUDIBRANCH SPECIES IN RELATION TO THEIR FOOD
SUPPLY OP FOULING COMMUNITIES. NUDIBRANCHS IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND DISPLAY A HIGH THERMAL
SENSITIVTTY WHICH EXPLAINS THE SCARCITY OF INTERTIDAL SPECIES. SUDDEN DISAPPEARANCES OF ADULT
POPULATIONS MAY RE DUE TO OVERGRAZING OF THEIR FOOD SUPPLY. ADULTS NORMALLY DIE FOLLOWING
PERIODS OF EGG PRODUCTION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS:.QELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0375

CLEWELL9 A.F. GAINEY9 L.F.9 JR HARLOS9 D.P. TOB19 E.R. 1976.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FILL-ROADS ACROSS SALT MARSHES.

FLORIDA DEPT.TRANSPORTATION. 16 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE PURPnSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE
PRESENCE OF FILL-ROADS BUILT ACROSS TIDAL SALT MARSHES IN THE NORTHERN GULF COAST OF FLORIDA.
SEVEN SITES WITHIN FIVE MARSHES WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY IN WAKULLA@ TAYLOR AND DIXIE COUNTIES.
THESE SITES WERE'CHOSEN BECAUSE THEY APPEARED TO REPRESENT VARIOUS DEGREES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MODIFICATION9 RANGING IN INTENSITY FROM NEGLIGIBLE TO DRASTIC. VEGETATIONAL ZONATION WAS
DETERMINFD AT EACH SITE9 AND RECENT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENTED THESE OBSERVATIONS. OLDER
PHOTOGRAPHY WAS ALSO STUDIED WHEN AVAILABLE. THE DENSITIES OF THREE SPECIES OF MOLLUSCS WERE
DETERMINED FROM QUADRATS AND TRANSECTS. SALINITIES AND ELEVATIONS ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL WERE
MEASURED. WHEN THE RESULTING DATA REVEALED ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE
PRESENCE OF A FILL-ROAD9 THE SPECIFIC CAUSES IN TERMS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN WERE IDENTIFIED.
(MODIFIED AUTHOR AF@STOACT)
NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CAUSEWAY* CR 39 AQUATIC PLANTS

REF. NO.-0533

COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS INCORPORATED. 1976.

A PROCESS FOR COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT.
94

REF. N.0533 (CONTINUED)

LOUISIANA COASTAL RESOURCES PROGRAM. BATON ROUGE. 7 PP.

THE NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IS STRESSED THROUGH THE PRESENTATION OF: A BA
FOR UNDERSTANDING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; AN OVERVIEW OF NATURALLY OCCURRING AND MANMA
CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED IN THE LOUISIANA COASTAL AREA; A PRACTICAL PROCEDURE FOR DEV
LOCAL COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM; A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO RESOURCE MANAGEM
APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT OF ON SHORE IMPACTS RESULTING FROM OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
ENERGY-RELATED RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 3, REVETMENT, GROIN, JETTY, REEF, DREDGE/FILL, PROTECT

REF. NO.-0392

COASTAL PLAINS CENTER FOR MARINE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE. 1973.

GUIDELINES FOP THE COASTAL ZONE.

WILMINGTON, NC. (EXCERPT) PP. 7-11.

GUIDELINES ARE GIVEN FOR VARIOUS LAND AND WATER USE CATEGORIES. EACH SPECIFIC USE 0
USES IS LISTED, DEFINED, ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, AND FOLLOWED BY APP
GUIDELINES. THE USE ACTIVITIES CONSIDERED INCLUDE: AGRICULTURE, AQUACULTURE, BREAKW
BULKHEAD. COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS, DREDGING FOREST MANAGEMENT, HISTORICAL AND ARC
SITES,JETTIES AND GROINS, LANDFILL, MARINAS, MINING, AND PIERS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BREAKWATER, BULKHEAD, DREDGE/FILL, JETTY, GROIN, HARBOR, PIER, PROTECT

REF. NO.-0177

COEN-CAGLI, M.E. 1932.

PROTECTION OF COASTS AGAINST THE SEA, WITH OR WITHOUT PREPONDERING COASTAL DRIFT OF MATE

WORLD PORTS AMER. SHORE AND BEACH PRESERVATION ASSOC. 20(4):286-293.

THE PROTECTION OF CLIFFS, PEBBLE AND SANDY BEACHES BY VARIOUS METHODS IS DISCUSSED.
STRESSES THE IMPORTANCE OF CONDUCTING A CAREFUL STUDY OF THE LOCALITY AND ALL THE F
ACTING ON THE FORMATION OF THE COAST BEFORE ANY PLANS OF PROTECTON ARE ENACTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

REF. NO.-0177 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg PROTECT9 BREAKWATER9 BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0156

COLE9 B.J. UNDATED.

FLOATING SCRAP TIRE BREAKWATER AT EDGEWOOD YACHT CLUB.

1 PP. INFORMATION FURNISHED BY USFWS WITHOUT CITATION.

THE USE OF FLOATING SCRAP TIRE BREAKWATERS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ROCK JETTIES IS DISCUSSED.
OVER A PFRIOD OF TWO YEARS OCEAN ENGINEERS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND DESIGNED9
CONSTRUCTED AND TESTED THREE FLOATING BREAKWATERS. THE SEA GRANT RESEARCH INDICATES THAT
FLOATING SCRAP TIRE BREAKWATERS ARE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE IN PROVIDING PROTECTION FROM STORM WAVES
UP To FOUR FEET HIGH. IN ADDITION9 DR TADEUS KOWALSKI OF SCOTLAND IS TESTING A SCALE MODEL
BREAKWATER THAT SHOULD BE EFFECTIVE IN 30-FOOT SEAS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RREAKWATER9 PROTECT9 EROSION9 HARBOR

REF. NO.-0246

COLE9 B.J. 1974.

A REPORT ON THE THIRD MARINE RECREATION CONFERENCE: PLANNING FOR SHORELINE AND WATER USES.

MARINE ADVISORY SERVICE. U. OF RHODE ISLAND9 KINGSTON. 20 PP.

BRIEF SUMMARIES ARE PRESENTED OF PAPERS GIVEN AT THE CONFERENCE ON PLANNING FOR SHORELINE AND
WATER USES. THESE DEAL WITH: GOVERNMENT AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT; PLANNING9 POLITICS9 STATES
RIGHTS9 AND LAND USE REGULATION; ECONOMICS; AND RECREATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS. THE
CONFERENCE WAS HELD IN MYSTIC9 CONNECTICUT9 DECEMBER 129 139 1973. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0007

COLLEY9 R.H. 1967.

REF. NO.-OO07 (CONTINUED)

OBSERVATIONS ON EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CREOSOTE AND CREOSOTE-COAL TAR
SOLUTION IN PREVENTING ATTACK ON MARINE PILING By LIMNORIA TRIPUNCTATA.

PROC- AMER. WOOn PRESERVERS# ASSN. P 151-162.

IN COOLER NORTHERN MARINE WATERS9 WHERE THE HAZARD OF LIMNORIA ATTACK MAY BE MINOR9 CREOSOTED
PILES HAVE GIVEN LONG SATISFACTORY SERVICE. POOR PERFORMANCE IS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED UNDER
EXTREME EXPOSURE CONDITIONS IN WARMER SOUTHERN WATERS. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM MARINE TESTS
OF TREATED BLOCKS9 PANELS AND FULL-SIZE PILES HAS SHOWN THAT NEITHER COKE OVEN CREOSOTE NOR
CREOSOTE-COAL TAR SOLUTION IN ANY PRACTICAL CONCENTRATION IS AN EFFECTIVE PRESERVATIVE AGAINST
ATTACK BY LIMNORIA TRIPUNCTATA. THIS EVIDENCE IS SUPPORTED BY THE RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS
USING L. TRIPUNCTATA AND BY EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION OF TREATED PILES IN SERVICE IN SEVERE HAZARD
LOCATIONS. THE MARINE AND LABORATORY TESTS ALSO INDICATE THATo PENDING FURTHER INVESTIGATION9
A DUAL TREATMENT WITH COPPER-CHROM-ARSENIC OR WITH COPPER-ARSENIC-SALTS- TO CONTROL L.
TRIPUNCTATA- FOLLOWED By CREOSOTE AT OPTIMUM RETENTION-TO CONTROL TEREDO AND BANKIA-SHOULD
RESULT IS SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER PERFORMANCE UNDER EXTREME EXPOSURE CONDITIONS THAN CAN BE
EXPECTED FROM THE USE OF EITHER CREOSOTE OR CREOSOTE-COAL TAR SOLUTION ALONE. DUAL-TREATED
SOUTHERN PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR PILES9 INSTALLED AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS IN TROPICAL AND
SUB-TROPICAL WATERS9 ARE UNDER OBSERVATION. (AiTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PILING9 SUPPORT

REF. NO.-0017

COLLIER9 C.A. 1975.

SEAWALL AND REVETMENT EFFECTIVENESS9 COST AND CONSTRUCTION.

FLORIDA SEA GRANT PROGRAM REPORT NO. 6.

THIS PUBLICATION IS DESIGNED TO GIVE OWNERS OF WATERFRONT PROPERTY AN EASILY UNDERSTOOD
REFERENCE GUIDE EKPLAINING THE TYPES OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES THAT ARE COMMONLY
AVAILABLE AND THE RELATIVE MERITS AND COSTS OF EACH. A SECTION IS ALSO INCLUDED ON PERMITTING
PROCEDURES TO AID IN UNDERSTANDING THE PERTINENT GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND JURISDICTIONS.
(AUTHOR AbSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: ECONOMICS9 BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 GROINg PROTECTt BREAKWATERV CR 30 CR 49 CR 5

REF. NO.-0504

COLONELL9 J.M. CARVERt C.E.9 JR. LACDUTUREq J.M. 1974.

REF. NO.-0504 (CONTINUED)

ATTENUATION OF WIND-GENERATED DEEP WATER WAVES By PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC BREAKWATERS-

PP. 131-158 IM PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE NEWPORT9 RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (Q.V.
KOWALSKI9 1974A).

OBJECTIVES OF THIS INVESTIGATION WERE: 1) TO DETERMINE THE OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO
DEVICES--ONE HYDRAULIC AND THE OTHER PNEUMATIC-- IN A WIND-GENERATED WAVE ENVIRONMENT; AND 2)
TO DEVELOP INSIGHT INTO THE PHYSICAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH WAVES ARE ATTENUATED BY THESE
DEVICES. THE BREAKWATER DEVICES WERE TESTED SEPARATELY AND ALSO IN TANDEM CONFIGURATIONS. DATA
COLLECTION INCLUDED POWER INPUT TO THE BREAKWATERS* CONTINUOUS WATER SURFACE PROFILES ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE BREAKWATERSq AND CURRENT VELOCITY PROFILES PRODUCED BY EACH DEVICE. DATA ANALYSIS
YIELDED WAVE STATISTICS AND ENERGY SPECTRA WHICH WERE EMPLOYED IN THE EVALUATION OF BREAKWATER
PERFORMANCE. RESULTS SHOW THAT THE PNEUMATIC BREAKWATER IS SLIGHTLY MORE EFFECTIVE FOR
ATTENUATTNG DEEP WATER WAVES THAN THE HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER UNDER THE SAME OPERATING
CONDITIONS. BOTH BREAKWATER DEVICES TEND TO ACT AS LOW-PASS FILTERS TO A TRAIN OF
WIND-GENEPATED WAVES. TANDEM OPERATIONS PROVED LESS EFFICIENT THAN EITHER DEVICE OPERATING
ALONE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0077

COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS. 1970.

OUR WATERS AND WETLANDS: HOW THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS CAN HELP PREVENT THEIR DESTRUCTION AND
POLLUTION.

TWENTY-FIRST REPORT. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE9 WASH. D.C. 18 PP.

THE CORP@, OF ENGINEERS9 WHICH IS CHARGED BY CONGRESS WITH THE DUTY TO PROTECT THE NATIONOS
NAVIGABLE WATERS9 SHOULD9 WHEN CONSIDERING WHETHER TO APPROVE APPLICATIONS FOR LANDFILLS9
DREDGING AND OTHER WORK9 INCREASE ITS CONSIDERATION OF ALL EFFECTS WHICH THE PROPOSED WORK
WILL HAVF9 NOT ONLY ON NAVIGATIONi BUT ALSO ON CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCESt FISH AND
WILDLIFE. AIR AND WATER QUALITY9 ESTHETIC59 SENIC VIEW9 HISTORIC SITES9 ECOLOGY AND OTHER
PUBLIC INTEREST ASPECTS OF THE WATERWAY. CONGRESS CHARGES INADEQUATE PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED
LANDS SHOREWARD OF THE *HARBOR LINE19 AND TOO FEW PUBLIC HEARINGS REGARDING SHORELINE
ACTIVITIES TO WHICH CITIZENS ARE OPPOSED. THE CORPS SHOULD INSTRUCT ITS DISTRICT ENGINEERS9
INVOLVED IN PERMIT REVIEW FOR FILLS9 DREDGING OR OTHER WORK IN ESTUARIES9 RIVERS OR OTHER
NAVIGABLr7 WATERS9 TO INCREASE EMPHASIS ON HOW THE WORK WILL AFFECT ALL ASPECTS OF THE PUBLIC
INTEREST.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUH

DESCRIPTORS: LEGAL9 DREDGE/FILL9 BULKHEAD

REF. N.0434

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 1976.

MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PREVIEW: A SUMMARY.

COAST LINES 2(5):1-12.

THIS PAPFP PRESENTS, FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION PURPOSES, A SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PREVIEW. AMONG THE SUBJECTS BRIEFLY INTRODUCED A
DISCUSSED ARE: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, COASTAL HAZARDS, THE VISUAL ENVIRONMENT, PORTS
HARBORS, RECREATION, ENERGY AND MANAGEMENT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0210

CONDON* E. 1973.

COMPILATION OF STUDIES IN DREDGING, DREDGE SPOIL USAGE AND DISPOSAL.

MARINE ADVISORY PROGRAMS, OREGON STATE UNIV. MIMEO. 8 PP.

STUDIES OF DREDGING, SPOILS USAGE AND SPOILS DISPOSAL ARE LISTED BY TITLE. A LIST OF P
WORKING IN DREDGE SPOILS AREA AS OF JANUARY, 1973, IS ALSO INCLUDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL, BIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0529

CONNER,W.H. STONE, J.H. HAHR, L.M. BENNETT, V.P. DAY J.W., JR. TURNER, R.E. 1976.

OIL AND GAS USE CHARACTERIZATION, IMPACTS, AND GUIDELINES.

CENTER FOR WETLAND RESOURCES. LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, BATON ROUGE. SEA GRANT PUBL NO.
LSU-T-76-006. 148 PP.

OF ALL THE ACTIVITIES AFFECTING THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE BARATARIA BASIN, THE MINERAL EXTRACTION
INDUSTRY (PRIMARILY OIL AND GAS) IS THE MOST EXTENSIVE- IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE
IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH MINERAL EXTRACTION AND TO HELP IN THE DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, THIS REPORT PRESENTS A NONTECHNICAL SURVEY OF THE PHASES OF
OPERATION, FROM EXPLORATIUN TO ABANDONMENT, INVOLVED IN THE INDUSTRY. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFFRENCE: BIO 99

REF. NO.-0529 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: ORFDGE/FILL9 CR 39 HABITAT9 SEDIMENTATION9 BENTHOSt FISH9 SHELLFISHI SPAWNING9
AQUATIC PLANTS

REF. NO.-OO04

COPELANDt B.J. 1970.

ESTUARINE CLASSIFICATION AND RESPONSES TO DISTURBANCES.

TRANS. AMER. PISH. SOC. 99(4): 826-835.

THERE ARF MANY SIMILARITIES AMONG ESTUARIES OF A GIVEN TYPE9 WHETHER THE ESTUARY IS LOCATED ON
THE EAST- WEST OR GULF COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. BASED UPON THESE SIMILARITIES9 THE
ESTUARINE SYSTEMS OF THE UP41TED STATES HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED INTO TYPES. THE GENERAL TYPES9
BASED ON BROAD SIMILARITIES INCLUDE FIVE MAIN CATEGORIES: 1) NATURALLY STRESSED SYSTEMS OF
WIDE LATITUDINAL RANGE; 2) NATURAL TROPICAL SYSTEMS OF HIGH DIVERSI'TY; 3) NATURAL TEMPERATE
SYSTEMS WITH STRONG SEASONAL PROGRAMMING; 4) NATURAL ARCTIC SYSTEMS WITH ICE STRESS; AND 5)
EMERGING NEW SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MAN. THE RESPOONSE TO DISTURBANCES IS RELATED TO THE
SYSTEM TYPE. THOSE SYSTEMS ALREADY SUBJECTED To ENERGY-REQUIRING STRESSES ARE MORE LIKELY TO
RESIST CHANGES THAN THOSE (SUCH AS TROPICAL SYSTEMS) ADAPTED TO RELATIVELY CONSTANT
ENVIRONMENTS. THERE IS DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO VARIOUS DISTURBANCES9 WHICH IS RELATED TO THE
DOMINANT STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM. FOR EXAMPLE9 A SYSTEM SUPPORTED BY A GRASS BOTTOM WILL BE
MORE AFFECTED BY A IBOTTOM-COVERINGf WASTE THAN ONE RELYING UPON MIU-WATER PLANKTON FOR
PRIMARY SUPPORT. NEW COASTAL SYSTEMS ARE ARISING FROM THE DOMINANCE OF OLD SYSTEMS BY MAN-MADE
WASTES. WHERE WASTE INPUTS ARE LARGE AND CONSTANT9 THE EMERGING NEW SYSTEM IS ONE THAT CAN BE
DESCRIBEn AND IS AS MUCH AN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM AS THOSE EVOLVED THROUGH MANY YEARS OF
ADAPTATInN AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY. BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF LONG PERIODS FOR ADAPTATION AND
EVOLUTION@ THESE NEW EMERGING SYSTEMS ARE ERRATIC AND UNSTABLE. (AUTHOR AbSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0016

COPELAND9 B.J. 1974.

IMPOUNDMENT SYSTEMS.

PP. 168-171 IN H.T. ODUM9 B.J. COPELAND AND E.A. MCMAHAN9 EDS. COSTAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE
UNITED STATES- VOL- III. THE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION9 WASHINGTON D.C.

THE EFFECTS OF ISOLATION OF PART OR ALL OF AN ESTUARY INCLUDE DECREASED SALINITYV NUTRIENTSV
ORGANIC MATTER9 AND CIRCULATION MAINTENANCE OF OPEN CHANNELS. THREE BRIEF EXAMPLES OF THE
RESULTS OF ISOLATION BY IMPOUNDMENT ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED. APPARENTLY SOME SMALL BAYS ARE

100

REF. NO.-0016 (CONTINUED)

DEPENDENT UPON CIRCULATION ENERGIES PROVIDED BY LARGER ADJACENT SYSTEMS FOR CIRCULATION AND
FLUSHING THROUGH PASSES AND OPENINGS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: 8ULKHEAD9 PRODUCTIVITY9 SEDIMENTATION9 CR 39 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0027

CORLISS9 J. TRENT9 L. 1971.

COMPARISON OF PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION BETWEEN NATURAL AND ALTERED AREAS IN WEST BAY9 TEXAS.

FISH. BULL. 69(4): 829-832.

PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION WAS COMPARED BETWEEN AN UNDREDGED MARSH AREA9 A BAY AREA9 AND AN
ADJACENT MARSH AREA ALTERED BY CHANNELIZATION9 BULKHEADING9 AND FILLING. AVERAGE GROSS
PRODUCTION (MG CARBON/LITER/DAY) IN THE ALTERED AREA (CANALS) WAS 89 HIGHER THAN IN THE MARSH
AND 489 HIGHER THAN IN THE BAY DURING JUNE9 JULY9 AND AUGUST 1969. GROSS AND NET PRODUCTION
WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE CANALS AND MARSH THAN IN THE BAY; DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE
CANALS AND MARSH WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. BULKHEADING IS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH CANALIZING FOR
HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 PLANKTON9 PRODUCTIVITY* CR 3

REF. NO.-0291

COTTAM9 C. 1968.

RESEARCH NEEDS IN ESTUARINE AREAS OF THE GULF COAST.

PP. 227-240 IN: J.D. NEwSOM (ED). PROC. OF THE MARSH AND ESTUARY MANAGEMENT SYMP. BATON ROUGE9 LA.

THIS IS AN OVERVIEW OF GULF COAST ESTUARIES9 STRESSING LOSS OF VALUABLE ESTUARINE ACREAGE AND
DELVING TNTO THE PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH NEEDS FOR THESE AREAS. A TOTAL OF 7.1% OF THE UNITED
STATES ESTUARIES HAVE ALREADY BEEN LOST TO FILLING. ENDANGERED AND RARE SPECIES ARE DISCUSSED
IN REFERENCE TO ESTJAkINE AREAS. POLLUTION9 INCLUDING SHELL DREDGING AND THE ASSOCIATE
SILTATION PROdLEMS ARE TOUCHED UPON AND NINETEEN SPECIFIC AREAS REQUIRING FUTURE RESEARCH ARE
GIVEN.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

101

REF. NO.0291 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: BIRDS, DREDGE/FILL, PRODUCTIVITY, CR 3, CR 4, RESEARCH NEEDS

REF. NO.-0192

COURSEY, G.E. 1973.

NEW SHAPE IN SHORE PROTECTION.

CIVIL ENGINEERING 43(12):68-71.

THE HUMBOLDT BAY HARBOR IS SUBJECT TO WINTER WAVES REACHING 40 FEET. THIS STRESS BROK
THE CONVENTIONAL RUBBLE MOUND JETTIES WHICH PROTECT THE HARBOR ENTRANCE, AND CONTINUO
MAINTENANCE AND RECONSTRUCTION WAS REQUIRED. DOLOSSE, A NEW FORM OF JETTY PROTECTION,
PLACED ON THE JETTY SLOPES IN 1972. DOLOSSE ARE INTERLOCKING STEEL CONCRETE COMPONENT
SOMEWHAT LIKE CHILDREN'S 'JACKS'). TESTS SHOWED THAT FIBROUS STEEL REINFORCEMENT ADDS
INTEGRITY OF DOLOSSE. AFTER ONE WINTER THE INSTALLATION SHOWED NO VISIBLE DAMAGE OR M
AND IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF THE DOLOS IS AN ADVANCEMENT IN JETTY PORTECTION.
AERIAL AND VISUAL MONITORING OF THE DOLOSSE WILL CONTINUE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY, PROTECT, CR 1

REF. NO.-0093

COURTENAY, W.R. HERREMA, D.J. THOMPSON, M.J. AZZINAR0, W.P. MONTFRANS, J.V. 1974.

ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF BEACH EROSION CONTROL PROJECTS, BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA, AND ADJA
AREAS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH.MEMO. NO. 41. 88 PP.

ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF ALGAE, INVERTEBRATES, AND FISHES WAS CONDUCTED IN THE SOUTH
FLORIDA COAST IN CONNECTION WITH OFFSHORE DREDGING AND BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECTS. T
BEACH TO LAUDERDALE-BY-THE- SEA SEGMENT OF THE BROWARD COUNTY BEACH EROSION CONTROL
WAS SURVEYED FROM 3 AUGUST 1970 TO 1 SEPTEMBER 1972. NO ADVERSE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS C
ATTRIBUTED TO THIS BEACH RESTORATION PROJECT. A COMMUNITY BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECT
HALLANDALE, BROWAROD COUNTY, WAS STUDIED FROM 28 AUGUST 1971 TO 1 SEPTEMBER 1972. DAM
REEFS NEAR BORROW AREAS FROM SEDIMENTATION AND PHYSICAL DESTRUCTION BY DREDGING EQUI
FOUND. THREE OTHER STUDY AREAS, DANIA BEACH AND DEERFIELD BEACH IN BROWARD COUNTY AN
LAKE NORTH (BOYNTON) INLET IN PALM BEACH COUNTY WERE SURVEYED FROM 30 OCTOBER 1971 T
SEPTEMBER 1972. DREDGE- AND-FILL OPERATIONS ARE PROPOSED FOR EACH OF THESE AREAS. EC
DATA ON PRESENT CONDITIONS ARE RECORDED FROM THESE SITES. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

102

REF. NO.-0093 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: CR 4, EROSION, DREDGE/FILL, INVERTEBRATES, FISH, BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0364

CRONIN, L.E. GUNTER, G. HOPKINS, S.H. 1971.

EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES ON COASTAL ECOLOGY.

REPORT TO THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY. 48 pp.

A TEAM OF CONSUTANTS MADE A BROAD ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS THIRTEEN TYPES OF ENGINEERING
ACTIVITIES HAVE ON THE ECOL0GY OF COASTAL AREAS. STUDIES WHICH WOULD SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVE
UNDERSTANDING OF THESE EFFECTS ALSO WERE IDENTIFIED. THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF ENGINEERING
ACTIVITIES WERE CONSIDERED: DREDGING, FILLING, DAMS, LEVEES AND SPILLWAYS, DIVERSIONS, JETTIES
AND GROINS, BEACH NOURISHMENT, LAND-CUT CANALS, WEED CONTROL, HURRICANE BARRIERS, FINGER-TYPE
DEVELOPMENTS, OCEAN WAS TO DISPOSAL AND WETLANDS MODIFICATION.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL, JETTY, GROIN, FISH, INVERTEBRATES, SHELLFISH, AQUATIC PLANTS, NURSERY

REF. NO.-0421

CRONIN, L.E. 1967.

THE ROLE OF MAN IN ESTUARINE PROCESSES.

PP. 667-689 IN G.H. LAUFF, ED. ESTUARIES. AAAS PUBL. 83.

THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ESTUARIES IS DISCUSSED RELATIVE TO MODIFICATION OF
FLOW, CHEMICAL POLLUTION, GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, AND PHYSICAL PR
A NUMBER OF STUDIES ARE DESCRIBED DEALING WITH THERMAL ADDITIONS, SALINITY CHANGES, L
DEVELOPMENT, ADDITION OF NUTRIENT CHEMICALS, RADIOACTIVE WASTES AND PULP WASTES. THE
OF HUMAN PREDATION (E.G. FISHING) AND INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES ARE DISCUSSED. INTE
MANAGEMENT IS NECCESSARY IN THE FUTURE IN ORDER TO PREVENT IRREVERSIBLE DEGRADATION 0
ESTUARIES AND SELECTED AREAS SHOULD BE PRESERVED AS UNDISTURBED RESEARCH CENTERS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HABITAT, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, PRODUCTIVITY

REF. NO.-0551

CRONIN, L.E. GUNTER, G. HOPKINS, S.H. 1969.

103

REF. NO.-0551 (CONTINUED)

EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES ON COASTAL ECOLOGY.

INTERIM REPORT TO THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS9 U.S. ARMY. MIMEO. 40 PP.

AN INTERTM REPORT IS PRESENTED OF A TENTATIVE LISTING OF PERTINENT CORPS- RELATED ACTIVITES9
WITH PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS. THE ACTIVITES INCLUDED
DREDGING9 FILLING, DAMS9 DIVERSIONS9 JETTIES AND GROINS9 BEACH NOURISHMENTv LAND-CUT CANALS9
WEED CONTROL9 HURRICANE HARRIERS9 FINGER-TYPE DEVELOPMENTS* AND OCEAN WASTE DISPOSAL. ALS09
STUDIES WHICH WOULD SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVE COMPREHENSION9 AND THEREFORE PREDICTION9 OF THE
EFFECTS OF COASTAL ENGINEERING CHANGES ARE LISTED WITH SUPPLEMENTARY COMMENTS. SUGGESTED
STUDIES INCLUDE THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY9 EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTS9 EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON
ENVIRONMFNT9 BIOTA OF NEW HOTTOMS9 EFFECTS OF SPOIL BANKS9 CHANGES IN BORROW PITS9 EFFECTS OF
JETTIES9 EFFECTS OF HURRICANE HARRIERS9 AND EFFECTS OF LAND-CUT CANALS ADDITIONAL STUDY AND
LITERATURE SEARCH ARE NECESSARY

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RESEARCH NEEDS9 DREDGE/FILL9 JETTY9 GROINg SEDIMENTATION9 8ENTHOS9 FISH9 SHELLFISH9
PRODUCTIVITY9 SPAWNING9 NURSERY

REF. NO.-0250

CROOKE9 R.C. 1955.

RE-ANALYSIS OF EXISTING WAVE FORCE DATA ON MODEL PILES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BES TECH. MEMO. NO. 71. 19 PP.

ALL OF THE PAST PUBLISHED REPORTS ON WAVE FORMS CONTAIN IRRECONCILABLE INCONSISTENCIES IN THE
METHODS OF DERIVING THE FORCES PRODUCED BY THE ACTION OF WAVES ON PILES AND/OR OTHER
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. NEW METHODS AS OUTLINED BY IVERSEN AND BALENT WERE USED TO RECONCILE SOME
OF THESE INCONSISTENCIES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0297

DAHL9 B.E. FALL* S.A. LOHSE9 A. APPANs S.G. 1975.

CONSTRUCTION AND STABILIZATION OF COASTAL FOREDUNES WITH VEGETATION: PADRE ISLAND9 TEXAS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER 9-75. 188 PP.

EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED FROM 1969 To 1974 ON PADRE ISLAND9 TEXAS9 TO ESTABLISH TECHNICAL
104

REF. NO.-0297 (CONTINUED)

SPECIFICATIONS AND METHODOLOGIES FOR THE USE OF BEACH GRASSES TO CONSTRUCT AND STABILIZE
FOREDUNES AS STORM SURGE BARRIERS ALONG THE GULF COAST. CONCLUSIONS ARE BASED ON 2.5 LINEAR
MILES OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS9 CONSISTING OF BEACH PLANTINGS AND FENCE-BUILT DUNES. ADDITIONAL
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECTS OF NUTRIENTS AND SALINITY ON BEACH GRASS GROWTH WERE CONDUCTED IN A
GREENHOUSE. BITTER PANICUM AND SEA OATS WERE THE BEST ADAPTED SPECIES FOR BEACH PLANTINGS. THE
MOST SUCCESSFUL METHOD OF ESTABLISHING A VEGETATED DUNE RIDGE WAS TRANSPLANTING THESE GRASSES
ON THE BACKSHOREt WHERE'THEY TRAPPED9 GREW THROUGHt AND STABILIZED ACCUMULATING SAND. BARREN
DUNES BUILT WITH SAND FENCING WERE STABILIZED WITH GRASSES9 BUT THE PROCESS WAS MORE DIFFICULT
AND COSTLY. MOST BEACH PLANTINGS WERE MADE WITH A TOBACCO TRANSPLANTER9 WITH SINGLE CULMS
SPACED ON 2-FOOT CENTERS AND PLANTED OR SEATED 8 INCHES DEEP. A 50-FOOT-WIDE PLANTING TRAPPED
ALL AVAILABLE BLOWING SAND. TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL OF 20 PERCENT OR GREATER WAS SUFFICIENT FOR
MAXIMUM DUNE GROWTH AFTER THE FIRST YEAR. BEACH PLANTINGS ACCUMULATED AN AVERAGE OF 3.3 TO 5.2
CUBIC YARDS OF SAND PER LINEAR FOOT OF BEACH PER YEAR. IN 5 YEARS9 A SEA OATS PLANTING CREATED
A DUNE 11.4 FEET HIGH (15.4 FEET 4SL) WHICH CONTAINED 24.9 YARDS PER CUBIC FOOT OF BEACH*
TIME-COSTS FOR ESTABLISHING A I-MILE-LONG9 50-FOOT-WIDE BEACH PLANTING (2-FOOT CENTERS) OF SEA
OATS AND BITTER PANICUM WERE 500 AND 287 MAN-HOURS9 RESPECTIVELY. BOTH GRASSES WERE
SUCCESSFULLY TRANSPLANTED YEAR ROUND, BUT WINTER THROUGH SPRING WAS THE MOST FAVORABLE PERIOD.
TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL WAS INFLUENCED BY MANY FACTORS9 BUT MOSTLY BY SOIL MOISTURE AND SALINITY.
FERTILIZATION OF PLANTING DURING THE FIRST YEAR IMPROVED INITIAL SAND-TRAPPING ABILITY9 BUT
SUBSEQUENT FERTILIZATION WAS UNNECESSARY. POSTPLANTING IRRIGATION DID NOT IMPROVE TRANSPLANT
SURVIVAL9 BUT PREPLANTING IRRIGATION WAS ESSENTIAL FOR FENCE-BUILT DUNES.
(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0217

DAIBER9 F.C. 1975.

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS UPON ESTUARIES RESULTING FROM LAGOON CONSTRUCTION9 DREDGING9 FILLING9 AND
BULKHEADING.

REPT. TO DIV. FISH AND WILOL.9 DEPT. NAT.RES. AND ENVIRON. CONTROLO STATE OF DELAWARE. 197 PP.

BENTHIC COMMUNITIES OF TIDAL CREEKS9 AREAS OF THE OPEN BAY9 AND DREDGED LAGOONS IN REHOBOTHO
INDIAN RTVER9 AND LITTLE ASSAWOMAN 8AYS9 DELAWARE WERE STUDIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE THE
BLOTIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND QUALITY OF THE DREDGED AREAS. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PARAMETERS: SALINITY9 TEMPERATURE9 AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN OF THE BOTTOM WATER9 WERE MEASURED TO
RELATE BFNTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE TO THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
LAGOON STATIONS9 AS A GROUP9 WERE FOUND TO HAVE LOWER NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS AND SPECIES AND
LOWER SPECIES EVENNESS AND DIVERSITY THAN MARSH OR BAY STATIONS. THESE DIFFERENCES WERE ONLY
SIGNIFICANT DURING THE SU4MEP AND FALL. (MOOIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFPPENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

105

REF. NO.-0217 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: CR 6, DREDGE/FILL, BENTHOS, BULKHEAD, PLANKTON, HABITAT

REF. NO.-0209

DALE, V. 1976.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.5. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION.

SPECIAL PROJECTS BRANCH, TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER, VICKSBURG* MISS. MAY. UNPAGED.

PUBLICATTONS ISSUED THROUGH DECEMBER 1975 BY THE U.S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERI
STATION ARE LISTED AND INDEXED ACCORDING TO THE KEY-WORD-OUT-OF-CONTEXT METHOD.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0458

DANTIN, E.J. WHITEHURST,C.A. DURRIN, W.T. 1974.

AN INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT AND PROPOSED JETTY
BELLE PASSE, LOUSIANA.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. NTIS REPORT N75-15253. 40 PP.

THE EXISTING JETTY SYSTEM AT BELLE PASSE WAS EXAMINED IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO D
ITS EFFECT ON THE AREA'S LITTORAL CURRENTS AND BEACH EROSION. PRESENT FLOW PATTERNS
EROSION RATES WERE ALSO STUDIED USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS, PERIODIC HYDRAULIC
MEASUREMENTS, GROUND OBSERVATIONS, AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF BEACH EROSION. A SCAL
WAS CONSTRUCTED TO INVESTIGATE FLOW PATTERNS AND VELOCITIES. THE EXISTING JETTY WAS F
HAVE RETARDED EROSION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 3, JETTY, LITTORAL PROCESSES, EROSION

REF. NO.-0195

DARNELL, R.M. 1971.

THE WORLD ESTUARIES-ECOSYSTEMS IN JEOPARDY.

INTECOL. BULL. 3:3-20.
106

REF. NO.0195 (CONTINUED)

A DISCUSSION OF THE ESTUARINE SYSTEM AND THE EFFECTS OF THERMAL LOADING, CHANGES IN L
WATER USE PATTERNS AND CHEMICAL POLLUTION IS PRESENTED. THE AUTHOR STRESSES THAT IF T
WORLD'S ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MARINE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ARE TO BE SALVAGED, IMMEDIA
SIGNIFICANT STEPS MUST BE TAKEN TO PROVIDE INFORMATION REQUISITE TO UNDERSTANDING THE
AND TO INTERPRET THE KNOWN INFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EACH LOCAL SITUATION. SEVERA
RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR ACCOMPLISHING THIS GOAL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL, HABITAT, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0247

DARNELL, R.M. 1976.

IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN WETLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ECOLOGICAL RES. SERIES PUBL. EPA-600/3 -76-045. 392

THE PRIMARY TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY WHICH SEVERELY IMPACT WETLAND ENVIRONMENTS
UNITED SATES INCLUDE: FLOODPLAIN SURFACING AND DRAINAGE, MINING, IMPOUNDMENT, CANALIZ
DREDGING AND CHANNELIZATION, AND BANK AND SHORELINE CONSTRUCTION. EACH TYPE OF CONSTR
ACTIVITY IS ATTENDED Hy AN IDENTIFIABLE SUITE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ALTERATIONS OF
WETLAND ENVIRONMENT WHICH MAY EXTEND FOR MANY MILES FROM THE SITE OF CONSTRUCTION AND
PERSIST FOP MANY YEARS. IN TURN, EACH TYPE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION HAS
SHOWN TO INDUCE A DERIVED SET OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, MANY OF WHICH ARE PREDICTABLE, I
GENERAL, IF NOT IN SPECIFIC DETAIL. THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY DAMAGING EFFECTS OF CONS
ACTIVITIES IN WETLAND AREAS, IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE, ARE: DIRECT HABITAT LOSS, ADDITI
SUSPENDEn SOLIDS AND MODIFICATION OF WATER LEVELS AND FLOW REGIMES. MAJOR CONSTRUCTIo
IMPACTS ALSO DERIVE FROM ALTERED WATER TEMPERATURE, PH, NUTRIENT LEVELS, OXYGEN, CARB
DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN SULFIDE, AND CERTAIN POLLUTANTS SUCH AS HEAVY METALS, RADIOACTIVE I
AND PESTICIDES. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PRODUCTIVITY, SEDIMENTATION, HABITAT, BRIDGE, CAUSEWAY, BREAKWATER, JETTY, DREDGE/FILL

BULKHEAD, GROIN, HARBOR, PILING, PIER

REF. NO.-0509

DAVIES, D.S. AXELROD, E.W. O'CONNOR, J.S. 1973.

EROSION OF THE NORTH SHORE OF LONG ISLAND.

MARINE SCIENCES RESEARCH CENTER, STATE UNIV. OF N.Y., STONY BROOK. TECH. REP. NO. 18. 101
107

REF. NO.-0509 (CONTINUED)

THE INSTARILITY OF BEACHES AND BLUFFS OF THE NORTH SHORES OF NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES IS
DESCRIBED OVER GEOLOGIC TIME AND AS INFLUENCED BY INDIVIDUAL STORMS. A DETAILED CASE HISTORY
IS PRESENTED OF THE GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES INFLUENCING THE CRANE NECK REGION NORTH OF STONY
BROOK VILLAGE. THE FEATURES OF BEACHES AND THE HISTORICAL RATES OF EROSION OR ACCRETION AT 158
LOCATIONC@ ARE SUMMARIZED IN A BEACH UTILITY INDEX DESIGNED TO GUIDE THE MOST RATIONAL USE OF
SPECIFIC SHORELINE REACHES. IN ADDITION TO ESTIMATES OF EROSION AND ACCRETION RATES, THIS
UTILITY TNOEX SUMMARIZES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS THE NATURAL BARRIERS TO EROSIONg BEACH WIDTHO
SEDIMENT GQAIN SIZE OF THE FOREBEACH AND BACK8EACH9 AND ACCESSIBILITY TO THE BEACH. A NUMBER
OF RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE TO REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OF FATALITIES AND PROPERTY DAMAGE IN THE
SHORE ZONE BY RESTRICTING DEvELOPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS. THE RECOMMENDATION IS ALSO MADE THAT
FUTURE ENGINEERING STRUCTURES DESIGNED TO STABILIZE PORTIONS OF THE BEACH SHOULD NOT BE
CONSTRUCTED WITHOUT DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR INFLUENCES UPON ADJACENT PROPERTY.
(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: FROSION9 JETTY9 GROINg BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 CR 7

REF. NO.-0396

DAVIS9 G. 1977.

CANALS9 CORAL REEFS9 SHRIMP9 LOBSTER9 AND SALINITY COMMENTS.

MARINEBIOL. EVERGLADES NATL. PARK9 HOMESTEAD9 FL. PERS. COMM.

SINCE 1940 THE ESTUARINE AREAS OF THE EVERGLADES HAVE EXPERIENCED SALINITY INCREASE FROM 0-12
PPT TO 25-40 PPT AND FLORIDA BAY SALINITIES ARE STAYING HIGH FOR A GREATER PORTION OF THE
YEAR. SOME OF THIS MAY EW DUE TO CANALS ACROSS THE EVERGLADES. REDUCED FLOWS THROUGH THE KEYS
FROM FLORIDA BAY MAY BENEFIT THE CORAL REEFS IN THE NORTHERN KEYS PINK SHRIMP AND SPINY
LOBSTER ARE DEPENDENT ON FLORIDA BAY AS A NURSERY AND SEVERAL SPORT FISH ARE ALSO DEPENDENT ON
THE BAY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: CR 49 INVERTEBRATES9 NURSERY9 FISH

REF. NO.-0472

DAVIS9 J.H. 1957.

DUNE FORMATION AND STABILIZATION BY VEGETATION AND PLANTINGS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BEB TECH. MEMO. NO. 101. 47 PP.

THIS PUBLICATION DESCRIBES THE ADVANTAGES OF VEGETATION TO STABILIZE SAND DUNES IN THE COASTAL
108

REF. NO.-0472 (CONTINUED)

ZONE. EACH REGION OF THE U.S. COAST IS DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF BOTH NATIVE PLANT SPECIES AND
SPECIES WHICH ARE SUCCESSFUL AS STABILIZING AGENTS. COSTS (1957) OF VARIOUS PLANTING PROGRAMS
ARE DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLIC46LE TO TRIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0544

DAVIS9 J.H- 1956.

INFLUENCES OF MAN UPON COAST LINES.

PP. 504-521 IN W.L. THOMAS9 ED. MANIS ROLE IN CHANGING THE FACE OF THE EARTHo UNIV. CHICAGO PRESSt
CHICAGO9 ILL.

THE CURRENT AND HISTORICAL IMPACT OF MAN ON THE COASTAL ZONE IS GENERALLY DESCRIBED. IN TERMS
OF TOTAL EFFECT ON COAST LINES, THE INDIRECT INFLUENCES OF NUMEROUS ACTIVITIES OF BOTH INLAND
AND COASTAL MEN HAVE PROBABLY BEEN MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE DIRECT INFLUENCES OF MAN. EVIDENCES
OF EXTENSIVE AND PROLONGED COASTLINE CHANGES INDICATE THAT MANY AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER
SOIL-ALTFRING PURSUITS OF BOTH INLAND AND COASTAL MEN HAVE INDIRECTLY ALTERED RATES OF
PROGRADATION. GROINS9 JETTIES* REVETMENTS9 BULKHEADS9 AND PILING ARE BRIEFLY MENTIONED AS
MEANS TO SHORELINE PROTECTION. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINt PROTECT9 BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 PILING9 JETTY

REF. NO.-0248

DAVIS9 J.H.9 JR. 1975.

STABILIZATION OF BEACHES AND DUNES BY VEGETATION IN FLORIDA.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA9 GAINESVILLE. FLORIDA SEA GRANT PROGRAM REPORT NO.7. 53 PP.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS TO PROVIDE COASTAL STRAND PROPERTY OWNERS AND MANGERS WITH
GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF VEGETATION IN THE PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF FLORIDA BEACHES AND
DUNES. THIS VEGETATION IS DESCRIBED IN PART I OF THIS PUBLICATION9 AND SOME METHODS OF USING
PLANTS TI REPEAT THE NATURAL PROCESS OF DUNE FORMATION ARE CONSIDERED IN PART 11.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCEt potl@

109

REF. NO.-0248 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0539

DAVISP R. UNDATED.

RAVAGED SAN FRANCISCO SAY.

PHOTOCOPY OF ARTICLE PROVIUEU HY NMFS, LONG 9EACH# CA.

THE HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY IS DISCUSSED. INDUSTRIALIZATION9
HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS9 AND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS ARE'REVIEWED IN CASE HISTORIES AND RELATED
To THE DFCLINE OF VARIOUS WILDLIFE SPECIES.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICAbLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0263

DAVIS9 R.A. FINGLETON, w.G. PRTTCHETT9 P.C. 1975.

BEACH PROFILE CHANGES: EAST COAST OF LAKE MICHIGANg 1970-72.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER NO. 10-75. 97 PP.

THE PRIMARY RESULT OF THIS FIELU STuDY OF BEACH CHANGES ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN
CONCERNEn THE MOVEMENT OF THE RLUFFS OR THE EDGE OF THE TERRACE MARKING THE LANDWARD BOUNDRY
OF THE BFACH. DATA COLLECTED EVERY 4 WEEKS FROM AUGUST 1970 TO AUGuST 1972 INDICATED RECESSION
OR NO CH4NGE AT EACH OF 17 PROFILE SITES ON 4 250 MILE SEGMENT OF THE EAST COAST OF LAKE
MICHIGAN. DURING THIS PERIOD9 LAKE LEVELS WERE RISING FROM A MEAN OF 578.9 FEET ABOVE MEAN
LEVFL (MWL) IN 1970 TO 579.7 FEET MWL IN 1972. THE MAXIMUM BLUFF EROSION AT ANY ONE SITE
BETWEEN MONTHLY SURVEYS WAS 20 FEET AT PROFILE 4 IN JUNE 1972. VARIABLES AFFECTING THE RATE OF
MOVEMENT OF THE BLUFF INCLUDE LAKE LEVELS9 COMPOSITION OF THE BLUFF OR TERRACEY ORIENTATION
AND STRAIGHTNESS OF SHORELINE9 WAVE CLIMATE9 MANMADE STRUCTURES9 AND POSSIBLY LONG SHORE BARS.
THERE WAS A LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN BLUFF EROSION AT NEARBY STATIONS9 BUT EACH SITE VARIED
SEASONALLY WITH MAXIMUM EROSION OCCURING IN LATE FALL WHEN STORM OCCURRENCE IS ALSO HIGH.
SHORE ICF PROTECTED THE REACHES IN WINTER EROSION RESUMED IN SPRING AT A REDUCED LEVEL. BEACH
WIDTH FROM THE BASE OF THE BLUFF TO THE WATER LEVEL AT THE TIME OF THE SURVEY ALSO VARIED
SEASONALLY9 WITH BEACHES NARROW IN EARLY SU14MEP WHEN LAKE LEVEL IS AT A MAXIMUM AND WIDER IN
LATE FALL WHEN LAKE LEVEL IS AT A LOWER LEVEL. THE STUDY BEACHES WERE MOSTLY WELL-SORTED SAND
(MEAN GRAIN SIZE BETWEEN 0.330 TO 0.189 MILLIMETERS OR i.60 AND 2.40 PHI UNITS) WITH SOME
GRAVEL AND HEAVY MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

110

REF. NO.0263 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0211

DEAN, C. 1977.

LOGGERHEAD TURTLES AFFECTED BY COASTLINE ACTIVITIES.

DIRECTOR, MARINE SCIENCE PROGRAM, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, COLUMBIA, SC. PERS. COMM.

BEACH NOURISHMENT AND HOUSING PROJECTS AFFECT LOGGERHEAD TURTLES ALONG THE CAROLINA C
SAND ARTIFICIALLY DEPOSITED ON BEACHES COVERS TURTLE NESTS. WHEN STRUCTURES ARE VISIB
BEACHES WHERE TURTLES NEST, THE LIGHTS AT NIGHT FRIGHTEN FEMALES AWAY SO THEY DO NOT
NESTS AND LAY EGGS. WHEN EGGS HATCH, THE HATCHLINGS ARE ATTRACTED TOWARD THE LIGHTS
FROM THE SEA. FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED ON THIS SUBJECT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: LITTORAL PROCESSES, NESTING, BEAUTIFY, DREDGE/FILL, CR 5, RESEARCH NEEDS, TURTLES

REF. NO.-0390

DEAN, J.M. 1975.

THE POTENTIAL USE OF SOUTH CAROLINA RICE FIELDS FOR AQUACULTURE.

BELLE W. BARUCH INST. FOR MARINE BIOLOGY AND COASTAL RESEARCH, COLUMBIA, SC.

A STUDY IS PRESENTED, OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SEVERAL MARSH SYSTEMS, WITH EMPHASIS ON
KINDS: THE UNDISTURBED SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA MARSHES AND THE MARSHES THAT HAVE BEEN A
THE ECOLOGY OF THE RICE FIELD IS DISCUSSED, FOLLOWED BY A CONSIDERATION OF OYSTER CUL
CONSIDERATIONS FOR MULTIPLE SPECIES CULTURE, A DISCUSSION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN THE WATER,
BIOMASS AND VEGETATION ANALYSIS, ACID WATER FORMATION ON MARSH SEDIMENT AND AN ANALYSIS OF
FISH DIETS. A CONSIDERATION OF PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE IS PRESENTED AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT
MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED ON THE RICE FIELDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO TH15 STUDY

REF. NO.-0215

DEAN, R.G. HARLEMAN, D.R.F. 1966.

REF. NO.-0215 (CONTINUED)

INTERACTION OF STRUCTURES AND WAVFS.

PP. 341-404 IN: R.G. DEAN AND D.R.F. HAHLEMAN. ESTUARY AND COASTLINE HYDRODYNAMICS. MCGRAW-HILL
BOOK COMPANY9 INC. NEW YORK.

AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERACTIONS OF STRUCTURES AND WAVES HAS DEVELOPED IN THE PAST DECADE
THROUGH ANALYTIC STUDIES9 LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONSt AND FULL-SCALE MEASUREMENTTS IN THE OCEAN
ENVIRONMENT. A DISCUSSION OF WAVE FORCES ON RIGID CIRCULAR MEMBERS AND IMPORTANT DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS ARE PRESENTED. RESULTS RELATING TO WAVE FORCES ON BREAKWATERS AND SEAWALLS9 AND
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OF THE RESULTS AVAILABLE PERTAINING TO THE INTERACTIONS OF WAVES AND
FIXED OR MOORED 08JECTS NEAR THE SURFACE OR OCEAN BOTTOM ALSO ARE GIVEN

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0049

DEMORY9 D. 1977.

SAND MOVEMENT ON THE OREGON COAST.

BIOLOGIST9 OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE9 NEWPORT9 OR. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION.

THIS PERSONAL INTERVIEW YEILDED INFORMATION ON EROSION9 ACCRETION AND SHORELINE CHANGES ON THE
OREGON COAST OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS. MANY OF THE CHANGES ARE ALMOST CERTAINLY ASSOCIATED
WITH DREDGING ACTIVITIES9 JETTY CONSTRUCTION OR EXTENSION9 AND OTHER ACTIVITIES IN THE
SHORELINE AREA. STUDIES ARE IN PROGRESS WHICH MEASURE ELEVATIONS OF SAND DUNES IN THE
TILLAMOOK AREA AND THERE APPEAR TO BE DIFFERENCES IN SEASONAL VARIATIONS CAUSED BY JETTY
INFLUENCES ON LONGSHORE TRANSPORT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: r)REDGE/FILL9 JETTY9 CR 19 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 EROSION

REF. NO.-0432

DEN UYL9 R.B. 1974.

THE CAUSES AND SOLUT TONS TO SHORELINE EROSION ON LAKE MICHIGAN.

HONORS THESIS. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY# APPLETON9 WI. 73 PP.

THOUGH EIGHTY-FIVE PERCENT OF GREAT LAKES SHORELINE IS PRIVATELY OWNED9 INFORMATION CONCERNING
SHORE PROTECTION MEASURES IS SELDOM WRITTEN FOR THE LAYMAN. THIS THESIS EXAMINES VARIATIONS IN

112

REF. NO.-0432 (CONTINUED)

COASTAL CONFIGURATION AND RELATES THEM TO DIFFERENT SEDENTARY ENVIRONMENTS ALONG LAKE MICHIGAN
SHORES. THOUGH NOT WRITTEN FOR INDIVIDUALS LACKING BACKGROUND IN COASTAL PROCESSES9 IT DOES
INCLUDE CHARTS THAT ARE'A SUMMATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY OF INFORMATION CONTAINED
WITHIN THE TEXT. THESE CHARTS ARE INTENDED FOR ANYONE INTERESTED IN SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM
OF EROSION ON LAKE MICHIGAN.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: THESIS

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0072

DENT9 E.J. 1931.

SAND MOVEMENT AND BEACH EROSION.

CIVIL ENG. 1(9):821-826.

INCREASING USAGE OF EXISTING BEACHES AND THE INCREASING VALUE OF SHORE PROPERTY JUSTIFY
F134A K@3RE AND 'AORZ ATTRACTIVE PROTECTION WORKS. METHODS OF MAINTAINING
THE STABILITY OF BEACHES MUST 8E CONSIDERED NOT ONLY FROM AN ECONOMIC9 BUT ALSO FROM AN
ESTHETIC POINT OF VIEW. THE COST OF JETTIES AND SEA WALLS DESIGNED TO REDUCE WASTAGE OF BEACH
MATERIALS MAY EXCEED THAT OF REPLACING THE LOSS BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS9 AND THE SECOND METHOD MAY
CREATE A MORE SIGHTLY AND USEFUL BEACHo WHERE EXPENDITURES FOR REPLACING THE WASTE ARE IN
EXCESS OF THOSE FOR BUILDING PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES9 THE BEAUTY AND UTILITY OF THE BEACH TO BE
MAINTAINP-D MUST ALSO BE EVALUATED. IN THIS ARTICLE9 ABSTRACTED FROM THE PAPER READ BEFORE THE
NORFOLK MEFTING OF THE SOCIETY9 IN APRIL9 COLONEL DENT PRESENTS A STUDY OF WAVE ACTIONP ITS
EFFECTS ON CERTAIN TYPES OF BEACHES9 AND THE SELECTION OF A SUITABLE METHOD OF BEACH
PROTECTION OR MAINTENANCE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 JETTY9 GROINg EROSION

REF. NO.-0171

DEWEES9 C.M. GOTSHALL, D.W. 1974.

AN EXPERIMENTAL ARTIFICIAL REEF IN HUMBOLDT BAY9 CA.

CALIF. FISH AND GAME 60(3):109-127.

IN OCTOBFR 19681 AN ARTIFICIAL REEF CONSTRUCTED OF USED TRUCK TIRES WAS PLACED IN SOUTHPORT
CHANNEL OF HUMBOLDT BAY9 CALIFORNIA BY THE EUREKA KIWANIS CLUB. STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO
DETERMINE FLORAL AND FAUNA SPECIES COMPOSITION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCEt AND TO MEASURE FISHING

113

REF. NO.-0171 (CONTINUED)

SUCCESS ON THE REEF. A ROCKY HABITAT FISH FAUNA WAS ATTRACTED TO THE REEF. BETWEEN APRIL 134
19699 AND MAY 139 19709 15 SPECIES WERE CAPTURED BY HOOK AND LINE. SEVEN SPECIES WERE TAGGED
WITH PETERSEN DISC TAGS. ESTIMATES OF FISH POPULATIONS REVEALED THAT THE MOST ABUNDANT FISHES
WERE KELP GREENLING9 FOLLOWED BY COPPER AND BLACK ROCKFISH. NO TAGGED FISH WERE CAPTURED AWAY
FROM THE REEF. THE REEF DID NOT ATTRACT LARGE FISH FROM OTHER REEF AREAS. NEARLY ALL FISH
CAPTURED ON THE REEF DURING SPRING9 19699 WERE OF THE 1968 YEAR CLASS. DURING DIVES9 9 SPECIES
OF FISH9 25 SPECIES OF INVERTEBRATES AND 3 SPECIES OF ALGAE WERE OBSERVED ON OR NEAR THE REEF.
LINGCOD AND PILE PERCH WERE THE ONLY SPECIES OF FISH OBSERVED BY DIVERS BUT NOT CAPTURED BY
HOOK AND LINE. FISHING SUCCESS WAS MEASURED To BETTER UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
REEF. THF MOST SUCCESSFUL FISHING WAS FROM MAY TO OCTOBER. DURING PERIODS OF EXTREMELY TURBID
WATER OR HEAVY TIDAL CURRENTS9 FISHING SUCCESS TENDED TO DECREASE. (AUTHOR AB"TrIACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PEFF9 RECREATION9 FISH9 HABITAT9 CR 19 RESEARCH NEEDS

REF. NO.-0286

DISKINg M.H. VAJDA9 M.L. AMIR9 1. 1970.

PILING-UP BEHIND LOW AND SUBMERGED PERMEABLE BREAKWATERS.

JOUR. WATERWAYS AND HAR80RS DIV. A.S.C.E. 96(WO2):359-272.

LOW AND qURMERGED BREAKWATERS DO NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATE WAVE ACTION ON SHORE. TWO PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THESE STRUCTURES ARE EFFICIENCY IN REDUCING WAVE HEIGHT AND PILING-UP OF WATER
INSIDE THE PROTECTED AREA. THE PR06LEMS OF PILING-UP ARE NOTICEABLE IN COMPLETELY ENCLOSED
PROTECTEO AREAS OR IN AREAS WITH VERY LONG BREAKWATERS PARALLEL TO THE BEACH. A MODEL
INVESTIGATION OF PILING-UP SHOWED THAT MAXIMUM PILING-UP OCCURRED FOR BREAKWATERS THAT
PROTRUDE AROVE THE MEAN SEA LEVEL TO A HEIGHT OF 50 TO 90 PERCENT OF WAVE HEIGHT. IN THIS CASE
PILING-UD WAS FOUNO TO BE APPROXIMATELY 60 PERCENT OF THE DEEP WATER HEIGHT OF THE WAVES
STRIKING THE dREAKWATER. LOWER INCIDENCES OF PILING-UP WERE RECORDED FOR DEEPLY SUBMERGED
BREAKWATFRS AND WHEN THE CREST OF THE BREAKWATER WATER WAS HIGH ABOVE THE MEAN SEA LEVEL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RPFAKWATEkq PROTECT

REF. NO.-0176

DOCKS AND HARROUR AUTHORITY. 1965o

MARITIME AND QIPARIAN USES OF GABIONS.

THE DOCKS AND HARBOUR AUTHORITY9 LONDON. PP. 251-255.

114

REF. NO.0176 (CONTINUED)

THE FLEXIBILITY ANO PERMEAbILITY OF GABIONS OFFER DISTINCT TECHNICAL AVANTAGES OVER
CONVENTIONAL RIGID OR SEMI-RiGIO STRUCTURES, PARTICULARLY ON SITES WHERE SETTLEMENT 0
UNDERMINING IS ANTICIPATED. SEVERAL USES OF GABIONS AS RETAINING STRUCTURES AND ANTI-
STRUCTURES ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS NONEXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT. GABIONS ARE SUGGESTED FO
REVETMENTS9 APRON PROTECTION, CHANNEL LININGS9 COASTAL DEFENCES9 PIERS AND JETTIES*
SIDES9 ANID FLEXIBLE. ROADS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: EN(7

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: 9EVETHENT9 PIER9 BRIDGE9 SUPPORT9 PROTECT9 STABILIZE

REF. NO.-0032

DODD, J.D. WFRP, J.W. 1975.

ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATION FOR SHORELINE STABILIZATION IN GALVESTON BAY.

U. S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, CEPC MISC. PAP. NO- 6-75. 67 PP.

THE 04JECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHICH RESIDENT SPECIES OF PLANTS ADAPTED
CONDITIONS CAN BE USED TO CONTROL SHORE EROSION IN BAYS OR ESTUARIES. WATER SALINITY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WERE DETERMINED AT THE EXPERIMENTAL PLANTING SI
EAST BAY NFAR GALVEST0119 TEXAS. THE SOIL AAS LOAM OR CLAY-LOAM TEXTURE AND WAS STRUCT
UNSTABLE AND SUBJECT TO WAVE EROSION. SOIL SALINITY VARIED FROM 2tSOO TO MORE THAN 12
PARTS PER MILLION AND WATER SALINITY FROM BELOW 29500 TO 189000 PARTS PER MILLION. TW
PLANT SPFCIES WERE SELECTED FOP EVALUATIOIJ OF THEIR ABILITY TO STABILIZE THE SHORELIN
TEMPORARY WAVE-STILLING DEVICE VAS INSTALLED TO PROMOTE PLANT ESTABLISHMENT AND SURVI
NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: 810 (mODIFYFf) AUTH-1P AH@_:T.@

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: ELATED RUT NOT APPLICAHLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0542

DODD9 J.D. WFRR, J.W. 1975.

ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATION FOR SHORFLINE STABILIZATION IN GALVESTON BAY.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PUB. NO. 6-75. 67 PP.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO OETERMINE WHICH RESIDENT SPECIES OF PLANTS ADAPTED
SALINE CONDITIONS CAN BE USED TO CONTROL SHORE EROSION IN BAYS OR ESTUARIES. WATER SA
AND SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WERE DETERMINED AT THE EXPERIMENTAL PL
SITES AT EAST BAY NEAR GALVESTON9 TEXAS. THE SOIL WAS LOAM OR CLAY-LOAM TEXTURE AND W

115

REF. NO.-0542 (CONTINUED)

STRUCTURALLY UNSTABLE AND SUbJECT TO WAVE EROSION. SOIL SALINITY VARIED FROM 20500 TO MORE
THAN 129DOO PARTS PER MILLION AND WATER SALINITY FROM BELOW 29500 TO 189000 PARTS PER MILLION.
TWELVE PLANT SPECIES WERE SELECTED FOR EVALUATION OF THEIR ABILITY TO STABLIZE THE SHORELINE.
GIANT REFD (ARUNDO DONAX) IS EFFECTIVE IN THE UPPER ZONE (ABOVE MHW). BLACK MANGROVE
(AVICENNTA GERMINANS) CAN ESTABLISH IN THE MIDDLE ZONE (MLW TO MHW) AND LOWER ZONE (BELOW
MLW). SALTGRASS (DISTICHLIS SPICATA) MAY BE USED IN THE MIDDLE ZONE IF WAVE ACTION IS LOW AT
PLANTING TTME. GULF CORDGRASS (SPARTINA SPARTINAE) IS ADAPTED FOR USE IN THE UPPER ZONE AND
SMOOTH COROGRASS (SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA) IS WELL ADAPTED FOR USE IN T'HE MIDDLE AND LOWER
ZONES. SFVFRAL COM13INATIONS OF SPECIES ARE SUGGESTED FOR DIFFERENT ZONES. AN INEXPENSIVE
WAVE-STILLING DEVICE TO PROTECT PLANTINGS FROM WAVE ACTION IS DESCRIBED. (AUTHOR AbSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFPRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: LAND PLANTS9 CH 39 ST491LIZE

REF. NO.-0003

DOLAN9 R. GOf)FPEY9 P.J. OUUMf W.E. 1973.

MANIS IMPACT nN THE BARRIER ISLANDS OF NORTH CAROLINA.

AMERICAN SCIENTIST 61:153-162.

LARGE SCALF MANIPULATIONS OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT HAVE BEEN UNDERTAKEN TO PREVENT NATURAL
PROCESSES THAT WERE THOUGHT TO BE UNDESIRABLE OR DESTRUCTIVE. AN EXAMPLE OF THE UNBALANCED
SITUATION THAT RESULTS IS THE OUTER BANKS OF NORTH CAROLINA. THERE MORE THAN A CENTURY OF DUNE
STABILIZATION ANn OTHER MAN-MADE DISTURBANCE HAS LED TO TOTAL DISRUPTION OF THE DYNAMIC
PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH BARRIER ISLANDS. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE DONE CAREFULLY SO AS
TO WORK WITH THE NATURAL PROCESSES RATHER THAN AGAINST THEM.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: DROTECT9 RECREATION9 EROSIONg CR 59 CR 6

REF. NO.-0107

DOLAN9 R. HAYDEN9 8. 1974.

ADJUSTING TO NATURE IN OUR NATIONAL SEASHORES.

NATL. PARKS CONSERV. MAG. 48(6): 9-14.

A NEW NATIONAL PARK SERVICE POLICY ADOPTED SEPTEMBER 28# 1973 STATES THAT AN EFFORT TO ADJUST
TO THE NATURAL MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC FORCES SHAPING NATIONAL SEASHORES AND LAKESHORES WILL BE
MADE RATHER THAN TO TRY TO CONTROL COASTAL PROCESSES. PREVIOUS COSTLY ATTEMPTS TO PROTECT

116

REF. NO.-0107 (CONTINUED)

AND/OR PPEVENT COASTAL CHANGE WAS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH ORIGINAL NATIONAL SEASHORE MANAGEMENT
POLICY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0265

DOLAN9 R. 1966.

BEACH CHANGES ON THE OUTER BANKS OF NORTH CAROLINA.

ANNALS ASSOCo AMER. GEOG. 56:699-711.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SURF-ZONE PROCESSES AND SUBAERIAL BEACH CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED AS THEY
OCCUR ON BODIE ISLAND9 NORTH CAROLINA. THE PROCESSES INCLUDE: WAVE HEIGHT9 WAVE PERIOD9 WAVE
DIRECTIOM9 AND STILL-WATER LEVEL. MEASUREMENTS OF BEACH CHANGE INCLUDE: BEACH THICKNESS9
WIDTH9 AND SLOPE9 AS WELL AS THE SIZE AND SORTING OF THE BEACH-FACE SEDIMENT. ANALYSIS REVEALS
THAT CHANGES IN THESE BEACH CHARACTERISTICS ARE PREDICTABLE USING ONLY TWO OF THE PROCESS
FACTORS CONSIDERED: WAVE HEIGHT AND STILL WATER LEVEL. LARGE WAVES WITH HIGH WATER LEVELS
CAUSE RAPID REDUCTIONS IN BEACH THICKNESS9 WIDTH9 AND SLOPE. SMALL WAVES WITH LOW WATER LEVELS
ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THICKER9 WIDER9 AND STEEPER BEACHES. SEDIMENT SIZE AND SORTING SHOW LITTLE
ASSOCIATION WITH THE PROCESSES OR BEACH CONFIGURATION. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0124

DUANE* D.B. HAPRIS9 D.L. BRUN09 R.O. HANDS9 E.B. 1975.

A PRIMER OF BASIC CONCEPTS OF LAKESHORE PROCESSES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER NO. 1-75. 29 PP.

WATER WAVES AND CURRENTS VARY AMONG OTHER THINGS9 WITH GEOGRAPHY9 WATER LEVEL (STAGE OF TIDE)q
SEASONt AND OFFSHORE SLOPE. THE NET EFFECT OF WAVE AND CURRENT FORCES IMPINGING UPON A
SHORELINFi OCEAN OR LAKE 15 TO CHANGE THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE COASTLINE AS A RESULT OF EROSION9
TRANSPORT9 AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT- IN GENERAL9 THE MODEL OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CAN BE
THOUGHT OF AS MOVEMENT OF A SAND GROIN FRUM SOME SOURCE SUCH AS A HEADLAND9 TO A BARRIER
BEACH9 TO A DUNEt INTO AN INLET OR TO AN OFFSHORE SINK. KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROCESSES OF EROSIONg
TRANSPORTATION9 AND DEPOSTION OF SEDIMENT IMPLICIT IN THIS MODEL IS OF VALUE TO THE ENGINEER
AND THE GEOLOGIST AS WELL AS THE SHORELINE PROPERTY OWNER. CONCEPTS OF GENERATION OF WATER

117

REF. NO.-0124 (CONTINUED)

MOTIONS AND DIRECTIONS OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF THE*FLOW WATER LEVELS AND THEIR
PERIODICTTyv BED FORM GENERATION AND MOVEMENT AND SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT AND TRANSPORT
FUNDAMENTAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF LAKESHORE PROCESSES. BASIC ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT
TERMS# ADE PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: ';EDIMENTATION EROSION, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 8

REF. NO.-016b

DUNHAM J.W. BARRETT R.J. 174.

WOVEN PLASTIC CLOTH FILTERS FOR STONE SEAWALLS.

J. WATERWAYS WAPHOkS AND COASTAL ENG. DIV. ASCE 100(WW1):13-22.

THE USE OF CLOTH FILTERS IS A METHOD OF FILTERING FOR VARIOUS KINDS OF CONCRETE-BLOCK
STONE REVETMENTS, SEAWALLS JETTIES AND BREAKWATERS. THIS PAPER IS A PROGRESS REPORT
INCREASING USE IN SEAWALLS ARMORED WITH LARGE STONE. ANALYSIS IS LIMITED TO TWO PLAST
CLOTHS WITH DISTINCT OPENINGS* WOVEN OF MONOFILAMENT YARNS. BOTH WERE DESIGNED SPECIF
FOP USE AS FILTERS AND HAVE BEEN USED IN OVER 100 OCEANFRONT STONE SEAWALLS. THE CONC
THAT PLATTC CLOTH FILTERS PROPERLY INSTALLED PROVIDE SECURITY AGAINST LOSS OF RETAIN
MATERIAL IN A MORE POSITIVE MANNER THAN IS POSSIBLE WITH A FILTER COMPOSED ONLY OF RO
PRODUCTS.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT BULKHEAD JETTY STABILIZEi PROTECT SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-040I

DUNHAMv J.W. FINN A.A. 174.

SMALL CRAFT HARROPS: DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. CERC SPECIAL REPORT NO. 2. 375 PP.

ANALYTICAL DATA ANU DESI6N STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED FOR USE IN THE DEVE
OF SMALL-CPAFT HARBORS AND LAUNCHING FACILITIES UNDER A WIDE VARIETY OF CONDITIONS AP
TO A BROAD SPECTRUM OF GE06RAPHIC LOCATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND GOVERNMENTAL CO
ASPECTS ARE DISCUSSED. PrIOCEDURES FOR DETERMINING PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND POSSIBLE SO
GOVERNMEkJTAL ASSISTANCE ARE PRESENTED. HARBOR OPERATIONS AND ADMINISTRATION ARE REVIE
SEVERAL CASE HISTORIES ARE INCLUDED. (ALJTH()P AHSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENO
118

REF. NO.0401 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HAOROH BULKHEAD JETTY REVETMENTt PILING RAMPt PIER

REF. NO.-0002

DIANGREMOND K. SPANi H.J. VAN DER WEIDE J. WOESTENENK A.J. 170.

USE OF ASPHALT IN 8REAKWATER CONSTRUCTION.

PP. 1601-1627 IN PROC. 12TH COASTAL ENGINEERING CONF.

AMONG THF MANY TYPES OF bREAKWATER CONSTRUCTIONS THE SO-CALLED RU88LEMOUNDI TYPE IS
USED. FOP THE CONSTRUCTION OF EXPOSED RU86LE-MOUND BREAKWATERS RELATIVELY LARGE UNITS
NECESSARY TO CREATE A STABLE STRUCTURE. IN MANY PLACES IN THE WORLD ROCK OF THE REUI
IS NOT AVATLABLE AT REASONABLE COST WHICH GAVE RISE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GREAT VA
ARMOUR UNITS.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERrNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RRFAKWATER JETTY, TRAINING PROTECT

REF. NO.-0272

EARATTUPUZHA J.J. RAMAN H. 172.

A RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE SELECTION OF SHORE PROTFCTION MEASURES.

J. INST. ENG. (INDIA) CIV. ENG. DIV. 52(11):31o-314.

IN THIS PADER AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO CLASSIFY THE SHORE PROTECTION WORKS ON THE BASIS
CAUSES AND CONDITIONS OF SHORE PROCESSES WHICH NECESSITATE PROTECTION. REMEDIAL MEASU
SUITABLE FOR SOME OF THE FUNDAMENTAL SITUATIONS ON THE COAST ARE SUGGESTED SO AS TO 8
TO THE CnASTAL ENGINEER IN SELECTING THE RIGHT TYPE OF SHORE IMPROVEMENT DEVICE. THE
IS NECESAPILY CAUSE-RELATED SO THAT THE EUILIBRIUM OF ADJACENT REACHES IS LEAST DIS
NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: ENG (AJTHI)k AB

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: ULKHEAD PROTLCT. BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0084

EBERHART R.C. CHAPMAN V.J. DUGGEko M.S. 174.

REF. NO.-0084 (CONTINUED)

PRESSURES ON THE EDGES OF CHESAPEAKE BAY: 1973.

CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM# INCORPORATEDo BALTIMORE. CRC PUBL. NO. 26. 51 PP-+MAPS.

APPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY TO THE BALTIMORE AND NORFOLK ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES WERE ANALYZED. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF
APPLICATTON AND PERMIT TYPES; STRUCTURE TYPES MOST FREQUENTLY APPLIED FOR AND MOST FREQUENTLY
GRANTED; DISTRIBUTION OF APPLICATIONS AND PERMITS ACCORDING TO EXTENT OR MAGNITUDE OF
ALTERATION: DISTRIBUTION OF APPLICATIONS AND PERMITS ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP AND USE; WETLANDS
AND CRITTCAL NATURAL AREAS POTENTIALLY IMPACTED BY PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS OF THE SHORELINE.
FIFTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE MARYLAND APPLICATIONS CAME FROM ONLY THREE COUNTIES. VIRGINIA BEACH9
NORFOLK AND LANCASTER AND YORK COUNTIES ACCOUNTED FOR 43 PERCENT OF THE VIRGINIA APPLICATIONS.
PERMITS WERE GRANTED FOR A MUCH LOWER PERCENTAGE OF DREDGING AND CHANNELIZATION APPLICATIONS
THAN FOR PIERS, PILES AND BULKHEADING APPLICATIONS. A SUBSTANTIAL PERCENTAGE OF THE
APPLICATTONS CAME FROM PRIVATE CITIZENS. OF APPLICATIONS FOR WHICH SHORELINE DATA WERE
AVAILABLFs P5 PERCENT INVOLVED MARSHES9 AND MORE MAY HAVE INVOLVED NARROW FRINGE MARSHES.
RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE A NEED TO CONSIDER PATTERNS OF ALTERATIONS9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 AND
ANALYSIS OF PERMITS NOT REQUIRING CORPS OF ENGINEERS APPROVAL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0018

ECKHART9 B. 1968.

DEATH OF GALVFSTON BAY.

TRANS. 33RD N. AMER. WILDL. CONF. PP. 79-90.

fIFTY YEARS AGO GALVESTON BAY HAD MANY LIVE OYSTER REEFS AND MANY SPECIES OF SPORT FISH AND
MARINE OPGANISMS. THE DEMAND FOR OYSTER SHELLS FOR BUILDING ROADS AND FOR THE CALCIUM
CARBONATE CONTENT WAS SUCH THAT A LARGE INDUSTRY WAS DEVELOPED TO MINE THIS COMMODITY BY
DREDGING. THE RESULTING DESTRUCTIO14 OF REEFS AND RESULTANT DESTRUCTION OF MARINE HABITAT HAS
GREATLY REDUCED THE BIOMASS OF THE BAY. COMPARISON OF THE ECONOMIC RETURN OF MINING SHELLS
WITH THE VALUE ASSOCIATED WITH THE BAY AS A PRODUCER OF MARINE LIFE SHOWS SHELL MINING VALUE
TIMES LESS. POLLUTION BY HUMAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE ALSO THREATENS THE BAY AND HAS REDUCED THE
AREA OF THE BAY FIT FOR COMMERICIAL PRODUCTION OF OYSTERS. THE FILL OF ONSHORE WETLANDS ALSO
CONTRIBUTES TO THE DECLINE OF THE,PRODUCTIVITY OF THE BAY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

120

REF. NO.-0389

ECOLOGICAL SUB-COMMITTEE FOR THE VANCOUVER INTERNATL. AIRPORT PLAN. COMM. 1976.

AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE VANCOUVER INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION PROPOSALS.

A SUMMARY REPnRT. 22 PP.

THE FINDINGS OF THE ECOLOGICAL SUB-COMMITTEE9 AN INTERDISCIPLINARY INTER-AGENCY STUDY GROUP
ARE PRESENTED. THE REPORT PROVIDES ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON THE RESOURCES OF THE FRASER RIVER
ESTUARY/DELTAq IT DOCUMENTS RESOURCE USES9 REVIEWS CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS9 ADDRESSES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THAT WOULD RESULT FROM EXPANSION OF VANCOUVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT9 IT
RECOGNIZES THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF THE AREA AND MAKES A $ERIES
OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESOLVING LAND-RESOURCE PROBLEMS

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RESEARCH NEEDS9 JETTY4 BREAKWATER9 CAUSEWAY9 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0140

EDMUND9 NiW- 1967.

OLD TIRES: THE IDEAL BUILDING MATERIAL FOR BUILDING FISH HAVENS.

SANTA CRUZ ANALING AND HUNTING CLUB9 SANTA CRUZ9 CALIFORNIA. BIG TREES PRESS. 15 PP.

THIS BOOKLET IS DESIGNED TO CALL ATTENTION TO POTENTIAL USEFULNESS OF OLD TIRES9 SUGGEST SOME
IDEAS AND TO URGE FISHERMEN TO AID IN THE BUILDING OF EXPERIMENTAL TIRE FISH HAVENS. POOR
FISHING IS CITED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SEVERAL FACTORS: INSECT SPRAYS AND POLLUTION HAVE UPSET
THE WHOLF LIFE CHAIN OF MARINE ORGANISMS; RECLAIMING OF MARSHLANDS; DESTRUCTION OF BOTTOM
HABITAT RY NETS DRAGGING BOTTOM FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN; INCREASED TRAWLER EFFICIENCY AND
INCREASING RECREATIONAL CATCHES. METHODS FOR SINKING AND ANCHORING THE TIRES ARE GIVEN.
DIFFERENT WAYS TIRES CAN BE ATTACHED TOGETHER FOR POSSIBLE HAVENS AND AREAS OF EFFECTIVENESS
ARE COVERED. SOME COMMENTS ON VARIOUS STRUCTURES9 ARTIFICIAL SEAWEED OR CONCRETE FISH HOUSES
ARE OFFERED AND SEVERAL POINTS FOR FURTHERING THE TIRE HAVEN CONCEPT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PEFF9 FISH9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0172

EDWARDS9 P. 1976.

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE SEAWEEDS AND SEA GRASSES IN THE VICINITY OF PORT ARANSAS9 TEXAS.

UNIV. OF TEXAS PRESS9 AUSTINg TEXAS. PP. 2-3. 121

REF. NO.-0172 (CONT.INUED)

SEAWEEDS AND SEA GRASSES IN THE VICINITY OF PORT ARANSAS# TEXAS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS
ILLUSTRATED GuiDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF MARINE PLANTS. METHODS OF COLLECTION AND
PRESERVATION ARE GIVEN.

NATURE Of REFERENCE: 10

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS.* AUATIC PLANTSt HAHITAT CR 3 JETTYY PILING

REF. NO.-0268

ELLIFRIT N.J. YOSHINAKAi M.S. COONt O.W. 1`72.

SOME OBSERVATTONS OF CLAM OISTRI13UTtON AT FOUR SITES ON HOOD CANALv WASHINGTON.

PROC. NATL. SHELLFISH ASSOC. 63:7.

A STUDY OF INrERTIOAL SHELLFISH PORULATIONS ON HOOD CANAL WAS CONDUCTED. THE PURPOSE 0
STUDY WAI:@ To OETEMINE WHETHER 13ULKHEADS AND ATTENDANT FILL IN THE UPPER INTERTIDAL LE
HA@E AN FFFECt UPON SHELLFIS@,. FOUR SITES WERE EXAMINED WITH SAMPLES COLLECTED ALONG F
TRANSECTS PERPENDICULA,( TO THE SHORLINE AT EACH SITE. TWO TRANSECTS WERE LOCATED IN FR
BULKHEAD AND TWO ON AN A0JACFNT NATURAL BEACH. AT THREE OF THE SITES MORE THAN TWICE A
CLAMS wEPE FOUND ON NATURAL BEACHES AS ON BULKHEADED BEACHES. THERE WAS ALSO A TREND T
DIFFERENCES IN SIZE ANO UT$TPIROTION. CLAMS INHABITING LOWER INTERTIDAL LEVELS DID NOT
BE AFFECTED 8Y BULKHEAOS. THE MOST PROBABLE EXPLANATION FOR THE 08SERVED DIFFERENCES W
CHANGE IN CURRENT PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH bULKHEADSi WHICH RESULT IN LESS FAVORABLE
CONDITIONS FOR SETTLING AND SURVIVAL OF CLAM LARVAE* AND MAY ALSO CAUSE A REDUCTION IN
AVAILABILITY OF NOTRIENTS AND FOOO.

NATURE OF REFPRENCE: SIO

TYPE OF RFFEkFNCE: P04

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD, CR I@ SHELLFISH

REF. No.-0141

ELLIS, M-M- 136.

EROSION SILT 61; A FACTOR IN AWUATIC ENVIRONMENTS.

ECOLOGY 17(l): ?-42.

THE BEHAVIOR OF SILT ANO ITS IMPACT ON INLAND STREAMS ARE REVIEWED. EROSION SILT ALTER
AGUATIC ENVIRONMENTS CHIEFLY 8Y SCReENING OUT LIGHTt CHANGING HEAT RADIATION* BLANKET0I
STREAM BnTTOMi ANO BY RETAINING ORGANIC MATERIAL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL 122

REF. NO.0141 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: rROSION SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0443

ELLIS R.H. 172.

COASTAL ZONE MANA6EMFNT SYSTEM: A COMBINATION OF TOOLS-

TOOLS FOR COASTAL ZONF -AANA6EMENT. CONF. PROC. WASH. D.C. PP. 5-112.

A COMBINATTON OF SYSTEM TECHNIOUES FOR ORGANIZING, SYNTHESIZING ANALYZING AND APPLYI
INFORMATTON FOR COASTAL ZONE 4ANAGEMENT IS DISCUSSED. THE RESULTS OF INFORMATION COLL
STORAGE PETRIVAL; MODELS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL TOOLS*- CAUSE-EFFECT INFORMATION; AND DE
ANAYLTICAL APPROACHES ARE COMBINED INTO ONE MANAGMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM. IT IS CONCL
PLANNING AND '4ANA(3EMENT OF OF COASTAL ZONE RESOURCES SHOULD HAVE HIGH PRIORITY AND LI
SUPPORT.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RJT NOT APPLICAbLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-005

EL-ASHRY M.T. 171-

CAUSES OF RECVNT INCREASED EROSION ALONG UNITED STATES SHORELINES.

GEOL. SOC. AMFR. HULL. 82:?033-2038.

THE PRESFNCE OF REACH RIDGES EXTENDING PARALLEL TO THE PRESENT SHORELINES OF MANY ARE
U.S. COAT3 INDICATES PROGRADATION OF THESE AREAS AFTER THE LAST GLACIAL STAGE OF THE
PLEISTOCPNF EPOCH. THE GENERAL TREND OF SHORELINE CHANGES IN THE PAST 100 YEARS HOWE
EROSION OF SEVERAL PIUNURED FEET OF THE BEACHES. THREE MAJOR CAUSES ARE CONSIDERED RES
FOR SUCH INCREASED EROSION. THESE ARE: (1) HURRICANES AND SEVERE STORMS; (2) RECENT E
RISE IN '-FA LEVEL; AND (3) INTERFERENCE BY MAN vJITH NATUHAL SHORE PROCESSES.(AJTlo

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: FROSIONi JETTYt CR 4t STA81LIZE

123

REF. NO.-0365

ENVIRONMENT CANADA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 1975.

CANADA-ONTARIO GREAT LAKES SHORE DAMAGE SURVEY.

TECHNICAL REPORT . ENVIRON. CANADA9 MIN NAT. RES. 97 PP.

STORM ACTION COMBINED 41TH RECORD HIGH WATER LEVELS IN 1972-73 CAUSEO'EXTENSIVE DAMAGE To
GREAT LAKES SHORELINES. THIS REPORT DESC41BES THAT DAMAGE AND MAKES REC04MENDATIONS TO
MINIMIZE STMILAR DAMAGE IN THE FUTURE. METHODS AND CRITERIA OF THE SURVEY ARE DESCRIBED.
DISCUSSIONS OF EROSION AND INUNDATION CAUSES AND MAGNITUDE OF EROSION AS WELL AS CONSEQUENCES
OF SHORELINE DAMAGE ARE INCLUDED. RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE DEFINITION OF SHORELINE HAZARD
LANDS9 DFVELOPMENT OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLANS9 SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES TO BE MADE9
CONTINUEn MONITORING AND AN INTENSIFICATION OF PUBLIC AWARNESS PROGRAMS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICA6LE To THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0481

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LABORATORY9 INC. 1977.

CHAPTER IV: TECHNICAL WETLANDS MANUAL (REVIEW COPY9 SUBJECT TO REVISION).

PREPARED FOR U.S. ARMY ENGINEER INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESOURCES9 FORTBELVOIR9 VA. CONTRACT NO. DACW
72-77-C-003. 59 PP.

THIS REPORT 15 WRITTEN To BE USED AS A GUIDE FOR DESIGNERS OF WETLAND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.
GENERICALLY9 WETLAND CONSTRUCTION MAY NOT BE CONSISTENT WITH OUR EVOLVING NATIONAL POLICY OF
WETLAND PROTECTION9 BUT IT IS REALISTIC TO ASSUME THAT SOME FUTURE WETLAND CONSTRUCTION WILL
STILL BE NECESSARY. IN CASES WHERE WETLAND USE REQUIRES THE BUILDING OF STRUCTURES9 DESIGNS
ARE AVAILABLE WHICH MITIGATE9 AND IN SOME CASES ELIMINATE9 THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THESE
STRUCTURFS. SUCH DESIGNS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT ALONG WITH THE RATIONALE EXPLAINING EACH
DESIGNS PARTICULAR ATTRIBUTES FOR WETLAND PROTECTION. THE UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF
VARIOUS STRUCTURES ARE ALSO 01SCUSSED9 AS IS THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EACH OF THESE EFFECTS.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS NOT TO JUSTIFY OR ENCOURAGE WETLAND CONSTRUCTIONt BUT RATHER TO
DRAW TOGETHER STATE-OF-THE-APT DESIGNS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF STRUCTURES OR CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIFS. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUH

DESCRIPTORS: PILING9 HAkBORv PIER9 BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 GROINt DREDGE/FILL

124

REF. NO.025,

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER. 1,73a.

SEA GRANT NEWSLETTER INDEX, 1,68-72.

COMPILED BY P.K. WEEDMAN. U-S-DEPT. OF COMMERCE. NOAA TECH. MEMO. EDS ESIC-10. 157 PP.

INDEX OF ALL ISSUES OF NEWSLETTERS THAT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED WITH SEA GRANT SUPPORT, RE
THE NATInN&L SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0260

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER, 1,73b.

SEA GRANT PUBLICATIONS INDEA, 1,68-72.

COMPILED BY P.K. WEEDmAN. U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE. NOAA TECH. MEMO. EDS ESIC-8,. 2 VOLS.

INDEX OF MATERIALS RECEIVED BY THE NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY THROUGH 31 JANUARY I
THE EXCEPTION OF NEWSLETTERS WHICH APPEAR IN THE SEA GRANT NEWSLETTER INDEX.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0112

ERCHINGER, H.r. I70.

LAND RECLAMATTON AND GROIN-bUILDING IN THE TIDAL FLATS.

PROC. 12TH COASTAL ENG. CONF. AMER. SOC- CIVIL ENG. PP. 1041-1052.

ALONG THr NORTH SEA COAST OF GERMANY THERE ARE TWO LARGE AREAS WHERE LAND RECLAMATION
THE TIDAL FLATS IS BEING CARRIED OUT. CONDITIONS AND WORKING METHODS FOR LAND RECLAMA
TIDAL FLATS AS WELL AS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW GROIN CONSTRUCTIONS ON THE OSTFRIESIAN
DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB
125

REF. NO.-0112 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN

REF. NO.-0410

FETTEROLF, C.M., JR. 1,76.

LETTER TO 0. GRANGER, MICH16AN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

EXECUTIVE SECPFTARY, GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMM.

A NUMBER OF 06SERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF SHORELINE AND LAKE BED MODIFICATIONS ARE I
IN THIS LETTER. THE WRITER FEELS THAT DECISIONS TO GRANT'OR DENY PERMITS ARE MADE ON
CASE-RY-CA';E 13ASIS WITHOUT BENEFIT OF AN OVERALL KNOWLEDGE OF WHETHER A PARTICULAR HA
TYPE TO PE ALTERED IS 6Y ITS SCARCITY AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE, ALREADY LIMITING THE FISH
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES IN A WATER BODY. MAPPING OF SHORELINES AND LITTORAL ZONES TO ID
EXISTING MnDIFICATIUNS AND PROVIDE AN INVENTORY OF WHAT BIOLOGICALLY VALUABLE HABITAT
IS NECESARY TO REACH ANY DEFENSIBLE DECISION ON FUTURE PERMIT APPLICATIONS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: UNP0-,i

DESCRIPTORS: CR 8, HARITAT, LEGAL

REF. NO.-0244

FINE, J.C. 1,76.

HYDROSTRUCTURFS COLONIZE THE DEEP.

WATER SPECTRUM 8(2):27-34.

1HYDROSTRUCTURE' OR THE BUILDING OF ARTIFICIAL SUBMARINE REEFS TO INSURE CONTINUANCE
AMPLE FOnr) SUPPLY AND PRESERVATION OF SPAWNING GROUNDS IS DISCUSSED. IN THE PAST, CON
WAS HAPHAZARD? NOW IT IS BECOMING A CAREFULLY REGULATED PROCEDURE. THE AUTHOR CONCLUD
MANIS SUPVIVAL DFPEN05,ON CAPEFUL HUSBANDY OF OUR OCEANS AS WELL AS TERRESTRIAL RESO
AND STRESFS THAT IN ORDER TO REAP, IT 15 NECESSARY TO PLANT.

NATURE OF REFrPFNCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERPNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PEFF

REF. NO.-0554

FLORIDA BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIO. 1,75.

126

REF. N.554 (CONTINUED)

GUIDELINES FOP ASSESSMENT OF DREDGE AND FILL PROJECTS.

FLORIDA BUR. rNV. PROT. TALLAHASSFE, FL. 16 PP.

THE FLORTOA GAME AND FRESHwATEP FISH COMMISSION IS GIVEN OVERALL REGULATORY AND ADMINI
POWERS FOP THE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE AND FRESHWATER AUATIC LIFE. IMPL
THIS AUTwORITY AND SPECIFICALLY REUESTED IN STATE AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION IS THE FUNC
ASSESSING AND REPORTIN6 1"0 V4,IOUS STATE AND FEDERAL AUENCIES THE IMPACTS OF PROPOSED
DREDGE/FTLL PROJECTS. THIS DOCUME14T IS DESIGNED TO FAMILIARIZE THE INVOLVED AGENCIES W
CONCEPTS AND CRITERIA UTILIZED IN MAKING SUCH ASSESSMENTS. GUIDELINES WHICH WOULD MINI
DREDGING IMPACT ON WILDLIFE AND AUATIC LIFE ARE GIVEN.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: CP 3, CR 4, CR 5, DREDGE/FILL, PIER* PRODUCTIVITY, BENTHOSv HARBORv BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-051,

FLORIDA COASTAL COORDINATING COUNCIL. 1,73.

RECOMMENDATIONIS FOR DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN FLORIDA'S COASTAL ZONE.

STATE OF FLORTDA DEPT NAT. RES., TALLAHASSEE. APPENDIX 1. PP. 1-3.

THE APPENIDTX OUTLINES 0ESIbN CRITERIA FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MARINAS, DOCKS AND PIERS,
DPEDGE/FTLI ACTIVITIES THAT WOULD MINIMIZE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON THE FLORIDA
ZONE.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: FNG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: WAPHOR, MOORIN6t LAUNCH, CH 3, CR 4, CR 5, PIER, DREDGE/FILL, CR 3, CR 4, CR 5

REF. NO.-0228

FLORIDA DEPARTMFNT OF NATUkAL RESOURCES. 1,73.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN FLORIDA'S COASTAL ZONE.

STATE OF FLORTOA, TALLAHASSEE PP. 12-14.

RECOMMENnATIONS ARE GIVEN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF BULKHEADS, BREAKWATERS, JETTIES, GROI
DOCKS ANn PIERS AND FOR DREDGING AND FILLING AND REMOVAL OF NATURAL VEGETATION ALONG FL
SHORELINF.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: F'46

127

REF. NO.-0226 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS*. POLKHEAD, 8REAKwATER9 JETTY9 UROINq DREDGE/FILL9 PROTECT9 CR 39 CR 49 CR 5

REF. NO.-0191

FLORIDA ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19bB.

ENGINEERING PQOGRESS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA.

GAINESVILLE9 FLLEAFLET NO. 196. 75 PP.

INDEX OF PUSLTCATIONS OF THE FLORIDA ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR THE
MONTH OF DECEMRER9 1968.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RIBLIOGRaPHY

REF. NO.-0207

FLORIDA GAME AND FRESHWATER FISH COMMISSION- 1975.

GUIDELINES FOO ASSESSMENT OF DREDGE AND FILL PROJECTS.

FLORIDA GAME AND FRESHWATER FISH COMM. 16 PP.

ARTICLE TV. SECTION 9 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA GIVES THE GAME AND
FRESHWATFR FISH COMMISSION REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS FOR MANAGEMENT AND
PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE AND FRESHWATER AQUATIC LIFE. THIS DOCUMENT IS DESIGNED TO FAMILIARIZE
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES9 INDIVIDUALS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC WITH CONCEPTS AND CRITERIA CONCERNING
IMPACTS OF DREDGE AND FILL PROJECTS ON WILDLIFE AND FRESHWATER AQUATIC LIFE. ONLY THE DEGREE
TO WHICH PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION WILL AFFECT HABITAT AND INDIVIDUAL SPECIES OF FISH AND
WILDLIFE APE CONSIDERED. A NUMBER OF GUIDELINES APPLICABLE TO ALL DEVELOPMENTS ARE GIVEN AS
ARE EVALtIATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF SHORT AND LONG TERM IMPACTS. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
GUIDELINES FOR DOCKS9 PLATFORMS AND PIERS NOT REQUIRING DREDGING9 FOR BOAT BASINS9 FOR
BULKHEADS AND SEAWALLS9 FOR BRIDGES AND FOR SEVERAL OTHER CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN WETLANDS
ARE SET nOWN.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: PIER9 HARBOR9 OREDGE/FTLL9 BULKHEAD9 BRIDGE9 CR 39 CR 49 CR 5

128

REF. NO.-0361

FORNEY9 F.H. LYNDE9 G.A. 1951.

BEACH PROTECTION ENGINEERS ATTEMPT TO OUTWIT NATURE AT PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA-

CIVIL ENGINEEOING9 ASCE. 21(9):28-31.

A HISTORY OF ATTEMPTS TO PROTECT PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA FROM EROSION IS PRESENTED. THE VARIOUS
METHODS USED INCLUDE BREAKWATERS9 REVETMENT9 BULKHEADING9 JETTIES AND GROINS. A PROPOSED
PROJECT USING GROINS AND ARTIFICIAL BEACH NOURISHMENT IS DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 HARBOR9 REVETMENT9 BULKHEAD9 GROIN9 JETTY9 STABILIZE9 PROTECT9 EROSIONg
LITTORAL PROCESSES9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0080

FREDERIKSEN, H.D. 1971.

WAVE ATTENUATION BY FLUID FILLED HAGS.

J. WATERWAYS9 HARBORS AND COASTAL ENGINEERING DIV.9 PROC. AMER. SOC. OF CIVIL ENG. (WW1):73-90.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE MASSIVE STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS TYPES REMAINS THE MOST COMMON APPROACH
To SHELTER AN AREA FROM WAVES. THIS PAPER INVESTIGATES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PORTABLE
FLUID-FILLED FLOATING BLANKET AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO MAJOR CONSTRUCTION TO PROTECT AN AREA FROM
WAVES. TESTS WERE MADE UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERCNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: '@REAKWATER

REF. NO.-0505

FREY9 K.P.H. 1974.

DEVELOPMENT OF HERMAPHRODITE BREAKWATER UNITS UTILIZING HYDROFOILS INSPECIFIC ARRANGEMENTS.

PP. 113-129 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT9 RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (Q.V.
KOWALSK19 1974A).

THE PRESFNT STUDIES HAVE CONTINUED EXPLORATIONS ON WHETHER THERE ARE MERITS IN USING BASIC
AIRFOIL OR HYDROFOIL RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS. PREVIOUS TESTS HAVE BEEN
EXTENDED IN THIS STUDY TO PROVIDE A BROADER BASIS FOR JUDGMENT OF BREAKWATER UNITS OF
DISCONTINUOUS SURFACE; EMPHASIS HAS BEEN TO THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THICKNESS RATIO (H/C) OF
129

REF. NO.-0505 (CONTINUED)

SECTIONS. THE MOST INTERESTING RESULT SEEMS TO OCCUR WHEN TWO TYPES OF UNITS WITH A
DISCONTIklUOUS SURFACE AND WITH A CONTINUOUS SURFACE ARE COMBINED. BEACH-LIKE INCLINAT
THE LEAOTNG EDGE LOWEk THAN THE TRAILING EDGE WERE GENERALLY MOST EFFECTIVE IN THESE
COMPOSITF RREAKWATER WITH A DISCONTINUOUS SURFACE AND A UNIT OF CONTINUOUS SURFACE SH
ADJUSTED SO THAT THE DISCONTINUOUS PORTION ACHIEVES A SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF THE TOTAL
WAVE ATTFNIJATION, WHERE THIS IS PHYSICALLY FEASIHLE AND NEEDED. THE CONTINUOUS PORTIO
BREAKWATFR ACHIEVES THE FINAL REASONABLE H16H ATTENUATION OF WAVES IN A WAY WHICH RED
CHANCE THAT POLLUTION SPILLS IN THE UPPER WATER LAYERS CAN EXPAND BEYOND THE DEVICE.
SPECIAL KIND OF HERMAPHRODITE DEVICE IS SUGGESTED.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERPNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0532

GAGE9 B.O. 1970.

EXPERIMENTAL DUNES OF THE TEXAS COAST.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER NO. 1-70. 34 PPo

REPORT Or'SCRTHES EAPEkIMENTS OF CEATING AND STABILIZING SAND DUNES TO PROTECT THE CO
LOCATION WERE SELECTEO; THE SW END OF GALVESTON ISLAND9 PACKERY CHANNEL9 NEWPORT PAS
NORTH PADRE ISLAND AND CORPUS CHRISTI PASS. LOW AREAS OF THE BARRIER ISLANDS WERE PLA
BEACH GRASS 114 AN ATTtMPT TO ESTABLISH DUNES WITHOUT THE AID OF SAND FENCES. SNOW FEN
USED TO ACCUMULATE WINUBLOWN SAND9 AND BEACH GRASS PLANTED TO STABILIZE DUNES. JUNK C
WERE PLACED IN LINE PARALLEL TO BEACHES TO ESTABLISH AND STABILIZE DUNES 13Y TRAPPING
SINCE SNDW FENCES ARF AOHE EFFECTIVE AND mUCH CHEAPER9 JUNK CARS ARE NOT RECOMMENDED
BUILDING DUNES. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFPFNCE: FNG

TYPE OF REFERFNiCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: DELATED RUT Nor APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-025

GAlTHERt W.S. 1970.

RESEARCH IN THE OCEANIC FNVj,4C)Nr-lFNT.

ANNUAL STATUS REPORT9 UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, NEWARK. 18 PP.

PROGRESS DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMEN
SECTION nF THE ATLANTIC SEA COAST (DELAWAE AND ADJACENT NEW JERSEY AND MARYLAND AREA

130

REF. N.0253 (CONTINUED)

SUMMARIZED. INCLUDED ARE FIELD, LABORATORY, AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SEDIMENTARY
PROCESSES. COASTAL VEGETATION, TIDAL MARSH SOILS, WAVE ACTION AND ATTENUATION, AIR-SEA
INTERACTIONS, GEOLOGICAL HISTORY AND MARINE BIOLOGY. CORRELATION OF GROUND OBSERVATIONS WITH
HIGH ALTITUDE PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGERY TO PROVIDE A USEFUL METHOD FOR THE REMOTE CHARACTERIZATION
OF SUCH C0ASTAL REGIONS IS AN IMPORTANT OBJECTIVE. (wis ABST,ACf)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT NOT APPLICAHLE TO THIS STUDY

P.EF. NO.-0283

GANT79 L.K. 1975.

ECOLOGICAL CONISTOERATIONS REGARDING USE OF BULf@HEADS AND RIPkAP IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY ESTU
SHORE EROSION CONTROL.

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. (MIMEO.).

THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPER IS TO CAREFULLY EXAMINE AND COMPARE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
OF ROCK PIPRAP REVLTMENTS AND TIMBER BULKHEADS IN SHORE EROSION CONTROL. THE BIOLOGIC
IMPACTS nF 60TH STPUCTORF'-, APE DESCRIBED AND COMPARED. COST ESTIMATES FOR TYPICAL STR
APE PROVTOED. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES THAT RIPRAP IS A MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE
ALTERNATTVF TO THE USE OF SULKHEAOS FOR SHORE EROSION CONTROL ALONG THE CHESAPEAKE BA
SHORELINF.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: IO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUd

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECT- vfEVETAENT9 i-5ULKHEAD STA131LIZE9 ECONOMICS9 CR 69 EROSION

REF. NO.-0076

GARBISCH9 E.W.9 J14. WOLLFt@ P.H. MCCALLUM9 R.J. 1975.

SALT MARSH ESTAPLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECHNICAL MEMO. NO. 52. 110 PP.

THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMFNT OF SEEDLING TRANSPLANTS FOR SHORELINE EROSION ABATE
REPORTED FOR SPARTINA ALTF@RNIFLORA WITHIN THE INTERTIDAL ZONES AND FOR SPARTINA PATEN
SPARTINA CYNOSUPOIDES, DISTICHLIS SPICATA9 AND AMMOPHILA BREVILIGULATA, WITHIN THE SUP
ZONES@ O@ A DREDGED-MArERIAL SITE AND THREE SANDY SHORE SITES IN THE mID- CHESAPEAKE
REGION. NO LIMITATIONS WERE FOUND FOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT ABOVE MEAN HIGH WATER (MHW)
EXPERIMENTAL SITES. IN PLACES9 ESTABLISHMENT OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA IN THE INTERTID
WAS LIMITED BY WAVE AND SUSPENI)ED COARSE SEDIMENT STRESSES. SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TRA

131

REF. NO.-0076 (CONTINUED)

MORTALITIES IN HIGH-STRESS INTERTIDAL AREAS INCREASED WITH DECREASING ELEVATION, AND
WITH PERIODIC FERTILIZATIONS OR FROM MID-SPRING, AS OPP0SED TO EARLY SPRING, PLANTINGS. THE NET PRODUCTION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TRANSPLANTS IN MODERATE TO LOW-ENERGY SANDY AREAS WAS
INCREASED ,ETWEEKI 135 PERCLNT AND 860 PERCENT BY PERIODIC APPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZER. THE NET PRODUCTION OF THIS SPECIES IN THE UNFERTILIZED DREDGED-MATEPIALS (FINE SEDIMENTS) AREA WAS
COMPARABLE TO THOSE IN THE. FERfILIZED SANOY AREAS. MACROBENTHIC INVERTEBRATE INVASION AND
COLONIZATION OF THE STERILE DREDGED-MATERIAL AREA WAS SLOW, BUT AFTER 11 MONTHS THE NUMBER OF
INDIVIDU6LS PER SUARE METER BETWEEN MHW AND 15 CENTIMETERS BELOW MEAN LOW WATER (MLW) WAS
STATISTICALLY GREATER THAN THOSE AT NEARBY NATURAL AND MANMADE TIDAC SANDFLAT AREAS. THE TOTAL
POPULATIONS OF BENTHOS AT THE THREE MONITORING SITES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH DECREASING
ELEVATION FROM HW TO 15 CENTIMETERS BELOW MLW. (AJTH'Jk AHSTrACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: STARILIZE7, LANO PLANTS, GROIN

REF. NO.-0342

GARBISCH, E.W.- JR. 1,77.

MARSH DEVELOPMENT FOR SHORE EROSION CONTROL.

GREAT LAKES VEGETATIONWORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS. GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION, ANN ARBOR, MI. P

MARSH DEVELOPMENT IS PRESENTED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO BUILDING STRUCTURES SUCH AS REVET
BULKHEADS, BREAKWATERS, GROINS. ETC. MARSH DEVELOPMENT IS A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE ON EXI
SHORES WHEN THE SHORE IS 10 FT WIDE OR MORE, OF SUITABLE ELEVATION* AND THE TOE OF TH
BE PROTECTFD RECEIVES DIRECT SUNLIGHT FOR AT LEAST 4 HOURS PER DAY DURING THE GROWING
IF ELEVATIONS SEAWARD OF A BANK ARE NOT HIGH ENOUGH FOR MARSH DEVELOPMENT, THE FORESH
MAY RE FILLED TO SUITA6LE ELEVATIONS OR THE BANK MAY BE SLOPED AND THE FORESHORE AREA
FROM THIS PROCESS TO A SUITABLE ELEVATION. MARSH DEVELOPMENT IS SEEN AS POTENTIALLY S
FOR EROSION CONTROL IN THE GREAT LAKES REbIONv ESPECIALLY WITHIN LOW-PROFILE PROTECTI
ENCLOSURFS OR BEHIND BREAKWATERS. HOWEVER, MARSH CREATION TECHNOLOGY IS NOT DEVELOPED
APPLICATION IN THE GREAT LAKES WITHOUT PRELIMINARY RESEARCH;

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT, STA8ILIZEo LANO PLANTS, EROSION, CR 8, PROTECT

REF. NO.-0131

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 1,74.

METHODS FOR BEACH SAND DUNE PROTECTION.

TRI-STATE CONFERENCE HELD AT JEKYLL ISLAND, GEORGIA. GEO. DEPT. OF NATURAL RES. 50 PP.

132

REF. NO.-0131 (CONTINUED)

BASIC ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPALS ARE DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR BEACH AND
SAND DUNE PROTECTION. RECOMMENDATIONS PERTAIN TO (1) THE ROLE OF CITIZENS IN BEACH AND DUNE
PROTECTION9 (2) CRITERIA FOR SUCCESSFUL BEACH EROSION CONTROL PROJECTS9 (3) AND
INTER-GOVERMENTAL COOPERATION FOR PROTECTION MEASURES. (NT15 ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN, PROTECT9 EROSIONg STABILIZE9 CR 5

REF. NO.-0552

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 1975.

THE VALUE AND VULNERABILITY OF COASTAL RESOURCES.

RESOURCE PLANNING SECTION9 GEORGIA DEPT. NAT. RES.9 ATLANTA9 GA. 320 PP.

A SERIES OF BACKGROUND PAPERS ON 'THE VALUE AND VULNERABILITY OF COASTAL RESOURCES, IS
PRESENTED. THE PAPERS WERE WRITTEN BY INDIVIDUAL SCIENTISTS AND RESEARCHERS IN THE UNIVERSITY
SYSTEM OF GEORGIA AND IN THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES9 FOR THE GEORGIA COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPERS IS TO PRESENT9 IN SUMMARY FORM9 AVAILABLE
INFORMATION ON THE BENEFITS RESULTING FRO4 THE NATURAL FUNCTIONING OF COASTAL RESOURCES9 AND
THE SUSCVPTIHILITY OF THESE RESOURCES TO CHANGE. THIS BACKGROUND INFORMATION IS INTENDED TO BE
USED IN DEVELOPING COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL# GROINt BULKHEAD9 CAUSEWAY

REF. NO.-0380

GERKE9 R.J. KACZYNSKI9 V.W. 1972.

FOOD OF JUVENILE PINK AND CHUM SALMON IN PUGET SOUND9 WASHINGTON.

WA DEPT. OF FISHERIES. TECH. kEP. NO. 10. 27 PP.

PINK AND CHUM SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA AND 0. KETA) WERE COLLECTED FROM THREE WIDELY
SEPARATED ONSHORE AREAS OF PUGET SOUND DURING APRIL, MAY9 AND EARLY JUNE 1970 TO ASCERTAIN THE
KINDS AND TYPES OF ORGANISMS IN THE DIET. SAMPLING AREAS INCLUDED: (1) ANDERSON ISLAND
(SOUTHERN PUGET SOUND), (2) PORT SUSAN (CENTRAL PUGET SOUND)t AND (3) TOANDOS PENINSULA (HOOD
CANAL). FISH COLLECTED FROM THE ANDERSON ISLAND AREA FED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ON HARPACTICOID
COPEPODS (95% OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS). FOOD ITEMS CONSUMED AT THE OTHER SAMPLING SITES
INDICATED A MORE VARIABLE DIET AS GAMMARID AMPHIPODS9 BARNACLE NAUPLI19 EUPHAUSIDS9

133

REF. NO.-0380 (CONTINUED)

HARPACTICOTD COPEPODS9 AND EGGS OF INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS WERE IMPORTANT IN THE DIET. EPIBENTHIC
FORMS WEPE THE PREDOMINANT FOOD TYPE THROUGHOUT THE SAMPLING PERIOD AT ANDERSON ISLAND AND
DURING THF MONTH OF MAY AT THE OTHER AREAS. INTERSPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN THE KINDS OR
ORGANISMS CONSUMED WERE UNCOMMON. THE DISTINCT ECOLOGICAL ZONE THAT EPIBENTHIC FORMS INHABIT
MAKES THEM EXTREMELY SUSCEPTIBLE TO CHANGES IN THE BEACH HABITAT BROUGHT ABOUT BY DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTERTIDAL AND SU6TIOAL AREAS. PIERS9 JETTIES9 LANDFILLS9 MARINAS9
BULKHEADS, AND OTHER FACILITIES THAT EITHER DISTURB OR DESTPOY BEACH AREA COULD BE HIGHLY
DETRIMENTAL TO AQUATIC LIFE9 ESPECIALLY THE KIND THAT LIVES IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE BOTTOM
SUBSTRATF. NOT ONLY Do THESE SALT-WATER INSTALLATIONS REMOVE LIVING AREA FOR ECONOMICALLY
IMPORTANT FISHES, BUT THEY ALSO ELIMINATE HABITAT THAT SUPPORTS THE FOOD THESE FISH FEED UPON.
THIS FACT COULD VERY WELL HAVE A GREAT IMPACT ON THE MAGNITUDE OF FUTURE PUGET SOUND PINK AND
CHUM STOrKS. (MODIFIED 4UTHOR AHSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 610

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DIER9 JETTY9 HAR8OR9 BULKHEAD9 FISH9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0193

GEYER9 R.A. 19T2.

IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON GULF COAST ESTUARIES.

TRANS. 37TH N. AMER. WILOL. CONF. PP. 335-348.

THE ENVIPONMENTAL CHANbES OF SEVERAL GULF'COAST ESTUARIES ARE DISCUSSED. BOTH MAN CAUSED AND
NATURAL CHANGES ARE PkESENTED. THE AUTHOR STRESSES THAT ALTHOUGH THE ESTUARIES COMPRISE A
MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE COASTAL ZONE AND ARE THE-NATIONS MOST IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURE9
BOTH ECONOMICALLY AND SOCIOLOGICALLYt THEY MUST BE DEVELOPED IN AN OPTIMUM MANNER FOR THE BEST
INTERESTS OF EVERYONE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: FNG

TYDE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0301

GIANN109 S.P. WANG9 H. 1974.

ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS FOR MARINAS IN TIDAL MARSHES.

DELAWARE UNIVPRSITY9 NEWARK. COLLEGE OF MARINE STUDIES. SEA GRANT PUBLICATION NO. DEL-SG-9-74. 114
PP.

DESIGN GUIDELINES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO INCORPORATE THE DESIRABLE QUALITIES OF THE MARSH IN A

134

REF. NO.0301 (CONTINUED)

MARINA, THEREBY REDUCING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. WHEN A MARINA DISPLACES MARSHLAND. THE MOST
IMPORTANT QUALITY WHICH MUST BE MAINTAINED IS BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION. THE METHODS SUGGESTED AND
RECOMMENDED FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THIS WUALITY ARE: FLUSH THE MARINA TO PROMOTE WATER
CIRCULATTON WHICH CYCLES NUTRIENTS AND PREVENTS EUTROPHICATION; USE DREDGE SPOILS FROM THE
MARSH TO ESTABLISH NEW PRODUCTIVE MARSHES ELSEWHERE; PROVIDE CONTACT AREA WITHIN THE MARINA SO
FOULING COMMUNITIES, AN ORGANIC FOOD SOURCE, CAN PROSPER AND MULTIPLY; CONTROL WATER QUALITY
SO THAT FSTUARINE SPECIES CAN THRIVE IN THE MARINA; AND PROVIDE AN EUAL AMOUNT OF ORGANIC
FOOD IN THE MARINA TO MAKE UP FOR THE LOSS OF FOOD FROM DISPLACED MARSHLAND. TO INDICATE HOW A
COMPLEMEKITARY MARINA-MARSH SYSTEM COULD BE ACHIEVED, AN EXAMPLE OF A COMPOSITE DESIGN USING
THESE GUTDFLINES IS ALSO PRESENTED. (NTIS MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFPRENCE: FNG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: Pug

DESCRIPTORS: WAP8OR, DREDGE/FILL, SEDIMENTATION, HARITAT, BIRDS

REF. NO.-047,

GIFFORD, C.A. 1,77.

LETTER CONCERNING EFFECTS OF SHORELINE STRUCTURES.

P.O. BOX 44,, GULF 8REEZE, FL. REPS. COMM.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EFFECTS OF PIERS, GROINS, JETTIES, BULKHEADS, REVETMENTS, BHEAKWATERS
(FIXED AND FLOATING) SAND GRA88ERS, SPOIL RANKS, DREDGED CHANNELS, AND BEACH NOURISHMENT ARE
DESCRIBED FROM A STANDPOINT OF PERSONAL EXPERTISE. A NUMBER OF SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION
ARE LISTFO.

NATURE OF REFFPENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: DIER, GROIN, JETTY, SULKHEAD, REVETMENT, BREAKWATERv CR 3, CR 4, CR 5, PROTEC
STA,ILIZE, TRAINING

REF. NO.-0202

GILMORE, G. TRENT, L. 1,74.

ABUNDANCE OF RENTHIC MACROINVERTEHRATES IN NATURAL AND ALTERED ESTUARINE AREA.

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORT. NM FS SSRF-677. 12 PP.

THE ABUNDANCE OF ,ENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES DURING MARCH-OCTOBER 1,6, IN WEST BAY, TE
COMPARED AmONG: 1) A NATURAL 4ARSH AREA 2) AN ADJACENT MARSH AREA ALTERED BY CHANNELING
BULKHEADTNG, AND FILLING, AND 3) AN OPEN tjAY AREA. ANIMALS REPRESENTING FOUR PHYLA WERE
CAUGHT. ABUNDANCE INDICES (AREAS COMBINED) OF THE FOUR GROUPS IN TERMS OF NUMBERS WERE 66.4%

135

REF. NO.-0202 (CONTINUED)

POLYCHAETES9 29.6% CRUSTACEANS9 2.5% PELECYPODS* AND 1.5% NEMERTEANS- VOLUMES WERE 44.0%
POLYCHAETES, [email protected]% PELEcYPODS, 10.7% NEMERTEANS AND 4.4% CRUSTACEANS. WHEN ALL ORGANISMS WERE
COMBINED, THEY WEkE,SL'I5HTLY MORE ABUNDANT NUMERICALLY AND OVER TWICE As ABUNDANT
VOLUMETRICALLY IN THE,MARSH THAN IN THE CANALS AND WERE LEAST ABUNDAN'T IN THE BAY; ABUNDANCE
WAS HIGHFST AT STATIONS WITH LOW TO INTERMEDIATE AMOUNTS OF SILT AND CLAY OR WHERE VEGETATIVE
MATTER WAS COMPOSED@MOSTLY OF LIVE SEA GRASSES OR DETRITUS. CRUSTACEANS WERE MORE ABUNDANT IN
THE NATURAL MARSH THAN IN THE OTHER TWO AREAS AND SHOWED A DEFINITE PREFERENCE FOR SANDY
SUBSTRATF IN MARSH AHEAS. PELECYPODS WERE NUMERICALLY MOST ABUNDANT IN THE SAY BUT
VOLUMETRTCALLY THE MARSH HAD THE HIGHEST STANDING CROP. NEMERTEANS WERE MOST ABUNDANT IN THE
MARSH AND LEAST ABUNDANT IN THE BAY. IN GENERAL9 THE SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF POLYCHAETES AND
NEMERTEANS VARIED LITTLE DURING THE STUDY9 WHEREAS CRUSTACEANS AND PELECYPODS WERE ABUNDANT
ONLY DURING THE SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER. AN EXCEPTION TO THIS SEASONAL ABUNDANCE PATTERN WAS
THE REDUCTION IN NUMBERS OF POLYCHAETES AT THE UPPER-MOST CANAL STATION WHERE THE HABITAT WAS
APPARENTLY UNSUITABLE DUE TO LOW OXYGEN LEVELS DURING THE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 BULKHEAD9 HARHOR9 CR 39 BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0065

GIVENS9 F.B.f JR. 1976.

SHORELINE EROSION CONTROL ON VIRGINIAIS RIVERS AND BAYS.

SHORE AND BFACH. 44(l):25-30.

THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PRESENTS CRITERIA TO AID IN THE ANALYSIS OF SHORELINE OR BEACH
EROSION AND DESIGN OF PROPER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES GROINS9 BULKHEADS9 REVETMENTS AND THE USE
OF VEGETATION ARE PROTECTIVE MEASURES CONSIDERED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BULKHEADv CR 69 PROTECT9 EROSION9 GROIN# LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0521

GODFREY9 P.J. GODFREY9 M.M. 1975.

SOME ESTUARINF CONSEQUENCES OF BARRIER ISLAND STABLIZATION.

ESTUARINE RESEARCH 2:485-516.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN SALT MARSHES BEHIND STABILIZED AND UNSTABILIZED BARRIER ISLANDS WAS MADE
AT CAPE HATTERAS AND CAPE LOOKOUT NATIONAL SEASHORES. IN THE FORMER AREA, THE BARRIER DUNES

136

REF. NO.-0521 (CONTINUED)

HAVE BEEN STABILIZED SO THAT OVERWASH AND NEW INLET DEVELOPMENT HAVE BEEN MINIMIZED AND AT THE
LATTER THESE NATURAL PROCESSES CONTINUE. 11 IS CONCLUDED THAT LONG- TERM STABILITY* EITHER
NATURALLY OR ARTIFICIALLY CREATEOt LEADS TO SENESCENCE OF THE SALT MARSHES AND THUS TO A
DECREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY. LETTING THE BARRIER ISLANDS REMAIN IN OR RETURN TO THEIR NATURAL
STATE IS OEsrRARLEq BUT WHERE THIS IS NOT FEASIBLE9 A COMPROMISE APPROACH INVOLVING SOME
OVERWASH OR CREATION OF ARTIFICIAL MARSHES MAY BE NECESSARY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pug

DESCRIPTORS: CR 5t CR 69 EROSION9 PROTECTs PRODUCTIVITY

REF. NO.-0425

GORDONt J.R. UNDATED.

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH TO MITIGATING ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION.

OFFICE ENVIRON. PLANNINGv CALIF. DEPT. TRANSPORT. 11 PP.

TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVINESS OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH IN HIGHWAY PLANNING AND
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT IN CALIFORNIA9 THE AUTHOR* BY USING THE CASE STUDY METHODO EXAMINES
INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND INTERWORKINGS OF ENGINEERING AND NONENGINEERING SKILLS IN ADDRESSING
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON THE SENSITIVE NATURAL
ENVIRONMFNT WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE COASTAL ZONE CONSERVATION COMMISSION. AS A RESULT
OF THIS ANALYSIS9 THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT AGENCY ORGANIZATIONS SHOULD PROVIDE FOR AN
IN-HOUSE CORE OF EXPERTISE AND USE OUTSIDE CONSULTANTS ONLY WHEN HIGHLY SPECIALIZED EXPERTISE
IS NEEDED. ALS09 THE ORGANIZATION MUST BE FLEXIBLE SO THAT THE CONCEPT CAN BE APPLIED EASILY
AT ALL STAGES OF THE HIGHWAY PLANNING AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS. OF IMPORTANCE TO THE
SUCCESSFUL OPERATION OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH IS THE ATTITUDE OF TOP MANAGEMENT9
IT MUST RE RESPONSIVE TO ISSUES RAISED BY ALL DISCIPLINES AND MUST CONSIDER THE CONTRIBUTIONS
OF ALL DISCIPLINES EQUALLY AND FAIRLI. THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACTION
PLAN9 CALIFORNIA HAS COMMITTED ITSELF TO THE EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY
TEAM APPQOACH. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFrRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0212

GOSSELINK9 J.G. ODUM, E.P. POPEo R.M. 1973.

THE VALUE OF THE TIDAL MARSH.

URBAN AND REGIONAL DEV. CENTER. UNIV. OF FLORIDA9 GAINSVILLE. WORK PAPER NO 3. 25 PP.

137

REF. NO.-0212 (CONTINUED)

A STEP-WTSE MEANS OF ASSESSING THE TRUE VALUE OF NATURAL TIDAL MARSHES TO SOCIETY AS A WHOLE
IS DEVELOPED. THIS VALUE IS BASED ON COMMERCIAL USAGE9 SOCIAL USAGE AND THE MONETARY VALUE OF
THE NATUPAL9 UNDEVELOPED ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT. FOUR LEVELS WERE SELECTED FOR MONETARY
EVALUATION OF MAPSHLANDS AND ESTUARIES; 1) BY-PRODUCT PRODUCTION (FISHERIES9 ETC.); 2)
POTENTIA1, FOR AQUACULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; 3) WASTE ASSIMILATION; AND 4) TOTAL ILIFE SUPPORTI
VALUE IN TERMS OF THE 'WORK OF NATURE' AS A FUNCTION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION. A DEMONSTRATION OF
THE SUBSTANTIAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF MARSHLANDS PROVIDES AN INCENTIVE To PRESERVE PUBLICLY BUT
NOT PRIVATFLY OWNED MARSHLANDS. THE BEST APPROACH TO THE PRESERVATION OF MARSHLANDS IS
LANO-USE PLANNING AND PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF MARSHLANDS.

NATURE OF REFERFNCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECT. ECONOMICS9 HARITAT9 FISH9 SHELLFISH9 BIRDS9 LAND PLANTS9 PRODUCTIVITY9
SPAWNING, BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0549

GOSSELINK? J.r. REIMOLD9 R.J. GALLAGHER9 J.L. WIDOM9 H.L. ODUM9 E.P. UNDATED.

SPOIL DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION THROUGH MARSHES.

THE INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY9 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. REPORT PREPARED FOR STATE HIGHWAY DEPT. OF
GEORGIA. GRANT NO. 10-32-RR271- 029. MIMEO. 57 PP.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAYS THROUGH COASTAL MARSHES ARE COMPLICATED BY UNSTABLE
SOILS. RFCENTLY TECHNIQUES WERE DEVELOPED WHICH INVOLVED A TRENCH DOWN TO SUITABLE SUBSTRATE
AND DISPOSAL OF THE DUG OUT SPOIL IN THE ADJOINING MARSH9 CAUSING HABITAT LOSS. THIS REPORT
EXAMINES THE RAMIFICATIONS OF THIS PRACTICE AND DISCUSSES TWO ALTERNATTVES9 BRIDGING AND SIDE
CASTING. SOIL ANALYSES AND VEGETATION SURVEYS WERE CARRIED OUT. COMPARISON OF COSTS OF
DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES WERE MADE AND METHODS OF REVEGETATION EVALUATED. MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF
BRIDGES MAY BE JuSTIFIED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUd

DESCRIPTORS: CAUSEWAY9 6RI06E9 LAND TRANSPORT9 LAND PLANTS* PRODUCTIVITY9 ECONOMICS

REF. NO.-0305

GRAETZ9 K.E. 1973.

SEACOAST PLANTS OF THE CAROLINAS FOR CONSERVATION AND BEAUTIFICATION.

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SEA GRANT PROGRAM. REPORT NO. UNC-SG-73-06. 212 PP.

AFTER A RRTEF DESCRIPTION OF THE REACH ENVIRONMENT9 INFORMATION IS GIVEN ON THE VARIOUS
138

REF. NO.-0305 (CONTINUED)

GRASSES AND PLANTS FOUND IN THE BEACH ENVIRONMENT. EXPERIENCES GAINED IN DEALING WITH WOODY
PLANTINGS FOR DUNE PROTECTION ARE REVIEWED. OBJECTIVES IN CONSERVATION AND BEAUTIFICATION ARE
STRESSED. (14TIS ABST@ACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERCNCE: PuB

DESCRIPTORS: OELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0338

GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. 1977.

GREAT LAKES VEGETATION WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS.

GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSIONt ANN ARBOR9 MI. 113 PP.

A WORKSHOP ON THE ROLE OF VEGETATION IN STABILIZATION OF THE GREAT LAKES SHORELINE WAS HELD To
ASSESS THE STATE OF THE ART OF TECHNIQUES FOR USING VEGETATION FOR BANK STABILIZATION ON THE
GREAT LAKES. PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE PROCEEDINGS COVER A WIDE RANGE OF FACTORS RELATIVE TO
VEGETATIVE STABILIZATION. OVERVIEWS OF THE SCOPE OF SHORE EROSION. PR08LEMS ON THE GREAT LAKES
AND THE TERRESTIAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IN EROSION AND THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON SLOPE
PROCESSES ARE PRESENTED SELECTION OF PLANTING TECHNIQUES AND POSSIBLE GRASS9 SHRUB9 AND TREE
SPECIES WHICH MAY BE SUITABLE UNDER VARIOUS SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS ARE OUTLINED. TWO PAPERS
DISCUSS THE AESTHETIC ASPECTS OF VEGETATION ALONG THE COASTLINE9 AND FOUR ADDITIONAL PAPERS
DESCRIBE SURVEYS AND RESEARCH INTO VEGETATIVE STABILIZATION OF SHORELINES. IT WAS CONCLUDED
THAT WHILE A LACK OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF VEGETATIVE STABILIZATION
TECHNIQUrS IS EVIDENT FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION9 STRONG SUPPORT FOR INCREASED RESEARCH AND
DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS WAS INDICATED BY WORKSHOP ATTENUENCE

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0538

GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION. 1975.

GREAT LAKES BASIN FRAMEWORK STUDY: SHORE USE AND EROSION.

APPENDIX 12. 111 PP. + MAPS.

THIS REPORT CONTAINb AN ASSESSMENT OF GREAT LAKES SHORELAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS9 THEIR CAUSES9
EFFECTS ANn POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS. SECTION I OF THE REPORT EXPLAINS HOW TO DEVELOP A MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM FOP THE SHORE REGION. SECTION 2 CONCERNS INFORMATION ON THE PHYSICAL FACTORS THAT
CAUSE SHORELINE EROSION. SECTION 3 DESCRIBES THE ELEMENTS OF A SHORELAND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

139

REF. NO.-0538 (CONTINUED)

SECTION 4 GIVES A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE STATE AND FEDERAL PROGRAMS. SECTION 5 DISCUSSES
EXISTING AND PROJECTED USE OF SHORELAND RESOURCES9 DAMAGE POTENTIALS9 AND ALTERNATIVE PLANS
FOR REDUCING DAMAGE FOR EACH GREAT LAKE. SECTION 6 SUGGESTS A FRAMEWORK OF STUDIES* DATA
COLLECTInN- AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AIMED AT REDUCING SHORE DAMAGES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 EROSION9 PROTECT, BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 BREAKWATER9 GROIN

REF. NO.-0450

GREAT LAKES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1975.

SHORELINE EROSION AND FLOODING: ERIE COUNTY.

PENN. DEPT. ENIVIRON. RES. 172 PP. + APPENDICES.

DUE TO HIGHER THAN NORMAL WATER LEVELS IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN SINCE 19729 THERE HAS BEEN
ACCELERATED SHORELINE EROSION AND BLUFF RECESSION. AS PART OF THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM IN PENNSYLVANIA9 A STUDY OF THE ERIE COUNTY SHORELINE WAS MADE TO IDENTIFY AND
CLASSIFY HAZARD AREAS ON THE LAKESHORE. THE MOST IMMEDIATE THREAT ON THE LAKESHORE IS FLOODING
AND EROSION IN LOW-LYING COTTAGES AREAS. THE RATE OF RECESSION OF THE BLUFF HAS INCREASED
SIGNIFICANTLY ALONG THE ENTIRE SHORELINE DURING THE PAST THREE YEARS9 AND IF CURRENT RATES
CONTINUE OVER THE NEXT 25 YEARS9 SEVERAL HUNDRED HOMES AND COTTAGES WILL BE ENDANGERED.
EROSION PATES VARY FROM TWO INCHES TO 52 INCHES PER YEAR OF SHORELINE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0037

GREER9 A. 1976.

WINNING THE BATTLE AGAINST EROSION IN CHESAPEAKE BAY.

SEA GRANT 170S. 7(l): 2-3.

THE USE OF SILLS ALONG CHESAPEAKE BAY BUILDS UP BEACH TO PROTECT CLIFFS FROM WAVE EROSION.
SILLS CONSIST OF A LINEAR ARRANGEMENT OF PVC COATED NYLON BAGS FILLED WITH SAND AND PLACED
PARALLEL TO SHORE. THESE STRUCTURES ARE COMPARATIVELY ECONOMICAL TO INSTALL AND QUICKLY COVER
WITH SAND TO PROVIDE A NATURAL APPEARANCE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

140

REF. NO.-0037 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT9 PROTECT9 EROSION9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0109

GUNTER9 G. BALLARD9 B.S. VENKATARAMIAH9 A. 1974.

A REVIEW OF SALINITY PROBLEMS OF ORGANISMS IN UNITED STATES COASTAL AREAS SUBJECT To THE EFFECTS OF
ENGINEERING WORKS.

GULF RES. REPTS. 4(3): 380-475.

THE NONGhSFOUS SURSTANCES THAT NORMALLY MOVE IN AND OUT OF CELLS ARE METABOLITESO WATER AND
SALTS. THE COMMON SALTS IN WATER DETERMINE ITS SALINITY9 AND THE DEFINITION OF SEA WATER
SALINITY AND ITS COMPOSITION ARE DISCUSSED. THE RELATIONSHIPS OF SALINITY TO ALL PHYLA OF
ANIMALS LIVING IN THE COASTAL WATERS ARE REVIEWED. WITH EMPHASIS ON THE ESTUARIES OF THE GULF
AND ATLANTIC COASTS OF THE UNITED STATES9 WHICH ARE PARTICULARLY INFLUENCED BY COASTAL
ENGINEERING WORKS AND CHANGES OF SALINITY CAUSED THERBY. EACH SEPARATE BAY9 SOUND OR ESTUARY
IS AN INDIVIDUAL CASE WITH REGARD TO SALINITY9 BUT THEY CAN BE APPRAISED By BIOLOGISTS
ACQUAINTED WITH THE LOCAL FAUNA AND FLORA SO AS TO MINIMIZE AND POSSIBLY EVEN ENHANCE THEIR
BIOTIC PnTENTIAL IN CONNECTION WITH SALINITY CHANGES CAUSED BY ENGINEERING WORKS.
(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: FISH, INvERTEBRATES9 NURSERY9 SALINITY

REF. NO.-0317

GUNTER. 6. 1957.

HOW DOES SILTATION AFFECT FISH PRODUCTION.

NATIONAL FISHFRMAN 38(3):18-19.

THE SHORF ANIMALS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO MAY HAVE SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS TO A SILTED ENVIRONMENT.
WHEN NATURAL SILTATION PPOCESSFS ARE LOCALLY SPEEDED UPt UPSET OR DISTURBED BY MAN9 THE
OVERALL SYSTEM IS PRObABLY NOT CHANGED BUT LOCAL TROUBLE OCCURS. ALL THE DREDGING ON THE GULF
COAST MAY NOT STIR UP AS MUCH SILT AS ONE PERIOD OF STRONG WINDY WEATHER. MUDSHELL DREDGES
MIGHT 00 GOOD IN THAT THEY STIR UP THE BOTTOM AND RELEASE NUTRIENT SALTS. HOWEVER9 MUCH MORE
RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO DETERMINF THE OVERALL EFFECTS OF MAN-CAUSED SILTATION.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

141

REF. NO.-0349

GUSTAFSON9 J.F. 1972.

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF DREDGING TURBIDITY.

WORLD DREDGING MAR. CONSTR. 9(13):44-52972.

THE NATURE OF FINE SEDIMENTS IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS ARE DESCRIBED. FOR DECADES9
MAN HAS REGARDED TURBIDITY AS BEING DANGEROUS (BIOLOGICALLY)t AND UNDESIRABLE (ESTHETICALLY)#
AND NOW CONTROLLABLE (POLITICALLY). REGULATORY PROVISIONS OF STATE AND FEDERAL ORIGIN HAVE
BEEN CREATED OR ARE BEING PROPOSED TO REDUCE MAN-CAUSED TURBIDITY TO A,MINIMUM LEVEL. THE
AUTHOR OFFERS SOME INDICATIONS THAT THE TOXICITIES OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IS WITHOUT BASIS IN
FACT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0180

HADERLIE9 E.C. 1970.

ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION IN MONTEREY HARBOR.

MARINE POLLUTTON BULL. 2(6):90-92.

AN ATTEMPT IS BEING MADE TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BREAKWATER COMPLEX ON
THE SHALLOW MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF MONTEREY SAY. MANY SPECIES MAY BE DRIVEN AWAY BY TEMPERATURE
AND SALINITY FLUCTUATIONS AND BY THE ACCUMULATION OF SILT AND POLLUTANTS. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BREAKWATER9 HARBOR9 RECREATION9 HABITAT9 SEDIMENTATION9 BENTHOS* CR I

REF. NO.-0356

HAJEt R.L. 1976.

THE EFFECTS OF THE NEW YORK STATE TIDAL WETLANDS ACT9 MORATORIUM PHASE.

SUNY MARINE SCI. RES. CENT. SPEC. REP. 4. 40 PP. + APPENDICES.

A REVIEW OF THE MORATORIUM APPLICATIONS MADE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
INDICATES THAT Nn AUTHORIZED WETLANDS LOSSES OCCURRED IN SOME TOWNSHIPS WHILE MINIMAL LOSSES
OCCURRED IN OTHERS. A TOTAL LOSS OF APPROXIMATELY 20 ACRES WAS CALCULATED. AN ADDITIONAL
UNDETERMTNED AMOUNT WAS LOST THROUGH ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES. A TREND TOWARD MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY
142

REF. NO.-0356 (CONTINUED)

ACCEPTABLE PROJECTS IS DEVELOPING. A SURVEY OF INDIVIDUALS WITH VARIED INTERESTS IN THE TIDAL
WETLANDS ACT INDICATES THAT IT IS HAVING AN ECONOMIC EFFECT UPON BUSINESSES AND LAND VALUES.
WHILE MOST RESPONDENTS WERE SATISFIED WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ACTO THEY WERE UNANIMOUS
IN CRITICISM OF DELAYS IN RENDERING DECISIONS AFTER PUBLIC HEARINGS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE
TIDAL WETLANDS ACT IS HAVING A BENEFICIAL EFFECT UPON THE PRESERVATION OF WETLANDS.
(MODIFIED AUTHOR AbSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0372

HALL9 J.R. 1977.

DISCUSSION CONCERNING FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENT AND OrHER STRUCTURES.

AREA SUPERVISORi NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SVC.9 PANAMA CITY9 FL. PERS. COMM.

A MAJOR REGIONAL CONCERN ABOUT THE FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT IS THE AMOUNT OF
IRREVERSIBLE REMOVAL OF HABITAT WHICH IT WILL CAUSE. HABITAT MUST BE PROTECTED SINCE WE ARE
NOT YET AT THE STAGE OF MANAGING IT. WHEN BULKHEADS ARE USED9 RIPRAP APRONS AT THEIR BASES ARE
RECOMMENDED TO CREATE HABITAT AND DISSIPATE ENERGY. SOME STRUCTURES ATTRACT FISH AND SERVE AS
ARTIFICIAL REEFS. OFTEN IMPORTANT SECONDARY IMPACTS OCCUR WHEN FISHERMEN DUMP GARBAGE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: TNT

DESCRIPTORS: 9RTDGEv CAUSEWAY9 BULKHEAD9 CR 49 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0059

HALL9 J.V.9 JR. 1967.

WAVE TESTS OF REVETMENT USING MACHINE-PRODUCED INTERLOCKING BLOCKS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT 2-67. 12 PP.

CONTINUEn DEMAND FOR RELATIVFLY LOW-COST SHORE PROTECTION IN BAYS9 ESTUARIES AND COMPARABLE
BODIES OF WATER HAS RESULTED IN ACCELERATED INVESTIGATION IN THIS AREA. FURTHER9 THERE IS A
GREAT DEMAND FOR A SYSTEM THAT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BY THE INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY OWNER WITHOUT
RECOURSE TO A CONTRACTOR OR SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. THIS PAPER REPORTS ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF LIGHT-WEIGHT BLOCK REVETMENTS THROUGH TESTS IN THE LARGE WAVE TANK AT CERC. TWO
TYPES OF BLOCK WERE TESTED ON A 1 ON 2 SLOPE WITH WAVE HEIGHTS FROM 1.5 TO 6.2 FEET AND WAVE
PERIODS FROM 3.0 TO 6.0 SECONDS. DURING THE TESTS OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE REGARDING THE
DISPLACEMENT OF BLOCKS AND THE VERTICAL MOVEMENT OF THE FACE OF THE SLOPE WHEN ATTACKED BY
WAVES. DATA DERIVED FROM THE TESTS HAVE PROVIDED INFORMATION WHICH HAS RESULTED IN THE

143

REF. NO.-0059 (CONTINUED)

DEVELOPMFNT OF M&CHINE PRODUCED BLOCK WHICH REMAINED STABLE UNDER THE CONTINUOUS ATTACK OF
4.7-SECOND 4.8-FOOT BREAKING WAVES. COMPARATIVE TESTS SHOWED THAT THE MACHINE-PRODUCED
TONGUE-AND-GROOVE BLOCKS HAVE GREATER STABILITY THAN THE HAND-PRODUCED SHIPLAP TYPE.
(M001FIED 4UTHOR AbSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0252

HALL9 J.V.9 JO. 1952.

ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

U.S- ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 8EB. TECH. MEMO. NO. 29. 25 PP.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS: FIRSTt TO OUTLINE THE CRITERIA PERTINENT TO THE DESIGN OF
ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED BEACHES AND EXPLAIN HOW EACH IS DERIVED AND USED; SECONDO TO PRESENT A
BRIEF HISTORY OF FIVE AREAS WHERE THE FOUR TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL NOURISHMANT HAVE BEEN TRIED9
NAMELY THE OFFSHORE DUMPING METHOD, THE STOCKPILING METHOD, THE CONTINUOUS SUPPLY METHOD9 AND
THE DIRECT PLACEMENT METHOD; AND THIRD9 TO PRESENT A TABULAR RECORD OF A GREAT NUMBER OF
ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES INCLUDING FACTORS RELATING TO THEIR PLACEMENT
AND ECONOMIC LIFE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 EROSIONg LITTORAL PROCESSES9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0424

HALL9 J.V.9 JQ. 1963.

COASTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BEB ANN. BULL. 17:16-27.

THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC COASTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES IN
GENERAL USE9 THE BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES AND THEIR BEHAVIOR WHEN GROUPED AS A
SYSTEM. ALSO DESCRIBED IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF PLANNING FOR COASTAL ENGINEERING WORKS* A
NUMBER OF DRAWINGS OF TYPICAL STRUCTURES IS INCLUDED9 AS ARE PHOTOGRAPHS OF STRUCTURE S IN
PLACE.(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

144

REF. NO.-0424 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: LITTORAL PROCESSES9 BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT* JETTY9 BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0043

HALL9 V.L. LUDWIGt J.D. 1975.

EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL USE OF VEGETATION FOR EROSION ABATEMENT ALONG THE GREAT LAKES SHORELINE.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAP. NO. 7-75. 36 PP.

THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES PLANTS WITH POTENTIAC, EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH STRUCTURES9
TO ALTER THE EROSION RATE ALONG SHORES OF THE GREAT LAKES. INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM
LITERATURE9 PERSONAL INTERVIEWS9 AND A FIELD SURVEY. SHORELINE PLANTS WERE IDENTIFIED AND
EVALUATED. THIRTY-THREE TERRESTRIAL SPECIES WERE FOUND THAT EFFECTIVELY DECREASED SURFACE
EROSION PESULTING FROM WIND AND RUNOFF. NO EMERGENT OR SUBMERGENT PLANTS WERE FOUND TO CONTROL
EROSION. WHILE SEVERAL EMERGENT SPECIES MAY HAVE SPECIAL USE IN LOW-ENERGY AREASv THE GREAT
LAKES SHORES IN THE UNITED STATES ARE GENERALLY NOT CONDUCIVE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF AQUATIC
PLANTS. SHORES SUBJECT TO WAVE EROSION REQUIRE STRUCTURES OR BEACH NOURISHMENT TO ATTENUATE
WAVE ENEPGY. AFTER THE WAVE FORCE IS REDUCED BY ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES9 VEGETATION WILL AID IN
CONTROLLTNG SURFACE EROSION. SUBSURFACE SEEPAGE AND SOIL SLUMPING9 WHICH CAUSE LANDSLIDES AND
BANK RECESSION9 CAN BE PREVENTED BY DEWATERING GLACIAL TILLt RECESSION OF SANDY SHORES WITH
STEEP BANKS CAN BE CONTROLLED BY BANK RESLOPING. THE STUDY CONCLUDES THAT PLANTS ALONE ARE NOT
SUITABLE FOR USE AS EROSION CONTROLLERS ALONG MOST SHORES OF THE GREAT LAKES BECAUSE OF SEVERE
WAVE ACTION. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: FROSION9 STABILIZE9 BULKHEAD9 JETTY9 REVETMENT9 GROIN9 CR 89 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0154

HALL* W.C. 1940.

A MODEL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS ON WAVE ACTION.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BEB TECH. MEMO. NO. 1. 33 PP.

IN ORDER TO EVALUATE DESIGN OF UNDERWATER BREAKWATERS IN REDUCING WAVE IMPACT ON BEACHES9 A
STUDY USTNG VARIOUS SHAPES OF MODELS IN A WAVE TANK WAS UNDERTAKEN. THE VELOCITY9 WAVE PERIODO
HEIGHT AND LENGTH WERE MEASURED SEAWARD OF THE THREE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS: TRAPEZODIAL9
TRIANGULAR AND A VERTICAL WALL. THESE SAME PARAMETERS WERE MEASURED LANDWARD OF THE
BREAKWATERS. MOTION PICTURES WERE TAKEN OF THE WAVE PROFILES THROUGH GLASS PORTS WHICH HAD A
SCALE ETCHED ON THEM THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE IS DISCUSSED. CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT AN
UNDERWATER STRUCTURE PARALLEL TO A SHORE LINE WILL DECREASE WAVE HEIGHT AND ACTION ON A SHORE.
A VERTICAL WALL IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE. THE EXTENT TO WHICH WAVE ACTION WILL BE REDUCED CAN BE
CONTROLLFD BY THE HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE. IN CASE PROTECTION FROM STORM WAVE ACTION IS
DESIRED9 THE STRUCTURE SHOULD BE BUILT TO A SUBMERGENCE OF 1.2 OR LESS.

145

REF. NO.-0154 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU9

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0041

HANDIN, J.W. LUDWICK9 J.C. 1950.

ACCRETION OF REACH SAND BEHINO A DETACHED BREAKWATER.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. BEB TECH. MEMO. NO. 16. 13 PP-

THE PROBLEM OF SAND TRANSPORT BY A LONGSHORE CURRENT IS CLARIFIED BY OBSERVING THE EFFECT OF A
BREAKWATFR ON THIS CURRENT. SAND SAMPLES wERE COLLECTED ON A NETWORK FROM THE BEACHES IN THE
VICINITY OF THE 89EAKWATER AT SANTA MONICA* CA. THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEDIAN GRAIN SIZES IS
EVIDENCE FOR A REDUCTION OF THE COMPETENCE OF THE LONG SHORE CURRENT. THE HISTORY OF SHORE
LINE CHANGES DISCLOSES AN ACCOMPANYING REDUCTION IN THE CAPACITY OF THE CURRENT- A DECREASE IN
TRANSPORTING POWER OF THE LONGSHORE CURRENT IS CORRELATED WITH A DECREASE IN Q9 THE LITTORAL
DRIFT FACTOR9 SO THAT ) CAN PROBABLY BE USED AS A QUALITATIVE MEASURE OF THE SAND TRANSPORTING
POWER OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS. THE HISTORY OF ACCRETION INDICATES THAT A SHORE LINE CHANGES
POSITION IN A DIRECTION 704ARD EQUILIBRIUM WITH RESPECT TO THE FORCES ACTING ON A BEACH. GIVEN
ENOUGH TTMEq IT IS PROBAHLE THAT THE BREAKWATER WILL BECOME CONNECTED TO THE MAINLAND.
(AUTHOR A@-STRACI)
NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RRFAKWATER9 LITTORAL PRUCESSES9 CR 29 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0501

HARRIS9 A.J. THOMAS9 J.Mo 1974.

THE HARRIS FLOATING RREAKWATER.

PP. 213-232 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT9 RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (Q.V.
KOWALSK19 1974A).

A BASIC FEATURE OF THE HARRIS HREAKWATER (AND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IT AND THE BOMBARDON) IS
THAT IT PRFSENTS A THIN HORIZONTAL BARRIER TO WAVE MOTION AND CAUSES DISSIPATION OF WAVE
ENERGY WTTHOUT CREATING MAJOR STRESSES IN THE STRUCTURE AND MOORINGS. EXTENSIVE TESTS WERE
CARRIED OUT IN THE SOLENT ON A ONE-TENTH SCALE MODEL. THE TEST CONFIRMED EARLIER OPINIONg AND
BECAUSE TE;T READINGS CO-RELATED THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NATURAL SEA-STATE
CONDITIONS, BASIC DESIGN FORMULAS WERE ESTABLISHED AND THE CALCULATIONS CHECKED AGAINST ACTUAL
RESULTS. THE APPLICATION OF THE HARRIS BREAKWATER HAS BEEN EXTENDED FROM MARINAS TO THE
PROTECTION OF MOORINGS FOR DEEP SEA FREIGHTERS AND9 COMBINED WITH THE S.B.M.v FOR

146

RF. NO.0501 (CONTINUED)

SUPER-TAlJKFRS.(m00jFlEf) 6UIHOP ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECT, dREAKWATER

REF. NO.-024,

HARRIS, R.W. INMAN, OoL. t3AILARD, J.A. ODA, R-L. 1,76.

STUDY AND EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL SAND BYPASSING PROCEDURES.

UoS. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. wES CONTRACT REPJRT 11-76-1. 126 PP.

THE PURPnSF OF THIS PROGRAM WAS TO INVESTIGATE AND DEVELOP A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE
MANAGEMENT OF SAND INFLUENCED BY LITTORAL TRANSPORT. THE WORK COVERED LABORATORY RESE
FIELD INVESTIGATTONS, AND TESTS. INITIALLY, LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF JET PUMPS,
CRATER-STNKS AND FLUIDIZATION WEE CONDUCTED UTILIZING SPECIALLY DESIGNED APPARATUS.
THE LABOPATORY INVESTIGATIONS A NEW PRINCIPLE OF FLUIDIZATION WAS DEVELOPEDo THIS NEW
FLUIDIZATION IS CALLED $DUCT-FLOW, FLUIDIZATION. DUCT-FLOW, WHEN USED IN CONJUNCTION
CRATER-STNK PRINCIPLE, GREATLY EXPANDS THE SCOPE OF SAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. FIELD TE
CRATERS DREDGED ON THE OCEAN FLOOR SHOWED THAT WAVE ACTION CAUSES THE CRATER TO ELONG
DIRECTION PARALLEL To THE WAVE CRESTS. THE RESULT IS AN ELIPTICAL SHAPED CRATER. FIEL
LABORATOPY TESTS OF DUCT-FLOW SHOW THAT THE BULK VOLUME FLOW RATE OF SAND FROM THE FL
IS PROPOPTTONAL To THE DRIVE-WATER FLOW RATE. THE DIMENSIONS OF A PROTOTYPE DUCT-FLOW
APPEAR Tr@ BE ALMOST UNLImITED. LATER, THE JET PUMP AND FLUIDIZATION APPARATUS WERE OP
INDIVIDUALLY IN THE FIELD. FINALLY. A PRO]OTYPE FIELD SAND BYPASSING SYSTEM CONSISTIN
FLUIDIZEP TNTERCEPTING LITTORAL DRIFT ON A SAND SPIT WAS USED To FEED A CRATER. SAND
REMOVED BY A JET PUMP AND DEPOSITEO 014 SHORE P, METERS AWAY. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS WERE
AND BEACH PROFILFS, CRATERt AND FLUIDIZED TRENCH WERE MEASURED THROUGHOUT THE FIELD T
FIELD TETS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PROTOTYPE SYSTEM EFFECTIVELY INTERCEPTED LITTORAL 0
SPITE OF THE DELTHERATELY ADVERSE CONDITIONS ESTABLISHED By THE INVESTIGATORS.
(mODIFT@J) AUTHOP At-@T;tCT)
NATURE OF REFFRENCE: FNG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0518

HASLER* H.G. 1,74.

THE ISEARREAKFRI FLOATING BREAKWATER.

PP. 181-1,1 IN PROC. FLOATING -3REAKWATERS CONFERENCEv NEWPORTs RI. TECH. SER. NO 24. (.V4
KOWALSK1, 1,74A).

147

REF. NO.-0518 (CONTINUED)

THE CONCEPT OF USING A LONG9 STIFF HORIZONTAL SURFACE FOR WAVE ATTENATION EVOLVED DURING FLUME
TESTS IN 1963. EACH UNIT IS A LONG9 RIGID PONTOON OF SPECIALIZED DESIGN9 WITH A UNIVERSAL
JOINT AT EITHER END ENABLING A STRING OF UNITS TO HE JOINED TOGETHER. IT MAY BE USED IN FOUR
DIFFERENT WAYS: PERMANENTLY MOORED9 TEMPORARILY MOORED9 CRAWLING9 OR FULL MOBILE. POSS113LE
USES ARE DISCUSSED, TOGETHER WITH THE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS THAT HAVE BEEN FACED. ADVANTAGES OF
THE DESIGN INCLUDE SHALLOW DRAFT, LIGHT WEIGHT, MODEST MOORING LOADS EVEN IN STRONG CURRENTS9
EASE OF TOWING OR SELF-PROPULSION, ABILITY TO TAKE THE GROUND OR BE WINCHED UP A BEACH9
SEAWORTHINESS UNDER OVERLOAD CONDITIONS9 AND PROVISION FOR CATWALK9 DAYMARKS9 LIGHTS9 AND
REFUGE. nVER 60% ATTENUATION OF WAVE HEIGHT IS CLAIMED IN WIND-DRIVEN WAVES OR STEEP SWELL# UP
TO THE SIZE OF THE DESIGN WAVE FOR THAT PARTICULAR UNIT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RRFAKWATER9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0510

HASTINGS9 R.W. 1972-

THE ORIGIN AND SEASONALITY OF THE FISH FAUNA ON A NEW JETTY IN THE NORTHEASTERN GULF OF MEXICO.

PH.D. THESIS9 THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY. 569 PP.

A TWO AND ONE HALF YEAR STUDY WAS CONDUCTED OF SUCCESSIONAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES OF FISH FAUNA
AROUND A NEWLY CONSTRUCTED JETTY AT EAST PASS9 CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY9 FLORIDA. INFORMATION WAS
OBTAINED BY DIVING OBSERVATIONS AND SPECIMEN COLLECTION. OBSERVATIONS WERE ALSO MADE AND
COMPARED WTTH OLDER JETTY HABITATS. THE JETTIES WERE COLONIZED SOON AFTER CONSTRUCTION BY
SPECIES rOMMON To THE AREA DRIGINALLY9 BY SPECIES FROM OTHER HABITAT AREAS SUCH AS OFFSHORE
REEFS9 AND BY TROPICAL SPECIES CARRIED BY CURRENTS

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: THESIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 3t JETTY9 FISH9 SUCCESSION

REF. NO.-0391

HAVEN9 K.F. 1975.

A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE ESTUARINE/MARlNE ENVIRONMENT.

(ERDA) LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LAB* UNIV. OF CALIFORNIA9 LIVERMORE CA.

IMPACTS ON THE ESTUARINE/MARINE ENVIRONMENT CAN BE ASSESSED IN ECONOMIC TERMS BY TRACING THE
IMPACT FLOW OUT OF THE ECONOMIC SECTOR THROUGH THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND BACK INTO THE

148

REF. NO.-0391 (CONTINUED)

ECONOMIC SECTOR AS CHANGES IN NATURAL RESOURCE AVAILABILITY. AN IMPACT CAN THEN BE MEASURED BY
THE CHANGES CREATED IN THE ECONOMIC SECTOR BY CHANGES IN RESOURCE AVAILABILITY. PRIMARY
EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPROPRIATE ECOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE ESTUARINE
ENVIRONMENT FOR THIS PURPOSE. TWO TYPES9 AN ECOLOGICAL INPUT/OUTPUT MODEL AND A DYNAMIC
(DIFFERENCE EQUATION) MODEL9 ARE PROPOSED. ACCEPTABILITY CRITERIA FOR THESE MODELS INCLUDE THE
ABILITY TO TRACK LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL9 DIRECT AND INDIRECT (FOOD WEB)q AND SHORT-AND LONG-TERM
EFFECTS OF A VARIETY OF POLLUTANTS RELATED TO THE PRODUCTIONS AND USE OF VARIOUS ENERGY
RESOURCES. fAUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0271

HEISER9 D.W. FINNt E.L.9 JR. 1970.

OBSERVATIONS OF JUVENILE CHUM AND PINK SALMON IN MARINA AND BULKHEADED AREAS.

STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPT. OF FISHERIES9 MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH DIVISION. SUPPLEMENTAL PROGRESS
REPORT9 PUGET SOUND STREAM STUDIES. 28 PP.

A MARINA STUDY AND BULKHEAU AND BREAKWATER CONFIGURATION STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE
THEIR AFFECTS ON CHUM AND PINK SALMON FRY. FIVE MARINAS WERE STUDIED CLOSELY FOR WATER QUALITY
AND SALMON CONDITION. MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF BULKHEAD AND REVETMENT DESIGNS WERE OBSERVED IN
AN ATTEMPT TO FIND A DESIGN WHICH WOULD MINIMIZE SALMON FRY DANGER. AS A RESULT OF THIS STUDY
A LIST OF BULKHEAD DESIGNS WAS MADE WITH EACH TYPE EVALUATED. IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT MARINAS
OF PROPER DESIGN ACTUALLY INCREASE THE RESISTANCE OF FRY TO PREDATOR ATTACK. IN CONCLUSION
SEVERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MARINA AND BULKHEAD DESIGNS WERE MADE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RI09 ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 HARBOR9 CR 19 FISH9 REVETMENT

REF. NO.-0387

HEITZ9 J.G. 1976.

WETLAND USE IN WISCONSIN: PRESENT POLICIES AND REGULATIONS.

WISCONSIN DEPT. NAT. RES. MADISON, wl. 24 PP.

THIS REPORT IS ONE OF A SERIES OF REPORTS WRITTEN FOR THE STATEWIDE WATER RESOURCES PLAN. THE
PURPOSES OF THE PLAN ARE TO DESCR18E WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES9 EXAMINE TRADEOFFS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH9 SOLICIT PEOPLE'S PREFERENCES WITH RESPECT TO THE ALTERNATIVESP AND

149

REF. NO.-0387 (CONTINUED)

PRESENT THIS INFORMATION TO DECISION MAKERS. THIS REPORT PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF THE MOSAIC OF
POLICIES- REGULATIONS9 AND LAWS WHICH APPLY TO WISCONSIN WETLANDS (MODIFIEf) AuTHOR A@@iSTPA-CT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0524

HENRY9 W.T. WERR9 D.A. 1974.

CREOSOTE9 A RFVIEW OF ITS POSIT10N AS A WOOD PRESERVATIVE.

AMERICANWOOD-ORFSERVERIS ASSOCIATION. 7 PP.

HISTORICALLY IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE SERVICEABILITY OF WOOD CAN BE INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY
THROUGH THE USE OF A WOOD PRESERVATIVE. CREOSOTE TREATMENT PREVENTS OR SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES
THE RATE OF ATTACK RY WOOD DESTROYING ORGANISMS SUCH AS FUNGIq TERMITES AND MARINE BORERS.
THUS9 THF SERVICE LIFE OF WOOD IS SUBSTANTIALLY LENGTHENED BY TREATING WITH THIS PRESERVATIVE.
IN FACT9 THE USEFUL LIFE OF WOOD IS EXTENDED MORE THAN FIVE TIMES THROUGH THE PRESSURE
IMPREGNATION OF PRESERVATIVES-THE USE OF CREOSOTE AS A WOOD PRESERVATIVE DATES BACK To THE
19TH CENTUIRY. MOLL (1836) AND OTHERS EXPERIMENTED WITH THE USE OF CREOSOTE; HOWEVER9 ITS USE
WAS LIMITEn UNTIL THE 8ETHELL (1838) 'FULL-CELLO PATENTED PROCESS WAS DEVELOPED. THE
APPLICATTON OF AN INITIAL VACUUM FOLLOWED By PRESSURE FOR THE IMPREGNATION OF THE CREOSOTE
FORMED A BASIS FOR THE PRESENT WOOD TREATING INDUSTRY. (AJTHOR AUSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERrNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PILING

REF. NO.-0320

HERBICH9' J.8. SCHILLER9 R.E.9 JR. 1976.

SHORE PROTECTTO11).

MARINE ADVISORY BULLETIN. SEA GRANT PU8L. TAMU-SG-76-504. 5 PP.

THE NEED FOR PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST SHORE EROSION IN THE GULF OF MEXICO is DISCUSSED. THE
RESULTS OF A PREVIOUS 5HOPELINE STUDY INDICATE THAT THE PROBLEM is CR TTICAL. BEFORE
4
DETERMINING REQUIRED CORRECTIVE MEASURES9 SEVERAL POINTS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED INCLUDING
PREVAILING DIRECTION OF LITTORAL DRIFT9 ANGLE OF WAVE ATTACK9 SHORE CHARACTERISTICS9 EFFECTS
THAT CORRECTIVE MEASURES WILL HAVE DOWNSHORE AND OTHERS. THE USE OF GROINS9 JETTIES9
BREAKWATER',i RULKHEADSv AND REVETMENTS ARE CONSIDERED. RELOCATION IS ALSO SUGGESTED AS A
VIABLE ALTERNATIVE.

150

REF. NO.0320 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFrRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: Pug

DESCRIPTORS: FROSION9 GROIN9 JETTY9 SREAKWATER9 BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 DREDGE/FILL9 LITTORA

rP 39 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0497

HERBICH9 J.8. KOt S.C- 1968.

SCOUR OF SAND HFACHES IN FRONT OF SEAWALLS.

PP. 622-643 IN PROC. JITH CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ENGINEERING9 LONDON9 ENGLAND. VOL- I-

MANY PREVIOUS STUDIES WERE CONFINED TO PROBLEM OF BEACH EROSION DUE TO WAVES BREAKIN
STRUCTURF. THE INVESTIGATION REPORTED HERE INVOLVED REGULAR NON-BREAKING9 SHALLOW WA
PROGRESSTNG TOWARD A SEAWALL- AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION WAS DEVELOPED AND COMPARED WITH
LABOPATOPY-SCALE EXPERIMENTS. THE SHALLOW-WATER WAVE THEORY AND BOUNDARY LAYER EUAT
USED IN THFORETICAL DEVELOPMENT9 WHICH RESULTED IN A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE ULTI
DEPTH IN FRONT OF A SEAwALL. THE THEORETICAL EUATION FOR SCOUR Is GIVEN IN THE TEXT
COMPARISON BETWEFN THEORETICALLY CALCULATED VALUES AND EXPERIMENTAL PESULTS INDICATE
GOOD AGRPEMENT. THE MODEL EXPEPIMENTS ALSO INDICATE THAT DEPTH OF SCOUR DEPENTS TO A
EXTEND OKI 14AVE CHARACTERISTICS AND THAT SCOUR LENGTH (DISTANCE BETWEEN SCOUR TROUGH
IS INDEPPNOENT OF TIME9 BUT IS A FUNCTION OF INCIDENT WAVE LENGTH. IN CONSIDERING TH
THE MOST IMPORTANT FACrORS AFFECTING RIPPLE FORMATION ARE WATER VELOCITY AND SAND DI
THE SCOUR LENGTH IS INDEPENDENT OF TIME AND ONLY A FUNCTION OF WAVE LENGTH. IT IS AL
CONCLUDEn THAT9 THE 'ULTIMATE' SCOUR LIMIT IS APPROACHED ASYMPTOTICALLY. (MODIFIED A@

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICA8LE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0170

HERRON9 W.J. HARRIS9 R.L. 19t,6.

LITTORAL BYPASSING AND 8EACH RESTORATION IN THE VICINITY OF PORT HUENEME9 CALIFORNIA.

PP. 651-675 IN: PROC. TENTH COASTAL ENG. CONF. VOL 1.

PORT HUENEME HARBOR9 CALIFORNIA9 CONSTRUCTED IN 19409 RESULTED IN AN AVERAGE ANNUAL
192009000 CUBIC YARDS FROM THE SHORELINE DOWNCOAST OF THE HARBOR. THE CAUSE WAS DIVE
THE NORTH JETTY OF THE HAR80R OF LITTORAL SAND MOVEMENT INTO THE HUENEME CANYON. A G
SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED IN l9hO-61 BY CONSTRUCTION9 ONE MILE UPCOAST9 OF CHANNEL ISLA
FRONTED RY AN OFFSHORE BREAKWATER 29300 FEET IN LENGTH AND LOCATED ON THE 30-FOOT-DE

151

REF. NO.-0170 (CONTINUED)

CONTOUR. THIS BREAKWATER SERVES A DUAL FUNCTION OF SHELTERING THE HARBOR ENTRANCE AND ACTING
AS A LITTORAL SAND TRAP. THREE CYCLES OF 6IENNIAL LITTORAL SAND BYPASSING HAVE BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED RESULTING IN SUPPLY OF 1190009000 CUBIC YARDS OF SAND TO THE ERODING
SHORELINF AT AN AVERAGE ANNUAL COST OF $0.40 PER CUBIC YARD9 INCLUDING ANNUAL MAINTENANCE AND
AMORTIZATION OF STRUCTURES. COMPARISON OF DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURE TO THE IMPOUNDING
CHARACTEPISTICS EXPERIENCED DURING THREE BYPASS CYCLES INDICATES THAT THE DIMENSIONS AND
CAPACITY OF A SAND TRAP FORMED BY AN OFFSHORE BREAKWATER CAN BE BASED UPON THE DIFFRACTION
PATTERNS OF PREVAILING WAVE TRAINS AT THE TWO ENDS OF THE STRUCTURE AND IS INDEPENDENT OF THE
DEPTH AND DIMENSIONS OF THE ENTRAPMENT AREA. RATE OF IMPOUNDMENT IS EQUAL TO THE RATE OF
LITTORAL DRIFT AT PORT HUENEME. (AUTHOR ABSTHACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: BREAKWATER9 PROTECT9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 ECONOMICS9 HARBOR9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0151

HERRONg W.J.9 JR. 1972.

CASE HISTORY OF MISSION BAY INLETY,SAN DIEGO9 CA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 11-739. 23 PP.

MISSION RAY INLET WAS DESIGNED AS A INON-SCOURINGI ENTRANCE CHANNEL By THE LOS ANGELES
DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERSt IN 1946. CONSTRUCTION OF THE INLET WAS COMPLETED IN 1959 AND THE
ENTIRE PPOJECT IN 1963- A CHANNEL 14ITH OVER TWICE THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA REQUIRED BY THE
101BRIEN' EQUATION WAS DEVELOPED TO REDUCE THE AVERAGE CROSS-SECTIONAL TIDAL CURRENTS TO LESS
THAN 2 FEET PER SECOND. THE DESIGN DEPTH OF -20 FEET MLLW ELIMINATED BOTTOM MOVEMENT INDUCED
BY WAVE ACTION-EXCEPT DURING THE MUST SEVERE STORMS. THE JETTIES WERE SEALED TO THE +4 FOOT
ELEVATION AND EXTEND TO THE -25 FOOT DEPTH ALMOST ENTIRELY ELIMINATING THE INTRUSION OF
LITTORAL DRIFT. THE CHANNEL HAS SHOALED AT A RATE OF LESS THAN 209000 CUBIC YARDS PER YEAR
SINCE FINAL DREDGING IN 19599 INDICATING THE SOUNDNESS OF THIS DESIGN. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0312

HILL9 P.G. 1976.

SUMMARY OF MARINE ACTIVITIES OF THE COASTAL PLAINS REGION.

COASTAL PLAINS CENTER FOR MARINE DEVELOPMENT SERVICES. 84 PP.

THIS PUBLICATION SUMMARIZES CURRENT RESEARCH AND ADVISORY SERVICE ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS OF

152

REF. NO.-0312 (CONTINUED)

THE MAJOP MARINE AND COASTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE COASTAL PLAINS REGION. IT INCLUDES
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS OF EACH OF THESE ORGANIZATIONS AS A WHOLE AND
ENOUGH INFORMATION ABOUT INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS TO ALLOW CONTACTS TO BE MADE. ITS
PRIMARY AIM IS To INFORM RESEARCHERS OF WHAT IS BEING DONE IN THEIR PARTICULAR FIELDS OF
INTEREST AND WHERE IT IS REING DONE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: PIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0038

HOCHMAN9 H. 1967.

CREOSOTED WOOD IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT - A SUMMARY REPORT.

PROC. AMER. WOOD-PRESERVERS' ASSN. PP. 138-150.

A NUMBER OF NOTIONS CONCERNING THE BEHAVIOR OF CREOSOTE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS ARE EXAMINED.
AMONG THESE ARE MECHANICAL LOSS9 LEACHING9 THRESHOLD CONCENTRATION9 RESERVOIR EFFECTS AND
BIOENVIRONMENT. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE FACTORS AND THE SERVICE LIFE OF CREOSOTED WOOD
IS ANALYZED AND THE CONCLUSION IS DRAWN THAT CREOSOTE PROTECTS WOOD FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME
IN COLD-WATER HARBORS dUT NOT IN WARM- WATER HARBORS HAVING A HIGH POPULATION OF LIMNORIA
TRIPUNCTATA. SUGGESTIONS ARE OFFERED TO INCREASE THE SERVICE LIFE OF CREOSOTED WOOD IN
WARM-WATFR HAR8ORS. THE PRESENCE AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF LIMNoRTA TRIPUNCTATA IS A MAJOR
FACTOR IN THE LIFE SPAN OF PILINGS. LIFE SPAN MAY BE EXTENDED BY A DOUBLE TREATMENT9 FIRST
WITH A MATERIAL TOXIC TO LIMNORIA9 FOLLOWED BY CREOSOTE. WRAPPING PILING IN METAL OR PLASTIC
IS ALSO HELPFUL.(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTPACI)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: PILING9 SUPPORT

REF. NO.-0147

HOCKETT9 C.A. 1976.

URBANIZATION AND SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT OF LAKE WASHINGTON.

MS THESIS. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON9 SEATTLE. 210 PP.

A STUDY OF THE IMPACTS OF URRANIZATION OF LAKE WASHINGTON WAS CONDUCTED. THE STUDY INVOLVED
RESEARCH RELATED TO THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKEt HISTORICAL BACKGROUND9 THE
EXTENT OF URBANIZATION WITHIN A SPECIFIED REGION AROUND THE LAKE9 CHANGES WHICH HAVE OCCURRED
IN THE CONFIGURATION OF THE LAKESHORE9 AND THE EXTENT OF PIERS AND OVERWATER STRUCTURES ON THE

153

REF NO.014 (CONTINUED)

LAKE. IT 15 CONCLUDED THAT POSSIBLE FUTURE TRANSITION OF THE LAKE SYSTEM DUE TO URBA
DEVELOPMPNTi WOULD BE OF MUCH LESS MAGNITJDE THAN THE CUMULATIVE TRANSITION WHICH THE
AUATIC CYSTEM HAS ALREADY MADE. THEREFORE9 THE INCREASE OF LAKE SURFACE COVERAGE AN
LOSS OF LAKE SURFACE wHICH COULD OCCUR AS A RESULT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT, SHOULD BE 00
AS ACCEPTARLE CONSEUENCES OF INCREASING URBANIZATION. IT 15 RECOMMENDED THAT THE COP
PERMIT PROCESSING REOUIREMENTS OF GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES AND AGENCIES FOR PIERS, BULK@
FILLS FOP RESIDENTIAL DEVELOP4ENT9 BE SU6JECTED TO THE MINIMAL ADMINISTRATIVE REUIRE
AND THAT THE EFFORT HE DIVERTED TO INCREASING THE SCRUTINY OF LARGE DEVELOPMENTS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: THESIS

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0063

HORIKAWA9 K. SONUt C. 1968.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COASTAL GROINS.

COASTAL ENG.IN JAPAN. 1:59-14.

SIMULATED COASTAL CONDITIONS WERE PROVIDED TO TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROINS. THE P
OBJECTIVE WAS TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE FLOW PATTERNS IN THE VICINITY OF COASTAL GROINS
MORE COMPLICATED THAN REALIZED. ALTHOUGH THE LABORATORY RESULTS SUPPORTED FLOW COMPLE
FIRM CONCLUSIONS ARE PENDING ACTUAL STUDY IN THE FIELD-

NATURE OF REFFPFNCE: EN6

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: nRoIN* STABILIZE* LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0103

HOUSE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS. 1973.

PROTECTING AMFPICAIS FcTUAHIE.S: FLORIDA (PART I-A).

NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

HEARINGS WERE HELD ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL P408LEMS AFFECTING FLORIDA'S ESTUARIES9 AND C
AND OTHER WATERS. CONSIDE4ATTONS iNCLUDED: THE SWIFTNESS, ECONOMY. AND IMAGINATION W!
FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR PROTECTING FLORIDAIS ENVIRONMENT ARE OR ARE NOT BEING CARRIED OU
ADEUACY OF FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT OF POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS; WHETHER PERSONS WHO ILLEGA
DREDGE AND FILL wFTLANOS AkE HEIN5 PROSECUTED; THE ADEUACY OF PROTECTION FOR ENDANGE
WILDLIFE: THE CONFLICT 13ETWFEN REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF WETLANDS ISSUED BY T
OF SPORT FISHERIES ANI) WILDLIFF AND THOSE ISSUED BY EPA; THE WATER UALITY OF VARIOUS

154

REF. NO.-0103 (CONTINUED)

SUBDIVISTON CANALS THAT ARE REGULARLY DEVELOPED IN WETLANDS AREAS; AND CERTAIN USAGE POLICIES.
WITNESSES INCLUDED OFFICIALS FROM NOAA9 FAA9 USDI9 USAGEt THE U.S. ARMYt AND FLORIDA STATE AND
MUNICIPAL AGENCIES. LETTERS9 STATEMENTSt AND RELATED DATA ARE TRANSCRIBED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0146

HURME9 A.K. 1974.

A GLOSSARY OF ECOLOGICAL TERMS FOR COASTAL ENGINEERS.

U-S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS CERC MISC. PAPER NO. 2-74. 18 PP.

A GLOSSARY OF BASIC ECOLOGICAL TERMS COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN THE FIELD OF COASTAL ENGINEERING.
THE TERMS ARE APPLICABLE T09 BUT NOT NECESSARILY RESTRICTED T09 MARINE AND FRESHWATER
ENVIRONMENTS OF THE COASTAL ZONE. TERMS ARE CROSS-REFERENCED AND DEFINED IN NON-TECHNICAL
LANGUAGE FOR USE BY NON-ECOLOG7STS.(NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GLOSSARY

REF. NO.-0159

H.W. LOCHNER9 INC. 9 CONSULTING ENGINEERS. 1975.

NEGATIVE DECLARATION9 STATE ROAD 5 (U.S. 1) BRIDGE REPLACEMENTS.

FLORIDA DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION AND FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMIN. 93 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE PROPOSED PROJECT INVOLVES THE REPLACEMENT OF 37 DETERIORATING BRIDGES AND CONSTRUCTION OF
BRIDGE APPROACHES ON STATE ROAD 5 (U.S. 1) BETWEEN KEY WEST AND TAVERNIER9 FLORIDA. THE INTENT
OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT IS TO PRESERVE PRESENT ACCESS TO THE FLORIDA KEYS BY REPLACING BRIDGES
AND UPGRADING BRIDGE APPROACHES BEFORE STRUCTURAL FAILURES OCCUR AND TO DO THIS WITH MINIMUM
ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. NO SIGNIFICANT LONG-TERM ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARE
ANTICIPATED; HOWEVER THE FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM ADVERSE IMPACTS ARE EXPECTED: 1) REMOVAL OF SOME
NATIVE VEGETATION AND DISRUPTION TO MARINE LIFE; 2) POSSIBLE WATER POLLUTION; 3) DISPLACEMENT
OF FAMILIES AND 8USINESSES; 4) NOISE POLLUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION. A NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVES
ARE DESCPIBED AND THE RECOMMENDED CHOICES IDENTIFIED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

155

REF. NO.-0159 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNrE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: ;RIDGE9 LAND TRANSPOPTt CR 49 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0142

INMAN# D.L. 1950.

REPORT ON BEACH STUDY IN THE VICINITY OF MUGU LAGOON9 CALIFORNIA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. HER TECH. MEMO. NO- 14. 19 PP.

INVESTIGATION AND 6TUOY INDICATE THAT THE BEACHES AND SAND SPITS BORDERING MUGU LAGOON ARE NOT
STABLE9 AND THAT IMPROVEMENTS IN THIS AREA SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN WITH CAUTION- ANY CHANGES WILL
TEND TO UPSET THE NATUqAL BEACH EQUILIBRIUM AND IN SOME CASES MAY RESULT IN FURTHER DEPLETION
AND EROSION OF THE NARROW SPITS BORDERING THE LAGOON. LONGSHORE CURRENT STUDIES SHOWED THAT
THE COMPLEY BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY OVER THE MUGU SUBMARINE CANYON HEADS GIVES RISE TO CURRENTS THAT
MAY BE OPPOSED IN DIRECTION TO THE CURRENTS ALONG THE STRAIGHT BEACH NORTHWEST OF MUGU. THE
ANGLE OF WAVE APPROACH AND THE #PILING UP# OF WATER AT WAVE CONVERGENCE POINTS APPEAR TO BE
THE CONTROLLING FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF THE LONGSHORE CURRENTS. THE
EFFECT OF (1) SPRING TIDES9 (2) HIGHWAVES9 AND (3) DIRECTION OF THE LONGSHORE TRANSPORT OF
SAND ON THE STABILITY OF THE SPITS BORDERING MUGU LAGOON IS DISCUSSED. (AJTH,)R A6'@TRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: LITTORAL PROCESSES9 CR 29 EROSIONg JETTY

REF. NO.-0120

ISHIHARAt T. SAWARAG19 T. 1964.

STABILITY OF REACHES USING GROINS.

PROC. 9TH CONF. ON COASTAL ENG. ASCE PP. 229-303.

THE AUTHORS HAVE CONDUCTED A FIELD INVESTIGATION ON THE STABILITY OF BEACHES9 USING GROINS
ALONG THF TMAZU AND SAKANO COASTS IN TOKUSHIMAo JAPAN. BASED ON THE SURVEY OF COASTAL
CONFIGURATTON BETWEEN GROINS AND ON THE ESTIMATION OF THE AMOUNT OF LITTORAL SAND DRIFT IN THE
CASE OF 40 STRUCTURE9 THE STORAGE CAPACITY OF PERMEABLE AND IMPERMEABLE GROINS WAS DETERMINED.
IT IS FOUND THAT THE GROINS HAVE TO BE DESIGNED IN TYPES9 LENGTH AND INTERVALS UNDER THE
CONDITION THAT THE EQUAL AMOUNT OF LITTORAL SAND DRIFT ALONG THE COAST MAY BE SECURED.
(AJTHO@e Ad@,TkACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINq STABILIZE9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

156

REF. NO.-0238

JACHOWSKI9 R.A. 1955.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF TIMBER IN COASTAL STRUCTURES.

U-S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BES. TECH. MEMO. NO. 66. 23 PP.

THE DURABILITY OF TIMBER IN COASTAL WATERS IS INFLUENCED BY SEVERAL FORMS OF ATTACK. THE THREE
MAJOR FORMS OF ATTACK AFFECTING THE LIFE OF TIMBER USED IN COASTAL CONSTRUCTION ARE DECAY9
INSECTS9 AND MARINE BONERS. SOME TYPE OF TREATMENT TO TIMBER IS NECESSARY FOR MAXIMUM
LONGEVITY. SERVICE RECORDS OF TIMBER USED IN VARIOUS COASTAL STRUCTURES ARE PRESENTED. GOOD
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES ALSO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN PROLONGING THE USEFUL LIFE OF THESE
STRUCTURES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DILING9 INVERTEBRATES

REF. NO.-0230

JEFFERSON9 C.A. 1974.

'PLANT COMMUNITIES AND SUCCESSION IN OREGON COASTAL SALT MARSHES.

PH. D. THESIS. OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY9 CORVALLIS. 192 PP.

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED To DETERMINE PLANT SPECIES COMPOSITION9 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE9
SUCCESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS9 VEGETATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANT DISTRIBUTIONS IN ESTUARINE SALT
MARSHES ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF OREGON. QUADRAT AND TRANSECT SAMPLES OF PLANT PRESENCE AND
COVER9 COLLECTED FROM APRIL 1971-JUNE 19749 WERE SUBJECTED TO PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND
ORDINATION9 RESULTING IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF 6 SALT MARSH VEGETATION TYPES COMPRISED OF 28
COMMUNITIES. THRFE MAJOR PATTERNS OF PLANT SUCCESSION WERE APPARENT9 INCLUDING THOSE ON SAND
AND SILT SUBSTRATES AND IN AREAS SUBJECT TO FRESHWATER RUNOFF. PLANT DISTRIBUTION WAS RELATED
TO ELEVATION9 AND PHENOLOGY TO TIDAL EXPOSURE AND SALINITY9 SOIL AND SOIL WATER SALINITYV AND
WATER TABLE DEPTHS. OREGON COASTAL SALT MARSHES ARE A TRANSITION BETWEEN SUBARCTIC AND
TEMPERATURE MARSHES9 AND ARE SIMILAR IN PHYSIOGNOMY TO BOREAL SALT MARSHES IN SCANDINAVIA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: THESIS

DESCRIPTORS: DRF0GE/FILLs JETTY9 CR 19 EROSIONg LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-OO68

JOHNSON9 J.W. 1975.

LITTORAL PROCFSSES AT SOME CALIFORNIA SHORELINE HARBORS.

157

REF. NO.0068 (CONTINUED)

SHORE AND BEACH. 43t2):17-22.

THE EXTENSIVE USE OF THE NJEARSHORE AREA OF THE CALIFORNIA COAST FOR SHIPPING, FISHING,
RECREATION* AND OIL PRUotJCTION HAS RESULTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY METHODS WHICH F
THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMICAL SOLUTION OF THE NUMEROUS ENGINEERING PROBLEMS INVOLV
THESE OPFRATIONS. SOME OF THE.SF. METHODS RESULTED FROM SPECIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTS DESI(
STUDY THP FUNDAMENTALS OF THE PHENOMENA. VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTS EVOLVED FROM YEARS OF E)
IN THE DESTGN, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF COASTAL STRUCTURES, PARTICULARLY THOSE
CONSTRUCTEn ALONG THE SOUTHFPN CALIFORNIA COAST. EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM BOTH SUCCESSE
FAILURES CONTRIBUTED TO WIDELY USED PROCEDURES WHERE THE DESIGN OF COASTAL WORKS INVOL
LITTORAL PROCESSES ARE IMPORTANT.

NATURE OF REFFPFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU,

DESCRIPTORS: LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 2, EROSIONg HARBOR, BREAKWATER, JETTY

REF. NO.-04,2

JOHNSON, P.H. 1,66a.

THE EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING PROJECTS ON THE ECOLOGY OF JONES BAY.

COASTAL FISH. PROJ. REPT., TEX. PARKS WILDL. DEPT. PP. 148-158.

TO PROTECT FROM FLOOD AND STORM DAMAGE THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROPOSES THE
CONSTRUCTION OF A LEVEE SEAWALL TO PROTECT THE CITY OF HITCHCOCK, TEXAS AND VICINITY.
HURRICANE LEVEE (11.4 MILES LONG) WILL CROSS JONES BAY AND BASELINE SURVEY RESULTS OF
FISHERY ARF PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER. NO CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN AS TO THE IMPACT THE PP(
PROJECT WILL HAVE ON THE JONES BAY FISHERY RESOURCE.

NATURE OF ,EFFRFNCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT NOr AcIPLICA8LE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-04,4

JOHNSONg R.H. 1,66b.

THE EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING PROJECTS ON THE ECOLOGY OF MOSES LAKE.

COASTAL FISH. PROJ. REPT., TEXAS PARKS WILDL. DEPT. PP. 15,-168.

IN 1,64, PRELIMINARY WORK WAS COMPLETED ON A PORTION OF A HURRICANE PROTECTION LEVEE
CROSSED THE MOUTH OF -'AOSES LAKE, A PROTECTED ESTUARY OF THE GALVESTON BAY SYSTEM. A ST

158

REF. NO.-0494 (CONTINUED)

CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF THE LEVEE ON THE FISHERY ECOLOGY OF MOSES LAKE. MOSES
LAKE PROVIDES IMPORTANT HABITAT AND NURSERY AREAS FOR COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE SPECIES. IT WAS
CONCLUDED THAT FACTORS WHICH MIGHT JEOPARDIZE THE VALUE OF THIS ESTUARY SHOULD BE FURTHER
INVESTIGATED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 39 FISH9 PROTECT9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0329

JOHNSONg R.B.9 JR. 1974.

ECOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CEDAR BAYOU AND TRINITY BAYt TEXAS.

TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPT. TECH. SER. NO. 16. 79 PP.

CEDAR BAYOU AND TRINITY BAY WERE STUDIED BEFORE AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF TWO
INDUSTRIES. CEDAR BAYOU IS THE DISCHARGE SITE FOR HOUSTON LIGHTING AND POWER COMPANYIS CEDAR
BAYOU GENERATING STATION. TRINITY BAY IS THE DISCHARGE SITE FOR THERMAL EFFLUENTS FROM THE
POWER PLANT. SUBMERGED VEGETATION DECLINED AFTER THE OPERATION OF THE POWER PLANT. REACTION OF
BLUE CRA8t BROWN SHRIMP9 WHITE SHRIMP9 GULF MENHADEN AND ATLANTIC CROAKER WAS FAVORABLE FROM
FALL TO SPRING. (MODIFIED AUTHOR AllbTR@,CT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0058

KAHN9 R.A. ROUNSEFELL# G.A. 1947.

EVALUATION OF FISHERIES IN DETERMINING BENEFITS AND LOSSES FROM ENGINEERING PROJECTS.

UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NO. 40. PP. 1-10.

THE TRUE VALUE OF A FISHERY MUST BE REPRESENTED BY ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE WEALTH OF THE
NATION. THIS DOES NOT MEAN MERELY THE PROFIT TO THE INDIVIDUAL FISHERMAN BUT ALL ACTUAL
BENEFITS ITO WHOMSOEVER THEY MAY ACCRUE.f THIS IS THE LANGUAGE SET FORTH BY THE CONGRESS TO
GUIDE THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS IN ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF THE BENEFITS WHICH9 COMPARED WITH THE
COSTS9 DETERMINE THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF FLOOD CONTROL AND OTHER ENGINEERING PROJECTS.
BECAUSE FISHERY VALUES OFTEN ASSUME CONSIDERABLE WEIGHT IN DETERMINING THE FEASIBILITY OF
ENGINEERTNG PROJECTS9 IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE BASIS OF EVALUATION BE COMPARABLE WITH THE
BASIS USED IN DETERMINING OTHER BENEFITS OR LOSSES. THIS CONCEPT IS EXPLORED IN THIS SPECIAL
SCIENTIFIC REPORT-

159

REF. NO.-0058 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT Nor APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0545

KAPLAN* E.H. WFLKER9 J.R. KHAUS9 M-G. 1974.

SOME EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON POPULATIONS OF MACROBENTHIC ORGANISMS.

FISH. BULL. 72(2): 445-480.

POPULATIONS OF EPI- AND INFALINA WERE STUDIED FROM 10 MONTHS BEFORE TO 11 MONTHS AFTER A
NAVIGATION CHANNEL. WAS DREDGED THkOUGH A SMALL9 SHALLOW LAGOON. CURRENT VELOCITIES AND
SEDIMENTATION PATTERNS WERE CHANGED DJE TO AN ALTERED DISTRIBUTION OF TIDAL CURRENTS9 ALTHOUGH
FLUSHING TIME WAS NOT APPRECIABLY ALTERED. VALUES OF CERTAIN PARTICULATE AND DISSOLVED
NUTRIENTS CHANGED AFTER ORFOGING9 BUT NO CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN ANIMAL POPULATIONS
AND FLUCUATIONS IN NUTRIENTS- PRODUCTIVITY OF GOOSE CREEK WAS CALCULATED AT 89.87 G/M2/YR
BEFORE DpFnGDNG AND 31.18G/M2/YR AFTER DREDGING. PRODUCTIVITY FIGURES FOR THE MIXED PERIPHERAL
MARSH WEPE CALCULATED AND THE ANNUAL LOSS DUE TO REPLACEMENT OF 10.87 HA OF MARSH BY SPOIL
AREAS WAS ESTIMATED AT 499487 KG. ALTERED LAND USAGE PATTERNS TENDED TO FIX THIS LOSS ON A
PERMANENT BASIS. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 CR 79 BENTHOS9 PRODUCTIVITY9 PLANKTON9 SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0453

KAY9 A.R. LEWIS9 R.B. 1970.

PASSAGE OF ANADROMOUS FISH THROUGH HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

STATE OF CALIF. DEPT. PUB. WORKS9 DIV. HIUHWAYSt DIST. 019 HYDRAULICS SEC.9 RES. REPT. 629110. 15
PP.

HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STRUCTURES CAN BE AN IMPASSABLE BARRIER TO THE MIGRATION OF ANADROMOUS FISH
AND THEREBY DAMAGE THE FISHERIES RESOURCE OF AN AREA. INVESTIGATION OF 40 EXISTING DRAINAGE
STRUCTURES INDICATES THAT THESE STRUCTURES CAN BE DESIGNED SO AS NOT TO BE A BLOCK TO
MIGRATING FISH. A DESIGN PROCEDURE IS PRESENTED WHICH ENABLES THE ENGINEER TO DETERMINE IF A
GIVEN STRUCTURE REQUIRES SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR FISH PASSAGE. (AUTHOR A@@STHACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

160

REF. NO.-0453 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF- NO.-0115

KEITH9 J.M. SKJE19 R.E. 1974.

ENGINEERING AND ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ARTIFICIAL-ISLAND DESIGN9 RINCON ISLAND9 PUNTA GORDA9
CALIFORNIA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO NO. 43. 76 PP.

RINCON ISLANDt PUNTA GORDA9 CALIF. IS AN OFFSHORE ISLAND MAN-MADE IN 1958. IT WAS THE FIRST
SUCH ISLAND TO BE BUILT WITH AN OCEAN EXPOSURE. THE ISLAND9 LOCATED IN A DEPTH OF ABOUT 45
FEET# IS COMPOSED OF ARMOR ROCK AND TETRAPOD REVETMENTS ENCLOSING A SAND CORE. A
PILE-SUPPORTED CAUSEWAY ABOUT 29700 FEET LONG CONNECTS THE ISLAND TO THE SHORE. MAJOR FINDINGS
OF AN EVALUATION OF THE ISLANDS PERFORMANCE IN THE MORE THAN 14 YEARS OF ITS EXISTENCE SHOW:
THAT THE REVETMENT HAS NOT BEEN DAMAGED BY WAVE ATTACK; THAT SUBSIDENCE RANGING FROM ABOUT 3
INCHES TO 1.5 FEET HAS OCCURED9 MAINLY DUE TO THE DETERIGATION OF SOME INFERIOR MATERIAL IN
THE REVETMENT; THAT LITTORAL TRANSPORT HAS BEEN ALMOST UNAFFECTED1 THAT ADJACENT BOTTOM
TOPOGRAPHY SHOWS MINOR CHANGES; AND THAT A LARGE9 THRIVING COMMUNITY OF MARINE ORGANISMS HAS
DEVELOPED IN THE ENVIRONMENT CREATED BY THE ISLAND. THE REPORT INCLUDES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
INSTRUMENTATION TO PROVIDE MEASUREMENT OF WAVES AND NEARBY BOTTOM SEDIMENTATION. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 CAUSEWAY9 SEDIMENTATION9 CR 29 SUPPORT

REF. NO.-0174

KETCHUM9 B.H. 1972.

THE WATERIS EDGE: CRITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE COASTAL ZONE.

MIT PRESS9 CAMBRIDGE9 MASS. 393 PP.

THE COASTAL ZONE WORKSHOP HELD MAY 22-JUNE 39 1972 IN WOODS HOLE9 MASSACHUSETTS REVIEWED
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN COASTAL 70NE MANAGEMENT. TOPICS COVERED INCLUDED EXISTING RESOURCESP
COASTAL ECOLOGY9 COMMERCIAL AND SPORT FISHERIES9 TRANSPORTATION AND COASTAL MODIFICATION9
SHIPPING AND COMMERCEt MANAGEMENT9 AND RESEARCH NEEDS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg JETTY9 8REAKWATER9 BULKHEAD* CAUSEWAY9 EROSIONg HARBOR

161

REF. NO.-0060

KIESLICH9 J.M. MASON9 C. 1975.

CHANNEL ENTRANCF RESPONSE TO JETTY CONSTRUCTION.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 76-4. 18 PP.

THIS STUDY DOCUMENTS A GENERAL TREND IN RESPONSE OF U.S. TIDAL INLETS TO cONSTRUCTiO
SINGLE JFTTIESf AND AIDS IN IMPROVING RATIONAL DESIGN OF INLETS AND INLET STRUCTURES
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF AN INLET STUDY IS PRESENTED9 INCLUDING A SUMMARY OF THE HISTO
SEVERAL IMPROVED INLETS AND OUALITATIVE EXPLANATIONS FOR THEIR OBSERVED BEHAVIOR. IT
THAT REGARDLESS OF THE JETTY LOCATION RELATIVE To THE DIRECTION OF NET LONGSHORE DRI
INLET/BAY ORIENTATION9 JETTY COr4STRUCTION RESULTED IN MIGRATION OF THE SEAWARD PORTI
THALWEG TOWARDS THE JETTY. GENERALLY CONCLUVED THAT ALTHOUGH MIGRATION OF A CHANNEL
THE RESULT OF HYDRAULIC PROCESSES9 OBSERVATIONS INDICATE THAT WAVE PROCESSES PREDOMI
TRANSPORT OF LITTORAL MATERIAL TO THE INLET ALONG ADJACENT BEACHES9 TRANSPORT ACROSS
TIDAL DELTA AND DEPOSITION IN THE CHANNEL9 AND SEDIMENT TRAPPING BY WAVE REFRACTION.
ADDITIONAL WORK TO UAINIIFY THE CONTROLLING WAVE AND HYDRAULIC PROCESSES IS BEING PE
AND WILL BE INCLUDED IN A FUTURE REPORT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: Pun

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY9 STABILIZE9 CR It CR 5

REF. NO.-0218

KING- C.A.M. 1972.

BEACHES AND CnASTS.

2ND ED. ST. MARTINIS PRESS9 NEW YORK. PP. 474-481.

BEACHES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DETERMINING AREAS SUBJECT TO EROSION. EROSION IS G
SLOW ON POCKY BEACHES ANO HIGHEST ON UNCONSOLIDATED REACHES. THE BEST MEANS OF COAST
IS A WIDE9 HIGH STABLE REACH. LOW COASTLINES ARE BEST DEFENDED BY VEGETATED SAND DUN
PROBLEMS ARISING FROM THE CnNSTRUCTION OF SEA WALLS ALONU COASTLINES INCLUDE INCREAS
DESTRUCTTON FROM STORMS OUE TO STRUCTURE IMPERMEABILITY9 BLOCKING OF WIND DRIVEN S4N
FORESHORF TO THE DUNES9 AND A REDUCTION OF BEACH HEIGHT IN FRONT OF THE WALL. GROINS
BREAKWATFRS AND OTHEP STPuCTURES MAY HELP TO HOLD MATERIAL MOVING ALONGSHORE BUT THE
DOWN-DRIFT AREAS ARE STARVED OF BEACH MATERIAL. SURVEYS OF NUMEROUS AREAS OF THE UNI
COASTLrNF' INDICATE THAT LARGE VOLU14ES OF @EACf FILL ARE NEEDED FOR 8EACH REPLINISHME
AREAS. ONE POSSIRLE SOURCE OF FILL MATERIAL IS MATERIAL DREDGED FROM OFFSHORE.

NATURE OF REFFRFINCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERPNrE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: t4ULKHEAD, LITTORAL PR()cESSES, EROSION, GROIN

162

REF. NO.-0412

KLIMMv L.E. 1956.

MANIS PORTS AND CHANNELS-

PP. 522-541 IN: W.L. THOMAS9 ED. MAN'S ROLE IN CHANGING THE FACE OF THE EARTH. UNIVERSITY OF
CHICAGO PRESS9 CHICAGO.

A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PORTS9 HARBORS AND CANALS SHOWS THAT MANfS CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIFS IN THE COASTAL ZONE EXTENDS BACK INTO PREHISTORY. BREAKWATERS IN EGYPT AND SYRIA
DATE BACK AT LEAST 49000 YEARS AND CANALS ARE AT LEAST AS ANCIENT. PORTS AND HARBORS ARE
CONSIDERED TO BE ALMOST UNIVERSALLY BENEFICIAL AND IT IS SELDOM POSSIBLE FOR THEIR EFFECTS TO
BE HARMFUL. HOWEVFR9 THEIR CONSTRUCTION HAS BEEN KNOWN TO UNLEASH FORCES THAT MAN CANNOT
COMPLETELY CONTROL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0115

KNUTSON9 P.L. 1976.

DEVELOPMENT OF TNTERTIDAL MARSHLANDS UPON DREDGED MATERIAL IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY-

PROC. 7TH WORLD DREDGING CONFERENCE. PP. 103-118.

A MARSH DEVELOPMENT STUDY PROGRAM WAS CONDUCTED BY THE SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT CORPS OF
ENGINEERS AS PART OF THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND ESTUARY DREDGE DISPOSAL STUDY. THE MARSH
DEVELOPMENT STUDY WAS INITIATED IN AUGUST 19739 TO FORMULATE WORKABLE PROCEDURES FOR THE
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF INTERTIDAL MARSHLAND PLANTS UPON A DREDGE MATERIAL SUBSTRATE. ON THE
INTERTIDAL MARGINS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY ARE TWO DOMINANT MARSHLAND PLANTS: CALIFORNIA
CORDGRASS (SPARTINA FOLIOSA) AND PICKLEWEED CONSISTING OF SEVERAL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GENUS
SALICORNTA. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0221

KNUTSON9 P.L. 1977.

SUMMARY OF CEPC RESEARCH ON USES OF VEGETATION FOR EROSION CONTROL.

GREAT LAKES VEGETATION WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS. GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION9 ANN ARBOR9 MI. PP 31-37.

163

EF. NO.-0221 (CONTINUED)

THIS PAPcP SUMMARIZES THE U.S. ARMY COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTERIS INVESTIGATI
THE USES OF VEGETATION FOR EROSION CONTROL. THE APPLICATION OF THIS RESEARCH TO THE 6
LAKES COASTLINE ALSO IS DISCUSSED. RESEARCH HAS INCLUDED INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE USEF
VFGETATInN FOR OUNE STABILIZATION AND FOR4ATION, BANK STABILIZATION AND IN COMBINATI
COASTAL TPUCTURES. RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT BEACH GRASSES EFFECTIVELY UILD AN
STABILIZF COASTAL UjUNES. BANK EROSION CONTROL WITH VEGETATION AND VEGETATIVE STABILIZ
COMBINATTOj WITH sTpucTukEs HAVE PROVEN TJ BE EFFECTIVE AND INEXPENSIVE IN AREAS SUBJ
LOW AND -ODERATE WAVE ENERGIES. THE USE OF VEGETATION FOR DUNE STABILIZATION BANK ER
CONTROL AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH REVETMENTS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION POTENTIALLY MAY
USEFUL; 14OWEVER NO RESEARCH HAS 2EEN DONE TO DETERMINE USEFUL SPECIES AND EFFECTIVE
TECHNIUrS.

NATURE OF REFFPFNCE: RIG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: ';TABILIZF- LAND PLANTS EROSION CR 8 PROTECT

REF. NO.-026

KOISCH F.P. 16.

A HALF CENTURY OF COASTAL CONSERVATION.

SHORE AND BEACH 37(l):47-4854.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COASTAL PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES IS PRESENTED# INCLUDING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AND FEDERAL STUDIES AGENCIES AND PROJECTS THROUGH THE LAST HAL
CENTURY.

NATURE OF REFERFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0033

KOMAR P.D. LIZARRAGA-ARCINIEGA J. R. TERICH T.A. 176.

OREGON COAST SHORELINE CHANGES DUE TO JETTIES.

J. WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIV. ASCE 102 (WWI): 13-30.

HISTORICAL CHANGES IN SHORELINES ALONG THE OREGON COAST WHICH RESULTED FROM THE CONST
OF JETTIFS AT RIVER OR BAY MOUTHS ARE ILLUSTRATED. SINCE THIS IS AN AREA OF ZERO NET
SAND DRIFT, IT WAS PREVIOUSLY 8ELIEVED THAT EROSION PROBLEMS SHOULD NOT OCCUR. HOWEVE
EROSION HAD INDEED OCCURRED AND THIS STUDY EXAMINED ITS CAUSES AND DEVELOPED COMPUTER

164

REF. NO.-0033 (CONTINUED)

WHICH CLOSELY APPROXIMATED ACTUAL EROSION AND ACCRETION PATTERNS. WITH A ZERO NET SAND DRIFT9
THE SHORELINE REACHES A NEW EQUILIBRIUM WITH THE WAVES WITHIN A FEW YEARSO RATHER THAN
UNDERGOING CONTINUOUS CHANGES.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: jETTY9 EROSION9 LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR 19 STABILIZE

REF. NO.-0169

KOWALSKI* T. ROSS9 N. 1975.

HOW TO BUILD A FLOATING SCRAP TIRE BREAKWATER.

UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND MARINE BULLETIN NO. 21. 15 PP.

THIS REPORT EXPLAINS HOW SCRAP TIRES CAN BE USED BY MARINAS TO CONSTRUCT BREAKWATERS AT THE
COST PER LINEAR FOOT RANGING FROM $4 TO S30. TESTS PERFORMED ON A PROTOTYPE SHOWED THAT IT
COULD REDUCE BY 75 PERCENT THE WAVE HEIGHTS OF 3- TO 4- FOOT WAVESs AND BY UP TO 100 PERCENT
THE HEIGHT OF 1/2-FOOT WAVES. BESIDES LOW COSTS9 THESE BREAKWATERS PRESENT OTHER ADVANTAGES.
THEY CAN BE USED WHERE SURFACE TO BOTTOM BREAKWATERS ARE NOT FEASIBLE; THEY ARE MOVABLE9 AND
THEY UTILIZE A RESOURCE WHICH IS READILY AVAILABLE AT VERY LOW COST. (NTIS AHSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PREAKWATER9 HARBOR9 ECONOMICS9 HABITATv PROTECT

REF. NO.-0485

KOWALSKI9 T. 1974B.

SCRAP TIRE FLOATING BREAKWATERS.

PP. ?23-246 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE, NEWPORT RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (G.V.
KOWALSKI, 1974A).

TESTS INDICATE THAT EVEN A SIMPLE THREE-TIRE-DEEP MAT HAS A WAVE SUPPRESSION EFFICIENCY OF
APPROXIMATFLY 70% IN WAVES OF SIGNIFICANT HEIGHT OF 2.5 FT. PROBLEMS WERE ENCOUNTERED WITH THE
STRAPPING MATERIALS USED WHICH PROVED INADEQUATE WHEN SUBJECTED To CONTINUOUS TWISTING ACTION.
BETTER PqOTEC7104 1'3 ALSO NEEDED FOR THE FOAM USED FOR BUOYANCY. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FOR
THE IMPROVED METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION9 FOAMING OF TIRES FOR BUOYANCY AND THE MATERIALS USED FOR
TYING THr TIRES TOGETHER. SUGGESTIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE IMPROVEMENTOF THE EFFICIENCY OF
WAVE ATTENUATION Hy CONSIDERING THE DETAILS OF THE CONFIGURATION OF THE LEADING EDGEO MAIN
BODY AND THE TRAILING EDGE OF THE BREAKWATER. (NTIS MOUIFIED AUT"OP AHSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

165

REF. NO.-0485 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PREAKWATERP PROTECT

REF. NO.-0498

KOWALSK19 T. 1974A.

PROCEEDINGS OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE HELD AT NEWPORTO RIO 23-25 APRIL9 1974.

TECH. SER. NO. 24. 322 PP-

A COLLECTION OF THE 18 PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE FLOATING BREAKWATER CONFERENCE HELD IN NEWPORT
RHODE ISLAND9 APRIL 23-259 1974 IS PRESENTED. TITLES INCLUDED ARE: FLOATING BREAKWATERS--STATE
OF THE APTI THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FLOATING BREAKWATER PERFORMANCE; THE EFFECT OF SURGEt
HEAVE AND PITCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A FLOATING BREAKWATER; TETHERED FLOAT BREAKWATERS; THE
PERFORMANCE OF AN OFFSET BREAKWATER CONFIGURATION IN WIND-GENERATED WAVES; A WAVE BARRIER
CONCEPT; DEVELOPMENT OF HERMAPHRODITE BREAKWATER UNITS UTILIZING HYDROFOILS IN SPECIFIC
ARRANGEMENT; ATTENUATION OF WIND-GENERATED DEEP WATER WAVES BY PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC
BREAKWATERS; PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC OF A FLOATING BREAKWATER; THE ISEABREAKERI
FLOATING BREAKWATER! GOODYEAR SCRAP TIRE FLOATING BREAKWATER CONCEPTS; THE HARRIS FLOATING
BREAKWATER; SCRAP TIRE FLOATING BREAKWATERS; MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIGUES FOR
FLOATING BREAKWATERS; PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS FOR SMALL CRAFT HARBORS;
WORKSHOP I: FUTURE USES OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS; WORKSHOP II: FLOATING BREAKWATERS FOR SMALL
BOAT MARINAS; AND A CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON TRANSPORTABLE AND FLOATING
BREAKWATERS. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BREAKWATER9 PROTECT9 HARBOR

REF. NO.-0229

KUENZLER9 E.J. CHESTNUT9 A.F. WEISS9 C.M. 1973.

OPTIMAL ECOLOGICAL DESIGNS FOR ESTUARINE SYSTEMS.

PROJECT SUMMARY; SEA GRANT PUBL. NCU-Z-72-079. 4 PP.

THIS PAPER SUMMARIZES A STUDY TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT UPON BRACKISH WATER
ECOSYSTEKS. SUBJECTS STUOIEO-INCLUOEO WATER CHEMISTRY PLANT, ANIMAL AND BACTERIAL POPULATIONS#
PRODUCTIVITY9 NUTRIENT CYCLING AND POTENTIAL FOR AQUACULTURE. STUDY SITES INCLUDED ARTIFICIAL
PONDS9 NATURAL ESTUARIES AND SALT MARSHES. A NUMBER OF PAPERS9 REPORTS9 THESES AND
DISSERTATIONS RESULTED9 AND ARE LISTED IN THE PROJECT SUMMARY.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

166

REF. NO.-0229 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pug

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0446

LEEDY9 D.L. 1975.

HIGHWAY-WILDLTFE RELATIONSHIPS. VOL. 1: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW; VOL.2: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

FED. HIGHWAY hDMIN. DEPT. TRANSPORT. REP. NO. FHWA-RD-76-4. 620 PP.

THIS STUnY ASSESSES9 PRIMARILY THROUGH AN EXTENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW9 WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT
HIGHWAY-WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS AND SUGGESTS RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO PROTECT AND
ENHANCE FISH9 WILDLIFE9 AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. A COOPERATIVE EFFORT TO THIS END AMOUNG
NATURAL RESOURCE AND HIGHWAY AGENCY PERSONNEL IS NEEDED ON A CONTINUING BASIS FROM THE INITIAL
PLANNING STAGES FOR NEW HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION THROUGH OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. THE 10 MILLION
OR MORE ACRES IN HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY HAVE BEEN LARGELY NEGLECTED AS WILDLIFE HABITAT.
OPPORTUNITIES EXIST FOR CREATING VALUABLE FISH AND WILDLIFE IMPOUNDMENTS DURING CONSTRUCTION9
YET THE MINIMAL EFFORT NEEDED TO LOCATE AND DESIGN SUCH IMPOUNDMENTS HAS GENERALLY NOT BEEN
MADE. THF NATIONIS FOUR MILLION MILES OF STREETS AND HIGHWAY OFTEN CREATE fEDGES# CONDUCIVE TO
WILDLIFE. MANY MILLIONS OF WILD VERTEBRATES ARE KILLED ANNUALLY9 BUT APPARENTLY MOST WILDLIFE
POPULATIONS ARE NOT SERIOUSLY AFFECTED BY SUCH LOSSES. HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION THROUGH LIMITED
RANGES OF ENDANGERED SPECIES CAN BE A SERIOUS PROBLEM9 AS CAN EROSION9 WETLAND DRAINAGE9
STREAM ALTERATION9 STRUCTURES WHICH BLOCK THE PASSAGE OF ANADROMOUS FISHV AND POLLUTANTS
RESULTING FROM HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE AND USE. BETTER MEASURES FOR MITIGATING HABITAT LOSSES9
PREDICTING EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS ON FISH AND WILDLIFE9 REDUCING ANIMAL-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS9 AND
ENHANCING HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT FOR FISH9 WILDLIFE9 AND PEOPLE ARE SORELY NEEDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0062

LEE9 C.E. 1961.

GROINS ON THE SHORES OF THE GREAT LAKES.

J- WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIVISION. PROC. AMER. SOC. CIVIL ENGRS. 87:89-111.

GROINS ARE IMPORTANT STRUCTURES IN THE PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE SHORE. HOWEVER9 THEY
ARE NOT A CURE-ALL FOR SHORE EROSION PROBLEMS9 AS FAULTY DESIGN OR MISPLACEMENT OF A GROIN CAN
CREATE ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS OR INCREASE EXISTING PROBLEMS. HEREIN IS INCLUDED A SUMMARY OF
FACTUAL DATA ON EXISTING GROINS9 OF CHANGES IN LAKE LEVELS9 AND OTHER PROCESSES (THE
UNDERSTANDING OF WHICH IS REQUISITE TO DESIGN)v NOTES ON DESIGN OF GROINS FOR THE GREAT LAKESO
AND SOME INDICATION OF RESEARCH AND COSTS. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

167

REF. NO.-0062 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg CP 8- LITTORAL PROCESSES9 PROTECT9 STABILIZE

REF. NO.-0127

LEE9 C.E. 1964.

ON THE DESIGN OF SMALL CRAFT HARBORS.

PROC. 4TH CONF. ON COASTAL ENG. LISBON9 PORTUGAL PP. 713-725.

UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LARGER SMALL CRAFT HARBORS* MANY UNANTICIPATED PROBLEMS AROSE. THE
NEED FOR A NEW PHASE OF COASTAL ENGINEERING9 IN WHICH THERE IS SPECIALIZATION OF RESEARCH9
DEVELOPMENT9 AND DESIGN IS DISCUSSED. MARINA DEL REY9 REDONDO BEACH9 AND HALF MOON BAY9
CALIFORNIA PROVIDE THREE EXAMPLES OF PROBLEMS AND THE MEASURES TAKEN TO RESOLVE THEM. THE NEED
FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IS ALSO DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: HAR8OR9 CR 29 CR 1

REF. NO.-0360

LEOPOLD9 L.B. CLARKE9 F.E. HANSHAW9 B.B. BALSLEY9 J.R. 1971.

A PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.

U.S.G.S. CIRCULAR NO. 645.

A PROCEDURE IS PRESENTED TO ASSIST IN DEVELOPING UNIFORM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS. THE
HEART OF THE SYSTEM IS A MATRIX WHICH IS GENERAL ENOUGH TO BE USED AS A REFERENCE CHECKLIST OR
AS AN ABSTRACT OF THE TEXT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. THE PROPOSED MANNER OF USING THE
MATRIX IS AIMED AT SEPARATING FACTUAL INFORMATION ON MAGNITUDE OF EACH TYPE IMPACT FROM THE
MORE SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPACT. AN EXAMPLE OF AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT
USING MATRIX ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED. (m0DIFItD AUTHOP AdST@4fCT,

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

158

REF* NO.-0204

LEUCHNER9 P. MARKtq A. 1975.

WILSON TUSCARORA STATE PARK9 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET.

ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 BUFFALO.

AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET IS PRESENTED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BOAT LAUNCHING
RAMP9 A STEEL SHEET PILE BULKHEAD AND TWO DOCKS9 AND DREDGING IN THE NORTHEASTERN TERMINUS OF
WILSON TUSCARORA STATE PARK* NY. THIS IS A WORKSHEET AND RESULTS ARE NOT CONCLUSIVE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0108

LEWIS9 T.E. 1973.

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT: THE FLORIDA EXPERIENCE.

SHORE AND BEACH 41(2):12-14.

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ALONG FLORIDA'S COAST IS BECOMING AN INCREASING PROBLEM DUE TO A RAPIDLY
INCREASING POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COASTAL ZONE. IN RECOGNITION OF THIS PROBLEM9 THE
COASTAL COORDINATING COUNCIL WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1970. THE COUNCILIS FUNCTIONS AND BASIC
GUIDELINES ARE DISCUSSED. REGULATORY AGENCIES ARE MOVING BEYOND THE SINGLE PURPOSE APPROACH TO
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NOo-0527

LINDALL9 W.N.- JR. 1973.

ALTERATIONS OF ESTURARIES OF SOUTH FLORIDA: A THREAT TO ITS FISH RESOURECES.

MAR. FISH. REVIEW 35(10):26-33.

BASED ON UNPUBLISHED DATA FROM 1966-19709 ABOUT 85 PERCENT OF THE COMMERCIAL FISH AND
SHELLFISH CAUGHT IN SOUTH FLORIDA CONSISTS OF ESTUARINE-DEPENDENT SPECIES. THE ANNUAL HARVEST
OF THESE SPECIES AVERAGED MORE THAN 36 MILLION POUNDS WORTH IN EXCESS OF S10 MILLION
(EX-VESSEL VALUE). DATA ON THE REGIONIS SPORT FISHERY ARE LACKING9 BUT IT IS ESTIMATED THAT
THE MAJORITY OF THE SPECIES TAKEN BY ANGLERS ARE ESTUARINE-DEPENDENT AND RESPONSIBLE FOR ABOUT

169

REF. NO.-0527 (CONTINUED)

S575 MILLION OF THE STATES ANNUAL TOURIST INDUSTRY. MAN'S ALTERATIONS OF THE ESTUARIES ARE
THREATENING THESE FISH RESOURCES. SOME OF THE MAJOR ALTERATIONS9 REDUCTION OF FRESHWATER
RUNOFF9 DOMESTIC AND INDU@TRIAL POLLUTION9 PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION9 THERMAL ADDITION9 AND
DREDGING AND FILLING9 ARE DISCUSSED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 39 CR 49 DREDGE/FILL9 BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0014

LINDGREN9 E.W. 1974.

TREATED PILING SYSTEMS.

PP. 301-317 IN H.T. ODUM9 B.J. COPELAND AND E.A.9 MCMAHAN9 EDS. COASTAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE
UNITED STATES. VOL. III. THE CONSERVATION FOUNDATIONP WASHINGTDNP D.C.

CREOSOTE TREATED WOOD PILINGS ARE SUBJECT TO ATTACK BY SMALL CRUSTACEANS CALLED GRIBBLES
(LIMNORIA SPP.). THIS INFESTATION IS OFTEN THE CAUSE OF DETERIORATION OF PILING SYSTEMS* A
DISCUSSION OF GRIBBLE DISTRIBUTION9 SEASONAL PATTERNS OF POPULATION LEVELS9 ACTIVITY IN
RELATION TO LIGHT9 SALINITY9 AND WATER VELOCITY IS ACCOMPANIED BY COMPARISONS OF PILING LIFE
SPAN AND RESISTANCE IN VARIOUS AREAS*

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: TNVERTEBRATESs PILING

REF. NO.-0186

LIZARRAGA-ARCINIEGA9 J.R. KOMAR9 P.D. 1975.

SHORELINE CHANGES DUE TO JETTY CONSTRUCTION ON THE OREGON COAST.

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY SEA GRANT PUB. NO. ORESU-T-75-004. 96 PP.

PATTERNS OF BEACH EROSION AND ACCRETION DUE TO JETTY CONSTRUCTION ARE EXAMINED FOR THE COAST OF
OREGON- kLL JETTY SYSTEMS ARE INCLUDED EXCEPT THOSE ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. IN GENERAL9
ACCRETION OF THE SHORELINE TOOK PLACE ADJACENT TO THE JETTIES FOLLOWING THEIR CONSTRUCTION9
BOTH TO THE NORTH AND SOUTH. SAND FOR THE ACCRETION ADJACENT TO THE JETTIES WAS DERIVED FROM
BEACH EROSION AT GREATER DISTANCES FROM THE JETTIES. THE SEVERITY OF THE EROSION DEPENDED UPON
THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF SAND REQUIRED FOR BEACH ACCRETION TO A NEW EQUILIBRIUM AND THE LENGTH.OF
BEACH UNDERGOING EROSION. ALL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THESE AREAS OF THE OREGON COAST ARE
EXPERIENCING A SEASONAL REVERSAL IN SAND DRIFT9 BUT WITH A ZERO OR NEAR ZERO DRIFT OVER A
SEVERAL YEARS TIME SPAN. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

170

REF. NO.-0186 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY9 PROTECT9 STABILIZE9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 EROSION9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0537

LONG BEACH CITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT. 1975.

SHORELINE AQUATIC PARK HARBOR.

ENVIRON. IMPACT REP. LONG BEACH, CA. EXCERPTS.

THE PROPOSED PROJECT IS TO PROVIDE TRANSIENT BOAT SLIPS FOR COMMERCIAL USES SUCH AS
SIGHTSEETNG AND TO PROVIDE THE REMAINING SLIPS TO PRIVATE BOAT OWNERS. THE PROJECT WILL ASSIST
IN THE REVITALIZATION OF THE DOWNTOWN AREA BY DEVELOPING AN INTERESTING9 ATTRACTIVE9 AND
FUNCTIONAL USE. A POSITIVE ON-SITE INCREASE IN VEGETATION IS ANTICIPATED FROM THE PROJECT. NO
ADVERSE FFFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE ORGANISMS ARE EXPECTED. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THAT
WILL OCCUR ARE PRIMARILY TRAFFIC RELATED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: HAPBOR9 MOORING9 CR 29 SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0536

LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 1976.

DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT: LAS TUNAS BEACH PARK.

COUNTY OF LOS ANGELESP DEPT. COUNTY ENG.v CA. EXCERPTS.

THE PROPOSED PROJECT AT LAS TUNAS STATE BEACH WILL PROVIDE PROTECTION TO THE EXISTING PUBLIC
BEACH AND PACIFIC COAST HIGHWAY IMMEDIATELY ABOVE THE BEACH WITHIN THE PROJECT LIMITS9
ELIMINATE EXISTING SAFETY HAZARDS CREATED BY THE ERODED STEEL SHEET-PILE GROINS ON THE PROJECT
SITE9 AND PROVIDE ADDITIONAL USABLE PUBLIC BEACH AREA FOR RECREATION. CONSTRUCTION OF TWO
RUBBLEMOUND ROCK GROINS AND REMOVAL OF THE OLD STEEL SHEET-PILE GROINS WILL TAKE PLACE.
ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INCLUDE DESTRUCTION OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF MARINE LIFE DUE TO
CONSTRUCTION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg CR 29 RECREATION9 PROTECT9 EROSION

171

REF. NO.-0439

LOUISIANA ADVISORY COMMISSION ON COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES. 1973.

LOUISIANA WETLANDS PROSPECTUS.

STATE PLANNINr7 OFFICE. BATON ROUGE9 LA. 346 PP.

THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE NEEDS AND PROBLEMS LOUISIANA FACES IN THE USE OF ITS COASTAL AND
MARINE RESOURCES NOW AND IN THE FUTURE. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE REGARDING WHAT ACTIONS THE
STATE GOVERNMENT SHOULD TAKE TO INSURE THE ORDERLYt LONG-RANGE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
LOUfSIANatS COASTAL ANO MARINE RESOURCES. AN INVENTORY OF THE COASTAL RESOURCES AND THE
APPARENT TRENDS IN THE COASTAL ZONE ARE GIVEN.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-01S2

MACCAMY9 R.C. FUCHS9 R.A. 1954.

WAVE FORCES ON PILES: A DIFFRACTION THEORY.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. HEB TECH. MEMO. NO- 69. 17 PP.

THE REPORT CONTAINS TWO PARTS. IN THE FIRST AN EXACT MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION IS PRESENTED FOR
LINEARIZFD PROBLEM OF WATER WAVES OF SMALL STEEPNESS INCIDENT ON A CIRCULAR CYLINDER. THE
SECOND PART IS AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY THE THEORY TO THE COMPUTATION OF ACTUAL WAVE FORCES ON
CYLINDRICAL PILES. THE BASIS OF COMPARISON IS A SERIES OF TESTS PERFORMED IN THE WAVE CHANNEL.
THE AGREEMENT IS FOUND TO BE QUITE GOOD IN THE REGION IN WHICH THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE THEORY
ARE FAIRLY CLOSELY REALIZED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0145

MACHEMEHL9 J.L.. ABAD9 G.N. 1973.

SAND-FILLED NYLON 6AG GROINS.

MILITARY ENG. 65(425):161-162.

THE BARRTER ISLANDS OF NORTH CAROLINA ARE PLAGUED WITH WIND AND WATER EROSION. THIS ARTICLE
DESCRIBES AN EXPERIMENTAL EROSION CONTROL PROJECT USING 15 SAND-FILLED NYLON BAG GROINS. THE

172

REF. NO.-0145 (CONTINUED)

BAGS WERE PLACED TO STABILIZE 4000 FEET OF BEACH FRONT. THE GROINS FOLLOWED THE NATURAL SLOPE
OF THE BFACHq WITH THE SHOREWARD ENDS SLOPED FROM 4.5 FEET ABOVE HIGH TIDE TO 2 FEET ABOVE LOW
TIDE AT THE SEAWARD END. BEACH PROFILES WERE TAKEN AT 2 GROINS. THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT
ACCRETION OF MATERIAL ON BOTH SIDES OF ONE GROIN. SIGNIFICANT ACCRETION OF MATERIAL WAS
OBSERVED ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE OTHER GROIN WITH MINOR EROSION ON ITS LEE SIDE. WHEN DREDGE
SPOILS WERE DEPOSITED ON THE WEST SIDE OF THIS GROIN IT PROVED BENEFICIAL INISTABILIZING THE
SPOIL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU9

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg STABILIZE9 ECONOMICS9 CR 5

REF. NO.-0232

MACHEMEHL9 J.L. BUMGARNER9 J.C. 1974.

A MINI-PROJECT FOR AVON HARBOR9 NORTH CAROLINA.

SHORE AND BEACH 42(l):3-10.

DESCRIPTION OF A PROJECT SPONSORED BY THE DADE COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS9 TO RESTORE AVON
HARBORP WHICH HAD ERODED TO SUCH AN EXTENT THAT THE ENTRANCE HAD WIDENED TO ALMOST THE WIDTH
OF THE HARROR AN EXPERIMENTAL JETTY SYSTEM (2 NYLON BAG JETTIES) WAS DESIGNED TO REDUCE WAVE
ACTION IN THE HARBOR AND TO PREVENT FURTHER ENTRANCE WIDENING. AN EXPERIMENTAL GROIN FIELD (2
NYLON BAG GROINS NORTH OF THE ENTRANCE; 3 TIMBER GROINS SOUTH OF THE ENTRANCE) WAS DESIGNED TO
REDUCE SOUND SIDE EROSION. NO CONCLUSIONS WERE DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0302

MACK9 W.N. DlITRIv F.M. 1971.

POLLUTION OF 4 MARINA AREA BY WATERCRAFT USE AS INDICATED BY COLIFORM AND CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY9 EAST LANSING. PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT. 25 PP.

SAMPLES OF WATER FROM A MARINA AREA IN MICHIGAN USED BY WATERCRAFT WERE TESTED FOR THE NUMBER
OF COLIFORM ORGANISMS. THERE WAS A SLIGHT INCREASE IN THE COLIFORM MOST PROBABLE NUMBER OF
ORGANISMS IN THE SLIPS MOST FREQUENTLY USED BY THE YACHTS. OUTSIDE SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
PROBABLY ADDED TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PRESENT IN THE AREA. ALTHOUGH AN INCREASE IN
THE NUMBER OF ORGANISMS WAS RELATED TO THE PRESENCE OF YACHTS IN THE MARINAt THE CONCENTRATION
WAS FAR BELOW THE STANDARD OF TOTAL BODY CONTACT AS ESTABLISHED BY THE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

173

REF. NO.-0302 (CONTINUED)

FOR MICMIGAN INTRASTATE WATERS. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES TAKEN AT THE MARINA WERE
ALL WITHIN THE NORMAL LIMITS FOR THE SPECIFIC AREA. OTHER FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PRESENCE
OF THE COLIFORM ORGANISMS IN THIS RELATIVELY UNPOPULATED AREA WERE CONSIDERED. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0522

MARKS9 W.D. CLTNTONq F.A. 1974.

MICHIGAN DEMONSTRATION EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM.

SHORE AND BEACH 42(2):11-7.

THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONDUCTED A DEMONSTRATION EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM
ON THE GREAT LAKES SHORELINE. DEMONSTRATION EROSION CONTROL PROJECTS WERE SOUGHT WHICH WERE
LOW IN COST (LESS THAN S100 PER FOOT OF PROTECTION) AND WHICH A PROPERTY OWNER COULD AT LEAST
HELP TO CONSTRUCT. EIGHTEEN PROJECTS WERE UNDERTAKEN AT SPECIALLY SELECTED SITES* SITE
SELECTION CRITERIA INCLUDED: PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY9 AN IMPROVEMENT ON THE PROPERTY
WHICH WAS IN DANGER OF DESTRUCTION9 AND A SITE WITH PROBLEMS REPRESENTATIVE OF THOSE FOUND
ELSEWHERE ON THE LAKES. THE MORE INNOVATIVE PROJECTS ARE DESCRIBED9 AND IN SOME CASES
PRELIMINARY EVALUATIONS AS TO THEIR SUCCESS ARE GIVEN*

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg CR 89 REVETMENT9 BREAKWATER9 PROTECT9 ECONOMICS

REFo NO*-0189

MARSHALL9 A.R. 1968.

DREDGING AND FILLING.

PP. 107-113 IN: J.D. NEWSOM (ED). PROC. OF THE MARSH AND ESTUARY MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM. BATON ROUGEt
LA.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF DREDGING AND FILLING ON THE FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES OF
FLORIDA'S ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER HABITATS ARE DISCUSSED. ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM DISCUSSED
INCLUDE: DIRECT DESTRUCTION OF SWAMP MARSH AND SAY BOTTOM HABITAT IN THE IMMEDIATE PROJECT
AREA; DESTRUCTION OF SPAWNING AND NURSERY HABITAT BY SILTATION; REDUCTION OF LIGHT
PENETRATION; CREATION OF ANEROBIC BOTTOM CONDITIONS; REDUCTION OF NUTRIENT OUTFLOW FROM
MARSHES AND SWAMPS- SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF DREDGING AND FILLING AT BOCA CIEGA BAY9 TAMPA BAY9
BISCAYNE BAYP INDIAN RIVER AND THE SAINT JOHNS RIVER ILLUSTRATE THE IMPACTS OF THESE

174

REF. NO.-0189 (CONTINUED)

OPERATIONS ON FLORIDA'S FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pus

DESCRIPTORS: nRFOGE/FILLq SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0288

MARSHALL9 H.E. 1976.

EFFICIENCY IMPACTS OF COST SHARING ON SHORELINE MANAGEMENT.

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL. 2(4):369-382.

THE NATIONIS SHORELINES ARE BEING ERODED BY HIGH WINDS AND WAVES. NONFEDERAL INTERESTS HAVE
TRADITIONALLY RECEIVED FEDERAL HELP IN THE FORM OF COST-SHARING FOR PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES.
THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES9 COMPARES9 AND EVALUATES EXISTING AND ALTERNATIVE COST-SHARING RULES
FOR SHORELINE PROTECTION ON THE BASIS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY. BOTH ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
TECHNIGUFS ARE EXAMINED FOR BEACH EROSION9 HURRICANE9 AND EMERGENCY COASTAL FLOOD PROTECTION.
THE PRESENT COST-SHARING SYSTEM APPEARS TO BIAS LOCAL INTERESTS TO CHOOSE (1) COSTLY TECHNIQUES
OF PROTECTION9 E.G. ENGINEERING RATHER THAN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES9 AND UNDER CERTAIN
CONDITIONS (2) PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES OVER8UILT IN TERMS OF THE EFFICIENT SCALE. CONCLUSIONS
ARE THAT THESE BIASES COULD BE REDUCED IF ALL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR
REDUCING SHORELINE DAMAGES WERE SUBJECT TO THE SAME PERCENTAGE COST-SHARING RULES.
(AUTmOR AbSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: FCONOMICSt PROTECTt EROSION

REF. NO.-0378

MARSHALL9 H.L. 1976.

FLORIDA KEYS PROJECT MEETING.

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. 4 PP.

A LETTER TO THE CHIEF* ECOLOGICAL REVIEW BRANCH9 SUMMARIZES A FLORIDA KEYS PROJECT MEETING
HELD ON SEPTEMBER 169 1976. THE PURPOSE OF THE MEETING WAS TO OUTLINE THE STUDY ON THE IMPACT
OF RAILWAY ROADBED AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON WATER EXCHANGE IN THE BARNES SOUND AND UPPER
FLORIDA PAY AREA. THE STUDY WILL BE DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS9 A HYDROLOGICAL STUDY AND A
BIOLOGICAL STUDY. THE SCOPE OF THE BIOLOGICAL STUDY WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE RESULTS OF THE
HYDROLOGICAL STUDY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

175

REF. NO.-0378 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: CAUSEWAY9 CR 49 BRIDGE

REF. NO.-0098

MASONg M.A. 1953.

PRINCIPLES OF SHORE PROTECTION FOR THE GREAT LAKES.

PROC. 4TH CONF ON COASTAL ENG. PP. 207-213.

MASON DISCUSSES THE IMPORTANCE OF PROIR KNOWLEDGE OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS TO THE
DESIGN OF PROTECTIVE SHORELINE STRUCTURES. GEOLOGY OF SHORELINEV WAVE ACTION HISTORY9 WIND9
AND LAKE LEVEL VARIATION ARE FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN EFFECTIVE REVETMENT DESIGN

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 REVETMENT9 EROSION

REF. NO.-0440

MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. UNDATEDa.

MARINE ENVIRONMENT: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.

IN COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS9 COASTAL HAZARDS AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.

THE VARIOUS MARINE ENVIRONMENTS COMPRISING THE MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL ZONE ARE DISCUSSED IN
TERMS OF THEIR ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE. MAN'S ACTIVITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS UPON THE COASTAL
MARINE ENVIRONMENT ARE ALSO PRESENTED- ACTIVITIES CAUSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION INCLUDE
PHYSICAL ALTERATION9 SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIESt HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES9 OIL POLLUTION9
DREDGING AND DREDGE DISPOSAL9 AND OFFSHORE MINING.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 BULKHEAD9 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0441

MASSACHUSETTS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. UNDATEDb.

COASTAL HAZARDS: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.

IN COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS9 COASTAL HAZARDS AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.

176

REF. NO.-0441 (CONTINUED)

A BRIEF ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY STORMS AND HURRICANES AND SUBSEQUENT EROSION AND
FLOODING ALONG THE MASSACHUSETTS COAST IS MADE. THE PAPER SUGGESTS THAT MANAGEMENT OF
HAZARDOUS AREAS IN THE COASTAL ZONE SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO REDUCE CURRENT LOSSES OF PROPERTY
AND LIVES9 TO PRESERVE AND RESTORE COASTAL LANDFORMS AND NATURAL PROCESSES WHICH ARE ESSENTIAL
TO THE PROTECTION OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS9 AND TO MAXIMILE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND REDUCE THE
COSTS OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN HAZARD PRONE AREAS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 EROSIONg BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0216

MASSEY9 L.L. JOHNSTONg J.B. PAULSON9 O.L.9 JR. PESSONEY9 G.F. 1976.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COASTAL RESIDENTIAL CANALS WITH SELECTED ANNOTATIONS.

MISSISSIPPI-ALABAMA SEA GRANT CONSORTIUM SEA GRANT PUBL. MASGP-76-003 31 PP.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES ARE PRESENTED RELATING EITHER To COASTAL RESIDENTIAL CANALS DIRECTLY9
OR INDIRECTLY ADDRESSING ECOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL TOPICS CONTRIBUTING TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF
INTERRELATIONSHIPS POSSIBLY ALTERED BY COASTAL CANALS. THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SECTION IS FOLLOWED
By SELECTED ANNOTATIONS OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN OPEN JOURNALS WHICH REPORT OF ECOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED WITHIN EXISTING CANALS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0444

MCALLISTER9 R. 1977.

MINOR SHORELINE STRUCTURES OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

PROFESSOR OF OCEAN ENGINEERING (OCEANOGRAPHER) FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIV. BOCA RATON9 FLo PERS. COMM.

A TELEPHONE INTERVIEW WAS CONDUCTED WITH DR. MCALLISTER REGARDING VARIOUS MINOR SHORELINE
STRUCTURES. IMPACTS OF REVETMENTS9 BULKHEADS9 GROINS9 JETTIESP BREAKWATERS9 RAMPS9 AND BRIDGES
WERE INCLUDED IN THE CONVERSATION. DR. MCALLISTER DOES NOT BELIEVE THAT MINOR SHORELINE
STRUCTURES CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE BIOTA IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA9 DUE TO RECRUITMENT.
PROBLEMS MAY OCCUR WHEN A SAND BOTTOM IS ALTERED TO BECOME GRAVEL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

177

REF. NO.-0444 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 GROINg BULKHEAD9 BREAKWATER9 BRIDGE9 RAMP9 JETTY9 CR 4

REF. NO.-0096

MCCABE9 R.A. 1970.

BEACH BEHAVIOR9 NORTH SHORE9 LONG ISLAND SOUND.

AM. SOC. CIV. ENG. WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIV. JOUR. 96 (WW4): 78-794.

ABOUT 20 MILES OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES HAVE BEEN CREATED ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF LONG ISLAND
SOUND DURING THE PAST 30 YEARS. SUBSEQUENTLY9 NATURAL WAVE ACTION HAS PRODUCED RATHER
CONSISTANT PATTERNS OF BEACH BEHAVIOR. THE SUCCESS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF SHOREFRONT
PROPERTY CAN BE AIDED BY RECOGNIZING AND ADAPTING TO THESE NATURAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS. BETWEEN
1949 AND 19479 TEN REPORTS EVALUATED EROSION CONDITIONS ALONG THE ENTIRE STATE SHORELINE AND
DEVELOPED GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR RECOMENDED PROJECTS. SURVEYS INCLUDED
MEAN-HIGH-WATER CONTOUR ALONG THE PROJECT AREA AND ADJACENT SHOREFRONT9 REPRESENTATIVE
PROFILES OF GROINS AND ALONG OPEN BEAC%ES AND AERIAL PHOTOS FOR BEACH ALIGNMENT INFORMATION.
SAND MOVEMENT9 BEACH ORIENTATION AND GROIN EFFECTIVENESS ARE WELL COVERED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 GROIN

REF. NO.-0053

MCCARTNEY9 B-L. AHRENS9 J.P. 1975.

STABILITY OF GOBI BLOCK REVETMENT TO WAVE ATTACK.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 CERC TECH. MEMO. NO. 55. 22 PP.

TESTS OF GOBI BLOCK REVETMENT STABILITY UNDER WAVE ATTACK WERE CONDUCTED AT PROTOTYPE SCALE IN
A LARGE WAVE TANK AT THE COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER. WAVE HEIGHTS RANGING FROM 1.6 TO
3.2 FEET AND WAVE PERIODS FROM 2.8 TO 8.5 SECONDS WERE USED. A I ON 3.5 EMBANKMENT SLOPE WAS
TESTED. STABILITY OF THE GOBI BLOCK REVETMENT COMPARED FAVORABLY WITH SIMILAR WEIGHT RIPRAP ON
THE SAME SLOPE. HOWEVER9 A PROTOTYPE GOBI BLOCK INSTALLATION AT HOLLY BEACH9 LOUISIANA9
EXHIBITED GREATER STABILITY THAN THE WAVE TANK TEST. THIS INCREASED STABILITY IS ATTRIBUTED TO
A DRY MORTAR EFFECT OF SAND AND GRAVEL WEDGED BETWEEN THE BLOCKS. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 PROTECT9 CR 3

178

REF. NO.-0279

MCCARTNEY9 B.L. 1976.

SURVEY OF COASTAL REVETMENT TYPES.

U.S. ARMY OF COPPS OF ENGINEERS.CERC MISC. REP. NO. 76-7. 49 PP.

A REVIEW OF 25 SELECTED REVETMENT TYPES AND A PROCEDURE FOR REVETMENT DESIGN WHICH INCLUDES
IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROLLING SITE CONDITIONS9 A COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS METHOD9 AND AN
EXAMPLE OROBLEM ARE PRESENTED. DESIGN DATA INCLUDE PROTOTYPE INSTALLATION EXAMPLES9 AVAILABLE
MODEL TEST RESULTS% AND ESTIMATES OF ZERO-DAMAGE WAVE HEIGHTS9 WAVE RUNUP* AND REVETMENT WAVE
REFLECTInN PROPERTIES. (AUTHOR ABSTkACT)

NATURE OF REFERFNCEt ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0471

MCCARTNEY9 B.L. 1975.

SEVENTEEN REVFTMENTS FOR SEMI-PROTECTED SHORES.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPORT PREPARED FOR THE SHORELINE EROSION ADVISORY PANEL. 36 PP.

DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATES FOR 17 REVETMENTs WHICH COULD BE USED ON SEml-PROTECTED WATERS AND
WHICH ARF WITHIN THE BUDGET OF INDIVIDUAL SHOREFRONT PROPERTY OWNERS ARE PRESENTED. THE
REVETMENTS WERE ASSUMED TO 8E STABLE FOR A WIND GENERATED DEEP WATER WAVE 6 FEET HIGH WITH A
5.5 SECOND PERIOD. ALL REVETMENTS ARE PLACED ON THE UPPER BEACH WITH THE TOE AT STILL WATER
LEVEL. THEREFORE THE DEEP WATER WAVE WILL BREAK OFFSHORE AND REFORM INTO A SMALLER WAVE
APPROXIMATELY 3.6 FEET PRIOR TO BREAKING ON THE STRUCTURE. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WERE ASSUMED
TO BE READILY AVAILABLE9 AND INSTALLATION WAS ASSUMED By THE PROPERTY OWNER EXCEPT FOR THE
RIPRAP REVETMENT WHICH REQUIRES A FRONT END LOADER AND HIRED OPERATOR. DESIGN AND COST
ESTIMATES ARE INTENDED TO PROVIDE SCOPE FEASIBILITY COMPARATIVE COST ESTIMATES AND MAY VARY
CONSIDER66LY BY GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 PROTECT9 EROSION9 ECONOMICS

REF. NO.-0419

MCCAULEY9 J.E. HANCOCK9 D.R. PAkRq R.A. 1976.

MAINTENANCE DREDGING AND FOUR POLYCHAETE WORMS.

PP. 673-683 IN PROC. SPEC. CONF. ON DREDGING AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS. MOBILE9 AL.
179

REF. NO.-0419 (CONTINUED)

THE FATE OF FOUR SPECIES OF POLYCHAETE WORMS ARE FOLLOWED FOR EIGHT WEEKS AFTER MAINTENANCE
DREDGING. CAPITELLA CAITATA (FABRICIUS9 1780) SEEMS TO THRIVE BEST IN RECENTLY DEPOSITED
SEDIMENTS RUT DOES NOT DO WELL WHERE SEDIMENTS ARE OVERTURNED SEVERAL TIMES WEEKLY. POLYDORA
LIGNI (WEBSTER9 1879) THRIVES WHERE SEDIMENTS ARE OVERTURNED FREQUENTLY AND WHERE SAWDUST AND
WOOD DEBRIS ABOUND. STREBLOSPIO BENEDICTI (WEBSTER9 1879) AND PSEUDOPOLYDORA KEMPI (SOUTHERN9
191) THRIVE UNDER CONDITIONS WHERE EITHER FREQUENT OVERTURNING OR RECENT SEDIMENTATION OCCUR
AND MAY RE DEPENDENT UPON SUSPENDED ORGANIC MATTER IN THE EPIBENTHIC WATER. BOTH SPECIES CAN
APPARENTLY LEAVE THEIR SEDIMENT TUHES WHEN DISTURBED9 SWIM RAPIDLY9 AND REBUILD TUBES QUICKLY.
(AJTHOR AH@THACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0550

MCCAULEY9 J.E. PARR9 R.A. HANCOCK9 D.R. 1977.

BENTHIC INFAUNA AND MAINTENANCE DREDGING: A CASE STUDY.

WATER SEARCH 11:233-242.

MONITORING STUDIES OF A SMALL MAINTENANCE DREDGING OPERATION IN COOS BAY9 OREGON9 SHOWED THAT
SIGNIFICANT DECREASES OF BENTHIC INFAUNAL ABUNDANCE IMMEDIATELY AFTER DREDGING EXTENDED AT
LEAST 100 M FROM THE SITE OF ACTUAL DREDGING. THE INFAUNA RE-ADJUSTED TO PRE-DREDGING
CONDITIONS WITHIN 28 DAYS IN THE DREDGED AREA AND WITHIN 14 DAYS IN THE ADJACENT AREAS. AT THE
SPOIL SITE A SIMILAR DECREASE WAS FOLLOWED BY A 2-WEEK RECOVERY PERIOD. THE AUTHORS SUGGEST
THAT AN AREA SUBJECTED TO MAINTENANCE DREDGING IS ALSO SUBJECTED TO FREQUENT DISTURBANCES FROM
SHIP MOVEMENTS AND OTHER HARBOR ACTIVITIES AND THAT THE INFAUNA Is WELL ADAPTED TO THIS THUSO
MAINTENANCE DREDGING IS A RELATIVELY NORMAL EVENT AND SHOULD NOT BE EXPECTED TO HAVE
CATASTROPHIC EFFECTS. (AJTHOR Ab'-,THACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 19 BENTHOS9 OREOGF/FILLq SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0431

MCWILLIAMS9 W.P. 1977b.

REPRESENTATIVE nREDGE/FILL/CONSTRUCTION PERMIT APPLICATION APPRAISALS.

FLORIDA DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION9 TALLAHASSEE. UNPAGED.

TWO PERMIT APPLICATIONS9 ONE FOR A PRIVATE DOCK9 THE OTHER FOR MAINTENANCE DREDGING FOR A

180

REF. NO.-0431 (CONTINUED)

MARINA CHANNEL ARE PRESENTED AS EXAMPLES OF THOSE RECEIVED BY THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF EACH PROPOSED
ACTIVITY ARE INCLUDED. TURBIDITY IS EXPECTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DREDGING AND PERIODIC
FUTURE DPEDGING IS ANTICIPATED. BOTH APPLICATIONS WERE APPROVED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: PIER9 DREDGE/FILL9 CR 3

REF. NO.-0370

MCWILLIAMS9 W.R.9 J. 1977a.

OBSERVATIONS ON VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SHORELINE STRUCTURES.

FLORIDA DEPT. OF ENVIRON. REGULATION. PERS COMM.

A NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS ARE DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. THERE ARE ADVANTAGES OF RTPRAP REVETMENTS OVER
BULKHEADS RUT THEY DO TURN A SAND OR MUD SUHSTRATE (FLORIDA HABITAT) INTO A ROCKY INTERTIDAL
(NEW ENGLAND HABITAT) ONE9 VEGETATION IS PREFERABLE TO STRUCTURES FOR SHORELINE STABILIZATION9
BUT IT DnES NOT SERVE AS A MOORAGE. BEACH NOURISHMENT IS OFTEN USED INSTEAD OF GROINS AND
JETTIES. HOWEVER THE HIGH ENERGY ENVIRONMENT OF SAND BEACHES HAS VALUE TO SEA TURTLES AND MANY
FISH. FLORIDAIS BIGGEST PROBLEMS ARE DREDGE/FILL AND DEAD-END CANAL PROJECTS. CAUSEWAYS HAVE
ALSO CAUSED FLOW ALTERATIONS. BOTTOM WEIRS PREVENT THE SALT WEDGE FROM ENTERING ESTUARINE
AREAS AND MAY DESTROY ESTUARINE NURSERY AREAS. A SPECIES OF LIMPET IS EXTENDING ITS RANGE
NORTHWARO BY USING JETTIES9 A PREVIOUSLY ABSENT HABITAT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT9 CR 39 CR 49 CR 59 JETTY9 NURSERY9 SHELLFISH

REF. NO.-0322

MENZEL9 R.W. 1971.

EFFECTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES ON ESTUARINE FISHERIES.

UNDERWATER NATURALIST 7(2):19-31.

THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF AN ESTUARY IS DISCUSSED. ADVERSE EFFECTS CAUSED BY MAN AS THE
RESULT OF DREDGING AND FILLING9 DAMMING OF RIVERS AND POLLUTION ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. EMPHASIS
IS PLACED ON THE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON OYSTERS9 SHRIMPt SPOTTED SEA TROUT AND STRIPED BASS. THE
AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT HE IS NOT RADVOCATING THE RETURN TO THE SIMPLE LIFE# BUT THAT THE BEST
SOLUTION IS TO MANAGE OUR PROGRESS WISELY. STRICT SAFEGUARDS ARE ADVOCATED TO MAINTAIN LIVING
NATURAL RESOURCES.

181

REF. NO.-0322 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0351

METSKERP H.E. 1970.

FISH VERSUS CULVERTS: SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR RESOURCE MANAGERS.

U.S. FOREST SERVICE TECH. REPT. ETR-7700-5. 19 PP.

THIS PAPER BRINGS TOGETHER PERTINENT INFORMATION ON THE PROBLEMS THAT CULVERTS IMPOSE UPON THE
FISHERY RESOURCE. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN AND FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF CULVERTS TO ELIMINATE
OR REDUCE THE IMPACT ON FISH PASSAGE ARE INCLUDED. THE CULVERT DESIGNED TO HYDROLOGICALLY AND
HYDRAULICALLY PASS THE STREAM FLOW THROUGH A FILL IS NOT GENERALLY ACCEPTABLE FOR FISH
PASSAGE. MANY OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS WILL INCREASE THE TOTAL COST OF NEW CONSTRUCTION,

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0010

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION. 1957.

GREAT LAKES SHORELINE PROBLEMS: AN APPRAISAL.

MIMED.

REPORT DESCRIBES PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL9 INCREASED DEMAND FOR PUBLIC BOATING
FACILITIES9 USE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY FOR PRIVATE ENDEAVORS9 ETC. NEW LAND/WATER USE LEGISLATION
IS URGED TO COPE WITH THESE PROBLEMS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0500

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. UNDATED.

182

REF. NO.0500 (CONTINUED)

EROSION.

MICH. DEPT. NATL. RES. 11 PP.

A PN%AP"%-FT IS PRESE%NE@) IN AN EFFORT NO EXPLAIN THE "IGM-RISK EROSION FEATURES OF MIC
170 SHORELANDS PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT ACT. (ACT 245 PUBLIC ACTS OF 170). THE AC
REUIRES THAT BUILDINGS HE PROTECTED FROM EROSION FOR A PERIOD OF 30 YEARS. THREE MET
PROTECTION HAVE BEEN DETERMINED AND INCLUDE PROPER SETBACK DISTANCE CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS* AND PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES SUCH AS SEAWALLS REVETMENTS GROINS ETC. THE L
METHOD IS LIKELY TO BE THE MOST EXPENSIVE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 8 PROTECT EROSION

REF. NO.-0321

MICHIGAN SEA GRANT ADVISORY PROGRAM. UNDATED.

SHORE EROSION: WHAT To 00.

SEA GRANT PUBL. MICHU-SG-75-100. 8 PP.

THE PROBLEM OF SHORE EROSION IN THE GREAT LAKES Is DISCUSSED. ADVICE ON WHAT TO-DO AB
EROSION IS DIRECTED TO THE HOMEOWNER. SANDFILL BREAKWATERS GROINSt REVETMENTS AND S
ARE PRESENTED AS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL BREAKWATER CR 8 GROINg BULKHEAD REVETMENTt PROTECT EROSIONg
LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0466

MICHIGAN WATEP RESOURCES COMMISSION. UNDATED.

WATER UALITY APPRAISAL SECTION 81OLOGY UNIT REPORTS ON BIOLOGICAL STUDIES: 151-175.

MICHIGAN DEPT. NATL. RES. 32 PP.

T"IS LIST (IF REP13RNS ItACLUOES FkIOLOGICAL SURVEY'St GENERAL INFORMATION STUDIESI FISH K
INDUSTRIAL SPILL INVESTIGATIONS; TOXIC MATERIALS STUDIES; EUTROPHICATION PRIMARY PRO
AND INLAND LAKE STUDIES; THERMAL RADIOACTIVITY AND GREAT LAKES STUDIES; CAGED FISH B
AND INDUSTRIAL STUDIES; AND TASTE AND ODOR STUDIES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL 183

REF. NO.-0466 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUS

DESCRIPTORS: 8IBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0323

MIFKOVICv C.S. PETERSENg M.S. 1975.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS SACRAMENTO-BANK PROTECTION.

JOURNAL OF THE HYDRAULICS DIVISION. MAY. PP. 543-555.

A HISTORY OF FLOOD CONTROL FOR THE SACRAMENTO RIVER IS PRESENTED. IN THE EARLY SIXTIES THE
SACRAMENTO RIVER FLOOD-CONTROL PROJECT WAS MODIFIED TO PROVIDE NEEDED BANK PROTECTION FOR
LEVEES. ASPECTS OF THIS SACRAMENTO RIVER BANK PROTECTION PROJECT9 SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS9 PROJECT MODIFICATIONS9 MAINTENANCE9 WILDLIFE MITIGATION LANDS STUDIES# AND WILD AND
SCENIC RTVERS STUDIES9 AS WELL AS THE POSSIBILITY OF A COMPREHENSIVE BANK PROTECTION PROGRAM9
ARE DISCUSSED. IN 1970 CONGRESS ADOPTED A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING AN INVESTIGATION OF THE
FEDERAL INTEREST IN CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND EROSION CONTROL EXTENDING FROM THE MOUTH OF THE
SACRAMENTO RIVER TO SHASTA DAM* AND ON THE LOWER REACHES OF PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES. THE STUDY
WILL CONSMER THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING A PROGRAM OF CHANNEL STABILIZATION TO MINIMIZE
CHANNEL MIGRATION AND BANK EROSION. THE AUTHOR IS IN FAVOR OF SUCH COORDINATED PROGRAMS OF
PROTECTION AND STABILIZATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0486

MILLER9 O.S. 1974a.

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR FLOATING BREAKWATERS.

PP.247-261 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT RI. TECH. SER. NO 24. (G.V. KOWALSKI9
1974A).

THE TYPE OF MATERIALS USED FOR FLOATING BREAKWATERS9 THEIR FABRICATION AND FINAL ASSEMBLY IN
THE CHOSEN LOCATION CAN BE MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE THEORETICAL CONFIGURATION. MATERIALS USED
MUST BE DURABLE AND CORROSION RESISTANT9 WITHSTAND IMPACT AND FATIGUE STRESSES9 BE
UNSUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE FROM FREEZING AND TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS. VARIOUS MATERIAL CHOICES
SUCH AS STEEL9 TIMBER9 REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE WITH EMPHASIS ON THE TYPE OF
CONCRETE WHICH HAS BEEN PROVEN DURABLE AS WELL AS REINFORCING AND PRESTRESS STEEL PROPERTIES9
ARE COMMENTED ON. ALL CONSIDERATION IS FROM THE PRATICAL STANDPOINT OF MARINE CONSTRUCTION AND
ITS SPECIAL PROBLEMS. TYPES OF MOORAGE AND MATERIALS WHICH CAN BE USED ARE DISCUSSED AS IS THE
VERY REAL PROBLEM OF LOCATION AND INSTALLATION IN WHAT MUST BE ASSUMED AS ADVERSE WEATHER AND
POOR FOUNDATIONS. (NTIS MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

184

REF. NO.-0486 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PREAKWATER9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0499

MILLER# D.S. 1974b.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS FOR SMALL CRAFT HARBORS.

PP. 263-277 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT9 RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (Q.V.
KOWALSK19 1974A).

THE APPLICATION AND LIMITATIONS OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS FOR SMALL CRAFT HARBORS ARE ANALYZED.
RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FOR THE USE OF THIS TYPE OF HARBOR PROTECTION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
STRUCTURE TO SUIT THE ECONOMICS AND NEEDS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA IS DESCRIBED. THREE PROJECTS
USING THE SAME BASIC CONFIGURATION WERE COMPLETED. VARIOUS TYPES OF ANCHORING9 CONNECTIONS9
AND DESIGN DETAILS WERE USED. USER ACCEPTANCE AND FUTURE USERS ARE EXPLAINED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 BREAKWATER9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0298

MILLIKAN9 A. PENTTILAq D. DAY9 0. 1974.

PUGET SOUND BAITFISH STUDY9 JULY 19 1973-JUNE 309 1974.

MARINE FISH ZNVEST. PROG. REP. STATE OF WASHINGTON# DEPT. OF FZSHERZES# MANS. AND RES* DZV. 31 PP.

THIS IS THE THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PUGET SOUND SAITFISH STUDY. THE REPORT FOCUSES ON
ACOUSTIC STOCK ASSESSMENT SURVEYS OFt PRIMARILY9 HERRING AND SURF-SMELT BUT INCLUDES A SECTION
ON EFFECTS OF BULKHEADS ON SURF-SMELT AND A SECTION ON ARTIFICIAL HERRING SPAWNING SUBSTRATE
(DOUGLAS FIR TREES) SUSPENDED OFF A BREAKWATER. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE FORMULATION OF
CRITERIA TO PROTECT SURF-SMELT SPAWNING SITES AND CONCLUDES THAT ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES ENHANCE
MORTALITY OF HERRING EGGS AND LARVAE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: BULKHEAD9 BREAKWATER9 PROTECT9 HABITAT9 FISH9 SPAWNING9 SUBSTRATE9 AQUATIC PLANTS#
MIGRATION9 CR 1

185

REFo NO*-0447

MINISTRY OF T11E ENVIRONMEN. UNDATED.

MARINE CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES.

MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT9 ONTARI09 CANADA. 6 PP.

THE MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT ASSESSES THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ALL MARINE CONSTRUCTION
IN THE PROVINCE INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO DREDGING FILLING9 CAUSEWAYS9 BRIDGESO WHARVESO
BREAKWATERSt SHORE PROTECTION AND WATERCOURSE CROSSING FOR PIPELINES AND UTILITIES. THE
INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR SUCH ACTIVITIES INCLUDES: NOTIFICATION9
DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKY IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSAL. TH4S
ARTICLE ALSO LISTS A NUMBER OF REGUIREMENTS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS OF DREDGE SPOIL
DISPOSAL9 MARINE STRUCTURE PLACEMENT AND WATERCOURSE CROSSINGS*

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0261

MITCHELL9 J.K. 1974.

ISSUES INVOLVED IN UNITED STATES BEACH PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION PROGRAMS.

SHORE AND BEACH 43(l):27-29.

THE FEDERAL COASTAL PROTECTION PROGRAM HAS DEPENDED MAINLY ON STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DEVICES
TO OFFSET EROSION LOSSES. DURING THE LAST TWO DECADES BEACH NOURISHMENT TECHNIQUES HAVE ALSO
BEEN APPLIED. THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT A NEW POLICY PHASE IS BEGINNING. GUIDELINES SET FORTH
IN THE tMATIONAL SHORELINE STUOYfq THE #U.S. COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT (1972)t AND ELSEWHERE
SUGGEST THE NEED TO EMPLOY STRINGENT LAND USE CONTROLS AND OTHER MANAGERIAL ADJUSTMENTS SUCH
AS HAZARD INSURANCE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0019

MOCKv C.R. 1966.

NATURAL AND ALTERED ESTUARINE HABITATS OF PENAEID SHRIMP.

PROC. GULFCAR78R. FISH. INST.9 19TH ANN. SESS. PP. 86-98.

THIS STUnY DEMONSTRATES wHAT CAN HAPPEN TO A SHRIMP NURSERY AREA WHEN IT IS ALTERED By
186

REF. NO.-0019 (CONTINUED)

BULKHEADTNG. TWO AREAS WERE CHOSEN-ONE ADJACENT TO AN UNALTERED VEGETATIVE SHORE AND THE OTHER
NEAR A CONCRETE BULKHEAD. ROTH HAD SIMILAR HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT TYPES, BUT DIFFERED IN THE
AMOUNT OF ORGANIC OETRITUS IN THE 80TTOM SEDIMENTS AND IN WATER DEPTH. INTENSIVE SAMPLING OVER
A 10-MONTH PERIOD PRODUCED 2.5 TIMES MORE BROWN ShRIMP (PENAEUS AZTECUS) AND FOURTEEN TIMES
MORE WHITE SHRIMP (P. SETIFERUS) FROM THE NATURAL HABITAT THAN THE BULKHEADED AREA. THIS
PREFERENCE FOR THE UNALTERED HABITAT DEPENDED ON THE PHYSICAL RATHER THAN THE HYDROLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HABITAT. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: 9ULKHEAD, INVERTEBRATES# CR 3

REF. NO.-0148

MONNEY9 N.T. 1973.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR HARBORS.

J. ENVIRON. SCI. 16(4):17-21.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS WHICH REGULATE HARBOR DISCHARGE BY
SHIPS9 MARINE POLLUTION9 AND SHIP SAFETY REGULATIONS TO REDUCE COLLISIONS AND GROUNDINGS IS
GIVEN. SOURCES OF DISCHARGE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES INCLUDING OIL9 SHIP WASTE AND SEWAGE ARE
DISCUSSED. A GENERAL SURVEY OF METHODS TO CONTROL SHIP DISCHARGE IN HARBORS IS PRESENTED. IT
WAS CONCLUDED THAT HARBOR POLLUTION IS MORE A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS IN A
SMALL AREA AND THAT DISCHARGE OF OIL AND OILY WASTES IN THE OPEN OCEAN SHOULD BE PREVENTED BUT
THAT THE PREVENTION OF OTHER NON-CASUALTY DISCHARGES IN THESE AREAS IS HIGHLY QUESTIONABLE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0294

MOORE9 D. TRFNT9 L. 1971.

SETTING9 GROWTH- AND MORALITY OF CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA IN A NATURAL MARSH AND A MARSH ALTERED BY A
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT.

PROC. NATL- SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC. 61:51-58.

IN FEBRUARY 19699 ASBESTOS PLATES FOR COLLECTING OYSTER SPAT AND PARTITIONED TRAYS CONTAINING
EIGHT SIZE GROUPS OF JUVENILE OYSTERS WERE PLACED IN (1) A DEAD-END CANAL IN A HOUSING
DEVELOPMENT CREATED BY DREDGING9 BULKHEADING9 AND FILLING PART OF A COASTAL MARSH; AND (2) A
DEAD-ENO BAYOU IN AN U14ALTERED PART OF THE SAME MARSH IN WEST BAYt TEXAS. THE PLATES9 JUVENILE

187

REF. NO.-0294 (CONTINUED)

OYSTERS AND 12 HYDROLOGICAL VARIA8LES WERE THEN MONITORED PERIODICALLY FOR THE NEXT 12 MONTHS.
RESULTS INDICATED THAT SPAT SE7 FROM LATE MAY UNTIL OCTOBER, WITH THE GREATEST SETTLEMENT IN
SEPTEMBEP. ALTHOUGH NEVER HEAVY9 SETTING WAS 14 TIMES GREATER IN THE MARSH THAN IN THE ALTERED
AREAS. JUVENILE OYSTERS GREW FASTER IN THE MARSH THAN IN THE ALTERED AREA. MORTALITY RATES OF
JUVENILES WERE GREATER IN THE ALTERED CANAL (91% AVERAGE ANNUAL MORTALITY) THAN IN THE NATURAL
AREA (52y,). MORTALITY RATES WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH WATER TEMPERATURES IN BOTH AREAS
AND UNRELATED TO DERMOCYSTIDIUM MARINUM9 (A FUNGUS PARASITE). GREATEST DIFFERENCES IN
SPATFALL9 GROWTH AND MORTALITY BETWEEN AREAS WERE IN THE SUMMER WHEN DISSOLVED OXYGEN WAS
LOWER IN THE NARROW DEAD-END CANALS IN THE ALTERED AREA. ALSO SEVERAL PLANKTON BLOOMS FOLLOWED
BY VERY LOW OXYGEN AND THEN FISH KILLS OCCURRED IN THE CANAL DURING THE SUMMER. IT WAS
CONCLUDED THAT THE FEASIBILITY OF UTILIZING BULKHEADED CANAL AREAS FOR ECONOMIC OYSTER
PRODUCTION APPEARS DOU8TFUL IN DEVELOPMENTS UNLESS THE CANAL SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO INSURE
GOOD WATFR CIRCULATION. (MODIFTEO AUTHOR AHSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 MOORING9 SHELLFISH9 CR 39 PLANKTON9 PRODUCTIVITY

REF. NO.-0381

MOOREt H.B. UNDATED.

INTERVIEW CONCERNING IMPACTS OF FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROGRAM UPON MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE
AREA.

PP.1-20 IN: H.W. LOCHNER9 INC. BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENT
PROGRAM9 SUPPL. REP.

PRIMARY CONCERNS IN REGARDS TO THE FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROGRAM ARE: 1) ANY NET
RESTRICTTON OF TIDAL FLOW PRESENTLY OCCURRING UNDER BRIDGES SHOULD BE AVOIDED; 2) SCHEDULING
CONSTRUCTION TO AVOID SEASONAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IS NOT IMPORTANT; 3) ROADWAY RUNOFF
PR08LEMS WILL BE MOSTLY CONNECTED WITH CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS! 4) PLACING RUBBLE IN CHANNELS
TO BREAK UP FLOW MIGHT RESULT IN NEW MARINE HABITAT9 BUT MORE LIKELY IT WOULD SILT OVER; 5)
NEW CONSTRUCTION SHOULD TAKE PLACE ON GULF SIDE SINCE BIOTIC VARIETY IS LESS. THE CORAL REEFS
ARE PROBABLY OF GREATEST ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE AND SHOULD BE SAVED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: 4RIDGE9 HABITAT9 INVERTEBRATES9 CR 4

REF. NO.-0314

MOORE9 R.C.A. 1977.

SILETZ SPITIS STRUGGLE WITH SEA INTENSIFIES.

188

REF. NO.0314 (CONTINUED)

OREGON JOURNAL MARCH 14. P. 15.

THE PRESENT SITUATION OF SILETZ BAY SPIT WHERE SALISHAN DEVELOPMENT HOMES ARE LOCATED
DISCUSSEn. THE DEVELOPMENT HAS SUFFERED HEAVY EROSION DAMAGE SINCE IT WAS STARTED IN
1601S. OESPITE CONTINUING EROSION PROBLEMS, BUILDING PERMITS ARE STILL BEING ISSUED
SELECTED SITES. STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED TO DISCOVER WHY SOME STORMS CAUSE EROSION
OTHERS 00 NOT. SURF WA,VE, KEIGHTS-t RECF-tAT STGR 4CTIYITXv RIP CURRENTS kNO TIDES WERE
DISCOVERED TO BE IMPORTANT FACTORS. BAYOCEAN A POPULAR RESORT IN THE 1301S ON THE S
TILLAMOOK BAY IS MENTIONED. IT WAS DESTROYED BECAUSE A JETTY WAS BUILT ON THE NORTH S
THE BAYIS moUTH. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE OCEAN WILL FOLLOW ITS NATURAL COURSE AND TH
PEOPLE INTEND TO BUILD ON SAND BEACHES THEY WILL HAVE TO PAY THE CONSEUENCES.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY EROSION CR 1

REF. NO.-0442

MORTON J.W. 176.

ECOLOGICAL IMOACTS OF DREDGING AND DREDGE SPOIL DISPOSAL: A LITERATURE REVIEW.

M.S. THESIS. CORNELL UNIV. ITHACA NY. 112 PP.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IM
DREDGING AND SPOIL DISPOSAL IN ESTURARIES AND IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE SPOIL DIS
METHODS IS PRESENTED. ALTHOUGH DIRECT BURIAL AND HABITAT DESTRUCTION ARE THE TWO MOST
BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DREDGING AND DUMPING THESE IMPACTS CAN BE MINIMIZED BY CAREFUL
AND PLACEMENT OF THE DREDGING AND DISPOSAL OPERATIONS. A CRITICAL PROBLEM REUIRING F
STUDY IS THE UPTAKE ACCUMULATION AND RECYCLING OF CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH POLLU
DREDGE SPOILS BY MARSH VEGETATION PHYTOPLANKTON ZOOPLANKTON BENTH05 AND FISH

ATURE Of REFFREt4CE BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: THESIS

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL EROSION SEDIMENTATION SUBSTRATE, BENTHOS, PLANKTON# PRODUCTIVI
HARITAT FISH

REF. NO.-0111

NAGA1 S. 161.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SPECIALLY SHAPED CONCRETE BLOCKS FOR ABSORBING WAVE ENERGY.

PROC. TTH CONF. ON CO&STAL ENG. PP. 65-673.

REF. NO*-0111 (CONTINUED)

LABORATORY TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE WAVE ENERGY ABSORBING ABILITY OF AND STABILITY
CRARACTERZSTZCS AGAINST BREAKING WAVES OF VARIOUS SHAPED PRE-CAST CONCRETE ARMOR UNITS USED
FOR PROTECTIVE COVER LAYERS ON THE SEAWARD SLOPES OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAK-WATERS AND FOR
PARALLEL DYKES PLACED THE OFFSHORE SIDES OF SEAWALLS. A NEW SHAPE OF ARMOR UNITS9 A HOLLOW
TETRAHEDRON CONCRETE BLOCK WITH A POROSITY OF 25 PERCENT IN THE BODY WAS PROVED TO HAVE BETTER
CHARACTERISTICS FOR WAVE ENERGY ABSORBING ABILITY AND ATTENUATION OF WAVE RUN-UPq AS WELL AS
FOR STABILITY AGAINST BREAKING WAVES ALSO THAN TETRAPOD OR OTHER ARMOR UNITS USED UP-TO-DATE.
(AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0508

NASSAU-SUFFOLK REGIONAL PLANNING BOAR. 1973.

GUIDELINES FOR LONG ISLAND COASTAL MANAGEMENT.

REGIONAL MARINE RESOURCES COUNCIL- 19 PP- + APPENDICES.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND PLANNING GUIDELINES ARE PRESENTED FOR THE FOLLOWING AREAS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: COAST STABILIZATION AND PROTECTION; DREDGING AND DREDGING SPOIL
DISPOSAL% INTEGRATED WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL; AND WETLANDS MANAGEMENT

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 CR 79 GROIN

REF. NO.-0523

NATIONAL ASSOCIAT10N OF CONSERVATION DISTRICT. UNDATED.

GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR EROSION ANO SEDIMENT CONTROL THAT CAN BE USED AT STATE AND DISTRICT
LEVELS.

P.O. BOX 855. LEAGUE CITY9 TEXAS. 29 PP.

SUGGESTED GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL ARE GIVEN. STATE
GUIDELINES FOR GOOD LAND USE9 SOUND DEVELOPMENT9 CONTROL OF EROSION AND RUNOFF9 AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT SHOULD BE BASED ON RELEVANT PHYSICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL INFORMATION9
IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS WITH CRITICAL EROSION AND SEDIMENT PROBLEMS9 AND SHOULD CONTAIN
CONSERVATION STANDARDS RELATED TO VARIOUS KINDS OF SOIL AND LAND USE. THESE STANDARDS SHOULD
INCLUDE CRITERIA9 TECHNIQUES9 CONSERVATION MEASURES* AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING EROSION AND
SEDIMENT. SUGGESTED SOURCES OF BASIC DATA FOR PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT9 BASIC CONSERVATION

190

REF. NO.-0523 (CONTINUED)

PRINCIPLES AND CONSERVATION MEASURES ARE OUTLINED. EXAMPLES OF LOCAL PRACTICE STANDARDS AND
SPECIFICATIONS AND J06 SHEETS WHICH GIVE DETAILS OF HOW TO 00 SIMPLE CONSERVATION JOBS ARE
GIVEN.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0235

NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY. 1974.

SEA GRANT PUBLICATIONS INDEX 1973.

COMPILED BY P.K. WEEDMAN UNIVERSITY OF R19 NARRAGANSETT. 2 VOLS.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC INDEX OF SEA-GRANT RELATED PROJECTS9 REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS FOR 1973.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUH

DESCRIPTORS: RIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0255

NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY. 1975a

SEA GRANT NEWSLETTER INDEX 1974.

COMPILED BY P.K. wEEDMAN UNIVERSITY OF R.1.9 NARRAGANSETT. NSGD-I-74-004. 160 PP.

INDEX OF ISSUES OF NEWSLETTERS PRODUCED IN 1974 WITH SEA GRANT SUPPORT AND RECEIVED BY THE
NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0256

NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY. 1975b.

SEA GRANT PUBLICATIONS INDEX 1974.

191

REF. NO.-0256 (CONTINUED)

COMPILED BY P.K. WEEDMAN. UNIVERSITY OF R.I.9 NARRAGANSETT. NSGD-1-74-0029003. 2 VOLS.

INDEX OF ALL MATERIALS RECEIVED BY THE NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY IN 19749 WITH THE
EXCEPTION OF NEWSLETTERS wHICH APPEAR IN THE SEA GRANT NEWSLETTER INDEX.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: R18LIOGRAPHY

REF- NO.-0257

NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY. 1976a.

SEA GRANT NEW5LETTERS INDEX 1975.

EDITED BY P-K- WEEDMAN- UNIVERSITY OF R.I.9 NARRAGANSETT- NSGO-1-75-003. 168 PP.

INDEX OF ISSUES OF NEWSLETTERS RECEIVED BY THE NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY IN 1975.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0258

NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY. 1976c.

SEA GRANT PUBLICATIONS INDEX 1975.

EDITED BY P.K. WEEDMAN- UNIVERSITY OF R.I.9 NARRAGANSETT. NSGD-I-75-0019002. 2 VOLS.

INDEX OF ALL MATERIALS RECEIVED BY THE NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY IN 19759 WITH THE
EXCEPTION OF NEWSLETTERS WHICH APPEAR IN THE SEA GRANT NEWSLETTERS INDEX.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0429
NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY. 1976b. 192

REF. NO.-0429 (CONTINUED)

SEA GRANT NEWSLETTER INDEX9 1973.

EDITED BY P.K. WEEDMAN9 UNIVERSITYOF R.I.# NARRAGANSETT.

INDEX OF SEA GRANT NEWSLETTERS FROM ALL AREAS. NEWSLETTERS CONTAIN INFORMATION OF A
POPULAR NATURE CONCERNING ONGOING RESEARCH.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0430

NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY. 1973.

SEA GRANT NEWSLETTER INDEX9 1968-1972.

EDITED BY P.K. WEEOMAN. UNIVERSITY OF R.I., NARRAGANSETT. TECH. MEMORANDUM EDS ESIC-10.

INDEX OF SEA GRANT NEWSLETTERS FROM ALL AREAS. NEWSLETTERS CONTAIN INFORMATION OF A POPULAR
NATURE CONCERNING ONGOING RESEARCH.

NATURE OF REFERENCE! GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0102

NECE9 R.E. WELCH9 E.B. REED9 J.R. 1975.

FLUSHING CRITERIA FOR SALT WATER MARINAS.

UNIV. OF WASHINGTON DEPT.OF CIVIL ENG. DOE PROJECT W-18 TECH REP. NO. 42. 50 PP.

WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS9 SUCH AS NOTICEABLE DENSITIES OF PLANKTON ALGAE AND SUBSEQUENT
REDUCTION IN DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT9 WERE OBSERVED IN ONLY ONE OF FOUR STUDIED MARINAS. A
PLANKTON ALGAL BLOOM REACHED AT LEAST 25 U/L CHL A IN ONE SECTION OF LAGOON POINT MARINA AND
WAS FOLLOWED BY DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT AS LOW AS 2 MG/L. THIS OCCURRED IN ONE SECTION OF THE
POORLY FLUSHED9 CLOSED END OF THE MARINA. FROM THESE OBSERVATIONS9 AND AN ASSUMED MAXIMUM
PLANKTON GROWTH RATE OF 100% PER DAYv N03-N AS THE LIMITING NUTRIENT AND 50% OF SURFACE
INTENSITY AS OPTIMUM FOR LIGHT9 THE EXPECTED MAXIMUM STEADY STATE PLANK70M BIOMASS WAS
ESTIMATED FOR VARYING MIXING DEPTHS (MEAN DEPTH OF MARINA) AND DILUTION RATES. THE OBSERVED
PLANKTON BIOMASS WAS VERY CLOSE TO WHAT WOULD BE EXPECTED FROM A MARINA LIKE LAGOON POINT THAT
HAS A 2.5 M MEAN DEPTH AND DILUTION RATE PREDICTED TO BE AS LOW AS 10% PER DAY IN SOME
SECTIONS FROM A PHYSICAL SCALE MODEL. FROM THESE FINDINGS9 CRITERIA ARE SUGGESTED SUCH THAT TO

193

REF. NO.-0102 (CONTINUED)

AVOID WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS OF THIS TYPE THE DILUTION RATE SHOULD BE AT LEAST 30% PER DAY AND
THE DEPTH 2 M. IF I M DEEPER9 DILUTION COULD BE AS LOW AS 10% PER DAY9 BUT INCREASING DEPTH TO
AVOID PROBLEMS IS PROBABLY NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS INCREASING DILUTION RATE BECAUSE OF POTENTIALLY
REDUCED MIXING DEPTHS FROM THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN POORLY FLUSHED DEEPER SITUATIONS.
PHYSICAL SCALE MODELS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE MOST RELIABLE METHOD TO DETERMINE IF DILUTION
RATES FOR A GIVEN MARINA ARE ACCEPTABLE9 BECAUSE OF THE PRESENT INADEQUACY OF MATHEMATICAL
MODELS. (AUTHOR ABSTRACTf

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 HARBOR9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 PRODUCTIVITY9 CR I

REF. NO.-0344

NELSON9 F.P. 1976.

LOWER SANTEE RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STUDY: AN ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS.

SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION9 COLUMBIA9 SC. REPT. NO. 122. 6 PP.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE VARIOUS HYDROLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF
THE LOWER SANTEE RIVER AREA FOR BASELINE INFORMATION. AREAS OF INVESTIGATION INCLUDED WATER
QUALITY9 PHYTOPLANKTON9 VASCULAR PLANT AND SMALL MAMMAL SURVEYS. INPUTS WERE MADE FROM BOTH
STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0222

NELSON9 F.P. 1974.

THE COOPER RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY.

SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION, COLUMBIAt SC. REPT. NO. 117. 164 PP.

BIOLOGICAL9 CHEMICALt AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE COOPER RIVER WERE STUDIED. THIS STUDY
AUGMENTS PREVIOUS STUDIES OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION9 BUT ITS
SAMPLING INTENSITY ALSO ADDRESS MORE INTIMATELY THE ATTRIBUTES OF THE RIVER ITSELF FOR UPDATED
BASELINE INFORMATION. THE AREAS OF INVESTIGATION INCLUDE AQUATIC MACROORGANISMS9 MARSH
INVENTORY9 BENTHIC COMMUNITY. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERSf AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 910

194

REF. NO.0222 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0534

NEW ENGLAND RIVER BASINS COMMISSION. 1976.

THE OCEANIS RFACH.

NEW ENGLAND RTVFR BASINS COMMISSION, BOSTON9 MA.91 PP.

A DIGEST OF A WORKSHOP ENTITLED 11DENTIFYING THE EXTENT OF COASTAL FLOOD HAZARD AREA
ASSOCIATED RISK ZONES' IS PRESENTED FOLLOOED BY SOME BACKGROUND MATERIAL USED AS A R
FOR SETTING UP THE WORKSHOP. VARIOUS FACETS OF THE PR08LEM ARE DEFINED9 LINKAGES BET
TWO MAJOR FEDERAL PROGRAMS OF FLOOD INSURANCE AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ARE DISCUS
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 BULKHEADt REVETMENT9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0415

NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. 1972.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF PROPOSED HRIDGE CROSSINGS OF LONG ISLAND SOUND. SUMMARY.

N.Y. STATE DEPT. OF TRANSPORT. 70 PP.

THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE BASIC FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF A COMPREHENSIVE STU
PROPOSED BRIOGE CROSSItAGS F ISLkN13 S43U NNU PRESENTS TtAF- NEW 'fORK STATE DEPAR
TRANSPORTATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTION. TRANSPORTATION9 SOCIAL9 ECONOMIC A
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE ADDRESSED AND FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY SHOWN. AT UEST
EIGHT ALTERNATIVE ROUTES AT VARIOUS POINTS ALONG THE SOUND. A PREFERRED ROUTE IS DES
CONSTRAINTS PLACED UPON ITS PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PRIDGE9 LAND TRANSPORT, CR 79 SHELLFISH9 BIRDS9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0044

NIERING9 W.A. 197o.

195

REF. NO.-0044 (CONTINUED)

THE DILEMMA OF THE COASTAL WETLANDS: CONFLICT OF LOCAL9 NATIONALt AND WORLD PRIORITIES.

PAGES 143-156 IN: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS. H.w. HELFRICH JR.4 ED. YALE U. PRESS. NEW HAVEN.

COASTAL WETLANDS ARE STRATEGICALLY LOCATED AND CONSEQUENTLY THEY ARE SUBJECT TO CONSTANT
CONFLICT,;. THE ESTUARINE ZONE SERVES 4ANY PURPOSES SO CONFLICTS ARISE. ABOUT 7 PERCENT OF THE
IMPORTANT FISH AND WILDLIFE HAFilTATS IN THESE ESTUARINES HAVE BEEN DESTROYED. THE ESTUARINE
TIDAL MAPSH IS ONE OF THE WORLDOS MOST PRODUCTIVE ECOSYSTEMS. 90 PERCENT OF OUR TOTAL SEAFOOD
HARVEST TS DEPENDENT IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER UPON ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT. PRODUCTION OF WILD LIFE
IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC. DREDGING AND FILLING ARE TWO CONFLICTS AS IS AGRICULTURAL
POLLUTION AND THERMAL HEATING. A MORATORIUM ON FURTHER DESTRUCTION OF WETLAND RESOURCES Is
RECOMMENDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENEPAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0015

NIXON9 S.W. nVIATT9 C.A. NORTHBY9 S.L. 1973.

ECOLOGY OF SMALL BOAT MARINAS.

MARINE TECH. REP. SERIES NO- 59 UNIV. OF RHODE ISLANDs KINGSTON.

IN WICKFORD HARBOR9 RHODE ISLAND9 A YACHT MARINA AREA AND A SALT MARSH COVE WERE CONSIDERED AS
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND COMPARED TO EVALUATE BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS AND MAGNITUDES OF
PRODUCTION AND RESPIRATION. VOLUME AND FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH AREAS WERE SIMILAR.
ANALYSES WERE MADE IN EACH COVE ON MARSH GRASS PRODUCTION9 SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER9
PHYTOPLANKTON9 NUTRIENTSt HACTERIA9 DISSOLVED ORGANICS9 COPPER LEVELS9 FISH AND SEDIMENTS.
BIOMASS AND METABOLISM MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ON THE FOULING COMMUNITIES PRESENT ON FLOATS AND
PILINGS IN THE MARINAS- PRELIMINARY BIOASSAYS WERE PERFORMED WITH CONCENTRATIONS OF OUTBOARD
MOTOR EXHAUST WATER ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. SOME ADDITIONAL COMPARATIVE
MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OTHER MARINAS LOCATED IN NARRAGANSETT BAY. NO MAJOR
DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN MARSH GRASS PRODUCTION9 CONCENTRATIONS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
MATTER9 NUTRIENTS? BACTERIA@ DISSOLVED ORbANICS9 INFAUNA* OR SEDIMENT METABOLISM. COPPER
LEVELS9 WHILE LOWER THAN TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE9 WERE HIGHER IN THE
MARINA CnVE9 RANGING FROM 0.009 UG/G IN THE WATER TO 160 UG/G IN THE FOULING COMMUNITY. FISH
SPECIES QEACHEO THE SAME LEVELS OF DIVERSITY IN BOTH THE 4ARINA AND THE MARSH COVE9 BUT
ABUNDANCE WAS GREATER IN THE MARSH COVE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF DENSE JUVENILE MENHADEN
SCHOOLS. THE FOULING COMMUNITIES OF THE MARINAS9 WHICH APPEARED TO BE A FOOD SOURCE FOR
JUVENILE MUMMICHOGS (FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS)q EXERTED A SIGNIFICANT OXYGEN DEMAND ON THE MARINA
COVE. DIURNAL CURVES OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN SHOWED LOWER CONCENTRATIONS AT THE END OF THE NIGHT
IN MARINA AREAS THAN IN ADJACENT WATERS. FOR THIS REASON9 AND BECAUSE PRELIMINARY BIOASSAYS
INDICATED SOME TOXICITY DUE TO EXHAUST WATERS9 IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MARINA SITES 8E WELL
FLUSHED WITH OXYGENATED TIDAL WATERS. THE LUXURIOUS FOULING GROWTHS WHICH DEVELOPED IN THE
MARINA COVE MAY SERVE AS ADDITIONAL FOOD SOURCES TO COMPLEMENT THE DETRITUS INPUT FROM THE
SALT MARSH.IN MOST RESPECTS THE MARINA COVE AND THE MARSH COVE APPEARED TO BE NOT ONLY

196

REF. NO.-0015 (CONTINUED)

SIMILAR9 BUT ALSO COMPATIBLE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. (AUTHOR ABSTHACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 MOORING9 PRODUCTIVITY9 AQUATIC PLANTS9 CR 7

REF. NO.-0310

NOBLE9 R.M. 1971.

SHORELINE CHANGES9 HUMBOLDT BAY9 CALIFORNIA.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY TECH. REP. HEL-24-2. 36 PP.

THE MOVEMENT OF LITTORAL DRIFT IS A MAJOR CONCERN IN THE DESIGN OF COASTAL INSTALLATIONS. THIS
REPORT DISCUSSES THE SHORELINE CHANGES IN THE VICINITY OF THE HUMBOLDT ENTRANCE FROM THE TIME
THAT IT WAS AN UNIMPROVED TIDAL INLET THROUGH THE YEARS OF MODIFICATION TO THE ENTRANCE. THE
HUMBOLDT ENTRANCE SHOWS THE EFFECTS THAT LITTORAL BARRIERS HAVE ON A SHORELINE AS WELL AS ON
THE BOTTOM CONTOURS. TIDAL CURRENTS WERE CONCENTRATED ANU SCOURED THE ENTRANCE CHANNEL9 MOVING
SHALLOWEP ROTTOM CONTOURS SEAWARD. THE JETTIES ACTED AS LITTORAL BARRIERS CAUSING SEAWARD
ADVANCE OF THE NORTH SPIT AND EROSION OF THE SOUTH SPIT. WHEN THE ENTRANCE CHANNEL WAS DREDGED
BEYOND ITS EQUILIBRIUM DEPTH* ANNUAL DREDGING AND BY-PASSING OF THE LITTORAL MATERIAL TO THE
SOUTH SPIT WAS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE SOUTH SHORELINE. THE DESIGN OF STABLE JETTIES AT
HUMBOLDT BAY IS STILL A SERIOUS PROBLEM WITH THE CONTINUOUS DAMAGE DONE TO THE JETTIES BY THE
SEVERE WAVF ACTION IN THAT AREA.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: STABILIZE9 JETTY9 EROSION9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0526

NYBAKKEN9 J. STEPHENSON9 M. 1975.

EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES ON THE ECOLOGY OF PISMO CLAMS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER NO. 8-75. 65 PP.

THREE ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF PISMO CLAMS (TIVELA STULTORUM) WERE INVESTIGATED IN MONTEREY
BAY9 CALIFORNIA: DISTHIBUTION9 REPRODUCTION CYCLE9 AND AGE AND GROWTH. PISMO CLAM POPULATIONS
WERE FOUND TO BE RESTRICTED TO BAY AREAS BETWEEN THE SALINAS RIVER AND SANTA CRUZ. HIGHEST
DENSITIES RECORDED WERE INTERTIDAL9 AND SUBTICIAL CLAM BEDS WERE FEW AND WITH LOW DENSITIES.
MOST CLAMS APPEARED RANDOMLY DISPERSED9 AND DIFFERENT SIZE CLASSES DID NOT SHOW A VERTICAL
SEPARATION.THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF CLAMS WERE SHOWN TO BE CORRELATED WITH BEACH SLOPE AND
GRAIN SIZE. PISMO CLAMS MATURE IN THEIR SECOND YEAR IN MONTEREY BAY9 AND THE PRIMARY SPAWNING

197

REF. NO.-0526 (CONTINUED)

TIME IS IN SEPTE48ER AND OCTOBER. THE GROWTH RATE IS MORE RAPID IN YOUNG CLAMS AND VARIES
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR IN ALL SIZE CLASSES BUf'IS MOST RAPID IN THE SUMMER AND FALL*

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0281

ODUM9 W.E. 1970.

INSIDIOUS ALTERATION OF THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT.

TRANS. AMER. FISH. SOC. 99:836-847.

SHALLOW ESTUARIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY CERTAIN FEATURES WHICH MAKE THEM RICH AND PRODUCTIVE
ECOSYSTEMS; THESE SAME CHARACTERISTICS9 HOWEVER9 ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELICATE NATURE OF
THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT AND GREATLY ENHANCE ITS VULNERABILITY To SUBTLE ALTERATION. IN THIS
PAPER AND THE SUBSEQUENT DISCUSSIONS# WE EXAMINE SOME OF THESE FEATURES AND DISCUSS HOW
INSIDIOUS CHANGES IN ESTUARIES CAN OCCUR. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: SIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HABITAT9 BULKHEAD9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0197

OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. 1976c.

RECENT ACQUISITIONS OF THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NOAAq WASHINGTON9 D.C. JULY-AUGUST. 37 PP.

JULY-AUGUST INDEX OF WRITTEN MATERIAL ACQUIRED BY THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: RIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0198

OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. 1976a.

196

REF. NO.-0198 (CONTINUED)

COASTAL ZONE TNFORMATION CENTER RIBLIOGRAPHY ON OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF.

NOAA9 WASHINGTON D.C. JUNE. 6 PP.

INDEX OF WRITTEN MATERIAL RELATED TO THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUS

DESCRIPTORS: PIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0199

OFFICE OF COArTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. 1976d.

RECENT ACQUISITIONS OF THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NOAA9 WASHINGTON D.C. AUGUST-SEPTEMBER. 68 PP.

AUGUST-SFPTEMHER INDEX OF WRITTEN MATERIAL ACQUIRED BY THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: PIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0200

OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. 1976e.

RECENT ACQUISITIONS OF THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NOAAq WASHINGTON D.C. NOV-DEC. 14 4PP.

NOVEmBER-DECEMBER INDEx OF WRITTEN MATERIAL ACQUIRED BY THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPU@3

DESCRIPTORS: R19LIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0269

OFFICE OF COAI;TAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. 1976b.
199

REF. NO.-0269 (CONTINUED)

RECENT ACQUISITIONS OF THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NOAAq WASHINGTON9 D.C. OCT06ER. 120 PP.

INDEX OF WRITTEN MATERIAL ACQUIRED BY THE COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUH

DESCRIPTORS: 4IRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0137

OLIVER9 J.S. SLATTERY9 P.N. 1976.

EFFECTS OF DREDGIN6 AND DISPOSAL ON SOME BENTHOS AT MONTEREY BAY9 CALIFORNIA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. PAPER NO. 76-15. 81 PP.

THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY WERE TO DOCUMENT;(A) NATURAL TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN
BENTHIC ASSEMBLAGES AND CHANGES RELATED TO SUBSTRATE STABILITY9 (8) THE INITIAL EFFECTS OF
DREDGING AND SU9SEQUENT RECOLONIZATION,(C) THE EFFECTS OF DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL ON THE
BENTHOS AND SUBSEQUENT RECOVERY OF THE FAUNA9 AND(D) THE ROLE OF FAUNA DISTRIBUTION AND
REPRODUCTIVE ABILITIES UPON RECOVERY OR RECOLONIZATION OF DISTURBED AREAS. EXPERIMENTAL BURIAL
AND DREDGING WAS CONDUCTED. THE RESULTS SUGGEST:(l) UNDERWATER DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL
SHOULD BF MADE IN UNSTABLE AREAS IF POSSIBLE9 (2) THE ULTIMATE RECOVERY OR RECOLONIZATION OF A
DREDGED AREA OR A DISPOSAL AREA DEPENDS UPON TIMING OF THE ACTION IN RELATION TO THE
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES AND DISTRIBUTIVE ABILITIES OF THE BENTHIC ORGANISMS PRESENT IN AND AROUND
THE AREA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 SEDIMENTATION9 8ENTHOS9 SUCCESSION* SPAWNING9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0113

OLMSTEAD* L.W. LYNDEt G.A. 1958.

FEEDER BEACHES AND GROINS RESTORE PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA.

CIVIL ENGINEERING. 42:172-175.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT ATTEMPT TO RESTORE AND MAINTAIN THE PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA NEAR
ERIE9 PENNSYLVANIA IS PRESENTED. A SYSTEM USING GROINS9 BULKHEADS9 SAND BEACH FILL AND FEEDER
BEACHES WAS USED. THE SUCCESS OF THE PROGRAM WAS NOT DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG 200

REF. NO.-0113 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 EROSION* GROIN9 STABILIZE9 BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-OO73

OLSEN9 E.J. 1974.

NORTHERN ST. JOHNS COUNTY COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.

SHORE AND BEACH. 42(2):29-35.

THE STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO DEVELOP A RATIONALE BY WHICH BOTH A FLEXIBLE COASTAL SETBACK LINE
AND LONG RANGE COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS COULD BE ARRIVED AT FOR ABOUT 6 MILES OF SHORELINE IN
ST. JOHNS COUNTY9 FLORIDA. A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE VEGETATIVE ECOSYSTEM AND TOPOGRAPHY AS
WELL AS THE BEACH DYNAMICS WAS MADE. THE STUDY APPLIES THE THREE BASIC ZONING CATEGORIES OF
PRESERVATION9 CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE COMPLICATED AND SENSITIVE BEACH DUNE
INTERFACE. THESE ZONES ARE BASICALLY IMPLEMENTED BY LEGALIZATION OF STRICT BUILDING
RESTRICTIONS AND SETBACKS BASED ON THE CREST LINE OF THE PRIMARY DUNE SYSTEM.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-OO66

OMHOLT9 T. 1974b.

SMALL GROINS ON THE SHORES OF LONG ISLAND SOUND.

SHORE AND BEACH. 42(l):11-13.

THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZED THE MAIN RESULTS OF A GROIN STUDY ON THE NORTH SHORE OF SUFFOLK
COUNTY9 NEW YORK COMPARING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OVER THIRTY YEARS. A TOTAL OF 51 GROINS
CONSTRUCTED IN 14 AREAS WAS SURVEYED. OVER 50 PERCENT OF THESE GROINS WERE 100 FEET OR LESS IN
LENGTH AND 90 PERCENT WERE LESS THAN 200 FEET.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg CR 79 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 EROSION

REF. NO.-0071

OMHOLT9 T. 1974a.

201

REF. NO.-OO71 (CONTINUED)

EFFECTS OF SMALL GROINS ON SHORELINE CHANGES ON THE NORTH SHORE OF SUFFOLK COUNTY# NEW YORK.

NEW YORK OCEAN SCI. LAS. TECH, REPT. NO. 0028. 47 PP.

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ARE USED TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF SMALL GROINS ON SHORELINE CHANGES, THE
STUDY INVOLVES 51 GROINS/LOCATED IN 14 AREAS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF SUFFOLK COUNTY# NEW YORK.
COASTAL PROCESSES AND GROIN CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING SHORELINE CHANGES ARE ALSO REVIEWED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN9 CR 79 LITTORAL PROCESSESt STABILIZE9 EROSION

REF. NO.-0208

ORTOLAN09 L. HILL9 W.W. 1972.

AN ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS FOR CORPS OF ENGINEERS WATER PROJECTS.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY9 CALIFORNIA. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 146 PP.

THE PUBLICATION PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF AN INTENSIVE ANALYSIS OF 234 CORPS OF ENGINEERS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE WITH SEC. 102 (2)(C) OF THE NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA). THE ANALYSIS INCLUDES A DETAILED CATALOG AND SUMMARY OF
IMPACTS INCLUDED IN THE STATEMENTS FOR: PROJECTS ON COASTAL WATERS INCLUDING DREDGING9 SPOIL
DrSPOSALv 8REAKWATER59 JETTIES AND GROINS9 REVETMENTS9 DIKES AND BARRIERS; AND PROJECTS ON
INLAND WATERS INCLUDING CHANNELIZATION9 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS9 LEVEES9 DREDGING SPOIL DISPOSAL9
CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES AND ACTIVITIES. IN ADDITION9 THE ANALYSIS
CATALOGS AND SUMMARIZES THE IMPACTS OF VARIOUS PROJECT PURPOSES. A SUMMARY OF THE COVERAGE OF
OTHER POTNTS REQUIRED BY SEC 102(2)(C) OF NEPA IS ALSO INCLUDED. THE PROPER ROLE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS IS SUGGESTED AND9 WITHIN THAT CONTEXT9 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE 134
STATEMENTS IS RENDERED9 TOGETHER WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILLt BREAKWATER9 JETTY9 GROIN9 REVETMENT9 PROTECT9 EROSION9 SEDIMENTATION9
qENTHOS

REF. NO.-0546

PAINTER9 W.T. 1973.

PROBLEMS OF GREAT LAKES SHORE EROSION.

PP. 40-60 IN PROC. 1ST WORLD CONGP. ON WATER RESOUR. SEPT 24-28. VOL. 3. INT. WATER RESOUR. ASSOC.9
CHAMPAIGN9 ILL.

202

REF. NO.-0546 (CONTINUED)

GUIDELINFS FOR LAKESHORE STABILIZATION AND REVIEWS OF PERTINENT ASPECTS OF GEOLOGY9 SOIL
MECHANIC@,q GROUNDWATER FLOW9 AND SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS WHICH ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO PLANNING
REMEDIAL MFASURES9 STABILIZATION PROCEDURES ARE DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PU9

DESCRIPTORS: rR 81 EROSION

REF. NO.-0308

PALLF-Ti N. OnRRIE, C.H. 1969.

THE TERMINAL PROBLEM IN COAST PROTECTION.

PROC. 11TH CONF. COASTAL ENG. PP. 549-557.

THIS PAPFR INTRODUCES THE TERMINAL EROSION PRORLEM WHICH USUALLY OCCURS DOWN DRIFT OF COAST
PROTECTION WORKSt AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF COAST PROTECTION WHICH IS OFTEN OVERLOOKED. TO
PROVIDE THE RACKGROUND TO THIS PROBLEM9 THE FORMATION9 REPLENISHMENT AND FUNCTION OF A NATURAL
SHINGLE qEACH IS DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO COAST PROTECTION. THE VALUE OF GROYNES IN
STABILIZING THE FORESHORE9 THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL BEACH REPLENISHMENT AND THE EFFECT ON THE
LONG SHOPE REGIME FOLLOWING THE INTRODUCTION OF A SEA WALL9 ARE DISCUSSED IN OUTLINE WITH
TYPICAL FXAMPLES. TERMINAL EROSION IS DESCRIBED IN MORE DETAILf WITH REFERENCE TO ITS CAUSEV
AND ILLUqTRATED BY EXAMPLES TAKEN AROUND THE COAST OF THE BRITISH ISLES. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE
FOR THE TNVESTIGATION OF THE TERMINAL PROBLEM9 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ARE DISCUSSED% AND
TERMINAL GPOYNES AND VARIOUS TYPES OF TERMINAL WORKS DESCRIBED. PARTICULAR REFERENCE IS MADE
TO THE PERMEABLE TYPE OF TERMINAL SECTION. FINALLY THE PAPER IS ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES OF
TERMINAL WORKS WHICH HAVE bEEN CONSTRUCTED AT TWO SITES IN THIS COUNTRY. THE FORESHORE
CONDITIONS AND EXPOSURE ARE DESCRIBED9 TOGETHER WITH THE DETAILS OF THE SEA WALL AND GROYNES9
AND THE DETAILS OF THE TERMINAL WORKS AT EACH SITE. (AOTHOP AliSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN* 8ULKHEA09 REVETMENT9 PROTECT9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 EROSION9 REVETMENT

REF. NO.-0106

PARKER9 R.O.9 JR. STONE9 R.8. RUCHANAN9 C.C. @@,TEIMLEq F.W.9 JR. 1974.

HOW TO BUILD MARINE ARTIFICIAL REEFS.

FISHERY FACTS 10. NATL- MAR.FISH SERV. 47 PP.

ARTIFICIAL REEFS PROVIDE OR IMPROVE ROUGH BOTTOM HABITAT AND OFFER FISHERY SCIENTISTS AND

203

REF. NO.-0106 (CONTINUED)

ADMINISTRATORS AN EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE TO CONSERVE AND DEVELOP COASTAL FISHERY RESOURCES. WITH
CAREFUL PLANNING AND ORGANIZED EFFORTS9 LOCAL REEF COMMITTEES CAN BUILD REEF TO IMPROVE
FISHING ANn CONTRIBUTE TO THE RECREATIONAL AND FINANCIAL GROWTH OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES. ADVICE
AND PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED FOR (1) SELECTING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS9 (2) DETERMINING A
SUITABLE REEF SITE9 (3) OBTAINING PERMITS- (4) BUOYING THE REEF9 AND (5) PREPARING9
TRANSPORTING , AND PLACING REEF BUILDING MATERIALS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: REEF9 HARITAT9 FISH

REF. NO.-0264

PARR9 R.A. 1973.

HARBOR DREDGING AND BENTHIC INFAUNA: A CASE STUDY.

UNPUBLISHED MS THESIS, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY. 114 PP.

THIS STUnY OF THE IMMEDIATE9 LOCALIZED EFFECTS OF A SMALL DREDGING OPERATION ON THE BENTHIC
INVERTEBQATE COMMUNITY IN THE SHIPPING CHANNEL OF COOS BAY9 OREGON9 WAS DESIGNED (1) TO
MEASURE THF EXTENT OF THE PHYSICAL REMOVAL OF BENTHrc MACRO- AND MEIOFAUNA BY HOPPER DREDGrNG1
(2) TO RECORD THE SUBSEQUENT RENTHIC EFFECTS OF MID-CHANNEL SPOILING; AND (3) To MONITOR THE
RATE AND PATTERN OF BIOLOGICAL READJUSTMENT IN THE AFFECTED AREAS. SAMPLES WERE TAKEN BEFORE
AND AFTEP DREDGING. FAUNAL ABUNDANCE9 TAXA COMPOSITION9 SPECIES DIVERSITY AND QUALITATIVE
SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS wERE STUDIED. ImmEDIATE DECLINES IN FAUNAL ABUNDANCE WERE TEMPORARY
AND READJUSTED TO PRE-OREDGING LEVELS WITHIN 28 DAYS. TEMPORARY INCREASES IN DIVERSITY
REFLECTEr) CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF TAXA ARISING FROM SILTATION AND BURIAL OF
ORGANISM';. FOLLOWING READJUSTMENT9 POPULATIONS INCREASED IN ALL AREAS EXCEPT THE DREDGE
CHANNEL. LOCALIZED POPULATION DECLINES ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO RESULT FROM THE UNSUITA131LITY OF
NEWLY EXPOSED SEDIMENT FOR SETTLEMENT OF PELAGIC LARVAE. IT IS ALSO HYPOTHESIZED THAT PERIODIC
DISRUPTION OF THE SEDIMENT SURFACE BY SMALL SCALE MAINTENANCE DREDGING MAY HAVE LESS DIRECT
EFFECT ON THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY THAN THE DAILY PRESENCE OF HEAVY SHIPPING AND INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC POLLUTION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: THESIS

DESCRIPTORS: PENTHOSt CR 19 INVERTERRATES9 DREDGE/FILL9 SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0088

PARSONS9 D.A. APMANN* R.P. 1961i.

CELLULAR CONCPFTE BLOCK REVETMENT.

J. WATERWAYS AND HARBOR DIVISION. PROC. A.S.C.E. 91(WW2):27-37.

204

REF. NO.-0088 (CONTINUED)

AN EXPERIMENTAL PEVETMENT OF SPtCIALLY DESIGNED CELLULAR CONCRETE REVETMENT BLOCKS WAS
CONSTRUCTED ON AN ERODING STREAMBANK IN WESTERN NEW YORK. OVER A PERIOD OF 8 YR THE 4-IN.
THICK REVETMENT HAS GIVEN SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE UNDER SEVERE CONDITIONS. IN CONTRAST9 AN
ADJACENT REVETMENT OF QUARRIED STONE RIPRAP HAS BEEN LESS EFFECTIVE IN WITH,STANDING THE
EROSIVE FORCES. SQUARE HOLES RUN ENTIRELY THROUGH THE DEPTH OF THE BLOCK. THESE HOLES SERVE
SEVERAL PURPOSES: (1) THEY MECHANICALLY HOLD GRAVEL ANo CRUSHED STONE IN PLACE, THUS REDUCING
THE EROSIVE FORCES AT THE SURFACE OF THE BANK; (2) ALLOW PLANTING OF VEGETATIVE MATERIALS ON
THE BANK; AND (3) REDUCE THE BLOCK WEIGHT MAKING HANDLING EASIER. WHEN THE BLOCKS ARE
MASS-PRODUCED AND WHERE QUARRIED STONE IS AVAILABLE LOCALLY9 THE COSTS OF THE TYPES OF
REVETMENTS WOULD HE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT9 CR 79 STABILIZE9 EROSION

REF. NO.-0178

PERAIN09 J. PLODOWSKI9 T. 1975.

CONCEPT ANALYSIS: OFFSHORE BREAKWATER-OIL STORAGE SYSTEM.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAPER NO. 4-75. 66 PP.

THIS STUDY ATTEMPTS TO ARRIVE AT A SATISFACTORY METHOD OF PROVIDING A PROMPT AND EFFICIENT
ANSWER TO THE FAST GROWING NEED FOR DEEP-DRAFT BERTHING FACILITIES ALONG THE U.S. EAST COAST.
THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF LARGE HOLLOW PRECAST FLOATING UNITS TOWED TO THE SITE AND SUNK INTO
POSITION LENDS ITSELF PARTICULARLY TO USING HOLLOW INTERIORS AS STORAGE SPACE FOR LIQUID BULK
CARGO IN LARGE QUANTITIES. SINCE THE TREND FOR MORE ECONOMICAL TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS IS BY USE OF LARGE DEEP-DRAFT CARRIERS9 THE COM61NATION BREAKWATER-OIL STORAGE SYSTEM
IS A POSSIBLE SOLUTION. ASSUMPTIONS WERE MADE AS TO PROBABLE SITE CONDITIONS# I.E. WATER
DEPTHS9 SEA CONDITIONS9 BOTTOM CONDITIONS# AND A PRELIMINARY DESIGN DEVELOPED FOR THE UNITS.
VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES WERE STUDIED AND COMPARED FROM BOTH TECHNICAL AND CONSTRUCTION
COST ASPFCTS. ONCE ALL TECHNICAL AUVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES HAD BEEN CONSIDERED$ THE MOST
SUITABLE DESIGN WAS COMPLETED9 A CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE LAID OUT* AND A BASIC BUDGET ESTIMATE
PREPARED. WITH THIS BASIC ESTIMATE9 IT WAS POSSIBLE9 WITH A SERIES OF FACTORS. TO ADJUST THIS
BASIC COST TO OTHER WATER DEPTHS AND LOCATIONS. DESIGN PRINCIPLES9 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES AND
COST ESTIMATES ARE DETAILED IN THE REPORT9 INCLUDING BASIC ASSUMPTIONSt SAMPLE DESIGN
CALCULATIONS9 AND ESTIMATE BREAKDOWN. (NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

205

REF. NO.-0369

PERSAUD9 D. WILKINS9 W.D. 1976.

EVALUATING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IMPACTING ON WATER RESOURCES*

CANADA MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT. PLANNING AND CO-ORDINATION SECTION9 WATER RESOURCES BRANCH.
PAGING VARIOUS.

THIS DOCUMENT OUTLINES POTENTIAL WATER RESOURCE IMPACTS AND SUGGESTS APPROPRIATE MITIGATION
MEASURES. IT IS INTENDED FOR USE BY EVALUATORS OF APPLICATIONS FOR PERMITS FOR ACTIVITIES
WHICH AFFECT WATER RESOURCES IN CANADA. VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ARE ADDRESSED AND
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND MITIGATION APPROACHES ARE EXAMINED. THE APPENDICES INCLUDE A CHECKLIST
OF INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCE IMPACTS AND A LIST OF POSSIBLE
SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN9 JETTY9 BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0220

PETERSON9 A.R. 1969-

ECOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CLEARWATER LAKE9 WRIGHT AND STEARNS COUNTIES.

MINN. DEPT. CONSERV.# DIV. GAME AND FISHP SEC. OF TECH. SERV. SPEC. PUB. NO. 76. 13 PP.

THE HISTORY OF CLEARWATER LAKE IN WRIGHT AND STEARNS COUNTIES9 MINNESOTA IS REVIEWED. IN 18569
THE LAKE WAS NOT INHABITED AND THE LAND ADJACENT TO THE LAKE WAS FORESTED. SINCE THEN TO 19469
NINE RESORTS AND 217 COTTAGES HAD BEEN BUILT ON THE LAKE SHORE AND THE WATER QUALITY HAD
DETERIORATED. A 1962 SURVEY SHOWED 8 RESORTS9 73 CABINS9 AND 295 HOMES ALONG THE SHORELINE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0386

PETERSON9 A.R. 1975.

SHORELINE MODTFTCATIONS BY WIND AND ASSOCIATED WATER LEVELS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE TO FISH AND
PLANT MANAGEMENT IN MISSISSIPPI HEADWATERS RESERVOIRS9 LEECH AND WINNIBIGOSHISH LAKES.

MINN. DEPT. NAT. RES. DIV. FISH AND WILOL.9 ENVIRON. SEC.9 SPEC. PUB. NO. 112. 24 PP.

HIGH WATER IN LEECH AND WINNIBIGOSHISH LAKES IN 1967 WAS REPORTED TO BE CAUSING NOTICEABLE AND
206

REF. NO.-0386 (CONTINUED)

UNDESIRAALF EFFECTS ON PROPERTY9 FISH9 AND AQUATIC PLANTS. TO ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
REPORTED PROBLEMS9 ESPECIALLY THE FISH AND GAME ASPECTS9 AT THE HIGH WATER LEVELS9 A SURVEY
WAS CONDUCTED IN THE AREAS. A DESCRIPTION OF THE RESERVOIRS; WATER MOVEMENTS AND THEIR
EFFECTS; FISH, PLANKTON9 BENTHIC COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS; AND ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTED
INFORMATION ARE PRESENTED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0463

PFITZENMEYER9 H.T. 1977.

THE EFFECTS OF SHALLOW-WATER CHANNEL DREDGING ON THE COMMUNITY OF BENTHIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS: PHASE
Il. A STUDY OF IMMEDIATE EFFECTS AND RATES OF RECOVERY.

UNIV. MARYLAND CENTER FOR ENVIRON. AND ESTUARINE STUDIES SALOMONSqMD. REF. NO. UMCEES 76-23CBL. 10
PP.

THIS PAPFR IS AN ACTIVITIES PEPORT ON THE FIRST HALF OF AN ONGOING PROJECT TO ASSESS THE
EFFECTS OF DREDGING IN SHALLOW-WATER TRIBJTARIES OF CHESAPEAKE BAY. IT OUTLINES THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF SAMPLING STATIONS AND THE TAKING OF INITIAL SAMPLES AT TWO SITES9 HORN POINT
AND LEWIS CREEK. ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES AND ORGANIC CARBON SAMPLES OBTAINED ARE
PRESENTED IN TABULAR FORM. A LIST OF SPECIES OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES FOUND AT THE TWO STUDY
SITES IS ALSO INCLUDED. NO CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN9 SINCE THE STUDY IS STILL IN PROGRESS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 69 DREDGE/FILLt BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0465

PFITZENMEYER9 H.T. 1975.

THE EFFECTS OF SHALLOW-WATER CHANNEL DREDGING ON THE COMMUNITY OF BENTHIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS: PHASE
1. SURVEY OF PRFVIOUSLY DREDGED AREAS AND OBSE4VATIONS ON THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS.

UNIV. MARYLAND CENTER FOR ENVIRON. AND ESTUARINE STUDIES* SALOMONS9 MD. REF. NO. 75-69. 34 PP.

THE REPORTED STUDY WAS DESIGNED AS A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF
SHALLOV-WAIER CHANNEL DREDGING ON THE COMMUNITY OF BENTHIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS. THE OBJECTIVE
OF THIS PHASE WAS TO DETERMINE THROUGH QUANTITIVE MEANS IF DIFFERENCES IN THE BIOTA COULD BE
MEASURED BETWEEN CHANNELS AND CORRESPONDING REFERENCE AREAS. PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF THE
SEDIMENTq AT EACH SAMPLING STATION WERE ALSO ANALYZED. NO MAJOR DAMAGE WAS FOUND TO THE

207

REF. NO.-0465 (CONTINUED)

POPULATIONS OF RENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN CHANNELS 2 TO 4 YEARS AFTER DREDGING9 THOUGH NO ROOTED
VEGETATION WAS FOUND IN DREDGED AREAS. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND
WITH DIFFERENT DREDGING DEPTHS AND PROJECT DESIGNS- ALSO EARLY BENTHIC SUCCESSION FOLLOWING
DREDGING REQUIRES FURTHER STUO@.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 HENTHOSt CR 69 RESEARCH NEEDS

REF. NO.-0282

PISAPIA9 R.C. UNDATED.

BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF DREDGE HOLES.

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE9 DPBS9 ANNAPOLIS MO. (MIMEO.).

PAPER DISCUSSES THE ENVIRONMENTS IN HOLES RESULTING FROM DREDGING ACTIVITIES. HOLES
SIGNIFICANTLY DEEPER THAN THE SURROUNDING BOTTOM CAN 8ECOME TRAPS FOR SEDIMENTS ORGANIC
MATERIALS9 AND POLLUTANTS. A NUMBER OF EXAMPLES ARE CITED TO DEMONSTRATE THE TYPES OF
ACCUMULATIONS IN DREDGE HOLES AND THEIR ADVERSE BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS. RECOMMENDATIONS TO REDUCE
THE IMPkcTc, OF DREDGE HOLES AqE P40VIDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARITAT9 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0363

PLOESSEL9 M.R. 1973.

ENGINEERING GFOLOGY ALONG THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTLINE.

PP. 365-366 IN: O.E. MORAN9 J.E. SLASSEN9 R.O. STONEt AND C.A. YELVERTON (EDS.) GEOLOGY9
SEISMICITY9 AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. UNIVERSITY PUBLISHERS9 LOS ANGELES.

SEA CLIFFS AND BEACHES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ARE UNSTABLE AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING. THE RATE
OF SEA CLIFF RETREAT IS VARIABLE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAo MEASURES WHICH CAN RETARD CLIFF
RETREAT TNCLUDE WIDENING AND RAISING BEACHES AT THE BASE OF THE CLIFF9 AND CONSTRUCTION OF
REVETMENITS OR SEAWALLS. ANOTHER O?TION IS 70 ALLOW NORMAL CLIFF RETREAT AND PROVIDE FOR A
NON-STRUCTURAL SETBACK AREA AT THE TOP OF THE CLIFF. ANY STRUCTURE WHICH IS AN OBSTRUCTION TO
LITTORAL DRIFT WILL CAUSE BEACH ACCRETION UPDRIFT AND EROSION DOWNDRIFT OF THE STRUCTURE. IN
CALIFORNIA SUCH STRUCTURES INCREASE CLIFF RETREAT BY ERODING BEACHES AT THE BASE OF CLIFFS#
ENDANGER OTHER STRUCTURES ON ERODING DOWNDRIFT BEACHES. ACCUMULATING SAND AROUND SOME
STRUCTURES TENDS TO BLOCK HARHOR ENTRANCES. ARTIFICIAL TRANSPORT OF SAND AROUND OBSTRUCTING

203

REF. NO.-0363 (CONTINUED)

STRUCTURCS IS THE ONLY SOLUTION TO THESE EROSION PROBLEMS. IN ADDITION ARTIFICIAL BEACH
NOURISHMENT MAY BECOME A NECESSITY IN THE FUTURE AS CALIFORNIA BEACHES HAVE BEEN ROBBED OF
THEIR PRTMARY SOURCE OF SAND WITH MANIS ELIMINATION OF FLOODING OF MAJOR RIVERS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS% LITTORAL PROCESSESv EROSIONv REVETMENT9 BULKHEAD9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0099

POWER9 G. 1975.

WATERGATE VILLAGE: A CASE STUDY OF A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR A MARINA SUBMITTED TO THE U.S. ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS.

J. COASTAL ZONE MGMT. 2(2): 103-123.

THIS CASE STUDY9 PREPARED BY AN INTERDISCIPLINARY GROUP OF SEVERAL SCIENTISTS AND PLANNERS AND
A LAWYER9 REVIEWS THE HANDLING BY THE DECISION PROCESS OF AN APPLICATION TO THE BALTIMORE
DISTRICT CORPS OF ENGINEERS FOR PERMISSION TO CONSTRUCT A MARINA. THE STUDY DETERMINES THAT
WHILE THE PROJECT IN QUESTION MAY NOT PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT9 THE PROJECT
WHEN CONSIDERED IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER PENDING PROJECTS ON THE SAME SUBTRIBUTARY WOULD
CONTRIBUTE TO BOAT CONGESTION AND DEGRADATION OF WATER QUALITY. CHANGES IN THE DECISION
PROCESS ARE SUGGESTED WHICH WOULD FACILITATE CONSIDERATION OF THE CUMULATIVE IMPACTS FROM A
SERIES OF COASTAL ALTERATIONS. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: MOORING9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 SEDIMENTATION9 LEGAL9 HARBORI CR 69 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0028

PRICE9 W.A. TOMLINSON9 K.W. 1970.

THE EFFECT OF GROYNES ON ERODED BEACHES.

PROC. 12TH COASTAL ENG. CONF. PP. 1053-1058.

LABORATORY TESTS ARE DESCRIBED9 IN WHICH THE EFFECT OF IMPERMEABLE GROINS ON AN ERODED BEACH
WAS STUDIED. A BEACH WAS ALLOWED TO REACH EQUILIBRIUM FOR A PARTICULAR WAVE CLIMATE AND SUPPLY
OF LITTORAL MATERIAL. THE FORESHORE WAS THEN MANUALLY ERODED9 AND THE BEACH ALLOWED TO RETURN
TO EQUILIBRIUM WITH AND WITHOUT GROINS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE PRESENCE OF GROINS INCREASED THE
RATE OF ACCRETION BUT DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY BUILD UP THE INSHORE BEACH BEYOND THE STABLE
LEVELS. RED LEVELS SEAWARD OF THE GROINS wERE INCREASED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

209

REF. NO.-0028 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN9 EROSION9 STABILIZE9 SEDIMENTATION9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0205

PRICE9 W.A. TOMLINSON9 K.W. 1969.

THE EFFECT OF GPOYNES ON STABLE BEACHES.

PROC. 11TH COASTAL ENG. CONE. AMER. SOC. CIVIL ENGINEERS. COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH COUNCIL, PP.
518-525.

THE PAPER DESCRIBES TESTS CARRIED OUT IN A WAVE BASIN TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF GROYNES ON A
BEACH THAT WAS STABLE FOR A PARTICULAR WAVE CLIMATE AND A GIVEN SUPPLY OF LITTORAL MATERIAL.
THE MAIN CONCLUSION WAS THAT ON THE PART OF THE BEACH BETWEEN HW AND LW LEVEL THE GROYNES
PRODUCED NO BUILD UP. THE ONLY BUILD-UP THAT OCCURRED TOOK PLACE SEAWARD OF THE IMPERMEABLE
GROYNES. PERMEABLE GROYNES HAD LITTLE EFFECT EITHER INSHORE OR OFFSHORE. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0242

PRICE9 W.A. 1954.

SHORELINES AND COASTS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO.

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFESERVICE9 FISHERY BULLETIN 89. 55:39-65.

A STRUCTURAL AND REGIONAL GEO-OCEANOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO SHORELINE DESCRIPTION AND
CLASSIFICATION FOR THE GULF OF MEXICO IS PRESENTED. THE RESEARCH ON WHICH THE PAPER IS
PRIMARILY BASED WAS A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF THE SHORELINES OF THE GULF FROM EXISTING DATA9
INCLUDING RESULTS OF THE WRITERIS 20-YEAR STUDY OF THE NORTHWESTERN GULF COAST. THE SURVEY WAS
MADE BY THE WRITER IN 1951-1953.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0201

P.9 W.M. 1969.

210

REF. NO.-0201 (CONTINUED)

WHAT DO THEY MEAN ... 'MEAN HIGH WATER BULKHEAD?f.

THE FLORIDA NATURALIST. JULY. 1 P.

SIMPLE SKETCHES WERE DRAWN TO PROMOTE PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SOME CONCEPTS AND TERMS RELATING
TO THE MANATEE COUNTY-TERRA VIDA q(JLK8E40 PROPOSAL. THREE POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES WERE
CONSIDERFD. THE REST ALTERNATIVE HAD VEGETATION OR A IVEGETATIVE LINE# AT THE MEAN HIGH WATER
LINE AND WAS THE NATURAL SITUATION. THE NEXT 8EST ALTERNATIVE HAD A BULKHEAD SET AT THE MEAN
HIGH WATFR LINE WITH GRASSES AND MANGROVES ON THE BAYWARD SIDE AND NO DREDGING FOR FILL
PURPOSES. THE WORST ALTERNATIVE HAD THE BULKHEAD SET BAYWARD OF THE MEAN HIGH WATER LINE AND
SUBMERGED LAND DREDGED UP FOR FILL PURPOSES. WHEN BULKHEADS ARE SET BAYWARD OF THE MEAN HIGH
WATER LINE9 NO GRASSES9 MANGROVES9 ETC. SURVIVE AND A @WET BIOLOGICAL DESERT, RESULTS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERPNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD, CR 4

REF. NO.-0090

QUINN9 A.D. 1972.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PORTS AND MARINE STkUCTURES (2ND ED).

MC GRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY9 NEW YORK. 611 PP.

THIS BOOK IS A TECHNICAL DESIGN MANUAL FOR ENGINEERS INVOLVED IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PORTS AND MARINE STRUCTJPES. 40CH OF THE CONTENTS ARE CONCERNED WITH THE PHYSICS OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMFNT AND HOW TO DESIGN WITHIN THE PHYSICAL STRESSES IMPOSED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED Bur NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0333

RAYNOR* A.C. RECTOR9 R.L. 1961.

GROINS ON THE SHORES OF THE GREAT LAKES.

J. WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIVISION9 ASCE 87(WW4):137.

AUTHORS DISCUSS THE LACK OF EFFECTIVENESS OF GROIN SYSTEMS IN THE GREAT LAKES. IN GENERAL9
GROINS ARE SECCESSFUL ONLY WHERE THE LONGSHORE MOVEMENT OF LITTORAL DRIFT IS REASONABLY
PLENTIFUL. THE NATURAL CONDITION ALONG MUCH OF THE GREAT LAKES SHORELINE IS JUST THE OPPOSITE.
PERMEABLF GROINS OR SHORT GROIN SYSTEMS A@<E NOT FEASIBLE.

211

REF. NO.-0333 (CONTINUED)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg CR 89 PROTECT9 LITTORAL PRUCESSES

REF. NO.-0089

RAY9 G.C. NOPPTS9 K.S. 1972.

MANAGING MARINE ENVIRONMENTS.

TRANS. 37TH N. AMER. WILDL. NAT. PES.CONF. PP. 190-203.

THE WORLD OCEANS ARE EAPLOITED BY HUNTING AND GATHERING9 AND PELAGIC WATERS ARE NOT THE
PROPERTY OF ANY SINGLE NATION. THERE IS SEVERE COMPETITION FOR OCEAN RESOURCES BUT A RECENT
TREND IS TOWARD INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF MARINE RESOURCES. ONE PROBLEM IS THAT OF A LACK OF
UNDERSTANDING OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT. THE BASIC DETERMINANTS OF MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY MUST THEREFORE LIE WITH THOSE WHO UNDERSTAND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0239

REED9 R. 1976.

ENGINEERS BUILD MARSH ON MISSISSIPPI.

WATER SPECTRUM P(2):36-37.

AN ACCOUNT 15 GIVEN OF THE SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCE OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS FROM THE NEW
ORLEANS DISTRICT TO CONVERT DREDGED MATERIAL INTO A SERIES OF NEW MARSHLANDS ALONG THE
SOUTHWEST PASS OF LOUISIANAIS MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA. THIS IS A RELATIVELY NEW APPROACH TO
SOLVING THF PROBLEM OF DISPOSING DREDGED MATERIAL AND AIDING LOUISIANAOS DISAPPEARING COASTAL
WETLANDS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: EN6

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 Ck 3

212

REF. NO.-0313

REID9 G.K. 1956.

ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN A DISTURBED TEXAS COASTAL ESTUARY.

TEXAS J. SCI. 8(3):296-327-

IN 1955 POLLOVER PASS WAS CUT THROUGH A PENNINSULA To OPEN EAST GALVESTON BAY TO THE GULF.
GULF WATERS OF HIGH SALINITY WERE INTRODUCED INTO THE UPPER PORTION OF THE EAST BAY. THE STUDY
DESCRIBED WAS CONCERNEU WITH CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL9 CHEMICAL9 AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE HAY FOLLOWING EXCAVATION OF THE PASS. A NEARLY TWO-FOLD INCREASE IN SALINITY OCCURRED
FROM 1954 TO 1955 IN THE UPPER BAY AREA. THE NUMBER OF FISH SPECIES WAS NEARLY THE SAME IN
1955 AS IN 1954 BUT SPECIES COMPOSITION WAS ALTERED9 WITH MORE SPECIES TOLERANT OF SALINE
CONDITIONS PRESENT. CHANGES ALSO OCCURRED IN RELATIVE NUMBERS OF THREE SPECIES OF SHRIMP.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 39 FISH9 SHELLFISH

REF. NO.-0118

REIMBERT9 M.L. REIMBERT9 A-M. 1974.

RETAINING WALLS9 ANCHORAGES AND SHEET PILINGS (VOL. 1).

TRANS TECH PUBLISHERS* dAY VILLAGE9 OHIO. 284 PP.

A TECHNICAL TREATMENT OF THE STRESSES UPON MARINE STRUCTURES. DESIGN CRITERIA AND MATERIALS
STRENGTH', ARE DISCUSSED WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE PMISICAL FORCES OF THE COASTAL AREA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0012

REISH9 D.J. 1963.

FURTHER STUDIFS ON THE BENTHIC FAUNA IN A RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED BOAT HARBOR IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BULL. SO. CALIF. ACAD. SCI. 62(l): 23-32.

A PERIODIC9 QUANTITATIVE STUDY WAS MADE IN A NEWLY DREDGED BOAT CHANNEL TO DETERMINE WHETHER
OR NOT SUCCESSION OCCURS IN THE SUHTIDAL SENTHIC ENVIRONMENT. THERE WAS NO INDICATION THAT THE
SETTLEMENT OF AN EARLIER ASSEMBLAGE OF ANIMALS WAS NECESSARY FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF A
SUBSEQUENT ONE. VARIATIONS IN THE POPULATION WERE NOTED. THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES WERE GROUPED
213

REF. NO.-0012 (CONTINUED)

ACCORDING TO: (1) THOSE THAT REACHED A PEAK IN NUMBER OF SPECIMENS THEN DECREASED9 (2) THOSE
THAT SHOWED FLUCTUATIONS9 POSSIBLY SEASONAL.9 (3) THOSE THAT REACHED A PLATEAUt AND (4) THOSE
THAT APPARENTLY ARE STILL INCREASING IN NUMBERS OF SPECIMENS PRESENT. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE AMOUNT OF WATER CIRCULATION AND ITS EFFECT UPON BENTHIC ANIMALS IN BOAT BASINS AND
CHANNELS WAS DISCUSSED

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RENTHOSt HARBOR9 SUCCESSION9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0083

REISH9 D.J. 1962.

A STUDY OF SUCCESSION IN RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED MARINE HARBORS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

PROC. FIRST NAT'L COASTAL AND SHALLOW WATER RES. CONF. BALTIMOREt L.A. AND TALLAHASSEE. PP. 570-573*

FOUR SMALL BOAT HARBORS HAVE BEEN OR ARE IN THE PROCESS OF BEING CONSTRUCTED IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNTA.9 THESE ARE LOCATED IN LONG BEACH (ALAMITOS BAY)o LOS ANGELES (PLAYA DEL RAY)v AND
TWO IN VENTURA COUNTY. THESE HARBORS WERE DREDGED FROM LAND AND OFFER OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY
MARINE SUCCESSION. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON BENTHIC ORGANISM AND FOULING ORGANISMS IN ALAMITOS
BAY AND ON THE INTERTIUAL URGANISMS OF THE ROCK JETTIES OF PLAYA DEL RAY AND VENTURA COUNTY.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED AT SELECTED SAMPLING SITES9 AND THE VARIOUS SPECIES
IDENTIFIED. SUCCESSION WAS FOUND TO OCCUR WHERE SOLID SUBSTRATE OFFERS A SITE OF ATTACHMENT.
LITTLE 09 NO SUCCESSION WAS OBSERVED IN SEDIMENTS. SOLID SUBSTRATE CLIMAX COMMUNITIES WERE
ESTABLISHED MORE RAPIDLY THAN HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS. THIS IS BELIEVED
TO BE INFLUENCED BY THE WARMER WATER TEMPERATURE AND LONG BREEDING SEASON.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARRORo SUCCESSION9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0280

REISH9 D.J. 1961.

A STUDY OF BENTHIC FAUNA IN A RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED BOAT HARBOR IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

ECOLOGY 42(i):84-91.

A PERIODIC GUANTITATIVE STUDY WAS MADE IN A NEWLY DREDGED MARINE BOAT HARBOR TO DETERMINE IF
THE SUBTIDAL BENTHIC FAUNAL SUCCESSION OCCURRED ON THE BOTTOM. POLYCHAETES9 MOLLUSKS9
CRUSTACEANS AND NEMERTEANS WERE THE IMPORTANT GROUPS COLLECTED. A PEAK IN THE NUMBER OF
SPECIES AND SPECIMENS WAS RECORDED ABOUT TWO YEARS AFTER SEAWATER WAS FIRST LET IN. THE

214

REF. NO.-0280 (CONTINUED)

POPULATION DECREASED MARKEDLY IN THE FOLLOWING YEAR. VARIOUS EXPLANATIONS FOR THE REDUCTION IN
NUMBER OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS ARE OFFERED. THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF SUCCESSION.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 910

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 RENTHOS9 SUCCESSION9 SUBSTRATE9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0290

REISH9 D.J. 1964.

DISCUSSION OF THE MYTTLUS CALIFORNIANUS COMMUNITY ON NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROCK JETTIES IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA.

VELIGER. 7(2):95-101.

IN A STUDY OF THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS COMMUNITY ON ROCK
JETTIES9 NEWLY CONSTRUCTED IN VENTURA COUNTY AND PLAYA DEL REY MARINAS9 DATA COLLECTED
PERIODICALLY OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD INDICATED THAT ULVA DACTYLIFERA WAS THE EARLIEST
MACROSCOPIC INHA9ITANT REGA90LESS OF WHAT TIME OF YEAR THE AREA WAS INITIALLY EXPOSED To SEA
WATER. MYTILUS CALIFOkNIANUS SETTLED ON THE ROCKS DURING THE SPRING MONTHS. THE LARGERO MORE
DIVERSE POPULATIONS WERE ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS AND SMALLER, LESS DIVERSE
POPULATIONS 04SERVED DURING THE WINTER MONTHS. THE POPULATION OF MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS
DISAPPEARED AT VENTURA COUNTY MARINA AFTER TWO YEARS9 BUT NOT AT PLAYA DEL REY MARINA. NO
EXPLANATION IS ADVANCED AT THIS TIME FOR THIS DIFFERENCE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: JETTYf SUCCESSION9 CW ?9 HARBOR9 STABILIZE9 SHELLFISH9 HABITAT9 AQUATIC PLANTS

REF. NO.-0325

REISH9 D.j. 1969.

DISCUSSION OF THE MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS COMMUNITY ON NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROCK JETTIES IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA (MOLLUSCA:RIVALVIA).

THE VELIGER 7(2):95-101.

THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALIFORNIA SEA MUSSELt MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS9 COMMUNITY ON
NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROCK jETTIES WAS STUDIEO IN VENTURA AND PLAYA DEL REY MARINAS. ORGANISMS
WERE COLLECTED PERIODICALLY OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD FROM THREE SITES ON THE INSIDE OF THE SOUTH
JETTY OF THE VENTURA COUNTY MARINA AND FROM ONE SITE AT PLAYA DEL REY. DATA COLLECTED
INDICATEn THAT GREEN ALGA (ULVA DACTYLIFERA) WAS THE EARLIEST MACROSCOPIC INHABITANT9
REGARDLESS OF THE TIME OF YEAR THE ROCKS WERE INITIALLY EXPOSED TO SEA WATER. MYTILUS

215

REF. NO.-0325 (CONTINUED)

CALIFORNIANUS SETTLED ON THE ROCKS DURING THE SPRING MONTHS. THE NUMBER OF SPECIMENS AND
SPECIES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE POPULATION OF MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS WAS
LARGER AND MORE DIVERSE DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS AND SMALLER AND LESS DIVERSE DURING THE
WINTER MONTHS. THE POPULATION OF MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS DISAPPEARED FROM THE INSIDE OF THE
SOUTH JETTY AT VENTURA COUNTY MARINA AFTER TWO YEARS BUT WAS STILL PRESENT AT THE ENO OF THE
JETTY AND ALL ALONG THE OUTER SIDE. NO SPECIMENS OF M. CALIFORNIANUS WERE EVER OBSERVED ON THE
NORTH JETTY; HOWFVER THIS WAS ASCRIBED TO THE PRESENCE OF A SANDY BEACH ALONG THE OCEAN SIDE
OF THE JETTY WHICH CREATED AN UNSUITABLE HABITAT FOR THE MUSSEL. AFTER TWO YEARS9 A POPULATION
OF M. CALIFORNIANUS WAS STILL PRESENT ON THE JETTIES AT PLAYA DEL REY MARINA NO EXPLANATION
WAS ADVANCED FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN POPULATION OF M. CALIFORNIANUS AT THE TWO MARINAS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: SHELLFISH9 CR 29 JETTY9 HABITAT9 SUCCESSION9 AQUATIC PLANTS

REF. NO.-0104

RHODE ISLAND STATEWIDE PLANNING PROGRAM. 1972.

PROTECTION AND CONTROL OF THE SALT WATER SHORE AREA.

TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 21. 44 PP.

THE PAPEP EXPLORES A POSSIBLE APPROACH TO THE PROTECTION AND REGULATION OF RHODE ISLANDIS
rMMEDIATF SALT WATER SHORELINE. THE PAPER POINTS OUT THE CRITICAL NATURE OF THIS AREA9
DISCUSSES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS IN THE SHORE AREA9 DESCRIBES PAST EFFORTS'TO DELINEATE
A @CRITICAL AREA9 ALONG THE SHORE9 AND OFFERS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION AND REGULATION.
THE APPENDIX CONTAINS 6UGGESTED LEGISLATION OF TWO TYPES: ONE TO IMPROVE PROTECTION OF COASTAL
WETLANDS# AND ONE TO REGULATE THE ENTIRE IMMEDIATE SHORELINE AREA. (NT IS AHSfRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPU8

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0162

RICHEY9 E.P. 1971.

HYDRO-ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF MARINAS IN PUGET SOUND.

PROC. FIRST TECH. CONF. ESTUARIES OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST. OREGON STATE UNIV. ENG. EXP. STA. CIRCULAR
NO. 42. PP. 249-271.

SOME NEW CRITERIA FOR REVIEWING PLANS FOR NEW MARINAS AND OTHER SHORE-TIED STRUCTURES IN THE
@EGIONS OF PUGET SOUND AND ADJACENT WATERS THAT ARE TO BE ADDED To THE TRADITIONAL LIST FOR

216

REF. NO.-0162 (COOTIMUFO)

PLANNING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ARE DISCUSSED AS TO ORIGIN AND POSSIBLE METHODS OF COMPLIANCE.
THESE CRTTFRIA INVOLVE LIMITS ON THE EXTENT AND TYPE OF STRUCTURE TO MAINTAIN WATER QUALITY
AND TO MINIMIZE BARRIERS IN THE PATH OF JUVENTLE9 MIGRATORY SALMON. A MODEL IS DEVELOPED FOR
DESCRIBING GROSS KINEMATICS IN A MARINA OF SIMPLE PLANFORM FOR THE PURPOSES OF COMPARING THE
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES ON CIRCULATION PATTERNS. A FEW MARINAS NOW IN OPERATION ARE
REYIEWED A- ILLUSTRATIONS @)F HOW CONVENTI@)NAL DESIGNS CONFORM No THE NEW GUIDELINES.
NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG (AUTHOR AH,3TRACT)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 BREAKWATER9 FISH9 HIGRATION9 LEGAL9 ECONOMICS9 PROTECT9 CR 1

REF. NO.-0484

RICHEY9 E.P. NECE9 R.E. 1974.

FLOATING BREAKWATERS-STATE OF THE ART.

PP. 1-19 IN : PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE, NEWPORT RI. TECH. SER- NO. 24. (Q.V. KOWALSKIs
1974A).

THE PAPER IS AN UPDATING OF ITS FIRST PRESENTATION UNDER THE SAME TITLE AT THE SECOND ANNUAL
TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON ESTUARIES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST9 MARCH 19729 CORVALLIS9 OR. THIS
PAPER REALIGNS THE EARLIER ONE TO CONSIDER THE SIGNIFICANT INTERVENING DEVELOPMENTS IN
OREAKWATFR FORMS9 ANALYSES* AND FIELD TESTS. MANI OF THESE DEVELOPMENTS APPEAR AS INDIYIDUAL
PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FLOATING BREAKWATER CONFERENCE9 SO ONLY BRIEF REFERENCES TO
THEM NEEn BE MADE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PREAKWATER9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0426

RICKER9 F.W. 1975.

POLICY STATEMENT ON THE COASTAL WETLANDS ACT (M.R.S.9 T.12 (AS AMENDED)).

MAINE DEPT. NATURAL RESOURCES9 AUGUSTAt ME. 14 PP.

THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS PAPER ARE: 1) TO CLARIFY THE DEPARTMENTAL POLICY ON WETLANDS
APPLICATIONS; 2) TO STANDARDIZE THE DEPARTMENTOS PROCEDURE OF REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF ALL
APPLICATIONS GENERATED BY THE COASTAL WETLANDS CONTROL ACTt 3) TO INFORM THE PUBLIC OF THE
SCOPE OF THE LAW AND HOW IT PROTECTS THEIR WELFARE; 4) TO ASSIST THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THEIR ADMINISTRATION OF THE LAW BY EXPLAINING THE DEPARTMENTOS
PHILOSOPHY OF THE LAW. BY ESTABLISHING SOUND GUIDELINES TO BE USED BY ALL PERSONNEL IN MAKING

217

REF. NO.-0426 (CONTINUED)

RECOMMENDATIONS9 ALL APPLICATIONS SHOULD BE TREATED EQUALLY AND FAIR DECISIONS RENDERED TO ALL
CONCERNED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 PRODUCTIVITY, CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0161

RIESE9 R.C. 1971.

EXPERIMENT IN SHORE PROTECTION.

MILITARY ENG. 63(4B):181-182.

THE ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE INITIATION OF A PROJECT TO CONSTRUCT AND STUDY A PROTOTYPE GROIN
FIELD. OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GROIN ARE TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF GROIN DIMENSION
AND SHAPE ON THE VOLUME OF ENTRAPPED SAND9 AND TO STUDY HOW SAND MOVES OVERV AROUND9, OR
THROUGH A GROIN. A PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT IS TO COLLECT DATA WHICH CAN BE APPLIED TO
CONSTRUCTION OF SHORE PROTECTION WORKS. AFTER FULL TESTING OF THIS SINGLE GROIN A FIELD OF
GROINS WILL BE BUILT TO DETERMINE ITS EFFECT.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN9 CR 29 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0056

RIG69 G.B. MILLER9 R.C. 1949.

INTERTIDAL PLANT AND ANIMAL ZONATION IN THE VICINITY OF NEAH BAY# WASHINGTON.

PROCEEDINGS CA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. FOURTH SERIES. 26(10): 323- 351.

A SURVEY WAS MADE OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES OF MARINE ALGAE AND MARINE
INVERTEBRATES IN OR ADJACENT TO THE INTERTIDAL ZONE AT CERTAIN LOCALITIES IN THE VICINITY OF
NEAH BAYo WASHINGTON. THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEX IN THIS AREA FAVORS AN ABUNDANT INTERTIAL
FLORA AND FAUNA. FOR SELECTED LOCALITIES9 TABULATIONS WERE MADE OF THE VERTICAL RANGE ABOVE OR
RELOW ZERO TIDE DATUM OF THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF BROWN9 RED9 AND GREEN ALGAE AND OF THE
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LITTORAL INVERTEBRATES. A DISTINCT ZONATION OF ORGANISMS WAS FOUND9
AND ONLY A90VE THE LARGE ALGAE OAS THE ZONATION OF INVERTEBRATES CONSPICUOUS. ZONATION WAS
VIEWED A5 RESULTING FROM TWO PRIMARY FACTORS: OPTIMAL VERTICAL RANGE OF AN ORGANISM AS
DETERMINFO BY SUCH FACTORS AS FOOD SUPPLY# ILLUMINATION AND ENDOSMOSIS WHEN EXPOSED,TO RAINO
AND COMPETITION FROM OTHER ORGANISMS ABOVE AND BELOW THIS OPTIMUM RANGE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

218

REF. NO.-0056 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: RRFAKWATER9 PROTECT9 Ck I

REF. NO.-0405

ROESSLER9 M.A. HEARDSLEY9 G.L. 1974.

BISCAYNE BAY: ITS ENVIRONMENT AND PROBLEMS.

FLORIDA SCIENTIlTq QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 37(4):185-204.

BISCAYNE PAY IS A SEMI-TROPICAL LAGOON ADJACENT TO MIA-419 FLORIDA. TIDES ARE SEMI-DIURNAL AND
VARY FROM ABOUT 2.5 FT AMPLITUDE AT INLETS TO 0.5 FT IN THE INTERIOR BASINS. NUTRIENTS ARE
AVAILABLE IN NORTHERN SECTIONS HUT RELATIVELY SCARCE IN THE SOUTHERN BAY. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
IN THE SnUTH IS MAINLY FROM SEAGRASSES AND ALGAE9 WHILE IN THE NORTH PHYTOPLANKTON IS MORE
IMPORTANT. DIVERSE INVERTEBRATE AND FISH POPULATIONS OCCURt BUT FEW SPECIES ARE EXTREMELY
ABUNDANT. ACTIVITIES SUCH AS DPEDGE AND FILL9 SEWAGE POLLUTION* CAUSEWAY CONSTRUCTION AND
SHORELINE MODIFICATIONS HAVE ALTERED CIRCULATION AND NUTRIENT CYCLES. THE GREATEST IMPACT HAS
BEEN OBSERVED NEAR MIA-II !iUT CHANGES ARE OCCURI,14G IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS AS WELL. HOPEFULLY,
INFORMED AND ACTIVE CITIZENS AND THE DADE COUNTY9 STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS WILL CONTINUE
EFFORTS SUCH AS CREATION OF THE BISCAYNE NATIONAL MONUMENT AND THE FLORIDA POWER AND LIGHT
COOLING PESERVOIR TO PROTECT BISCAYNE BAY AND TO PROVIDE PUBLIC ACCESS FOR RECREATIONo
PLANNING IS NEEDED NOW9 AND ACTION MUST BE TAKEN9 BEFORE OPTIONS RUN OUT AND COST ESCALATES TO
THE POINT WHERE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION IS ECONOMICALLY IMPOSSIBLE. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: CR 4, CAUSEWAY9 DREDGE/FILL9 BRIDGE

REF. NO.-0373

ROGERS, S.M.9 JR. 1977.

SHORELINE CHA\JGFS ON THE FLORIDA COAST.

ENGINEER9 BUR. REACHES AND SHORES9 FLORIDA DEPT. NATL. RES. PERS. COMM.

A MAJOR CAUSE OF REVETMENT FAILURE IS PERCOLATION OF WATER BEHIND THEM9 ERODING AWAY THE
BACKING. AN ALLEGED PRObLEM AT ST. AUGUSTINE IS RATS IN A RIPRAP PEVETMENT. REVETMENTS WITH A
2:1 SLOPE ARE PREFERRED TO VERTICAL WALLS DUE TO POOR ENERGY DISSIPATION BY THE LATTER. AT ST.
AUGUSTINE MASSIVE SHORELINE CHANGES HAVE OCCURRED DUE TO INLET DREDGING AND JETTY CONSTRUCTION
PRIOR TO 1940. D066ONE GROINS WERE EXPECTED TO PERFORM WELL BUT ACTUALLY HAVE NOT. THE
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SELDOM SEES BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS DUE TO STRUCTURES. MOST ARE
ENGINEERING IN NATURE.

NATURE OF REFPRENCE: GENERAL

219

REF. NO.-0373 (CONTINjuED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: QFVETMENT* JETTY9 CR 39 CR 49 CR 59 GROIN

REF. NO.-0299

RORHOLM9 N. FELD- S. 1971.

RHODE ISLAND MARINAS AND BOAT YAPOS9 1970.

DEPTo OF RESOURCE ECONOMICS OCCASIONAL PAPERS 71-001. UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLANDO KINGSTON. 17 ppo

THIS REPORTS ON THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF RHODE ISLAND BOATYARDS AND MARINAS. DURING THE
PERIOD FROm 1965-1970 BOAT REGISTRATION INCREASED BY 18 PERCENT. FIRMS THAT PROVIDE PRIMARY
SERVICES SUCH AS DOCKAbEq SUPPLIES AND WINTER STORAGE9 RANGE FROM FROM CORPORATIONS DESERVING
THE NAME SHIP YAP09 THROUGH FULL TIME MARINAS9 NON-PPOFIT CLUBS9 TO SMALL PART TIME
BUSINESSES. THE LARGEST GROUP OF BOATS IS KEPT AT FULL TIME MARINAS. NEARLY ONE HALF OF THE
BOATS KEPT AT MOORINGS IN THE RHODE ISLAND COASTAL ZONE ARE LESS THAN 15 FEET LONG. SLIGHTLY
MORE THAN ONE HALF OF THE bOATS THAT ARE KEPT IN THE COASTAL ZONE DURING THE SUMMER ARE STORED
BY COMMEPCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS DURING THE WINTER. SINCE 1962 CAPACITY OF MARINAS HAS INCREASED
98 PERCENT. FURTHER EXPANSION MAY BE A PROBLEM BECAUSE OF CAPITAL. THE MAJORITY OF FULL TIME
MARINAS hRF IN SOME FORM CLOSED CORPORATE OWNERSHIP. EIGHT MILLION DOLLAR GROSS BUSINESS
GENERATES AN ADDITIONAL $6 MILLION ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN RHODE ISLAND AND THE SURROUNDING AREAo

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERF7NCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NOo-0362

ROSS9 B. UNDATED.

HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS FUR THE FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROGRAM.

H.Wo LOCHNER9 INC., CONSULTING ENGINEERS. 12 PPo

THIS REPORT ASSESSES THE PROBABLE HYDROLOGIC ALTERATIONS WHICH HAVE RESULTED BECAUSE OF THE
EXISTING BRIDGES AND WHICH MAY RESULT FROM THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW REPLACEMENT BRIDGES AND
THE HYDRAULIC EFFECTS ON THE BRIDGES THEMSELVES. THE DISCUSSION IS CONCERNED WITH EVALUATION
AND DETEOMINATION OF DESIGN MEASURES THAT COULD BE EMPLOYED TO MITIGATE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF
HYDRAULIC ACTION TO BOTH THE LOCAL HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM AND THE BRIDGES THEMSELVES.
RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE THAT NO NEW OPENING,) IN THE KEY SYSTEM BE CONSIDERED9 CULVERTS SHOULD
HE USED IN THE LOWER KEYS9 HURRICANE PROTECTION SHOULD HE EMPHASIZED AND THAT NEW STRUCTURES
SHOULD BE ABOVE STANDARD PROJECT HURRICANF FLOODS.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

220

REF. NO.-0382 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: UNPUB

DESCRIPTORS: RRIDGE, LA14D TRANSPORT, CR 4

REF. NO.-0117

ROSS9 C.W. 1944.

EXPERIMENTAL SHEET PILE GROINS9 PALM BEACH9 FLURIDA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 BFB. TECH. MEMO. NO. 10. UNPAGED.

THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE RESULTS OF A FIELD TEST OF FIVE SHEET PILE GROINS CONSTRUCTED ON THE
ATLANTIC COAST OF PALIA BEACH, FLORIDA. THIS TEST PROGRAM WAS INITIATED TO DETERMINE THE
REASONS FOR THE RAPID DETERIORATION OF STEEL SHEET PILINGS IN THE AREA. THE EXPERIMENTAL
STRUCTURPS WERE MONITORED FOR NINE YEARS. COMPARISONS WERE MADE AMONG THE FIVE INSTALLATIONS
DURING AND AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY TO DETERMINE RATES OF PERFORATION9 SUITABILITY OF
DIFFERENT STEELS TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND RELATIVE VALUES OF DIFFERENT PROTECTIVE
COATINGS AS WELL AS LIFE SPAN AND OTHER FACTORS. IMPROVEU MONITORING METHODS WERE DEVELOPED AS
A RESULT OF THIS STUDY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0376

ROSS9 N.W. 1977.

BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF MARINAS.

URI MARINE ADVISORY SERVICE. UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND9 NARRAGANSETT. PERS. COMM.

N. ROSS MAINTAINS THAT MARINAS DO NOT NECESSARILY LEAD TO POOR WATER CIRCULATION AND ANOXIC
CONDITIONS. THE NIXON9 OVIATT9 NORTHBY (19739 ECOLOGY OF SMALL BOAT MARINAS. TECH. REPORT SERo
NO. 5. UNIV. RHODE IS.9 KINGSTON) STUDY 15 AN EXAMPLE. MARINAS ARE OFTEN VERY PRODUCTIVE AND
ARE MOST PRODUCTIVE WHEN MARSHES ARE LEAST PRODUCTIVE (SPRING AND SUMMER MONTHS). ROSS NOTED
THAT THE NIXON* ET. AL- PAPER IS OFTEN MISQUOTED. THESE AUTHORS DREW SOME RATHER CONSERVATIVE
CONCLUSIONS FROM THEIR DATA (E.G. SUGGESTED MARINAS BE WELL FLUSHED UNDERSIDES OF MARINA
FLOATS SHOULD NOT BE PAINTED WITH ANTIFOULING PAINT) IN SPITE OF NOT FINDING NEGATIVE
BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS IN THEIR DATA. OTHER AUTHORS HAVE QUOTED THESE CONCLUSIONS AND IGNORED THE
DATA IN THIS REPORT. ROSS IS CURRENTLY CONDUCTING A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE BIOLOGICAL
IMPACTS OF SMALL BOAT MARINAS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

'221

REF. NO.-0376 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 PRODUCTIVITY

REF. NO.-0070

ROUNSEFELL9 G.A. 1972.

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE CONSTRUCTION.

jOURNAL OF MAQTNF qrTFNCEa 2(l):1-213.

AN EVALUATION OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROBABLE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
OFFSHORE CONSTRUCTION REVEALS SLIGHT DANGER FROM THE MAJORITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMS. THE
GREATEST DANGERS LIE IN THE PLACEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS WITHIN OR TOO CLOSELY ADJACENT To
ESTUARIES WHERE THEY CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT WATER EXCHANGE9 AND IN THE PROLIFERATION OF
WATER C60LED NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. PERHAPS THE MOST PRESSING NEED FOR ULTIMATE HUMAN SURVIVAL
IS THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF POWER FROM NATURAL FORCES TO REPLACE POWER FROM NUCLEAR AND
FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES. , (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: 9ULKHEAD9 SUBSTRATE9 SUCCESSION9 REEF9 BRIDGE9 BUOY

REF. NO.-0456

ROY MANN ASSOCIATES COASTAL ZONE RESOURCES CORPORATION. 1972.

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR USE OF THE GREAT LAKES SHORELINE.

ROY MANN ASSOCIATES. CAMBRIDGE9 MASS. 59 PP.

THE PURPOSE OF THESE GUIDELINES IS TO RECOMMEND METHODS BY WHICH SHORELINE TYPE ANALYSIS CAN
PROVIDE ANSWERS TO LAND USE AND WATER USE MANAGEMENT POLICIES. THEY RECOMMEND MEASURES AND
PRACTICES FOR EACH GROUP OF LAND AND WATER USES AND STRUCTURAL NEEDS THAT WOULD OPTIMIZE AT
THE SAME TIME SCENIC9 RECREATIONAL9 AND BIOTIC VALUES ON THE ONE HAND9 AND SHORE STABILIZATION
ON THE OTHER.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 8, STABILIZE9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0087

SALOMAN9 C.H. 1975.

222

REF. NO.-0087 (CONTINUED)

A SELECTED BIPLTOGRAPHY OF THE NFARSHORE ENVIRONMENT: FLORIDA WEST COAST.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAP. NO- 5-75. 268 PP.

A COLLECTION OF OVER 29900 REFERENCES ON ECOLOGICAL AND COASTAL ENGINEERING SUBJECTS RELATED
To THE NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT OF THE FLORIDA WEST COAST. REFERENCES ARE GROUPED BY SUBJECT AND
ALPHABETTZFO BY AUTHOR wITHIN EACH SUBJECT HEADING. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: SEDIMENTATIONs CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 HABITAT9 BENTHOS9 CR 39 CR 4

REF. NO.-0488

SALOMAN- C.H. 1976.

THE BENTHIC FAUNA AND SEDIMENTS OF THE NEARSHORE ZONE OFF PANAMA CITY BEACHO FLORIDA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. REP. Noo 76-10. N.P.

THIS STUDY PRESENTS BASIC SCIENTIFIC DATA ON THE aENTHIC FAUNA AND SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE
NEARSHORF 70NE OF PANAMA CITY REACH9 FLORIDA9 BEFORE RESTORATION OF THE BEACH9 AND THE RESULTS
OF A SIUDY ON THE EFFECT OF HURRICANE ELOISE ON THE BENTHIC FAUNA IN THE SWASH ZONE OF PANAMA
CITY REArH. SURFACE SEDIMENTS WERE ANALYZED FOR PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION9 PERCENT CARBON#
ORGANIC CAPHON AND CARbONATEq AND STATISTICAL FACTORS. THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS EXHIBITED
UNIFORMITY OVER TIME AND LOCATION. THE BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES WERE REPRESENTED BY 170 SPECIES
IN 26 MA@JOP TAXA. THE TAXON WITH THE MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES (69) WAS THE PHYLUM POLYCHAETA. THE
FAUNA WAq nOMINATE0 BY 14 SPECIES WHICH CONSTITUTED 80 PERCENT OF THE COLLECTED INDIVIDUALS.
THE NUMBFR OF SPECIES AND THE DIVERSITY INDEX WERE LOWEST IN THE SWASH ZONE AND HIGHEST AT THE
OFFSHORE STATIONS AT A DEPTH OF 30 FEET. NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WAS HIGHEST IN MAY AND AUGUST
AND LOWEqT IN NOVEMBER AND FEBRUARY. OF THE INVERTEBRATE SPECIESt 21 MAY BE NEW TO SCIENCE; 15
OF THE 21 ARE AMPHIPODS AND 4 OF THESE ARE AMONG THE MOST ABUNDANT SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE
NEARSHORF ZONE. CORRELATION OF ANIMAL ABUNDANCE TO SELECTED SEDIMENTOLOGICAL PARAMETERS WAS
LOW. MEAN GRAIN SILE wAS THE MOST S16NIFICANT SEDIMENT FACTOR TESTED. THE EFFECT OF HURRICANE
ELOISE ON PANAMA CITY BEACH WAS EXTENSIVE. THE BEACH AND PRIMARY SAND DUNE WERE SEVERELY
ERODED. THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS CONTINUED TO INCREASE FOR 6 DAYS FOLLOWING THE STORM;
THEREAFTER, IT DECREASED. THE NUMBER OF SPECIES INCREASED ALS09 REACHING A PEAK ON THE THIRD
DAY AFTER THE STORM9 AND THEN IT DECREASED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENF-HAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUH

DESCRIPTORS: CR 39 BENTHOS

REF. NO.13

SANK0 P. 175.

SHORELINE PROTECTION GUIDE FOR PROPERTY OWNERS.

NEW YORK SEA GRANT ADVISORY SERVICE. ALdANY. NY 22 PP.

THIS GUIDE REPORTS THE BASIC PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION SUCH AS WIN
CURRENTS, LITTORAL DRIFT AND TIDES. COMMON SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES ARE EXPLAINED
AS THEIR LIMITATIONS Ai,4D POSSIHLE SIDE EFFECTS. BULKHEAD5 REVETMENTSt SEAWALLSO GROI
BREAKWAT;:RS PROTECTIVE BEACHES DUNES AND VEGETATIVE METHODS ARE EXAMINED.(t,)TIS ot-,S

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETHENT BULKHEAD GROIN BREAKWATER PROTECT STABILIZE EROSION LITTORAL

REF. NO.-00?0

SAT0 S. TANAKA N. THIE 1. 168.

STUDY ON SCOURING AT THE FOOT OF COASTAL STRUCTURES.

COASTAL ENGINFERINOP 11TH COASTAL ENG. CONF. PP. 57-58.

THIS PAPFR PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN ORD
CLARIFY THE RASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND TO FIND OUT SOME PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST SC
AROUND COASTAL STRUCTURES. THE APPLICABILITY OF THESE RESULTS TO THE FIELD ARE DISCUS
THE BASI OF SOME RESULTS OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS. THE RESULTS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXP
PRESENTEI) HEREIN SHOW THAT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES JUST IN FRONT OF STRUCTURES A
REFLECTION 6Y STRUCTURES ARE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS OF SCOURING. THE RESULTS OF FIELD
INVESTIGATTONS HOWEVEH INDICATE THAT IN ADDITION TO THOSE TWO FACTORS THE CURRENTS
DUE TO WAVES AROUND STRUCTURES PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN SCOURING. (AUTHOR A65TRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: EN6

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT BREAKWATER EROSIONg SCOURING

REF. NO.-0074

SAVAGE R.P. 15.

LABORATORY STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF GROINS ON TmE RATE OF LITTORAL TRANSPORT: EUIPMENT DEVE
AND INITIAL TESTS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BEB TECH. MEMO. NO. 114. 56 PP.

GROINS AND GROIN FIELDS ARE A COM40N TYPE OF SHORE STRUCTURE USED TO PREVENT OR SLOW
224

REF. NO.-0074 (CONTINUED)

SHORE ERnSION ON 80TH ARTIFICIALLY PLACED BEACH FILLS AND NATURAL BEACHES. GROINS ARE
OCCASIONALLY INSTALLED ALSO TO TRAP MATERIAL MOVING IN THE LITTORAL STREAM THUS HELPING TO
BUILD UP A BEACH. HOWEVER9 VERY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE QUANTITATIVE EFFECT OF A GROIN FIELD
ON THE RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT PAST THE FIELD. SOME INFORMATION HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM
MEASUREMENT OF DRIFT RATES ALONG THE NEW JERSEY COAST, BY COMPARING OATES OBTAINED FOR THE
EARLY 19001S wITH FEW OR NO GROINS INSTALLED9 WITH RATES MEASURED IN THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS
AFTER INSTALLATION OF LARGE NUMBERS OF GROINS- LABORATORY TESTS HAVE NOW BEEN INITIATED TO
STUDY ROTH THE RELATIO14 OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT TO WAVE ACTION9 AND THE EFFECT OF THE GROINS AND
GROIN FIELDS ON THIS MOVEMENT. THIS REPORT DESCR18ES THE FIRST SERIES OF THESE TESTS9 AND THE
DATA AND OBSERVATIONS OBTAINED THEREFROM.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENU

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0114

SAVAGE9 R.P. WOODHOUSE9 W.W.9 JR. 1968.

CREATION AND STABILIZATION OF COASTAL BARRIER DUNES.

PROC. IITH CONF. ON COASTAL ENG. PP. 671-700.

EXPERIMENTS ARE UNDERWAY ALONG THE COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA USING SAND FENCES AND DUNE GRASSES
TO CREATE AND STABILIZE A BARRIER DUNE LINE PARALLEL TO AND BEHIND THE EXISTING BEACHES OF LOW
LYING BARRIER ISLANDS. SEVERAL MILES OF EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED9 AND THEIR
EFFECTIVENESS IN TRAPPING WIND-BLOWN SAND HAS BEEN ANALYZED. RESULTS To DATE (1968) SHOW THAT
SAND FENCES AND DUNE GRASSES WILL TRAP WIND-BLOWN SAND AND CREATE A BARRIER DUNE. A VIGOROUSt
RAPIDLY-GROWING STRIP OF AMERICAN BEACHGRASS9 90 FEET WIDE9 WILL TRAP AND RETAIN ALL OF THE
SAND BEING TRANSPORTED BY THE WIND IN THE AREA. THUS9 A STABILIZED DUNE CAN BE IGROWNI IN THE
AREA USING AMERICAN BEACHGRASS. SAND FENCES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE SAND TRAPS AND CAN
BE USED WHERE SATISFACTORY PLANTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE OR WHERE IT MAY NOT BE FEASIBLE TO AWAIT
THE ESTA9LISHMENT OF VEGETATION. TWO METHODS OF USING SAND FENCES TO CREATE LARGE DUNES HAVE
BEEN INVESTIGATED; BOTH ARE WORKABLE. THE USE OF FABRICS AS SAND FENCES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED;
THEIR EFFECTIVENESS VARIES WITH THE POROSITY OF THE FABRIC. (AUTHOP AHSTRACTI

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECT9 STABILIZEt CR 6

REF. NO.-0040

SAVILLE9 T.9 JR. GARCIA9 W. J. LEE9 C. E. 1965.

BREAKWATERS WITH VERTICAL AND SLOPING FACES.

225

REF. NO.-0040 (CONTINUED)

U. S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 2-66. 24 PP.

DESIGN CRITERIA NOW PERMIT EFFICIENT AND ECONOMIC BUILDING OF BREAKWATER STRUCTURES; NEW
RESEARCH AND EVALUATING PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING STRUCTURES RESULT IN A CONSTANT IMPROVEMENT OF
DESIGN CRITERIA. THIS PAAR SUMMARIZES THE PROGRESS MADE IN THE FIELD SINCE 1953 AND OUTLINES
UNITED STATES PRACTICES OF DETERMINING DESIGN CRITERIA AT PRESENT

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0042

SAVILLE9 T.9 JR. 1973.

GENERAL REPORT ON CONTROLLING LITTORAL DRIFT TO PROTECT BEACHES9 DUNES9 ESTUARIES AND HARBOR
ENTRANCES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 73-26. 18 PP.

THE REPORT CONSISTS OF A SUMMARY OF PAPERS PRESENTED BY REPRESENTATIVES FROM TEN COUNTRIES AT
THE 23RD MEETING OF THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NAVIGATION CONGRESSES (PIANC)
ON THE MEANS OF CONTROLLING LITTORAL DRIFT TO PROTECT BEACHES* DUNES9 ESTUARIES9 AND HARBOR
ENTRANCES. ESTABLISHMENT OF ARTIFICAL BEACHES IS ALSO DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0125

SAVILLE9 T.9 JR. 195S.

LABORATORY DATA ON WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEEHS. BER TECH. MEMO. No. 64. 32 PP.

A NEED FOR MORE ADEOUATE DESIGN DATA ON WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING OF SHORE STRUCTURES HAS
LONG BEEN EVIDENT. IN 19529 A TEST PROGRA4 ON WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING WAS INITIATED AT THE
WATFRWAYq EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS AT VICKSBURG9 MISSISSIPPI. THE BASIC
DATA ARE PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT WITHOUT THE ANALYSIS. A REPORT CONTAINING AN ANALYSIS AND
CONCLUSIONS WILL BE PUBLISHED AT A LATER DATE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

226

REF. NO.-0125 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD, REVETMENT9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0130

SAVILLE9 T.9 JR. 1967.

ROCK MOVEMENT IN LARGE-SCALE TESTS OF RIPRAP STABILITY UNDER WAVE ACTION.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 3-67. 7 PP.

THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL INSTANCES IN THE PAST FOUR OR FIVE YEARS OF DAMAGE TO THE RIPRAP
PROTECTION OF SOME EARTH DAMS AND EMBANKMENTS IM MAJOR RESERVOIRS IN THE MIDDLE WESTERN
PORTION OF THE UNITED STATES. IN PARTICULAR9 IN SMALL SECTIONS OF THE EMBANKMENT OF THE SNAKE
CREEK SUR-TMPOUNDMENT IN THE GARRISON RESERVOIR IN NORTH DAKOTA9 SOME RIPRAP WAS REMOVED BY A
SEVERE STOPM IN 19b4. IT WAS RECOGNIZED AT THE TIME OF CONSTRUCTION THAT THE RIPRAP PROTECTION
TO BE PLACED ON THIS EMBANKMENT WAS CONSIDERABLY LIGHTER THAN DESIRABLE9 AND WAS KNOWINGLY
PLACED AS AN EXPFPImEjr TO SEE IF LIGHTER GRADED MATERIAL MIGHT STILL PROVIDE SUFFICIENT
PROTECTION IN A RESERVOIR WHFRE THE WATER SURFACE ELEVATION CHENGED PERIODICALLY. HIGH WAVES
CAN DEVELOP OVER THE .32-mILE FETCH IN THIS AREA OF FREoUENT HIGH WIND VELOCITY. LOSS OF SOME
RIPRAP IN) THIS AREA HAS LED TO AN INVESTIUATION OF VARIOUS SCHEMES OF UPGRADING THE RIPRAP. AS
A PART OF THIS INVESTIGATION, TESTS HAVE REEN MADE AT CERC OF VARIOUS TYPES OF RIPRAP EXPOSED
To WAVE ACTION. TESTS HAVE BEEN MADE ON BOTH A SMALL AND LARGE SCALE. THESE WAVE TANK TESTS
WERE RUN AS SHORT SEPIES OF BURSTS OF WAVES FOLLOWED BY PERIODS OF CALM TO APPROXIMATE NATURAL
FORCES AND TO PROVIDE WAVES OF THE DESIRED HEIGHT. (MODIFTED AUTHOR A@35TkACT)

NATURE OF REFrRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0287

SAVILLE9 T.9 JR. 1960.

LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF RU88LE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

JOUR. WATERWAYS AND HARBORS DIV. A.S.C.E. 86(W%3):151-161.

THE AUTHOR PRESENTS DATA LEADING TO CONTINUED PROGRESS TOWARD A SOUNDER BASIS FOR STABILITY
AND ECONOMIC DESGIN OF qU@iHLE-MOUND STRUCTURES. IN THE COURSE OF TESTING9 DATA PERTAINING TO
WAVE RUN-UP ON RUH8LE WAS ACQUIRED. RELATIVE RUN-UP HAS BEEN PLOTTED AS A FUNCTION OF WAVE
STEEPNESS OETERMINED FOR THE WATER UEPTH AT THE STRUCTURE TOE. THE TABULATIONS ARE MADE FOR
ARBITRARTI-Y SELECTED WATER DEPTHS FOR WHICH THE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS ARE DETERMINED. ALL DATA
WERE OBTAINED IN SMALL SCALE LABORATORY TESTS9 AND THE POSSIBLE EXISTENCE OF SCALE EFFECT MUST
BE CONSIDERED WHEN APPLYING THEM TO PROTOTYPE CONDITIONS. A DISCUSSION BY R.Y. HUDSON
CONCLUDES THE PAPER? AND HE COMPARES THESE OATA PRESENTED WITH OTHERS IDEAS AND CONCLUDES BY

227

REF. NO.0287 (CTINUD)

SAYING THAT THEY ARE PR08ABLY UNUSABLE FOR THE CONDITION OF BREAKING WAVESO AND THAT
TESTING TS NESCESSARY

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RRFAKWATFR

REF. NO.-0165

SCHIJF J.H. 15.

GENERALITIES nN COASTAL PPOCESSES AND PROTECTION.

J. WATERWAYS AND HAPRORS DIVISION ASCE 85:1-12.

THE ENGINEERING RASIS OF COASTAL PROTECTION IS DISCUSSED IN GENERAL WITH SOME EMPHAS
EXPERIENCE ON THE OUTCH SEACOAST. THE PAPER SUPPORTS A SHIFT IN THE OLD PHILOSOPHY 0
PROTFCTInN BY GROINS AND SEAWALLS TO A NEW PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION BY SAND FILL.
(AUTHOR A@iSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFPRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUH

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg JETTY EROSIONf PROTECT STABILIZE

REF. NO.-0304

SCHUSEL J.R. CARTER H.H. SCHIEMER, E.W. WHALEY R.C. 172.

A CASE STUDY OF LITTORAL DRIFT 6ASED ON LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION.

CHESAPEAKE SCIENCE. 13(2):80-86.

A KNOWLEnGE OF THE ROUTES AND RATES OF LITTORAL DRIFT IS A PREREUISITE TO PREDICTIN
PROBABLE EFFECTS OV PROPOSED NEARSHORE STRUCTURES ON THE MAINTENANCE OF A STRETCH OF
THE PREV81LING PATTERNS OF LITTORAL DRIFT CAN AT LEAST IN SOME CASES BE MORE RELIA
ESTABLISHED HY INFERENCE FROM THE LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION THAN
SHORT-TEPM FIELD STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. THIS PAPER DESCRIRESi FOR AN 8 MILE
CHESAPEAWE BAY COAST A CASE STUDY DESIGNED TO DELIMIT THE LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF ERO
ACCRETION IN ORDER To ESTA6LISH THE PREVAILING LITTORAL DRIFT. (MOOIFIED AUTHOR ABSTR

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: LITTORAL PROCESSESi CR 6 JETTY GROIN

228

REF. NO.-0163

SCHULTZ9 L.P. ASHBY. W. 1967.

AN ANALYSIS OF AN ATTEMPT TO CONTROL BEACH EROSION IN CHESAPEAKE BAY9 AT SCIENTISTS CLIFFS, CALVERT
COUNTY9 MARYLAND.

CHESAPEAKE SCIENCE 8(4):237-252.

AN ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF THF FUNCTIONING OF 45 GROINS CONSTRUCTED TO CONTROL BEACH EROSION AT
SCIENTISTS CLIFFS9 CALVERT COUNTY9 MARYLAND. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE HEIGHT OF GROINS9
NON-SPILLOVER LENGTH OF GROINS, AND AVAILABILITY OF COARSE SAND ARE CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING
HEIGHT OF SAND ACCUMULATION AND WIDTH OF BEACH BETWEEN GROINS. VERY FINE SAND PARTICLES9
SMALLER THAN 0.125 Mm IN DIAMETER9 ARE TRANSPORTED BY WAVE ACTION SEAWARD AND FORM VERY LITTLE
OF THE SAND ACCUMULATION BETWEEN GROINS. THE VERTICAL CLAY CLIFFS AND BULKHEADS BUILT PARALLEL
TO AND CLOqE TO THE CLIFFS9 WHEN NOT PROTECTED WITH GROINS AND A SLOPING BEACH* CREATE
CONDITIONS THAT INCREASE THE RATE OF EROSION AND PROHIBIT THE ACCUMULATION OF BEACH MATERIALS.
STRONG WAVE FRONTS THAT STRIKE THESE VERTICAL WALLS HEAD-ON AT HIGH TIDAL LEVELS DURING STORMS
ARE REFLFCTED AND SET UP STRONG REFLECTED WAVES THAT TRANSPORT BEACH SAND SEAWARDO WHICH
EXPOSES THE HARD CLAY CLIFF TO FURTHER EROSION. IN A FULLY DEVELOPED OR MATURE GROIN SYSTEM
THE GROINIS, IN ADDITION TO BEING SAND TIGHT9 SHOULD HAVE SUFFICIENT HEIGHT FOR AT LEAST 3/5 OF
THEIR LENGTH TO STOP WATER FROM SPILLING-OVER DURING MOST STORMS AND SUFFICIENT LENGTH TO HOLD
A BEACH WIDE ENOUGH SO THAT WAVES DO NOT DESTROY VEGETATION GROWING AT THE BASE OF THE CLIFF.
HOWEVER9 WITHOUT AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF COARSE TO MEDIUM SIZED SAND PARTICLES9 GROINS DO NOT
ACCUMULATE ENOUGH SAND TO CONTROL CLIFF EROSION. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: SROINq PROTECT9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0184

SCOTT9 H.A. 1964.

PONCE DE LEON INLET STABILIZATION PROJECT.

SHORE AND BEACH 37(l):4-9.

THE RESULT OF JETTY CONSTRUCTION TO STABILIZE INLETS IS DISCUSSED. THE PROMINANT EXAMPLE WAS
THAT OF MASONBORO INLET IN NORTH CAROLINA WHERE A NORTH WEIR JETTY WAS CONSTRUCTED. DUE TO THE
LACK OF A SOUTH JETTY A SHOAL WAS FORMED OFF THE SOUTH TIP OF THE INLET9 WHICH WAS EXTENDED
INTO THE INLET FROM THE DOWN DRIFT BEACH. OTHER EXAMPLES OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF ONLY ONE JETTY
RESULTINS IN SEVERE EROSION OF THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE INLET WERE DISCUSSED. PLANS AND A
DISCUSSION OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF A JETTY SYSTEM AT PONCE DE LEON INLET ARE GIVEN. THE AUTHOR
STRESSES THE NEED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A COMPLETE PROJECT AT AN INLET RATHER THAN DELAYING A
PORTION RECAUSE OF A LACK OF FUNDS OR PLANNING. THE EXTENT TO WHICH LITTORAL DRIFTS DEPOSIT IN
THE BASIN RATHER THAN BYPASSING THE BASIN OR PASSING AROUND THE END OF THE JETTY AND
DEPOSITING IN THE CHANNEL ARE TO BE DETERMINED

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

229

REF. NO.-0184 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY9 STABILIZE9 PROTECT9 RECREATI,ON9 EROSION9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 CR 5

REF. NO.-0473

SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE. 1974.

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT- 9THE COASTAL impERATIVE: DEVELOPING A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COASTAL
DECISION MAKING$.

PROC. SECOND ANNUAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE9 CHARLESTONg SOUTH CAROLINA. 93RD CONGRESS9
2ND SESSION. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 196 PP.

PROCEEDINGS AND RELATED MATERIAL OF THE SECOND ANNUAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE HELD
IN CHARLESTON9 SC. ON MARCH 13-149 1974 ARE PRESENTED. A ZONE MANAGEMENT AND A DISCUSSION OF
THE ROLE OF THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT IN PROTECTING THAT INTEREST ARE PROVIDED. MANY OF
THE ISSUES THAT NOW DIVIDE DEVELOPERS9 LOCAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS9 INDUSTRIALISTS9 RECREATION
PROPONENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTALISTS WERE REVIEWED9 INCLUDING : SITING OF OFFSHORE AND COASTAL
POWER FACILITIES; SELECTION OF SITES FOR DEEPWATER PORTS; PROTECTION OF MARINE LIFE IN THE
COASTAL 70NIE: AND PUBLIC ACCESS TO BEACHES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TU THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0092

SENECA9 E.D. WOODHOUSE9 W.W.9 JR. HROOME9 S.w. 1976.

DUNE STABILIZATION WITH PANICUM AMARUM ALONG THE NORTH CAROLINA COAST.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. REPORT NO. 76-3. 42 PP.

THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE DUNE STABILIZING AND DUNE BUILDING POTENTIAL OF
PANICUM AMARUM (BITTER PANICUM) ALONG THE NORTH CAROLINA COAST. EXPERIMENTAL PLANTINGS WITH
EMPHASIS ON HITTER PANICUM TOGETHER WITH AMMOPHILA BREVILIGULATA (AMERICAN BEACHGRASS) AND
UNIOLA PANTCULATA (SEA OATS) WEkE MADE AT TWO COASTAL LOCATIONS. OVER A 24 MONTH PERIOD AT A
FOREDUNE SITE9 BITTER PANICUM ACCUMULATED ABOUT ONE-FOURTH THE SAND ACCUMULATED BY EITHER
THREE SELECTIONS OF AMERICAN 8EACHGRASS OR MIXED SPECIES PLANTINGS INVOLVING ALL THREE
GRASSES. RFSULTS INDICATE THAT THE PRINCIPAL VALUES OF BITTER PANrCUM ARE IN STABILIZING SANDY
COASTAL ARFAS AND IN MIXED SPECIES PLANTINGS TO BUILD AND STABILIZE COASTAL FOREDUNES IN THE
SOUTHEASTEPN UNITED STATES. (MODIFIED NTIS ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFPRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

230

REF. NO.009 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: TECT LAND PLANTS. C 59 CR 69 EROSION

REF. NO.-0507

SETHNESSi E.O.9 JR. MOORE9 W.L. SA8ATHIER9 D. 1974.

THE PERFORMANCE OF AN OFFSET RPEAKWATER CONFIGuRATION IN wIND-GENERATED WAVES.

PP. 73-90 IN PROC. FLOATING 6REAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (.V. K
1974A).

A BRIEF nTSCIJSSIO!4 IS GIVEN OF THE NEED FOR FLOATING BREAKWATERS AND OF PREVIOUS STUD
CONFIGURATION3 FOR A BREAKWATER ARE THEN CONSIDERED: FIRST, A CONTINUOUS RIGID VERTIC
AND SECOND. A SEGMENTED RIGID VERTICAL WALL WITH ALTERNATE SEGMENTS OFFSET A DISTANCE
ONE-HALF OF THE INCIDENT WAVE LENGTH. WITH THE OFFSET CONFIGURATION THE WAVE FORCES 0
ALTERNATr EGMENTS TEND TO OPPOSE EACH OTHER GIVING LESS NET FORCE ON THE OFFSET WALL
FOR A CONITTNUOUS WALL A SIMPLE ANALYSIS LEADS TO EUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING
FORCES FOR EACH CONFI-3JRATION. A 40DEL OF AN OFFSET CONFIGURATION FLOATING BREAKWATER
TESTED IN ROTH REGULAR MECHANICALLY GENERATED WAVES AND IN WIND GENERATED WAVES.
EXPEPIMEKITALLY MEASURFO WAVE TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS ARE COMPARED WITH THOSE FOR A
CONTTNUOJS RIGID WALL AIJO FOR OTHER TYPES OF FLOATING BREAKWATERS. THE POTENTIAL OF T
FLOATING HREAKWATEt4 IS CONSIDERED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFPENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0520

SEYMOUR. R.J. TSAACS9 J.D. 1974.

TETHERED FLOAT RREAKWATERS.

PP. 55-72 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEWPORT9 RI. TECH. SER. NO. 24. (.V.
1974A) .

THE TETHPPFD FLOAT HREAKWATER IS CONSTRUCTED OF A LARGE NUMBER OF VERY BUOYANT FLOATS
CHARACTEPTSTIC DIMENSION A60UT EUAL TO THE WAVE HEIGHT. THE FLOATS ARE INDEPENDANTLY
BELOW THF SURFACE IN A WArEP DEPTH MANY TIMES THE FLOAT DIAMETER. THE FLOATS ARE DRIV
OPPOSITInN TO THE WAVES HY THE PRESSURE GADIENT FIELD AND THE DOMINANT ATTENUATION M
IS DRAG FROM THE RESULTANT BUOY MUTIUN. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL HAS BEEN DERIVED TO PRED
ATTENUATION OF A PARTICULAR ARRAY CONFIGURATION ON A GIVEN INCIDENT WAVE SPECTRUM. TH
THEORETICAL MODEL HAS 3EEN VERIFIED AT LA60RATORY SCALE AND ITS ESSENTIAL FEATURES VE
OCEAN SCALE- PERFORMANCE PHEDICTIONS ARE SHOWN FOR A WIDE RANGE OF DESIGN CONDITIONS.
BREAKWATER SYSTEM APPEARS ATT4ACTIVE FOR JEEP WATER APPLICATIONS AND CAN 9E CONSTRUCT
WATER OF ANY DEPTH GREATER THAN SOME MINIMUM. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS INCLUDE HARBOR A
PROTECTION AND OFFSHORE TERMINALS. A MECHANISM FOR LOW COST AND FLEX18LE REACH EROSIO

231

REF. NO.-0520 (CONTINUED)

EMPLOYING THIS SYSTEM IS SUGGESTED. (AUTHOR ABI@TkACT)

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERrNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RRFAKWATER9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0105

SHARP9 W.C. VADEN9 J. 1970.

TEN-YEAR REPOPT ON SLOPING TECHNIQUES USED TO STABILIZE ERODING TIDAL RIVER BANKS1.

SHORE AND 6EACH* APRIL, 1970. PP 31-35.

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA HAS MANY TTDAL BAYS AND STREAMS THAT SUBJECT THE LAND TO SERIOUS
EROSION. RULKHEAnS AND JETTIES CAN CONTROL EROSION BUT ARE EXPENSIVE TO CONTROL AND MAINTAIN.
THE SCS AND Two VIRGINIA CONSERVATION AGENCIES COOPERATED TO STUDY THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
VFGETATIIN IN EROSION CONTROL. THE STUDY SHOWED THAT SLOPING AND PLANTING WERE USEFUL FOR
STOPPING OP REDUCING EriOSION ON SITES WHERE CORDGRASSES ARE ADAPTFD TO THE BEACH TO HE
TPEATED9 LITTORAL DRIFF CONTRIBUTED To SAND ACCRETION AND THE EXPOSURE TO NORMAL STORM PATHS
IS NOT SFVFRE. SMOOTH ANO SALT MEADOW CORDGRASS ARE THE BEST ADAPTED SPECIES.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pus

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY9 REVETMF_Nfq EROSION9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0541

SHAY9 F.A. JOHNSON9 J.W. 1951.

INFLUENCE OF GROINS ON dEACH STABILIZATION.

UNIV. OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY, DEPT. OF ENGINEERING SERIES 14, NO. 6. 19 PP. + APPENDICES.

EROSION OF A BEACH ACCUkS WHEN THE SUPPLY OF SAND TO IT IS LESS THAN THE RATE AT WHICH THE
SAND IS TRANSPORTEU ALONG THE BEACH. TO CONTROL EROSION9 GROIN SYSTEMS OFTEN ARE USED TO
PROMOTE THE ACCRETION ANU STABILIZATION OF HEACHES WHERE THE LITTORAL DRIFT INDUCED BY THE
WAVE ACTION IS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR. THIS STUDY INCLUDED TWO TYPES OF GROINS9 A SLOPING
IMPERMEAPLE GROIN AND A HIGH PERMEABLE GROIN. THIS INVESTIGATION WAS INTENDED To DETERMINE THE
RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF rHE HIGH PERMEABLE GROINS AND THE SLOPING IMPERMEABLE GROINS FOR
STABILIZING A BEACH WHERE LITTORAL TRANSPORT OCCURS. THE IMPERMEABLE GROINS WERE MORE
EFFECTIVF IN THE ACCRETION OF SANDS THAN THE PERMEABLE GROINS

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

232

REF. NO.-0541 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0379

SHEALY9 M.H.9 JR. BOOTHE9 8.8.9 JR. BEARDEN, C.M. 1975.

A SURVEY OF THE- BENTHIC MACROFAUNA OF FRIPP INLET AND HUNTING ISLANDS SOUTH CAROLINAS, PRIOR TO
BEACH NOURISHMENT.

S-C- MAR. RES. CENT. TECH. REP. SER. NO. 7. 30 PP.

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO COLLECT AND EVALUATE BENTHIC SAMPLES9 CONDUCT AERIAL SURVEYS OF SAND
DISPERSION PATTERNSS, AND TO ESTIMATE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OBTAINING BORROW
MATERIAL FPOM 3 SPECIFIC AREAS. SEVERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ARE PROPOSED FOR THE HUNTING ISLAND
BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECTS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: CR 59 HA8ITATq BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0395

SHEPARD9 F.P. WANLESS9 H.R. 1971.

OUR CHANGING COASTLINES.

MCGRAW-HILL INC.9 NEW YORK. 549 PP. EXCERPTS.

WORKS OF MAN ARE DOING FAR MORE TO ELIMINATE OUR VAST COASTAL HERITAGE THAN TO PRESERVE IT.
EVERY DAM THAT IS BUILT ACROSS A STREAM THAT WOULD NORMALLY SUPPLY SAND TO THE SHORE IS
DECREASING THE SIZE OF THE ADJACENT BEACHES. THE SAME IS TRUE OF STORAGE BASINS THAT HAVE BEEN
USED EXTENSIVELY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TO CATCH FLOODWATERS COMMING FROM THE MOUNTAINS. MUCH
SAND IS DEPOSITED IN THESE BASINS RATHER THAN REACHING THE SHORE. THE CONSTRUCTION OF HARBOR
JETTIES IS AN EVEN MORE IMPORTANT CAUSE OF BEACH EROSION. SAND BUILDS OUT ON THE UPCURRENT
SIDE OF THE JETTIES AND IS REMOVED FROM THE OOWNCURRENT BEACHES BY WINTER STORMS. NORMAL
NORMAL SUMMER REPLENISHMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE BECAUSE SAND IS STORED ON THE UPCURRENT JETTY
SIDES RESULTING IN THE DESTRUCTION OF MANY DOWNCURRENT BEACHES. EXAMPLES OF EROSION DUE TO
JETTIES MAY BE FOUND IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA9 CAPE MAYt N.J. AND OCEAN CITY9 MD. OCEAN CITY
JETTIES HAVE ERODED AT LEAST 19500 FEET OF ASSATEAGUE ISLAND. THE OREGON COAST9 AT TILLAMOOK
AND THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA HAS ALSO BEEN ADVERSLY AFFECTED BY JETTIES. CLEAR KNOWLEDGE OF
CURRENTS IS VITAL TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON BEACHES.
SOME PLACES STILL HAVE AN OPEN QUESTION OF WHICH WAY THE PREDOMINATE CURRENT FLOWS9 WHICH
INDICATES THE IMPORTANCE OF MAKING LONG CONTINUED STUDIES OF SHORE CURRENTS TO HELP IMPROVE
INFORMATION ON HOW TO PRESERVE BEACHES. WE MUST LEARN BETTER METHODS OF BYPASSING SAND
DOWNCURRFNT FROM THE JETTIES AND ATTEMPT TO BUILD NEW JETTIES AT POINTS WHERE BEACHES ARE

233

REF. NO.-0395 (CONTINUED)

LEAST LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED. THIS BOOK ATTEMPTS TO IDENTIFY THE GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL FACTORS
OF MAJOR COASTAL AREAS AND INDICATES MAN-INDUCED CHANGES AND HOW THEY HAVE AFFECTED THE AREAS
WHERE THEY HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY9 STABILIZE9 PROTECTo GROIN* BREAKWATER9 HARBOR

REF. NO.-0035

SHERK9 J.A. 01CONNOR9 J.M. NEUMANN9 D. A. 1976.

EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS ON SELECTED ESTUARINE PLANKTON.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. REPT. 76-1. 50 PP.

A 3-YEAR LABORATORY STUDY IDENTIFIED BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF SELECTED POPULATIONS OF
ESTUARINE ORGANISMS WHICH WERE MOST SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE AND
CONCENTRATION OF (A) SUSPENDED MINERAL SOLIDS SIMILAR IN SIZE TO SEDIMENTS LIKELY TO BE FOUND
INg OR ADDED T09 ESTUARINE SYSTEMS IN CONCENTRATIONS TYPICALLY FOUND DURING FLOODING9
DREDGING9 AND DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL9 AND (B) NATURAL SEDIMENTS IN IDENTICAL
EXPERIMENTS. CARBON ASSIMILATION BY FOUR SPECIES OF PHYTOPLANKTON WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED BY
THE LIGHT ATTENUATING PROPERTIES OF FINE SILICON DIOXIDE SUSPENSIONS. INGESTION OF
RADIOACTTVFLY TAGGED FOOD CELLS BY TWO SPECIES OF CALANOID COPEPODS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED
DURING EXPOSURE TO SUSPENSIONS OF FULLER'S EARTH9 FINE SILICON DIOXIDE9 AND NATURAL PATUXENT
RIVER SILT. THIS REPORT PROVIDES BASE-LINE DATA FOR PREPROJECT DECISION MAKING BASED ON
CONCENTRATION EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS ON SELECTED TYPICAL ESTUARINE PLANKTON.
(AUTHOR ARSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0397

SHULDINER9 P. 1977.

THE IMPACTS OF HIGHWAYS ON WETLANDS.

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS9 AMHERST. PERS COMM.

DR. SHULDINER IS THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FOR A STUDY BEING CONDUCTED FOR THE NATIONAL
COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH COUNCIL. THIS STUDY IS A STATE OF THE ART REVIEW OF THE IMPACTS
OF HIGHWbYS ON WETLANOS. IT WILL RESULT IN THE PUBLICATION OF AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY9 STATE
OF THE APT REVIEW9 AND SIX CASE STUDIES. EXPECTED PROJECT COMPLETION DATE IS MID-1978.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL
234

REF. NO.-0397 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: CAUSEWAY, LAND TRANSPORT

REF. NO.-0266

SHULENBERGER9 E. 1970.

RESPONSES OF '@EMMA GEMNA TO CATASTROPHIC BURIAL.

VELIGER 13(2):163-170.

THIS STUOY INVESTIGATES THE A8ILITY OF A SMALL CLAM (GEMMA GEMMA) TO BURROW UPWARDS IN
RESPONSE TO CATASTkOPHIC BURIAL. 8URIAL RESPONSES WERE TESTED WITH A SILTY SUBSTRATE AND SANDY
SUBSTRATE. THE CLAMS WERE ABLE TO COPE WITH A BURIAL OF UP TO 230 MM OF SAND AND 57 MM OF
SILT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: TNVERTEBRATES

REF. NO.-0264

SIBUL9 O.J. TICKNER* E.G. 1956.

MODEL STUDY OP OVERTOPPING OF WIND-GENERATED WAVES ON LEVEES WITH SLOPES OF 1:3 AND 1:6.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNI4 INST. UF ENGINEERING 4ESEARCH9 BERKELEY. SERIES 719 ISSUE 8. 17 PP.

THE OVERTOPPING OF WIND 6ENERATED WAVES ON LEVEES WITH SLOPES OF 1:3 AND 1:6 WAS STUDIED IN A
LAROR4TOPY WIND-WAVE TUNNEL. THE PESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH EXPERIMENTS COMPLETED AT THE
WATEP4AYq EXPERIMENT STATION9 VICKSHURG9 MISSISSIPP19 WHERE THE TESTS WERE ACCOMPLISHED WITH
MECHANICALLY-GENFHATE.o UNIFORM WAVES WHICH WERE NOT AFFECTED BY WIND. FOR LOW WIND VELOCITIES
THE RESULT; FROM THE PRESENT TESTS WERE SIMILAR TO THE VICKSBURG TESTS. FOR HIGHER WIND
VELOCITIFSo HOWEVE@(- AN ADDITIONAL OVERTOPPING OCCURS DUE TO THE WIND ACTION9 SO THAT THE
TOTAL OVPRTOPPING COULD HE SEPERATED INTO TWO PARTS; THAT IS9 1) OVERTOPPING DUE TO THE WAVE
ACTION 2) OVERTOPPING DUE TO THE WIND ACTION. THE LABORATORY TESTS SHOWED THAT THE WIND STARTS
TO AFFECT THE RESULTS FOR WIND SPEEDS ABOVE 10 MPH FOR 1:6 SLOPE LEVEE AND ABOVE 20 MPH FOR
THE 1:3 SLOPE LEVEE. IT IS EXPFCTED THAT FOR THE PROTOTYPE THIS CRITICAL WIND SPEED PROBABLY
WOULD BE CONSIDERAbLY HIGHER. FROUDEIS S141LARITY LAW PROBABLY IS NOT APPLICABLE IN PREDICTING
CRITICAL PROTOTYPE WIND SPEEDS. FOR EXAMPLE9 THE CRITICAL SPEED AT THF GIVEN LINEAR SCALE
RATIO OF 1:67.5 IS 80 MPH FOR THE 1:6 SLOPE LEVEE AND 160 MPH FOR THE 1:3 SLOPE LEVEE. THE
ADDITIONAL OVERTOPPINU DUE TO THE WIND DEPENDS UPON THE SLOPE OF THE LEVEE9 AND THE SLOPE
REMAINS THE SAME REGARDLESS OF THE SCALE-RATIO. THE VOLUME OF OVERTOPPING9 HOWEVER9 DEPENDS
UPON THE INTENSITY OF THE WIND, AND REQUIRES A HIGHER WIND SHEAR STRESS TO ACHIEVE THE RATE OF
FLOW FOR THE PROTOTYPE WHICH WOULD BE PREDICTED FROM THE MODEL DISCHARGE. THE DIRECT EFFECT OF
WIND ON THE OVERTOPPING OF WAVES SHOULD TmEREFORE BE REGARDED AS QUALITATIVE AND GIVE ONLY THE

235

REF. NO.-024 (NT I N)

TREND FOP ()VERTOPPING EFFECTS WHEN THE WIND SPEED IS INCREASED. (AUTHOR A;iSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFrPFNCE: FN6

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: DELATED RUT NO[ APPLICABLE To THIS STUDY

R E N10 . - 0, 4 7 0

SILBERHORN- G.M. OAWE' G.-Ii. t3ARNARD, T.A., JR. 1974.

COASTAL WETLANDS OF VIR6INfA: GUIDELINES FOR ACTIVITIES AFFECTING VIRGINIA WETLANDS-

VIRGINIA TNST. MARINE SCIENCE SPFCIAL REPORT IN APPLIED MARINE SCIENCE AND OCEAN ENGINEERI
PP.

INFORMATTON IS PROVIDEL) f) ASSIST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINE, FOR EVALUATING WET
TYPE AND F)R IDENTIFYING THE CONSEOUENCES Ot oJETLANDS UTILIZATION. CONfINUING RESEARC
ARE CITED. THE STATUS OF WETLANDS KNOWLEDGE 15 REVIEWED.

NATURE OF REFFPENICE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: DESF4-CH NEEDS

REF. NO.-0064

SILVESTER9 k. HOo S. 1974.

NEW APPROACH To COASTAL DEENSE.

CIVIL ENG. 44(9):66-69.

AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FAILjr4G GROINS AND SEAWALLS TO PROTECT RECLAIMED BEACHES9 ARTIFI
HEADLAND WE9E CONSTRUCTED NEAR SINGAPORE9 JAPAN. SAND HAS FILLED IN BEHIND THE HEADL
RESULTINr IN A SERIES UF SMALL bAYS. DESIGN AND PLACEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL HEADLANDS OEP
DESIRED PEACH CHARACTERISTICS9 WAVE ACTIVITY9 AND CURRENTS OF A LOCATION.

NATURE OF REFrRFNCE: ENU

TYPE OF REFERFNrE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PREAKWATER9 PROTECT9 EROSION

236

REF. NO.0079

SILVESTER9 R. 1974.

COASTAL ENGINEEPING, 11: SEDI(AENTATION ESTUARIES9 TIDES9 EFFLUENT* AND MODELLING.

ELSEVIER PUBLTSHING COMPANYv AMSTERDAM. PP. 127-148.

THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES WAVE GFNERATION AND PROPAGATION AND OBSERVATIONS REGARDING SEDIM
TRANSPORT AND THE EFFECTS ON A VARItTY OF SHORELINE STRUCTURES. PLACEMENT OF STRUCTURE
METHODS OF PREVENTING EROSION ARE DISCUSSED. NO SPECIFIC IN PLACE STRUCTURES ARE REFERF
BUT DRAWINGS ARE USED TO DEMONSTRATE PRINCIPLES. EFFECTS OF WAVES,COASTAL TOPOGRAPHY*
RIVER OUTLETc; AND OTHER FACTORS ON DESIGN AND PLACF-MFNT OF STRUCTURES ARE ADDRESSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETmENT, BULKHEAD9 8REAKWATER9 HARHOR9 GROINg PROTECTv SEDIMENTATIONo EROSIO
TRAINING9 STA61LIZE9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0190

SIPPLE9 W.S. 1974b.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARYLANDS TIDAL WETLANDS (MARSHES-SWAMPS)-

WETLAND SECTION? WATER RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION. MARYLAND DEPT. OF NAT'L. RESOURCES. FIRST
DEC. 16. 23 PP.

FIRST DRAFT OF A COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF LITERATURE ON MARYLANDIS WETLANDS. THIS INCLUDE
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCklPTS9 IN-HOUSE REPORTS9 PERTINENT MEMOS9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATE
LAWS9 CONSULTANT PROPOSALS AND WETLANO MAPS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENEPAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RIPLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0270

SIPPLE9 W.S. 1971.

THE PAST AND PRESENT FLORA AND VEGETATION OF THE HACKENSACK MEADOWS.

BARTONIA. 41:4-S6.

THE PRESFNT FLORA OF THE HACKENSACK MEADOW IN NEW JERSEY IS COMPARED WITH THAT DESCRIB
TORREY IN 1819 AND PREHISTORIC VEGETATION AS EVIDENCED BY POLLEN PROFILES FROM THE BOG
A MAJOR VEGETATION CHANGE HAS OCCURRED9 PROBABLY PRIMARILY DUE TO DRAINAGE OF THE BOG.

237

REF. NO.-0270 (CONTINUED@

OF TIMBER ALSO MAY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE CHANGE. SALT ENCROACHMENT HAS ALSO OCCURRED AS SEA
LEVELS ROSE- A NUMBER OF 4EEDY HERBS HAVE INVADED THE AREA9 REPLACING MUCH OF THE NATIVE
VEGETATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0292

SIPPLE9 W.S. 1974a.

AN ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE HEADWATER MARSH ON MILL CREEK (CALVERT COUNTY) AT CHESAPEAKE RANCH
CLUB WITH AN ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE IMPOSED BY CAUSEWAY CONSTRUCTION.

MARYLAND DEPT. OF NATURAL RESOURCES. 9 PP.

IN MARCH.19749 THE ESTUARINE-MAkSHLAND ECOSYSTEM IN THE AREA OF THE CHESAPEAKE RANCH CLUB
CAUSEWAY WAS INSPECTED TO DETERMINE THE VALUE OF THE MARSH AT THE HEADWATERS OF MILL CREEK
PRIOR TO CAUSEWAY CONSTRUCTION9 THE IMPACT OF THE CAUSEWAY ON THE SURROUNDING ECOSYSTEM9 AND
CORRECTIVE OR MITIGATIVE MEASURES WHICH COULD BE IMPLEMENTED TO REDUCE DEGRADATION IF IT WERE
FOUND TO EXIST. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MILL CREEK HEADWATER MARSH FOOD WEBS LEAD TO IMPORTANT
FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES. THE CAUSEWAY SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED TIDAL ACTION AND CAUSED
IMPOUNDMFNT OF WATER UPSTREAM AND ON ADJACENT MARSH9 AND REDUCED DETRITAL INPUTS RECEIVED
DOWNSTREAM. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE CAUSEWAY BE REMOVED IN TOTAL OR PARTIALLY TO RESTORE
ORIGINAL TTDAL ACTION IN THE UPSTREAM MARSH-

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: SIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUd

DESCRIPTORS: CAUSEWAY, CR bg SEDIMENTATIONY CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0515

SKINNER9 F.W. MILLER9 L. HARVEY9 W. REED9 H.W. 1973.

PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT DURING DEMOLITION ACTIVITIES.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. WES MISC. PUB. NO. N-73-6.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY (ORIGINALLY PLANNED AS A THREE-YEAR STUDY) WAS TO REFINE AND/OR
DEVELOP NEW DEMOLITIO14 TECHNIQUES WHICH WOULD SERVE TO MINIMIZE HAZARDS TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN
AREAS WHFPF DEMOLITION ACTIVITIES ARE SCHEDULED OR ARE ON-GOING. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE FIRST
YEARIS EFFORT WAS TO SURVEY PRESENT DEMOLITION TECHNIQUES AND PROVIDE A VEHICLE FOR ASSURING
THAT THE MOST MODERN OEMOLITION TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES ARE DESCRIBED SO THAT THE ARMY MIGHT
MAKE USE OF THEM IN DEVELOPING DEMOLITION CONTRACTS. THE PHASE OF THE STUDY REPORTED HEREIN

238

REF. NO.0515 (CONTINUED)

INVOLVED: 1) DETF-MNING THE GENAL STATE-OF-THE-ART OF THE DEMOLITION INDUSTRY REGA
TECHNIUFS AND CURRENT PPACTICES; 2) ASSESSING ARMY DEMOLITION PROBLEMS AS CHARACTER1
TYPICAL opnJECTS; AND 3)EVOLVING HASIC GUIDELINES AND OPTIONAL PLANS OF ACTION TO BE
CONSIDERED IN PLANNING DEMOLITION PROJECTS. IT IS CONCLUDED FROM THIS INVESTIGATION T
CURRENT ARMY POLICIES CONCERNING Pr?OTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FROM DEMOLITION OPERAT
IN STEP wITH uROAu FEDERAL POLICIES AIMED AT IMPROVING THE NATIONAL LEVEL OF ENVIRONM
UALITY. PRELIMINARY 6010ANCE, AIAED AT PROTECTING OR IMPROVING THE AM81ENT ENVIRONME
PROVIDED FOR ELEMENTS OF THE ARMY UNDERTAKING ON-BASE DEMOLITION PROJECTS IN THE FUTU
ARMY MUST KEEP INFORMED REGARDING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF DE
EUIPMENT ANO METHODS. IT ALSO MUST DEVISE A SELF-EVALUATING SYSTEM TO ASSURE THAT CO
WITH THESE CHANGFS IS ACCOMPLISHED. (AUTHOR A)jSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERFNCE: CENERAL

TYPE OF REFEHFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0025

SLAUGHTER T.H. 167.

BEACH DIMINUATION AND BOTTO4 SCOUR IN FRONT OF VERTICAL PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES IN THE MARYL
CHESAPEAKE BAY.

SHORE AND REACH. 35(2):7-17.

THE OBJECTTVE OF THIS PAPER IS TO PRESENT CASE HISTORIES OF SELECTED BULKHEADED AREAS
HAVE BEEN ASSEMBLED AS A PART OF THE BASIC RESEARCH SHORE EROSION PROGRAM OF THE MARY
GEOLOGIC6L SURVEY. THE DATA CITE AND COMPARE ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE CHANGES DUE TO BOTH
EROSION bNr) MANPS EFFORTS TO CONTROL NATURAL EROSION THROUGH THE USE OF VERTICAL STRU
AN EMPHASIS IS ON TtiE NEEO TO UNDERSTAND NATURAL PARAMETERS AND PROCESSES TO CORRECT
IN BULKHrADS.

NATURE OF REFPRFNCE: FNG

TYPE OF REFERWNrE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: ULKHEAD, PROTECT. EROSION CR 6

REF. NO.-0416

SLAWSON J. 177.

OBSERVATIONS IN SHORELINE STRUCTURE EFFECTS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

FISHERIES HIOLOGIST NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES LONG BEACH CA. PERS. COMM.

ORSEPVATTONS OF THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURES SUCH AS TIDE GATES FILL POWER PLANTS 80A

EF. NO.0416 (CONTINUED)

AND GROINS INDICATE THAT TIDAL PATTERNS AND LITTORAL DRIFT PATTERNS HAVE BEEN ALTERED
A NUMBER OF RESEARCH NEEDS WERE IDENTIFIED. THESE INCLUDE EVIDENCE OF DEPENDENCE OF MA
FTSHERIE ON ESTUARIES AND COASTAL WETLANDS LONG TERM IMPACTS OF OIL SPILLS AS OPPOSE
CHRONIC POLLUTION RESULrING FROM MARINAS AND THE RELATIVE AMOUNT OF SHORELINE ALTERATI
CONNECTEn WITH NATIONAL DEFENSE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: CFNERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS* CR 2i HARBORi Mf)nPTNC,. GwOTN. DRFDGE/FTLL. TIDE GATE

REF. NO.-0343

SLOSSONg J.E- RASKOFF R. 16.

WAVE DAMAGE VENTURA COASTLINE.

PP. 322-325 IN: R- LUNG AND H. PROCTOR (EDS.) ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA- A
ENG. GEOLOGISTS APCADIA CA.

THE EFFECTS OF WAVE EKOSION ON THE VENTURA COUNTY CALIFORNIA COASTLINE ARE DESCRIBED.
COASTLINP IS EXPERIENCIN6 SERVERE EROSION. AS PROPERTY VALUES HAVE INCREASED AND MORE
STRUCTURCS ARE ROILT ON bEilCHES HIGHER PROPORTIONAL LOSSES ARE PREDICTED UNLESS CAREFt
DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED PROTECTIVE MEASURES ARE TAKEN.

NATURE OF REFrRENCE: GE:,4EPAL

TYPE OF REFERrNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: OELATED ROT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0525

SMITH F.E. 177.

LETTER CONCERNING SMALL COASTAL STRUCTURES.

DIV. ECOLOGICAL SVCS.f U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SVC.# SACRAMENT0 CA.

PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION ON SHORELINE IS OFTEN NOT BENEFICIAL To PUBLIC USE OF THE SHORELI
PROLIFERATION OF PRIVATE PIERS AND DOCKS AT LAKE TAHOE CALIFORNIA IS CITED AS AN EXAM
HOW AN ACCUMULATION OF INDIVIDUALLY INSIGNIFICANT STRUCTURES CAN TAKEN TOGETHER DEGR
AREA. DIICUSSION CONCERNING CUMULATIVE EFFECTS REGULATION OF PRIVATE SHORELINE UEVELO
AND CORPS OF ENGINEER PERMITS FOR PRIVATE STRUCTURES IN NAVIGABLE WATERS ARE INCLUDED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: UNPUb

240

REF. NO.-0525 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: LEGAL9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0514

SMITH9 F.G.W. WILLIAMS, k.H. UAVIS9 C.C. 1950.

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SUBTROPICAL INSHORE WATERS ADJACENT TO MIAMI.

ECOLOGY 31(l):119-146.

THE GENEPAL PAUCITY OF QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION REGARDING CHEMICAL9 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS IN WATERS OF THE MIAMI AREA PRUMPTED THIS INVESTIGATION. OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE AT
A SERIES OF STATIONS COVERING A WIDE RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT ONE MONTH INTERVALS
IN 1945 ANn 1946. THE SUBJECT OF STUDY WAS THE GENERAL ECOLOGY OF SHALLOW WATER LIFE9
PARTICULARLY THE SEDENTARY ORGANISMS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THE LARGE PART PLAYED By LAND
DRAINAGE IN THE GROWTH OF PLANKTON AND SEOENTARY ORGANISMS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 49 PLANKTONq HARITAT9 BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0491

SMITH9 G.F. 1976.

OBSERVATIONS nN THE EFFECTS OF DREDGING TO SUBTIDAL COMMUNITIES AT KEYSTONE HARBOR WHIDBEY ISLANDO
WASHINGTON.

HUXLEY COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES9 WESTERN WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE. REPORT PREPARED FOR
SEATTLE DIST. CORPS OF ENG. CONTRACT #DACW 67-75-C-0092. 27 PP.

THIS REPORT PRESFNTS THE RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON SUBTIDAL
COMMUNITTES AT KEYSTONE HARBOR ON WHIDBEY ISLAND9 WASHINGTON. MAINTENANCE DREDGING OF THE
HARBOR ENTRANCE WAS CARRIED OUT FROM JANUARY 26 TO FEBRUARY 209 1976 USING A HYDRAULIC
PIPELINE. THE DREDGED MATERIAL WAS PLACED ALONG A 700 FOOT SECTION OF BEACH BETWEEN THE
HARBORIS PROTECTIVE BREAKWATER AND AN ABANDONED WHARF. OBSERVATIONS OF THREE SUBTIDAL REGIONS
WERE MADE BEFORE (I DIVE)o DURING (2 DIVES) AND AFTER (2 DIVES) THE COMPLETION OF DREDGING.
THE RREAKWATER9 ABANDONED WHARF9 AND NEARSHORE BOTTOM BETWEEN THESE TWO STRUCTURES WERE
OBSERVED. TUBIDITY9 SEDIMENTATION9 MORTALITY9 AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON ORGANISMS
WERE OBSERVED DURING EACH DIVE. ONLY.THE INNER AREAS OF THE BREAKWATER SHOWED SIGNS OF
SEDIMENTATION9 AND NO BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OR MORTALITIES WERE OBSERVED DUE TO ITS PRESENCE. THE
PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTATION IN THIS AREA HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THE SETTLING OF LARVAL
INVERTEBRATES OR THE GROWTH OF NEW ALGAE. IT WAS ASSUMED THAT ALL SEDIMENT ON THE BREAKWATER
WOULD DISPERSE IN TIME AND ALL EFFECTS WERE SHORT-TERM AS NO SEDIMENT WAS FOUND PRIOR TO
DREDGING AND DREDGING WAS LAST UONE IN 1971.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

241

REF. NO.041 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: CR 1 BREAKWATER PILING DREDGE/FILL SEDIMENTATIGNO HABITAT FISH INVERTEB

REF. NO.-0327

SNODGRASS F. 164.

HOW TO TELL BREAKWATERS FROM ELEPHANTSm

THE SEAHORSE 1(4):1-45.

THIS IS A HUMOROUSLY WRITTEN ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHORIS VIEWS ON THE PHYSICAL IMPACTS BR
HAVE ON THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTLINE. TYPICALLY SAND IS COLLECTED ON THE NORTHER
THESE STPUCTURES AND bEACHES SOUTH OF THE STRUCTURE ERODE. IN CASES WHERE THE BREAKWA
CONSTRUCTED TO CREATE A SMALL BOAT HARBOR THE HARBOR IS FILLED WITH SAND THAT DRIFT
THE END OF THE BREAKWATER. IN SPITE OF A KNOWLEDGE OF LITTORAL PROCESSES AND NUMEROUS
OF WHAT OCCURS WHEN HARBOR AND BREAKWATERS OBSTRUCT LITTORAL DRIFT# THESE STRUCTURES
BEING BUILT ALONG THE COASTLINE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: RREAKWATER LITTORAL PROCESSES EROSION HARBORt CR 1 CR 2

REF. NO.-0143

SNOW B.C. JR. 173.

GUIDELINES FOR THE COASTAL ZONE.

C04STAL PLAIN- CENTER FOR MARINE DEVELOPMENT SERVICES. PUB. 73-5. 16 PP.

GUIDELINES TO AID DEVELOPERS PERMIT REVIEWERS AND THE PUBLIC IN COASTAL ZONE MANAGE
GIVEN. THE GUIDELINES ARE COMPRISED OF TWO MAJOR PARTS: A SECTION ON LAND AND WATER
CLASSIFICATIONS AND A SECTION ON USAGE CONSIDERATIONS. STRUCTURES CONSIDERED INCLUDE
BREAKWATERS GROINS JETTIES BULKHEADS MARINAS AND PIERS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU

DESCRIPTORS: REAK4ATER, GROIN, JETTY# ULKHEAD# DREDGE/FILLP HARBORP HABITAT

REF. NO.-0050

SNOW D. 177.
242

REF. NO.0050 (CONTINUED)

INFLUENCE OF JETTIES ON SHORELINE HABITATS.

BIOLOGIST- OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH ANO WILDLIFE NEWPORT OR. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION.

CHANGES IN AREAS OF EROSION AND ACCRETION OF SAND ALONG THE OREGON COAST HAVE BEEN NO
THE PAST TWENTY YEARS. THESE CHANGES SEEM TO HE ASSOCIATED IN PART WITH THE JETTIES A
AND BAY "OUTHS AND POSSIBLY WITH NAVIGATION CHANNEL DREDGE ACTIVITIES. SEVERAL EXAMP
SHORELINE CHANGES WERE CITED. NO UUANTITAfIVE DATA WERE PROVIDEDi 6UT PERSONAL OBSERV
OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS WERE SUMMARILED.

NATURE OF REFcRENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY CR I, FISH TNVERTEBHATES TRAINING LITTORAL PROCESSES DREDGE/FILL

DREAKWATEk

REF. NO.-0275

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. 175.

LITTLE NESTUCCA DRAINAGE DISTRICT RC&D MEASURE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.

U-S. DEPARTMEkJT OF AGRICULTURE 10 PP. AND APPENDICES.

THE LITTLE NESTUCC4 DRAINAGE DISTRICT IS LOCATED IN THE LOWER TIDE- AFFECTED REACHES
LITTLE NrSTUCCA RIVER IN NORTHWESTERN OREOON. TIDEGATES WERE CONSTRUCTED IN THE PAST
CONVERT TIDAL MARSH LANDS TO PASTURE. REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT OF THESE TIDEGATES WILL
DRAINAGE PATTERNS SOMEWHAT BUT NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AR
ANTICIPATEn.

!ATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERrNCE: GOV kEP

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0224

SOUTH CAROLINA MARINE IESOURCES DIVISION. 174.

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING COASTAL WEILAND DEVELOPMENTS.

SOUTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE AND MARINE RESOURCES DEPT. (EXCERPT).

BROAD AN) SPECIFIC PROJECT GUIDELINES WERE ESTARLISHED FOR PERMIT APPLICATIONS IN AN
REDUCE THE IRREVFRSliLE LOSS OF PRODUCTIVE wETLAND AREAS WHILE MEETING LONG-RANGE STA
DEVELOPMENT NEEDS. SPECIFIC P;40JECT 6UIDELINES WERE GIVEN FOR DOCKS AND PIERS BULKHE
SEAWALLS- nREDGIN6 ANU FILLING, JETTIES AND GROINS CABLES PIPELINES AND TRANSMISSI

243

REF. NO.0224 (CONTINUED)

LAGOONS OR IMPOUmUMENTS AND DRAINAGE CANALS OR DITCHES.

NATURE OF REFRFNCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: CP 5 PIER MOORING HULKHEAD PROTECT STABILIZE

REF. NO.-030

SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION. 17?.

PORT ROYAL SOtjNn ENVIPONMEiNTAL STUDY.

SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION COLJMtSIA. 555 PP.

IN RESPOKISF To A PROPOSED PETOCHEMICAL PLANT IN THE VICINITY OF PORT ROYAL SOUND SO
CAROLINA AN EXTENSIVF 8ASELINE STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE AREA. SUBJECTS COVERED IN
SURFACE WATER HYDdAULICS GFOLOGY GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY WATER UALITY FISH RESOUR
PHYTOPLA4KTON RENTHIC COMMUNITY ICHTHYOPLANKTON, MARSH VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE. TH
ALSO INCLIJr)ES A SECTION ON ESTUARINE ECOLOGY.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: FiIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLTCAHLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0330

SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION. 173.

WANDO RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL UALITY STUDIES AN INTERIM REPORT.

SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION, COLUMBIA SC. 115 PP.

THE SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION DESIGNED AND CONDUCTED AN ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDY OF A PORTION OF THE WANDO RIVER AND AN ADJACENT TRACT OF HIGHLAND DURING THE PE
172 THROUGH MARCH 113. OBJECTIVES WERE To DOCUMENT CONDITIONS IN THE LOCAL ENVIRONM
TO ASSES IMPACTS WHICH MAY OCCUR UPON INSTALLATION OF PLANNED PORT FACILITIES AND
IMPROVEMFNTS- ARFAS OF INVESTIGATION INCLUDE WATER UALITY REMOTE SENSING FISHERIES
EVALUATION- HYDRAULICS HOTTOm SEDIMENT SURVEY GEOLnGY AND GROUND WATER AND HIGHLAN
EVALUATION.

NATURE OF REFFkFNCE: RIO

TYPE OF RFFEHFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 5 PIER

244

REF. NO.-0377

SPAGNOL19 J.J. 1977.

THE IMPACTS 0;' 9ULKHEAOING ON LON6 ISLAND.

CHIEF FISH AND WILDLIFE ECOLOGIST. DEPT OF ENV. PROTECTION, ALBANY9 NEW YORK. PERS. COMM.

BULKHEADING IS PREVALENT ON BOTH THE NORTH AND SOUTH SHORES OF LONG ISLAND. WATER QUALITY
TENDS TO RE LOWER IN BULKHEADED AREAS DUE TO SETTLING IN DREDGED CHANNELS TO BULKHEADS9 BOAT
POLLUTANTS, HOUSING ON SHORE WITH SEPTIC TANKS9 AND THE ABSENCE OF POLLUTANT FILTERING IN SALT
MARSHES. WHERE BULKHEADING DISRUPTS THE SALT WATER SPLASH ZONE OR ACCESS TO MARSH SUBSTRATE A
CHANGE INI qPECIES COMPOSITION RESULTS (FROM SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TO PHRAGMITES) AND THE AREA
BECOMES LEqS PRODUCTIVE. IN GENERAL THE TENDANCY IS TO BULKHEAD IN THE LITTORAL ZONE9 THE MOST
BIOLOGICALLY PROOUCTIVE ZONE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: PPODUCTIvITY9 BULKHEAD, CR 7

REF. NO.-0409

SPRUILL9 J. 1977.

SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

ENVIRON. SERVTCES9 CALIF. DEPT. OF FISH AND GAMEP LONG BEACH9 CA. PERS. COMM.

DEVELOPMENT AT HUNTINGTON HARBOR9 CALIFORNIA IS REDUCING WILDLIFE HABITAT9 INCLUDING THAT OF
LEAST TEPNS. IN SOME AREAS9 NOTABLY UPPER NEWPORT BAY AND BOLSA CHICA9 THE CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME IS REESTABLISHING COASTAL MARSHES. A STUDY OF THIS PROJECT IS
CURRENTLY IN DRAFT FORM AND WILL BE AVAILABLE FROM CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: HARITAT9 HARBOR9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0535

STANSBY9 M.E. 1976.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN FISHERIES: INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

MFR PAPER 1217. MARINE FISHERIES REVIEW 38(11):1-2.

AN INTRODUCTION TO A SERIES OF PAPERS ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERATIONS UPON THE
BIOTA IS PRESENTED. THE THREE TYPES OF CHANGES CONSIDERED INCLUDE CHANGES AS A RESULT OF
245

REF. NO.-0535 (CONTINUED)

BLOCKING WATERWAYS9 SUCH AS DAMS; CHANGES WHICH ALTER TEMPERATURE; AND CHANGES AS A RESULT OF
CONTAMINATION. THE VALIDITY OF EISIS IS DISCUSSED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT MORE RESEARCH IS
NEEDED TO SHOW THE EXTENT OF DAMAGE CAUSED TO THE BIOTA UNDER DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN
ALTERATIONS OCCUR. IT IS ALSO CONCLUDED THAT IS IS IMPOSSIBLE WITH THE PRESENT STATE OF
KNOWLEDGE TO ADOPT PERMANENT REGULATORY MEASURES OR GUIDELINES FOR PROTECTING THE BIOTA
AGAINST CONTAMINANTS AND RELATED ALTERATIONS

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0057

STEMBRIDGE9 J.E.9 JR. 1975.

RECENT SHORELINE CHANGES OF THE ALSEA SANDSPIT9 LINCOLN COUNTY9 OREGON.

THE ORE BIN 35(5): 77-82.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHYSICAL CHANGES OF THE ALSEA SANDSPIT IS GIVEN. CURRENTLY THE SANDSPIT
IN A STATE OF ACCRETION. IT IS POINTED OUT THAT CHANGES IN SANDSPITS FLUCUATE AND NET EROSION
MAY BE SEEN IN THE FUTURE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0460

STEPHENS9 J.S.9 J. 1977.

BREAKWATERS AND HARBORS AS PRODUCTIVE HABITATS FOR FISH POPULATIONS--WHY ARE FISHES ATTRACTED TO
URBAN COMPLEXES?.

BIOLOGY DEPT., OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE LOS ANGELES9 CA. 18 PP.

RESEARCH HAS BEEN CONDUCTED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ON FISH POPULATIONS IN HARBOR FACILITIES. A
TRAWLING PROGRAM AND DIVER/TRANSECT STUDY WERE METHODS USED TO COLLECT DATA. AT THE TWO SITES
WHERE MOST OF THE WORK WAS CONDUCTED (LOS ANGELES HARBOR AND KING HARBOR) THERE WAS A
RELATIVELY HIGH DENSITY AND VARIETY OF FISHES. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
HARBORS SUPPLEMENT AND/OR REPLACE ESTUARIES.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUB

246

REF. NO.0460 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: HAP RAKWAT CR 2 FISH

REF. NO.-0423

STOCKLEY C. 174.

SALMON MIGRANTS AND SHELLFISH HABITAT IN RELATION To MARINAS BREAKWATERS BULKHEADS AND L
IN THE COLUMTA RIVER AND COASTAL BAYS.

WASHINGTON DEPT. OF FISHERIES (MIMED). 12 PP.

THIS PAPFR WAS PRESENTED AT A CORPS OF ENGINEERS HEARING AT ASTORIA OREGON. IT DESCR
SITUATIONS AS THEY EXIST AT A NUMBER OF LOCATIONS ON THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER AND SEV
WASHINGTON COASTAL BAYS IN TERMS OF WATER UALITY EFFECTS ON FISH AND SHELLFISH AND
ENVIRONMFNTAL DEGPEDATION. THE MAIN EXPRESSED CONCERN WAS FOR WATER UALITY DETERIORA
PREDATOR 1lILD-UP AS THESE FACTORS AFFECT JUVENILE MIGRATING SALMONIDS. RECOMMENDATio
MADE FOR DESIGN CRITEkIA FOR BULKHEAUS BREAKWATERS AND MARINAS IN THE AREA WHICH WIL
OR LESSEkl ADVERSE EFFECTS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: UNPU3

DESCRIPTORS: CR 1, SHELLFISH FISH* HARiiORv BULKHEAD BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0267

STONE, R.S. COSTON, L-C- HOSS D.E. CROSS F.A. 173.

TIRE REEFS: HABITAT IMPROVEMENT OR POLLUTION.

TALK GIVEN AT N-C- ACADEMY OF SCIENCE APRIL 173. 7 PP-

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED USING PASS AND PANFISH IN THE LABORATORY TO DETERMINE WHAT AFFE
ARTIFICIAL TIRE REEFS HAVE ON THE LEVEL OF PCBS INSECTICIDES OR TRACE METALS IN FISH
APPARENT RFLATIONSHIP 6ET4LEN TIRES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF THESE PARAMETERS WAS DETECT
CONCLUDEn THAT TIRE REtFS EFFECTIVELY INCREASE THE FAVORABLE HABITAT OF AN AREA AND A
INCREASES IN THE STANDING CROP OF FISHES AND INVERTEBRATES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPUri

DESCRIPTORS: PEFF RECREATION HARITAT FISH

REF. NO.-0160

STUART T.A- 157.

247

REF. NO.-0160 (CONTINUED)

THE INFLUENCE OF DRAINAGE WORKS9 LEVEES9 DYKES9 DREDGINGS9 ETC. ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT AND
STOCKS.

PROC. I.U.C.N. TECH MFET.9 ATHENS 4:337-345.

THIS PAPER DEALS PRIMARILY WITH THE CONSEuuENCES TO SALMONID STOCKSO THEIR FOOD SUPPLIES9
SHELTER9 ACCESS TO AND FROM SPAWNING GROUNDS- FOLLOWING DRAINAGE ACTIVITIES. BOTH BENEFICIAL
AND DELETEPIOUS EFFECTS OF DRAINAGE WORKS ARE EXAMINED AND COMPARED WITH CONDITIONS OBTAINED
IN NATURAL WATERS. THE POSS18ILITY OF COMBINING THE DESIRABLE FEATURES OF 90TH SYSTEMS WITH A
VIEW TO CONSERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF STOCKS IN ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS I'S DISCUSSED AND.
SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE AND EXPERIMENTS DESCRIBED WHICH ENDEAVOR TO ACHIEVE THIS RESULT WITHOUT
INTERFERFNCE WITH BUT POSSIBLY WITH BENEFIT To OTHER LEGITIMATE USES OF LAND AND WATER. NO
CONCLUSIONS CAN RE MADE PENDING RESULTS OF CONTINUING STUDIES.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0482

SUTKOt A.A. HADEN9 E.L. 1974.

THE EFFECT OF SUR6Eq HEAVE AND PITCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A FLOATING BREAKWATER.

PP. 41-53 IN PROC. FLOATING BREAKWATERS CONFERENCE9 NEwPORTq HI. TECH. SER. NO. 24 (Q.V. KOWALSK19
1974A).

LABORATORY WORK CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF 6REAKWATER AND WAVE VARIABLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A
FLOATING BREAKWATER WAS REPORTED AT THE 1973 OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE. THIS PAPER
DESCRIBES AN EXTENSION OF THAT WORK AND CENTERS ON THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF BREAKWATER SURGEV
HEAVE9 AND PITCH. PRIMARY EMPHASIS IS ON THE WAY THESE MOTIONS AFFECT WAVE TRANSMISSION. WAVE
REFLECTION AND ENERGY DISSIPATION. EXPERIMENTAL WORK WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE CONTINENTAL OIL
COMPANY LAF30RATORY WAVE TANK. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT SURGE IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF WAVE
TRANSMISSION. HEAVE AND PITCH ARE MUCH LESS INVOLVED. THESE CONCLUSIONS ARE BASED PRIMARILY ON
TESTS WHERE ONLY ONE MOTION WAS ALLOWED9 BUT THEY ARE REINFORCED BY THE TWO' MOTION TESTS.
THE PRIMARY REASON FOR THE UNDESIRABLE EFFECT OF SURGE APPEARS TO LIE IN THE DECREASED ENERGY
DISSIPATION WHEN THIS MOTION IS PRESENT. THERE IS ALSO A LESSER INFLUENCE DUE TO SLIGHTLY
DECREASEn WAVE REFLECTION. THE IMPORTANCE OF BREAKWATER MOTION IS FURTHER EMPHASIZED IN THOSE
TESTS IN WHICH IT IS RESTRICTED TO PITCH OR HEAVE. IN THESE CASES9 THERE IS LESS TOTAL ENERGY
TRANSMITTED THAN IS ORIGINALLY CONTAINED IN THE ONCOMING WAVE BELOW THE BASE OF THE
RREAKWATFR. (Nris MODIFIED AUIHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

248

REF. NO.-0464

SWEENEY* W.D. O'SHE19 D.M. 1977.

LETTERS CONCEPNTNG CORPS OF ENGINEERS AND FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES IN THE
SACRAMENTO DISTRICT.

PROVIDED BY L. SHANKS9 USFWS.

THE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF A NUM8ER OF PRIVATE SHORELINE STRUCTURES OFTEN RESULT IN A TOTAL
CHANGE IN THE CHARACTER OF A SHORELINE. THOUGH THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE AND THE CORPS OF
ENGINEER'; ROTH ARE CONCERNED WITH SUCH STRUCTURES9 THEIR CONCERNS STEM FROM DIFFERENT
VIEWPOINTS. ROTH VIEWPOINTS ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: UNPU8

DESCRIPTORS: CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0008

TAYLOR- J.L- SALOMAN9 C.H. 1968.

SOME EFFECTS nF HYDRAULIC DREDGING AND COASTAL DEVELOPMENT IN BOCA CIEGA BAY9 FLORIDA.

U.S. FISH WILDL. SERV. FISH BULL. 67(2); 213-242.

FILLING OF 19400 HECTARES (39500 ACRES) OF BAY BY HYDRAULIC DREDGING HAS REDUCED THE AREA OF
BOCA CIEGA BAY9 FLA. BY ABOUT 20 PERCENT SINCE 1950. AN ESTIMATE OF THE ANNUAL STANDING CROP
DESTROYED IS 19133 METRIC TONS(798 KG. PER HECTARE# DRY WHOLE WEIGHT) OF SEA GRASS AND ABOUT
19812 METRIC TONS (It277 KG. PER HECTARE9 DRY WEIGHT) OF ASSOCIATED INFAUNA. IN TERMS OF
ANNUAL PRODUCTION. THE LOSS OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IS FAR GREATER-MINIMUM ESTIMATES ARE
25,841 METRIC TONS OF SEA GRASS9 73 METRIC TONS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS9 AND 19091 METRIC TONS OF
INFAUNA EXCLUSIVE OF MEIOFAUNA. NATURAL AREAS REMAINING IN THE BAY SUPPORT LOCAL AND OFFSHORE
FISHERIES AND ARE OF VALUE FOR RECREATION9 PUBLIC UTILITIES9 COMMERCE9 AND INDUSTRY. AT AN
ESTIMATED VALUE OF S988 PER HECTARE PER YEAR9 WORTH OF THE ESTUARINE AREA ALREADY ELIMINATED
IS $1.4 MILLION ANNUALLY. IN ADDITION9 INESTIMABLE SECONDARY LOSSES OCCUR9 PRINCIPALLY FROM
SEDIMENTATION9 TUR6IDITY9 AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pug

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0048

TERICH9 T.A. 1975.

PROPERTY OWNER RESPONSE TO BEACH AND SHORE BLUFF EROSION IN NORTHERN PUGET SOUND*

249

REF. NO.-0048 (CONTINUED)

SHORE AND BEACH. 43(l): 30-34.

ALTHOUGH PUGET SOUND IS A RELATIVELY SMALL BODY OF SALT WATER WITH LIMITED FETCHES9 WINDS
WITHIN THE SOUND DO GENERATE WAVES OF SUFFICIENT ENERGY TO ERODE BEACHES AND BLUFFS* HOWEVER9
EROSION OF PUGET SOUND SfIORELINES IS NOT SOLELY A PRODUCT OF WAVE ACTION9 BUT ALSO OF
GEOLOGIC9 METEOROLOGIC9 AND HYDRAULIC PROCESSES AIDED AT TIMES BY RESULTS OF UNWISE LAND
MANAGEMENT. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO EXAMINE SOME OF THE CAUSES OF BEACH AND BLUFF
EROSION IN PUGET SOUND AND WAYS IN WHICH LAND OWNERS RESPOND TO THE LOSS OF THEIR PROPERTY BY
BUIL @T.@@ 'R01- AND OUL-EADS.
..- . .1- - . I'll .

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: FROSION9 PROTECT9 GROIN9 BULKHEAD9 CR 19 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0054

TERICH9 T.A. KOMAR9 P.D. 1973.

DEVELOPMENT AND EROSION HISTORY OF BAYOCEAN SPIT9 TILLAMOOK9 OREGON.

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF OCEANOGRAPHY* CORVALLIS. OSU REFERENCE 73-16. 157PP.

BAYOCEAN SAND SPIT LIES ALONG THE NORTHERN OREGON COAST APPROXIMATELY 70 MILES SOUTH OF THE
COLUMBIA RIVER. EROSION APPEARED TO HAVE BEEN INITIATED BY THE CONSTRUCTION AND SUBSEQUENT
LENGTHENING OF A NORTH JETTY TO THE TILLAMOOK BAY CHANNEL. RAPID SAND DEPOSITION NORTH OF THE
NORTH JETTY INDICATED THAT THE STRUCTURE HAD BLOCKED A PREDOMINANT NORTH TO SOUTH LONGSHORE
SAND TRA4SPORT9 THUS DEPRIVING THE SPIT OF SAND AND RESULTING IN EROSION. ANALYSIS OF
HISTORICAL SHORELINE CHANGES ANO AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN IN 1971t 1972 AND 1973 SHOW THAT
SAND ERODED FROM BEACHES TO THE NORTH AND TO THE SOUTH OF THE JETTY HAS BEEN TRANSPORTED AND
DEPOSITED IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO BOTH SIDES OF THE STRUCTURE. THIS SYMMETRICAL PATTERN OF
EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON 80TH SIDES OF THE JETTY INDICATES A REVERSING LONGSHORE SAND
TRANSPORT WITH A NEAR ZERO NET ANNUAL DRIFT. THE SHORELINE CONDITIONS AT BAY OCEAN DEMONSTRATE
THAT BEACH EROSION CAN RESULT FROM THE CONSTRUCTION OF A JETTY TRANSVERSE TO A SEASONALLY
REVERSING LONGSHORE SAND TRANSPORT WITH A NEAR-ZERO NET DRIFT. (NTIS MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: JETTYf STABILIZE9 LITTORAL PROCESSES9 CR I

REF. NO.-0187

TERRY9 O.W. UDELL9 H.F. ZARUDSKY9 J.D. 1974.

TIDAL MARSH RFSTORATION AT HEMPSTEAD* LONG ISLAND.

250

REF. NO.-0187 (CONTINUED)

SHORE AND BEACH 42(2):36-39.

THIS ARTTCLE DESCRIBES A PILOT PROJECT IN MARSH PLANTING USING SPARTINA ON A SUBSTRATE OF
DREDGE SPOILS. THREE BASIC PLANTING METHODS WERE EMPLOYED: SEED9 SEEDLINGS9 AND PLUGS. ALL
THREE PLANTING METHODS HAD SOME DEGREE OF SUCCESS AND RESULTED IN AT LEAST PARTIAL SURVIVAL.
HOWEVER9 PLUGS WERE MUCH LESS SUCCESSFUL THAN SEEDLINGS ON THE WHOLE AS WELL AS BEING MORE
TIME CONqUMING AND LABORIOUS ROTH TO DIG 4ND TO PLANT. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES THAT THE USE OF
SEEDLINGS IS THE MOST WIDELY APPLICABLE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DRFDGE/FILL9 PROTECT9 SUBSTRATE9 LAND PLANTS9 CR 7

REF. NO.-0061

THOMPSON, J.R. 1973.

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE DREDGING AND REACH NOURISHMENT: A REVIEW.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC. MISC. PAP. NO. 1-73 48 PP.

A REVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE DREDGING IS PRESENTED9 BASED ON LITERATURE REVIEW
AND PEHSONAL CONTACTS9 TO PROVIDE A FRAMEwORK FOR DETERMINATION OF NEED FOR FURTHER KNOWLEDGE.
IN GENERAL, LITTLE CONCRETE EFFORT AIMED SPECIFICALLY AT THE DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS OF
OFFSHORE DREDGING WAS UNCOVERED9 ALTHOUGH BASIC ECOLOGICAL WORKS THAT ARE GENERALLY APPLICABLE
ARE AVAILARLE. MUCH ADDITIONAL RESEARCH OF BASIC9 BUT PRACTICAL9 ORIENTATION IS NEEDED TO
APPROACH FULL UNDERSTANDING. REPORT SHOWS THAT THE BEACH MAY BE DIVIDED INTO THREE ZONES ON
THE BASIS OF MOISTURE AND 8TOTA FOUND9 AND DESCRIBES THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON THESE BIOTA
RESULTING FROM OFFSHORE DREDGING AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS ON A BEACH. BACKGROUND
DESCRIPTIVE MATERIAL AND IMPACTS ON BOTH OFFSHORE DREDGED AREAS AND NOURISHED BEACHES9 AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER kESEARCH FOLLOW. A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INCLUDED. (AUTHOR AkSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERFNCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FTLL

REF. NO.-0307

THOMSEN9 A.L. WOHLT9 P.E. HARRISON9 A.S. 1972.

RIPRAP STABILITY ON EARTH EMHANKMENTS TESTED IN LARGE AND SMALL SCALE WAVE TANKS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO NO. 37. 115 PP.

MODELS OF PIPRAP PEVETMENTS wERE CONSTRUCTED IN LARGE WAVE TANKS FOR TESTING TO AID IN THE

251

REF. NO.-0307 (CONTINUED)

DESIGN OF' RIPRAP ON IMPERVIOUS EARTH EMBANKMENTS. BOTH STONE AND TRIBARS WERE TESTED AS ARMOR
AND CORE9 9EDDING AND SPALLS WERE OF VARIOUS SORTS. REVETMENTS WERE TESTED USING A SERIES OF
SMALL WAVES TO 'SEASON' THE ARMOR (REORIENTING LESS STABLE ARMOR UNITS) FOLLOWED BY
PROGRESSTVELY LARGER WAVES IN 10 PERCENT INCREMENTS. SEVERAL DIFFERENT REVETMENT FACE SLOPES
WERE TESTED. MOVEMENT OF THE ARMOR WAS MONITORED AND AVERAGE CROSS SECTION AREA OF DAMAGE WAS
DETERMINFO. ZERO-DAMAbE STABILITY RESULTS INDICATED THAT PLACED ARMOR IS MORE STABLE THAN
DUMPED ARMOR AND TRISARS ARE GENERALLY MORE STABLE THAN STONE. EACH MODEL HAD SOME STABILITY
BEYOND ZFRO-DAMAGE. THIS RESERVE STABILITY IS PROBABLY DEPENDENT ON ARMOR THICKNESS. STABILITY
ALSO INCREASES WITH FLATTER EMBANKMENT SLOPES.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE; PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-00?6

TRAUTMAN9 M.B. 1939.

THE EFFECTS OF MAN-MADE MODIFICATIONS ON THE FISH FAUNA IN LOST AND GORDON CREEKS9 OHIO9 BETWEEN
1887-1938.

OHIO J. SCI. 19(5): 275-288.

TO DEMONSTRATE THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF DREDGING THE AUTHOR COMPARES SEINING RESULTS
OBTAINED IN 1938 TO THOSE MADE IN 1887. THE PHYSICAL CHANGES OF VARIOUS PORTIONS OF THE CREEKS
EXAMINED DUF TO DREDGING ARE DISCUSSED. THE ARTICLE ALSO DEALS WITH THE IMPACT OF DREDGING OF
CREEKS ON FISH SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0495

TREADWELL9 G.T. KYCEK9 R.V. 1971.

REGIONAL APPLICATION OF ASCE MANUAL 50.

JOURNAL OF THF' WATERWAYS9 HARBORS AND COASTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION 97(WWD):123-130.

THIS PAPFR IS A REVIEW OF THL (iUlDFLINES SET FORTH IN MANUAL NO. 50 IN TERMS OF THEIR
APPLTCATTON TO SMALL CRAFT HARHORS IN THE OACIFIC NORTHWEST. TWO METHODS USED TO ESTIMATE
CAPACITY OF PROPOSED HARHDH. IT IS POINTED OUT THAT THE PLANNER MUST MAKE CERTAIN THAT
CONSTRUCTION WILL NOT DESTPOY AN IRREPLACEABLE NATURAL RESOURSE TO THE DETRIMENT OF THE
PUBLIC. THE REST METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE QUANTITY OF LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE

252

REF. NO.-0495 (CONTINUED)

INCLUDED COASTLINE IS TO COMPARE SUCCESSIVE SURVEYS BY THE U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY.
BERTHING ARRANGEMENTS ARE DISCUSSED AND METHODS OF DECK FRAMING ARE ILLUSTRATED. THE NEED FOR
WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AND ELECTRICAL SERVICE ARE EXPLAINED. IT Is CONCLUDED THAT PROPER
PLANNING OF SMALL r3OAT HARBORS OR MARINAS CAN BE SATISFACTORILY PERFORMED USING ASCE MANUAL
NO. 50 Aq A GUIDE. ADDITONAL EMPHASIS MUST 8E PLACED ON ECOLOGICAL9 ENVIRONMENTAL9 AND
ECONOMIC CnNSIDERATIONS9 IN ORDER TO PROVIDE MARINA FACILITIES TO BENEFIT ALL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES, CR I

REF. NO.-0022

TRENT9 L. PULLEN9 E.J. PRUCTOR* R. 1976.

ABUNDANCE OF MACROCRUSTACEANS IN A NATURAL MARSH AND A MARSH ALTERED BY DREDGING.

FISH. BULL. 74(l): 195-200.

INDICES OF ABUNDANCE OF MACROCRUSTACEANS DURING MARCH-OCTOBER 1969 IN WEST BAY9 TEX.9 WERE
DETERMINED FOR DAY AND NIGHT AND STATISTICALLY COMPARED BETWEEN 1) A NATURAL MARSH AREAt 2)
UPLAND AND BAYWARD CANAL AREAS OF A HOUSING DEVELOPMENT9 AND 3) AN OPEN BAY AREA. SIGNIFICANCE
LEVELS OF 5% OR 1% WERE USED IN THE STATISTICAL COMPARISONS. CATCHES OF BROWN SHRIMP9 PENAEUS
AZTECUS; WHITE SHRIMP9 P. SETIFERUS; BLUE CRA99 CALLINECTES SAPIOUS; AND PINK SHRIMPt P.
DUORARUM9 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER AT NIGHT THAN DURING THE DAY AT ONE OR MORE STATIONS.IN
THE MARSH. MORE GRASS SHRIMP9 PALAEMONETES SP.9 WERE CAUGHT AT NIGHT THAN DURING THE DAY9 BUT
THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. INDIVIDUALS OF EACH SPECIES APPEARED TO
MIGRATE INTO THE MORE SHALLOW AREAS OF THE MARSH AT NIGHT. AT NIGHT9 BROWN SHRIMP AND BLUE
CRABS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ABUNDANT IN THE MARSH AND BAYWARD CANAL AREAS THAN IN THE UPLAND
CANAL AND BAY AREAS9 WHITE SHRIMP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ABUNDANT IN THE MARSH AREA THAN IN
THE OTHER THREE AREAS9 AND PINK SHRIMP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ABUNDANT IN THE MARSH THAN IN
THE UPLAND AND BAYWARD CANAL AREAS. DURING THE DAY9 BROWN SHRIMP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE
ABUNDANT IN THE RAYWARD CANAL AREA THAN IN THE UPLAND CANAL AND SAY AREAS# WHILE PINK SHRIMP
WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ABUNDANT IN THE MARSH AREA THAN IN THE UPLAND CANAL AREA. THE
GENERALLY LOWER CATCHES OF EACH SPECIES IN THE OPEN SAY AND UPLAND CANAL AREAS WHEN COMPARED
WITH THE MARSH AND BAYWARD CANAL AREAS WERE ATTRIBUTED TO: 1) PERMANENT LOSS OF INTERIDAL
VEGETATION IN THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT; 2) LOW ABUNDANCE OF DETRITAL MATERIAL AND BENTHIC
MACROINVERTEBRATES IN THE OPEN BAY AND UPLAND CANAL AREAS; AND 3) EUTROPHIC CONDITIONS IN THE
UPLAND CANAL AREA- (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: AULKHEAD9 CR 3

253

REF. NO.-0034

TRENTo W.L. PULLEN9 E.J. MOORE9 D. 1972.

WATERFRONT HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS: THEIR EFFECT ON THE ECOLOGY OF A TEXAS ESTUARINE AREA.

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY9 GALVESTON9 TEXAS. CONTRIB. NO. 311 PP.
411-417.

LARGE AREAS OF SHALLOW BAYS ARE BEING DEVELOPED IN TEXAS FOR WATERFRONT HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS.
7nn MILES OF FEDERAL NAVIGATION CHANNELS HAVE BEEN DEEPENED9 ALTERING 59265 MA OF BAY BOTTOM9
DESTROYING 29830 HA OF SHALLOW BAY AND COVERED 99315 HA OF BRACKISH MARSH. THIS DEVELOPMENT
INVOLVES DREDGING9 BULKHEADING AND FILLING. THIS CAUSES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES WHICH INCLUDE 1)
REDUCTION IN SHORE ZONE ACREAGE AND MARSH VEGETATION9 2) CHANGES IN MARSH DRAINAGE PATTERNS
AND NUTRIENT INPUT AND 3) CHANGES IN WATER DEPTH AND SUBSTRATES. THE STUDIES PRESENTED HERE
COMPARE NATURAL AND ALTERED AREAS WITH RESPECT TO 1) SUBSTRATES9 2) SELECTED HYDROGRAPHIC
VARIABLESt 3) PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY9 4) RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF BENTHIC
MACRO-INVERTEBRATES9 FISHES AND CRUSTACEANS9 AND 5) THE SETTING9 GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF THE
AMERICAN OYSTER (CROSSOSTREA VIRGINICA). WEST BAYt TEXAS WAS THE STUDY AREA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0332

TRIGOM, 1974.

A SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC REGION: INCLUDING THE OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF AND ADJACENT WATERS FROM SANDY HOOK9 NEW JERSEY9 TO SAY OF FUNDY.

THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE GULF OF MAINE SOUTH PORTLAND9 MAINE.

A TEN MONTH STUDY BY TRIGOM WAS CONDUCTED TO GATHER AND INVENTORY THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL
AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA OF THE COASTAL ZONE AND ADJACENT OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF FROM SANDY
HOOK9 NEW JERSEY TO BAY OF FUNDY. THESE DATA WERE BASED ON THE REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPACT
ASSESSMENTS PRIOR TO LEASING OFFSHORE AREAS FOR OlLt GAS9 AND MINERAL EXPLORATION AND
PRODUCTION. RESEARCH NEEDS APE ALSO DISCUSSED. (MODIFIED AUTHOR A8STPACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 CR 79 RESEARCH NEEDS

REF. NO.-0233

TWENHOFEL9 W.S. 1952.

254

REF. NO.-0233 (CONTINUED)

RECENT SHORE-LINE CHANGES ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST OF ALASKA.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 250:523-548.

ELEVATED FOSSIL-REARING MARINE BEACHES AND DELTAS ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST OF ALASKA INDICATE A
GENERAL UPLIFT OF THE LAND RELATIVE TO THE SEA SINCE MAXIMUM GLACIATION. IN SOUTHEASTERN
ALASKA THE THE RELATIVE UPLIFT IS ABOUT 500 FEET9 WHEREAS ELSEWHERE THE MAXIMUM KNOWN UPLIFT
IS 100 FFET ON THE ALASKA PENINSULA9 60 FEET IN COOK INLET9 AND ALMOST 50 FEET AT YAKUTAT BAY.
PRESENT EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO CONCLUDE WHETHER THE SHORE-LINE UPLIFT OF THE LAND
RELATIVE TO THE SEA WAS CAUSED PRINCIPALLY BY POST GLACIAL REBOUND OF THE EARTHfS CRUST AS A
RESULT OF DEGLACATION OR PRINCIPALLY By OROGENIC MOVEMENT. A GENERAL LOWERING OF SEA LEVEL
ALSO MAY RE INVOLVED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0448

UNIVERSITY OF MTCHIGANi LAKE HYDRAULICS LABORATORY. lq52.

LOW COST SHORF PROTECTION FOR THE GREAT LAKES.

11975 REPRINT)UNIV . MICHIGAN AND MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMM. PAGING VARIOUS.

THIS BULLETIN PROVIDES INFORMATION ON LOW-COST METHODS OF PROTECTION AGAINST SHORE EROSION.
RECOMMENOTTONS MADE ARE 8ASED ON OdSERVATIONS MADE DURING A TWO-YEAR PERIOD. IT RECOMMENDS
FURTHER RESEARCH WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN THE VARIOUS LATER PUBLICATIONS DESCRIBING MICHIGANtS
DEMONSTRATION EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 ECONOMIC59 EROSION9 GROINg REVETMENT, BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0001

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 1975b.

GUIDELINES FOR MONITORING SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES IN THE GREAT LAKES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS CERC MISC. PAPER 2-75. 38 PP.

THE EXTENT OF WAVE DAMAGE TO SHORES IS DIFFICULT TO PREDICT; IT IS ADVISABLE TO OBSERVE THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE SHOkE TO DETERMINE IF SOME PROTECTIVE ACTION IS REQUIRED. AFTER INSTALLATION
OF A SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURE IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONTINUE MONITORING SHORE BEHAVIOR; AND
255

REF. NO.-0001 (CONTINUED)

ALSO TO INSPECT FOR STRUCTURAL CHANGES TO DETERMINE IF THE STRUCTURE IS FUNCTIONING AS
DESIGNED. (@PTIMUM AND MINIMUM PLANS FOR RECORDING SHORELINE CHANGES AND MONITORING GROINS9
SEAWALLS- REVETMENTS9 AND OFFSHORE BREAKWATERS ARE GIVEN. SIMPLE SHORE EROSION COMPUTATIONS
AND A DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAM ARE PRESENTED. (AUTHOR ARSTRAcT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: FROSION9 PROTECT9 GROINg BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0005

U.S- ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. 1971a.

EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES ON COASTAL ECOLOGY.

REP- TO THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGIi,4EERSq CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 U.S. ARMY 48P.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS ARE GIVEN OF A NUMBER OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
COASTAL FCOLOGY. HOWEVER9 MOST OF THE PAPER IS DEVOTED TO DISCUSSING RESEARCH NEEDS APROPOS
EACH STRUCTURE OR ACTIVITY9 RATHER THAN SPECIFIC EFFECTS. NO CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN OTHER THAN
THAT THEPE IS A GREAT NEED FOR FURTHER QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY9 GROINg SEDIMENTATIONt RESEARCH NEEDS

REF- NO.-0036

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 1971b.

NATIONAL SHORELINE STUDY. SHORE PROTECTION GUIDELINES.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY. 62 PP.

THE PUBLTCATION IS A GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR THOSE INTERESTED IN SUITABLE AND ECONOMICAL METHODS
OF SHORE PROTECTION. IT IS OF VALUE TO THOSE WHO REQUIRE INFORMATION ON FORCES AFFECTING A
SPECIFIC SHORE AREA. THE INFORMATION IS GENERAL IN NATURE. IT IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST OF
OFFICIALS TO AVOID APPROVING INADEQUATE MEASURES WHICH APPEAR INEXPENSIVE BUT PROVE COSTLY FOR
LONG-RANGE PLANNING. IT AIDS IN SELECTING THE BEST PLAN FOR THE REQUIRED PROTECTION. SHORE
PROCESSES AND NATURAL PROTECTIVE FEATURES ARE STRESSED FOR THE PROPERTY OWNER9 ALONG WITH THE
HAZARDS OF BUILDING IN A FLUCTUATING ZONE. IT IS NECESSARY TO REGARD THE BEACH AREA AS MUCH A
PART OF THE SEA AS OF THE LAND AND REALIZE THAT INUNDATION DEPENDS ON BEACH DIMENSIONS
RELATIVE TO THE INTENSITY OF WATER MOTION TO WHICH IT IS SUBJECTED. NATURAL PROTECTIVE
FEATURES AND COASTAL STRUCTURES ENHANCE THE SHORELINE AND PREVENT EROSION.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

256

REF. NO.-0036 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: ERnSIONi REVETMENT9 RULKHEA09 GROINg JETTY9 BREAKWATER# HARBOR9 PILING9 PROTECT9
REAUTIFY9 STA8ILIZE9 HARBOR9 RECREATION9 LITTORAL PROCESSESt ECONOMICS

REF. NO.-0039

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 1963.

BEACH PROFILE AS AFFECTED BY VERTICAL WALLS.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. BER TECH. MEMO. NO. 134. 41 PP.

THIS MEMORANDUM PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A LABORATORY MODEL STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE
EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PROFILE RESULTING WHEN VERTICAL WALLS OF VARIOUS TOP ELEVATIONS ABOVE OR
BELOW THE ELEVATION OF THE UNDISTURBED WATER SURFACE (RELATIVE TO INCIDENT WAVE HEIGHT) WERE
LOCATED IN THE BEACH ZONE AND SUBJECTED TO WAVE ACTION. AS MIGHT BE EXPECTED WALLS OF HIGHEST
RELATIVE TOP HEIGHT9 By ALLOWING LESS ENERGY TO PASS OVER THE WALL9 RESULTED IN GREATEST SCOUR
IN FRONT OF THE WALL9 WHILE LOWER WALLS RESULTED IN INCREASED SCOUR DIMENSIONS BEHIND THE
WALL. EFFECTS OF WAVE STEEPNESS AND GRAIN SIZE OF BEACH MATERIAL WERE ALSO INVESTIGATED. IT IS
BELIEVED THAT THE RESULTS OF THIS INVESTIGATION COULD PROVE USEFUL IN CONSIDERING PRACTICAL
PROBLEMS INVOLVING VERrICAL-FACE WALLS9 ALTHOUGH CARE MUST BE EXERCISED IN INTERPRETATION FOR
PROTOTYPE USE AS APPRECIABLE SCALE EFFECT MAY BE INVOLVED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0067

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. UNDATED.

HELP YOURSELF.

NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION9 CHICAGO9 ILLINOIS.

THIS SHORE PROTECTION BROCHURE IS A GENERAL GUIDE TO AID IN SELECTING THE PROPER TYPE OF
PROTECTIONS. PLANNING CONSIDERATION9 CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES9 COSTS* AND
VARIOUS DESIGNS ARE PRESENTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 EROSIONi PROTECT9, BULKHEAD9 REVETMENT9 GROINP BREAKWATER

257

REF. NO.-0097

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 1964.

LAND AGAINST THE SEA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC MISC. PAP. NO. 4-64. 43 PP.

DESCRIBED IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE ARE THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF OUR SEA COASTS9 THE FORCES TO
WHICH THOSE COASTS ARE EXPOSED9 THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SHORES UNDER EXPOSURE TO THOSE FORCES9 THE
EFFECTS THEREON OF DEVELOPMENT BY MAN, AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF METHODS FOR THE PROTECTION
AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE SHORE. ALSO DESCRIBED ARE THE ROLES OF THE LOCALO STATEP AND FEDERAL
GOVERNMENTS IN PROVIDING FOR SOUND DEVELOPMENTt PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE SHORE# AND
DISCUSSION OF THE NEED OF LONG-RANGE PLANNING FOR PRESERVATION OF OUR COASTAL RESORCES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: BULKHEAD, GROIN, JETTY9 BREAKWATER9 REVETMENT

REF. NO.-0158

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. 1953.

STABILITY OF PU88LE-MOUND BREAKWATERS9 HYDRAULIC MODEL INVESTIGATION.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. WES TECH. MEMO. NO. 2-365. 66 PP.

A HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS WAS CONDUCTED. THE
INVESTIGATION WAS CONDUCTED IN A 5 BY18 BY119 FOOT CONCRETE FLUME. MODELS WITH LINEAR SCALES
OF 1:309 1:45 AND 1:60 WERE USED. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT MODEL-PROTOTYPE TRANSFERENCE
EQUATIONS BASED UPON THE FROUDIAN RELATIONSHIPS WERE APPLICABLE TO ALL IMPORTANT MOTION
OCCURRENCES AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS. DATA WAS OBTAINED ON THE
STABILITY OF COMPONENT BREAKWATER MATERIALS DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION9 THE
ACCURACY OF THE TRIBARREN AND EPSTEIN-TYRRELL FORMULAS FOR DESIGN OF RUBBLE BREAKWATERSt
COEFFICIENTS OF REFLECTION OF WAVES FROM RUBBLE BREAKWATERS* AND THE EFFECT OF ANGLE OF
INCIDENCF OF WAVE ATTACK ON THE STABILITY OF RUBBLE BREAKWATERS. THE MOST IMPORTANT FINDINGS
OF THE INVESTIGATION CONCERNED THE USE OF IRIBARRENIS FORMULA FOR DESIGN OF RUBBLE BREAKWATERS
THE COEFFICIENT IN IRIBARRENIS FORMULA WAS FOUND TO VARY APPRECIABLY WITH SLOPE OF THE SEASIDE
FACE. THF FORMULA IS BELIEVED SUFFICIENTLY ACCURATE FOR DESIGN OF RUBBLE BREAKWATERS IF USED
IN CONJUCTTON WITH COEFFICIENTS SUCH AS THOSE DEVELOPED DURING THE MODEL TESTS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERFNrE: POP

DESCRIPTORS: RREAKWATER

258

REF. NO.-0185

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. 1 973a.

NATIONAL SHORELTNE STUDY.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. VOLS. I-V.

IN 19689 THE 90TH CONGRESS AUTHORIZED THIS NATIONAL APPRAISAL OF SHORE EROSION AND SHORE
PROTECTION. TO SATISFY THE PURPOSES OF THE AUTHORIZING LEGISLATION9 A FAMILY OF 12 RELATED
REPORTS HAS BEEN PUBLISHED. THEY ARE: REGIONAL INVENTORY REPORTS; SHORE PROTECTION GUIDELINES;
SHORE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES; AND REPORT ON THE NATIONAL SHORELINE STUDY. THE REPORT CONCERNS
EROSION AND THE NEED FOR PROTECTION OF THE SHORELINE ZONE OF THE UNITED STATES%. THE SHORELINE
ZONE OR SHORELANDS INCLUDE THE LAND9 WATER9 AND LAND BENEATH THE WATER IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO
THE SHORFLTNE- THEY REPRESENT A UNIQUE NATURAL RESOURCE9 RICH IN AESTHETIC AND ECOLOGICAL
VALUES; ANr) THEIR SCENIC ATTRACTIVENESS9 MANY BEACHES AND ACCESS TO LARGE WATER AREAS PROVIDE
OUTSTANOTNG RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. INCLUDED IN THIS REGIONAL INVENTORY REPORT is VERY
GENERAL TNFOPMATTON ON THE PHYSICAL CHARCTERISTICS9 NATURE AND EXTENT OF EROSIONg
IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM 4PFAS AND POSSI9LE REMEDIAL ACTION. OWNERSHIP9 AND PRESENT AND
FUTURE UqE OF THE SHORE.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNrE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED PUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0196

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. 1976.

CERC AND BEB DUPLICATIONS LIST DECEMBER 1976.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 FORT HELVOIR9 VA-

INDEX OF PUBLICATIONS RESULTING FROM THE GENERAL INVESTIGATION OF TIDAL INLETS (GITI) PROGRAM9
A JOINT CEPC-WES PROJECT; AND A LIST OF THE NATIONAL SHORELINE STUDIES THAT HAVE BEEN
PUBLISHED PY THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AS REPORTS AND GUIDELINES ON THE NATIONS
SHORELINFS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PIRLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0357

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. 1977.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: EASTPORT HARBOR9 MAINE.

259

REF. NO.-0357 (CONTINUED)

EIA. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 NEW ENGLAND DIVISION9 WALTHAM9 MASS. 9 PP.

EASTPORT HAR90R LIES ON THE EASTERN SIDE OF MOOSE ISLAND9 MAINE. THE HARBOR IS PROTECTED BY AN
L-SHAPED BREAKWATER WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE CENTRAL WATERFRONT FOR 485 FEET. THIS REPORT
ASSESSES THE PROPOSED MAINTENANCE OF THE BREAKWATER AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE
PROPOSED ACTION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 910

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: HAR50RP RREAKWATER9 CR 7

REF. NO.-0385

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 1 975a.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: REPAIRS To THE LITTLE HARBOR BREAKWATER9 NEWCASTLE9 NEW HAMPSHIRE.

EIA. U.S. ARMY COPPS OF ENGINEERS, NEW ENGLAND DIV.9WALTHAM, MASS. 3 PP.

LITTLE HAPPOP IS LOCATED BETWEEN RYE AND NEWCASTLE9 NEW HAMPSHIRE. IT IS A SMALL* IRREGULARLY
SHAPED TTDAL INLET SEPARATING THE ISLAND OF NEWCASTLE FROM THE MAINLAND. THIS REPORT EVALUATES
THE IMPACT OF PROPOSED 6PEAKWATER REPAIR IN THE HARBOR. THERE ARE NO KNOWN ADVERSE
ENVIRONMFNTAL EFFECTS WHICH WOULD BE CAUSED BY THE RESTORATON OF THE TWO EXISTING BREAKWATERS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: FIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 7. BREAKWATER, HARBOR

REF. NO.-0436

U-S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 1975b.

SHORE PROTECTION MANUAL.

U.S. GOV. PRINTING OFFICE9 WASHINGTON9 D.C. 3 VOLS.

THIS PUBLICATION SUMMARIZES COASTAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES FOR SHORE PROTECTION. THE NATURE AND
DEGREE OF REQUIRED SHORE PROTECTIDN MEASURES VARY WIDELY AT DIFFERENT LOCATITIES. DETAILED
SUMMARIEq OF APPLICABLE METHOOS TECHNIQUES AND USEFUL DATA PERTINENT TO THE SOLUTION OF SHORE
PROTECTION PR08LEMS HAVE BEEN INCLUDED. VOLUME I INCLUDES AN INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL
ENGTNEERTNri CONCEPTS, THE MECHANICS OF WAVE MOTIONg METHODS OF WAVE AND WATER LEVEL
PREDICTIONS AND DISCUSSION OF LITTORAL PRUCESSES. VOLUME II DISCUSSES PLANNING ANALYSES9
STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN FEATURES AND FACTORSi AND A CASE STUDY OF DESIGN PROBLEM CALCULATIONS
FOR AN ARTIFICIAL OFFSHORE ISLAND. VOLUME III COMPRISES THE APPENDICES: A GLOSSARY OF TERMS9 A
260

REF. NO.-0436 (CONTINUED)

LIST OF SYMBOLSv MISCELLANEOUS TABLES AND PLATES9 AND A SUBJECT INDEX.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECTt STA81LIZE9 LITTORAL PROCESSES

REF. NO.-0475

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 1974.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: REPAIRS TO BREAKWATER AT ISLES OF SHOALS9 MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE.

7 ElA. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, NEW ENGLAND DIV.WALTHAM9 MASS. 10 OPP.

THE ISLES OF SHOALS ARE LOCATED OFF THE COAST OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. FOUR OF THESE ISLETS ARE SO
SITUATED THAT THEY AFFORD A SMALL HARBOR9 GOSPORT HARBOR. BREAKWATERS WERE CONSTRUCTED AND
COMPLETED IN 1913 TO IMPROVE HARBOR CONDITIONS. THE ISLE OF SHOALS BREAKWATERS WERE LAST
REPAIRED IN 1955 AND HAVE SINCE THEN DETERIORATED FROM STORMS. IT IS PROPOSED TO REPAIR ONLY
ONE BREAKWATER. ATLHOUGH SOME EXISTING ORGANISMS WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE PROCESS OF
REHANDLING ROCKS AND PLACEMENT OF NEW ARMOR STONE9 THE BREAKWATER WILL SERVE ESSENTIALLY AS AN
ARTIFICIAL HA61TAT AND WILL PROVIDE SHELTER PROTECTION AND A NATURAL SUBSTRATE FOR THE
SETTLEMENT AND ATTACHMENT OF NUMEROUS PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 79 HARBOR9 BREAKWATER9 HA81TAT

REF. NO.-0274

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION.. 1973.

A STRATEGY FOR A GREAT LAKES SHORELINE DAMAGE PROTECTION PROGRAM FOR THE FEDERAL REGIONAL COUNCIL9
REGION 5.

CHICAGO. INCOMPLETE.

THIS PAPER IS A REPORT ON THE NEED FOR A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF SHORELAND MANAGEMENT
AND SHORE EROSION DAMAGES ON THE GREAT LAKES. IT PROVIDES AN ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING STATE AND
FEDERAL PROGRAMS AND PRESENTS A FRAMEWORK WHERE MORE EFFECTIVE INSITUT16NAL ARRANGEMENTS COULD
REDUCE HUMAN SUFFERING AND ECONOMIC LOSSES ON ONE HAND WHILE IMPROVING FEDERAL AND STATE
PLANNING IN THE COASTAL ZONE ON THE OTHER HAND.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Gov REP

261

REF. NO.-0274 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED allT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS-STUDY

REF. NO.-0319

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICTo BALTIMORE. 1975.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROPOSED PROJECTS ON SPA AND BACK CREEKS ANNAPOLIS# MARYLAND$

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGII'll"EIRS19 SALTI"OREi MD. PAGING VARIOUS&

THE PROPOSED PROJECTS STUDIED INVOLVE 12 PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR VARIOUS PROJECTS WITHIN SPA
AND BACK CREEKS. AT PRESENT THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 29100 BOATS CURRENTLY MOORED ON THE TWO
CREEKS DURING BOATING SEASON. THE ADDITIONAL BOAT SLIPS WILL INCREASE THE TOTAL NUMBER ON SPA
CREEK BY APPROXIMATELY 7 PERCENT AND ON BACK CREEK BY 9 PERCENT. THE ASSESSMENT WAS BASED ON
THE USE OF LITERATURE WHICH DESCRIBES SIMILAR ACTIONS9 FIELD SURVEYS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE
THE UNIQUENESS OF THE TWO CREEKS9 AND AVAILABLE SITE SPECIFIC DATA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 BULKHEAD9 CR 6t HABITAT9 SEDIMENTATION9 PIER9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

REF. NO.-0393

U.S. ARMY ENGYNEER DISTRICT9 BALTIMORE. 1976-

MYSTIC HARBOR PROJECT AND OTHER POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS OF CHINCOTEAGUE BAY9 MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 BALTIMORE9 MO. PAGING VARIOUS.

THE MYSTIC HARBOUR DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IS CREATING A RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY NEAR OCEAN CITY9
MARYLAND. A PROPOSED CANAL PROVIDING WATER ACCESS TO THE COMMUNITY WOULD INVOLVE DREDGE AND
FILL OPEPATIONS REUUIRING A PERMIT FROM THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. DURING THE COURSE OF
PROCESSING THE APPLICATION AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MUST BE PREPARED TO EVALUATE THE
PROBABLE IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION ON THE QUALITY OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT. THIS DOCUMENT WAS
PREPARED IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969 (PL 91-190). IN
ADDITION TO THE IMPACTS OF THIS INDIVIDUAL PROJECT9 THIS DOCUMENT DISCUSSES THE LONG-TERM AND
CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CHINCOTEAGE BAY AREA. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 RECREATION9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 HABITAT9 CR 6

262

REF. NO.-0226

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 BUFFALO. 1976.

BUFFALO SEWER AUTHORITY PROPOSED SEWER OUTFALL AND APPURTENANT STRUCTURES9 SQUAW ISLAND (NIAGARA
RIVER) BUFFALng ERIE COUNTY9 NEW YORK.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND STATEMENT OF FINDINGS. U.S- ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 SUFFAL09 NEW
YORK. 28 PP. + APPENDICES-

THE BUFFALO SEWER AUTHORITY PROPOSES TO CONSTRUCT A CELLULAR SHEET PILE BULKHEAD9 INSTALL
PIPELINES WITHIN IT9 AND PLACE A 108-INCH DIAMETER SEWER OUTFALL IN THE NATURAL BOTTOM OF THE
NIAGARA PIVER. THE SHORELINE AT THAT POINT IS ALREADY ARTIFICIAL* AND THE NET EFFECT OF
BULKHEAD CONSTRUCTION WILL BE THE REPLACEMENT OF ONE SHORELINE STPUCTURE WITH ANOTHER. THE
SEWER OUTFALL IS PART OF AN UPGRADING OF THE BUFFALO TREATMENT PLANT AND THE EFFLUENT WILL
CAUSE LESS RIVER POLLUTION THAN PRESENTLY OCCURS. IT 15 CONCLUDEDTHAT OVERALL ADVERSE
ENVIRONMFNTAL IMPACTS WILL BE OUTWEIGHED 8Y THE BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0236

U.S. ARMY ENGTNFER DISTRICT, BUFFALO. 1 975a.

COOPERATIVE BrACH EROSION PROJECT AT PRESQUE ISLE PENINSULA9 ERIE9 PA.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSt BUFFAL09 NY. 125 PP.

THE PR08ABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A BEACH EROSION CONTROL PROJECT AT PRESQUE ISLE
PENINSULA9 ERIE9 PENNSYLVANIA ARE DESCRIBED- THIS PROJECT INVOLVES THREE PARTIAL BREAKWATERS
TO BE CONSTRUCTED IN 10 FT OF WATER (LWD) 19000 FT OFFSHORE. IN ADDITION9 AN INITIAL 196009000
CUBIC YAPOS OF BEACH SAND WILL BE REQUIRED FOR REPLENISHMENT. ANNUAL OR SEMI-ANNUAL REMOVAL OF
ACCUMULATEr) SAND FROM DEPOSITS BEHIND THE BREAKWATERS AND REDISTRIBUTION OF IT ALONG THE
8EACHES IS ALSO PROPOSED. WAVE ENERGY WILL BE DISSIPATED AT THE BPEAKWATEPS9 REDUCING THE
ABILITY OF THE WAVES TO ERODE HEACH SAND AND TRANSPORT IT TO THE EASTERN TIP OF THE PENINSULA.
NOISE DISRUPTION AND TRUBIDITY WILL ENSUE FOR TWO OR THREE SEASONS DURING CONSTRUCTION.SOME
LAKE BOTTOM HABITAT WILL BE DESTROYED AND DEVELOPMENT OF SANDSPITS ON THE EAST END OF THE
PENINSULA MAY 8E SLOWED. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION ARE DESCRIBED.

NATURE OF REFFPENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR Bi BREAKWATERv PROTECT* LITTORAL PROCESSES

"1 6 3

REF. NO.-0340

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, BUFFALO. UNDATEDb.

GENERAL PERMIT FOR TIMBER CRIB DOCKS IN LAKE ONTARIO.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS BUFFAL0 NEW YORK. UNPAGED.

THE GENEPAL PERMIT PROGRAM ALLOWS THE PERMITTING OF A NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS FOR A PA
ACTIVITY HAVING LITTLE OR NO ADVERSE IMPACT ON THE AUATIC ECOSYSTEM. THIS ASSESSMENT
'HE IINVIPONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TIM8ER CRIBS IN GENERAL ANYWHERE ALONG THE U.S. SHORELT
LAKE ONTARIO. THE APPLICANT IS REUIRED TU SECURE A WATER UALITY CERTIFICATION OR WA
THEREOF FROM THE NEW YO;K STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION STATING THAT
PROPOSED ACTIVITY WILL NOT ADVERSELY AFFECT EXISTING WATER UALITY. A BRIEF DISCUSSIO
OTHER IMPACTS IS ALSO INCLUDED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE ISSUING OF A GENERAL PERMIT
TIMBER COIR DOCKS WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE UALITY OF THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
AN EIS IS NOT REOUIRED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0358

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT BUFFALO. 175b.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEi DUNKIRK HARBOR CHAUTAUUA COUNTY NY.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS BUFFAL0 NY. 123 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURES AND CHANNELS IN DUNKIRK HARBOR NEW YORK IS PROPOSED. T
ACTIVITIFS INCLUDE PERIODIC DREDGING OF 20000 CUBIC YARDS OF SEDIMENT FROM NAVIGATIO
CHANNELS AMD REP41R ON NIN EXISTING PIER AMD BRFAKWATER. EXPECTED ADVERSE 14PACTS 1CL
RESUSPENSION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS DURING DRLDGING SILTATION OF AUATIC HABrTAT DISTUR
EXISTING FISH POPULATIONS AND TURBIDITY EFFECTS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 8 HARBOR DREDGE/FILL BREAKWATER PIER BENTHOS FISH PLANKTON HABITAT

REF. NO.-035

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT BUFFALO. 175c.

SMALL BOAT HARBOR OF REFUGE AT FAIRPORT HARBOR LAKE COUNTY OHIO.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS BUFFAL0 N.Y. 8 PP. + APPENDICES.

264

REF. NO.-0359 (CONTINUED)

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS HAS PROPOSED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HARBOR FACILITIES FOR SMALL CRAFT AT
FAIRPORT HARBOR9 OHIO. THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT WOULD CONSIST OF DREDGING AN APPROACH CHANNEL9
AN L-SHAPED DOCK CHANNEL, AND CONSTRUCTION OF THREE STONE BREAKWATERS AND A STONE REVETMENT.
IMPACTS TNCLUDE TEMPORARY TUPBIDITY EFFECTS9 INCREASED BOAT TRAFFIC9 ELIMINATION OF 2 ACRES OF
SHORELINE HARITAT9 AND DISPLACEMENT OF 4.3 ACRES OF BOTTOM HABITAT BY THE BREAKWATERS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 84 HARBORt BREAKWATER* REVETMENT9 DREDGE/FILL9 FISH9 BENTHOS9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0367

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 BUFFALO. UNDATEDa.

GENERAL PERMIT FOR SHORE PROTECTION IN LAKE ERIE9 STATE OF OHIO.

ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT. U.S. ARMY COROS OF ENGINEERS9 BUFFAL09 NY. UNPAGED.

THE ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 BUFFAL09 NY9 PROPOSES TO ISSUE A GENERAL PERMIT FOR REVETMENT
SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES IN THE STATE OF OHIO. THIS REPORT ASSESSES THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE STRUCTURES AND DETERMINES THE NEED FOR AN EIS. A RIPRAP
REVETMENT IS ONE OF THE MOST DESIRABLE MEANS OF CURTAILING EROSION CAUSED BY WAVE ACTION AND
RUNOFF. STRUCTURES CONSIDERED CONSIST OF VARIOUS SIZED COMPONENTS PLACED IN LAYERS PARALLEL TO
THE SHORELINE AND PROJECTING SUFFICIENTLY ABOVE AND BELOW THE NORMAL WATER LEVEL TO PREVENT
UNDERMINING OR OVERTOPPING BY WAVES. PLACEMENT AND MATERIAL CRITERIA ARE LISTED9 A DESCRIPTION
OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION ARE DISCUSSED* IT IS CONCLUDED
THAT ISSUANCE OF THE GENERAL PERMIT WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE QUALITY OF THE HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 REVETMENT9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0427

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 BUFFALO. UNDATEDd.

PROPOSED GENERAL PERMIT FOR OPEN PILE DOCKS9 SEASONAL DOCKS AND BOAT HOISTS IN NEW YORK.

ENVIRON. ASSESS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 BUFFAL09 NY. 35 PP.

THE BUFFALO DISTRICT9 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROPOSES ISSUING A GENERAL PERMIT FOR OPEN
PILE AND SEASONAL DOCKS IN NAVIGABLE WATERS OF LAKE ERIE9 LAKE ONTARIO AND TRIBUTARY RIVERS IN
NEW YORK STATE. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS OF THE AREAS INVOLVED ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED
265

REF* NO.-0427 (CONTINUED)

AND PROBABLE IMPACTS ARE ASSESSED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT ISSUANCE OF A GENERAL PERMIT WILL NOT
SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND DOES NOT REQUIRE AN EIS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: PIER9 MOORING9 LAUNCH9 CR 89 BOAT HOIST

REF. NO.-0461

U-S- ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 BUFFALO. UNDATEDc.

PROPOSED GENERAL PERMIT FOR NAVIGATION9 MOORING AND SPECIAL PURPOSE BUOYS AND FLOATING PLATFORMS IN
NEW YORK STATE.

ENV. ASSESS. U.S. ARMYCORPS OF ENGINEERS9 BUFFAL09 NY. UNPAGED.

THE BUFFALO DISTRICT9 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 PROPOSES TO ISSUE A GENERAL PERMIT FOR
NAVIGATIO-Ng MOORING AND SPECIAL PURPOSE BUOYS AND FLOATING PLATFORMS IN NEW YORK STATE. LIGHT
DUTY BUOYS ARE SMALL9 CHARACTERISTICALLY USED TO MOOR RECREATIONAL VESSELS9 MARK PRIVATE
CHANNELS AND SIMILAR PURPOSES. LARGE BUOYS ARE USUALLY 2 TO 5 FT IN DIAMETER AND ARE USED TO
MARK OBSTRUCTION IN OPEN WATER OR FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. THESE STRUCTURES ARE EXPECTED TO
HAVE NO APPRECIABLE ADVERSE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIA

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 BUOY9 MOORING9 FLOAT PLATFORM

REF. NO.-0225

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 CHARLESTON. 1976b.

MURRELLS INLET NAVIGATION PROJECT GEORGETOWN COUNTY9 SOUTH CAROLINA.

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 96 PP. AND APPENDICES.

THE PROPOSED PLAN CONSISTS OF DREDGING AN ENTRANCE CHANNEL AND AN INNER CHANNELO CONSTRUCTING
A NORTH WEIR JETTY AND A SOUTH JETTY9 CONSTRUCTING A FISHING WALKWAY ON TOP OF THE SOUTH
JETTY9 AND CONSTRUCTING SAND DIKES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE INLET TO TIE THE JETTIES TO THE
EXISTING DUNE LINE. POSSIBLE IMPACTS INCLUDE SHORT-TERM INCREASED TURBIDITY9 ALTERATION OF
VEGETATIONg TEMPORARY FRIGHTENING OF BIRDS AND MAMMALS9 DESTRUCTION OF SOME BENTHIC ORGANISMS9
SMOTHERING OF INVERTE8RATES9 POSSIBLE DISPLACEMENT OF WILDLIFE AND POSSIBLE INCREASE IN LOCAL
MOSQUITO POPULATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

266

REF. NO.0225 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FTLL JETTY CR 5 SEDIMENTATION 8ENTHOSv FISH PRODUCTIVITY

REF. NO.-0227

U.S. ARMY ENGTNEER DISTRICT, CHARLESTON. 176a.

LITTLE RIVER TNLET NAVIGATION PROJECT BRUNSWICK COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA AND HORRY COUNTY S
CAROLINA.

REVISED DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CHARLESTON SC
AND APPENDICES.

THE RECOMMENDED PLAN OF IMPROVEMENT INCLUDES DREDGING AN ENTRANCE CHANNEL PROVIDING
CHANNEL DREDGING AN UPCOAsT AND DOWNCOAST DEPOSITION BASINg CONSTRUCTING A NORTH AND
JETTY CnNSTRUCTING S04D DIKES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE INLETo AND POSSIBLY CONSTRUCTING
WALKWAY nN TOP OF THE SOUTH JETTY. POSSIBLE IMPACTS INCLUDE INCREASED TURBIDITY ALTE
VEGETATInNo FRIGHTENING OF BIRDS AND MAMMALS DESTRUCTION OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS AND SM
OF INVERTERRATES DURING CONSTRUCTION. OTHER IMPACTS INCLUDE IMPROVEMENT OF NAVIGATION
ASSOCIATFD BENEFITS PLUS INCREASED RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: PISH SHELLFISHi CR S

REF. NO.-0353

U.S. ARMY ENGTNEER DISTRICT DETROIT. 175c.

RECREATIONAL ROAT HARBOR AT DE TOUR MICHIGAN.

DRAFT EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS OETROITv MI. 65 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS HAS PROPOSED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RECREATIONAL AND REFUGE HARB
FACILITIrS FOR SMALL CRAFT AT DE TOUR, CHIPPEWA COUNTY MICHIGAN. CONSTRUCTION WOULD
TEMPORARTLY DEGRADE THE AUATIC ENVIRONMENT. SOME BENTHIC ORGANISMS WOULD BE REMOVED.
INCREASED BOAT ACTIVITY WOULD DEGRADE THE WATER UALITY OF THE HARBOR AREA

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNrE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR PECREATION CR 8 BREAKWATER HABITAT BENTHOS DREDGE/FILL

267

REF. NO.-0451

U.S. ARMY ENGTNEER DISTRICT, DETROIT. 1 975a.

MITIGATION OF SHORE DAMAGE ATTRIBUTED TO THE FEDERAL NAVIGATION STRUCTURES AT HOLLAND HARBOR9
MICHIGAN.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 DETROIT9 MI. 192 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROPOSES TO MITIGATE SHORE EROSION IN THE VICINITY OF HOLLAND HARBORf
OTTAWA Cni-INTY. MTCHTGAN. THAT TS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE FEDERAL NAVIGATION STRUCTURES AT THE
HARBOR. THE PLAN CONSIDERED MOST PRACTICAL FOR THIS PURPOSE ENTAILS THE CREATION OF A FEEDER
BEACH ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE HARBOR TO PRUVIDE A SOURCE OF LITTORAL MATERIAL FOR NOURISHING
MORE SOUTHFPLY BEACH AREAS SUFFERING SHORE DAMAGE. MATERIAL WILL BE SUPPLIED FROM DREDGING THE
MOUTH OF THE HARBOR DURING ROUTINE MAINTENANCE. THE DREDGING AND DISPOSITION OF SAND FOR THE
PROJECT WILL TEMPORARILY CAUSE LOCALIZED 8ENTHOS DAMAGE AND INCREASED TURBIDITY AT THE
OPERATIONAL SjTESq THE LATTER PROBABLY IMPARTING MINOR DAMAGE TO LOCAL DRIFTING PLANKTON AND A
TEMPORARY DISPLACEMENT OF FISH. FOLLOWUP RECOVERY WILL BE RAPID.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR Bi EROSION, HARBOR, LITTORAL PROCESSES9 BENTHOS9 FTSH9 PLANKTON9 SEDIMENTATION#
r)REDGE/FTLL

REF. NO.-0452

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT 9 DETROIT. 1975b.

PROPOSED HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS9 CHARLEVOIX HARBOR9 MICHIGAN.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 DETROIT9 MI. 34 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS HAS PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS IN THE EXISTING FEDERAL NAVIGATION PROJECT AT
CHARLEVOIX HAR8OR9 MICHIGAN. THE SELECTED PLAN PROVIDED FOR THE DEEPENING OF THE TWO PINE
RIVER CHANNELS TO A PROJECT DEPTH OF 23 FEET BELOW LWD AND THE PROTECTION OF A SHORT LENGTH OF
CHANNEL RANK EAST OF THE U.S. 31 BRIDGE. LOCALIZED INCREASED LEVELS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS AND
SILTS WILL TEMPORARILY LowER DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY. BENTHIC
ORGANISMS INHABITING THE AREA TO BE DREDGED WILL BE ELIMINATED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 HARBOR9 DREDGE/FILL9 SEDIMENTATION9 BENTHOS9 FISH

REF. NO.-0339

U.S. ARMY ENGTNFER DISTRICT9 LOSANGELES. 1970.

268

REF. NO.-0339 (CONTINUED)

BEACH EROSION CONTROL* SUNSET CLIFFS PROJECT# SAN DIEGO COUNTY9 CA.

ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 5 PP. + APPENDICES.

AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 15 GIVEN OF A PROPOSED PROJECT TO STOP BEACH AND CLIFF EROSION BY
CONSTRUCTING A PROTECTIVE BEACHs STABILIZED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF FOUR ROCK GROINS9
CONSTRUCTION OF 11 SEPARATE LENGTHS OF ROCK REVETMENT9 TWO DIKES AND THE SEALING OF 10 CAVES.
IT IS GENERALLY CONCLUDED THAT THE PROPOSED PROJECT IS NECESSARY TO PREVENT EROSION AND THAT
THERE WILL BE NO SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: SROINq REVETMENT9 PROTECT9 EROSION9 CR 2

REF. NO.-0341

U-S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 LOS ANGELES. 1974c.

PORT HUENEME HARBOR9 VENTURA COUNTY9 CALIFORNIA.

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT9 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 18 PP. + APPENDICES.

THIS ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT IS DIRECTED AT THE SECOND PHASE OF A THREE PHASE PROJECT
INVOLVING THE DEEPENING OF THE CENTRAL BASIN AND CHANNEL A OF PORT HUENEME HARBOR FROM 32 FEET
TO 35 FEET DEEP. THE DREDGE SPOIL WOULD BE USED AS LANDFILL. IT IS GENERALLY CONCLUDED THAT
CONSIDERING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF EXPANDING THE PORT9 THE SHORT TERM BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS
WILL BE SIGNIFICANT WITHIN THE DREDGING LIMITS OF THE HARBOR BUT OVER A LONG-TERM PERI-OD
SHOULD BE OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 29 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0411

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 LOSANGELES. UNDATED.

VENTURA MARINA VENTURA COUNTY9 CALIFORNIA.

WORKING PAPER (FINAL EIS) U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 LOS ANGELES9 CA. 14 PP. + APPENDICES.

PROPOSED NAVIGATION IMPROVEMENT FOR VENTURA MARINA INCLUDES CONSTRUCTION OF A 1500 FT DETACHED
BREAKWATER9 CONSTRUCTION OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES FOR SPORT FISHING AND ANCILLARY FACILITIES
AND MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING FACILITIES. THE PROJECT WOULD PROVIDE SAFE ENTRANCE TO THE MARINA*
IT WOULD CAUSE TEMPORARY DISRUPTION OF THE MARINE BIOTA OF THE AREA. DEPOSITION OF DREDGED

269

REF. NO.-0411 (CONTINUED)

MATERIAL ON A CONTINUAL BASIS WILL CAUSE MODIFICATION OF THE PRESENT ECOSYSTEM ON OOWN COAST
BEACHES AND THE SAND DUNE ECOSYSTEM WILL k LOST.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 BREAKWATER9 DREDGE/FILL9 CR 29 HABITAT9 RECREATION9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0413

UoS. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 LOS ANGELES. 1974a.

LAS TUNAS BEACH PARK9 LOS ANGELES COUNTY9 CALIFORNIA.

FINAL EIS. U.S* ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 LOS ANGELES9 CA. 42 PP. + APPENDICES.

THIS PROJECT INVOLVES CONSTRUCTION OF TWO RUBBLEMOUND GROINS9 PLACEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL FILL
BETWEEN THEM AND UPCOAST OF THEM9 REMOVAL OF DETERIORATED SHEET-PILE GROINS AND EXTENSION OF
EXISTING STORM DRAINS. THIS WILL PROVIDE PROTECTION TO THE EXISTING PUBLIC BEACH AND PACIFIC
COAST HIGHWAY9 ELIMINATE THE SAFETY HAZARD CAUSED BY EXISTING SHEET-PILE GROINS AND PROVIDE
ADDITIONAL RECREATIONAL BEACH AREA. CONSTRUCTION OF GROINS AND DEPOSITION OF SAND WILL DESTROY
MARINE LTFE IN THE AREA; TERRESTRIAL LIFE WILL BE DESTROYED ON THE BARROW SITE AND EXISTING
RECREATION USE OF THE AREA WILL BE INTERRUPTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 29 GROIN9 RECREATION9 LAND PLANTS9 HABITAT

REF. NO.-0449

UoS. ARMY ENGTNEER DISTRICT9 LOS ANGELES. 1974b.

LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH HARBORS, LOS ANGELES COUNTY9 CALIFORNIA.

FINAL ETS- U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 LOS ANGELES9 CA. 66 PP. # APPENDICES.

THE PROPOSED ACTION CALLS FOR DEEPENING AREAS IN THE LOS ANGELES PART OF LOS ANGELES-LONG
BEACH HARBORS AND USE THE FILL TO CREATE NEW LANDS FOR TERMINALS* THE MORE IMPORTANT ADVERSE
IMPACTS INCLUDE TURBIDITY EFFECTS9 THE LOSS OF MARINE HABITATS INCLUDING A PART OF THE PRESENT
CATCH AREAS FOR A LARGE PART OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LIVE BAIT ANCHOVY FISHERY9 THE
POSSIBLE DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS FROM THE SEDIMENTS DREDGED9 AND A SLIGHT REDUCTION IN THE
RATES OF TIDAL FLUSHING IN CERTAIN PARTS OF THE OUTER HARBOR.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

270

REF- NO.-0449 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: CR 29 HARBORv DREDGE/FILL9 HABITATS FISH9 BENTHOS9 BIRDS

REF- NO.-0462

U-S- ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICTS LOS ANGELES. 1974d..

SURFSIDE-SUNSFT AND NEWPORT BEACH9 ORANGE COUNTY9 CALIFORNIA.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 LOS ANGELES9 CA. PP. 27-38.

FOUR ROCK GROINS AVERAGING 510 FT IN LENGTH AND PLACEMENT OF BEACH FILL BETWEEN THEM ARE
PROPOSED IN ORANGE COUNTY9 CALIFORNIA. THE PURPOSE OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT IS RESTORATION AND
STABILIZATTON OF LOST RECREATIONAL AND PROTECTIVE BEACH. LOSS OF EXISTING SANDY BEACH MARINE
HABITAT WOULD BE PREVENTED9 AND NEW HABITATS WOULD BE CREATED IN ROCK STRUCTURES FOR ROCKY
SHORE CREATURES. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INCLUDE TEMPORARY TURBIDITY DURING
CONSTRUCTIONS LOSS OF BEACH SLOPE BIOTA IN AREA OCCUPIED BY GROINS9 AND DESTRUCTION OR
DISPLACEMENT OF REACH BIOTA OVER ABOUT THIRTY ACRES OF BORROW AND FILL AREA FOR BEACH
NOURISHMFNT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: GROINg PROTECT9 RECREATIONg CR 29 HABITATS DREOGE/FILL

REF- NO.-0478

U-S- ARMY ENGTNFER DISTRICT? LOS-ANGELES. 1976.

PORT SAN LUIS- SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY9 CALIFORNIA.

FINAL EIS. U.q. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 LOS ANGELES9 CA. 71 PP. + APPENDICES.

A BREAKWATER IS PROPOSED FOR PORT SAN LUIS TO PROVIDE A PROTECTED HARBOR FOR COMMERCIALS
SPORT-FISHTNG AND RECREATIONAL BOATS AND TO CREATE A HAR80R OF REFUGE. THE PROJECT WOULD ALSO
FULFILL a DEMAND FOR BERTHING SPACE FOR RECREATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL FISHING BOATS. THE
PROPOSED BREAKWATERS WOULD BE A 3615 FT LONG DETACHED RUBBLE-MOUND STRUCTURE AND A 750 FT LONG
STRUCTURE ATTACHED TO SMITH ISLAND. IN ADDITIONq THE PLAN INCLUDES REMOVAL OF ROCK PINNACLES
IN THE CHANNEL AND ANCHORAGE AREAS. IMPORTANT ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ARE DESTRUCTION OF
BENTHIC HA81T4T AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES9 TEMPORARY AIR9 WATER AND NOISE POLLUTION9 TEMPORARY
TURBIDITY9 LOCAL DISRUPTION OF BOATING TRAFFIC9 ALTERATION OF THE AESTHETIC APPEARANCE OF THE
SHORELINE AND HARBOR AREAS AND A POTENTIAL FOR INCREASE IN HARBOR WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS. THE
PORT SAN LUIS HARBOR DISTRICT WILL CONSTRUCT OTHER FEATURES TO COMPLETE THE HARBOR9 INCLUDING
A 5.4 ACRE LANDFILL WITH STONE-REVETTED SIDE-SLOPES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

271

REF. NO.-0478 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: CR 2v BREAKWATER HARBOR* REVETMENTv PROTECTo HABITAT* DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0548

U.S. ARMY ENGTNEER DISTRICT NEWYORK. 176.

FIRE ISLAND INLET To MONTAUK POINT NEW YORK BEACH EROSION CONROL AND HURRICANE PROTECTION

URAFT CIS. U.S. ARmY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 2 VOLOMES. 204 PP. 4 APPENDICES.

A DRAFT PNVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT IS PRESENTED WHICH ADDRESSES ALL WORK* PAST AND
RELATED TO THE COASTLINE FROM FIRE ISLAND INLET TO MONTAUK POINT. THIS INCLUDES WIDENI
BEACHESo RAISING OUNESi SAND FENCING AND PLANTING GRASS ON DUNES# CONSTRUCTING INTERIO
DRAINAGE STRUCTURESt BEACH NOURISHMENTv AND CONSTRUCTING A MAXIMUM OF 50 GROINS. NONVI
ALTERNATIVES INCLUDE: SEAWALLS BULKHEADSi OFFSHORE BREAKWATERSf AND GROINS WITHOUT BE
FILL. VIARLE ALTERNATIVES INCLUDE: NO ACTION AT ALLi CLOSE MOUCHES AND SHINNECOCK INLE
LEAVE INLETS OPEN 6UT PROVIDE FOR SAND HYPASSINGo REMOVE GROINS AT WESTHAMPTON AND GEO
PONDi STPENGTHEN LAND USE REGULATIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: SROIN CR 6v HAbITAT

REF. NO.-0334

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DIsTRICTt NORFOLK. UNDATEDa,

ASSESSMENT OF PERMIT APPLICATION FOR BULKHEAD IN THE MATTAPON1 RIVER.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSo NORFOLKi VA. 2 PP.

THIS REPORT REVIEWS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR A PROPOSED BULKHEAD IN THE MATTAPONI RIVE
WEST POINT* VIRGINIA. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE AND PROBABLE IMPACTS ARE OU

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEADv CR 6* EROSIONt PROTECT

REF. NO.-0335

U.S. ARMY ENGTNFER DISTRICT NOVIOLK. UNDATEDb.

ASSESSMENT OF A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SAN08AG SILL AND DREDGING IN INGRA

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS NORFOLKi VA. 2 PP.
272

REF. NO.-0335 (CONTINUED)

THIS REPORT REVIEWS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR A PROPOSED 500 FOOT SANDBAG SILL IN INGRAM BAY9
VIRGINIA. THIS WILL BE CONSTRUCTED TO PROTECT THE SHORELINE AND CLEAR THE CHANNEL LEADING TO
THE APPLICANT'S MARINA. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE AND PROBABLE IMPACTS ARE
OUTLINED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RRFAKWATERv PROTECT9 EROSION9 CR 6

REFo NO.-0336

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 NORFOLK. 1977a.

ASSESSMENT OF PERMIT APPLICATION FOR BULKHEADING IN THE EASTERN BRANCH OF CARTERIS CREEK.

UoS. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEEkSq NORFOLK9 VA. 2 PP.

THIS REPORT REVIEWS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR A PROPOSED 1435 LINEAR FOOT BULKHEAD IN THE
EASTERN RRANCH OF CARTER'S CREEK9 VIRGINIA. THIS PROJECT WILL ALLOW APPLICANT TO REBUILD A
COMMERCIAL SEAFOOD HOUSE. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE AND PROBABLE IMPACTS ARE
OUTLINED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: 9ULKHEAD9 PROTECT9 CR 6

REFo NOo-0337

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER QISTRtCTi N43jkyQLy,. 1977e.

ASSESSMENT OF PERMIT APPLICATION FOR SANDBAG SILL CONSTRUCTION IN THE RAPPAHANNOCK RIVERo

U.So ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 NORFOLKv VA. 2 PP.

THIS REPORT REVIEWS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF SANDBAG SILLS IN VARIOUS
SECTIONS OF A GROIN FIELD. THE SILLS ARE TO DETERMINE IF THEY MAKE THE EAISTING GROIN SYSTEM
MORE EFFICIENT OR ELIMINATE THEIR NEED ALTOGETHER. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SILLS AND
PROBABLE IMPACTS ARE OUTLINED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: BREAKWATER9 CR 69 GROINg LITTORAL PROCESSES9 PROTECT

273

REF. NO*-0345

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 NORFOLK. 1977c.

ASSESSMENT OF PERMIT APPLICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION AND FILLING IN THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE
LYNNHAVEN RIVER.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, 'NORFOLK9 VA. 2 PP.

THIS REPORT REVIEWS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A ITO LINEAR FOOT
BULKHEAD AND RELOCATION OF A DOCK. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURES AND PROBABLE IMPACTS
ARE OUTLINED. THE PROJECT WILL BE LOCATED IN A CANAL OFF THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE LYNNHAVEN
RIVER9 VIRGINIA.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 PROTECT9 CR 69 EROSIONg PIER

REF. NO.-0346

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 NORFOLK. 1977b.

ASSESSMENT OF PERMIT APPLICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION AND FILLING IN CHESAPEAKE BAY.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 NORFOLK9 VA. 2 PP.

THIS REPORT REVIEWS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A 125 LINEAR FOOT
BULKHEAD TO PROTECT PRIVATE SHORELINE. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE AND PROBABLE
IMPACTS ARE OUTLINED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD, PROTECT9 EROSION9 CR 6

REF. NO.-0347

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 NORFOLK. UNDATEDc.

ASSESSMENT OF PERMIT APPLICATION FOR RIPRAP PLACEMENT IN TOPPING CREEK.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 NORFOLK- VA. 2 PP.

THIS REPORT REVIEWS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR PROPOSED PLACEMENT OF 340 FEET OF RIPRAP AND A 20
FOOT LONG OPEN PILE T-HEAD PIER FOR MOORING. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURES AND
PROBABLE IMPACTS ARE OUTLINED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL
274

REF. N.0347 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERFNCE GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: PEVETMENT PROTECT EROSION PIER MOORING CR 6

REF. NO.-0348

U.S. ARMY ENGINFER DISTRICT NORFOLK. 177d.

ASSESSMENT OF PFRMIT APPLICATION FOR RIPRAP AND CONSTRUCTION IN MYER CREEK.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS NORFOLK VA. 2 PP.

THIS REPORT REVIEwS A PERMIT APPLICATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A 100 FOOT AND
RIPRAP WALL IN MYER CREEKi VIRGINIA. AN OPEN PILE PIER (60 FEET) IS ALSO PROPOSED. TH
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURES AND PROBABLE IMPACTS ARE OUTLINED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: REVETMENT PIER PROTECT MOORING CR 6 EROSION

REF. NO.-0030

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT PORTLAND. 175c.

SIUSLAW RIVER AND BAR JETTY EXTENSION OREGON.

U. S. ARMY COPPS OF ENG. PORTLAND DISTRICT. DRAFT EIS.

THE PROPOSED ACTION OF EXTENDING THE SIUSLAW RIVER JETTIES TO IMPROVE NAVIGATION IS 0
EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING IS OUTLINED WHICH INCLUDES GEOLOGY CLIMATE AIR UALI
UALITY FLORAv FAUNA AND MAN-MADE ELEMENTS. PHYSICALt HIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMI
ARE CONSTDFRED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY CR It EHOSION SEDIMENTATION

REF. NO.-0031

U.S. ARMY ENGTNEEP DISTRICT PORTLAND. 175b.

FINAL ENVIROMFNTAL IMPACT STATEMENT: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF JETTIES AND DREDGING PRO
TILLAMOOK ESTUARY OREGON.

CORPS OF ENGINFERS PORTLAND DISTRICT.
275

REF. NO.-0031 (CONTINUED)

THE REPORT DISCUSSES THE IMPACT OF JETTY MAINTENANCE AND DREDGING IN THE TILLAMOOK BAY9
OREGON. FXTSTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING DESCRIPTION INCLUDES CLIMATOLOGY9 HYDROLOGY9 SOILSo
GEOLOGY9 WATER QUALITY9 AIR QUALITY9 AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY9 AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CHARACTEPTSTICS OF THE AREA. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PROPOSED JETTY MAINTENANCE AND DREDGING
AND ALTEPNATIVE ACTIVITIES IS PRESENTED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: JFTTY9 CR 19 DREDGE/FILL9 STABILIZE9 PIER9 EROSION

REF. NO.-0051

U-S- ARMY ENGTNEEP DISTRICT9 PORTLAND. 1976e.

UMPQUA RIVER JETTY EXTENSION.

REVISED DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT. 0.5- ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, PORTLAND OR.

CONSTRUCTION OF A 29600-FOOT SEAWARD EXTENSION OF THE EXISTING TRAINING JETTY TO CONNECT WITH
THE EXISTIMG SOUTH JETTY AT THE TERMINAL END IS PROPOSED. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DISCUSSED
INCLUDE TNCREASED MIXING AT FNTRANCE9 CHANGE IN SHOALING PATTERNSt ELIMINATION OF CROSS
CURRENTS AT THE ENTRANCE; LESS HAZARDOUS WAVE CONDITIONS IN THE INNER BAR AREA9 INCREASED WAVE
HEIGHT IN LOWER ESTUARY9 ELIMINATION OF 10 ACRES OF SAND BOTTOM HABITAT* IMPOUNDMENT OF 57
ACRES OF MARINE HABITAT9 CREATION OF ROCKY HABITAT9 AND TEMPORARY INCREASED TURBIDITY DUE TO
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS% JFTTYi CR 1,@ HABITAT

REF. NO.-0055

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 PORTLAND. UNDATED.

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT-OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE CHANNELS AND BREAKWATERS IN
YAQUINA SAY AND RIVER.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEER59 EXCERPTS 10 PP.

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT INCLUDING DISCUSSIONS OF AIR QUALITY IMPACTS9 BIOTIC
ELEMENTS* TURBIDITY AND TOAICITY9 SILTATION9 MODIFICATION OF CURRENT PATTERNS9 AND ECOSYSTEMS
IMPACTS RELATING TO DREDGING AND JETTY OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. DREDGING OPERATIONS IN
YAQUINA rSTUARY ARE RECURRENT EVENTS WHICH ARE FOLLOWED BY PERIODS OF COLONIZATION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO
276

REF. NO.-0055 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: El%

DESCRIPTORS: JETTY9 DREDGE/FILL9 CR It PROTECT9 HARBOR, EROSION

REF. NO.-0132

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 PORTLAND. 1 976b.

NEHALEM WETLANDS REVIEW-

SUMMARY REPORT (DRAFT). U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS* PORTLANDt OR. 148 PP.

THE PORTLAND DISTRICT9 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS HAS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO CONTROL THE
IMPACT OF ACTIVITIES IN THE NAVIGABLE WATERS OF THE COASTAL ECOSYSTEM. THIS REVIEW OF
PHYSICAL* RIOLOGICAL9 AESTHETTC9 LAND AND WATER USE9 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROFILES OF THE
NEHALEM FSTUARY9 OREGON DEVELOPS GUIDELINES FOR PROBABILITY OF PERMIT APPROVAL BY THE CORPS
FOR A VARIETY OF STRUCTURES AND ACTIVITIES IN A NUMBER OF HABITATS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0133

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 PORTLAND. 1 976c.

SILETZ WETLANDS REVIEW.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 PORTLAND9 OR. 273 PP. AND APPENDICES.

THIS REVIEW OF PHYSICAL9 RIOLOGICAL9 AESTHETIC9 LAND AND WATER USE9 SOCIALO POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC PROFILES OF THE SILETZ WETLANDS9 OREGON PROVIDES BACKGROUND FOR ESTIMATING THE
SUITABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER ACTIVITIES IN THE VARIOUS HABITATS. CONSTRAINTS ON THE
GRANTING OF PERMITS FOR STRUCTURES AND ACTIVITIES ARE OUTLINED AND DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0136

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT. PORTLAND. 1976a.

ALSEA WETLANDS REVIEW.
277

REF. NO.-0136 (CONTINUED)

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 PORTLAND9 OR. 345 PP. AND APPENDICES.

THIS REVIEW OF THE PHYSICAL9 BIOLOGICAL9 AESTHETIC9 LAND AND WATER USE9 SOCIAL9 POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC PROFILES CONCERNS THE ALSEA BAY9 OREGON AREA. IT IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE THE PUBLIC
WITH BACKGROUND FOR ESTIMATING THE POSSIBILITY OF CORPS APPROVAL OF PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR
CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER ACTIVITIES IN THE WETLANDS OF THE AREA. GENERAL STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
UPON WHICH THE DECISION TO PERMIT OR REJECT APPLICATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0240

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 PORTLAND. 1975a.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS ACTIVITIES IN THE CHETE09 COQUILLE AND ROGUE RIVER ESTUARIES AND PORT ORFORD9
OREGON.

DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 PORTLAND# OR. EXCERPTS.

THE EXCERPTS INCLUDE A TABLE OF MAN'S ACTIONS AND EFFECTS ON THE ESTUARY AND A RELATED
PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS MATRIX. THE EFFECTS OF DREDGING9 JETTY CONSTRUCTION9 BREAKWATER
CONSTRUCTION9 AND DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL ARE PRESENTED IN THE TABLE. REFERENCE NUMBERS
RELATE THE EFFECT LISTED IN THE TABLE WITH THE SAME EFFECT IN THE MATRIX. IN THE MATRIX THE
PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS OF TWENTY-FIVE LIVING THINGS9 PHYSICAL FACTORS WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE
ESTUARINE SYSTEM, AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE ESTUARINE SYSTEM ARE MATCHED TO
TWENTY-THREE OF THE SAME9 PLUS THE ESTUARINE EFFECTS ON THE EXTERNAL WORLD.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: nREDGE/FILL9 JETTY9 BREAKWATER9 CR I

REF. NO.-0306

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DIS.TRICT9 PORTLAND. 1976d.

SOUTH BEACH MARINA (YAQUINA 6AY SMALL BOAT BASIN)t LINCOLN COUNTY9 OREGON.

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AND SOIL CONSERVATIONS SERVICE.
EXCERPTS.

A NEW MARINA IS PLANNEU FOk YAGUINA BAY9 OREGON. IT WILL CONSIST OF A ZONED BREAKWATER
ENCLOSING 25 ACRES OF WATER. MOORAGE DOCKS TO ACCOMODATE 600 BOATS PLUS LANUCHING RAMPS. THE

278

REF. NO.-0306 (CONTINUED)

PATTERNS OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS WOULD CHANGE BOTH WITHIN THE BASIN AND AROUND
TO BREAKWATER. DREDGING WOULD CAUSE TEMPORARY TURBIDITY AND DISTURBANCE TO AQUATIC
COMMUNITTFS. ABOUT 17 ACRES OF SHELLFISH HABITAT WOULD BE TEMPORARILY LOST9 I ACRE OF EEL
GRASS WOULD BE LOST AND MODIFICATION OF 30 ACRES OF FISH FEEDING AND MIGRATING AREAS WOULD
OCCUR.THFRF WOULD BE AN INCREASE IN POPULATIONS OF ROCK DWELLING LIFE SUCH AS ROCK FISH9
LINGCOD AND CRABS AND SOME AQUATIC PLANTS DUE TO SUITABLE HABITAT IN THE ROCK BREAKWATER. THE
SHORELINE PROTECTIUN AND PLANTING OF DISPOSAL AREAS WOULD STABILIZE DUNES AND PREVENT THE
EXISTING EROSION PROBLEM IN THE PROJECT AREA. THE PROPOSED MARINA COMPLEX WOULD ATTRACT MORE
TOURISTS TO YAQUINA BAY9 AND THERE WOULD BE A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN WATER BASED RECREATIONAL
ACTIVITY. THE PERMANENT WORK FORCE SHOULD INCREASE ALONG WITH AN INCREASE IN SEASONAL JOBS.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 RREAKWATER9 RECREATION9 CR 19 AQUATIC PLANTS

REF. NO.-0540

U.S. ARMY ENGTNEER DISTRICT, smma. 1973.

TYBEE ISLAND, GEORGIA BEACH EROSION CONTROL PROJECT.

FINAL EIS U.S.APMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. SAVANNAH9 GA. 16 PP. + APPENDICES.

TYBEE ISLAND IS ONE OF A SERIES OF BARRIER ISLANDS OFF THE GEORGIA COAST. IT IS CHARACTERIZED
BY SAND OUNES9 TIDAL INLETS AND MARSHES AND A RESORT COMMUNITY IS LOCATED ON ITS EASTERN
SHORE. A SERIES OF GROINS AND SEAWALLS ALUNG THE SHORELINE HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED IN AN ATTEMPT
TO ABATE EROSION BY STORM WINDS AND WAVES. RESTORATION AND PERIODIC NOURISHMENT OF 139200 FEET
OF OCEAN BEACH AND A RUBBLE STONE TERMINAL GROIN EXTENDING 800 FEET SEAWARD ARE PROPOSED. IN
ADDITION TWO ADDITIONAL GROINS 760 FEET AND 670 FEET AND A 1200 FOOT EXTENTION TO THE TERMINAL
GROIN ARE PROPOSED FOR POSSIBLE CONSTRUCTION IF FUTURE NEEDS ARISE. NO LONG TERM ADVERSE
EFFECTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT ARE FORESEEN.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 59 EROSIONg LITTORAL PROCESSES9 BENTHOS9 GROINg PROTECT9 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0512

U.S. ARMY ENGTNEER DISTRICT9 SEATTLE. 1971.

EVERETT HARBO09 WASHINGTONg TRAINING DIKE AND 8REAKWATER.

FINAL EIS. U.q. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 SEATTLE9 WA. 10 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE SEATTLE DISTRICT9 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROPOSES RAISING THE ELEVATION OF AN

279

REF. NO.-0512 (CONTINUED)

EXISTING TRAINING DIKE AND EXTENDING THE STRUCTURE AN ADDITIONAL 1500 FT. THIS ACTION WOULD
PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM WAVE ACTION FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES AND THE BOAT BASIN. NEW HABITAT FOR
MARINE FISH SUCH AS ROCKFISH AND GREENLING WOULD BE CREATED. NO APPRECIABLE CHANGE IN WATER
QUALITY TS ANTICIPATED. THE PROJECT WOULD PERMANENTLY COVER ABOUT ABOUT 13 ACRES OF ESTUARY
ROTTOM. TURBIDITY COULD HAVE TEMPORARY EFFECTS ON FISHERIES RESOURCES DURING CONSTRUCTION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS'. RRFAKWATER9 CH 19 TRAINING, HABITAT

REF. NO.-0352

U.S. ARMY ENGTNFER DISTRICT9 ST. PAuL. 1975f.

TWO HARBORS HARBOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE9 LAKE COUNTY9 MINNESOTA.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, ST. PAUL, MN. 47 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE CORPq OF ENGINEERS WOULD CONTINUE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES WITHIN TWO HARBORS
HARBOR. PROPOSED PLANS CALL FOR THE REMOVAL OF APPROXIMATELY 69000 CUBIC YARDS OF DREDGE
MATERIAL TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT AUTHORIZED IN 1960. MAINTENANCE OF AN EXISTING BREAKWATER IS
ALSO EXPFCTED. IMPACTS INCLUDE MINOR CONGESTION IN THE HARBOR FROM MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES9
INCREASED TURBIDITY9 AND ANY BLASTING DONE TO REMOVE ROCK WILL KILL FISH AND BENTHIC ORGANISMS*

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 DREDGE/FILL9 FISH9 BENTHOS9 SEDIMENTATION9 BREAKWATERO HABITAT

REF. NO.-0354

U.S. ARMY ENGTNFER DISTRICT9 ST. PAUL. 1975b.

MARQUETTE AND PRESQUE ISLE HARBORS9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES AND HARBOR RELATED
SHORELINE EROSION9 MARQUETTE9 MICHIGAN.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 ST. PAUL9 MI. 74 PP + APPENDICES.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS WOULD CONTINUE TO CONDUCT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES IN
MARQUETTE AND PRESQUE ISLE HARBORS. THE PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES INVOLVED ARE BREAKWATER
MAINTENANCE9 DREDGING9 AND DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS INCLUDE
MINOR CONGESTION9 AIR AND WATER CONTAMINATION9 AND NOISE FROM ACTIVITES OF MAINTENANCE.
INCREASED TURBIDITY AND DISRUPTION OF THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY WOULD RESULT

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

280

REF. NO.-0354 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 89 BENTHOSt SEDIMENTATION9 HARBOR9 DREDGE/FILL9 BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0417

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 ST. PAUL. 1 975e.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES IN PINE CREEK HARBOR AT ANGLE INLET9 MINNESOTA9 LAKE OF THE
WOODS.

FINDING OF FACT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 ST. PAUL, MN. 6 PP.,

MAINTENANCE DREDGING OF THE PINE CREEK (MINNESOTA) CHANNEL WILL REQUIRE DISPOSAL OF DREDGE
SPOILS ON LAND. THE DREDGING AND SPOILS DISPOSAL ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE EFFECTS ON EXISTING
VEGETATION9 SURFACE WATER QUALITY9 BENTHOS9 TURBIDITY9 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND REDISTRIBUTION.
HOWEVER9 THE FINDING IS THAT NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
WILL OCCUR. IN ADDITION9 SOME DOUBT EXISTS AS TO WHETHERt FOR REASONS OF NESCESSITY9 THE
DREDGING SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0418

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 ST. PAUL. 1975c.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES IN BAUDETTE HARBOR9 MINNESOTA9 LAKE OF THE WOODS.

FINDING OF FACT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 ST. PAUL9 MN. 6 PP.

PERIODIC MAINTENANCE DREDGING HAS PREVIOUSLY KEPT AN ENTRANCE CHANNEL AND TURNING BASIN IN
BAUDETTE HARBOR9 MN9 AT A DEPTH SUFFICIENT TO ALLOW MAIL9 FREIGHT9 PASSENGER AND RECREATIONAL
CRAFT TO UTILIZE THE HARBOR. THIS USE HAS DECREASED AND FUTURE DREDGING MAY NOT BE UNDERTAKEN*
HOWEVER9 IF IT IS9 NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT ARE
EXPECTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

281

REF. NO.-0420

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 ST. PAUL. 1975d.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITES9 BLACK RIVER HARBOR9 LAKE SUPERIORP MICHIGAN*

FINDING OF FACT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 ST. PAUL9 MN. 5 PP.

BLACK HARBOR SERVES AS A HARBOR-OF-REFUGE FOR SMALL CRAFT. PERIODIC DREDGING IS REQUIRED TO
MAINTAIN THE ENTRANCE CHANNEL9 INNER CHANNEL AND HARBOR BASIN. BOTH OPEN LAKE DUMPING AND
BEACH NOURISHMENT ARE USED TO DREDGE SPOIL. ADVERSE EFFECTS FROM DREDGING ACTIVITIES ARE
GENERALLY SHORT TERM WITH THE POSSIBLE EXCEPTION OF LOSS OF FISH AND BENTHIC HABITAT. NO
SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT IS EXPECTED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0459

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 ST.pAuL. 1976a.

LA POINTE HARROR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITTES9 ASHLAND COUNTY WISCONSIN.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 ST. PAUL9 MN. 20 PP. + APPENDICES.

AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IS PRESENTED OF THE IMPACTS OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE BY THE
CORPS OF ENGINEERS IN LA POINTE HARBOR. THE BREAKWATER AND DREDGING ACTIVITIES WOULD HAVE THE
GREATEST IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE ADVERSE IMPACTS WOULD GENERALLY BE
SHORT-TERM9 THAT THE SOCIAL BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THESE IMPACTS9 AND THAT AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT WILL NOT BE PREPARED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIA

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 BREAKWATER9 DREDGE/FILL9 SEDIMENTATION9 HABITAT9 FISH9 BENTHOS9 CR 8

REF. NO.-0476

U-S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 ST. PAUL. 1976b.

SHORELINE EROSION MITIGATION PRESQUE ISLE HARBOR9 MARQUETTE9 MICHIGAN.

EIA. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 ST. PAUL9 MN. 23 PP. + APPENDICES.

PRESENT EROSION OCCURRING AT PRESQUE ISLE HARBOR AT MARQUETTE9 MICHIGAN HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO
THE PRESENCE OF A BREAKWATER. MITIGATIVE MEASURES CONSISTING OF A STEEL SHEET-PILE GROINO
INITIAL 9EACH RESTORATION AND PERIODIC BEACH NOURISHMENT HAVE BEEN PROPOSED. THE PROPOSED
282

REF. NO.-0476 (CONTINUED)

MITIGATION PLAN IS FELT TO BE IMPORTANT TO THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF THE RESIDENTS
OF THE LOCAL AREA. ADVERSE IMPACTS ARE SHORT-TERM AND ARE OUTWEIGHED BY SOCIAL BENEFITS*

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: GROIN- LITTORAL PROCESSES9 PROTECT9 CR 8

REF. NO.-0477

U-S- ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT9 ST. I'An. 1975a.

LAKE SUPERIOR HARBORS OF REFUGE AT LUTSEN AND BEAVER BAY* COOK AND LAKE COUNTIES9 MINNESOTA.

FINAL EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS9 ST. PAUL9 MI. 54 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE ST. PAUL DISTRICT9 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROPOSES TO CONSTRUCT HARBORS OF REFUGE AT
LUTSEN AND BEAVER BAY9 MINNESOTA. THESE HARBORS WOULD HELP PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS SYSTEM OF
HARBORS OF REFUGE FOR SMALL CRAFT ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR AT INTERVALS OF 30 TO
40 MILES. THE LUTSEN HARBOR WOULD CONSIST OF A BAY WITH BREAKWATERS AND SOME ROCK EXCAVATION
REQUIRED. REAVER BAY WOULD INVOLVE TWO RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATERS9 AN EXCAVATED HARBOR BASIN AND
THE PROVISION OF NAVIGATION AIDS. CONSTRUCTION OF BREAKWATERS WOULD COVER EXISTING LAKE BOTTOM
AND DREDGING WOULD CAUSE TURHIDITY AND BURIAL OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS BY DUMPED SEDIMENTS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CP 89 HAP93OR9 6REAKWATER9 PROTECT

REF. NO.-0547

U.S. ARMY ENGTNFER DISTRICT9 ST. PAn. 1974.

ASHLAND HARBOP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE9 ASHLAND COUNTY9 WISCONSIN.

DRAFT EIS. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGTNEERS9 ST. PAULt MN. 41 PP. + APPENDICES. 10.

THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS WOULD CONDUCT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES WITHIN ASHLAND
HARBOR TO MAINTAIN AUTHORIZED CHANNEL AND BASIN DEPTHS. MAINTENANCE OF THE EXISTING 89000 FOOT
BREAKWATER AND DREDGING OF 209000 CUBIC YARDS OF MATERIAL IS ANTICIPATED OVER THE NEXT 10
YEARS. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THESE ACTIVITIES INCLUDE THE RESUSPENSION OF ROTTOM SEDIMENTS
CAUSING TNCREASED TURBIDITY. SOME OF THE SEDIMENTS AND ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS WILL BE TOXIC.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

283

REF. NO.0547 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: HAPBOR DREDGE/FILL CR 8 SEDIMENTATION FISH BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0206

U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, WILMINGTON. 173.

COASTAL ENGINFEPING RESEARCH CENTER FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY AT DUCK NORTH CAROLINA.

ENVIPnNMFNT&i TMPArT ,TATFMFNT. (1,S- apmy ropps OF FmrThlFFRS. WTIMTNrTnN. Nr- IA PPe + APPF

THE PROJFCT PROPOSES CONSTRUCTION* OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A FIELD RESEARCH FACI
BE LOCATFD ON A 175-ACRE SITE ON THE NORTH CAROLINA OUTER BANKS APPROXIMATELY 1 MILE N
DUCK, oJOPTH CAROLINA. THE RESEARCH FACILITY WILL CONSIST OF AN APPROXIMATELY 1800-FOO
OCEAN PIFP AND ASSOCIATED ON SHORE FACILITIES. LAND ACUISITION WILL REMOVE 175 ACRES
REAL ESTATE MARKET OF WHICH ACRES WILL 3E USED FOR ONSHORE FACILITIES AND APPROXIMAT
ACRES WILL BE PRESERVED IN A NATURAL STATE. CONSTRUCTION OF THE PIER AND ONSHORE FACIL
WOULD RESULT IN SOME INCREASED OCEAN TURBIDITY AND SOME DAMAGE TO THE DUNES. AESTHETIC
BE REDUCFD BY THE PRESENCE OF THE FACILITY. PIER PILINGS WILL ALLOW ATTACHMENT OF MARI
AND SERVE AS SHELTERS AND FEEDING AREAS FOR HIGHER MARINE ORGANISMS. DURING CONSTRUCTI
WILL BE SOME DESTRUCTION OF THE EXISTING DUNES. THE PIER WOULD BE A NAVIGATION OBSTRUC
BOATS AND INFREoUENTLY TO MIGRATING BIRDS AND FISH.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 6 PIER MIGRATION SIRDS FISH INVERTEBRATES

REF. NO.-0428

U.S. COAST GUARD. I 73a.

PROPOSED FIXEn HIGHWAY 8RIDGE ACROSS THE ATLANTIC INTERCOASTAL WATERWAY IN THE CITIES OF HO
AND DAYTONA BFACH VOLUSIA COUNTY* FLORIDA.

DRAFT EIS. DEDT OF TRANSPORTATION U.S. COAST GUARD. 68 PP.

APPROVAL IS SOUGHT OF THE LOCATION AND PLANS OF A PROPOSED FIXED HIGHWAY BRIDGE OVER A
INTERCOASTAL WATERWAY (HALIFAX RIVER) FROm FLOMICH STREET IN HOLLY HILL TO PLAZA BOULE
DAYTONA REACH FLORIDA. THE BRIDGE WILL FURNISH ADDITIONAL ACCESS FROM THE MAINLAND TO
BEACH AREA. A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF HUMAN DWELLINGS WILL BE DISPLACED; A TOTAL OF 3 H
3 BUSINESSES IS INVOLVED. NO OTHER SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE IMPACT IS FORESEEN.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: CR 5 CAUSEWAY LAND TRANSPORT

284

REF. NO.-0445

U.S. COAST GUARD. 1973b.

THE PROPOSED PECONSTRUCTION OF THE HIGHwAY BRIOGES AND APPROACHES WHICH CARRY SOUTH CAROLINA STATE
ROUTE 700 ACROSS CHURCH CREEK AT WADMALAW ISLAND IN CHARLESTON COUNTY9 SOUTH CAROLINA.

FINAL EIS. U.S. COAST GUARD. 25 PP.

THE REPOPT DESCRIBES THE ADMINISTRATIVE APPROVAL OF THE LOCATION AND PLANS FOR A FIXED HIGHWAY
BRIDGE TO CARRY SOUTH CAROLINA ROUTE 700 ACROSS CHURCH CREEK AT WADMALAW ISLAND IN CHARLESTON
COUNTY9 SOUTH CAROLINA. THE PROJECT INCLUDES PROVISIONS FOR AN ADJACENT TEMPORARY DETOUR
BRIDGE FOR MAINTAINING TRAFFIC DURING RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EXISTING HIGHWAY FACILITY AND NEW
BRIDGE. THE BRIDGE PROJECT IS PROPOSED BASICALLY TO IMPROVE HIGHWAY SAFETY FOR TRAVEL OVER THE
EXISTING ROADWAY AND BRIDGE AT CHURCH CREEK. MARSHLAND TO BE UTILIZED BY THE RECONSTRUCTED
PERMANENT HIGHWAY FACILITY WILL BE IRREVERSIBLY COMMITTED. MARSHLAND TO BE UTILIZED BY THE
TEMPORARY BRIDGE AND ROADWAY WILL BE RESTORED AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW PERMANENT BRIDGE
IS COMPLETED. TEMPORARY INCREASES IN SILTATION AND WATER TURBIDITY OF CHURCH CREEK ARE
EXPECTED TO OCCUR DURING THE CONSTRUCTION STAGES OF THE PROJECT. (NTIS 66STKACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: EIS

DESCRIPTORS: PRIDGE9 LAND TRANSPORT9 CR 5

REF. NO.-0404

U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. 1973.

SHORE EROSION CONTROL TIMBER SHEET PILE BULKHEAD. PLAN VIEW.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. EXCERPT.

FIVE PLAN VIEWS OF GROINS AND BULKHEADS SHOW METHODS OF INSTALLATION. NO TEXT ACCOMPANIES
THEM.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: SULKHEAD9 PROTECT9 GROIN

REF. NO.-0457

U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE. 1976.

COASTAL FACILITY GUIDELINES.

WORKING PAPER. U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE9 WASH. D.C. 96 PP- + APPENDICES.

THIS REPORT PROVIDES STATE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT AGENCIES WITH INFORMATION AND
285

REF. NO.-0457 (CONTINUED)

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR FACILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE COASTAL ZONEO
SECTION A OF THE REPORT PRESENTS A METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING AND INITIATING IMPLEMENTATION
PROCEDURES FOR MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ON SPECIFIC FACILITY TYPES* SECTION 8 AND C APPLY
THE METHODOLOGY TO MARINAS AND POWER PLANTS IN THE STATES OF FLORIDA AND MARYLANDO
RESPECTIVELY.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRTPTORS: HARBOR. RREAKWATER9 HABITAT9 SEDIMENTATTONg FISH9 SHELLFISH9 BENTHOS

REF. NO.-0234

U.S. DEPT. OF INTERIOR. 1969.

FISHERY PUBLICATION INDEX 1955-1964.

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. CIRCULAR 296.

INDEX OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE9 1955- 1964. INDEXED BY
SERIES9 AUTHOR9 AND SUBJECT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: BIBLIOGRAPHY

REF. NO.-0157

U.S. DEPT. OF INTERIOR9 FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1975a.

OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN TERRITORIAL AND INLAND NAVIGABLE WATERS AND
WETLANDS.

FEDERAL REGISTER. 40(231)55804-55807.

THE FINAL GUIDELINES WHICH PRESCRIBE THE OBJECTIVES9 POLICIES9 AND PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED
IN THE REVIEW OF PROPOSALS FOR OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN OR
AFFECTING NAVIGABLE WATERS THAT ARE SANCTIONED9 PERMITTED9 ASSISTED9 OR CONDUCTED BY THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ARE PRESENTED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PoR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

286

REF. NO.-0181

U.S. DEPT. OF INTERIOR9 FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1975h.

REVIEW OF FISH AND WILDLIFE ASPECTS OF PROPOSALS IN OR AFFECTING NAVIGABLE WATERS.

FEDERAL REGISTER 40(231):55810-55824.

THE FINAL GUIDELINES WHICH PRESCRIBE THE OBJECTIVES* POLICIES AND PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED IN
THE REVIFW OF PROPOSALS FOR WORK AND ACTIVITIES IN OR AFFECTING NAVIGABLE WATERS THAT ARE
SANCTIONFD9 PERMITTED9 ASSISTED* OR CONDUCTED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ARE PRESENTED IN THE
MAIN TEXT OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICEIS NAVIGABLE WATERS HANDBOOK.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENEPAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CAUSEWAY9 BRIDGE9 DREDGE/FILL9 PIER9 JETTY9 BULKHEAD9 GROIN# REVETMENT9 HARBOR

REF. NO.-0516

VAN WEELF9 B.J. HERBICH9 J.B. 1972.

WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION FOR PILE ARRAYS-

PP. 1935-1953 IN PROC. 13TH COASTAL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE9 JULY 10-14.

A GROUP OF PILES IN A SPECIFIC GEOMETRIC PATTERN MAY REPRESENT A PART OF A FOUNDATION
SUPPORTEn RY MULTIPLE PILINGS OR A POROUS SEA WALL OR OTHER TYPE OF POROUS COASTAL STRUCTURE.
@WAVE CHARACTERISTICS' OF SUCH A STRUCTURE WILL INCLUDE NOT ONLY THE WAVE TRANSMISSION BUT
ALSO WAVE PEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS. MOST OF THE EXPERIMENTS IN THE PAST ON PILE GROUPS WERE
MAINLY CONCERNED WITH WAVE TRANSMISSION CHARCTFRISTICS AS A FUNCTION OF WAVE HEIGHT AND
PERIOD. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THESE PREVIOUS STUDIES WAS TO EVALUATE THE ABSORPTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF PILE GROUPS9 AND WAVE REFLECTIONS WERE GENERALLY NOT MEASURED9 OR
EVALUATED. VARIABLES IN THIS STUDY INCLUDED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS WAVE HEIGHT AND
LENGTH AND THREE TYPES OF SYMMETRIC PILE ARRAYS9 TWO PROVIDING CLEAR SPACING IN THE DIRECTION
OF THE WAVE BETWEEN PILE ROWS AND ONE WITH A STAGGERED ARRANGEMENT. THE RESULTS PRESENTED IN
DIMENSIONLESS FORM SHOW THE EFFECT OF PILE GEOMETRY AND WAVE STEEPNESS ON THE COEFFICIENT OF
REFLECTION AND TPANSMISSIBILITY. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFPENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0101

VESPER9 W.H. 1967.

BEHAVIOR OF BEACH FILL AND BORROW AREA AT SHERWOOD ISLAND STATE PARK WESTPORTO CONNECTICUT.
287

REF. NO.-0101 (CONTINUED)

U.S- ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO. NO. 20.25 PP.

IN 19579 TO RESTORE AND STABILIZE THE BEACH OF SHERWOOD ISLAND STATE PARK9 SAND WAS PUMPED To
THE SHORF FROM AN OFFSHORE BORROW AREA BY A HYDRAULIC PIPELINE DREDGE. IN ADDITION* TWO
TRAINING WALLS WERE CONSTRUCTED TO CONFINE THE INLET AT THE EAST END (UPDRIFT) AND A GROIN
BUILT AT THE WEST END OF THE PARK. THE ENTIRE BEACH WAS WIDENED AND RAISED# AND IN ADDITIONO
AN EXTRA AMOUNT OF SAND WAS PLACED ON SHERWOOD POINT TO ACT AS A FEEDER BEACH. THE MATERIAL
FROM THE BORROW AREA PROVED TO HE SUITABLE BEACH FILL@ IN 19629 SURVEYS SHnWFf) THA T WHTiF THF
ACTUAL NET LOSS OF SAND FROM THE PROJECT AREA WAS SLIGHT9 LOSSES FROM THE TIDAL ZONE IN THE
UPDRIFT ANO CENTPAL PARTS OF THE AREA WERE MAJOR. THESE LOSSES INDICATE THAT MAINTENANCE FILL
IS NOW REQUIRED AND THAT THE CONSTRUCTION OF SEVERAL SHORT GROINS WEST OF SHERWOOD POINT
(DOWNDRIFT) MAY RE DESIRABLE. DATAv IN GRAPHIC FORM9 SHOW COMPARATIVE PROFILES OF THE AREA9
CHANGES IN SHORELINE9 AND COMPOSITE SIZE-DISTRIBUTION CURVES FOR SAND SAMPLES. TABLES SHOW
QUANTITATIVE VOLUME CHANGES AND SAND SAMPLE DATA- INITIAL AND ANNUAL COST FIGURES ARE GIVEN.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: sENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 GRoIN9 STABILIZE9 ECONOMICS9 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS9 CR 7

REF. NO.-0278

VESPER9 W.H. 1965.

BEHAVIOR OF BEACH FILL AND BORROW AREA AT SEASIDE PARK9 BRIOGEPORTO CONNECTICUT.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO. NO. 11. 24 PP.

COMPARATTVE SURVEY AND SAND SAMPLING DATA ARE ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THE BEHAVIOR OF BEACH FILL
PLACED ON THE BEACH FROM AN OFFSHORE BORROW SOURCE. OVER A 5-YEAR PERIOD SUBSEQUENT TO INITIAL
PLACEMENT9 VOLUMETRIC LOSSES AVERAC71NG ABOUT 149000 CY/YR FROM THE BEACH ZONE ABOVE MLW ARE
NEARLY EOU6LLED BY VOLUMETRIC GAINS IN THE UNDERWATER ZONE OF THE PROFILE WITH ONLY A
COMPARATTVFLY SMALL NET VOLUME (89400 CUBIC YARDS FOR THE 5- YEAR PERIOD) INDICATED AS NET
LOSS FROM THE FILL AREA. THE BORROW AREA9 AbOUT 19200 FEET OFFSHORE9 WAS CONCLUDED TO BE
SUFFICIENTLY DISTANT TO PRECLunE INDUCEMENT OF OFFSHORE LOSS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0311

VESPER9 W.H. ESSICK9 M.G. 1964.

A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF SELECTED STRUCTURES ALONG THE NEW JERSEY COAST.

288

REF. NO.-0311 (CONTINUED)

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS CERC MISC. PAP. NO. 5-64. 99 PP.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF STRUCTURES ALONG THE NEW JERSEY SHORE WERE TAKEN IN THE PERIOD 1930 TO 1961.
THE ACCOMPANYING TEXT UESCRIBES THE STRUCTURES AND THEIR RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND LIFE OF
THE VARIOUS TYPES OF STRUCTURES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PU8

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED 8UT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0403

VILKS9 G. SCHAFER9 C.T. WALKERv D.A. 1975.

THE INFLUENCE OF A CAUSEWAY ON OCEANOGRAPHY AND FORAMINIFERA IN THE STRAIT OF CANS09 NOVA-SCOTIA9
CANADA.

CAN. JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCE 12(12):2086-2102.

IN 19559 A CAUSEWAY WAS BUILT ACROSS THE STRAIT OF CANS09 NOVA SCOTIA9 CANADA9 PREVENTING IN
THE STRAIT A FREE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE AND ATLANTIC WATERS. IN ORDER
TO EVALUATE A POSSIBLE IMPACT OF THIS BARRIER ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT9 THE DISTRIBUTION OF
FORAMINIFERA IN SEDIMENTS WAS INVESTIGATED. DATA WERE COLLECTED FROM EARLY MAY TO LATE AUGUST*
1973. DURING THIS PERIOD9 THE WATER ON THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE SIDE OF THE CAUSEWAY WAS
COLDER IN EARLY SPRING9 BUT WARMER AND LESS SALINE DURING THE SUMMER AS COMPARED TO THE
ATLANTIC SIDE- AT THE CAUSEWAY9 THE SURFACE 1-3 CM OF THE BOTTOM SEDIMENT CONSISTS OF VERY
SOFT AND BLACK TO DARK BROWN MUD ON BOTH SIDES. ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE9 THESE FINE SEDIMENTS
COVER BEDROCK; BUT ON THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE SIDE9 THEY COVER SANDS AND GRAVELS. THE 76
FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES COLLECTED IN SURFACE SAMPLES WERE SUBJECTED TO CLUSTER ANALYSISt WHICH
DEFINED TWO DISTINCT GROUPS OF STATIONS SEPARATING THE FAUNA ON THE TWO SIDES OF THE CAUSEWAY.
THE CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE SIDE IS AMMONIA BECCARI10 IN THE
SUBSURFACE LAYERS THE DOMINANCE OF THIS SPECIES DECREASES WITHIN A ZONE EXTENDING 4 KM TO THE
NORTH OF THE CAUSEWAY. ON THIS EVIDENCE IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT PRIOR TO THE CAUSEWAY9 THE
ATLANTIC WATERS EXTENDED AT LEAST 4 KM FURTHER TO THE NORTH. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CAUSEWAY9 BENTHOS9 LAND TRANSPORT

REF. NO.-0513

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENC. 1976.

AN ASSESSMENT OF ESTUARINE AND NEARSHORE MARINE ENvrORNMENTS.

289

REF. NO.-0513 (CONTINUED)

FOR OBS9 USFWS AS PART OF 1975 NAT'L WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT. SPEC. REPT. IN OCEAN ENGINEERING
NO. 93(REVISED). 132 PP.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NATION'S ESTUARINE AND NEARSHORE MARINE PROBLEMS IS PRESENTED. A
DESCRIPTION OF ESTUARINE AND NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENTS BY REGION IS GIVEN. THE STATUS OF
ESTUARIES AND ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT IN THE LEGAL-INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM9 ESTUARINE RESOURCE
HARVEST AND PROJECTIONS9 AND IMPACTS OF PREDICTED WATER RESOURCE UTILIZATION ARE DISCUSSED

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 910

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: OREOGE/FILLv CR 41 CR 51 PROTECTs GROINv REVETMENTs BULKHEADS JETTY9 CR 8

REF. NO.-0164

WAGNER9 F.W. OURABB9 E.J. 1976.

THE SINKING CTTY.

ENVIRONMENT 1R(4):32-39.

SITUATED IN A WETLAND AREA WITH MOST OF ITS LAND BELOW SEA LEVEL9 NEW ORLEANS MUST HAVE AN
EXTENSIVE LEVEE SYSTEM TO KEEP FLOOD WATERS OUT. NEW DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEVEE SYSTEM IS
EXPECTED TO COST WELL OVER $100 MILLION AND TAKE YEARS TO COMPLETE. THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
OF NEW ORLEANS* THE COST OF KEEPING THE CITY DRY9 AND A REPRESENTATIVE USAGE FLOOD PROTECTION
PLAN CURRENTLY BEING IMPLEMENTED ARE DISCUSSED. MANY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MUST BE CONSIDERED
BEFORE URBANIZATION OCCURS IN A WETLAND AREA SUCH AS THE LOUISIANA COASTAL ZONE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0214

WALLEN9 I.E. 1951.

THE DIRECT EFFECT OF TURBIDITY ON FISHES.

BULLETIN OF OKLAHOMA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE9 STILLWATER. BIOLOGICAL SERIES NO. 2.
48(2):1-26.

TESTS WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE DIRECT EFFECT OF MONTMORILLONITE CLAY ON 380 FISHES INVOLVING
16 FRESHWATER SPECIES. OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS THAT APPEARED AS A TURBIDITY EFFECT DID
NOT DEVELOP UNTIL CONCENTRATIONS OF TURBIUITY NEARED 209000 PPM.9 AND IN ONE SPECIES DID NOT
APPEAR UNTIL TURBIDITIES PEACHED 1009000 PPM. MOST FISHES ENDURED EXPOSURES TO MORE THAN

290

REF. NO.-0214 (CONTINUED)

1009000 OPM. OF TURBIDITY FOR A WEEK OR LONGER BUT FINALLY DIED AT TURBIDITIES OF 1759000 TO
2259000 PPM. FISHES THAT DIED DUE TO TURBIDITY HAD OPERCULAR CAVITIES AND GILL FILAMENTS
CLOGGED WITH SILTY CLAY PARTICLES FROM THE WATER. THE CONDITIONS ALLOWING FISH TO SURVIVE IN
SUBLETHALLY TURBID WATERS WERE MAINTENANCE OF MOVEMENT AND AERATION OF THE WATER. IT WAS
CONCLUDED THAT NATURALLY OCCURING LEVELS OF TURBIDITY DUE TO MONTMORILLONITE SILT-CLAY IS NOT
A LETHAL CONDITION AND SELDOM PRODUCES OBSERVABLE SYMPTONS IN JUVENILE OR ADULT FISHES.
(mODIFTED AUTHOR ARSTPACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0219

WALTON9 G.F. 1976.

EVALUATION OF ESTUARINE SITE DEVELOPMENT LAGOONS. FINAL REPORT.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST. RUTGERS9 THE STATE UNIV. OF NEW JERSEY. 167 PP.

A LARGE NUMBER OF ESTUARINE SITE DEVELOPMENT LAGOON SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE
NEW JERSEY SHORE WITH LITTLE- IF ANY9 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE TRUE NATURE OF THE SYSTEM BEING
CREATED AND ITS IMPACT ON THE EXISTING NATURAL ESTUARINE SYSTEM. A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY AND
EVALUATION OF THESE LAGOON SYSTEMS WAS UNDERTAKEN INCLUDING CONSIDERATION OF THE PHYSICAL*
CHEMICAL- BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS. CERTAIN GENERAL CONCLUSIONS CAN BE MADE.
USING BAPNEGAT BAY AS THE STANDARD, THE LAGOON WATERS WERE FOUND TO BE OF POORER QUALITY9 DUE
IN LARGE MFASURE TO THE RESTRICTED AND WEAKLY-ESTABLISHED WATER CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN THE
LAGOON. CONSTRUCTION OF SITE DEVELOPMENT LAGOONS SYSTEMS HAS NOW BEEN SUSPENDED IN NEW JERSEY.
(MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENEPAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: PELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0183

WALTON9 J.C. MESSINGER9 D.J. FAHNESTOCK9 R.K. 1975.

ENVIRONMENTS OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON A RECURVED SAND SPIT9 PRESQUE ISLEP ERIE9 PA.

GEOL. SOC. AM. 7(j):130-131.

PRESQUE ISLE IS A SANDSPIT PENINSULA ON THE SOUTH SHORE OF LAKE ERIE AT ERIE9 PA. THE
PENINSULA IS CONNECTED BY A NARROW NECK AT THE SOUTHWESTERN END9 WIDENING TOWARD THE NORTHEAST
INTO A RPCURVED SPIT WHICH SURROUNDS ERIE HARBOR. ITS ORIENTATION AND LOW RELIEF COUPLED WITH
RECENT HIGH LAKE LEVELS HAVE INTENSIFIED BEACH EROSION. THE PENINSULA HAS FORMED SINCE THE
LAKE LEVPL STABILIZED AT ITS PRESENT LEVEL SOMETIME AFTER EARLY LAKE ERIE APPROXIMATELY 119000
291

REF. NO.-0183 (CONTINUED)

YEARS AGO. DUNE AND BEACH SANDS AND MINOR GRAVELS OF GLACIAL ORIGIN COMPRISE THE MAJORITY OF
THE SEDIMENTS ANn OVERLIE PLEISTOCENE BEACH DEPOSITS AND RILLS. DOMINANT NORTHEAST LONGSHORE
DRIFT HAS RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT SHORELINE CHANGES. BREACHES IN THE NECK HAVE OCCURRED IN
1828v 1832- 18749 AND 1917. MEASURES TO FORESTALL EROSION INCLUDE CONSTRUCTION OF SEAWALLSO
BULKHEADS AND A GROIN SYSTEM ALONG THE NECK9 AS WELL AS SAND REPLENISHMENT EROSION RESULTING
IN TWO ROAn RELOCATIONS HAS STIMULATED CONSIDERATION OF A MORE EFFECTIVE BEACH PROTECTION
SYSTEM. a nESCRIDTION OF EROSIONAL AND DEPO.iITIONAL ZONES HAVE BEEN MADE USING BEACH GRAVEL
LITHOLOGIES9 SAND/GRAVEL PATIOS9 TEXTURAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEARSHORE SAND9 BEACH PROFILE
CHANGES9 AND BEACH PROCESSES OBSERVED DURING THE SUMMER OF 1974. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERPNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0011

WALTON9 J.M. 1976.

AN ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A PUBLIC FISHING PIER.

PAGE 46 IN 1975 ANNUAL REPORT. COLLEGE OF FISHERIES9 UNIV. OF WASHINGTON.

WALTON 8QIFFLY DESCRIBES THE PROGRESS OF AN EXPERIMENT TO ASSESS THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS
NEAR PIEPS TO IMPROVE THE FISHERY.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PIFR9 HAPITAT9 FISH* CR li REEF

REF. NO.-0213

WALTON9 T.L.9 JR. DEANg R.G. 1976.

USE OF OUTER RARS OF INLETS AS SOURCES OF BEACH NOURISHMENT MATERIAL.

SHORE AND BEACH 45:13-19.

THE USE OF OUTER BARS OF INLETS AS SOURCES OF BEACH NOURISHMENT MATERIAL IS CONSIDERED AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO UTILIZING LAGOON AREAS BEHIND BARRIER ISLANDS9 INTERIOR SHOAL AREAS OF INLETS
AND OFFSHORE AREAS- USE OF OUTER BARS DEPENDS UPON THE QUALITY OF MATERIALS FROM THESE AREASt
THE ABILITY TO DREDGE IN A RELATIVELY HIGH WAVE AND CURRENT ENERGY AREA9 AND THE POSSIBILITY
OF SAND REMOVAL ADVERSELY AFFECTING ADJACENT SHORELINES. OUTER BARS OF INLET APPEAR TO CONTAIN
RELATIVELY COURSE SAND DUE TO WAVE ENERGY AND DREDGING THESE BARS WILL REQUIRE IMMOVATIVE
TECHNIQUES BECAUSE OF THIS ENERGY. REMOVAL OF SAND FROM OUTER BARS9 ESPECIALLY IN LOW WAVE
ENERGY APEAS9 MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE STABILITY OF ADJACENT BARRIER ISLANDS DIRECTLY BY BEACH

292

REF. NO.-0213 (CONTINUED)

NOURISHMENT AND INDIRECTLY BY CAUSING MORE UNIFORM REFRACTION PATTERNS AND RESULTING LONGSHORE
SAND TRANSPORT

NATURE OF REFPRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0528

WARNKE9 D.A. 1973.

BEACH CHANGES IN A LOW-ENERGY COASTAL AREA IN FLORIDA WHICH IS IN THE PATHWAY OF RAPID URBANIZATION.

PP. 367-377 IN O.E. MORAN9 J.E. SLOSSONg R.O. STONE9 AND C.A. YELVERTON9 EDS. GEOLOGY9 SEISMICITY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. ASSN. ENGIN. GEOLOGISTS SPEC. PUBL. UNIVERSITY PUBLISHERS9 LOS ANGELES.

THE MAGNTTUDEq CAUSES9 AND SOME OF THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF BEACH RETROGRESSION ON A STUDY
SITE IN THE BIG REND OF FLORIDA ARE PRESENTED. PLANE-TABLE SURVEYS WERE USED IN THE STUDY9 AND
WERE BRACKETED AROUND THE OCCURRENCE OF HURRICANES SINCE THEY ACCELERATE EROSION. IT IS
RECOMMENDED THAT POSSI8LE EFFECTS OF HURRICANES BE CONSIDERED IN REGIONAL-PLANNING EFFORTS AND
THAT THE PUBLIC RE MADE AWARE OF POSSIBLE EROSIONAL CHANGES.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: CR 39 REVETMENT9 BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0366

WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOG. UNDATED.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE PERMITS FOk MARINE WATERS.

ENCLOSURE IN LETTER FROM D. JAMISON9 WASHINGTON DEPT. ECOL.9 OLYMPIA. 3 PP.

THIS SUMMARY COMPRISES A MATRIX OF ISSUING AGENCIES AND PERMIT APPLICATIONS APPROVED OR DENIED
IN VARIOUS MARINE WATERWAYS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. CONCURRENCE OR REVIEW ACTION TAKEN BY
THE WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY IS INCLUDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 BULKHEADv BREAKWATERt PIER9 CR 1

293

REF. NO.-0029

WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES. 1971.

CRITERIA GOVERNING THE DESIGN OF BULKHEADS9 LANDFILLS* AND MARINAS IN PUGET SOUND9 HOOD CANAL9 AND
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA FOR PROTECTION OF FISH AND SHELLFISH RESOURCES.

OLYMPIA9 WASHINGTON. 12 PP.

THE INCRFASINGLY INTENSE USE OF THE SEASHORE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
HAS REQUIRED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GUIDELINES TO GOVERN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES
THAT MIGHT AFFECT THE FISH AND SHELLFISH RESOURCES UNDER JURISDICTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
FISHERIES. THE CRITERIA PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT WILL BE IMMEDIATELY IMPLEMENTED IN REVIEW OF
APPLICATIONS TO CONSTRUCT FACILITIES ALONG THE SEASHORE9 PARTICULARLY BULKHEADS9 LANDFILLSP
AND MARINAS IN ALL MARINE WATERS LYING EAST OF CAPE FLATTERY AT THE ENTRANCE To THE STRAIT OF
JUAN DE FUCA. IN ADDITION TO THESE CRITERIA9 THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES WILL ALSO PRESCRIBE
GENERAL PROVISIONS9 SUCH AS TIMING OR CONSTRUCTION METHODS. THESE CRITERIA ARE BASED ON SOUND
81OLOGICAL DATA AND WILL SUPPLEMENT WHATEVER REQUIREMENTS ARE SPECIFIED BY OTHER LOCAL9 STATE9
OR FEDERAL AGENCIES IN THEIR REVIEW OF THESE APPLICATIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: GOV REP

DESCRIPTORS: CR It BULKHEAD9 HARBOR9 PROTECT9 FISH9 SHELLFISH9 BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0155

WATKINS9 L. 1969.

CORROSION AND PROTECTION OF STEEL PILING IN SEAWATER.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO. NO. 27. 52 PP. + APPENDICES.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS TO ASSEMBLE IN ONE PAPER MUCH OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE INVOLVING
CORROSION OF STEEL PILING IN SEAWATER AND METHODS OF CORROSION PREVENTION. THE.STUDY IS BASED
ON A SURVEY OF LITERATURE. CAUSES OF CORROSION AND THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
SUCH AS GALVANIC COUPLINGS9 MARINE FOULING9 ABRASION9 OXYGEN CONCENTRATION AND OTHER FACTORS
ARE PRESENTED. CORROSION OF BARE STEEL PILES AND TEST RESULTS ON PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR STEEL
ARE INCLUDED. FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE USE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION AND CONCRETE JACKETS TO
PROTECT STEEL PILES ARE EXPLAINED. THE CORROSION RATES OF PLAIN CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEELS
ARE COMPARED. REFERENCES SURVEYED SHOW THAT FLAME- SPRAYED ZINC SEALED WITH SARAN OR VINYL IS
POSSIBLY THE BEST COATING SYSTEM TESTED. CONCRETE JACKETS OF PROPER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ARE REPORTED TO BE VERY EFFECTIVE. CATHODIC PROTECTION ALSO PROVIDES GOOD CORROSION
PROTECTION. COMBINATIONS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION WITH COATINGS OR CONCRETE JACKETS MAY BE
ADVANTAGEOUS. THERE IS GREAT NEED FOR MORE DATA FROM WHICH TO DETERMINE THE MOST ECONOMICAL
METHOD OF PROTECTING STEEL PILING IN SEAWATER. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

294

REF. NO.-0155 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: 9ULKHEAD9 PIER9 PILING9 INVERTEBRATES

REF. NO.-0437

WATTS9 G.M. VALLIANOS9 L. JACHOWSKI9 R.A. 1973.
GENERAL REPORT ON CONTROLLING LI.TTORAL DRIFT TU PROTECT BEACHES9 DUNES9 ESTUARIES AND HARBOR
ENTRANCES.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 25-73. 26 PP.

THE REPORT CONTAINS A SUMMARY OF TECHNIQUES USED IN THE'UNITED STATES FOR CONTROLLING LITTORAL
DRIFT TO PROTECT OR STABILIZE BEACHES AND DUNES AND TO PROTECT ENTRANCES 10 HARBORS AND
ESTUARIES. REPORT DESCRIBES PRESENT PRACTICES FOLLOWED IN THE DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL FILLS AND
PERIODIC NOURISHMENT OPERATIONS9 INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT MUST BE CONSIDERED IN
THE BORROW OF SUITABLE MATERIAL FOR BEACH FILLS. IT POINTS OUT THAT ALTHOUGH GROINS ARE WIDELY
USED9 A RETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF THESE STRUCTURES IS
NEEDED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0530

WEB89 D.A. 1975.

SOME ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF CREOSOTE.

AMERICAN WOOD-PRESERVERIS ASSOCIATION. 5 PP.

TWO AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST FOR CREOSOTE ARE DISCUSSED. CREOSOTE TREATED WOOD PILING
AND BULKHEAD MATERIALS AS USED IN WATERFRONT STRUCTURES DO NOT SHOW9 AT THIS TIME* ANY
POTENTIAL HAZARD TO THE ENVIRONMENT. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY INDICATED THAT BIRD
AND FISH TOXICITY DATA WOULD BE NECESSARY TO ASSIST IN THE MONITORING OF AN ACCIDENTAL
CREOSOTE SPILL SITUATION. DATA ARE GIVEN FOR AN EIGHT-DAY DIETARY FEEDING STUDY WITH BOBWHITE
QUAIL ANn MALLARn DUCK; AND FOR A FISH BIOASSAY USING BLUE GILL9 GOLDFISH AND RAINBOW TROUT.
(AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
NATURE OF REFERENCE: BIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 PILING

295

REF. NO.-0086

WEB89 J.W. DODD9 J.D. 1976.

VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT AND SHORELINE STABILIZATION: GALVESTON BAYv TEXAS.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. PAP. NO. 76-13. 74 PP. 10.

TECHNIQUES FOR SHORELINE STABILIZATION WITH VEGETATION AND THE ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENT ARE
PRESENTED. STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON THE ADAPTATION OF SPECIES FOR SHORELINE STABILIZATION9
USE OF WAVE-STILLING DEVICES* AND EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF EAST BAY9
TEXAS. GIANT REED AND GULF CORDGRASS WERE BEST ADAPTED FOR THE UPPER ZONEV AND SMOOTH
CORDGRASS WAS BEST ADAPTED FOR PLANTING BELOW MEAN HIGH TIDE. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: Pus

DESCRIPTORS: CR 39 PROTECT9 BULKHEAD

REF. NO.-0153

WEYMOUTH9 O.F. MAGOON9 O.T. 1968.

PROTOTYPE INVFSTIGATION OF STABILITY OF QUADRIPOU COVER LAYER9 SANTA CRUZ HARBOR9 CA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC REPRINT NO. 2-69. 10 PP.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO PRESENT THE RESULTS OF A FOUR YEAR STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF A
PROTOTYPF BREAKWATER ARMOR LAYER COMPOSED OF 28-TON CONCRETE QUADRIPODS. THE STUDY WAS
CONDUCTEn BY MEASURING THE INCIDENT WAVE HEIGHT AND THE QUADRIPOD MOVEMENTS DURING THIS
PERIOD. THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THIS STUDY 15 THE VERIFICATION OF EMPIRICAL BREAKWATER DESIGN
EQUATIONS. BASED ON REPEATED MEASUREMENTS OF SELECTED POINTS IN THE SEAWARD PORTION OF THE
SANTA CRUZ WEST JETTY9 IT IS CONCLUDED THAT NO DISPLACEMENTS HAVE OCCURRED THAT APPROACH THOSE
TO BE EXPECTED FROM FAILURE9 THUS NO VERIFICATION OF THE BREAKWATER STABILITY EQUATION IS
POSSIBLE AT THIS TIME.(MODIFIED AUTHOR A8STRACr)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERrNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0241

WHITAKER9 0. 1976.

SLAUGHTER CREEK SOLUTION.

WATER SPECTRUM 8(2):35-36.

AN ACCOUNT IS GIVEN OF THE SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCE BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS TO CONVERT DREDGED

296

REF. NO.-0241 (CONTINUED)

MATERIAL INTO USEFUL WETLANDS. IN THE BALTIMORE DISTRICT9 NEW MARSHLAND WAS CREATED ON
MARYLAND'S EASTERN SHORE WITH THE USE OF MATERIAL DREDGED FROM A SECONDARY TRIBUTARY OF
CHESAPEAKE BAY;

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: ORFOGE/FILL9 CR 6

REF. NO.-OO52

WHITE9 S.T. 1975.

THE INFLUENCE OF PIERS AND BULKHEADS ON THE AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN LAKE WASHINGTON.

MASTER OF SCIFNCE THESIS. UNIV. OF WASH. COLLEGE OF FISHERIES. 107 PP.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAKE WASHINGTON HAS PROCEEDED WITH LITTLE REGULATION EXCEPT FOR THE GENERAL
REGULATIINS9 ZONING ORDINANCES AND BUILDING CODES OF VARIOUS AREAS AROUND THE LAKE. THIS STUDY
WAS INITIATED TO : (1) OBTAIN GREATER INSIGHT INTO THE INFLUENCES OF SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT AND
ITS RELATED PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS WHICH MAY STRESS THE FISH AND FISH FOOD ORGANISMS
IN THE LAKE; (2) IDENTIFY AND PURSUE RESIDENTIAL9 COMMERCIAL9 AND INDUSTRIAL PRESSURES WHICH
HAVE INTENSIFIED IN RECENT YEARS; (3) DOCUMENT AND EVALUATE WETLANDS AND OTHER SHALLOW WATER
HABITATS DAMAGED AND/OR DESTROYED DUE TO UNREGULATED DEVELOPMENT9 AND (4) OBTAIN BIOLOGICAL
DATA TO ASSIST IN DEVELOPING ASSESSMENT Of THE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH PIERS$ FILLS9 AND
BULKHEADS. THE MAJORITY OF PIERS AND BULKHEADS OCCUR WITHIN THE LITTORAL REGION OF LAKE
WASHINGTON9 AND IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THEIR GREATEST INFLUENCE WOULD BE EXPECTED TO OCCUR IN THAT
REGION.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: BID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: THESIS

DESCRIPTORS: PIERt BULKHEAD9 BENTHOS9 FISHt INVERTEBRATES* CR I

REF. NO.-0300

WICK9 W.G. 1973.

ESTUARIES UNDER ATTACK.

WATER SPECTRUM. 5(3):12-18.

WICK PRESENTS A PERSONAL OVERVIEW OF THE RAPID DEGRADATION OF THE WORLDIS ESTUARIES*
SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE IN COMPROMISE TO COMPLETE PROTECTION OF A SYSTEM OR RECLAIMING THE LAND
AND THUS ELIMINATING THE ESTUARY.- THIS COMPROMISE IS IN THE FORM OF INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT
THROUGH PLANNING AND ZONING.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

297

REF. NO.-0300 (CONTINUED)

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: CR It HARBOR9 GROIN9 BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0009

WILDER9 C.R. KOLLER9 E.R. 1971.

MODULAR SYSTE4S FOR SHORE PROTECTION.

CIVIL ENGINEEQING-ASCE 41(10): 60-63.

SEVERAL MACHINE-PRODUCED9 PRECAST SHORE PROTECTION MODULAR UNITS ARE DESCRIBED. THEIR
INSTALLATION9 EFFECTIVENESS9 COST9 AND CURRENT APPLICATIONS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: QFVETMENT9 PROTECT9 EROSION9 GROINt BREAKWATER

REF. NO.-0150

WILLIAMS9 S.J. DUANE9 D.B. 1975.

CONSTRUCTION TN THE COASTAL ZONE: A POTENTIAL USE OF WASTE MATERIALS.

MARINE GEOLOGY 18:1-15.

THE INNER NEW YORK BIGHT9 AT THE HEAD OF THE HUDSON SHELF CHANNEL9 HAS BEEN THE SITE FOR OCEAN
DISPOSAL OF VARIOUS WASTE PRODUCTS SINCE AT LEAST 1888. NATURAL CHANNEL-LIKE BATHYMETRY
EXPRESSED IN 1895 IS TODAY A SERIES OF HILLS RAISING TO WITHIN 12M (40 FT.) OF THE WATER
SURFACE SUPERIMPOSED UPON A BROAD LOBATE MOUND. THIS TOPOGRAPHIC INVERSION CREATED OVER THE
PAST NINE DECADES IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS (SOIL9 SAND9 AND STONE) OF VARYING
COMPOSITION GENERATED DURING CONSTRUCTION IN THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN AREA. DATA INDICATE
APPROXIMATELY 765 X 10(6)M(3) (IX10(9)YD(3) ) OF WASTE HAS BEEN DUMPED IN THAT REGION FROM
1888 TO 1934. ISOPOCH MAPS9 SEA-FLOOR PROFILES9 SEISMIC RECORDS9 AND VIBRATORY CORES SHOW MUCH
OF THE FILL HAS REMAINED IN PLACE IN SPITE OF BOTTOM CURRENTS OF APPROXIMATELY 25/CM/SEC (0.5
KNOTS) AND A WAVE CLIMATE OF H(S) = 0.76M (2.5 FT.): T = 5-15 SEC. MAN MADE ISLANDS PROPOSED
FOR THE INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF FOR SITING POwER9 PORT9 OR RECREATIONAL FACILITIES WILL USE
LARGE VOLUMES OF STABLE MATERIAL FOR CORE FILL9 WHICH COULD BE WASTE MATERIALS SUCH AS THOSE
DESCRIBED. EFFECTIVE REGIONAL COASTAL-ZONE PLANNING SHOULD RECOGNIZE USES FOR PAST AND FUTURE
WASTE MATERIAL AS SUCH PRACTICES WOULD CONSERVE SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES FOR OTHER HIGH
VOLUME NFED5 (SHORELINE NOURISHMENT AND PROTECTION AND CONSTRUCTION AGGREGATE) AND ALLEVIATE
SOME OF THE SITE-SELECTION PROBLEMS ON LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTE. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

296

REF. NO.-0150 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICA8LE To THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0149

WILSON9 B.W. 1965.

ANALYSIS OF WAVE FORCES ON A 30-INCH DIAMETER PILE UNDER CONFUSED SEA CONDITIONS.

U.S. ARMY CORDS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO NO. 15. 85 PP.

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES METHODS THAT WERE DEVELOPED IN THE PERIOD 1955-1957 IN THE ANALYSIS OF
WAVE FORCE MEASUREMENTS ON A 30 INCH DIAMETER TEST PILE IN A WATER DEPTH OF 40 FT IN THE GULF
OF MEXICO. PROCEDURES FOR REDUCING THE RAW DATA TO A FORM SUITABLE FOR DIGITAL COMPUTER
OPERATIONS ARE OUTLINED. MEASUREMENTS OF WAVE ELEVATION9 AT THE PILE9 OBTAINED BY MOTION
PICTURE CAMERA9 WERE SUCCESSFULLY CHECKED WITH MEASUREMENTS OF VERTICAL REACTION ON THE
DOUBLE-HINGED PILE9 SUITA6LY ADJUSTED BY A NUMERICAL FREQUENCY RESPONSE OPERATOR TECHNIQUE.
NUMERICAL FILTER TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO ERASE UNWANTED VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES FROM THE
RECORDS AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE OPERATORS USED ALSO TO DERIVE HORIZONTAL VELOCITY AND
ACCELERATION COMPONENTS FROM THE RECORDS. IT WAS FOUND9 HOWEVER9 THAT CALCULATIONS OF TOTAL
FORCE BASED ON THE MEASURED HORIZONTAL REACTIONS AT THE TWO SUPPORTING HINGES CLEARLY COULD
NOT CORRFLATE WITH WAVE ELEVATION. THIS LED TO A SEARCH FOR INDENTIFICATION OF CONFUSING WAVE
SYSTEMS WHICH ULTIMATELY APPEARED TO REVEAL THEMSELVES AS INDEPENDENT WIND9 SEA AND SWELL
BEARING AT AN ANGLE OF 57 DEGREES 30t TO EACH OTHER. THE USE OF AN EQUIVALENT FORCE FOR
CORRELATTON WITH THE VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION COMPONENTS IS FINALLY JUSTIFIED BY A PILOT
ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC DATA9 FROM WHICH IT WAS FOUND POSSIBLE TO RECOVER FROM THE ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUE THE VALUES OF DRAG AND INERTIAL COEFFICIENTS INPUT INTO THE SYNTHETIC DATA
PRESENTATION OF OVER-ALL ANALYSIS RESULTS OF THE FIELD DATA IS RESERVED FOR A SUBSEQ6ENT
PAPER. (AUTHOR APSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0285

WILSONg G.C. 1973.

PARK SERVICE GIVING UP FIGHT AGAINST NATURE ON BEACHES.

THE WASHINGTON POST9 MONDAY9 SEPT. 24.

A DISCUSSION OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CHANGE IN POLICY TO STOP FIGHTING BEACH EROSION IS
PRESENTED. THE NEW POLICY WAS APPROVED BY THE AGENCY BUT THE OFFICIAL ANNOUNCEMENT WAS HELD UP
SO THAT CONGRESS COULD dE BRIEFED. THE SE4VICE CONCLUDED THAT IT WAS NOT WORTH SPENDING
MILLIONS OF TAXPAYER'S DOLLARS ON EROSION CONTROL PLANS THAT DID NOT WORK AND THAT NATURE
SHOULD BP ALLOwEn TO FOLLOW ITS COURSE. THE 72 MILE STRIP OF CAPE HATTERAS NATIONAL SEASHORE
FROM NANTEO (JUST SOUTH OF NAGS HEAD) DOWN TO OCRACOKE ISLAND9 NC9 IS WHERE THE NEW POLICY

299

REF. NO.-0285 (CONTINUED)

WOULD BE IMPLEMENTED FIRST. LOCAL RESIDENTS ARE HOPING TO STOP THE NEW PLAN IN CONGRESS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: FNG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0203

WILSON9 J.N. 1960.

THE EFFECTS OF F-ROSION9 SILT9 AND OTHER INERT MATERIALS ON AQUATIC LIFE.

IN: C. TARZWE!-L (ED.) BIOLOGICAL PROBLE11S IN WATER POLLUTION. U.S.P.H.S. PUB W 60-3. PP. 269-271.

THE EFFECT OF TURBIDITY AND SILTATION ON THE PENETRATION OF LIGhTq BOTTOM- DWELLING ANIMALS
AND PLANTS. FISH SPAWNING9 THE CAPACITY OF NATURAL WATERS TO ASSIMILATE WASTES9 AND SHELLFISH
IN ESTUARIES IS DISCUSSED. IT WAS AGREED THAT THE PRESENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE DOES NOT ALLOW
ESTABLISHMFNT OF FIRM CRITERIA IN REGARD TO PRESCRIPTION OF STANDARDS FOR PERMISSIBLE LEVELS
OF TURBIDITY AND SETTLEABLE INERT MATERIALS IN WATERS. HOWEVERV IT WAS AGREED THAT MUCH
REALISTIC CONTROL AND PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE WHERE PROBLEMS ARE HANDLED INDIVIDUALLY AND
CONTROL MEASURES MEET THE NEEDS IN SPECIFIC CASES

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0496

WILSON9 W.B. 1950.

THE EFFECTS OF DREDGING ON OYSTERS IN COPANO BAY9 TEXAS.

ANNUAL REP. MARINE LAR. TFAAS GAME FISH OYSTER COMM. 50 PP.

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN COPANO BAY9 TEXAS TO DETERMINE THE DISTANCE SUSPENDED MATERIAL
TRAVEL$ FROM A DREDGE9 THE AMOUNT AND -TYPE OF SUCH MATERIAL9 AND THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION
AND SUSPFNr)ED MATERIAL ON AN OYSTER REEF. DATA PRESENTED IS BASED ON ONE HYDRAULIC DREDGING
OPERATIOM. SEVERAL TYPES OF TESTS WERE ComDUCTED. SURVIVAL PERIODS UNDER TURBID CONDITIONS ARE
EXTREMELY VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF SEDIMENTARY MATERIAL THE OYSTERS ARE COVERED
WITH.

NATURE OF REFFRFNCE: HID

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

300

REF. NO.-0496 (CONTINUED)

DESCRIPTORS: DRFDGE/FILL9 CR 39 SEDTMENTATION9 SHELLFISH

REF. NO.-0326

WOLCOTT9 T.G. 1977.

THE EFFECTS OF RULKHEADING ON THE GHOST CRAB (OCYTODE QUADRATA).

ASST. PROF ZOOLOGY AND MARINE SCIENCE. NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY9 RALEIGH NC. PERS. COMM.

BULKHEADS PREVENT THE 6HOST CRAB (OCYTODE QUADRATA) FROM GAINING ACCESS TO THE DUNE AREAS
BEHIND THE BEACH. DUNE AREAS ARE I14PORTANT TO THE GHOST CRABS1 SURVIVAL AS THESE ARE AREAS
WHERE THP WATER TABLE IS FAR ENOUGH BELOW THE SAND SURFACE TO ALLOW DEEP ENOUGH BURROWING TO
AVOID EXTREME COLD WINTER TEMPERATURES. DR. WALCOTT IS CURRENTLY SEEKING FUNDING TO CONDUCT
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH ON THIS PROBLEM.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: INT

DESCRIPTORS: 9ULKHEAD9 CR 59 CR 69 CR 79 CRUSTACEAN

REF. NO.-0069

WONG9 V.D. 1970.

MOSS LANDING HAPBOR9 CALIFORNIA: A CASE HISTORY.

SHORE AND BEACH. 38(2):26-39.

THE COASTAL EVNIRONMENT IS A DELICATE SYSTEM OF SHORE PROCESSES WHICH# AT BEST9 ONLY REACHES A
STATE OF DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. A MAN-MADE STRUCTURE IS ABLE TO UPSET ANY NATURAL BALANCES9
RESULTING IN DRAMATIC CHANGES IN THE COASTLINE. THIS IS A REPORT ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND
MAINTENANCE OF THE ENTRANCE CHANNEL AND PROTECTIVE JETTIES AT MOSS LANDING HARBOR9 CALIFORNIAt
AND THE EFFECTS THESE STRUCTURES MAY HAVE HAD ON THE NEARBY COASTAL ENVIRONMENT. BASIC SHORE
PROCESSES PERTINENT TO THE AREA ARE DESCRIBED BEFORE MOSS LANDING HARBOR IS INVESTIGATED. THE
PROBLEMS AT MOSS LANDING HARBOR WERE NOT AS GREAT AS INITIALLY ANTICIPATED DUE TO UNIQUE
LITTORAL CURRENT PATTERNS AND THE PRESENCE OF AN OFFSHORE CANYON. (MODIFIED AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: HARBOR9 EROSIONg JETTY9 CR 19 DREDGE/FILL

REF. NO.-0110

WOODHOUSE9 W.W.9 JR. SENECA9 E.D. BROOME9 S.W. 1972.
301

REF. NO.-0110 (CONTINUED)

MARSH BUILDING WITH DREDGE SPOIL IN NORTH CAROLINA.

N CAROLINA ST. UNIV. AGRIC. EXPT. STAT. BULL. 445. 28PP.

WORK WAS INITIATED IN THE FALL OF 1969 ALONG THE NORTH CAROLINA COAST ON THE STABILIZATION OF
DREDGE SPOIL WITH SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. STUDIES INCLUDED METHODS OF PROPAGATION AND
ESTABLISHMENT* GROWTH RATES9 FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH9 AND SUBSTATE SAND ELEVATIONAL EFFECTS.
REASONABLY SATISFACTORY METHODS AND PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AND SOME TENATIVE
GUIDELINES FORMULATED FOR THE USE OF THIS PLANT FOR STABILIZATION OF DREDGE SPOIL.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUS

DESCRIPTORS: DREDGE/FILL9 STABILIZE9 LAND PLANTS9 CR 59 CR 6

REF. NO.-0289

WOODHOUSE9 W.W.9 JR. SENECA9 E.D. BROOME9 S.W. 1976.

PROPAGATION AND USE OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA FOR SHORELINE EROSION ABATEMENT.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. REP. NO. 76-2. 72 PP.

EXPERIMENTAL PLANTINGS To STABILIZE ERODING SHORELINES IN BOGUE SOUND IN 19T4 WERE SUCCESSFUL.
BETTER STANDS WERE PRODUCED ON SITES SUBJECT TO SEVERE WAVE STRESS BY REDUCING TRANSPLANT
SPACING TO 1.5 TO 2 FEET APART. RHIZOMES WITHOUT WELL-DEVELOPED CULMS ATTACHED WERE WORTHLESS
AS PROPASULES WITHIN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE. SEEDING WAS UNSUCCESSFUL DUE To EXPOSURE To
EXCESSIVE WAVE ENERGY. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES DECREASED WITH TIME
BUT A LOCAL PLANT STOCK WAS SUPERIOR TO AN INTRODUCED STOCK UNDER STRESSED CONDITIONS THROUGH
THE FIRST GROWING SEASON. GREENHOUSE-GROWN PLANTS WERE MORE COSTLY BUT NO BETTER THAN
FIELD-GROWN PLANTS- SOME OF THE ADAPTATION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TO THE LOW OXYGEN SUPPLY
AND THE AMMONIUM FORM OF NITROGEN CHARACTERISTIC OF THE INTERTIDAL ZONE WERE CONFIRMED BY
LABORATORY STUDIES- PLANTS WERE DETRIMENTALLY AFFECTED BY FORCED AERATION OF ROOTS AND THE
SUBSTITUTION OF NITRATE FOR AMMONIUM. STANDS OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA CONTINUED TO RESPOND To
HIGH IMPUTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS THROUGH THE FOURTH YEAR. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: PROTECT9 EROSION9 LAND PLANTS9 CR 5

REF. NO.-0295

WOODHOUSE9 W.W.9 JR. SENECA9 E.D. BROOME9 S.W. 1974.

PROPAGATION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA FOR SUBSTRATE STABILIZATION AND MARSH DEVELOPMENT.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO. NO. 46. 55 PP.

302

REF. NO.-0295 (CONTINUED)

TECHNIQUES WERE DEVELOPED FOR PROPAGATION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA LOISEL.9 SMOOTH CORDGRASS9
IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE ON DREDGED SPOIL AND ERODING SHORELINES. BOTH SEEDING AND TRANSPLANTING
METHODS WERE SUCCESSFUL. TRANSPLANTS PROVED TO BE MORE TOLERANT OF RIGOROUS CONDITIONS SUCH AS
STORM WAVES AND RLOWING SAND9 RUT SEEDING WAS MORE ECONOMICAL AND WAS SUCCESSFUL ON PROTECTED
SITES. VrGFTATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDED AND TRANSPLANTED AREAS WAS RAPID WITH PRIMARY
PRODUCTInN EQUAL TO THAT OF A LONG ESTABLISHED MARSH BY THE SECOND GROWING SEASON. AT THE END
OF THE FTRST GROWING SEASONv MORE PLANT COVER WAS PRODUCED FROM SEEDING AT THE RATE OF 100
VIABLE SFEnS PER SQUARE METER THAN FROM TRANSPLANTING SINGLE- STEM PLANTS ON A 0.9-METER
SPACING. THE RELATIONSHIP OF MINERAL NUTRITION TO PRODUCTIVITY OF S. ALTERNIFLORA WAS
DETERMINED. PLANTS AND SOILS IN NATURAL STANDS WERE SAMPLED AND ANALYZED FOR PRODUCTIVITY
INTERRELATIONSHIPS USING mULTIPLE REGRESSION TECHNIQUES. SALTNITY OF THE SOIL SOLUTION* PLANT
AND SOIL MANGANESE CONCENTRATIONS9 AND PLANT SULFUR CONCENTRATIONS WERE NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED
WITH ABOVEGROUNO PRODUCTION. VARIARLES POSITIVELY ASSO61ATED WITti PRODUCTION INCLUDED
PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION IN THE PLANT TISSUE AND IN THE SOIL. FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS SHOWED
THAT THE PRODUCTION OF A NATURAL STAND OF S. ALTERNIFLORA GROWING ON SAND WAS INCREASED
SIGNIFICANTLY BY ADDITIONS OF NITROGEN AND INCREASES THREEFOLD WHEN BOTH NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS WERE ADDED. THE PRODUCTION OF NATURAL MARSH GROWING ON FINER-TEXTURED SEDIMENTS
DOUBLED WHEN NITROGEN WAS ADDED9 BUT THERE WAS NO RESPONSE TO PHOSPHORUS. NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS ALSO ENHANCED GROWTH OF TRANSPLANTS AND SEEOLINGS ON SANDY DREDGE
MATERIAL. (AJTHOR Ab,,,THACT)

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUvi

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED RUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0315

WOODHOUSE9 W.W.9 JR. SENECA9 E.D. COOPER, A.W. 1968.

USE OF SEA OATS FOR DUNE STABILIZATION IN THE SOUTHEAST.

SHORE AND BEACH 36(2)tlS-2l-

SEA OATS (UNIOLA RANICULATA L.) IS THE DOMINANT DUNE GRASS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES.
HOWEVERt IT HAS REEN LESS USED FOR DUNE STABILIZATION THAN HAS AMERICAN BEACHGRASS (AMMOPHILA
BREVILIGULATA FERN.) BECAUSE OF DIFFICULTIES IN SEEDING AND TRANSPLANTING. THE AUTHORS
DESCRIBE RESULTS OF A STUDY ON SEA OATS ANATOMY9 SEED GERMINATION9 AND SEEDLING GROWTH THAT
INDICATE@S THAT SEA OATS COULD HE USED SOUTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND ALONG THE GULF COAST INSTEAD
OF OR IN ADDITION TO AMERICAN HEACHGRASS. SEA OATS ARE MUCH MORE TOLERANT OF SALT SPRAY AND
MIGHT STARTLIZE DUNES WHERE BEACHGRASS FAILS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUR

DESCRIPTORS: DROTECT9 LAND PLANTS9 CR 3o CR 49 CR 5

303

REF. NO.0543

WOODHOUSE W.W., JR. HANES R.E. 167.

DUNE STABILIZATION WITH VEGETATION ON THE OUTER BANKS OF NORTH CAROLINA.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. CERC TECH. MEMO. NO- 22. 45 PP.

EXPERIMENTS AT THE SHORE AND IN TiE NURSERY WERE CONDUCTED TO DEVELOP AN ACCELERATED
EFFECTIVF REVEGETATION PROGRA4 ON BEACH AND DUNE AREAS. FOUR GRASSES SHOW PROMISE: A
BEACHGRAS. SEA OATS DUNE PANIC GRASS AND SALTMEADOW CURDGRASS. RANDOMIZED BLOCKS
PLANTING. WITH AT LEAST THEE REDLTICATIONSi WERE USED IN THE EXPERIMENITS. COMPARISO
VARIOUS mETHOuS OF PRODUCING NURSERY STOCK. TRANSPLANTING AT SHORE AND FERTILIZATION
POSITIVE RESULTS SHOWN IN FIGUPES TABLES ANU PHOTGRAPHS. THE MOST PRACTICAL AND ECO
METHODS FOR EACH STEP UF THE PROGRAM ARE SUGGESTED.

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: GENERAL

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUP

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED 8UT NOT APPLIC48LE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0374

WORK R. UNnATED.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAUNA AND FLORA IN THE VICINITY OF THE FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGES AND APPRO

PP. 21-1 IN: H.W. LOCHNER INC. BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FLORIDA KEYS BRIDGE RE
PROGRAM. SUPPL PEP.

THIS DOCUMENT IS A LISTING OF SPECIES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS WHICH OCCUR ALONG THE FL
BRIDGES. TAKEN ISLAND-HY-ISLAND BOTH ENDS AND BOTH SIDES OF EACH BRIDGE AND ITS APP
ARE DISCUSSED. PLANT AND ANIMAL COMMUNITIES ARE NOTED AND SPECIES DIVERSITY AND COMP
ARE INDICATED. THERE ARE NO CONCLUSIONS BUT THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BIOTA ARE CONDUS
UNDERSTANDING OF THE AREAS CONCERNE13o

NATURE OF REFFRENCE: RIO

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: UNPU6

DESCRIPTORS: LAND PLANTS AUATIC PLANTS CR 4 INVERTEBRATES SHELLFISH

REF. NO.-0400

YANGGEN D.A. JOHNSONg C.D. LEE G.B. MASSIE L.R. MULCAHY L.F. RUFF, R.L. SCHOENE
176.

WISCONSIN WETLANDS.

WISC. 8D. SOIL AND WATER CONSERV. DIST. WISC. DEPT. NAT. RES. 28 PP.

WETLANDS AS PHYSICAL FEATURES IN TERMS OF THEIR WATER SOIL PLANT AND ANIMAL COMMUN
304

REF. NO.-0400 (CONTINUED)

DISCUSSED. ALSO REVIEWED ARE WETLANDS AS RESOURCES THAT PROVIDE VALUABLE NATURAL FUNCTIONS
WHICH CAN RE ALTERED FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND OTHER USES. WETLANDS
ARE AN INICREASINGLY IMPORTANT RESOURCE BECAUSE OF THE MANY DEMANDS PUT ON THEM AND THE LARGE
NUMBER CONVERTED TO OTHER USES. THE VALUES OF ALTERNATIVE WETLAND USF-Sf WHO PAYS THE COST9 WHO
RECEIVES THE BENEFITS9 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RIGHTS IN WETLANDS9 AND PRESENT LAWS MUST BE
CONSIDERED IN wETLAND MANAGEMENT.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: 810

TYPE OF REFERFNCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS STUDY

REF. NO.-0138

YASS09 W.E. HARTMAN9 E.M.9 JR. 1975.

BEACH FORMS AND COASTAL PROCESSES.

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAM. NEW YORK BIGHT PROJ. MONOGRAPH 11. SEA GRANT INST. ALBANY9 NY.
54 PP.

MAN OFTEN BUILDS INTO THE COASTAL ZONE WITHOUT THE PROPER CONSIDERATIONS. RESORTS HAVE
DEVELOPED WITHIN THE HISTORICAL ZONE OF SHORELINE MIGRATION AND IN MANY AREAS, VEGETATED DUNES
HAVE BEEN LOWERED OFTEN WITH DEVASTATING RESULTS WHEN STORMS HIT UNPROTECTED AREAS. WHERE
EXTENSIVE DUNES AND BEACHES PROTECT SHORE DEVELOPMENTS9 AND WHERE THERE IS ABUNDENT BEACH
SAND9 PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES MAY NOT BE REQUIRED. BUT WHEHE CONSTRUCTION ENCROACHES ONTO AN
ERODING SEACH9 SHORE PROTECTION MAY BE NECESSARY. ATTEMPTS TO HALT EROSION AND TO TRAP SAND
ALONG A LIMITED STRETCH OF BEACH ARE DIFFICULT9 COSTLY AND OFTEN INEFFECTIVE. ACTION TO
PRESERVE BEACHES SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN ONLY FOLLOWING A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN THAT CONSIDERS THE
EROSION PR08LEM OF THE ENTIRE SHORELINE. DISCUSSED9 WITH RESPECT TO RELATIVE COST AND
EFFECTIVENESS ARE 8ULKHEADS AND SEAWALLS9 REVETMENTS9 GROINS9 JETTIES9 ARTIFICIAL BEACH
NOURISHMENT AND DUNE STABILIZATION. THEORIES OF NET LITTORAL DRIFT STORM CONDITIONS AND RISING
SEA LEVELS ARE DISCUSSED FOR THE NEW YORK BIGHT COASTLINE.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: ENG

TYPE OF REFERENCE: PUB

DESCRIPTORS: RULKHEAD9 PROTECT9 GROINg TRAINING9 JETTY9 STABILIZE9 LITTORAL PROCESSESt CR 69 CR 79
PEVETMENT

REF. NO.-0277

ZUMBERGE9 J.H. WILSONs J.T. 1953.

EFFECT OF ICE ON SHORE DEVELOPMENT.

PROC. 47H CONF. ON COASTAL ENG. CHICAGO9 ILL. PP. 201-206.

305

REF. NO.-0277 (CONTINUED)

0
< ICE-FOOT DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE GREAT LAKES IS DISCUSSED. AUTHORS INDICATE A NEED FOR R
n
INTO THE IMPACT OF ICE ON NORMAL SHORELINE PROCESSES. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT ICE BUILD-U

SHORE HAr, A PROTECTIVE VALUE BUT ALSO PRODUCES SCOURING COMPLICATIONS.

NATURE OF REFERENCE: GENERAL

-1 YP Et U F R E F E R Piry C E ;- PUR

0 DESCRIPTORS: PELATED BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS, STUDY
n

306

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Anchorage, Alaska
A LEGEND
Headquarters - Office of Biological
Services, Washington, D.C.
0 National Coastal Ecosystems Team,
0_@ lidell , La.
Regional Offices

A Area Office

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
REGIONAL OFFICES

REGION I REGION 4 ALASKA AREA
Regional Director Regional Director Regional Director
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Lloyd Five Hundred Building, Suite 1692 Richard B. Russell Building 10 11 E. Tudor Road
500 N.E. Multnomah Street 75 Spring Street, S.W. Anchorage, Alaska 99503
Portland, Oregon 97232 Atlanta, Georgia 30303

REGION 2 REGION 5
Regional Director Regional Director
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 1306 One Gateway Center
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158

REGION 3 REGION 6
Regional Director Regional Director
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Federal Building, Fort Snelling P.O. Box 25486
Twin Cities, Minnesota 5 5111 Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225

OF Tlye
q-
'0 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
r- 3 wito,

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has respon-
sibility for most of our,nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes
fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife,
preserving the, environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places,
and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department as-
sesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in
the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for
America,i Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under
U.S. administration.

Il 111101111111110 10 111
3 6668 OOC