[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]









                      A Five Lesson Classroom Curric7lum. That
                  Features The Wonders Of The Apalachicola River
                                      And Bay System,.




                                      A,P A L A   C H I C 0. L.A
                                      National Estuarine Research Reserve

                                                                     am



                     FLORI A



                                         Sponsored By:
               The'Florida Department of Environmental Protection
              The Apalachicola Nation-al. Estuarine Research Reserve

                                               and
              The National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration
                           Sanctuaries And Reserves Division



             Revised Edition Project Director: Erik Lovestrand, Education Coordinator,
                            Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve
             Computer Layout By: Steve Travis And Carla Watkins, Operations Section,
                            Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve
                                     Published October 1994
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                              Printed on Recycled Paper with Soy-Based Inks







                                   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


          A publication of the Florida Department of Environmental Protecdonpursu-
          ant to National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration award number
          NA370R0412.


          Special thanks are In order for several individuals who played important roles
          in bringing this project about.

          For Overall Support of the Reserve's Education Programs:
                Woody Miley, Manager, Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve

          For Review, and Comments on Text and Layout:
                June Cradick, Senior Project Manager, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                        Administration
                Larry Nall, Environmental Administrator, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division,
                        Florida Department of Environmental Protection
                Sharon Philyaw, Science Department Chair and Teacher, Apalachicola High School
                DannyRiley, Assistant Bureau Chief, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Florida
                        Department of Environmental Protection

          For Initial Writing of First Edition of Project Estuary, 1987:
                Sharon Philyaw, Education Coordinator, Apalachicola National Estuarine Research
                        Reserve, 1990-1991


          For Writing Lesson IV in the Revised Edition:
                Pallas Gandy, Education Assistant, Apalachicola National Estuarine Research
                        Reserve


          The Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve is part, of the National
          Estuarine Research Reserve System, established by Section 3 IL 5 of the Coastal
          Zone Management Act of'IL972, as amended. Additional information about the
          system may be obtained by writing or calling:

          Apalachicola National Estuarine          Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
           Research Reserve                        Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
          261'7th Street                           National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
          Apalachicola, FL 32320                   U.S. Department of Commerce
          (904) 653-8063                           1305 East West Highway
                                                   SSMC-4 12th Floor
                                                   Silver Springs, MD 20910
                                                   (301) 713-3133


          Front cover art from original acrylic painting by local artist Joyce Estes. Mrs. Estes also
          donated many illustrations for the inside text.
          Plankton illustrations from: A Guide to Marine Coastal Plankton and Marine Invertebrate
          Larvae, Courtesy of the author, De Boyd L. Smith.







                                                            TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                                                    page
                      INTRODUCTION
                                About Project Estuary                .............................................................     I

                      LESSON I: THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT
                                A Teacher's Guide To Lesson I                      .................................................   3-
                                Answer Keys To Lesson I                   ...........................................................  4
                                Follow-    'Up Activities        .................................................................     6
                                Student Performance Standards                        ......  ......................................... 7
                                Curriculum Frameworks                     ..................................   ......................  8
                                Student Activity Pages               .............................................................     9
                                Vocabulary For Lesson I                   ........................................................   13
                                Review Quiz For Lesson I Of Project Estuary                              ..........................  14

                      LESSON II: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ESTUARY
                                A.Teacher's's Guide To Lesson Il                     ............................................    15
                                Answer Keys To Lesson II                  ......................................................     16
                                Lesson Il Script           .....................................................................     18
                                Follow-Up Activities             .....................................................     ......... 23
                                Student Performance Standards                        ............................................    24
                                Curriculum Frameworks                     .........  .............................................   25
                                Student Activity Pages               ...........................................................     26
                                Vocabulary For Lesson II                  .......................................................    30
                                Review Quiz For Lesson II Of Project Estuary                              .........................  32

                      LESSON ]III: HUMAN IWACTS IN THE ESTUARY
                                A Teacher's Guide To Lesson III                      .............................................   33
                                Answer Keys To Lesson III                   ......................................................   35
                                Lesson III Script           .....................................................................    37
                                Follow-Up Activities             ................................................................    43
                                Student Performance Standards                        ............................................    45
                                Curriculum Frameworks                     .......................................................    46
                                Student Activity Pages               .............................................................   47
                                Vocabulary For Lesson III                 ......................................................     50
                                Review Quiz For Lesson III Of Project Estuary                              ........................  52

                      LESSON IV: ESTUARINE ORGANISMS
                                A Teacher's Guide To Lesson IV                       ............................................... 53
                                Answer Keys To Lesson IV                     ......................................................  55
                                Lesson IV Script             ....................................................................    56
                                Follow-Up Activities             ...............................................................     59
                                Student Performance Standards                        ............................................    60
                                Curriculum Frameworks                     .......................................................    60
                                Student Activity Pages               ...........................................................     61








                      Vocabulary For Lesson IV
                                                                ...................................................... 70
                      Review Q      uiz For Lesson IV Of Project Estuary                      ........................ 72

            LESSON V: COASTAL MANAGEMENT DECISIONS '
                      A Teacher's Guide To Lesson V                     .............................................. 73
                      Answer Keys To Lesson V                   ...................................................... 74
                      Lesson V Script           .....................................................................  75
                      Follow-Up Activities            ...............................................................  78
                      Student Performance Standards                       ............................................ 80
                      Curriculum Frameworks                   .......................................................  81
                      Student Activity Pages              ...........................................................  82
                      Vocabulary For Lesson V                 ........................................................ 86
                      Review. Quiz For Lesson V Of Project Estuary                           ......................... 87







            APPENDICES
                      Appendix 1: Additional Materials                     ........................................... 88
                      Appendix II: Final Exam                 .......................................................  90
                      Appendix III: Lesson 11 Transparencies and Slides (back cover pocket)




















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                                          INTRODUCTION



             About Project Estuary

                                         What is Project Estuary?
             Project Estuary is a five-lesson curriculum featuring the Apalachicola River and
             Bay Estuarine System. It is designed to be completed in approximately eight 50-
             minute class periods.

                                               Who is it For?
             Materials were developed fonnuiddle'and high school students in grades 6-9.

                                         What Topics are Covered?
             Lesson I features the definition and overview of an estuarine system. It is con-
             ducted through the use of a slide/tape or video program.

             Lesson II focuses on the significant role an estuary plays in the local environment.
             It includes relationships to economics, seafood industry, recreation, navigation,
             migratory waterfowl, and other wildlife.. Lesson II.involves the use of a few slides as
             well as several 6v`erhead transparencies.

             Lesson III concentrates on human impacts to the estuarmie system and covers
             topics such as pollution and multi-use demands.

             Lesson IV highlights the organisms of the estuarine system and the habitats they
             depend on., Topics featured include microorganisms, bottom dwellers and fishes.

             Lesson V involves the students in a coastal management decision-making, activity
             and points out the many perspectives involved in the decision-making process.


                                      -Development and Distribution
             Project Estuary was dev-e@oped by the Florida Department of Natural,,.Resources
             (now the Florida: Department of Environmental Protection) with cooperative fund-
             ing from the National Oceanic@ and Atmospheric Administration and'the Board of
             County Conuriissioners, Franklin County, Florida. The original printing was done
             in 1987 and funding was provided- by the' Northwe st Florida@Water Management
             District for a reprinting and distribution in.,two additional counties.

             This edition has been revised to incorporate the teacher's guides and other infor-
             mation into the body of the notebook, as well as ad.d.a new lesson focusing on the
             organisms of the estuarine system and more graphics. Funding was provided by
             the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and The National Oceanic
             and Atmospheric Administration.








        T'hus far, Project Estuary has,been introduced in eight counties through teacher
        training workshops. It has had a much W'ider use through the A/V Checkout
        Library at the Apalachicola Reserve. Copies of this edition, along with the accom-
        panying slide/tape program or video, have been sent to media centers in both
        private and public schools within the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Franklin,
        Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, and Wakulla.








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                    A TEACHER'SGUIDE'TO LESSON I




                                        OBJECTIVES


           1.    Students will be.oriented geographically to the Apalachicola River and Bay
                 System and be. able to describe major physical and biological features of the
                 system.

           2.    Students will be able to defffie what an estuary is.

           3.    Students will understand many reasons why estuaries are important.

           4.    Students will understand the local importance of the Apalachicola Estuary-

           5.    Students will understand certain management considerations related. W
                 human use of the estuary.


           TIME:      Approximately two 50-minute class periods.


           PROCEDURE: It is suggested that steps I and 2 below be completed in one
                           period and steps 3 and 4 in another.


           I .   Begin by reviewing the vocabulary list for this lesson before proceeding with
                 other steps.

           2.    Next, you may show the slide/tape program (or video) for Lesson I titled,
                 "Apalachicola Ramblin s." Following this, go over "Important Review Points
                                    9
                 for Apalachicola Ramblings video," on p. 5.

           3.    -Make copies of the student activity pages and distribute them toyour
                 group. You should allow approximately 40 minutes for students to complete
                 these activities.

           4.    Complete@'Review Quiz for Lesson 1.

           5.    Discuss answ.ers, or post -answer keys to student activities and review quiz for
                 Lesson I.



                                               3








                                                ANSWER KEYS TO LESSON I



               Crossword Puzzle                                                                        Hidden Words


               ACROSS                                      DOWN                             Apalachicola, estuary, marsh,
               1. primary producer              2. resources                                nutrients, detritus, salinity,
               4. exploit                       3. refuge                                   brackish, resource, zooplankton,
               5. seafood                       6. nutrient trap                            manage, photosynthesis, ecosystem,
               7. hurricane                     8. estuary                                  impurities, barrier island, habitats,
               10. bay                          9. NOAA                                     floodplain, environment, -refuge,
               12. erosion                      11. agriculture                             nurseries, predator, erosion,
               16. barrier island               13. environment                             productive, energy, shellfish, oyster,
               18. sea                          14. forestry                                navigation, bay, river
               20. research                     15. marsh
               22. salinity                     17. detritus
               23. productive                   19. ecosystem,
               24. sun                          2 1. Flint
               26. ocean                        25. economic
               28. impurities                   27. management
               31. true estuarine               29. predators
               34. wildlife                     30. brackish
               37. photosynthesis               32. river
               38.phytoplankton                 33. tem
               39. nesting                      35. habitat
                                                36. plant                                                  Radiolar,ia




                  Use words in the            River Flow                Apalachicola Estuarine
                  given word list to                      NX                            Food Web
                    complete the                           Nutrients                                                                       f, " @k
                      food web:                                                                                                Bottom-dwelling grasses and algae


                        Shark
                                          Bottom-ftelling
                    Phytoplankton          Invertebrates
                        Crabs                                          Zooplankton
                       Mullet
                        Dwk                             Clams,                                                                                     Anchovies
                                                         Oysters

                                                           dUlck                     Snail



                                                           Croaker                                                 Flounder
                                                                                    Oystercatcher
                                           sandpiper                                    man  TOP PREDAT A                                          Skimmer
                            I                                                           A_
                                                                           abark                 P                                      Sea Trout
                                                                                                 P@
                                                                                                   orpolse





                                                                                        4







                 Answer Keys Continued...

                 TRUE/FALSE                                               FILL IN THE BLANK

                 1. true; 2. false; 3. true; 4. true;             1. brackish; 2. nutrient trap;
                 5. false; 6. true; 7. true; 8. true              3. estuary; 4. habitats; 5. Georgia;
                                                                  6. ecosystem; 7. nutrients and detritus;
                                                                  8. photosynthesis



                 MATCHING

                 1. (C) predator;, 2. (A) food source; 3. -(D) industry; 4. (B) primary producer;   5. (E) habitat;,
                 6. (D) industry; 7. (A) food, source and (B) primary producer; 8. (A) food source


                 REVIEW QUIZ

                 1.      1. estuary: 2. food, shelter, nurseries: 3. salinity; 4. nutrient trap;
                         5. detritus; 6. misused


                 11.     7. T, 8. T, 9. F, 10. T



                 IMPORTANT REVIEW POINTS FOR "APAIACHICOLA
                 RAMBLINGS" VIDEO

                 1.      Apalachicola Bay is an example of an estuary.
                         a. An estuary is where fresh water from the land mixes with salt water from the sea (Gulf of
                             Mexico in our case).
                         b.  An estuar                                           enile animals. It
                                       @y. is an important nursery area for juv                    provides food and cover.

                 2.      The Apalachicola River is formed where the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers come together.
                         a. Most of the drainage area is in Georgia (3 /4). Alabama has 1/ 8       and Florida has   1  8.
                         b. 84% of our fresh water comes from Georgia and Alabama.

                 3.      The mixture of fresh and, salt water is called "brackish" water.

                 4.      River flow varies with'rainfall.
                         a. The river moves detritus and nutrients into the bay.
                         b. Detritus is dead, decaying. plant. and animal material that is an imoortant food source in
                             the bay for. shrimp, oysters, crabs and many other animals.

                 5.      Major habitats in the Apalachicola River and Bay Ecosystem include: Floodplains, Marshes,
                         Islands, River, and Bay.

                 6.      The Apalachicola System is economically important to residents.
                         a. 85% of residents in Franklin Co. derive their income directly form-the'seafood industry.
                         b. The system is also important for other industries such as forestry, agriculture, sport
                             fishing, recreation, navigation.



                                                                        5








                             FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES


        1.    The Apalachicola River System includes the river and its tributaries, which
              involve Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. Have students locate on a map the
              major rivers that form the Apalachicola River. Discuss the meeting of the
              rivers in Lake Seminole and the effect of the Jim Woodruff Dam on the
              Apalachicola River.

        2.    Fill separate cups one-third full of red clay, sand, soil, pebbles, and leaves.
              Ask students to come up with a way to demonstrate the runoff of these mate-
              rials in, to the Apalachicola River. Have them demonstrate and explain how
              changes in the flow of the river (flooding and slow-moving water) affect the
              movement and settlement of the materials.



                            MORE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS


              Use these thought provoking questions to stimulate more discussion regard-
              ing the general ecology of the Apalachicola River and Bay System.

        1 .   Why is an estuary important?

        2.    Why is detritus important to the Apalachicola River and Bay estuary.?

        3.    Name three industries that are economically dependent on the Apalachicola
              River and Bay System. Research and explain why these industries are so
              dependent on the system.

        4.    Why do we need an environmental land management plan?

        5.    Why must people in different states and with different jobs work together to
              protect the Apalachicola River and Bay Estuarine System?

        6.    Research and discuss other physical and biological features of the
              Apalachicola River and Bay Estuarine System, such as dissolved oxygen,
              color, tides, and food webs and population distribution.

        7.    Discuss and research ways humans have used and altered estuaries.

        8.    Discuss some ways people can participate in management decision-making,
              concerning how to use our estuarine resources.



                                                6







             STUDENT PERFORMANCE STANDARDS COVERED
                        IN LESSON I OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                           (For Grades 9-12)




            Biology 1: 1. 11, 11. 0 1, 11. 03, 11.04, 12.01, 12.02

            Chemistry 1: 1.22

            Earth/Space Science: 1. 11, 10.03, 18.03

            Ecology: 1. 11, 2.01, 2.03, 2.05, 3.02, 9.02, 12.01

            Environmental Science: 1. 11, 4.01, 6.01, 7.02, 8.01, 9.03, 9.04

            General Science: 1. 11, 18.04, 18-05, 20..04, 20.05, 20.06, 2 1. 01

            Marine Biology: 1. 11, 3.02, 3.031, 3.05, 4.04, 4.05, 4.06, 10.03

            Fundamentals Of Oceanography: 1. 11, 5.04, 5.05, 6.04, 7.01, 7.02, 7.03, 8.04
            Oceanography: 1. 11, 4.02, 5.03, 5.'0'4, 5.05, 5.06, 6.01, 6.02

            Physics: 1.09

            Zoology: 1. 11, 9.01, 9.03. 9.04












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                                                   7







              CURRICULUM. FRAMEWORK$ COVERED IN
                     LESSON I OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                       (For Grades 6-8)





       M/J Earth/Space Science: 1., 2., 15., 17.

       M/J General Science: 1., 2., 4., 7.

       M/J Life Science: 1., 2., 7., 11.

       M/J Comprehensive Science 1: 1., 2., 16.

       M/J Comprehensive Science H, Basic: 1., 2., 3., 6., 9.9 17.

       M/J Comprehensive Science 11: 1., 2., 3., 9., 16.

       M/J Comprehensive Science M, Basic:     1.,2.,11.,16.

       M/j Comprehensive Science M: 1., 2,. 11., 16.
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                                  LESSON I., STUDENT ACTIVITY PAGES.









                                                                                                           _; . . . . . . . . . . . . . .











                  to

                       Nesting on the Causeway
                                                                                     Corner                            ...

                       It seems as if everyone likes the beach.
                       Thousands of people live on and visit St.
                       George island every year. However, with
                       more and more people enjoying the beautiful
                       beaches, there is less and less space left for                       OsFdrey
                       wildlife.                                                       This raptor, or bird of prey,
                       Many species of sea birds, including least                      is often called the fish hawk,
                       tems, black skimmers, and Oystercatchers,                       because its diet is almost
                       nest on St. George and other nearby barrier                     entirely fish. The osprey is
                       islands. They lay their eggs in a shallow                       dark brown above and white
                       depression    light on the bare ground. The                     below. In flight, it can be
                       eggs are camouflaged, so they are easy to                       identified by the crook in the
                       miss as- people walk along the beach.                           long slender wings.
                       Because the birds must now compete with                         Their large stick nests are
                       beach goers for nesting places, some of                         usually found in dead trees,
                       these enterprising birds have turned to                         but they-also build nests on
                       surprising places, such as the cau        .seway to             telephone poles, channel
                       St. George Island. The causeway provides                        markers, and any other
                                                                                       available platform.
                       suitable places to nest, but the birds are in                   In the past, the osprey
                       danger fi@61rl fast-moving cars. Signs placed                         .ation declined drasti-
                                                                                       popul,
                       at either end of -the bridge caution drivers,                   cally Aue to the use of DDT
                       when nesting birds are present. Slowing,                        and other pesticides. These
                       down helps motorists avoid the birds.                           pesticides accumulated in
                       While the causeway does provide         .an alter-              their bodies after eating
                       native to nesting places    ,on the beach, the                  contaminated fish. Their
                                                                                       eggs had such thin shells
                       fact that it must be used means that natu-
                                                                                       that they often cracked
                       ral habitat is, shrinking. These birds Oro-'..                  during incubation. With
                       vide an indication of changes occurring in                      legal protection and the ban
                       the environment. We need to be aware of                         of DDT, the osprey has made                      0
                                                                                                                               L






                       these changes, because they affect us as                        a comeback and is again
                       well.                                                           common in Florida.
                                                                                                                             L.1 tner
                                                                              9








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                ACROSS                                                                         DOWN
                1.    Green plant which may                             ecosystems.            2.   Supplies of things which          19.   An area where organisms
                      provide food for organ-          24.   Plants get energy from the             take care of needs are                  live and Interact.
                      isms and carries out                   - and convert it by                    called                            21.   The - and
                      photosynthesis (2 words).              photosynthesis to sugar.          3.   Place of shelter.                       Chattahoochee Rivers
                4.    To misuse the resources.         26.   Saltwater in Apalachicola         6.   An estuary holds                        form the Apalachicola
                5.    Apalachicola Bay is an.                Bay comes from the                     nutrients and is therefore              River.
                      important                                                                     a-                      (2        25.                     depen-
                      harvesting area.                 28.   Marsh vegetation filters               words).                                 dence means to rely on
                7.    Elena.                                 - from the water.                 8.   The Apalachicola River                  something or someplace
                10.   Oystermen get 4-6 million        31.   Because most cannot                    and Bay is a local                      for goods. services, and
                      pounds of oyster meat                  adapt to rapid salinity                example of a(n)                         jobs.
                      yearly from the                        and temperature                                                          27.   The Apalachicola
                      Apalachicola _.                        changm there are few              9.   One of the agencies                     National Estuarine
                12.   Marsh vegetation helps                                                        operating the       .   ,               Research Reserve studies
                      protect an estuary from                organisms (2 words).                   Apalachicola National                   environmental -
                                                       34.                     finds                Estuarine Research                      to best use the area.
                16.   Arts like wall of sink                 refuge in estuaries.                   Reserve..                         29.   Marsh vegetation
                      holding in nutrients (2          37.   Process by which green            11.  Farming or                              provides places to hide
                      words).                                plants convert sunlight                is an important activity in             from
                18.   Many animals spend part                energy Into chemical                   the Apalachicola Valley.          30.   When fresh and salt
                      of their life cycles in                energy.                           13.  All the surroundings that               water mix, this type of
                      estuaries and part in the        38.   Microscopic plants.                    affect an organism.                     water results.
                                                       39.   A shortage of _                   14.  Navigation, sport fishing,        32.   - flow varies
                20.   The Apalachicola Reserve               places has forced some                 recreation and                          with rainfall.
                                     boratory for
                      provides a la                          sea birds to use the                   are important activities in       33.   Sea bird.
                      environmental study or                 causeway.                              the Apalachicola Valley.          35.   Floodplains, and marshes
                                                                                               15.  A                       holds           are examples of
                22.,  Changing water flow into                                                      excess water Me a                       In the Apalachicola
                      the Bay causes changes                                                        sponge, helping prevent                 ecosystem.
                      in the                   of                                                   flooding.                      1  36.   Estuaries are home to
                      the Bay.                                                                 17.  Dead or decaying plant                  many -                  and
                23.   Estuaries are highly                                                          and animal matter.                      animal species.
                                                                                           10






                         HIDDEN WORD                                                        S                   Did You Know?

                         Y    0 R  M   P   S  A   R   D   Z    G S      AL  I   N  I   T    Y   D      A young oyster is called a spat.
                         G    M A  R   S   H  G   D   E   T    R I      TU  S   U  U   T    N   B      The Apalachicola National Estuarine
                         R    U L  M   R   E  F   U   G   E    P S      GM  B   T  T   N    R   A      Research Reserve consists of 193,758 acres
                         E    N N  P   Q   L  B   0   S   M    B E      DF  Z   R  B   E    G   P      of land and water.
                         N    0 H  D   0   L  G   S   V   M    E H      ZS  P   I  A   M    D   R      Barrier islands are constantly changing
                         E    I A  M   0   F  N   R   L   U    I T      VF  J   E  U   N    E   0      shape and size because of wind and tides.
                         B S T A T I B A H Q Y N S K W N F 0 B D
                         0    0 B  I   N   S  Q   R   0   G    H Y      IY  X   T  R   R    G   U      Sea turtles spend their whole lives. at sea,
                         C    R R  M   Z   H  P   Q   X   L    J S      HI  S   S  L   I    H   C      coming ashore only to lay their eggs.
                         N    E A  P   A   L  A   C   H   I    C 0      LA  K   0  H   V    P   T      Sally, jimmy, buckram, and picker are all
                         I    D C  U   N   X  P   G   M   I    H T      Nt  E   J  C   N    C   I      names for different phases of the blue crab.
                         A    C K  R   E   S  T   U   A   R    Y 0      BX  G   D  C   E    0   V      The Apalachicola National Estuarine
                         L    E I  I   F   B  V   Y   R   W    I H      DA  X   A  G   Z    E   E      Research Reserve contains over 1100
                         P    B S  T   L   W  0   E   V   T    G P      IK  Y   R  N   B    V   N      species of plants, including 36 which are
                         D    A H  1   0   U  S   Q   A   C    M S      RI  V   E  R   A    M   W      threatened or endangered.
                         0    M S  E   E   0  Z   G   R   N    U R      SE  R   I  E   S    M   Q      The docile indigo snake can kill and eat the
                         0    P 0  S   U   0  1   U   Z   R    0 T      AD  E   R  P   X    L   S      poisonous diamondback rattlesnake.
                         L    N R  R   P   V  U   B   A   R    R I      ER  I   S  L   A    N   D      Bats are mammals, and a single bat can
                         F    S C  Q   A   T  R   T   V   Y    B E      TC  R   E  T   S    Y   0      eat thousands of insects every night.
                         Z E R N 0 T K N A L P 0 0 Z B W R X T A
                                                                                                       The monarch butterfly migrates thousands
                      Can you find 28 words that relate to the Apalachicola                            of miles between breeding areas. in Canada
                                                                                                       and wintering areas in south Florida,
                      estuary'? They read sideways, up and down, or diagonally.                        California and Meiidco.
                      Apalachicola, estuary, marsh, nutrients, detritus, salinity,                     The Apalachicola National Estuarine
                      brackish, resource, zooplankton, manage, photosynthesis,                         Research Reserve supports over 1000
                      ecosystem, impurities, barrier island, habitats, floodplain,                     species of land and aquatic animals.
                      environment, refuge, nurseries, predator, erosion, produc-
                      tive, energy'. shellfish, oyster, navigation, bay, river.

                                                      River Flow             Apalachicola Estuarine
                          Use words in the                                                  Food Web
                          given word list to                     Nutrients
                                                                 Detritus
                              complete the                                                                                     Bottom-dwelking grasses and aigae
                              food web:             ( /@                                                                             1-0-1
                                Shark             Bottom-dwelling
                              Phytop1mikton       Invertebrates
                                Crabs                          104      '__*'Zooplankton                                                           Shrimp
                                Mullet                         Clams,
                                                               Oysters                                                                            Anchovies
                                Dick
                                                                                        Snail



                                                                 Croaker                                             F  nder
                                                                                        oystercatcher

                                                                                            Man TOP PREOATOR                                      s Ikimrner
                                                  Sandpiper                                                                             Sea Trout

                                                                                                    P
                                                                                                     orpoise







            QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS?

            True or False? (Circle the T for true or F for false)

            ï¿½ F      1. There are few animals ("true estuarine          T F      5. The estuaries food web ends with
                     types) that have adapted to the wide range                  detritus, phytoplankton and green
                     of temperatures and salinities of the                       plants.
                     Apalachicola Bay.
                                                                        T F      6. Changing salinity levels helps keep
            ï¿½ F      2. Although wildlife rely heavily on the                    predators out that might eat estuarine
                     resources of the Apalachicola River and Bay,                animals.
                     People do not rely on them at all.
                                                                        T F      7. Marsh vegetation protects against
            ï¿½ F      3. A management plan cannot work without                    flooding and erosion, cleanses the
                     cooperation among the many users.                           water and provides food.

            ï¿½ F      4. Estuaries are important because they            T F      8. Environmental land management is
                     provide food, shelter, and nurseries for                    looking at an area and finding out ways it
                     plants and animals.                                         can be used by man without being rnis-
                                                                                 used.



            Fill in the
            1. When fresh water and salt water mix,                      5. The Apalachicola River System flows through
            water results.                                               Florida, Alabama and

            2. The Apalachicola River and Bay is a(n)                    6. An area where organisms interact with each
            because of barrier islands and the mixing of fresh           other and with nonliving things is called a(n)
            water and salt water.

            3. A(n) _ is an area where fresh water and                   7. Varying river flow is important because it
            salt water meet and mix.                                     moves             and            into the estuarine
                                                                         system.
            4. Floodplains. marshes, and barrier islands are
            examples of              in the Apalachicola Valley          8. The process of converting energy from sunlight
            ecosystem.                                                   bygreen plants is called


            Matchinff@
                        -  CP
            Match the items in the right colurnn with the ones most
            closely related in the left.

            I._____;Shark                    A. food source

            2.       nutrients               B. primary producer

                     agriculture             C. predator
            3.
                                                                               fffff
            4.----green plant                D. industry

            5.------,Salt marsh              E. habitat
                                                                                        Sandbar Shark

            6.----forestry

            7.----phytoplankton

            8.       detritus
                                                                   12







                             VOCABULARY FOR LESSON I


            Brackish Water: A mixture of fresh water and salt water.


            Detritus: Particles of dead and decaying plants and animals.

            Drainage Basin: Total land area from which water drains into a river or river
            system.

            Economic Dependence: To rely on something or someplace for goods, services,
            and jobs.

            Estuary: An area where fresh water from rivers, streams, and other sources meets
            salt water from the- sea.


            Exploit: To make use of something. Also to overuse or abuse.

            Habitat: A place where a plant or animal lives that provides food, water, shelter
            and space in a suitable arrangement.

            Impurities: Foreign elements, such as chemicals, which cause something to be
            unclean.


            Nutrients: Minerals such as nitrogen and phosphorus which provide food for
            plants and animals.

            Organism: A living thing.

            Phytoplankton: microscopic plants

            Primary Producer: Green plant which may provide: fbod for organisms and carries
            out photosynthesis.

            Productivity: The amount Of carbon produced'thr-* ough photosynthesis in the
            form of plants in a certain place, over a certain amount of time.

            Resource: A supply of something which takes care of a need.

            SaIlnity: The amount of dissolved salts in water.

            "True Estuarine" Organisms: Plants or animals which have evolved to adapt to
            the wide range of temperatures and salinities in an estuary and spend their life
            there.


            Zooplankton: Microscopic aquatic animals.
                                                   13:








             REVIEW QUIZ FOR LESSON I
               OF PROJECT ESTUARY

       Fill in the blanks with the word or words that best complete each sen-
       tence. Choose your answer from the word list below.

       estuary  -misused salinity detritus
       nutrient trap food shelter nurseries

       The -    is an area where freshwater from rivers,. streams and
       other sources meets saltwater from the sea.


    2. Estuaries are important because they provide and
              , and serve as  for young plants and animals.

    3. The changing  I of the Apalachicola Bay helps to keep preda-
       tors out that might eat the estuarine animals.

    4. The Apalachicola River and Bay Estuarine System provides much food for
       animals and plants due to the barrier islands and the mixing of fresh and
       salt waters. For this reason it is known as a


    5. The estuarine food web begins with phytoplankton, green plants and


    6. Environmental management involves looking at an area and determining
       the ways it can be used by man without being


    It. Read the sentences below. Put a T before each true statement and an F
       before, each false statement.


       7. The changing flow of river water is important to organisms because it
          moves detritus, into the estuary.

       8. The plants of the Apalachicola River and Bay System protect against
          flooding and erosion, cleanse the water and provide food.

       9. There are many "true estuarine organisms" that have evolved to adapt
          to a wide range of temperatures and salinities existing in the
          Apalachicola Estuary.

    -10.  many people in the Apalachicola River and Bay area rely on the re-
          sources of the system for goods, services and jobs.

                        14



















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                         A TEACHER9S GUIDE TO LESSON 11




                                             OBJECTIVES

            1.    Students will gain an understanding of the importance of the Apalachicola
                  River -and Bay System to the local economy in the areas of forestry, agricul-
                  ture, recreation, commercial fishing and other industries.

            2.    Students will understand the importance of the Apalachicola River and Bay
                  System to wildlife populations.

            3.    Students will learn how the Apalachicola River and Bay System are used for
                  navigation.


            TIME:       Apprwdmately one 50-minute class period.


            PROCEDURE:



            1 .   Review the vocabulary, list for this lesson prior to proceeding with other
                  steps.

            2.    Use the Lesson H script and go over the transparencies and slides.
                  (Transparencies and slides are located in the back cover of this notebook)

            3.    Make copies of the Student Activity Pages and distribute to students.

            4.    Complete the.Review Quiz for Lesson IL

            5.    Discuss answers or, post answer keys for Student Activities and Review Quiz.












                                                Blue, Crab

                                                     15








                                ANSWER KEYS TO LESSON H


          Apalachicola Bay and              River Resources Chart: Below is an example of
          answers which might be generated as a result of class- participation using the Apalachicola Bay and
          River Resources Chart. Answers will vary from county to county and class to class.

                           Local Uses and Industries              Related Businesses/Jobs

                                                                            seafood houses
                                                                                fishermen
                                                                         insurance companies
                        hydro-and thermo electric power                      truck drivers
                                                                             boat builders
                              commercial fisheries                         net/trap makers
                                                                               mechanics
                                   recreation                                 lodges/camps
                                                                                 guides
                                   agriculture                               camp workers
                                                                         government agencies
                                    forestry                            government employees
                                                                              hotels/motels
                                   navigation                                  restaurants
                                                                               bookkeepers
                                     urban                                       cooks
                                                                                 maids
                                      other                                      clerks
                                                                              gas stations
                                                                             grocery stores
                                                                           paper companies
                                                                          fuel docks/marinas
                                                                        construction companies
                                                                          real estate agencies
                                                                            Military workers
                                                                                 banks
                                                                                 tellers
                                                          alachicold            farmers
                     Local Dependent Wildlife            Bay and        Related Wildlife Use
                             blue-winged teal         River System
                                wood duck               Resources                food
                              gopher tortoise
                               indigo snake                                    shelter
                           Barbour's map turtle
                         American oystercatcher                                 water
                            Atlantic sturgeon
                             white-tailed deer                            breeding ground
                            Florida black bear
                              Florida panther           .kRel               nursery area
                                  osprey
                              brown pelican



                                                            16







                 Answer @Keys 'Continued...

                 FILL IN THE@BLANK-                                    TRUE/FALSE


                 1. largest; 2. Franklini Gulf, WakuRa;,               Ltrue; 2.true; 3.true
                 3. local, national; 4. water; 5. animals,             4. false; 5. false
                 plants



                 MATCHING                                              MAGIC SQUARE

                 1.     -(A) land resources                 MAGIC: NUMBER=65
                        (B) water resources
                                                               235              7 14, J-hoe"
                 2.     (A) land resources
                        (B) water resources                    A B              C D E
                                                               4 6             132022
                 3.     (A) land resources
                        (B) water resources                    F       G        H'I. J
                 4.     (B) water resources                    10     .@-12    19 @21 3
                 5.     (B) water resources                    K       L@ M             N 0
                                                               11-18-252 9
                 REVMW QUIZ                                    P       Q        IR      S T-
                                                                       24 1 B 15
                 1.     1. (B), 2. (D), 3. (D), 4. (A), 5. (D)         v        W       x Y
                 11.    6. T, 7. T, 8. F, 9. T, 10. T














                                 @,AV A




                                                                  -.z3w-.
                                                                                            9.

                                                    47





                                                         Scrawled Cowfish



                                                                   17













                    M-
                                    L-ES SON II SCRIPT
                     FOR TRANSPARENCIES AND SLIDES.
                                    "Gifts from the Apalachicola"



         Introduction:


               As you may remember, in Lesson I we talked about estuaries, namely
         Apalachicola Bay. What is an estuary? An estuary is a place where fresh water
         from rivers, such as the Apalachicola River, streams or other sources, meets and
         mixes with saltwater from.,the ocean (Gulf of Mexico).

               We also discussed some of the ways we use our estuary. Can you name
         some of the industries that depend on the Apalachicola River and Bay System for
         their resources? (Answers: forestry, agriculture, commercial fisheries, navigation,
         and recreation)

               As you can see, the Apalachicola. System is very important to us. We depend
         on its land and water resources for many jobs, goods, services and activities. It is a
         multi-use system. Let's first talk about ways this special estuary is related to us
         through the use of its land resources.

         Transparency Text:

         "Asterisks, which indicate notes to teacher, and transparency numbers are found
         in the left-hand column. Transparencies and slides for Lesson II may be found in
         the back cover of this notebook.


         T- I  Fifty seven percent of the land in the drainage basin is used for forestry.
               This floodplain area contains many acres of timber that are harvested and
               used to produce various wood products such as paper, lumber and furni-
               ture.


               Teacher's Note: Point out that -forestry Is. the largest land use..

               Eleven percent of the land in the drainage basin is used 1or agriculture
               (farming). 'Local farm. crops include peanuts, rice, corn, cotton,'blueberries,
               sorghum, crawfish and catfish.

               Within the lower portion of the Apalachicola basin, there are several tracts of
               land and water in public* ownership through state or federal agencies. They
               are available for recreational activities such as hunting, fishing, hiking,
               camping, etc.

         T-2 This land includes management areas, such as the Apalachicola National
               Estuarine Research Reserve, Apalachicola National Forest, St. Vincent Na-
                                                   18








                    tional-Wildlife Refuge, and the. Northwest, Florida Water Management District.
                      order to preserve this part of the basin there aredesignated areas and
                    -seasons within p blic lands for certain recreational activities, such as hunt-
                                    pu
                    mg and. fishing.
             T- 1   Only on'e percent of the Apalachicola basin is populated by people., This is
                    called urban land Use.


                    The last 29% of the basin area, is classified as wetlands, and,provides. much
                    habitat for wildlife as well as multiple opportunities for public recreation and
                    .industry.,

                    As you probably know, if you are in a county along the system, people in
                    your area use the Apalachicola estuarine system's valuable waterxesources.

             T-3    The main industries that usethe Apalachicola River and Bay water re-
                    sources are commercial fishing and recreation.

                    Commercial fisheries in Apalachicola Bay employ approximately 85%. of the
                    people in Franklin County and a number of people in Gulf and Wakulla
                    Counties as well.

                    .The ten-year averages for Franklin County's dock-side values for'oysters,
                    shrimp, blue crabs- and finfish were as follows:

                    Teachers Note: Read ten-year averages under "Dockside Valuellf on
                                       Transparency 3 and discuss variations among years.

                    By the time these seafood products reach din   Iper table si and restaurants all
                    over the nation they generate up to five times their dock-side value. The
                    national value for Franklin County's seafood over a ten-year period has
                    averaged somewhere in the neighborhood of $59,000,000 per year.,

              T-4.  Recreation is the other main industry which uses the water resources.
                    M     local businesses benefit from those who enjoy   recreational activities on
                      any
                    the Apalachicola River and Bay.

                    Teachers Note: Point out businesses in the example as you read this
                    section.


                    For example, if a group of bass fishermen comes into town for a tournament
                    they will probably stay in a local hotel or motel, eat at a local restaurant,
                    b    groceries from the local store, dock and gas up their boat at a local lodge
                    or manna, buy some suppliesfrom a local retail or department store, buy
                    seafood to take home and gas uptheir car ortruck when lea           town. If
                    th6y like the.area well enough they might even buy land.and'bufld a vaca-
                    tion home at a late'r'date.         119




                  I




       T-5   Other, uses of the Apalachicola System waters are navigation of barges and
             other river traffic, industrial plant processing of wood products and cooling
             of thermoelectric generators, and also the production of hydroelectric power.
             Navigation is more important for GA and AL than for FL; however, Jackson
             County, in Florida, does have a port for fueling and unloading barges. Pe-
             troleum products, fertilizer, sand and gravel are main commodities unloaded
             in Jackson County. However, the list of items transported on the River is
             much broader and includes such things as coal, wood products, gasoline,
             kerosene, turpentine, jet fuel, paints, fuel oil, pesticides, caustic soda, so-
             dium hydroxide, aluminum sulfate, and acids.

             Industries such as the St. Joe Paper Company draw and use 30 million
             gallons of water per day from the Chipola River (an Apalachicola River tribu-
             tary) t6 run their plants. In Jackson County, Gulf Power Company uses I
             million gallons of water per day to cool thermoelectric power generators. The
             Jim Woodruff Dam at the beginning of the river, uses the moving water's
             energ y to turn turbines for electricity production.

       T-6   Now that you know the many ways we use the Apalachicola Estuarine sys-
             tem, let's see what industries are related to the Apalachicola System re-
             sources in surrounding counties (for those counties located on the river).

             Teacher's Note: Point out one industry, at a time and the counties where
             It can be found. Aquaculture includes the farming of several different
             species along the system. These include catfish, crawfish, shrimp and
             alligators.

       T-7 People are not the only ones that depend on estuaries. Various wildlife and
             plants rely on the Apalachicola Drainage Basin for food, shelter, water,
             breeding grounds and growing space, or simply put, for habitats.


       Slide Show Text:


       S-1   The Apalachicola Bay area and its surrounding barrier islands - St. George,
             Cape St. George, St. Vincent and Dog Island serve as feeding and wintering
             grounds for migratory waterfowl such as the blue-winged teal which arrives
             in August...

       S-2   and the wood duck which arrives in October and November. There are also
             wood duck residents in our area year-round that nest from March through
             May.

       S-3   There are several animals and plants which are endemic to the Apalachicola
             System. This means they live only in the Apalachicola Estuarine System.
             One example of an endemic animal species is the Barbour's's map turtle
             which lives in the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, Flint and Chipola Rivers. It

                                            20







                   is a species of special concern. Females get as large as 12 inches (30 cm)
                   long and males are only 5 inches .(13 cm) long. jt's carapace or shell is olive-
                   green with -palt yellow u-shaped markings and ridges in the center. The
                   head is also olive-green with yellow lines and has large blotches of.yellow
                   behind the eyes., Males and small females eat caddisfly larvae and other
                   water insects, snails and sometim es. plants. Large females eat snails and
                   Asian clams by cracking them with their powerful j aws. It.is protected, due
                   to its limitedrange -and use by humans at one time for food.

             S-4   An example of a plant endemic to the Apalachicola System is the endangered
                   Harper's beauty, found in flatwoods around the Apalachicola Basin.

             S-5-  The Apalachicola.Estuarine System is also home to a number of other pro-
                   tected animals that are either endangered, threatened or species of special
                   concern.


                   The Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle which is threatened, nests each year on
                   the beaches of St. George, Cape. St. George, Dog and St. Vincent islands in
                   June, July, and August. The female digs a nest and lays about .120 eggs,
                   which hatch in 50-60 days. The @adult's flippers and shell are reddish-brown
                   and often have barnacles on them. They also have large heads. Logger-
                   heads may weigh up to 700 pounds. (318 kg). Females return to nest on the
                   beaches where they hatched. Threats to this animal's survival are fishing
                   nets (drowning), human development of beaches (nesting areas destroyed,
                   young confused by fights), plastic litter (niistaken for food and results in
                   death), and egg predation by raccoons, birds and other animals. In the
                   Reserve area, there is a program, in place to detect nests and protect them by
                   putting a wire grate, with holes large enough for hatchlings to dig through,
                   over the nest to keep raccoons and other predators, from destroying the eggs.

             S-6 The gophpr,tortoise is another protected reptile and is a species of special
                   concern. Its shell size can reach 12 inches (30 cm) in length. This critter
                   lives in a burrow usually in pine and oak uplands where the soil is dry. It
                   eats grasses, leaves, herbsj and sometimes wild fruits and berries. Gopher
                   tortoises share their burrows with pine snakes, indigo snakes, Florida mice,
                   and gopher frogs. All of the animals are at risk due to land development,
                   predation, and gassing of their burrows by humans. The gassing is done to
                   force the rattlesnakes out of the burrows and is illegal.

             S-7   The indigo.snake, an endangered species, which lives in the tortoise burrow
                   with the gopher tortoise, is a gentle,harmless snake despite its large size. It
                   can reach a.16ngth of 8 feet (2.4 m). The *indigo is glossy black or bluish-
                   black and is thus prized by collectors. Collecting is now illegal without
                   special pehnission. Indigos feed. on mice, rabbits, birds, frogs, lizards and
                   other snakes such as rattlesnakes- Unfortunately, these beautiful' creatures
                   are losing their habitats to land development and dying due to the gassing
                   of their burrows by humans. Auburn University in cooperation with the

                                                       21








               U.S. Fish -and Wildlife Service has released -several of the threatened indigos
               on St. Vincent Island, within the Reserve.

         S-8   Another endangered animal probably living within the Reserve is the Florida
               panther. Panthers live in forested areas and feed on deer, raccoons, hogs
               and other small mammals. The panther is 6 feet (1.8 m) or longer and is
               pale brown with a long tail. The Florida panther is the sa -me species as the
               mountain lion found in the western U.S.. Panther populations have split
               and decreased due to land development and being hunted by humans.

         S-9 This is a species of special concern that you should remember from Lesson 1;
               the American oystercatcher. This bird nests on beaches and the causeway
               to St. George Island in the summer. It can grow to a length of 16 inches (40
               cm). Oystercatchers, as you may recall, eat oysters, other shellfish, marine
               worms and crabs. The threat of their survival is habitat loss to land develop-
               ment.


         S-10  What you see here *is the unusual looking Atlantic sturgeon. This fish is a
               species of special concern which spends most of its time as an adult in the
               Gulf of Me.Nico, feeding on bottom-dwelling plants, worms" shellfish, crabs
               and fish. They use their barbels, or feelers, for finding food. Their scales are
               bony, diamond-shaped and are called plates. Sturgeon may grow up to 18
               feet in length and may weigh anywhere from 200-600 pounds (91-273 kg).
               They are called anadromous fish because they migrate or move from the
               Gulf, up the Apalachicola River to spawn (mate and lay eggs) from February
               through July. Because of this migration, they once supported a ffiriving
               caviar, (sturgeon eggs) industry in the Apalachicola. Unfortunately their
               numbers have been drastically reduced because they cannot reach their
               spawning grounds in the upper Apalachicola River due to barriers such as
               dams and canal locks. Another factor that seems to limit their population
               size is the long period of time it takes for them to reach breeding age.

               The Apalachicola Estuarine System' is very important to us and to wildlife.
               .We are all involved with it in many ways. We need to understand it-so we
               can protect it.












                                             Apple Murex

                                                   22








                                 FOLLOW-UP ACTIWTIES.


            1.    Have students make a seafood collage or poster that includes seafood labels,
                  restaurant menus, seafood adds and pictures of seafood products. Discuss
                  the importance of estuaries and the relationships of these products to the
                  surrounding counties' economics.

            2.    Have students visit local industries that are dependent on the Apalachicola
                  Estuarine System to find out how they use the resources. Have students
                  interview people working in these industries in order to learn a-bout ob
                  opportunities. End the activity with a class discussion of each student's
                  findings.


                                 MORE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS


                  Use these thought provoking questions to stimulate more discussion regard-
                  ing the important role an estuary plays in the local environment; including
                  economics, navigation, recreation, etc.

            1.    Research and list career and job opportunities in your county that relate to
                  the Apalachicola System.

            2.    Locate and discuss human-made structures on the Apalachicola System.
                  How have they impacted the system?                                   11

            3.    Discuss your local government involvement in the Apalachicola River and
                  Bay Estuarine System.

            4.    Talk about ways in which the state and federal, governments are involved in
                  the Apalachicola System.

            5.    Find and discuss current research projects concerning the Apalachicola
                  System.

            6.    Research and share information on local endangered or, potentially endan-
                  gered fish and wildlife. How are they dependent on the Apalachicola Sys-
                  tem?









                                                    23







                 STUDENT PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
           COVERED IN LESSON II OF PRO JECT ESTUARY
                                        (For Grades 9-12)



        Biology 1: 1. 11, 11.03, 12.02, 12.06

        Chemistry 1: 1. 11

        Earth/Space Science: 1. 11, 18.03

        Ecology: 1. 11, 6.04, 8.01, 8.02, 8.06, 8.06, 12.01

        Environmental Science: 1. 11, 4.01, 6.01, 7.02


        General Science: 1. 11, 20.05, 21.01, 21.02.

        Marine Biology: 1. 11, 3.02, 3.03, 3.05, 4.04, 9.07, 10.03, 11.02, 11.05

        Fundamentals of Oceanography: 1. 11, 6.04, 7.02, 7.03, 8,04, 9.06

        Oceanography: 1. 11, 4.02, 5.05, 6.01, 6.02 -

        Physics: 1.09

        zoology: 1. 11, 9.01, 9.03, 9.04








                                     J W'...
                 S
                      UDE
             0
          Fc   VEIED














                                           Least Tem
                                               24






                  CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKS COVERED IN
                         LESSON ILOF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                            (For Grades 6-8)




            M/J Earth/Space Science: 1., 2.

            M/J General Science:   1.,2., 4.,7.

            M/J Life Science: 1., 2., 7., 11., 14.

            M/J Co ' rehensive Science 1: 1., 2., 5.,,16.
                   mp

            M/j Comprehensive Science 11, Basic: 1., 2., 6., 7., 9., 16.

            M/J Comprehensive Science 11: 1., 2., 6., 9.

            M/J Comprehensive Science III, Basic: 1., 2., 16.

            M/J Comprehensive 'Science 111: 1., 2., 16.






















                                                                           112;

                                                                    Ile"









                                               Least Tem
                                                   25.








                      LESSON 11 STUDENT ACTIVITY PAGES









                 Apakehicola. Estuary: Nature'sA
             Water from 19,800 square miles of                Apalachicola gay produces 2 to 6
          land in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama            million pounds of oyster ineat per year,
          drains into the Apalachicola River Sys-          using only 4 to 5 percent of the bay bot-
          tem, taking with it nutrients, soil and          tom. Biologists' have predicted that an-
          pollutants. Millions of gallons of water         nual production could reach as high as
          then deposit these particles when they           150 million pounds with the use of more
          reach the mouth of the river at                  bottom areas. Furthermore, oyster sup-
          Apalachicola Bay.                                ply could, increase if oysters were pro-
             The Apalachicola Bay is one of the            vided with more vertical surface to grow
          most productive estuaries in the northern        on as well as the typical horizontal beds.
          hemisphere. According to Woody Miley,               While shrimp harvests generally have
          manager of the Apalachicola National             decreased in other areas of Florida, the
          Estuarine Research Reserve, 'There are           supply has remained relatively stable in
          systems that produce more, such as               the Apalachicola Bay area.
          Chesapeake Bay, but it's 10 times bigger.           "This is a more protected system.
          When you compare productivity per unit           When 85 percent of the people here de-
          area (acre for acre), Apalachicola Bay is        pend on seafood for their livelihood, it
          the most productive as well as the               becomes very important to them to pro-
          healthiest," Miley said.                         tect thei r. natural resources," Miley said.
             The Apalachicola Drainage Basin                  Another noted value of Apalachicola
          includes 2,400 square miles of river.'           Bay is its.beauty. Miley said that part of
          floodplain forest. The estuary consists -of      the estuary's appeal has to do with its
          21,860 acres of marshes-, which accounts,        variety of migratory birds and other wild-
          for 14 percent of the total water area.          life. - Ifs really'important for waterfowl.
             Like most, wetlands, the marshes in an        Miley said wetlands should be protected
          estuary cleanse the water, protect against       for their own, sake and, because they
          flooding and provide food.                       increase [email protected] of human life.
             However, it is the Apalachicola Bay's               lot of-@'things -that we curse, like
          ability to act as a'majdr nursery and            mosquitoes,  dre needed by the things we
          spawning ground for many animals such            like. The aquatic larvae of mosquitoes
          as shrimp, crabs, oyster and.firifish that       are a rn@jor food source for young fish."
          is most appreciated by humans'.. Miley           It's a mixed blessing. If we understand
          explained that the health of the estuary is      the:ffinction of wetlands and estuaries,
          what makes the Bay's thriving seafood            we can work to save them for the use and
          industry possible.                               enjoyment of many future generations."

                                                         26









                    DIRECMONS: Complete the chart below using local examples.




                      Local Uses and Industries   Related BusmIesse's/Jobs





























                                             alachicold
                  Local Dependent Wildlife Bay and River
                                                  ., @ .: Related Wildlife Uses
                                             System
                                            Resources
                                    q@@Rel

                                               27








                             CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE


                                  M in the-


        1. The forestry industry uses the         amount of land in the Apalachicola
           Drainage Basin.
        2. Commercial fisheries in Apalachicola Bay employ people in          County,
           as well as                   and                   Counties.
        3. Both                  and                   dollars are generated by commer-
           cial fisheries in the Apalachicola Estuary.
        4. Gulf Power Company in Jackson County uses                      from the
           Apalachicola System to cool thermoelectric generators.
        5. The Apalachicola Estuarine System has several endemic species of
                    -and


                                       TRUE/FALSE

        I.-     Migratory waterfowl depend on the Apalachicola Bay area and its sur-
         rounding barrier islands as their feeding and wintering grounds.
        2.      Wildlife depend on the resources of the Apalachicola system for food,
        , shelter, water, breeding grounds and nursery areas.
        3.      The Apalachicola Estuarine System is home for a number of protected
         animal species whose survival is threatened by over-exploitation by humans, loss
         of habitat, disease, predation and other human-made or natural conditions.
        4.      Salmon once supported a thriving caviar industry in Apalachicola.
        5.      Gassing of gopher tortoise burTows does not harm any of the animals
         living in the bur-rows.


                                        MATCIHNG


        Match the resources in the right column with the Florida industries most closely
        related in the left column. The resource may be used more than once, There may
        be more than one resource per industry.

        1.      Forestry                   A. Land Resources

        2.      Recreation                 B. Water Resources


        3,      Agriculture

        4.      Commercial Fishing

        5.      Navigation


                                               28








                                                          NIAGIC SQUARE
                Directions..: Select from the numbered'definitions the best answer for each of the
                terms below. Put the number in the proper space in the magic square box. The
                total of the numbers will be the same across each row and down each column.

                VOCABI JLARY-WORDS                                           DEFINMONS
                A.  Barbels                         1. Any species that is likely to become endangered in Florida
                B.  Anadromous'                        within the near future if current natural or human-made
                C.  Carapace                           conditions affecting its survival continue.
                D.  Caviar.                         2. An animal having a protective shell and no backbone.
                E.  Commodities                     3. To serve various functions.
                F.  Economic Dependence             4. To rely on something or someplace for goods, services and
                G.  Endangered                         jobs.
                H.  Endemic                         6. Types of fish that return from open saltwater into freshwater
                1.  Estuary                            to spawn.
                J.  Exploit                         6. Any species of fishcand wildlife found in Florida and pro-
                K   Habitat                            tected by law that is in danger of extinction due to loss of
                L.  Hatchlings                         habitat, over-exploitation by humans, disease, predation._,or.,
                M.  Marine                             other natural or human-made conditions        Iaffecting its sur-
                N.  Migratory Waterfowl                vival.
                0.  Multi-Use'                      7. A hard protective case or shell covering the back or part of
                P.  Predation                          the back of an animal.
                Q.  Private Interests               8. A stream, creek or river which feeds into a larger river.
                R   Resource                        9. To produce or -deposit eggs or sperm.
                S.  Shellfish                       10. A place where a plant or animal lives that provides food,
                                                       water, shelter and space..
                T.  Spawn                                                                                        '4 @   -
                U.  Species of Special Concern      11. Process in which one organism (prey) is eaten by another
                V.  Thermoelectric Power               (predator).
                W.  Threatened                      12. Recently hatched animals.
                X   Tributary                       13. Restricted or native to a particular -area or region.
                Y.  Uplands                         14. Processed, salted eggs of large fish.
                                                    15. Higher grounds along rivers, usually out of the floodplain.
                                                    16. Products of activities such as agriculture or mining.
                                                    17. Any species in Florida and protected by law that-does not.fit
                MAGIC NUMBER                           into the endangered or threatened categories but deserves
                                                       special attention due to current natural-or human-made
                                                       pressures.
                                                    18. Belonging to or concerning individual persons",     companies
                  A     B      C     D     E_          and businesses.
                                                    19. Of or relating to the ocean.
                                                    20. An area where fresh water from rivers, streams and other
                  F     G                  J           sources meets saltwater from the sea.
                                                    2 1. Swimming game birds which fly from one region to another
                                                       over great. distances.
                  K     L'     M. N        0        22. Make use of some'fh"ing. Also to overuse or abuse.
                                                    23. Feelers around the mouth used in locating food by touch.
                  p     Q      R@                      and smell.
                                     S' T           24. The conversion of heat into electricity.
                                                    25. A supply of something which takes care of a need.




                                                                   29








                         VOCABULARY FOR LESSON 11


        Anadromous: Types of fish that return from open salt water  into fresh water to
        spawn.

        Barbels: Feelers around the mouth used in locating food by touch and smell.

        Carapace: A hard protective case or shell covering the back or part of the back on
        animals such as shrimp, crabs and turtles.

        Caviar: Processed, salted eggs of certain fish such as sturgeon.

        Commodities: Products of activities such as agriculture or mining.

        Endangered: Any species of animal or -plant. found in Florida and protected by law
        that is in danger of extinction due to loss of habitat, over-exploitation by humans,
        disease, predation or other natural or human-caused conditions affecting its sur-
        vival.


        Endemic: Restricted and native to a particular area or region.

        Floodplain: The area adjacent to a river or marsh that periodically is flooded by,
        seasonally high water.

        Hatchlings: Recently hatched animals.

        Hydroelectric Power: Using water power to turn turbines that generate electricity.

        Marine: Of or relating to the ocean or Gulf.

        Migratory Waterfowl: Swimming game birds which fly from one region to another
        over great distances.

        Multi-Use: To serve various functions.


        Navigation: Use of a waterway for transporting various commodities or people.

        Predation: Process in which one organism (prey) is eaten by another (predator).,

        Private Interests: Belonging to or concerning individual persons, companies and
        businesses.


        Shelffish: An animal having a protective shell and no backbone.

        Spawn: To produce or deposit eggs or sperm.
                                                30







             Species of Special Concern: Any species in Florida protected bylaw that does not
             fit into the endangered or threatened categories, but deserves special attention due
             to current natural or human-caused pressures.

             Thermoelectric Power: The conversion of heat into electricity.

             Threatened: Any species that is likely to become endangered in Florida within the
             near future if current natural or human-caused conditions affecting its survival
             continue (protected by law).

             Tributary: A stream, creek or river which feeds into a large river,

             Uplands: Higher grounds along nivers, usually out of the floodplain.

































                                                                     7MI,







                                            Long-spined Urchin




                                                     31







                           REVIEW QUIZ FOR LESSON H
                                OF PROJECT ESTUARY


         L     Choose the word that best completes each sentence. Put the letter of
               your choice on the line before the statement

         1. - All of the following are industries in Florida that use the land resources of
               the Apalachicola River and Bay System EXCEPT: (A) forestry, (B) thermo-
               electric power, (C) agriculture, (D) recreation.

         2. - Which of the following are industries in Florida that use the water resources
               of the Apalachicola River and Bay System? (A) commercial fishing, (B) recre-
               ation, (C) navigation, (D) hydroelectric power, (E) all of the above.

         3. - The Apalachicola Estuary's resources provide people with many recreational
               opportunities such as hunting, fishing, swimming, and boating, Which of
               the following local businesses benefit from recreational activities? (A) hotels/
               motels, (B)"restaurants, (C) -gas stations, (D) all of the above.

         4.    The largest amount of land in the Apalachicola drainage basin is used by (A)
               forestry, (B) agriculture, (C) recreation, (D) military and private ownership.

         5.    Commercial'fisheries in the Apalachicola Estuary employ people in which of
               these counties? (A) Franklin, (B) Gulf, (C) Wakulla, (D) all of the above.

         H.    Read the sentences below, , Print a T before each true statement and an F
               before each false statement.

         6.    The commercial fishing industry in the Apalachicola Bay generates both
               local and national dollars.


         7.    Wildlife depends on. the Apalachic 'ola' River and Bay Estuarine System for
               food, shelter, water, breeding grounds and nursery area.

         8.    There are no animals or plants that are endemic to (only found in) the
               Apalachicola system.

         9.    Migratory waterfowl such as, the blue-winged teal and the wood duck depend
               on the Apalachicola Bay area and its surrounding barrier islands as their
               feeding and wintering grounds.

         10. -The Apalachicola System is home to a number of protected animals whose
               survival is threatened with over-exploitation by humans, predation, disease,
               loss of habitat, or other natural or human-caused conditions.
                                                   32





























































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                        A TEACHER'S GUIDE TO LESSONJII




                                            OBJECTIVES


            1.    Students learn that humans impact the Apalachicola System in many ways.

            2.    Students will learn how pollution affects the Apalachicola System.

                  Students will understand many multi-use demands on the Apalachicola
                  System.


            TIME:       Appro3dmately one 50-minute class period.
           LPROCEDURE:

            1.    Review the vocabulary list for this lesson before proceeding with other steps.

            2.    Use the Lesson III Script to take the students through a brief review of things
                  learned in Lesson II.


            3.    Then pass out the Lesson III Student Activity Pages and work with the stu-
                  dents to create a list of HUMAN USES of the Apalachicola System on the
                  chalk board (note: script includes guidance on the 8 main uses of the
                  system).

            4.    Next, divide the students -into 8 groups -and assign each group one of the 8
                  uses. Have them list, in their, small groups, any IMPACTS or problems they
                  can think of that may result,from their assigned use (note: script includes
                  guidance on the impacts of,the 8 uses)..

            5.    Now have each group sharethe impacts or problems they have listed and
                  write them on the chalk board (note: Use the guide questions provided in the
                  script to draw out as many impacts as possible).

            6.    As a class, have students list WAYS TO PREVENT OR LESSEN HUMAN
                  IMPACTS on the system (note: use the' script for guidance on this). Put the
                  list on the chalk board and have, students fill in their worksheets as you
                  write the items down.


            7.    Complete Review Quiz for Lesson III.


                                                    33








        8.     Discuss answers or post answer keys to 'student activities and Review Quiz
               for Lesson III.





















































                                              Great"Egret

                                                 34








                                         ANSWER KEYS TO LESSON III


                  Humans and the Apalachicola Estuarine System Chart: Below is an
                  example of answers which might be generated as a result of class participation using this chart.
                  Answers will vary -from county to county and class to class.

                  HUMANUSES                        RESULTANT IMPACTS                 WAYS TO PREVENT OR LESSEN
                                                                                     *HUMAN IMPACTS


                  Farmland                         Storinwater runoff                Control stormwater runoff
                  Irrigation                       Lower water quality               Limit fertilizer and pesticide use
                                                   Pesticides                        Limit land clearance
                                                   Land clearing
                                                   Eutrophication

                  Timberland                       Land clearing/draining            Limit land disturbance near water
                  Wood                             Erosion                           Dispose of chemicals properly
                  processing                       Chemical spills
                  water


                  Seafood                          Over harvest                      Observe fishing laws
                                                   Waste dumping                     Dispose of wastes properly

                  Hunting                          Over harvest                      Observe fishing/hunting laws
                  Fishing                          Litter                            Dispose of wastes properly
                                                   Oil/chemical spills

                  Land                             Dredging and filling              Protect and preserve wetlands
                  development                      Stormwater runoff                 Proper sewage treatment
                  Sewage                           Eutrophication                    Direct runoff into natural holding areas
                  treatment


                  Water to                         Human-made structures             Limit human-made structure use
                  create                           (dams, locks) block fish
                  electricity                      mignation

                  Water to                         Warmed water kills                Cool and treat water before releasing
                  Cool                             aquatic life
                  generators

                  Water for                        Dredging                          Limit dredging
                  barge                            Human-made structures             Limit human-made structure use
                  traffic




                                                             WORD SCRAMBLE-


                  1.       dredging                2.       heavy metals             3.      sewage
                  4*       erosion                 5.       antifreeze               6.-     pesticide
                  7.       pollution               8.       battery acid             9.      detergent
                  10       petroleum products      11.      chemicals                12.     plastic
                  13.      biodegradable           14.      fertilizer               15.     development
                                                                         35








                 WW QUIZ

          1. Answers will vary. Students may choose any 3 of the following or a use that falls within these
          categories: forestry, agriculture, recreation, urban use, commercial fishing, hydroelectric power,
          thermoelectric power, waterborne navigation.

          2. Answers will vary. oils, petroleum products, detergents, household cleaners, fertilizers, pesti-
          cides, sewage, animal waste, industrial wastes, etc.

          3 Answers will vary. dredging, filling, land development, land clearing and draining, dams, locks,
          other human-made structures, etc.


          IL      4. D, 5. B


          111.    6. T, 7. T, 8. T, T, 10. F



















                                                          L


















                                                  Southem Stingray



                                                             36







                                    LESSON HI. SCIEU]"


            introduction:


                  Before-we begin Lesson III, let's quickly review some information about estu-
            aries.
                  Question:  What is an estuary?
                  Answer:    An estuary is a place where fresh water and salt water meet and
                             mix.


                  Question:  Why are estuaries important?
                  Answer:    Estuaries provide food and shelter for organisms, protection
                             from flooding and erosion, a filtration system to cleanse the
                             water, nurseries for young animals, beauty, goods, services and
                             jobs for humans.

                  Question:  The source of Apalachicola Bay's fresh water is the Apalachicola
                             River and its tributaries. What are the two largest tributaries of
                             the Apalachicola River?
                  Answer:    The two largest tributaries are the Flint River and The
                             Chattahoochee River.


                  Question:  The Apalachicola River and Bay and its tributaries flow through
                             what three states?
                  Answer:    Alabama,Georgia and Florida.


            In Le sson II we talked about some of the ways humans use the Apalachicola River
            and Bay Estuarine System. We discovered that the Apalachicola System has many
            uses and is therefore called a multi-use syste m-.

            In this lesson, we will review human uses of the Apalachicola Estuarine System in
            Alabama, Georgia, and Florida and. we will discuss the impacts or effects these
            uses have on our estuary. Let's first talk about ways we use the Apalachicola
            System.

                  Teacher's Note: Pass out the Lesson III activity,pages to students and
                                   have them look at the HUMANS AND THE
                                   APALACHICOLA ESTUARINE SYSTEM chart.


            Together and in groups we are going to complete this chart. Using a pen or pencil,
            let's first list human uses of the Apalachicola Estuarine System.




                                                  37








              Teacher's Note:    Have students raise their hands to call out h
                                 uses. List the uses on the chalk board as the students
                                 say them. Have students list the uses on their activity
                                 page chart. Complete this portion of the lesson in 10
                                 minutes. Guide students so that the list looks as
                                 follows (in no specific order):

        HUALAKUSES OF. THE, APAIACHIC-OIA-EST-UARINE- -SYSTEM


        Agriculture: farm land, irrigation water

        Forestry: timberland, wood processing water

        Commercial Fishing: seafood

        Recreation: hunting, camping, hiking, boating, fishing

        Urban Use: land development, sewage treatment, municipal drinking water, in-
        dustrial plant power

        Hydroelectric Power: moving water to create electricity

        Thermoelectric Power: water to cool generators

        Waterborne Navigation: water for barge traffic

        As you can see, Florida, Alabama and Georgia use the Apalachicola system for
        many reasons. These uses together or separately can cause changes in the estua-
        rine system. These changes or impacts on the environment can be grouped into
        two categories: physical assault and pollution. Our river and bay area is beautiful
        and more people are discovering it every day. As people develop the land around
        our estuary, they are physically changing and altering it. Our rivers and tides
        carry detritus and other nutrients important for estuarine critters. Unfortunately,
        these rivers and tides can also carry pollutants that humans have discarded. The
        results of misused and mismanaged land many miles away from the estuary can
        find their way to the bay by way of the Apalachicola River and its tributaries.
        Stormwater running off of the land around the Apalachicola River and Bay System
        can carry pollutants such as oils from cars, fertilizers, pesticides, sewage, animal
        wastes and industrial wastes. Presently, human activities in the Apalachicola
        Estuarine System are causing very few problems but as development of this system
        occurs, more and'more problems will result. If we change even one thing in the
        Apalachicola Estuary many other things are going to be affected both positively
        and negatively.

              Teacher's Note: The following pages titled IMPACTS AS A RESULT OF
                                 HUMAN USES, GUIDE QUESTIONS and WAYS TO PRE-
                                 VENT OR LESSEN HUMAN IMPACTS are included as

                                                 38







                                       information for the teacher to help stimulate student
                                       responses.

                                       Divide students into 8 groups.. Assign each group a
                                       listed use. Instruct them that they will have 10 min-
                                       utes to come up with impacts or problems that could
                                       result from their assigned use. Emphasize to students
                                       to focus on types of physical assault or pollution their
                                       use could cause. Hand out a sheet of blank.p aper to
                                       each group and instruct students to jot down     the im-
                                       pacts or problems they think of.

                                       When time is up ask a representative from each use
                                       group to express the group's findings. Write down. the
                                       class results on the chalk board. Try to complete this
                     True Tulip        portion of the lesson in 10 minutes. Have students #11
                                       in their activity page chart with the impacts as you
                                       write them on, the chalk board.


              IMPAGTS-AS-A-RES-ULT-OT-HUMAINLUSES


              Agriculture: Stormwater runoff (containing pollutants like fertilizers, pesticides,
              animal waste, and road oils) can cause eutrophication, and lower water quality,
              thereby killing plants and animals. Land clearing destroys habitats. Over-use of
              the water could lower the water table to a point at which too much salt water could
              enter and contaminate fresh water.


              Forestry: Clearing and draining land removes plants which filter pollution, pre-
              vent erosion and provide habitats. Chemicals from wood processing plants can
              pollute water if improperly disposed of.

              Commercial Fishing: Over-harvesting could occur. Pollution could occur due to
              boats and seafood houses dumping seafood by-products, oils, gas and other waste
              materials.


              Recreation: Over-harvesting could occur. Oil and other chemicals from boats,
              cars, etc, can pollute water. Litter people leave behind can pollute the land and
              water and harm wildlife.


              Urban Use: Dredging and filling in wetland areas to develop marinas, businesses,
              homes, etc., destroys natural habitats, takes out natural plant filters and clouds
              water, preventing sunlight from reaching marine life. Improperly treated human
              and household wastes (sewage) can enter the estuarine system through ground
              water and stormwater runoff and pollute our drinking water, cause eutrophication,
              and lower oxygen in the water available for fish and other wildlife. Many products
              used to care for cars and homes -are not biodegradable and can also pollute the
              water.

                                                       39








        Too much use of water for drinking, household purposes, etc., could lower water
        tables and lead to salt water contamination. Construction and development efforts
                                   Illing which destroys natural habitats and the natural
        can lead to dredging and f
        ability of plants to filter pollution and could cause erosion. Industrial wastes, if
        dumped into the estuary, could pollute the system.

        Hydroelectric.Power: Construction of dams, locks and other human-made struc-
        tures to create reservoirs of water for uses above the structure, such as the genera-
        tion of electricity, change the natural flow of the river. Eventually, these changes
        can create problems for the estuary below the structure. As fresh water flow is
        taken away from the estuary, higher salinities, fewer nutrients and smaller sized
        sediments occur, causing changes in estuarine conditions. The human-made
        structures also block aquatic life such as the sturgeon, from reaching their breed-
        ing habitats.

        Thermoelectric Power: Warm water discharge could raise river water tempera-
        tures to levels that would kill aquatic life. However, during cold winters, the dis-
        charge can be a refuge for aquatic life. If the plant shuts down during the winter,
        the rapid drop in temperature can kill many aquatic organisms.

        Waterborne Navigation: Dredging the river to keep the waterway open to traffic
        can cloud the water, suffocate aquatic life and destroy natural habitats. Oils and
        other chemicals from barges and other traffic can cause pollution. Dams and
        other human-made structures designed to assist river traffic change the natural
        flow and cause loss of habitats.



        GUME-qUES-MONS

        Agriculture:
        1. What must farmers do to begin a new crop field?
        2. How could clearing the land affect natural habitats?
        3. Do farmers use any substances which could have an impact on the estuarine
        system? If so, how could these substances reach the estuary and what problems
        could they cause?

        Forestry:
        1. What changes occur as trees are harvested from the land around the river ba-
        sin?
        2. What natural functions did the plants in the harvested areas have?
        3. Do paper mills and pulp mills use any substances or do any activities which
        could have an impact on the Apalachicola Estuarine System? If so, how could
        these substances reach the estuary and what problems could they cause?

        Commercial Fishing:
        1. Do fishing vessels and seafood houses use any substances or do any activities
        which could have an impact on the estuary?

                                                  40









            Recreation:
            1. Do recreational users do activities or use substances which could have an im-
            pact on the Apalachicola River and Bay System?

            Urban Use:
            1. How could increased development affect the area around the Apalachicola River,
            and Bay System?
            2. What development activities are involved? How do they change the natural
            surroundings.
            3. What, if any, effects could sewage disposal have on the estuary?
            4. What other pollutants, if any, from the urban lands could cause problems?
            How do these pollutants reach the estuary?
            5. How could the municipal drinking water supply from the Apalachicola System
            become polluted?
            6. What, if any, substances or activities do industries use or carry -out that could
            have an effect on the estuary9

            Hydroelectric Power:
            1. What type of human-made structures are necessary to focus this moving water
            and create electricity?
            2. What effect could these structures have on the natural flow of the river system
            and the aquatic life in the river and estuary area below.?

            Thermoelectric Power:
            1. Water from the Apalachicola River System is used to cool thermoelectric genera-
            tors which create another power source. Could the warmed water discharged from
            these power plants cause any changes in the river system? If so, what changes
            might occur?

            Waterborne Navigation:
            1. How is the river and bay system maintained to keep it open to water traffic?
            2. How could this activity affect the aquatic life and habitats in the system?
            3. What substances or activities do barges and other water traffic use or carry out
            that could affect the Apalachicola River and Bay Estuarine System?



                 Teacher's Note:   Once human impacts have been discussed, instruct
                                   students to think of ways to prevent or lessen the
                                   impacts on the Apalachicola Estuary. As students raise
                                   their hands and respond, write down their solutions on
                                   the chalk board and instruct them to ful in their activ-
                                   ity page chart as you go along. This portion of the
                                   lesson should be completed in 5-10 minutes.




                                                  41










        WAYS-TO-PREVEN-T -OR--LESSON-HUMAN- IMPACTS


        Agriculture: Control stormwater runoff by leaving a natural vegetation area be-
        tween crop fields and bodies of water. Build areas designed to hold and filter
        runoff. Limit use of fertilizers and pesticides. Keep grazing animals away from
        water bodies.


        Forestry: Keep roads, logging operations and any other disturbances to sedi-
        ments away from water bodies. Build areas designed to hold and filter runoff.

        Commercial Fishing: Recycle and properly dispose of waste materials. Observe
        fishing regulations. Don't discard litter in water. Do not use gear in sensitive
        areas.


        Recreation: Observe boating, fishing and hunting regulations. Properly dispose
        of oils, other chemicals and trash. Work with coastal cleanup groups.

        Urban Use: Protect and preserve wetlands from damage. Use and maintain
        proper private and public sewage and waste water treatment systems. Create
        holding areas in lawns to filter stormwater runoff. Landscape areas around build-
        ings and homes to absorb runoff and prevent erosion. Utilize native vegetation
        that doesn't require extra watering. Direct rainwater from pavements onto grassy
        areas or use porous materials to allow rain to slowly filter through the ground.
        Use less toxic and biodegradable household products. Dispose of household and
        car chemicals properly. Conserve water use. Limit construction and development.
        Properly dispose of industrial waste. Properly observe building codes.

        Hydroelectric Power: Lin-lit human-made structures along estuarine systems.

        Thermoelectric Power: Cool and treat warmed water before returning it to the
        natural system.

        Waterborne Navigation: Limit human-made structures and dredging operations
        in the estuarine system. Properly dispose of oils and other chemicals.

        Conclusion:


        Quickly let's review the two major impacts human involvement has on estuaries.
        These impacts are physical assault and pollution. Name a few types of physical
        assault (dredging and filling, over harvesting, clearing and draining, human-made
        structures such as dams and locks, etc.). 'Name a few sources of pollution (litter,
        oils, other petroleum products, pesticides, sewage, fertilizers, animal waste, indus-
        trial chemicals, household cleaners, heavy metals, etc.).

        Humans will always be involved with the Apalachicola Estuarine System. We need
        to be aware of the impacts or changes our growing uses have on our estuary so
        that we can conserve and protect the Apalachicola System and its treasured natu-
        ral resources.                         42








                                   FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES


              1.    Find out if there are any proposals for new developments in your area, such
                    as dams, shopping centers, golf courses, marinas, etc. If so, consider how
                    these developments will affect the wildlife and other natural resources of
                    these developments.

              2.    Have students search school grounds for evidence of physical assault and
                    pollution. Trace the course of S'tormwater runoff from the school to the
                    Apalachicola River and Bay. Discuss ways to prevent or lessen these im-
                    pacts on the school grounds and in the Apalachicola Estuarine System.

              3.    Divide students into groups. Each group is to select a different pollution
                    source, design and demonstrate an experiment to show how the estuary
                    could become polluted as a result. ,

              4.    Have students write and produce a newspaper that contains Apalachicola
                    River and Bay Estuarine information and issues.

              5.    Have students write Senators and Representatives about environmental
                    issues concerning the Apalachicola Estuary.

              6.    Have students conduct a stormwater drain stenciling project to discourage
                    improper use of drains for oil dumping, waste disposal, etc.

              7.    Get involved with a coastal cleanup effort in your area by contacting the
                    Reserve for information.



                                  MORE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS


                    Use these thought provoking questions to stimulate more discussion regard-
                    ing human impacts on the Apalachicola Estuarine System.

              1 .   What can you do at home and/or at school to help prevent or reduce pollu-
                    tion of the Apalachicola Estuary?

              2.    Research established zoning laws or land use regulations in your county.
                    List and discuss uses that would be compatible with these laws and regula-
                    tions.


              3.    Are there any laws in your area concerning pollution on the Apalachicola
                    I













































                    River and its tributaries or Apalachicola Bay.

                                                      43








       4.    The following are pollutants commonly found *in estuarine systems: petro-
             leum products, plastics, pesticides, fertilizers, sewage, chemicals, and heavy
             metals. Give two examples of ways each pollutant enters an estuarine. sys-
             tem. What actions can be taken to prevent these pollutants from entering
             our estuarine system?





          LIST OF HELPFUL RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS




       Burke, David, G., Meyers, Erik, Tiner, Jr., Ralph, and Groman, Hazel, Protecting
             Nontidal Wetlands. Chicago, American Planning Association, 1988.

       Cavanaugh, Peggy and Spontak, Margaret, Protecting Paradise-3-OD-Way-s-taTrot
             tect Florida's Environment, Fairfield, Florida, Phoenix Publishing, 1992.

       Center for Science in the Public Interest, 99 Ways to-a-Simple-Lifestyle, New York,
             Anchor Books, 1977.

       East Central Florida Regional Planning Council, The Waterfront Propierbj_Ownees
             Guide, Winter Park, Florida, 1979.

       Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Storinwater-Management-the
             Florida State of the Environmeit-Sierim


       Hammer, Marie S., Hazardous Household Substances.-Altematives-ThatAre-Rela--
             tiveIV Free of Toxic Effects, Gainesville, Florida Cooperative Extension Ser-
             vice, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1988.

       MacEachern, Diane, Save Our Planete 750 EverV-day WaVs 'ou Can Help Clean Up
             the Earth, New York, Dell Publishing, 1990.

       Sponenberg, Torsten D. I Kahn, Jacob H., and Sevebeck, Kathryn P., A
             Homeowner's      ide To Septic Systems, Blacksburg, Virginia, Virginia Poly-
             technic Institute and State University, Virginia Water Resources Research
             Center, 1985.

       Taggart, Judith and Bracht, Betty, Handle With Care* Your Guide To Pr -nting
             Water Pollutio , Washington, D.C., The Terrene Institute, 199 1.




                                              44







                      STUDENT PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
               COVERED IN LESSON III OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                             (For Grades 9-12)




             Biology 1: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 1.12, 11.03, 12.01, 12.02, 12.05

             Chemistry 1: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 15.01, 15.02

             Earth/Space Science: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 1.12, 11.01, 11.02, 13.03,
             16.03, 16.04, 18.03, 20.04, 20.07, 20.08, 20. 10


             Ecology: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 1.12, 2.01, 9.01, 9.03, 9.04, 10.01, 10.02,
             12.01, 12.03


             Environmental Science: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 1.12, 2.01, 2.03, 9.03,
             2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 3.01, 4.01, 6.01, 6.02, 6.03, 6.04, 7.02, 8. 0 1,
             8.02, 9.04, 10.05, 11.01, 11.02, 11-03


             General Science: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 21.01, 21.02, 21.06, 22.02

             Marine Biology: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 1.12, 3.02, 4.04, 9.01, 9.03, 9.04,
             9.05, 9.06, 9.07, 10.03, 11.02

             Fundamentals of Oceanography: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 1.12, 5.04, 5.05,
             6.04, 7.01, 7.03, 8.01, 8.02, 8.03, 8.04, 8.05, 8.06, 9.03

             Oceanography: 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.11, 1.12, 4.02, 5.05, 6.01, 6.02, 6.03,
             10.01, 10.04, 11.05


             Physics 1: 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 21.05









                                                                   -WOO.-





                                              Striped Burrfish

                                                     45








               CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKS COVERED IN
                     LESSON III OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                        (For Grades 6-8)





        M/J Earth/Space Science: 1., 2., 18.

        M/J General Science: 1., 2., 3., 4., 7.

        M/i Life Science: 1., 2., 11., 14.

        M/J Comprehensive Science 1: 1., 2., 8., 12., 16.

        M/J Comprehensive Science II, Basic: 1., 2., 6., 9., 17.

        M/J Comprehensive Science 11: 1., 2., 6., 9.

        M/J Comprehensive Science IH, Basic: 1., 2., 16.
























                                        Striped Burrfish



                                               46







                  LESSON III STUDENT ACTIVITY PA              ,GES







                             WARNING:
                N           FELLNG IN THIS
                            MARSH CAN BE
                          HAZARDOUS TO V=
                              HEALTH!
















          Directions: In the box provided below design a warning sign which
                      will express one or more effects of pollution or physical
                      assault on the Apalachicola River and Bay estuarine
                      system and you. Be prepared to explain your sign.


                                                                  --N



















                                          47









         HUMANS AND THE APALACHICOLA ESTUARINE SYSTEM


             Directions: Complete the chart below as instructed by your teacher.



       HUMAN USES          RESULTANT IMPACTS         WAYS TO PREVENT OR
                                                     LESSEN HUMAN IMPACTS






















































                                         48









                                            WORDSCRAMB


              Directions: Unscramble the words below. Each word can be found in the list at
                          the bottom of the page.

              1. ggnidedr

              2. ayevh tasmel

              3. gaewse

              4. orsonei


              5. fiezmteae


              6. tsiedeicp

              7. oluniplot

              8. ratybet icda

              9. gteentred

              10. meltuoper srutpcod

              11. ahiceschn


              12. litcaps

              13. oddabelbiaegr

              14. reelzifitr


              15. pemtevedlno




                                 Antifreeze          Battery acid        Biodegradable
                                 Chemicals           Detergent           Development
                                 Dredging            Erosion             Fertilizer
                                 Heavy metals        Pesticide           Petroleum products
                                 Plastic             Pollution           Sewage




                                                         49








                         VOCABULARY FOR LESSON III



        Aquatic: Growing or living in or around water.

        Biodegradable: Capable of being broken down by natural processes such as rot-
        ting.

        Contaminate: To make impure or unhealthy.

        Dredging: The act of digging and removing material from a waterway.

        Erosion: The act or process of removing or wearing away of soil by water, wind,
        ice, or other forces or methods.


        Eutrophication: The collection of nutrients in rivers and other water bodies,
        causing rapid algae growth, which uses up oxygen in the water.

        Ground Water: Water below the surface that supplies wells and springs and
        moves underground toward rivers, lakes and bays.

        Hydroelectric Power: The conversion of energy, created by moving water, into
        electricity.

        Impact: A noticeable effect that occurs in an ecosystem, such as an estuary, due
        to a change in the environment.

        Irrigation: The practice of artificially supplying land or crops with water.

        Municipal: Of or relating to a city or town.

        Pesticides: Chemicals used to kill plants or animals.

        Physical Assault: Development or material alterations made in the environment.

        Pollution: Anything added to the natural system whether physical, biological, or
        chemical which changes the conditions of that system. Pollutants: Something
        which can alter the natural system.

        Reservoirs: Human-.made lakes where water is collected and stored in large quan-
        tities for use.


        Toxic: Poisonous or han-nful.


        Waterborne: Supported or carried by water.


                                                50









            Water Quality: The basic nature or characteristics of water that make it good or
            bad; used in reference to water purity.

            Wetland: A land area which is covered or soaked by water for some portion of the
            year.





























                                                        e




















                                              Lined Seahorse






                                                     51







                           REVIEW QUIZ FOR LESSON III
                                 OF PROJECT ESTUARY



         I.    Write a short answer for each of the following questions.

         1.    List three uses of the Apalachicola Estuarine System's resources.

         2.    Name one source of pollution which can affect the Apalachicola River and
               Bay Estuarine System.

         3.    Name an activity which can physically assault the Apalachicola River and
               Bay Estuarine System.

         H.    Choose the word or words that best completes each sentence. Put the
               letter of your choice on the line before the statement.

         4. - Stormwater runoff from farms, towns and cities contains pollutants which
               can (A) harm wildlife, (B) destroy habitats, (C) lower water quality, (D) all of
               the above.


         5. -Increased construction and development pressures within the Apalachicola
               System can lead to all of the following EXCEPT: (A) destruction of habitats,
               (B) increases in wildlife populations, (C) erosion, (D) changes in estuarine
               conditions.                   i


         M. Read the sentences below. Print a T before each true statement and an F
               before each false statement., ,


         6.-The two major destructive impacts humans have on estuaries are physical
               assault and pollution.

         7. _Dams, locks, and other human-made structures cause changes in salinity,
               nutrients and sediment size in Apalachicola Bay by altering the natural
               fresh water flow coming from the Apalachicola River.

         8. -Presently our activities in the Apalachicola Estuarine System are causing
               very few problems but as further development of this system occurs, more
               problems will result.

         9. - The results of misused and mismanaged land many miles away can make
               their way to our estuary by way of the Apalachicola River and its tributaries.

         10- As resource users, we are not responsible for the future of the Apalachicola
               Estuary.
                                                    52


















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                         A TEACHER'S GUIDE TO LESSON IV




                                               OBJECTIVES


             1.    Students will learn about the role of plankton, benthic organisms and fish
                   in estuarine food webs.

             2.    Students will develop listening skills while learning about estuarine organ-
                   isms.


             3.    Students will learn some basic types of plankton, benthic organisms and
                   fish in an estuarine system.

             4.    Students will identify basic fish body parts.

             5.    Students will gain knowledge about commercially and recreationally impor-
                   tant fish species, including human uses, habitat requirements, basic de-
                   scriptions, and average size and weight.


             Time:       Approx  imately -two 50-minute class periods.


             Procedures:        It is suggested that, the plankton and benthic organisms be
                                covered in one session and fish during another session.



             1.    Review the vocabulary list for this lesson before proceeding with other steps.

             2.    Use the Lesson IV Script to introduce the activity and take the students
                   through the plankton and benthic organism narrative.

             3.    Pass out the student activity page with the listening skills test on it and
                   have the students answer the questions.

             4.    Go over the answers and have the students grade themselves for fun.

             5.    Have the students complete the plankton matching activity by following
                   instructions given on the activit@sheet.

             6.    Introduce the fish portion of this lesson With the narrative provided and pass
                   out the "Parts of a Fish" student activity page. Help students fill in the
                                                       53








               blanks from the provided list of fish parts.

         7.    Next, pass out the "Guess What Fish I Am" activity page and have the stu-
               dents guess which kinds of fish you are describing with the clues.

         8.    Finally, allow the students time to review the information provided on the
               "Commercially and Recreationally Important Species" pages and have them
               answer the fill-in-the-blank questions.

         9.    Complete the Review Quiz for Lesson IV.

         10.   Discuss answers or post answer keys to student activities and review quiz for
               Lesson IV.







































                                             Shorebirds



                                                 54





                           F             ANSWER KEYS TO'LESSON IV

                  Listening Skills Test
                  1. wander                         6.  neuston               11. diatoms
                  2.  plants                        7.  oxygen                12. zoea
                  3.  zoopiankton                   8.  benthos               13. nannoplankton
                  4.  holoplanktonic                9.  epifauna              14. macroplankton
                  5.  meroplanktonic               10.  infauna               15. oxygen


                  Fish Parts I.D.                                    Guess What Fish I Am


                  1. eye                    6. anal fin              1. tarpon                 6. vermillion snapper
                  2. lateralline            7. scales                2. gag grouper            7. sheepshead
                  3. spiny dorsal fin       8. pelvic fin-           3. bluefish               8. spotted sea trout
                  4. soft dorsal fin        9. pectoral fin          4. ling (cobia)           9. black drum
                  5. caudal fin                                      5. pompano                10. Spanish mackerel



                  Commercially and. Recreationally Important Species


                  1. 2-3; 2. 7-13; 3. rocks; 4. ling; 5. smallest, 6. 130; 7. molluscs; 8. oyster bars; 9. 20; 10. 2



                  Review Quiz

                  1.      1. zooplankton, phytoplankton; 2. meroplankton; 3. benthic, sea star-, 4. lateral line;
                          5. tarpon, swim bladder

                  H.      6. T; 7. T; 8. F; 9. F; 10. T



                  Plankton Roundup Activity

                  1 . crab zoea             6. blue-green algae
                  2.  copepod               7. polychaete worm
                  3.  sea star              8. fish egg
                  4.  oyster Larva          9. by-the-wind sailor
                  5.  diatom                10. dinofiagellate






                                                                                                Sea Anemone


                                                                          55








                                LESSON IV SCRIPT



        Introduction:


              Thus far we have been learning about what an estuary is and how human's
        depend on estuarine systems. We have also studied human impacts on the,estua-
        rine system through pollution and multi-use demands. This lesson of Project
        Estuary will focus on the organisms that inhabit an estuarine system. In particu-
        lar the plankton, the bottom dwellers, and the fish. First, we will be concentrating
        on the plankton and bottom dwellers and then later on the fish.

        PIJLDUiTON-AN"ENTIU@C-ORGANISMS-ULTEM-EST-UARY


              The first part of this activity is a listening and note-taking skills activity to
        let you test yourself on how well you listen and take notes for a portion of text that
        I will read to you. After the reading you will have a chance to answer some ques-
        tions about estuarine organisms.

              Teacher's Note:  Read the narrative about plankton and benthic organ-
                               isms then pass out the listening skills portion of the
                               student activity pages. This portion of the activity
                               should take approximately 20 minutes. Following this,
                               run through the answers to the questions and have the
                               students grade themselves on the following scale (90 %
                               or better: you have the ears of a batl you listen ex-
                               tremely well) (70-90 %: have the ears of a cat, you hear
                               well but don't always respondl) (50-70 %: you may be
                               able to avoid a collision with a 747, if it's still at the
                               gate!) (below 50 %: don't apply for a position as a tele-
                               phone operatorl).


        Narrative for Ust-enin"kilI&Xest

              Plankt-on-and-Renthic-O-rganisms-ofthe-Es-tuary

              It is estimated that 98% of the ocean's living material is planktonic. Plank-
        ton are mostly microscopic marine organisms. The word "plankton" comes from
        the Greek root "planktos, " meaning "to wander." They are the ocean's free-floating
        organisms that are either plants or animals.
              The planktonic plants, or phytoplankton, live near the water's surface.
        There are two groups.that make up the bulk of the ocean's phytoplankton. They
        are diatoms and dinoflagellates. Diatoms, also known as the golden-brown algae,
        are housed in tiny, perforated glass shells of many beautiful and different shapes.

                                              56







             Dinoflagellates are double-flagellated organisms (flagella are small whip-like or-
             ganelles). Dinoflagellates are very abundant with as many as five million in one
             litre of sea water. The ocean's phytoplankton produce 80% of the earth's oxygen.
                   The planktonic animals are called zooplankton. The zooplankton are bro-
             ken into two different groups. The zooplankton that spend all of their life as part
             of the plankton are known as holoplankton. Copepods are holoplankton, they are
             the worlds most abundant animals with more individuals than any other order.
             Plankton that spend only part of their life as plankton (the larval stage) are called
             meroplankton. Larval stages of shrimp, crab, and. fish are an example of
             meroplankton. Some planktonic organisms never leave, the top, few inches of wa-
             ter. They are called neuston. The phytoplankton would fall in this group. Phy-
             toplankton- transform the sun"s energy and dissolved ocean nutrients into useable
             food, create a large portion of the earth's oxygen, and form the base of the oceans
             food webs.,
                   Marine life is divided into three groups based on where they live in the ma-
             rine environment. Organisms that live in or on the bottom, such as sea grasses or
             crabs, are called the benthos. Strong-swinuning animals that live in the open
             w.@ter,..such as squid and many adult fish, are called the nekton. The third group
             are the plankton, the drifters of the ocean.
                   Nearly 16% of all living marine animal species are benthic. Benthic animals
             that live on the ocean bottom on rocks, shells, seaweed, pilings, etc. are called the
             epifauna. Animals that live buried in the bottom, such as clams, tube worms,
             some types of shrimp, etc. are known as the infauna.
                   The larvae of berithic animals are an extremely important component of the
             meroplankton. It is estimated that 75% of the types of benthic invertebrates have
             a planktonic larval stage. One of these larval stages fora crab is known as a zoea.
             Each animal may produce millions of egg's per year, yet only one or two will sur-
             vive to adulthood. Most will be eaten before settling to the bottom.
                   Zooplankton can be further classified according to size. Nannoplankton are
             between 5/ 1 000ths and 60/ 1 000ths of a nim. and include protozoans, unicellular
             animals that feed on phytoplankton and eat other zooplankton. Microplankton
             are between 60 / 1 000ths and 1 mm in size and are made up primarily of eggs and
             larvae of invertebrates. Macroplankton include mainly the, large jelly fishes and
             their relatives such as the Portuguese man-o-war and th    e by-the.-wind sailor,
             which move at the mercy of the currents and winds.

                   Teacher's Note: After'the listening skills activity, allow the students to
                                       complete the plankton matching activity then go over
                                       answers with them.











                                                       57









        FISH-IN-THE-ESTVARINE -SYSTEM

               Thi,s portion of Lesson IV focuses on the roles that fish play in the estuarine
        system. The tremendous diversity in form and function of fish species inhabiting
        the estuary provides much more information than we can cover. in this one period,
                                                    z          -
        so we will be limiting the discussion to three main topics:

                    1. Basic Fish Anatomy
                   2. 71)rpes of Fishes in an Estuary
                   3. Important Commercial and Recreational Species
              Teacher's Note:  Pass out'the student activity page with the "Parts of a
                               Fish" and help the students fill in the blanks Erom the
                               given list of fish body parts. Do this part of the activ-
                               ity in about 10 minutes.

                               Next, review the "Guess WhatFish I Am" page by going
                               over the worksheet portion with this title. Have the
                               students try to guess the kinds of fish described in the
                               given clues and write their answers on their answer
                               sheet.


                               Finally, have the students read the information associ-
                               ated with the "Commercially and Recreationally impor-
                               tant Species" and answer the M-in-the-blank qu'es-
                               tions at the end of that section.







                                                                    - KeN :" 77
                                                                     lz









                                       Scamp Grouper

                                             58







                                  FOLLOW-UP ACTMTIES



             1.    Have students research the life history of particular fish species and create a
                   class library from their reports.

             2.    Go on a sampling field trip at the Reserve or other facility to discover the
                   rich diversity of marine life first-hand.

             3.    Have your class study fisheries research techniques such as age determina-
                   tion, creel surveys, population management techniques, etc.-


                                  MORE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS


                   Use these thought provoking questions to stimulate more.discussion regard-
                   ing plankton, benthic organisms and fish of the estuary.

             1.    If higher vertebrates wer6 removed from th e estuary it wouldaffect relatively
                   few total organisms. What if all plankton were removed? Make a list.

             2.    What causes bottom sediments to be different in different parts of the bay?
                   (clay, sand, etc.)

             3.    Research the effect of sedimentation on various benthic organisms.

             4.    Why are dinoflagellates considered to be phytoplankton?

             5.    How does a shark maintain bouyancy without a swim bladder?

             6.    What would a fish have to count on if it lost its -lateral line?

             7.    Which has more impact on fisheries resources, commercial or recreational
                   fishing? Be sure to consider many aspects such as pollution, depletion, etc.

             8.    How do size limits on a fisherman's catch help a fish population?
                                    OR
                    F@m










                                                      59








                  STUDENT PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
          ICOVERED IN LESSON rv OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                        (For Grades 9-12)





        Biology 1: 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.08, 2.04, 7.03, 11.01

        Fundamentals of Oceanography:       1. 11, 1. 12, 6.01, 6.04, 6.05, 6.07, 7.02

        Oceanography: 1. 11, 4.02,. @5.06, 10. 01




               CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKS COVERED IN
                     LESSON -IV OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                        (For Grades 6-8)


        MIJ Earth/Space Science: 1., 2., 16.

        M/J General Science: 1., 2., 4., 6.

        M/J Life Science: 1., 2., 6., 7.

        M/J Comprehensive Science 1: 1., 2., 5.

        M/J Comprehensive Science H, Basic: 1., 2., 3., 5., 6., 9.

        M/J Comprehensive Science H:.. 1., 2., 3., 5., 6., 9.

        M/J Comprehensive Science III, Basic: 1., 2.

        M/J Comprehensive Science IH: 1., 2.









                                               60







                      LESSON IV STUDENT ACTMTY PAGES



                      LISTENING AND NOTE-TAKING SKILLS TEST

            Directions: Following the reading, answer as many of these questions as possible
                        about plankton and benthic organisms.

            1 .   The Greek root "planktos" describes how microscopic plankto  n move.
                  Planktos means to


            2.    Phytoplankton live near the waters surface, they are tiny

            3.    The planktonic animals are called

            4.    The zooplankton that spend all of their life as plankton are called


            5.    The zooplankton that spend part of their life as plankton are called


            6.    The planktonic organisms that never leave the top few inches of water are
                  called


            7.    Phytoplankton performs three basic functions, it produces usable food,
                  forms the base of the oceans food web and creates a large portion of the
                  earth's


            8.    Marine life can be divided into three basic categories. Nekton, plankton.and



            9.    Animals that live on the ocean's bottom on hard surfaces are called


            10.   Animals that live buried in the ocean's bottom are known as

            11.   There are two main types of phytoplankton. They are dinoflagellates and the
                  golden-brown algae called

            12.   The larval stage for a crab is called a

            13.   Zooplankton have been classified into sizes. The smallest is called

            14.   The largest zooplankton class size is called

            15.   It is estimated that phytoplankton produce 80 percent of the earth's

                                                    61








                                PLANKTON ROUNDUP ACTMTY


          Directions:   ny to match the plankton pictures and brief descriptions with the list of possible
                        answers below.


          oyster        polychaete worm       diatom        copepod       blue-green algae
          fish egg      dinofiagellate        crab          sea star      by-the-wind sailor


          1.            1 shed my shell as I grow and I have two big claws as an adult.



          2.            1 am found in the holoplankton group and I am th e worlds most abundant plankton
                        animal.




          3.            1 generally have five radial arms and I am a benthic animal.



          4.            .1 grow into one of the main shellfish harvested from the benthic substrate of the bay.



          5.            1 am a phytoplankton that is also known as the golden-brown algae.



          6.            1 help produce 80 percent of the earth's oxygen. and am at the beginning of the ocean
                        foodweb.




          7.            1 am a zooplankton that is considered part of the infauna.



          8.            1 develop into a strong swimmer and am a part of the nekton environment.



          9.            1 become megaplankton in size and am at the mercy of the wind and waves.



          10            1 am a phytoplankton that has a flagella and am nanoplankton in size.








                                                         62








                                           FISH PARTS I.D.



            Directions: See if you can identify the numbered parts on this fish. Choose your
                         answers from the given list of parts below.


                caudal fin              lateral line             anal fin        ---Pectoral fin
            -_spiny dorsal fin       --Pelvic fin                scales             eye
                                        soft dorsal fin










                                                3


                                                                     4
                                     2                                                       5











                                ...........






                                  9                            7

                                                                          6
                                             .8


                                              Common Snook















                                                      63








                               GUESS WHAT FISH I AM




        Directions: Try to figure out which fish best matches the given set of clues. There
                   is only one best answer for each clue set. Choose your answers from
                   the list below.



        bluefish             sheepshead      gaggrouper           spotted sea trout
        black drum           tarpon          Spanish mackerel ling (cobla)
        vermillion snapper   pompano



        1 .  I am sought after by recreational fishermen. The last ray of my dorsal fm is
             extended into one long filament. I am silver in color.

        2.   1 am caught by long line conmiercial and recreational fishermen. I am a reef
             dwelling fish and I'm good to eat.

        3.   1 have very prominent sharp teeth and migrate in large schools. I'm an
             aggressive feeder.

        4.   People hold recreational fish catching contests for me in the Spring. My
             lowerjaw sticks out past my upperjaw and I can grow to over 100 pounds.

        5.   1 am commercially and recreationally caught, mostly in the surf. I am green-
             ish-gray on the top and have silver sides. I have a deep flattened body with a
             small mouth.


        6.   My entire body is reddish with diagonal blue lines. I am caught near reefs.

        7.   1 am found near seawalls. I am silver with 5 to 6 vertical black bands on my
             sides. A favorite bait for me is fiddler crabs.


        8.   1 have black spots on my back. I live mainly in the estuary and feed on
             shrimp and small fish in the grasses and around oyster bars.

        9.   1 am gray or black in color. I have 10 to 14 pairs of chin barbels and have
             cobblestone-like teeth that can crush oysters.

        10.  1 have golden-yellow spots along my sides. I'm green dorsally, shading to
             silver. I migrate in schools offshore, during spring and summer. I have oily
             meat.                                                                          0

                                              64







                       COMMERCIALLY AND RECREATIONALLY IMPORTANT
                                                                FISH SPECIES


                   Directions: Look over the i            nfonnation provided with each fish pictured below and
                                    answer the fill-in-the-blank questions at the end of this section.











                   LADYFISH                                                   GAG GROUPER
                   Description:     terminal mouth; slender body;             Description:     brownish gray in color with dark worm-
                                    small scales; head small and                               like markings on sides and oftencon-
                                    pointed.                                                   fused with black grouper.
                   Where found:     INSHORE fish, in mays and                 Where found:     adults OFFSHORE over rocks and reefs.
                                    estuaries; o 'ccasionally enter           Size:            common to 25 pounds.
                                    freshwater, often forms large             Remarks:         forms spawning aggregations in water
                                    schools and harasses bait at the                           no shallower than 120 feet; young gags
                                    surface.                                                   are predominantly female, transforming
                   Size:            2 to 3.pound,ï¿½.                                            into males as they grow larger; feeds on
                   Remarks:         adults feed predominantly on                               fish and squid.
                                    fish and crustaceans; leaps when
                                    hooked.








                                  Oft V'@






                   TARPON                                                     COBIA (LING)
                   Description:     last ray of dorsal fin extended           Description:     long, slim fish with broad depressed
                                    into long filament; back blue to                           head; dark lateral stripe extends
                                    green or greenish black, shading                           through eye to tail.
                                    into bright silver on the sides-,         Where found:     both INSHORE and NEARSHORE
                                    huge scales.                                               inhabiting inlets, bays, and among
                   Where found:     primarily INSHORE fish, a]                                 mangroves.
                                    though adult fish spawn OFF-              Size:            common to 30 pounds
                                    SHORE.                                    Remarks:         feeds on crabs, squid, and small fish.
                   Size:            most angler catches 40-50
                                    pounds.
                   Remarks:         can tolerate wide range of
                                    salinity; feeds mainly on fish
                                    and large crustaceans.




                                                                              65




















             CREVALLE JACK                                                   FLORIDA POMPANO
             Description:     color bluish-green to greenish-gold            Description:     greenish gray on back, shading to
                              back and silvery or yellowish belly;                            silvery sides: deep flattened body
                              prominent black spot on operculum                               with small mouth.
                              (gill cover).                                  Where found:     INSHORE and NEARSHORE
             Where found:     common in both INSHORE waters                                   waters, especially along sandy
                              and the open sea.                                               beaches, oyster bars, and over
             Size:            usually 3 to 5 pounds.                                          grass beds.
             Remarks:         tolerates a wide range of salinities;          Size:            usually less than 3 pounds.
                              feeds mainly on small fish.                    Remarks:         spawns OFFSHORE between
                                                                                              March and September; feeds on
                                                                                              mollusks and crustaceans,
                                                                                              especially sand fleas.















             LESSER AMBERJACK                                                SCHOOLMASTER
             Description:     olive green or brownish back and               Description:     color olive gray, on upper sides with
                              silver sides; dark band (variably                               yellow tinge; long triangular snout.
                              present) extends backward and                  Where found:     juveniles in grass flats; adults
                              upward from eye.                                                NEARSHORE.
             Where found:     NEARSHORE and OFFSHORE                         Size:            usually less than I pound.
                              (commonly 180-410 feet deep)                   Remarks:         feeds on crustaceans, small flshes,
             Size:            usually under 10 pounds.                                        and gastropods.
             Remarks:         smallest of the amberjacks.















                                                                       66




















                     VERMILLION SNAPPER                                                BLACK DRUM
                     Description:       color of entire body reddish, with a           Description:       high arched back; 10 to 14 pairs of
                                        series of short, irrecgular lines on its                          chin barbels; gray or black colored
                                        sides, diagonal blue lines formed by                              body in adults.
                                        spots on the scales above the lateral          Where found:       INSHORE fish. common to bays and
                                        line.                                                             lagoons.
                     Where found:       suspends at mid@depths over rocky              Size:              common to 30 pounds.
                                        reefs OFFSHORE.                                Remarks:           largest member of the drum family;
                     Size:              usually less than I pound.                                        feeds on oysters, mussels, crabs,
                     Remarks:           'feeds on small, swimming crustaceans                             shrimp, and occasionally fish.
                                        and mollusks.














                                                                                                                   M'S






                     SHEEPSHEAD                                                        RED DRUM (REDFISM
                     Description:       basic silvery color, with 5 or 6 distinct      Description:       chin without barbels; copper-bronze
                                        vertical black bands on sides, promi-                             body, one to many spots at base of
                                        nent teeth, including incisors, molars,                           tail (rarely no spots).'
                                        and rounded grinders.                          Where found:       juveniles are an INSHORE fish,
                     Where found:       INSHORE species around oyster bars,                               migrating out of the estuaries -at
                                        seawalls and in. tidal creeks.                                    about 30 inches (4 years).
                     Size:              INSHORE, 1 to 2 pounds; OFF-                   Size:              one of 27 inches weighs about 8
                                        SHOPE,, common to 8 pounds.                                       pounds.
                     Remarks:           feeds on mollusks and crustaceans              Remarks:           feeds on crustaceans, fish, and
                                        such as fiddler crabs and barnacles.                              mollusks.













                                                                                    67



















            SPOTTED SEATROUT                                               SPANISH MACKEREL
            Description:      dark gray or green above, with sky-          Description:      color of back green, shading to silver
                              blue tinges shading to silvery and                             on sides, golden yellow irregular
                              white below; numerous distinct round                           spots above and below lateral line.
                              black spots on back.                         Where found:      INSHORE, NEARSHORE, and
            Where found:      INSHORE and/or NEARSHORE over                                  OFFSHORE, especially over deep
                              grass, sand, and sandy mud bottoms.                            grass beds and reefs.
            Size:             common to 4 pounds on west coast,            Size:             average catch less than 2 pounds (20
                              larger on east coast.                                          inches).
            Remarks:          adults feed mainly on shrimp and             Remarks:          schooling fish that migrates north-
                              small fish.                                                    ward In spring: feeds on small fish
                                                                                             and squid.

















            STRIPED MULLET                                                 GULF FLOUNDER

            Description:      color bluish-gray or green above,            Description:      body color brown, its shade depend-
                              shading to silver on sides, with                               ing on color of bottom, with numer-
                              indistinct horizontal black barrings,                          ous spots and blotches; 3 prominent
                              white below.                                                   eye-like spots forming a triangle.
            Where found:      INSHORE                                      Where found:      INSHORE on sandy or mud bottoms.
            Size:             roe mullet common to 3 pounds, but           Size:             corrunon to 2 pounds.
                              in aquariums known to reach 12               Remarks:          hatches into usual fish form, but
                              pounds or more.                                                right eye migrates over to left side
            Remarks:          feeds on algae, detritus, and other                            early in life; feeds on crustaceans
                              tiny marine forms.                                             and small fishes.











                                                                        68









                                       FILL-IN-THE-BLANK




             1. The ladyfish normally ranges from        to - pounds in weight.

             2. Tarpon are slow growers and require        to       years to mature.

             3. Gag groupers need habitat of              and reefs offshore.

             4. Another name for the cobia is the


             5. The lesser ambeijack is the                of the ambeijacks.

             6. Pompano may be found in water as deep as          feet.

             7. The vern'lillion snapper feeds on small crustaceans and

             8. Sheepshead live around                  seawalls and tidal creeks.

             9. Red drum may live to be         years old or more.

             10. The Gulf flounder is usually about        pounds in weight.









                                     XL.i -












                                               .. ........










                                            Atlantic Spadefish



                                                    69









                         VOCABULARY FOR LESSON IV



        Analfin: Pertaining to the lower surface of a fish near the anal region.

        Benthic: Referring to the bottom of a water body.

        Benthos: The organisms living in or on the ocean bottom.

        Caudal: The tail or posterior end of an organism.

        Diatom: Any of a class of planktonic one-celled or colonial algae with skeletons of
        silica.


        Dinoftagellates: Any of an order of planktonic plant-like flagellates (possesing a
        whip-like flagella) of which some cause red tide.

        Dorsal: The upper surface of an animal. In chordates (animals possesing a spinal
        cord), the upper or back surface.

        Epifauna: Benthic animals that live on the bottom, either attached to the substrate
        or crawling on the bottom.

        Holoplankton: Planktonic organisms that spend their entire lives drifting in the
        water.


        Infauna: Benthic organisms that live within the sediments on the bottom.

        Lateral-line: A system of vibration detectors on most fishes. In most instances, the
        lateral-line is seen as a prominent mark along the sides of fishes.

        Macroplankton: The largest class of plankton including jellyfishes.

        Meroplankton: Planktonic organisms that spend only part of their lives as plankton.

        Nannoplankton: Plankton between 5/1000ths and 60/1000ths of ammin size.

        Nauplius: The first planktonic larval stage of barnacles and some other crustaceans,
        which developed from a fertilized egg.

        Nekton: Strong swinu-ning animals living in the open water.

        Neuston: Small organisms living on or near the water surface.

                                                 70








              Pectoral: Pertaining to the upper thoracic region, or breast (see fish diagram p. 64).

              Pelvic: Pertaining to the posterior girdle and paired appendages of vertebrates (see
              fish diagram p. 64).

              Phytoplankton: Plant plankton.

              Plankton: Organisms that drift in the ocean because they either do not swim or are
              too small to resist ocean currents ( also called ocean wanderers). Many commercially
              important species such as fish, crabs and oysters, spend part of their life as plankton.

              Swim Bladder: A gas-filled structure in bony'fishes that is used to regulate
              buoyancy.

              Zoea: An early form of some crustacean larvae such as crabs.

              Zooplankton: Planktonic animals.

























                                                 Juvenile Octopus







                                                         71







                        REVIEW QUIZ FOR LESSON IV
                             OF PROJECT ESTUARY


        I.   Fill in the blanks with the word or words that.best complete each sen-
             tence. Choose your answers from the word list below.


             meroplankton      sea star          tarpon            phytoplankton
             benthic           lateral line      zooplankton       swim bladder



        1    Planktonic animals are refered to as                        and plants as


        2.   Animals that eventually grow out of the planktonic stage are called


        3.   Organisms living on the bottom are called                   organisms and
             one such animal is the


        4.   Fish use their                     to sense movement in their environment.


        5.   The              has an elongated dorsal fin ray and uses its
             to maintain bouyancy in the water.



        H.   Read the sentences below. Put a T before each true statement and an F
             before each false statement.


        6.   Plankton make up the majority of organisms in the ocean.

        7.   Dinoflagellates are part of the phytoplankton (plant plankton).

        8.   Diatoms eat large quantities of fish in their diet.

        9.   The tail on a fish is called the pelvic fin.

        10._Copepods are the worlds most abundant animal.






                                              72














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                                                                             is nc









                        A TEACHER'S GUIDE TO LESSON V




                                            OBJECTIVES


            1.    Students will learn many issues involved in making wise coastal manage-
                  ment decisions.


            2.    Students will discover different perspectives in how coastal management
                  decisions are made.



            TIME:       Approximately one 50-nuiinute class period


            PROCEDURE:


            1 .   Begin by reviewing the vocabulary list for this lesson before proceeding with
                  other steps.

            2.    Pass out role description sheets (p. 82). Assign roles to students so there are
                  approximately the same number of students per role.

            3.    Pass out the BACKGROUND INFORMATION (p. 75) and PALM ISLAND MAP
                  (p. 77) sheets to each student. Read preparatory information (TEACHER'S
                  SCRIPT AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION) to students. Make sure each
                  student understands what they are being asked to do.

            4.    Pass out the Student Activity Pages (pp. 82-84) and instruct students to
                  begin thinking about their roles and the coastal management decision they
                  must make. Have them use the appropriate worksheet to tally up positive
                  and negative reasons for their group's perspective.

            5.    Allow 10 minutes for each group to reach a consensus about their decision
                  on whether or not they support the bridge project.

            6.    Allow 2.5 minutes for each group to present their view, as well as time for
                  each Commissioner to state why they support or do not support the bridge
                  project. Have a vote of the Commission and discuss the results.

            7.    Complete Review Quiz for Lesson V.

            8.    Discuss answers or post answer keys to student activities and review quiz for
                  Lesson V.



                                                   73









                               ANSWER KEYS TO LESSON V



                                                       STAW

















                                                      IV=
                                                                            U









          REVIEW QUIZ

          (Answers will vary, see samples below)

          1.     Coastal management is the process by which humans try to achieve a careful balance
                 between the use and preservation of our coastal resources.

          2.     No, coastal management decisions are difficult to make because there are. so many issues
                 and interests involved in this process.

          3.     See last activity in FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES section for example issues.

          4.     We should all be concerned about our coastal resources because our actions have a direct
                 effect on them.


          5.     We, as individuals, are all responsible for protecting our co astal resources.
                                                    1PI




                                                          74








                                   LESSON V SCRIPT AND
                              BACKGROUND INFORMATION




             TEACHER'S SCRIPT


             In lesson V of Project Estuary you will be playing a coastal decision game. You
             have been assigned one of the following roles: county commission member, devel-
             oper, business owner, local environmentalist, Department of Ecology representa-
             tive, seafood worker or Department of Roads and Bridges representative.

             You are all residents of Pelican County. I am going to read to you some very im-
             portant background information concerning the hypothetical situation in question
             and then I will explain to you the coastal management decision you are being
             asked to make. As you listen, try to connect this situation with everything we have
             talked about so far concerning estuaries (READ BACKGROUND INFORMATION)

             You will each be put into a group with others assigned your same role. Special
             interest groups will then have 10 minutes to decide whether they feel the Pelican
             County Commission should allow the bridge to go through Palm Island and why
             or why not. You must balance the needs of your group with the need for resource
             protection. Can you come up with any possible mitigation activities?

             At the end of the 10 minute period, each group will have 2.5 minutes to present
             their case for or against the bridge going through Palm Island, with the reason for
             this decision to the conunissioners.


             After the presentations, the conm-lissioners will render a decision or at least give
             their individual views on how they will make their decision based on what they
             have heard.


             Finally, you will have a review quiz containing short answer questions at the end
             of this lesson.


             BACKGROUND INFORMATION


                  Th'eTalrnJs1and_Bridg,e:__ A Coastal Man gement Decision Making G

                  The Pelican County Commission must make a decision concerning the
             management land use, of an island known as Palm Island located in Gulf Bay.
             Palm Island is county-owned, unpopulated and can only be reached by boat.
                                                                     HON7









                                                    75








              The Department of Roads and Bridges is planning to replace the eNisting
        two-lane Gulf River Bridge with a four-lane bridge. It has been determined
        through research that the present bridge has deteriorated and no longer meets
        safety standards or increased traffic needs. The Department of Road's and Bridges
        is considering routing the new bridge through Palm Island. Research has shown
        that the bridge would cost significantly less if built through Palm Island, the
        bridge must cross a productive oyster bar and several fragile salt marsh habitats.
        The Department has requested a recommendation from the Pelican County Com-
        mission. The corrimissioners have decided to hold a public hearing to listen to
        different views from public interests groups concerning the bridge project and its
        possible impacts on Palm Island and Gulf Bay (an estuary).

              Palm Island is located a few hundred yards south of the mouth of the Gulf
        River. Palm Island is 5 miles wide by 12 miles long (see map on next page). It is
        one of two undeveloped islands within Gulf Bay.. Surrounding it are salt marshes
        and submerged seagrass beds. To the west is the Intracoastal Waterway Channel
        with a minimum depth of 9 feet.

              Palm Island contains several distinct habitats: beaches and berms, wood-
        lands, fresh water marshes and sloughs, salt marshes and submerged seagrass
        beds.


              The marshes provide protection for young animals, many of which become
        commercial seafood products. The marshes also control flooding, serve as a storm
        buffer, and filter pollution from the water; all of which directly benefit humans.
        The present multimillion dollar seafood industry, which includes 85% of the
        people employed in Pelican County, depends on the marshes, oysters bars and
        other natural resources.


              Research has shown that a total of 40% of the original marshes surrounding
        Gulf Bay have been replaced by development. The rnarshes in question in the
        Palm Island plan represent 10% of the remaining marshes of Gulf Bay-

              Public interest groups and government agencies in Pelican County are con-
        cerried about the benefits and problems the bridge through Palm Island could
        create. Construction of the bridge will provide new jobs for local people. A bridge
        would allow for rapid development of the island. Homes, businesses, and recre-
        ational facilities would appear in rapid succession. Which, in turn, would bring
        new jobs to the county, additional tax dollars, and a boost in the local economy.
        However, population growth requires additional services from the county such as
        road maintenance, adequate waste disposal and water supplies, increased fire and
        police protection, medical facilities, and schools. Increased population will also
        increase pollution going into the estuary. As development increases, a change in''
        the local atmosphere may result as well.




                                               76








              Many people see a need for new development in the county, but are con-
         cerned about how and where this development occurs. Is the development of Palm
         Island going to be better or worse for the local community in the long run?
         Should the bridge be built to access the island or not?














                       N
                          PALY @SLAND VAP
                                                       GULr
                                                       R IVER









                                        x x x x x x x x x
                                                 x x x x
                                          0 0 0
                              V               0 0 0
                                        0@0@- 0     0 00
                                     0          0
                                      0    ---0 0 0 0 0
                                    0  0    000       0 0 0
                                                         0     V


                   A 7\ 7\           00 0
                11Yy y y WRSH       0    0  WOM-AND
                         FRESHWATER SLOUCHVVSUBMERGED
                                       V @l SEACASS BEDS    GULF
                         BEACH              PROPOSED ROUTE  BAY











                                       77








                           FOLLOW-UP ACTMTIES



        1.   Have students change roles and hold another hearing. Compare and dis-
             cuss any differences in the coastal decision-making process.

        2.   Below is a list of other possible roles which students may wish to use in
             holding another simulation game concerning the bridge project scenario:

                   Outdoorsman:    Concerned about the possible effects the accessibil-
                                   ity of Palm Island will have on the recreational
                                   resources.


                   Banker:         Promotes long-term economic opportunities which
                                   would financially benefit the community.

        3.   Investigate local proposals for new developments. Discuss the positive and
             negative impacts due to one or more of these developments.

        4.   Visit a recent industrial or development site such as a dam, marina or shop-
             ping center. Find out what impacts or effects it has on people and the envi-
             ronment.


        5.   Below is a list of other possible role-playing issues which students may wish
             to use in creating a new coastal management decision simulation game:

                   Troposal for dam construction
                   Troposal for rezoning of property for development
                   Troposal for marina construction .
                   Troposal for condominium construction
                   Troposal for shopping center construction
                   Troposal for expanded waterfront parking area
                   Troposal for commercial fishing ban
                   Troposal for sale of beachfront property
                   Troposal for coastal oil exploration

        6.   Visit a county commision meeting and have students prepare testimony for
             an agenda item related to environmental concerns.








                                            78








                                 MORE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS


                  Use these thought provoking questions to stimulate more discussion regard-
                  ing coastal management decision-making.

                  What additional information would have helped you come to a decision in
                  Lesson V?


            2.    Name two or more possible positive and negative impacts on people and the
                  environment due to the access and possible development of Palm Island.

            3.    How did the information about estuaries, given to you prior to Lesson V,
                  help you with the role playing game?

            4.    What main considerations would the players in each different group have
                  concerning the bridge project decision?

            5.    How should coastal management decisions meet the needs of people and
                  their environment.


            6.    If the plan to build the bridge through Palm Island was carried out what
                  possible mitigation activities could beimplemented to prevent or lessen the
                  damage to the estuarine area?

            7.    Can you suggest any plans in addition to the ones mentioned in Lesson V?

            8.    Is there a similar real life situation concerning development in your area?. If
                  so, how will this local development affect you and your environment?

            9.    Are there ways in which individuals can become involved in the coastal
                  management decision-making process (eg., letters, phone calls, attending
                  public meetings, writing articles, supporting organizations, etc.)?
                                                                      qS





























































                                          West Indian Manatee


                                                    79







                 STUDENT PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
           COVERED IN LESSON V OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                        (For Grades 9-12)




        Biology 1: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 11.01, 11.03, 12.01, 12.02,
        12.05


        Chemistry 1-. 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 15.01

        Earth/Space Science: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 11.01, 11.02,
        13.03, 13.05, 16.03, 16.04, 18.03, 20.04, 20.07, 20.08

        Ecology: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 2.01, 2.05, 9.01, 9.02, 9.03,
        10.01, 10.02, 12.01, 12.02, 12.03, 12.04


        Environmental Science: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 2.01, 2.03,
        2.04, 2.05, 2.07, 2.08, 3.01, 3.02, 3.03, 4.01, 5.02, 6.01, 6.02, 6.03, 6.04, 7.0 1,
        7.02, 7.03, 7.04, 8.01, 9.03, 9.04, 10.05


        General Science: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 20.06, 21.01, 21.02,
        21.06


        Marine Biology: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 3.02, 4.04, 9.01, 9.03,
        9.06, 9.07, 10.03, 11.02

        Fu ndamentals, of Oceanography: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 6.04,
        7.01, 7.02, 7.03, 8.01, 8.02, 8.04

        Oceanography: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 4.02, 5.05, 6.01, 6.02,
        10.01, 10.04,10.05

        Physics:  1.02, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 21.04

        Zoology: 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.12,11.12, 9.01, 9.03, 9.04, 10.01, 10.02










                                        inshore Lizardfish

                                                80








                   CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKS COVERED IN
                          LESSON V OF PROJECT ESTUARY
                                             (For Grades 6-8)




            M/J Earth/Space Science: 1.,., 2., 18

            M/J General Science: 1., 2., 3., 4., 7.

            M/J Life Science:   1., 2., 11., 14.

            M/J Comprehensive Science I: 1., 2., 8., 12., 16.

            M/J Comprehensive; Science''II, Basic: 1., 2.1 6., 9., 17.

            M/J Comprehensive Science 11:     1., 2., 6., 9.

            M/J Comprehensive Science H1, Basic: 1., 2., 16.

            M/J Comprehensive Science M: 1., 2., 16.



























                                            Inshore Lizardfish



                                                   81:







                   LESSON V STUDENT ACTMTY PAGES







              COASTAL MANAGEMENT ROLE-PLAYING ACTIVITY


        PLAYER                         ROLE IN GAME


        County Conunissioner        Objectively considers all viewpoints and ideas pre-
                                    sented and renders a decision-which will balance man-
                                    agement. and protection of the coastal estuarine area
                                    with needed development whichwould fulfill the
                                    growth needs of the community.

        Business Owner              Promotes long-term business and economic opportuni-
                                    ties in the area. Depends on increased population to
                                    area.


        Land Developer              Promotes the building and sale of facilities such as
                                    condominiums, vacation homes, office buildings and
                                    shopping centers.

        Seafood Worker              Concerned about how the development of Palm Island
                                    will affect the seafood industry (habitat destruction).
                                    Depends on seafood for income.

        Local Environmentalist      Concerned about the possible effects the bridge and
                                    development of Pahn Island will have on wildlife and
                                    habitat. Also concerned about looks, or aesthetic
                                    appeal, of area.

        Department of Ecology       Promotes management of the public's natural
        Representative,             resources. Through -education, research, law enforce-
                                    ment, etc.

        Department of Roads         'Promotes development of the public's transportation
        and Bridges                 routes.
        Representative

        Resident Sport Fisherman Promotes recreational fishing opportunities and busi-
                                    nesses.



                                                 82







                           PUBLIC INTEREST GROUP WORKSHEET


              Directions: In order to make a case for or against the bridge going through Palm.
                          Island you must first determine the impacts this project could have on
                          your group and its needs. Below are two columns to help your group
                          take a stand. In column I, list the ways the project may help your
                          group's interest. In column II, list the ways the project may hinder
                          your group's interest. Be able to back up the group decision with
                          impacts.





                         POSITIVE IMPACTS                           NEGATIVE IMPACTS













































                                                       93








                     COUNTY COMMISSIONER'S WORKSHEET
                                     A BALANCING ACT



        Directions:  Before hearing interest group concerns you must evaluate the needs of
                     protection and development involved with Palm Island. In your own
                     mind you must take a stand and be able to explain your actions and
                     decisions about the bridge project. Below are three colunms to help
                     you perform this balancing act. In column 1, from what you know
                     about estuarine systems, list types of human activities associated with
                     the bridge project which could possibly threaten the features of the
                     estuary. In colurrin II list the possible impacts the activities listed in
                     the first colurnri could have on the estuarine area. In column III list
                     the needs of the county which could be met by the human activities
                     mentioned in colurnri 1.



                     I
           HUMAN ACTIVITIES                   IMPACTS               BENEFITS TO COUNTY





































                                                  84






                             THE'ESTUARY.MAZE.

                                                              sr4w















                                                                           46


                                                              FI NM



















                                                                       85@









                         VOCABULARY FOR LESSON V


        Access: To make use of or approach.

        Agency: Office of authority, such as a government agency.

        Berm: A ledge or shoulder of land along the water's edge.

        Development: The action of utilizing an area for human needs.

        Economy: Of or relating to the flow of money through an area.

        Environment: The sum total of all external conditions which may influence or-
        ganisms.

        Environmentalist: A person concerned about the quality of natural surround-
        ings.

        Facilities: Buildings which serve particular purposes.

        Hypothetical: An idea based on an assumed situation.

        Mitigation Activities: Actions which attempt to make damages or impacts less
        severe or less harsh, or act as a substitute,for such damages or "pacts.

        Management: The process of handling or controlling something such as the
        environment by regulating its use for certain benefits, -

        Public Interest Group: Several individuals who band together to promote a com-
        mon cause or issue.


        Slough: A wet, low area usually containing deep mud that drains across the sur-
        face of the land.

        Submerged: Covered with water.









                                     Loggerhead Sea Turtle
                                               86







                              REVIEW QUIZ FOR LESSON V
                                   OF PROJECT ESTUARY



             Write a brief answer for each of the foHowing questions.

             I .   What is meant by coastal management?



             2.    Are coastal management decisions easy to make? Why or why not?



             3.    Give an example of a coastal management issue. Identify two or three differ-
                   ent points of view concerning the issue.





             4.    VvThy should all of us be concerned about our coastal resources?















             5.    Who is ultimately responsible for protecting our coastal resources?
                                                                      IN V












































                                                     87











































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                                   "PENDIX I


                ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AVAIIABLE


       Suggested Reading:  (Not Available for Checkout)

       Our Nation's Wetlands. Council on Environmental Quality. U.S. Government
       Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1978.

       Life In And Around the Salt Marshes. Michael J. Ursin, Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
       New York, 1972.


       "Can We Save Our Salt Marshes?" Stephen W. Hitchcock, National Geographic
       Society, Washington, D.C.,. June 197 1, pages 729-765.

       The Estuary Book. - Mollie Byrne and Kip Anastasiou, University of British Colum-
       bia and Province of British Columbia, Ministry of the Environment, 1981. 39
       pages.

       The Estuary: Exploring the Fertile Complex Realm Where The River Meets The Sea.
       William H. Amos, Defenders of Wildlife, Inc. Educational Supplement No. 55-4-a,
       1224 19th St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 20036 1980, 50 pages.

       Estuary, What A Crazy Place: Wildlife Of Coastal Waters. Lee D. Salber, National
       Wildlife Federation, 1979, 19- pages.

       Estuary: An Ecosystem And A Resource. Oregon State University, 1984.

       Resource Atlas Of The Apalachicola Estuary. Robert J. Livingston, Florida Sea
       Grant College Program, 1983.


       Suggested Films, Filmstrips and Videos: (Available for Checkout)

       VHS-04    Plankton (video) 12 rm*n.

       VHS-13    The Warm Blooded Sea: Mammals of the Deep (video) 60 min.

       VHS-21    Salt M arshes., - A Special Resource (video) 30 min.

       VHS-24    A. Swamp Ecosystem (video) 23 min.

       TVV-03    The Apalachicola Experiment (video) 25 min.

       ARV-01    Franklin County Florida, "Oyster Capital of the World" (video) 33 min.
                                        8.8









          ARV-03.    Chesapeake: The Twilight Estuary (video) 40,min.

          ARV-04     "Me Apalachicola System: *Paradise in Trouble" (video) 23 min.

          NSA-20     Fabulous Wetlands (video) 7 min.

          FS/C@03    Fishes Of Florida (filmstrip) 10 min.

          FS/C- 11   Ocean Life: Life cycles in the Sea (filmstrip)- 11 min.

          FS/C-14    The Study of Seawater (filmstrip) 13 min.

          FS/C-15    Ocean Life: The Open Sea (filmstrip) I I min.

          FS/C-18    Sea Shore Interaction of Two Communities (filmstrip) 10 min.

          FS/C-39    Using A Resource Wisely, Island Earth (filmstrip) 10 min.

          FS/C-51    To Save A Living Sea (filmstrip) 20 min.



          Labs:
          LAB-01     Cobbler's Cove: ACoastal Simulation Game

          LAB-17     Breakwater and Bays Outdoor Biology Instructional Strategies, Uni-
                     versity of California


          NOTE:      Contact the Reserve for a full listing of available A/V materials.

















                                              89










                                            APPENDEKH


                        PROJECT ESTUARY FINA.L EXAM



                This series of questions may be used as a summary exam for the entire
                Project Estuary curriculum.

           I    Give the name for an area where fresh water from rivers and streams meets
                and mixes with salt water from the sea.

           2.   Green plants, which convert the sun's energy into food for many organisms,
                are called primary

           3.   The river supplies a vital food source to the bay which is composed of dead
                and decaying organic material. What is this material called?

           4.   Varied amounts of fresh water coming into Apalachicola Bay are dependent
                on what.?


           5.   Name two industries that make use of the Apalachicola River and Bay Sys-
                tem.


           6.   Name two local businesses that benefit from recreational activities in the
                River and Bay.

           7.   What industry utilizes the greatest portion of land in the Apalachicola
                Drainage Basin?

           8.   Name two groups of animals that make up a major portion of the conu-nercial
                fishing industry in coastal counties associated with the Apalachicola Sys-
                tem.


           9.   Name one source of pollution to the Apalachicola System.

           10.  List two uses of the Apalachicola Estuarine System land or water resources.

           11.  Stormwater runoff from urban areas or farms can be harmftil to the system
                because it contains what?


           12.  Two major destructive impacts humans have on the Apalachicola System are
                physical assault and

           13.  Planktonic animals are called wh at?

                                                   90








           14. Planktonic plants are called what?

           15. Fish sense movement around them with their eyes and their

           16. What is the worlds most abundant animal?


           17. Organisms living on the bottom are called what?

           18. Give one example of a coastal management issue.

           19. Why are coastal management decisions difficult to make?

           20. What is the name of this curriculum you have been studying?













                            - MO.



                                                                        74




                                         Ocellated Moray








                                                91









                                     FINAL EXAM ANSWER ICEY


           1. estuary

           2.    producers

           3.    detritus


           4.    rainfall


           5.    answers will vary: forestry, power production, agriculture, recreation, aquac-
                 ulture, commercial fishing.

           6.    answers will vary: restaurants, motels, gas stations, etc.

           7.    forestry

           8.    answers will vary: oysters, shrimp, crabs, finfish

           9.    answers will vary: oils, detergents, pesticides, fertilizers, sewage, litter, etc.

           10.   answers will vary: forest products, commercial fishing, recreation, power
                 production, navigation

           11.   pollution

           12.   pollution

           13.   zooplankton

           14.   phytoplankton

           15.   lateral line


           16.   copepods

           17.   benthic


           18.   answers will vary: construction, rezoning, fishing rules, etc.

           19.   because so many varied interests are involved.

           20.   Project Estuary





                                                   92





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              74




                                                      HOW WE USE T'HE LAND O)F THE APALACHH11COLA

                                                                                   RIVER AND BAY DMIA11MAGE 03ASIMM




                                                                                          (FORESTRY 57.0,

                                                                                                                                                     ...........

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                                                                                                                                      .....                       ........

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                                                                                                              --soM.                                                                                   VVIANT1 K Ri 2?. 09/6],
                                                                                                                                                             ... . . .......
                                                                                                                                                                  .... ........
                                                                                                                                                                      ...........


                                                                                                                                             ..........
                                                                   [URBAN 1.0%

                                                                                          FWETLANDS 29.0%




                                                                                              T-2



                            PUBLIC LANDS OF THE LOWER
                                   APALACHICOLA BASIN


                         State Lands
                                                              Apalachicola National Fo@ s
                                                                        w
                         Federal Lands                                               0
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                                 FRAAKTIN COUNTY S
                                                                                    I FlAm, F 0 0 U- VA L i Ul E S



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                                            OYSTERS                      SHRIMP                BLUE, CRABS                  F I NN F ISS] 1, 1


                                                            .... . .....
                                                                                                                  .............
                                                                                                                  .........
                                                                                                                  ...........
                                                                                                                  ..... ... . ... .
                                                                                                               ... ............ .... .


              1982                          $4,150,000                   $6,399,000                   $ 275,0,00            $1,414,000


              1997                          $5,199,000                   $3,190,000                   $12W@GW               $ 479,000


              11982                         $2,672,000                   $ 4,278,000                  $ 140,P,00            $1,444,000
              10YEAR
              AVERAGE                       $4,238,000                   $6,159,000                   $287,000              $1,149,000


                                                   ..........
                                                                                                          Mes,      ks.
                                                                                           L
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                                                                                       V                                           $$'
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                                                                                                  PAP.. .............
                                                                                                                .o.c                        ...........

              198.2                         $ 20,750,000                 $ 313995,000                 $1,375,000            $ 7,074,6100

              1987                          $ 25,995,000                 $ 15,950,000                 $1,000,000            $ 2,395,00D


              119,92                        $ 13,360,000                    212390,000                $ 700,000             $7,220,000
              10YEAR
              AVERAGE                       $ 21,190,000                 S 30,795,000                 $1,435,000            $5,745,000




                                                                                                             T-4.



        HOW RtCREATIONAL ACTIVIVES BENEFIT LOCAL RUN]NESS S


                          RECREATIONAL,                                 LO; (CAL A UIS INESS, S
                          ACTIVITIES                                    TRAT RJANillfill


                          DIVING                                        HOTY Eo L SYM, 10TI E L S
                                                                        RE' STI AU ARANIT S
                          FISHING
                                                                             ')T
                                                                        GASS IATIONS
                                                                                    4T
                                                                        GROCE MY S 100MES

                                                                              SHOP
                          HUNTING                                       GIFT S IS
                                                                        RETAIUDE PT. STOOLS
                          BOATING                     sssssssss         SNEF AF000 MIAMOKETS,
                                                                        LODGES,
                          SWIMMING                                      M IA MINAS
                                                                         10      EALEARS
                                                                        IR )AT IDE,
                          SIGHTSEEIN'G                                  REAMI Ej SO AT E A GIM, NIC IE-S
                                                                        RE Nil AL SEE AVI, It CE CENT Em AS
                          BIRDWATCHING                                  CO N118071 AUCT ION CO MOTANIES
                                                                        BANKS
                                                                        BAIT SHOPS







                          OTHER USES OF THE APAL A-CHIC01A, SKY WTEM











                                                    INDUSTRY]                      POWER PRODUCTION

         Fueling and Loading Docks                 Paper Processing              Cooling Thermoelectric Generators

            TTansportation Route             Treated Wastewater Discharge               Turning Turbines. for,
             for Recreational and                                                        Hydroelectric Powvr-
             Commercial Vessels                Chemical Production from
                                                   paper by products
                  Marinas




                                                                                T-6

            MAJOR LOCAL BUSINES8ES RELATED TO THE
                 APALACHICOLA RIVER AND BAY SYSTEM


                                                                  Agriculture


                                                                  Forestry


                                                                  Commercial Fishing

                                                      w99-        Recreation
                                ALA.                              Aquaculture
                                FLA.



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                                                                                                    T-7


                      HOW WILDLIFE DEPENDS ON THE APALACHICOLA
                                      RIVER AND,BAY, SYSTEM













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