/prepared by Gary L. Anderson ... [et al.]. Anderson, Gary L. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Gloucester Point, Va.:Virginia Institute of Marine Science,1975. Shorelines Virginia York County. Beach erosion Virginia York County. Salt marshes Virginia York County. Shoreline Situation Report YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA Coastal Zone Information Center -iil@ L-114 =Sz n AL -990. AK 4@ -41 7 "1" - @-40 FEZ, pop- WON" 7 4;;;@ @77 7% Supported by the National Science Foundation, Research Applied to National Needs Program NSF Grant Nos. GI 34869 and GI 38973 to the Wetlands/Edges Program, Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc. Published With Funds Provided to the Commonwealth by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atomspheric Administration, Grant No. 04-5-158-50001 V) Chesapeake Research Consortium Report Number 16 Special Report In Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering Number 82 of the Q H VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE 301 William J. Hargis Jr., Director .V852 no.82 Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 1975 Shor YORK DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COSTAL SERVICES CENTER SOUTH HOPSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC. 29405-2413 Property Of CSC Library Supported by the National Science Foundation, Resea NSF Grant Nos. GI 34869 and GI 38973 to the Wetlands/Edges Program, Published With Funds Provided to the Commonwealth by th National Oceanic and Atomspheric Ad Chesapeake R Special Report In Applied Marine Science an VIRGINIA IN TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PAGE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 FIGURE 1A: Shoreland components 5 1.1 Purposes and goals 2 FIGURE 1B: Marsh types 5 1.2 Acknowledgements 2 FI GURE 2: Riprap along the York River 14 FIGURE 3: Yorktown Beach 14 CHAPTER 2: APPROACH USED AND ELEMENTS CONSIDERED 3 FIGURE 4: Park Service picnic grounds in Yorktown 14 2.1 Approach to the problem 4 FIGURE 5: Collapsed bulkhead on the York River 14 2.2 Characteristics of the shorelands included 4 FIGURE 6: Plumtree Island Wildlife Refuge 15 FIGURE 7: Dead end canal 15 CHAPTER 3: PRESENT SHORELINE SITUATION OF YORK COUNTY 9 FIGURE 8: Dead end canal and spoiled marsh 15 3.1 The shorelands of York County 10 TABLE 1: York County shorelands physiography 21 3.2 Shore erosion processes, patterns, and defenses 10 TABLE 2: York County subsegment summary 25 3.3 Potential shorelands uses 13 MAPS IA-D: York County summary maps 17 MAPS 2A-C: Brick Kiln Creek to Tin Shell Point 39 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARIES AND MAPS OF YORK COUNTY 23 MAPS 3A-C: Cow Island to Tin Shell Point 42 4.1 Segment and subsegment summaries 25 MAPS 4A-C: Harwoods Mill to Cow Island 45 4.2 Segment and subsegment descriptions 27 MAPS 5A-C: Goodwin Island to Hunts Neck 48 1-//, Segment 1 27 MAPS 6A-C: Yorktown to Goodwin Neck 51 Slegment 2 28 MAPS 7A-C: Kings Creek to Yorktown 54 S-egment 3 29 MAPS 8A-C: Camp Peary Airstrip to Kings Creek 57 14 y o' fill, S@,gment 4 31 MAPS 9A-C: Skimino Creek to Camp Peary Airstrip 60 A /j C11 f S @egment 5 32 .8.egment 6 34 4.3 S6gment and subsegment maps 39 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1, 1, 1 CHAPTER 1 Recreation may be most useful at a higher governmental level. INTRODUCTION Transportation The Commonwealth of Virginia has traditionally Waste disposal chosen to place as much as possible, the regula- 1.1 PURPOSES AND GOALS Extraction of living and non-living tory decision processes at the county level. The It is the objective of this report to supply resources. Virginia Wetlands Act of 1972 (Chapter 2.1, Title an assessment, and at least a partial integration, Aside from the above uses, the shorelands serve 62.1, Code of Virginia), for example, provides for of those important shoreland parameters and char- various ecological functions. the establishment of County Boards to act on ap- acteristics which will aid the planners and the The role of planners and managers is to opti- plications for alterations of wetlands. Thus, our managers of the shorelands in making the best de- mize the utilization of the shorelands and to min- focus at the county level is intended to interface cisions for the utilization of this limited and imize the conflicts arising from competing demands. with, and to support, the existing or pending very valuable resource. The report gives partic- Furthermore, once a particular use has been decided county regulatory mechanisms concerning activities ular attention to the problem of shore erosion and upon for a given segment of shoreland, both the in the shorelands zone. to recommendations concerning the alleviation of planners and the users want that selected use to the impact of this problem. In addition we have operate in the most effective manner. A park 1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS tried to include in our assessment some of the po- planner, for example, wants the alloted space to This report was prepared with funds provided tential uses of the shoreline particularly with fulfill the design most efficiently. We hope that by the Research Applied to National Needs Program respect to recreational use, since such infroma- the results of our work are useful to the planner (RANN) of the National Science Foundation adminis- tion could be of considerable value in the way a in designing the beach by pointing out the techni- tered through the Chesapeake Research Consortium particular segment of coast is perceived by poten- cal feasibility of altering or enhancing the pres- (CRC), Inc. George Dawes and Gene Silberhorn of tial users. ent configuration of the shore zone. Alternately, the VIES Wetlands Section contributed many useful The basic advocacy of the authors in the prep- if the use were a residential development, we would ideas and criticisms. Dennis Owen assisted with aration of the repost is that the use of shore- hope our work would be useful in specifying the the data reduction. Beth Marshall typed the manu- lands should be planned rather than haphazardly shore erosion problem and by indicating defenses script. Peter Rosen, Peggy Peoples, Joe Gilley, developed in response to the short term pressures likely to secceed in containing the erosion. In Russell Bradley, Ken Thornberry, and Bill Jenkins and interests. Careful planning could reduce the summary our objective is to provide a useful to*ol prepared the graphics. We also thank the numerous conflicts which may be expected to arise between for enlightened utilization of a limited resource, other persons in Maryland and Virginia who have competing interests. Shoreland utilization in the shorelands of the Commonwealth. criticized and commented upon our ideas and methods. many areas of the country, and indeed in some Shorelands planning occurs, either formally or places in Virginia, has proceeded in a manner such informally, at all levels, from the private owner of that the very elements which attracted people to shoreland property to county governments, to the shore have been destroyed by the lack of planning districts and to the state and federal planning and forethought. agency level. We feel our results will be useful The major man-induced uses of the shorelands at all these levels. Since the most basic level of are: comprehensive planning and zoning is at the county Residential, commercial, or industrial or city level, we have executed our report on that development. level, although we realize some of the information 2 CHAPTER 2 Approach Used and Elements Considered 1, 1, 3 CHAPTER 2 the subsegment. Segments are a grouping of.@ A@se - may be considered as being composed of three in- APPROACH USED AND ELEMENTS CONSIDERED ments. The boundaries for segments also were se- teracting physiographic elements: the fastlands, lected on physiographic units such as necks or the shore and the nearshore. A graphic classifi- 2.1 APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM peninsulas between major tidal creeks. Finally, cation based on these three elements has been de- In the preparation of this report the authors the county itself is considered as a sum of shore- vised so that the types for each of the three ele- utilized existing information wherever possible. line segments. ments portrayed side by side on a map may provide For example, for such elements as water quality The format of presentation in the report fol- the opportunity to examine joint relationships characteristics, zoning regulations, or flood haz- lows a sequence from general summary statements for among the elements. As an example, the applica- ard, we reviewed relevant reports by local, state, the county (Chapter 3) to tabular segment summaries tion of the system permits the user to determine or federal agencies. Much of the desired informa- and finally detailed descriptions and maps for each miles of high bluff shoreland interfacing with tion, particularly with respect to erosional char- subsegment (Chapter 4). The purpose in choosing marsh in the shore zone. acteristics, shoreland types, and use was not this format was to allow selective use of the report Definitions: available, so we performed the field work and de- since some users' needs will adequately be met with Shore Zone veloped classification schemes. In order to ana- the summary overview of the county while others will This is the zone of beaches and marshes. It lyze successfully the shoreline behavior we placed require the detailed discussion of particular sub- is a buffer zone between the water body and the heavy reliance on low altitude, oblique, color, 35 segments. fastland. The seaward limit of the shore zone is mm photography. We photographed the entire shore- the break in slope between the relatively steeper line of each county and cataloged the slides for 2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHORELANDS INCLUDED IN shoreface and the less steep nearshore zone. The easy access at VIMS, where they remain available THE STUDY approximate landward limit is a contour line rep- for use. We then analyzed these photographic ma- The characteristics which are included in this resenting one and a half times the mean tide range terials, along with existing conventional aerial report are listed below followed by a discussion of above mean low water (refer to Figure 1A). In photography and topographic and hydrographic maps, our treatment of each. operation with topographic maps the inner fringe for the desired elements. We conducted field in- a) Shorelands physiographic classification of the marsh symbols is taken as the landward spection over much of the shoreline, particularly b) Shorelands use classification limit. at those locations where office analysis left c) Shorelands ownership classification The physiographic character of the marshes questions unresolved. In some cases we took addi- d) Zoning has also been separated into three types (see tional photographs along with the field visits to e) Water quality Figure 1B). Fringe marsh is that which is less document the effectiveness of shoreline defenses. f) Shore erosion and shoreline defenses than 400 feet, in width and which runs in a band The basic shoreline unit considered is called g) Potential shore uses parallel to the shore. Extensive marsh is that a subsegment, which may range from a few hundred h) Distribution of marshes which has extensive acreage projecting into an es- feet to several thousand feet in length. The end i) Flood hazard levels tuary or river. An embayed marsh is a marsh which points of the subsegments were generally chosen on j) Shellfish leases and public shellfish grounds occupies a reentrant or drowned creek valley. The physiographic consideration such as changes in the k) Beach quality purpose in delineating these marsh types is that character of erosion or deposition. In those cases the effectiveness of the various functions of the where a radical change in land'use occurred, the a) Shorelands Physiographic Classification: marsh will, in part, be determined by type of ex- point of change was taken as a boundary point of The shorelands of the Chesapeake Bay System posure to the estuarine system. A fringe marsh 4 mW, for example, have maximum value as a buffer to Nearshore Zone Intermediate, 12-ft. (3-7 m) isobath 400- wave erosion of the fastland. An extensive marsh, The nearshore zone extends from the shore zone 1,400 yards from shore on the other hand, is likely a more efficient trans- to the 12-foot (MLW datum) contour. In the smaller Wide, 12-ft. (3-7 m) isobath > 1,400 yards porter of detritus and other food chain materials tidal rivers the 6-foot depth is taken as the ref- Subclasses: with or without bars due to its greater drainage density than an embayed erence depth. The 12-foot depth is probably the with or without tidal flats marsh. The central point is that planners, in the maximum depth of significant sand transport by waves with or without submerged light of ongoing and future research, will desire in the Chesapeake Bay area. Also, the distinct vegetation to weight various functions of marshes and the drop-off into the river channels begins roughly at physiographic delineation aids their decision the 12-foot depth. The nearshore zone includes any making by denoting where the various types exist. tidal flats. The classification used is: The class limits for the nearshore zone classi- Beach fications were chosen following a simple statistical Marsh study. The distance to the 12-foot underwater con- *-FASTLAND-4SHOR NEARSHORE Fringe marsh, < 400 ft. (122 m) in width tour (isobath) was measured on the appropriate along shores charts at one-mile intervals along the shorelines of Extensive marsh Chesapeake Bay and the James, York, Rappahannock, e Rang* Embayed marsh, occupying a drowned valley or and Potomac Rivers. Means and standard deviations 12' reentrant for each of the separate regions and for the entire Figure A Artificially stabilized combined system were calculated.and compared. Al- An illustration of the definition of the three components Fastland Zone though the distributions were non-normal, they .4 were of the shorelands. The zone extending from the landward limit of generally comparable, allowing the data for the en- the shore zone is termed the fastland. The fast- tire combined system to determine the class limits. land is relatively stable and is the site of most The calculated mean was 919 yards with a stan- material development or construction. The physio- dard deviation of 1,003 yards. As our aim was to FRINGE EMBAYED EXTENSIVE MARSH MARSH MARSH graphic classification of the fastland is based upon determine general, serviceable class limits, these the slope of the land near the water as follows: calculated numbers were rounded to 900 and 1,000 Low shore, 20-ft. (6 m) contour > 400 ft. yards respectively. The class limits were set at (122 m) from fastland@shore boundary half the standard deviation (500 yards) each side Moderately low shore, 20-ft. (6 m) contour of the mean. Using this procedure a narrow near- FASTLAND < 400 ft. (122 m); with or without cliff shore zone is one 0-400 yards in width, intermediate FASTLAND Moderately high shore, 40-ft. (12 m) contour 400-1,400, and wide greater than 1,400. < 400 ft. (122 m); with or without cliff The following definitions have no legal signif- Figure 1B High shore, 60-ft. (18 m) contour < 400 ft. icance and were constructed for our classification A generalized illustration of the three different marsh types. (122 m); with or without cliff purposes: Dune Narrow, 12-ft. (3.7 m) isobath located < 400 Artificial fill, urban and otherwise yards from shore b) Shorelands Use Classification: environmental reasons, such as wildlife or wild- c) Shorelands ownership Classification Fastland Zone fowl sanctuaries, fish and shellfish conservation The shorelands ownership classification used Residential grounds, or other uses that would preclude devel- has two main subdivisions, private and governmen- Includes all forms of residential use with opment. tal, with the governmental further divided into the exception of farms and other isolated dwell- federal, state, county, and town or city. Appli- ings. In general, a residential area consists Agricultural cation of the classification is restricted to fast- of four or more residential buildings adjacent to Includes fields, pastures, croplands, and lands alone since the Virginia fastlands ownership one another. Schools, churchesq and isolated other agricultural areas. extends to mean low water. All bottoms below mean businesses may be included in a residential area. low water are in State ownership. Unmanaged Commercial includes all open or wooded lands not in- d) Water Quality Includes buildings, parking areas, and other eluded in other classifications: The ratings of satisfactory, intermediate or land directly related to retail and wholesale a) open: brush land, dune areas, waste- unsatisfactory assigned to the various, sub segments trade and business. This category includes small lands; less than 40% tree cover. are taken from a listing at the Virginia Bureau of industry and other anomalous areas within the gen- b) Wooded: more than 40% tree cover. Shellfish Sanitation, based on information from eral commercial context. Marinas are considered The shoreland use classification applies to water samples collected in the various tidewater commercial shore use. the general usage of the fastland area to an ar- shellfishing areas. The Bureau attempts to visit bitrary distance of half mile from the shore or each area at least once a month. Industrial beach zone or to some less distant, logical bar- The ratings are defined primarily in regard to Includes all industrial and associated areas. rier. 'In multi-usage areas one must make a sub- number of coliform bacterfa. For a rating of sat- Examples: warehouses, refineries, shipyards, jective selection as to the primary or controlling isfactory the maximum limit is an MPN (Most Prob- power plants, railyards. type of usage. able Number) of 70 per 100 ml. The upper limit for Government fe6al coliforms is an MTN of 23. Usually any count Shore Zone above these limits results in an unsatisfactory Includes lands whose usage is specifically Bathing rating, and, from the Bureau's standpoint, results a '@he controlled, restricted, or regulated by governmen- Boat launching in restricting the w ters from -taking of shell- tal organizations: e.g., Camp Peary, Fort Story. Bird watching fish for direct sale to the consumer. Waterfowl hunting There are instances,however, when the total Recreation and Other Public Open Spaces coliform MTN may exceed 70, although the fecal MPN Includes designated outdoor recreation lands Nearshore Zone does not exceed 23, and other conditions are ac- and miscellaneous open spaces. Examples: golf Pound net fishing ceptable. In these cases an intermediate rating courses, tennis clubs, amusement parks, public Shellfishihg may be assigned temporarily, and the area will be beaches. race tracks, cemeteries, parks. Sport fishing permitted to remain open pending an improvement Extraction of non-living resources in conditions. Preserved Boating Although these limits are somewhat more strin- Includes lands preserved or regulated for Water sports gent than those used in rating recreational waters 6 (see Virginia State Water Control Board, Water petitive visits were made to monitor the effec- Interim Report by Marvin L. Wass and Thomas D. Quality Standards 1946, amended 1970), they are tiveness of recent installations. In instances Wright, SRAMSOE Report No. 10, Virginia Institute used here because the Bureau of Shellfish Sanita- where existing structures are inadequate, we have of Marine Science, 19699 and in other VIMS publi- tion pro'vides the best areawide coverage avail- given recommendations for alternate approaches. cations. able at this time, In general, any waters fitting Furthermore, recommendations are given for defen- the satisfactory or intermediate categories would ses in those areas where none currently exist. i) Flood Hazard Levels be acceptable for water recreation. The primary emphasis is placed on expected effec- The assessment of tidal flooding hazard for tiveness with secondary consideration to cost. the whole of the Virginia tidal shoreland is still e) Zoning incomplete.- However, the United States Army Corps In cases where zoning regulations have been g) Potential Shore Uses of Engineers has prepared reports for a number of established the existing information pertaining We placed particular attention in our study localities which were used in this report. Two to the shorelands has been included in the report. on evaluating the recreational potential of the tidal flood levels are customarily used to portray shore zone. We included this factor in the con- the hazard. The Intermediate Regional Flood is f) Shore Erosion and Shoreline Defenses sideration of shoreline defenses for areas of high that flood with an average recurrence time of The following ratings are used for shore recreational potential. Furthermore, we gave con- about 100 years. An analysis of past tidal floods erosion: sideration to the development of artificial indicates it to have an elevation of approximately slight or none - less than 1 foot per year beaches if this method were technically feasible 8 feet above mean water level in the Chesapeake moderate - - - - 1 to 3 feet per year at a particular site. Bay area. The Standard Project Flood level is es- severe - - - - - greater than 3 feet per year tablished for land planning purposes which is The locations with moderate and severe ratings h) Distribution of Marshes placed at the highest probable flood level. are further specified as being critical or non- The acreage and physiographic type of the critical. The erosion is considered critical if marshes in each subsegment is listed. These esti- j) Shellfish Leases and Public Grounds buildings, roads, or other such structures are mates of acreages were obtained from topographic The data in this report show the leased and endangered. maps and should be considered only as approxima- public shellfish grounds as portrayed in the Vir- The degree of erosion was determined by sev- tions. Detailed county inventories of the wetlands ginia State Water Control Board publication eral means. In most locations the long term are being conducted by the Virginia Institute of "Shellfish growing areas in the Commonwealth of trend was determined using map comparisons of Marine Science under the authorization of the Virginia: Public, leased and condemned," November shoreline positions between the 1850's and the Virginia Wetlands Act of 1972 (Code of Virginia 1971, and as periodica lly updated in other similar 1940's. In addition, aerial photographs of the 62.1-13-4). These surveys include detailed acre- reports. Since the condemnation areas change with late 1930's and recent-years were utilized for an ages of the grass species composition within indi- time they are not to be taken as definitive. How- assessment of more recent conditions. Finally, in vidual marsh systems. The material in this report ever, some insight to the conditions at the date those areas experiencing severe erosion field in- is provided to indicate the physiographic types of of the report are available by a comparison be- spections and interviews were held with local marshes and to serve as a rough guide on acreages tween the shellfish grounds maps and the water inhabitants. until detailed surveys are completed. Addi- quality maps for which water quality standards The existing shoreline defenses were evalu- tional information of the wetlands characteristics for shell fish were used. ated as to their effectiveness. In some cases re- may be found in Coastal Wetlands of Virginia: 7 k)BEACH QUALITY Beach quality is a subjective judgement based on ,such considerations as the nature of the beach material, the length and width of the beach area and the general aesthetic appeal of the beach setting. CHAPTER 3 1 Present Shorelands Situation 9 CHAPTER 3 2.1, Title 62.1, Code of Virginia) was passed to 3.2 SHORE EROSION PROCESSES AND PATTERNS: SHORE PRESENT SHORELANDS SITUATION establish a mechanism to preserve this resource. DEFENSES The distribution of shorelands physiography The magnitude of shore erosion in York County 3.1 NATURE OF THE SHORELANDS; PHYSIOGRAPHY, and of fas"tland use and ownership is shown in must be classed moderate. Where buildings and LAND USE, AND OWNERSHIP Table 1 and graphically displayed in Maps 1A other structures are endangered, the situation is York County, as a part of the James - York through 1D. Approximately eighty-two percent of critical. Map 1E is a summary of the erosion Peninsula, has shorelands which border on the York County's shoreline is low shore, eleven per- situation in York County. As the erosional char- York River and the Chesapeake Bay. Since re- cent is moderately low shore, and the remaining acteristics of the Chesapeake Bay and the York gional planning will consider the county as a seven percent is moderately high to high shore, River shores differ, they will be discussed sep- wholeit is important to compare the physiograph- usually with bluffs. Approximately ten percent arately. ic differences of the shorelands of these two of the shore zone is beach. 3.21 The Chesapeake Bay Shore. The erosion of sections of York County. Fifty-five percent of the one hundred twenty- the Goodwin Islands, and along the faces of Crab The shorelands bordering the Chesapeake Bay nine square miles which York County covers is Neck and the Big Salt Marsh has continued vir- are primarily marshes separated by tidal rivers controlled by the military. This is reflected tually unchecked. The only exception is York and creeks which in turn form sub-peninsulas or directly in the significant amount of shoreline, Point, where landowners have implemented bulk- tinecks". The low-lying fastland of the Chesapeake thirty percent, which the federal government con- heading behind the natural marsh grass fringe. Bay shorelands is fronted primarily by extensive trols. The largest percentage of the shoreline, The outer Bay faces of these marshes display many or fringe marshes. The York River portion is a sixty-two percent, is used for private residential similarities in mechanics and features to the relatively straight flank of the Peninsula occa- purposes. The remaining eight percent is divided barrier islands of the Eastern Shore of Virginia. sionally incised by small tidal creeks. This between commercial, industrial7 recreational, For the greater part, the outer marshes are sim- portion of the county's shoreline is marked by preserved, and unmanaged. Only one percent of the ple low-lying segments with small backshore dunes high cliffs with a variety of shore zone types. county's shoreline is set aside for public recrea- and a bayside veneer of sand. As the littoral The three main shore zone types along the York tional use, the majority of which is encompassed drift is relatively small, the situation is one River are fringe marsh, beach, and artificially in the public beach at Yorktown. The Plum Tree of signifi cant erosion. It is particularly im- stabilized. Excluding tidal creek shoreline the Island Wildlife Refuge is the only preserved area. portant to consider what happens during coastal majority of the shoreline is artificially sta- Table 2 and Maps 2 through 8 are a segment by storms. bilized. segment condensation of present subsegment de- Processes. Along the Chesapeake Bay coastline Although York County does not contain exten- scriptions and are presented in Chapter 4. the most damaging storms are the "northeast ers sive stretches of natural beach shoreline, it does and the occasional hurricanes. Aside from the have 6,991,acres of relatively unspoiled marshes. intense wave action there is generally a one to In addition to constituting a vital link in the three-foot storm surge. The surge has two impor- marine food chain, the marshes serve as a habitat tant effects. The erosive power of the waves is for waterfowl, a natural erosion prevention mech- translated further up onto the marsh beach anism, and a water cleansing system. In recogni- allovding the high waves to wash backshore dune tion of their vital importance as a marine re- sand into the Bay and to smear sand over the source, the Virginia Wetlands Act of 1972 (Chapter marsh surface. The sand washed over the marsh 10 raises the ground elevation. In time, the highly the extensive marshes of the Goodwin Islands, Crab ocean coastline have an additional, indirect productive marsh grass is replaced by other Neck, and Plumtree Island have suffered severe effect on the Bay System erosional patterns species, and the sand in the washovers is tempo- erosion, they continue to function as an effective during the storms, by forcing additional water rarily lost from the active beach littoral trans- buffer to upland developments. Within the tidal into the Bay. Frequently this local "wind tide" port system. The washovers can also affect the creeks of York County the fringe and embayed or storm surge may be two or three feet above the circulation within the marshes and bays by filling marshes do an excellent job of protecting the normal tide level. For example, the severe -north- some of the tidal channels and forcing a redistri- fastland from minor erosion due to boat wakes and east storm of March 1962 caused water elevations bution of flow. small wihd-generated waves. The exceptions are in Norfolk Harbor to reach an elevation of 7.4 These processes are natural responses of the those cases where the natural fringe marsh has feet above mean sea.level. This elevation is ap- marsh beaches. As the shoreface retreats, former been jeopardized by the emplacement of riprapping proximately 6 feet higher than the average spring marsh deposits are excavated, and the washover or bulkheading. In many instances those shore tide. When this occurs the wave driven erosional deposits and wind-shaped dunes supply sand to the protection devices are in reality cosmetic, where action is concentrated higher on the fastland, beach. The physiographic components, beach, the landowners desire was to increase the size of above the beach or marsh which normally acts as dunes, and washovers, found on the marsh beaches his property or to increase the aesthetic value a buffer. today existed a century ago even though the en- rather than in response to a serious erosion prob- After a storm passes, the winds frequently tire ensemble is retreating. The erosion rates lem. shift to the northwest and north. In this case and areal loss on an area by area basis are: 3.22 The York River Shore. the south shore of the York River is exposed to Goodwin and Tue Islands - 104 acres in the Processes. Waves generated by local winds are intense wave action. In some cases this occurs last 100 years the dominant agent of erosion within the Chesapeake before the extra water in the Bay has had suf- Crab*Neck Marsh - 2.2 feet per year Bay and its tributary estuaries the York ficient time to drain out, resulting again in the Big Salt Marsh - 3.5 feet per year River). The growth and height of the waves is wave activity being concentrated above the usual These rates and areal retreats were determined by controlled by four factors: the over water dis- beach level'. These effects of storms are, of comparison of the shoreline positions in 1854 and tance across which the wind blows, known as the course, further enhanced if they occur in con- 1944. The magnitude of erosion in any given year, fetch; the speed of the wind; the duration of the junction with the higher spring tides.during the of course, is controlled by the frequencies and wind; and the depth of the water. lunar month. characteristics of the storms during that year. Due to the weather patterns affecting the In addition to the height of the waves, the Two overriding facts must be borneAn mind when Chesapeake Bay area and York River area, peak winds direction at which they impinge upon the shore considering the marsh beach erosion problems: occur during frontal passages and storms. The controls the-magnitude of transport along the (1) Mean Sea Level is rising. winds of northeast storms during the fall, winter, shoreline .(littoral drift), a factor which is- (2) The marsh beaches are not receiving a and early spring generate waves which attack the central to the question of shoreline stability. large enough supply of sand from fastland western shore of the Bay and particularly lower In theory, the transport of material along the erosion to feed the littoral drift system. sections of the York River. To a lesser extent, beach is greatest when the waves break on the The consequence of these facts is an eroding summer regional winds (southwest and south) also shoreline at an angle of forty-five degrees. shoreline. generate wave activity but the destructive wave Consider a hypothetical case of a shoreline several Aside from their other properties, marshes act action is greater with the northerly winds. The miles in length, where the fastland is a bluff as an excellent deterent to erosion. Although winds and the low barometric pressure along the composed of a mixture of stratified gravel, sand, 11 silt, and clay, a situation which is typical, of sloping shore. The long-term trend has dramatic trees and a concrete picnic table. Although much of the York River shoreline. Under wave consequences. working against a lower cliff, several private attack, particularly if the water level is high The role played by beaches in the physical proc- erosion control measures along the York River por- due to the tide or storm surge, the cliff itself esses of the coastline merits reiteration: beaches tion of Goodwin Neck (Fig. 3) graphically display may be undercut causing face material to slump to are natural land forms which serve to absorb inci- the result of using improper bulkhead bonstruction the base. Continued wave action on the slumped dental wave energy thereby inhibiting erosion of materials. These bulkheads probably would have material would winnow away the silts and clays the fastland. The details of the configuration of been successful had they been constructed of solid leaving the sand and gravel to form a beach. any given beach may change, hour by hour or day by concrete with tiebacks and groins instead of Some of the sand and gravel will be transported day, as the accumulation of sand adjusts to changing poorly lain cinder blocks. Aside from the de- along the beach. The beach itself acts as a buf- conditions. By and large, the natural maintenance struction due to wave action, the saline waters of fer to wave energy as the waves break and run up of beach along Virginia's shoreline systems is the York deteriorated the mortar allowing wave and back down the sloping foreshore. If there is attained at the expense of erosion of the fastlands. action to complete the destruction. sufficient sand drifting along the shore zone from For any particular segment of shoreline, the beach Although properly implemented riprap and bulk- the up-drift segment of the coast, the beach at sand is derived from erosion of the fastland at heads offer the.greatest protection against bluff any given site may remain full enough to cushion the site or from erosion at an up-drift site. retreat, it is generally impossible to maintain the effects of a particular storm. However, if Erosion and Shore Defenses in York County. His- any beach above the high tide line due to the the sand supply up-drift is stopped, for one rea- torically, the necks directly exposed to the Bay wave reflection from the face of these structures son or another, the buffer effect is reduced and and the lower portions of the York River have during high water. Groins should be used in con- erosion will ensue. undergone the most severe erosion. Specifically, junction with riprap or bulkhead if the mainte@- Much of the sand drifted along the Virginia the Goodwin Islands, the Crab Neck marshes, the nance of a beach is desired along with bluff pro- coastline is ultimately deposited as spits or bars Plumtree Island marshes, and the high cliffs along tection. If the groins are successful in trapping in front of lesser tributary creeks, where it may the Colonial National Historical Park and Parkway sand, the beach, thus formed, protects the rip- contribute to the choking off of the entrance were the sites of the most extensive erosion. Of rapped or bulkheaded face. channel. particular national concern were the Revolutionary- Although the planning of shore erosion defenses The erosional behavior of any particular seg- War fortifications along the cliff edge at York- for any particular segment of the Bay and River ment of shoreline may be expected to vary from town. Park Service surveys and the VIMS Erosion shoreline of York County requires detailed evalu- year to year depending upon the frequency and the Report revealed a linear cliff retreat of 125 to ation, it is possible to recommend certain gen- intensity of storms. Furthermoreq similar vari- 150 feet prior to the Army Corps of Engineers cliff eralized guidelines: ability may also arise from differences in average stabilization program in that area. The well- a) In those areas experiencing rapid bluff mean sea level elevations. The long-term (decades) placed, large stone riprap, implemented by the recession and where there is limited up- trend is for a relative rise in sea level. In Corps, has halted the erosion, although some cliff drift sand supply, the application of the lower Chesapeake Bay the trend is about 0.01 slumping due to rain runoff is still witnessed. groins alone should be discouraged. feet per year. However, yearly variations of 0.15 Another area of concern is the picnic area at the b) If bluff stabilization is the main objec- feet per year are not uncommon. Although these east end of Water Street in Yorktown. As shown in tive, properly designed bulkheading or differences are small they can be significant in Figure 2, recent storms have removed large sections stone riprap should be used. If possible terms of horizontal distances across a gently of the dredge spoil fastland, including several these installations should be augmented 12 with a groin system to establish a beach 3.3 SHORE USE POTENTIAL AND UNIQUE FEATURES for this type of development. The Goodwin Islands for frontal protection. Several factors come to bear when considering represent the same variety of shorelands environ- c) If possible the individual groins in a potential uses for the shorelands of York County. ments seen at the Black Walnut Ridge area. This groin system should be placed in a time Present use and the physiographic nature of the area could also be considered a candidate for this sequential manner with the most down- shoreline in most areas prevent developing or en- type of development, where the emphasis is on drift groins being first installed. In hancing the use of the shorelands. This is par- preservation through education rather than sacri- those cases where groins alone are being ticularly so along the York River where extensive ficing a relatively unspoiled area. As with the utilized, this procedure will reduce the sections are managed by the federal government. Black Walnut Ridge area, a comprehensive plan likelihood of flanking. Furthermore, the The extensive marshes of the Chesapeake Bay shore, would be necessary before implementation. observed trapping characteristics will with few exceptions, also preclude uses other than Elsewhere in York County, the zoning ordinance assist in the determination of the spacing as preserved areas. and existing installations, in many cases, have between groins. 3.31 The Chesapeake Bay Shore. The Black Walnut determined the course of shorelands use. It can d) Where possible, groin systems should be Ridge section of the Big Salt Marsh is an out- only be reemphasized that care should be taken to artificially filled with sand in order to standing area for developing as an unusual and limit additional alterations to natural marsh establish sand by-passing to the down- unique public recreational facility. Contained conditions which exist throughout most of the drift shoreline as soon as possible. within a relatively small area are several types of portion of York County's shorelands. e) If there is a need for shore protection in coastal marsh environments. Through this facility 3.32 The York River Shore. Due to the physio- an area with fringe marsh bordering the the many valuable functions of Virginia's wetlands graphic nature and the extensive shore protective shore, the riprapping or bulkheading could be emphasized. As Tidewater is an estab- measures along this portion of York County's should be installed between the fastland lished tourist area, the facility would offer yet shoreline, only one area has potential for further and the marsh. another facet to the recreational attractions of or alternate use development. The area is the Finally, it must be emphasized that installa- the Peninsula. Although a comprehensive plan Yorktown beach area, which could be further devel- tion of shore defenses in one location generally would be necessary prior to implementation, pos- oped for recreational use. has an impact on the adjacent down-drift shore- sible features could include: a visitors' center, Yorktown beach is the only public beach in line. The impact can be both direct and indirect. open pile walkways across the marsh, observation York County. It receives heavy use during the In the case of bluff stabilization by bulkheads towers, film and lectures on wetlands, guided summer months from local residents as well as or riprap, the act of stabilization removes a tours, and other associated features. The facility tourists. This pressure can be expected to in- source of sand which normally would pass to down- would not only serve as a tourist attraction but crease, particularly during the Bicentennial cel- drift beaches. The installation*of groin fields could provide a living classroom for the various ebration. Visitors and residents will expect to is a more aggressive action with a correspondingly schools in the area. find an adequate, safe, and accessible public greater impact on the down-drift beaches, as it The Goodwin Islands are another unique shore- beach. The beach at Yorktown is adequate and prevents by-passing of sand until the system is lands area within York County. Developmental relatively accessible but certain sections are not filled. pressures have been exerted to use these low-lying safe. As detailed in the Segment 5 description a In all cases shore erosion defenses should be islands for industrial expansion in the lower York restricted and guarded swimming area needs to be .L planned under guidance of persons trained or or for residential purposes. Particularly due to established. Consideration should also be given experienced in coastal processes. the high flood hazard, this area is not suitable to an overall plan for maximizing the use of down- town Yorktown. 13 ........... r _71 ....... ... Figure 2 Figure Fit FIGURE 2: Large stone riprap which protects much of the nonmarsh York River Ilk shoreline. However, there is no beach along these sections at high tide. FIGURE 3: Yorktown Beach, the only public beach in York County. _744f* FIGURE 4: Wave erosion at the Park Service picnic grounds in Yorktown. 2- Ot FIGURE 5: One example of the many poorly designed and constructed bulk- heads in York County. 4 r 4@ Figure 4 Figure 5 14 J V . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 6 aim Figure 8 @Sw FIGURE 6: The Plumtree Island Wildlife Refuge marsh with its small barrier beach. FIGURE 7: One of the many dead end canals in York County. FIGURE 8: Another example of a dead end canal and spoiled marsh. Such practices are environmentally unsound in addition to placing homes in high flood hazard areas. Figure 7 15 76-145' 76-130 6C 6C -6 6A 6B 370 57 6 @Qsoo 2 YORK COUNTY 0 1 2 3 4 OACK- 76* 76-130' 17 76-145' 76-130' 0 0 6C 00 11,00 0 0 "'o 6 C 0 00 1,10 0 0 "",,o .400 0 6 A 0 a 0 0 370 6B .0 00 Ic @01 5 15' 'o, 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 o o o o ... ...... . Al 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 'N 00.9000 0 0 2 0000 00 YORK COUNTY 'o0 0-0- el 0- 2 760145'- 76-130' 18 76-145- 765-130 2G 6C 2G 2G 6C -6 6A \J 2 G 6B 2 G 2RC 5 2RC 370 15' 2RC 2RC IC c 6 0 C-\, 0** 2G IRS,, W \,- 16-Ir IRS 2G I I R IRS IRS I I IRS 1 cl, IRS IRS IRS IRS IRS Ic IC4 ic I RS IRS % 2 I R. S (tIR @S 2 IRS IRS IRS 2GQ S IRS IRS' IRS 2G, IRS IRS 2G YORK COUNTY IRS IRS IRS 16 2G 2G Q _9AcK- @2 R \C 760145 76-130 19 76-145' 76-130' 6C R 6C R R 6 A 6 B 5 370 15' O'Pt '0@p Will jR B B B 00 G B YORK COUNTY 76*145' 76-130' 20 TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF YORK COUNTY SHORELANDS PHYSIOGRAPHY, FASTLAND USE AND OWNERSHIP (STATUTE MILES) TOTAL Physiograph- SHORETiAlMS PH-YSIOGRAPHY FASTLANDS USE OWNERSHIP MILES e .Zdusovvner- ship FASTLANDS SHORE NEARSunR-F classi- fication E-1 P4 Ea rxq Fq Ei Pq P., P-1 ll P4 P1 m I H E-i 0 0 Pq Fq 0 'q El 0 E--i Pq M Pq U) Pq co E-i E-4 U) u:) rn Pq Pq F--l Subsegm H Pq ent P E-A E-1 E-1 H m -4 E-i 8: 8 H 0 8 rl@ P @R; F-A Fq @3: @Ej Fq @H;: 9 N 0 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 2 18.7 7.0 11.7 8.1 1.6 9.0 0.2 15.7 2.8 4.7 14.0 18.7 3 92.2 4.8 6.7 76.0 5.6 8.7 0.7 5.0 4.8 92.2 97.0 97.0 4 22.1 1.0 11.9 8.6 o.6 4.2 1.6 0.7 0.4 21.0 22.1 22.1 5 1.0 3.6 3.5 3.5 2.2 6.2 3.2 2.0 4.7 1.2 1.2 4.6 4.6 7.0 0.4 4.2 11.6 6A 1.8 2.0 1.4 0.5 0.4 4.3 1.6 3.6 5.2 5.2 5.2 6B 9.7 0.5 1.4 7.8 9.7 9.7 9.7 6C 9.8 5.0 1.2 4.6 1.0 6.8 1.2 3.4 5.2 14.8 14.8 14.8 6D 5.0 2.0 4.0 11.0 6.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 11.0 TOTAL 138.6 16.6 22.1 13.9 3.5 19.1 100.5 32.5 25.6 18.0 12.7 24.3 10.6 6.9 1.6 15.7 40.3 2.0 125.4 2.8 140.4 0. 4 53. 9 194.7 % of SHORELINE 71.2 9.5 11.3 7.0 1.0 9.8 51.6 16.3 13.1 9.2 6.5 12.5 5.4 3.5 0.8 8.0 20.7 1.0 64.4 1.4 72.1 0.2 27 .7 100.0 sh c f p a' c a tion u s m nt b \ege 21 CHAPTER 4 4.1 Table of Subsegment Summaries 4.2 Segment and Subsegment Descriptions 4.3 Segment and Subsegment Maps 23 4.1 Table of Subsegment Summaries TABLE 2. SHORELINE SITUATION REPORT SUBSEGMENT SUMMARY FOR YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA SHOIE EROSION SITUATION WATER ENDANGER SHORE SUBSEGMEUT SHORELANDS TYPE --- =QR=XM_11a_ ZONING FLOOD HAZARD Y BEACH QUALITY RATE STRUCTURES PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES SUGGESTED ACTION POTENTIAL USE ENBANCR= FASTIAND: Low shore. FASTLAND: Residential. Private. Residential. High, critical. Unsatisfac- None. Slight or None. Effective 200-foot hA - None. Low. Mn h areas should be BRICK KILN SHORE: Extensive marsh; dredge spoil SHORE: Mostly unused, some deve- tory. none; non- head. left in their natural state. CREEK to piles. lopment. critical. SHELL POINT NEARSHORE: Back River is broad and NFARSHORE: Water sports, commer- 24,500 feet shallow. cial fishing. 2 FASTIAND: Low shore. FASTIAND: Commercial, governmen- Private Commercial, High, critical. Unsatisfac- Poor. All Moderate; None. Well maintained bulk- None. Low. Area should not be de- TIN SHELT SHORE: Extensive marsh with some tal, and unmanaged, wooded. and Fed- Residential, tory. beaches are noncriti- head; effective break- veloped any further, marsh POINT to fringe beaches. SHORE: Recreational and Plumtree eral. Federal. thin, narrow, cal. water. lands should be left as they BENNETT CREEK NFARSHORE: One-third borders Back Island Wildlife Refuge. and generally are. Nature walk across 83,100 feet River channel; the rest is Poquoson NEARSHORE: Boating, sport fishing, covered by Blackwalnut Ridge could be Flats. commercial fishing. high tide valuable to public recrea- waters. tion. 3 FASTILAND: Low shore and moderately FASTLAND: Residential - 95%, com- Private. Commercial, High, critical. Inteimedi- Poor. All Severe to None. Fairly effective wooden Discourage instal- Low. Marsh should be left as BENNETT CREEK low shore. mercial - 5% (6 marinas). Residential. ate. beaches are none, non- bulkhead, some concrete lation Of BtnIC- it is due to its natural wa- to YORK POINT SHORE: Fringe and extensive marsh, SHORE: Private recreation. small, nar- critical. riprap. tures, encourage ter cleansing, wildlife and 512,160 feet beach and artificially stabilized NEARSHORE* Water sports, conmer- row, and thin. natural marsh marine sheltering and natural shoreline. cial fishing. grass growth where erosion protection. NEAIRSHORE: Mostly intermediate width, feasible. some wide. 4 FASTLAND: Low shore. FASTLAND: Residential - 95%, com- Private. Residential, High, critical. Inteimedi- Poor. The Severe, None. Effective bulkheading, Discourage cosme- Low. Every attempt should be YORK POINT SHORE: Extensive and fringe marsh, mercial - 3%, industrial - 2%. Commercial, ate. beaches are noncriti- and riprap. tic bulkheading; made to preserve the natural to the pocket beaches, and artificially SHORE: Mostly private, some com- Industrial. small, nar- cal, except encourage natural state of the mearshes. THOROFARE stabilized shoreline. mercial boat access. row, and thin. Back Creek marsh fringe. 116,640 feet NFARSHORE: Intermediate to wide. NEARSHORE: Recreation, sport fish- which is ing, crabbing, commercial fishing, slight or ahellfishing. none, non- critical. 5 FASTLAND: Moderately low shore - 31%, FASTLAND: Commercial, residential, Private - Commercial, Low, noncriti- Intermedi- Good. Sand is Slight to Picnic tables, Very effective areas of Balkh ado should High in Yorktown Beach area. THE THOROFARE moderately high shore - 30%, low governmental, industrial. 62%; Fed- Residential, cal for most. ate. clean,. and the severe, one house. riprap; many bulkheads, be repaired or re- Improved swimming and parking to YORKTOWN shore - 9%. SHORE: Public and private recrea- eral - 30%; Industrial, High, critical beach is wide noncriti- usually in disrepair or placed by adequate areas could greatly help meet CREEK SHORE: Fringe marsh and artificially tion. City - 8%. Federal. for sections of and long. cal. cosmetic. Yorktown sea- size riprap. the demand for adequate, 61,240 feet stabilized shoreline. NEARSHORE: Water sports and com- Goodwin Neck wall is being undercut. Groins should be safe, and accessible public NEARSHORE- Narrow to intermediate mercial crabbing and clammin and businesses placed to enhance recreational facilities. width. of Yorktown. the beach. 6A FASTIAND- Moderately low shore - 38%; FASTLAND: Recreational, The Colon- Federal - Federal. Low, noncriti- Intermedi- Poor to fair. Slight, None. Effective riprap covers Strengthen the Low. Extensive riprap de- YORKTOWN moderately high shore - 28%; and low ial National Historical Park and 85%; City cal. ate. Narrow and noncriti- about 83% of shoreline; seawall or replace creases potential for in- CREEK to shore - 34%. The Naval Weapons Station. - 15%. thin in front cal. 200-foot seawall not with riprap. creased shore zone use. Pro- FOLEY POINT SHORE: Artificially stabilized - 83%; SHORE: Sport fishing, crabbing, of Weapons totally effective. per engineering could create 27,700 feet beach - 10%; and fringe marsh - 7%. picnicking, sightseeing. Station. Fair and maintain a larger beach NEAPSHORE: Intermediate. NEARSHORE: Commercial crabbing by entrance to in certain sections. and fishing, sport fishingv Yorktown Creek. boating. 6B EASTLAND: Moderately low shore. FASTIAND: Naval Supply Depot Federal. Federal. Low., noncriti- Intermedi- None. Slight to None. None. None. Low. Present use precludes KING CREEK SHORE: Embayed marsh - 80%, fringe (Cheatham Annex) and Yorktown Naval cal. ate. none; non- any changes or suggestions in and FELGATES marsh - 15%, beach - 5%. Weapons Station. critical. that use. CREEK CREEK: Shallow, shifting shoals at SHORE: Cheatham Annex and Naval. 51,200 feet entrance. Weapons Station. CREEK: Crabbing, fishing. 6C FASTLAND: Low shore and some moder- FASTIAND: Camp Peary Naval Reser- Federal. Federal. Low, noncriti- Intermedi- Fair to poor Slight. None. Very effective rubble Planting of marsh Low. Present use precludes CAMP PEARY ately high shore with 20-foot cliffs. vation and-U.S. Naval Supply cal. ate. used only by groin, bulkheads and grass in the any changes. and CHEATHAM SHORE: Fringe, embayed, and extensive Center. Camp Peary rubble riprap. One in- breacheav or place- ANNEX marsh, small beaches and artificially SHORE: Controlled by Naval Reser- personnel. effective bulkhead. ment of large, 132,000 feet stabilized shoreline. vation and Cheatham Annex. stone riprap. NFARSHCRE: Intermediate with soft, NEARSHORE: Commercial fishing and sandy-mud bottom. crabbing, gill netting, pound netting, sport fishing. 6D FASTLAND: low shore, moderately high FASTLAND: Governmental and reei- Federal - Federal, He- Medium, criti- Intermedi- gone. Slight to None. Effective bulkheads at Posted and enforced Low. Every attempt should be QUEEN CREEK shorev and moderately low shore. dential. 75%; Pri- sidential. cal. ate . none, non- Queen Creek Mardna., De- speed limits in made to maintain the arshea H2rivate. SHORE: Ekabayed marsh. SHORE: Commercial (marine). vate - 25%1 critical. cayed boat slips and creek. in their natural state. CREEK: Long, shallow, tidal creek. CREEK: Crabbing and access to piers at Camp Peary. Queen Creek M-Jna. Concrete rubble on marsh. 25 4.2 Segment and Subsegment Descriptions bulkhead. This well emplaced structure appears effective in retaining fill. Suggested Action: None. BRICK KILN CREEK TO TIN SHELL POINT, OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: None. YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA SEGMENT 1 (Maps 1A, 1B, 1C) POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT: As the predominant shore type is extensive marsh, every effort should be made to preserve this valuable re- EXTENT: 24,500 feet (4.6 mi.) from Brick Kiln source. These marshes provide numerous neces- Creek to Tin Shell Point. sary biological functions in addition to the natural erosion protection properties. SHORELANDS TYPE FASTLAND: Entirely low shore. MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min.Ser. (Topo.), NEWPORT NEWS SHORE: Extensive marsh, except for dredge spoil NORTH and HAMPTON Quadrs., 1965, photorevised piles at Cedar Landing and Tin Shell Point. 1970. NEARSHORE: The Back River in this section is C&GS, #494, 1:40,000 scale, MOBJACK BAY and broad and shallow (4 ft.). YORK RIVER ENTRANCE, 1971. SHORELANDS USE PHOTOS: Aerial-VIMS 30Apr73 YK-1 1-29. FASTLAND: Primarily used for residential pur- poses. SHORE: Except for encroaching developments, the marsh has been left in its natural state. NEARSHORE: The Back River is used primarily by water sport enthusiasts and for@some commercial fishing. WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: The Back River runs basi- cally E - W. The fetch throughout the segment is mile or less. OWNERSHIP: Private. ZONING: Residential. FLOOD HAZARD: High, critical. According to the Corps of Engineers Flood Hazard Report for the Town of Poquosoni this segment is subject to flooding from each of the projected flood levels covered in that report. WATER QUALITY* Satisfactory. BEACH QUALITY: There are no beaches in this seg- ment. PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION EROSIONRATE: Slight to none, noncritical. ENDANGERED STRUCTURES: None. SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: At Cedar Landing, there is a 200-foot, wooden, tongue and groove 27 TIN SHELL POINT TO BENNETT CREEK, to the extreme lowness of the fastland area. MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Mi-n.Ser. (Topo.), POQUOSON EAST YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA Past storms (1933, 1962) have given graphic Quadr. , 1964, photorevised 1970, and HAMPTON evidence to this very real hazard. Quadr.9 19659 photorevised 1970. SEGMENT 2 (Maps 1A, 1B9 1C and 2A, 2B9 2C) C&GS, #494, 1:40,000 scale, MOBJACK BAY and WATER QUALITY: Intermediate. YORK RIVER ENTRANCE, 1972. EXTENT: Approximately 98,800 feet (8-7 mi.) from BEACH QUALITY: Poor. Thin, narrow, sand beaches PHOTOS: Aerial-VINB 30Apr73 YK-2 30-51; Tin Shell Point to Bennett Creek. The center- exist at the outboard fringes of the Big Salt VIMS 270ct73 YK-2 52-72. line of Bennett Creek is the dividing line be- Marsh. These beaches are too small to support tween segments 2 and 3. anything but limited recreational use. SHORELANDS TYPE PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION FASTLAND: Low shore. EROSION RATE: Moderate, noncritical. SHORE: Extensive marsh with occasional fringe ENDANGERED STRUCTURES: None. beaches. SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES.: There is well NEARSHORE: The first third borders the Back maintained bulkheading at Amory's Wharf and River Channel whose depths range from 12 to 15 Messick Point for protection of commercial ven- feet. From Flat Gut to Cow Island there are tures. One quarter mile south of Plumtree the extensive shallow Drum Island Flats and the Isla-ad there is an effective, large stone, rip- Plumtree Bar. These flats have a varied shallow rap breakwater. bathymetry with a soft muddy bottom. Suggested Action: None. SHORELANDS USE FASTLAND: Commercial, governmental.9 and un- OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: None. managed, open. SHORE: Recreational and the Plumtree Island POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT : The major portion of Wildlife Refuge. this segment is the Plumtree Island Wildlife NEARSHORE: Boating, sport fishing, and exten- Refuge, which precludes any other present day sive commercial fishing. use. In other areas of the segment, encroach- ment by housing developments has covered and OFFSHORE: The channel entrance to the York River threatened to expand to use the marsh lands as is bounded by the Poquoson Flats and the York building land in order to abate the growing Spit. Dredged channel depth is 40 feet. housing pressure in York County and the Town of Poquoson. Every attempt should be made to keep ZONING: Commercial, Residential, and Federal. these marshes as they are, for their natural water cleansing function in addition to their WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: There are three basic natural erosion control. shore orientations in this segment. Tin Shell The marshes around Blackwalnut Ridge provide Point to Plumtree Island trends SW - NE, fetches an excellent opportunity for observing the vari- are NE - 16 miles, E '- 16 miles, and SE - un- ous types of marsh environments. With this limited through the bay mouth. Plumtree Island valuable resource in close proximity to a grow- to Marsh Point trends SE - NW, fetches are SE ing urban and suburban population, the need unlimited, E - 16 miles, and NE - 16 miles. arises to protect and preserve the area and use The shoreline trend from Marsh Point to Cow it for the education and recreation of the popu- Island is E - W, fetches are N - 12 miles, NE lace. Thus, consideration should be given to 30 miles, and E - 16 miles. establishing a marsh nature walk through the Blackwalnut Ridge area. This would necessitate OWNERSHIP: Private and Federal. a planning study which would further outline FLOOD HAZARD: High, critical. According to the environmental impact and design considerations. The result could be an unusual and valuable Corps of Engineers Flood Hazard report for addition to the public recreational facilities Poquoson, this area is susceptible to flooding of the area, as well as preserving one of Vir- from all predicted flood levels. This is due ginia@s most valuable resources. 28 BENNETT CREEK TO YORK POINT, YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: There is no one shore orien- bulkheading. There are a few sites where con- tation for the segment. Chisman Creek basically crete rubble riprap has been employed. In most SEGMENT 3 lies E - W, the Poquoson River lies SW - NE. cases the structures are used for cosmetic pur- (Maps 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C and 4A, 4B, 4C) Griffins Beach to Hunts Point trends E - W, poses or to abate boat wake erosion, the lat- fetches for this section are NW - 2 miles, N - ter being particularly so in housing development 8 miles, NE - 28 miles, and E - 20 miles. Hodges canals. Again, between Griffins Beach and Hunts EXTENT: 512,160 feet (97 mi.) from Bennett Creek Cove to Ship Point trends N - S, fetches are Point and between Hodges Cove and Ship Point to York Point. The centerline of Bennett Creek NE - 28 miles and E - 22 miles. Only the two the structures are in response to definite is the dividing line between segments 2 and 3. areas which have demonstrated previous moderate erosion problems. Most of the bulkheading and and severe erosion will be discussed here. riprapping is doing an effective job in re- SHORELANDS TYPE taining backfill or reducing boat wake erosion. FASTLAND: All low shore except moderately low OWNERSHIP: Private. Those structures in the areas of definite ero- shore from Moores Creek to Harwoods Mill Reser- sion problems are moderately effective. Ex- voir. ZONING: Commercial and Residential. treme exposure and limited sand supply will SHORE: From Cow Island to Easton Cove is ex- continue to make them marginally effective. tensive marsh. From Easton Cove to Roberts FLOOD HAZARD: High, critical. The Army Corps of Creek is fringe marsh with several sections Engineers Coastal Flooding Report for the Town Suggested Action: Except in the previously being artificially stabilized. From Roberts of Poquoson indicates a severe flood hazard po- defined areas of erosion, installation of struc- Creek to Hunts Point is beach backed by artifi- tential for the entire segment. Past storms tures should be discouraged unless a definite cial stabilizers with some fringe marsh near have inundated major portions of the Town of need is established. Rather, the encouragement the mouth of Roberts Creek. From Hunts Point Poquoson. Those residences and businesses lo- of natural marsh grasses through transplanting to Hodges Cove is fringe marsh with an occa- cated below an elevation of 9.0 feet above mean and fertilizing should be implemented. Even sional section of artificially stabilized shore. sea level can expect to be flooded at least in relatively high energy areas such as between From Hodges Cove to Ship Point is beach with a once in the next 100 years. Those residences Hodges Cove and Ship Point, existent stands of small section of fringe marsh in the middle. and businesses situated below the 7-foot con- marsh grass have done an excellent job of pre- From Ship Point to York Point the shore is tour can expect to be flooded at least once in venting erosion. In those areas such as some of fringe marsh with some artificially stabilized the next 25 years. the narrower housing development canals where portions. grasses might prove impractical, placed riprap NEARSHORE: Most of the seg 'ment falls within WATER QUALITY: Intermediate. stone and filter cloth is recommended. In the intermediate range except for the portion most cases this variegated face is more effec- from Hodges Cove to Ship Point where the near- BEACH QUALITY: 'Poor. Small beaches exist between tive in reducing wave energy than bulkheading. shore zone is narrow. From off of Calthrop Griffins Beach and Hunts Point and between Hodges Also, it provides numerous shelters for crabs, Neck to the mouth of the Poquoson River there Cove and Ship Point. They are thin, narrow, and small fishes, and other marine organisms, and is a 300-yard wide, 10-foot deep, channel. generally covered by high tide waters. They has the ability to relieve ground water pressure primarily exist through replenishment from local more readily than bulkheading. Even within SHORELANDS USE sources of eros Iion rather than as a part of a those canals a natural stand of supratidal marsh FASTIAND: Primarily residential (95%) except definite long shore drift mechanism. grasses will tend to grow along the fastland for 4 commercial marinas in Chisman Creek and 2 near the canal. Rather than being considered in White House Cove (5%). PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION an eyesore, the root systems of these grasses SHORE: Except in the cases of pier accesses EROSION RATE: Severe to none, noncritical. and trees act to hold the soil in place. and bulkheaded waterfront, shore use is limited Historically those areas most affected by ero- by the extensive fringe marsh within the seg- sion are located between Griffins Beach and Hunts OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: There are numerous piers ment. Those sections with beaches are used for Point (3.6 ft/yr.) and between the cove south of along the shore of this segment. private recreational purposes by the landowners. Hodges Cove and Ship Point (1-5 ft/yr.). Present NEARSHORE: The nearshore zone is used exten- day evidences of erosion still persist despite POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT: Low. Although fringe sively for water sports as well as commercial attempts to slow its encroachment. Elsewhere, marsh precludes direct use of the shore, its access by watermen. erosion has been or is now, slight or no change. natural water cleansing, wildlife and marine ENDANGERED STRUCTURES: None. life sheltering, and natural erosion protection OFFSHORE: There is a 750-foot wide channel which SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: It is difficult to characteristics are much more valuable than those sections of shore bulkheaded for cosmet- runs.from the mouth of the Poquoson River to give the exact number of shoreline structures icIpurposes. Buoy '12" where it joins the York River Channel. within this segment. From aerial photos and Depths range from 16 feet near the Poquoson spot checks it is known there are in excess of River to 30 feet near the York River Channel. 110 sets of shoreline protective structures. The predominant type of structure is wooden 29 MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min.Ser. (Topo.), POQUOSON EAST Qu4dr., 1964, photorevised 1970 and POQUOSON WEST Quadr., 1965, photorevised 1970. C&GS, #494, 1:40,000 scale, MOBJACK BAY and YORK RIVER ENTRANCE, 1971. PHOTOS: Aerial-VIES 30APr73 'YK-3 73-185. Ground VIES 4Feb74 YK-3 158-164. 30 YORK POINT TO THE THOROFARE, YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA OFFSHORE: The deep water channel for the York severely eroded (3-9 ft/yr. ) is the portion be- River runs -L of a mile north of the Goodwin tween York Point and Green Point. Here the SEGMENT 4 (Maps 4A, 4B, 4C and 5A, 5B, 50 Islands and4the channel between York Spit and overall shoreline retreat ranges from 200 feet Poquoson Flats is 4 miles off the Goodwin Is- to almost 350 feet. In this same 100-year span EXTENT: 116,640 feet (22.1 mi.) from York Point lands. Inshore of this channel are extensive the Goodwin Islands have lost approximately 110 to the western shore of the Thorofare. It in- flats and shallows used for gill netting, pound acres. cludes Back Creek, the Goodwin Islands, Claxton netting, crabbing, and clamming. The deep wa- ENDANGERED STRUCTURES: None. Creek, Bay Tree Creek, and the intervening shore. ters of the York Channel are often the fishing SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: Of this segment, sites of several menhaden boats. 5,870 feet of the shoreline is protected. Of SHORELANDS TYPE this, 5,600 feet is bulkheaded, with the re- FASTLAND: Entirely low shore. WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: Excluding the creeks and mainder being riprapped. Except for the struc- SHORE: The shore zone consists mainly of two the Goodwin Islands the bay front portions of tures along the Thorofare and at York Point, types of marsh, fringing and extensive. The the shore generally have a NW - SE orientation. the purpose of the structures is cosmetic and major portions of extensive marsh occur at the Back Creek trends E W. Fetches for the Good- in and around marinas to prevent boat wake ero- Goodwin Islands, 206 acres, and Bay Tree Marsh, win Islands are NW` 3 miles, N - 3 miles, NE sion. All structures are working well. 252 acres. With the exception of a few small 10 miles, E - 20 miles, SE - 30 miles, and S pocket beaches and those portions artificially 1 mile. Fetches for the Bay fronting shore are Suggested Action: Except in those areas which stabilized, the rest of the shore is fringe N 1 mile, NE - 22 miles, E - 19 miles, and display a definite erosion problem, cosmetic marsh. The small pocket beaches occur along the SE 20 miles. bulkheading should be discouraged. The natural western side of the Thorofare near Goodwin Neck marsh fringe provides good erosion protection Estates and in front of Bay Tree Marsh from OWNERSHIP: Private. in addition to providing natural water cleansing. York Point to Green Point. NEARSHORE: For the most part, the nearshore ZONING: Residential, with a limited amount of OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: None. zone is intermediate except off the southeast industrial and commercial in Back Creek. POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT: Low. Eve .ry attempt side of Tue Point where the nearshore zone is wide and in excess of 2,800 yards. Between the FLOOD HA.ZARD: High, critical, due to the extreme should be made to preserve the natural state Goodwin Islands and Goodwin Neck, through the lowness of the fastland area. All structures of the marshes. Upland areas should be used to Thorofare, there is a 1,700-yard long, 60-foot are below the 7-foot contour. According to the meet the growing demand for suburban housing. wide, and 4-foot deep, dredged channel. This Corps of Engineers Flood Hazard report for connects to a deeper natural channel which en- Poquoson, this area is susceptible to flooding MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min.Ser. (Topo.), POQUOSON WEST ters Poquoson Bay to the York River. A branch from all predicted flood levels. Past storms Quadr., 1965, photorevised 1970. of this natural channel extends approximately (1933, 1962) have given graphic evidence to C&GS , #494, 1:40,000 scale, MOBJACK BAY and one-half mile up into Back Creek. this very real hazard. YORK RIVER ENTRANCE, 1971. SHORELANDS USE WATER QUALITY: Intermediate. PHOTOS: Aerial-VIMS 3bApr73 YK-4 159-233; VIMS 1OSep73 YK-4 454-465. FASTLAND: The primary use of this segment is residential (95%) with a small section of Back BEACH QUALITY: The few beaches in this segment are Creek being used for commercial (3%) and indus- all small, narrow, and thin. The beach in front Ground VIMS 28Aug73 YK-4 152-157. trial (2%) purposes. The Goodwin Islands are of the bulkhead at Goodwin Neck Estates is ap- not used at the present. proximately 350 feet long, 15 to 20 feet wide SHORE: Due to the large percentage of marsh (MHW) and thin. It is enclosed on either end (92%) which covers the shore of this segment, by fringe marsh. The physical characteristics shore use is limited to private and some commer- of the pocket beaches which occur at breaches cial boat access, these activities being re- in the marsh front from York Point to Green stricted to those portions of the shore which Point are similar to those described at Goodwin have been altered by structures, such as piers Neck Estates, the only difference being the and bulkheading. Less than 3% of the shore is absence of bulkheading behind the beach. beach thus affording limited recreational use. NEARSHORE: Within Back Creek the nearshore PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION zone is used primarily for recreation and some EROSION RATE: Portions of the shore within this fishing and crabbing. The nearshore waters in segment have undergone severe erosion. Overall and around the Goodwin Islands are used for com- the segment has lost approximately 360 acres of mercial fishing and shellfishing. land in the last 100 years. That being most 31 THE THOROFARE TO YORKTOWN CREEK, primarily by industry. Directly on the shore OWNERSHIP: Private - 62%; Federal - 30%, City YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA between the American Oil Company property and 8%. VEPCO properties is a section of private resi- SEGMENT 5 (Maps 4A, 4B, 4C and 5A, 5B, 5C) dential houses. ZONING: Commercial, Residential, Industrial, SHORE: Yorktown and the National Park Services Federal, and City. shore zone is used primarily as a recreational EXTENT: 61,240 feet (11.6 mi.) from the Thorofare beach. This beach is one of only a few ade- FLOOD HAZARD: Low, noncritical, for mGst of the to Yorktown Creek. Includes the tidal creek quate public beaches in the area. It receives segment, as structures are above the maximum shoreline of Wormley Creek (4-9 mi.). extensive use by local residents as well as range of the projected 100-year storm. High, heavy tourist usage. The National Park Service critical, for the outer sections of Goodwin SHORELANDS TYPE has provided a well managed and policed picnic Neck and the business section of Yorktown, which FASTLAND: One mile of the York River portion of area,behind the portion of the shore wide enough are threatened by the projected 25 and 100-year Goodwin Neck is low shore. The rest of the to support such a facility. The shore zone flood levels. shoreline ranges from moderatply.low shore to from the Colonial National Historical Park pic- high shore, characterized by a cliff immediately n1c area to Wormley Creek,is 90% artificially WATER QUALITY: Satisfactory. behind the shore zone. These cliffs range from stabilized. Some recreational use is made of 10 feet, near the American Oil Pier, to 60 feet, the small beach on the north side of the Coast BEACH QUALITY: The beach of Yorktown is good. near the Yorktown Battlefield shore. Guard Pier. Wormley Creek shore is primarily Sand is clean, the beach is wide and it is rela- SHORE: The dominant feature of this zone'is the used for private recreation such as fishing, tively long. The beaches on Goodwin Neck are extensive sections of artificially stabilized birdwatching,'and mooring of private boats-. small and thin but generally clean. At present shore. Approximately 2.5 miles of the shore is Wormley Creek Marina, near the entrance to they are used primarily for private recreational covered by shoreline defense structures with Wormley Creek, is entirely artificially stabi- purposes, but with enhancement they could be the majority, 67%, being riprap. Elsewhere on lized. The shore from Wormley Creek to the expanded to support higher density recreational the York River portion of segment 5, the unpro- Thorofare has a varied physiographic make up use. tected sections are beaches. Small growths of whichreflects its use. Some private recrea- fringe marsh occur near the mouth of Wormley tional use is made of the beach portion front- PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION Creek. Within Wormley Creek most of the shore ing the tank farm. Small pocket beaches also EROSION RATE: Slight to severe, critical. The is fringe marsh. The other portion is protected exist in front of the residences at the end of erosion rate for this segment ranges from 0.7 by bulkheading. Except at Wormley Creek marina, Goodwin Neck which are used for private recrea- to 3.5 feet per year. Due to the considerable this bulkheading is cosmetic. tion. implementation of shoreline protective struc- NEARSHORE: The nearshore ranges from narrow, NEARSHORE: In permitted areas the nearshore tures present day erosion has been checked in near the George P. Coleman bridge, to interme- zone is used extensively for commercial crabbing much of the segment. Severe erosion still con- diate off the Thorofare. The limits of this and clamming. In front of the Yorktown beach tinues between the tank farm settling pond out- range are 20 yards under the bridge to 600 yards the nearshore zone is used extensively for fall and the residences at the end of Goodwin off the Thorofare. It is generally,character- swimming and other water sports. Neck. There is also severe erosion at the ized by a gently sloping, shallow shelf with a Colonial National Historical picnic area in sandy bottom, except near the Thorofare where OFFSHORE: The offshore zone is also used exten- Yorktown. the bottom is soft sandy-mud. sively for commercial shellfishing. There is ENDANGERED STRUCTURES: Some of the picnic tables also extensive recreational boating and sport near the erosion scarp at the picnicarea in SHORELANDS USE fishing during the appropriate seasons. Recrea- Yorktown are being threatened. One house on FASTLAND: The fastland within this segment is tional boating during the summer months is par- Goodwin Neck is threatened by flanking of its used in a variety of ways. In'Yorktown proper ticularly heavy. In the deep portions of the concrete rubble riprap. there is commercial and residential use. Adja- York River Channel, again according to the sea- SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: Riprap is employed cent to this on the south is,the National Park son, there is heavy menhaden fishing. Through- in three areas in this segment. There is a Service property which in turn bounds the Coast out the year numerous Navy ships and oil tankers small concrete rubble pile at the Yorktown boat Guard Reserve Training Center facility. The use the York River Channel to supply and re- ramp and another between the George P. Coleman south shore 8f the West Branch of Wormley Creek supply the Naval Weapons Station and the Good- Bridge support and the Yorktown Post Office. is a residential area. The north shore of the win Neck Tank Farm. The most extensive implementation of riprap West Branch is part of the Coast Guard Reserve (4,800 ft.) occurs at the base of the headlands Training Center facility. Wormley Creek proper WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: The shore is basically next to the Park Service picnic area and along is used residentially and a small portion com- oriented E W. Fetches are NW - 2-1 miles, N the cliffs of the Colonial National Historical mercially in the form of Wormley Creek marina. 2 Park to its terminus 600 feet from the Coast The York River portion of Goodwin Neck is used 2 miles, NE 8 miles, and E - 20 miles. Guard. pier. Elsewhere there are approximately 32 30 bulkhead installations. The 660 feet of the post office. This roped off area should stone bulkhead in front of Cornwallis' Cave is extend to approximately the 8-foot contou-r. being undercut. Between Wormley Creek and the This would also alleviate the hazard of boaters Thorofare there are 20 bulkheads in various straying close to a heavily used swimming area. states of disrepaiT. Within Wormley Creek The other problem is not as easily remedied. there are eight, well cons@ructed bulkheads It represents a problem throughout Yorktown, used primarily for cosmetic purposes. access and parking, the latter being the most serious. No easy solution is apparent without Suggested Action: To avert additional damage, a redesign of the downtown portion of Yorktown. the York River bulkheads should be either re- Due to the present limited parking, people in placed or repaired. Those individuals whose their desire to use the beach and commercial bulkheads are destroyed or in disrepair might facilities are forced to park anywhere they can. consider the use of properly placed, adequate Many times these are not the safest areas. size riprap, if they are only concerned with Two possible, although expensive, solutions stopping erosion. However, the enhancement of would be to build a multilevel parking ramp up a beach in this area would require groins. Due against the bluff, and/or to tunnel into the to the extensive amount of shoreline protection bluff and provide underground parking. The in this segment and that a significant amount solution to the access problem is directly tied of the beach sand is supplied by local sources to the solution of the parking problem. of erosion, only properly designed and con- Other increased use facilities which might structed groins would be of any value. be considered are a fishing pier, a service marina, a boardwalk, a nature walk on Yorktown OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: There are two large Creek, bicycle facilities, etc. The employment piers, one at the Coast Guard Reserve Training of a professional coastal zone development plan- Center and the other services the large tankers ner is recommended, not only to use the area at AMOCO Tank Farm. The VEPCO Power Station more efficiently under present demands but also has two large, sheet pile jetties, used as an to meet the extreme demands that will be placed intake duct. The concrete pilings and platform, upon Yorktown during the Bicentennial Celebra- in Yorktown, support the Wharf Restaurant and tion. If properly prepared the Yorktown area the Yorktown Post Office. The George P. Cole- could serve as a model of a well thought out man Bridge, world's largest double-swing, single- tourist and recreational facility. This would span bridge, is found in this segment. There not only meet the increased demands of the are several old piers and unused pilings near tourists but more adequately serve the resident a boat ramp in Yorktown. population. POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT: The section of this MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min.Ser. (Topo.), POQUOSON WEST segment with the most potential for full and in- and YORKTOWN Quadrs., 19659 photorevised 1970. creased use of its shoreline is the Yorktown C&GS, #494, 1:40,000 scale, MOBJACK BAY and area. At present it is one of only two public YORK RIVER ENTRANCE, 1970. recreational beaches on the Peninsula. The ever increasing suburban population of York PHOTOS: Aerial-VIMS 30Apr73 YK-5 234-286, 317-323; County and the Peninsula will demand adequate, VIM 270ct73 YK-5 287-301, 305-306; safe and accessible public beaches. Two of VIMS 1OSep73 YK-5 442-453. these criteria, however, are not being fully met. Certain portions of the Yorktown beach Ground - VIMS 1Jun73 YK-5 81-127; are not safe for average swimmers, in particu- VIMS 28Aug73 YK-5 128-151. lar, the area near the Yorktown Post Office. Here the bottom drops off to deep water quickly and quite close to the shore. Besides this haz- ard, during the high velocity portions of the tidal cycle strong offshore currents are pres- ent. A restricted and guarded swimming area should be established starting 400 feet east of 33 YORKTOWN CREEK TO POLEY POINT, restricted as noted on C&GS chart 495. These sections of riprap are all large, placed YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA. stone. The next section of riprap, about 200 WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: This extent of shore dis- feet of small stone, starts approximately 200 SUBSEGMENT 6A (Maps 6A, 6B, 6C) plays two orientations. From Poley Point to yards down river from the Naval Weapons Station Sandy Point the shore is oriented WNW - ESE. pier. The headland on the north flank of the Fetches are NW` - 21 miles, N - 3 miles, and NE - entrance to Ballard Creek is protected by ap- EXTENT: Approximately 27,700 feet (5-41 mi.), ex- 2 miles. From Sandy Point to Yorktown Creek proximately 500 feet of large stone riprap. cluding the small creeks. the shoreline trend is NW - SE. Fetches are Beginning at the south flank of Ballard Creek N - 2-1 miles, NE - 2 miles, E 1-L miles, and entrance, along the York River Cliffs and to @2 2 SHORELANDS TYPE ESE - 14 miles. the previously mentioned seawall, there is ap- FASTLAND: Moderately low shore 38% (1.9 mi.), proximately 2,200 feet of heavy stone riprap. low shore 34% (1-7 mi.), and moderately high OWNERSHIP: Federal - 85%; City 15%. shore 28% (1-4 mi.). The fastland is charac- Suggested Action: The seawalled section of terized at the shore by a 10,to 20-foot bluff, ZONING: Federal. this subsegment is the only portion which could except at and near the entrances to the small be strengthened. The center portion of it has tidal creeks. WATER QUALITY: Unsatisfactory. been breached and recently replaced with con- SHORE: Artificially stabilized 83% (4-5 mi.), crete bags. The bags appear to be working but beach 10% (0-5 mi.), and fringe marsh 7% BEACH QUALITY: The beaches fronting the Naval because they are not secured to each other by (0-4 mi.). Weapons Station section of the subsegment are any other means than weight and cohesion by the NEARSHORE: Intermediate. The nearshore zone poor. They are narrow, thin, and front highly set cement, large wind generated waves during varies in width from 1,300 yards off Poley vegetated, 25-foot bluffs. The sand and beach -high water storm conditions could breach the Point to 100 yards off Yorktown Creek. The material is very coarse-with a large percentage structure again. The entire length of seawall nearshore zone is a gently sloping, muddy-sand of shell fragments. The beach by the entrance has not been backfilled and has allowed some terrace which increases its slope at about the to Yorktown Creek is fair. Sand is clean and flanking on its southern end. There are also 12-foot contour, here it falls off into the light colored, but the beach is relatively nar- several cracks through the seawall which would York River Channel. row and undergoing slight erosion. Effluent have to be repaired before backfill could be from the Colonial National Historical Park held within the structure. To prevent the SHORELANDS USE enters the York River through Yorktown Creek. associated problems of mating dissimilar types FASTLAND: The fastland immediately adjacent to of structures and materials, consideration the shore is used for recreation. The Colonial PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION should be given to replacing the jeopardized National Historical Park controls 85% and the EROSION RATE: Slight, noncritical. Erosion in seawalls by Yorktown Creek with riprap and other 15% is controlled by the Town of Yorktown. the past has been'quite severe along this sub- filter cloth. A system of shoreline defense Immediately inland from the 400-foot strip, segment. The rate ranges from 0.6 to 1.7 feet structures possibly. incorporating riprap which the Colonial National Historical Park per year. This is quite marked considering that should be designed for the beach adjacent to controls, is the Naval Weapons Station. a 25-foot cliff was being eroded*. There is very Yorktown Creek. SHORE: At those points along the Colonial Park- little present erosion due to the extensive way where there is public access, the shore is amount of shore protective structures employed OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: The only other shore utilized for extensive sport fishing, crabbing, in this subsegment. The small beach which bor- structures present are the two large piers at ,picnicking, and sightseeing. ders the entrance to Yorktown Creek is being the Naval Weapons Station. The large closed NEARSHORE: The sh 'allow nearshore zone is used eroded slightly. pier encompasses a section of the York River ap- extensively for commercial crabbing and fishing ENDANGERED STRUCTURES: None provided present proximately 2,200 feet by 1,800 feet and the and by numerous sport fishermen and boaters. shoreline protective structures remain working. second singular pier extends approximately 1,600 The area nearshore is closed to persons not SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: Of the York River feet out into the York. having a shellfish permit. This is due to the shoreline within this subsegment, 83% has been treated sewage which enters Yorktown Creek at artificially stabilized. This 4-t miles of POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEM`FWT: Low. Restricted ac- its head waters . shoreline protection is almost all well placed, cess as well as the extensive amount of rip- effective riprap. There is a short section, rapping do not allow increased use of the shore OFFSHORE: Offshore is the York River Channel. approximately 200 feet, of jeopardized seawall zone. The Colonial National Historical Park- The Channel is 1,100 yards wide and with an protecting the houses at the southern end of way has maximized the use of the unrestricted average depth of 45 feet off Poley Point. It the York River Cliffs. Continuous riprap ex- portions of the subsegment. is approximately 800 yards wide, with an aver- tends from inside the mouth of Felgates Creek age depth of 60 feet off Yorktown Creek. Ap- to Sandy Point. Riprap begins again behind proximately three miles of this channel is Sandy Point marsh and extends to Sandy Point. 34 MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min.Ser. (Topo. ), YORKTOWN and KING CREEK AND FELGATES CREEK, any changes or suggestions for change. CLAY BANK Quadrs., 19659 photorevised 1970 and YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA 1972. MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min-Ser. (Topo.), CLAY BANK C&C-rS, #495, 1:40,000 scale, YORK RIVER, SUBSEGMENT 6B (Maps 6A, 6-B, 6C and 7A, 7B, 7C) Quadr., 1965, photorevised 1972. Yorktown to West Point, 1971. C&GS@ #495, 1:40,000 scale, YORK RIVER, PHOTOS: Aerial-VIMS 1OOct72 YK-6A 307-316, 351- EXTENT: 51,200 feet (9.6 mi.), tidal creek shore- Yorktown to West Point, 1971. 352, 360-361, 367; line of King Creek and Felgates Creek. PHOTOS: Aerial-VIMS 1OSeP73 YK-6B 436-440. VD@B 270ct72 YK-6A 302-304, 366, 368; SHORELANDS TYPE Ground VDVIS 24May73 YK-6B 49-53. VIMS 30Apr73 YK-6A 324-350, 353- FASTLAND: Moderately low shore. 359, 362-365; SHORE: Embayed marsh (80%), fringe marsh (15%), VIMS 1OSep73 YK-6A 441. and beach (5%). Ground VIM 24May73 YK-6A 55-59; CREEK: Shallow, shifting shoals at entrance. VIMS 1Jun73 YK-6A 60-80. SHORELANDS USE FASTLAND- The north shore of King Creek is used by the Naval Supply Depot (Cheatham Annex). The south shore and Felgates Creek are used by Yorktown Naval Weapons Station. SHORE: Used entirely by Cheatham Annex and the Naval Weapons Station. CREEK: Crabbing and some fishing. WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: The shoreline of King Creek trends SW - NE. Felgates Creek trends S - N. OWNERSHIP: Federal. ZONING: Federal. FLOOD HAZARD: Low, noncritical. Buildings and presently used land are situated well above projected flood levels. WATER OUA1ITY: Unsatisfactory. BEACH QUALITY: There are no beaches in this sub- segment. PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION EROSION RATE: Slight to none, noncritical. END-ANGERED STRUCTURES: None. SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: None. Suggested Action: None. OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: None. POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT: Present use by Cheatham Annex and the Naval Weapons Station precludes 35 CAMP PEARY AND CHEATHA2d ANNEX, yards off of Beaver Dam Swamp. The York River bulkheads, one -protecting a small building on YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA Channel varies from 2,300 yards off the mouth the north side of the entrance to Carter Creek of Skimino Creek to goo yards off Penniman Spit. and the other, of approximately 200 feet, pro- SUBSEGMENT 6C (Maps 7A, 7B, 7C and 8A, 8B, 80 From Skimino Creek to off Queen Creek the chan- tects the bluff on the south side of the en- n.el is 500 yards wide with an average depth of trance to Queen Creek. Another 1,200 feet of 35 feet. At Queen Creek it is 1,500 yards off- riprap joins the previously mentioned bulkhead EXTENT: Approximately 137,280 feet (26 mi.) from shore and widens to approximately 1@000 yards, at Queen Creek. Its construction i§ concrete King Creek to Skimino Creek. Includes tidal with depths ranging from 27 to 53 feet. rubble, concrete cylinders, and stone. From creek shoreline of Skimino Creek and Carter Cheatham Annex pier north, approximately 1,500 Creek, but not Oueen Creek. WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: The York River portion of feet consists of concrete rubble and large this subsegment trends NW - SE, fetches are N - stone. SHORELANDS TYPE 3 miles, NE - 2 miles, E - 3 miles, and SE - All structures except one are working well. FASTLAND: Mostly low shore (23 mi. ), and some 6 miles. The tidal creeks generally trend E - The bulkheading on the south bank of the entrance moderately high shore (2-5 mi.). The moderately W. to Queen Creek has several boards missing, is not high shore forms a 20-foot cliff at the shore- backfilled, and is not properly tied to the rip- line. OWNERSHIP: Federal. rap or the bluff. SHORE: Fringe marsh (7 mi.) and embayed marsh (8-4 mi.) make up the majority,of the shore ZONING: Federal. Suggested Action: The few instances of un- type. There is also 1.2 miles of shoreline checked erosion which exist behind breaches in fronting Ferry Point, which is an extensive FLOOD HAZARD: Low. All structures within the the .fringe marsh do not at this time present a marsh. There are also several small pocket subsegment are above predicted flood levels. serious problem. If action were taken, planting beaches (0.5 mi.) and some artificially stabi- of marsh grass in the breaches would be the lized shoreline (0.8 mi.). WATER QUALITY: Unsatisfactory. cheapest and easiest solution. If conventional NEARSHORE: Intermediate width. Ranging from techniques were used, large stone riprap would 800 yards off Penniman Spit to more than 1,500 BEACH QUALITY: Only two beaches of lengths more probably be the most effective. It also appears yards off Carter Creek. It is generally char- than one hundred feet exist within this subseg- that much of the erosion is caused by land run- acterized by a gradually sloping, shallow shelf ment. These are located at the entrance to off rather than being entirely due to wave action with a soft sandy-mud bottom. Skimino Creek and at Penniman Spit at the en- at high water. SHORELANDS USE trance to King Creek. The Skimino Creek beach OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: There are, two open pile FASTLAND' The entire extent of this subsegment is a narrow, thin, eroding beach fronting the piers (2,800 ft. and 2,600 ft.) extending from is taken up by the Camp'Peary Naval Reservation Ferry Point Marsh. It is used by Camp Peary the Cheatham Annex section of the subsegment, personnel for recreation. The beach on Penniman and several small fish traps along the Camp and the U.S. Naval Supply Center, Cheatham Spit isa clean, narrow beach. The backshore is Annex. thickly vegetated. The extreme end and back- Peary section of the shore. SHORE: Entirely contro 'lled by Camp Peary Naval side of Penniman Spit is bound .ed by a small POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT: Present day use of .the Reservation and Cheatham Annex. Occasional fringing marsh. military residences occupy the fastland but fastland precludes suggesting any changes in there are no accesses to the shore fronting the PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION that use. York River. The southern shore, at the mouth EROSION RATE: Slight to moderate, noncritical. of Skimino Creek, is utilized as a picnic area The historical rate of erosion for this subseg" MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min.Ser. (Topo.), WILLIAMSBURG and recreational beach for Camp Peary military ment is 0.9 to 2.6 feet per year. There are and CLAY BANK Quaars., 1965, photorevised 1972. personnel. Also at Cheatham Annex there are evidences of minor erosion at the mouth of C&GS, #495, 1:40,000 scale, YORK RIVER, two large piers used as loading structures. Skimino Creek and several small sections of Yorktown to West Point, 1971. NEARSHORE: The nearshore zone is used exten- Camp Peary and Cheatham Annex shore. These PHOTOS: Aerial-VIMS 1OOct72 YK-6C 370-3719 374, sively for commercial fishing. Heavy crabbing, small sections are usually directly behind a gill netting,-and pound netting are employed breach in the fringe marsh which bounds the 376, 380, 385; along the entire extent of this subsegment. York River shore of these two installations. VIMS 270ct72 YK-6C 369, 372, 373, Sport fishing is also popular along thi's sub- ENDANGERED -STRUCTURES:- None. 375, 377-379, 381-384, 386, 387; segment. SHORE-PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: Four percent VIMS 1OSep73 YK-6C 394-421, 426- (5,500 ft.) of the shoreline is artificially 435. OFFSHORE: There is one large bar offshore. It stabilized. There is one, 75-foot long, con- begins 2,200 yards offshore of the mouth of crete rubble groin, flanking the south side of Ground - VIMS 24May73 YK-6C 1-11, 28-32, 38-48, 54; Skimino Creek and extends to approximately 200 the entrance to Carter Creek. There are two VIMS 17Ju .n73 YK-6C 12-27. 36 QUEEN CREEK, YORK COUNTY, VIRGINIA PRESENT SHORE EROSION SITUATION VIMS 270ct72 YK-6D 388; SU13SEGMENT 6D (Maps 7A, 7B9 7C) EROSION RATE: Slight or none, noncritical. VIM 1OSep73 YK-6D 422-425. No areas of significant erosion were noted, although there were evidences of minor marsh Ground V IMS 24May73 YK-6D 33-37. EXTENT: Queen Creek is a tidal creek with approxi- bank erosion, probably due to boat wakes. His- mately 11 miles of shoreline. It is bounded on torically the channel has changed its course its north bank by Camp Peary and its south bank but no data can be given on net loss or gain to by Cheatham Annex. the creek areas. ENDANGERED STRUCTURES: None. SHORELANDS TYPE SHORE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: The only presently FASTLAND: The north shore is approximately 5 maintained shore structures are the bulkheads, miles of low shore. The south shore is approxi- piers, and slips at the Queen Creek Marina. mately 4 miles of moderately high shore and 1-2L Several old decayed boat slips and piers exist miles of moderately low shore. on the Camp Peary shore of Queen Creek. These SHORE: Queen Creek is an embayed marsh of 580 are in great disrepair and offer only marginal acres. protection to the shore. On the south shore, CREEK: Long, narrow, tidal creek. The upper near the mouth, there is an unexplained pile of portion is shallow, the lower portion supports concrete rubble which has been dumped on the a maintained small boat channel and provides ac- marsh. cess to Queen Creek Marina. The channel is marked with day markers. Suggested Action: The increase in demand for shorefront property has and will continue to SHORELANDS USE make Queen Creek a desirable place to live. FASTLAND: The north shore is entirely govern- With this will come an increase in boating ment, used by Camp Peary. The south shore fast- activity which leads to increased erosion of the land is split between Cheatham Annex (3 mi.) marsh banks by boat wakes. Besides the loss of and Queens Lake Development (2 mi.). valuable marsh this erosion accelerates the SHORE: The only section presently used is the filling of the creek making it less accessible Queen Creek Marina (40 slips). to boats. Posted and enforced speed limits CREEK: The creek is used for crabbing and as within the creek should be established. an access to Queen Creek Marina. OTHER SHORE STRUCTURES: Piers. WIND AND SEA EXPOSURE: Queen Creek trends E - W with the mouth being the only portion affected POTENTIAL USE ENHANCEMENT: Low. The increased b@ wind waves. Fetches are N - 4 miles, NE - number of housing developments should be re- 2-@@ miles, E - 3 miles, and SE - 6-2L miles. stricted to upland areas. Every attempt should be made to maintain the marshes in their natural OWNERSHIP: Federal - 75%; Private 25%. state. Boating facilities should be restricted to one central area, such as Queen Creek ZONING: Federal - 75%; Residential 25%, from the Marina. Although this concentrates a potential county line to the small gut which borders the pollution hazard to a point source, it allows east side of the Queen Lake development. for a managed and guided use of the area. In this way destruction of the marsh areas by the FLOOD HAZARD: Medium, critical. The Queen Creek construction of individual dredged canals can Marina is highly susceptible to flooding by be prevented. severe storms. MAPS: USGS, 7.5 Min.Ser. (Topo.), WILLIAMSBURG WATER QUALITY: Intermediate. and CLAY BANK Quadrs., 1965, photorevised 1972. C&GS, #4959 1:40,000 scaleg YORK RIVER. BEACH QUALITY: There are no beaches within Queen Yorktown to West Point, 1971. Creek. PHOTOS: Aerial-VIMS 1OOct72 YK-6D 389-393; 37 4.3 Segment and Subsegment Maps 760 125' Z_ 0 L !vn, ....... .... Ce Ced r 8 ID Landi Topping A Oa Tidal Islain edar PoinL Flat Back Lan ing BOY Neck ar h Point 0 "/ASC " 1+ P Un ail r 7, ve r % S 5 MAP 2A abb Tabbs ,--BRICK KILN CREEK TO TIN SHELL POINT Point TOPOGRAPHY AND CULTURE'---' Segments 1 and 2- - : I\. @ ). Collo /4 134 OT@ L 3 E tave t Segment Boundary Al R Subsegment Boundary JR R ER) 7 C', C -:_J 172 'abbs 10 b r 0 o) Substatio a rummond Corner 1w _:::@,,bstatii 00 j %0 134 7 Golf Ch zer ourse Golf Coy 16e 10' 12 x A 0 LANGLEY ORCE E q/ E 0 o 10 -- -------- _0 1000 0 1000 20DO 3000 6000 7000 FEET % us H -0, BM 760 125' 39 760 125' 10 5@ @cu Landing 8 Topping t Oa an .00@ i iaal 0 Flat r Poinj- a rsh Point t\j@ -1/schoo N, ;:,e 0 0--0 n c n:, -1rai r _Sh 0 7@ 2 ve r '4 IF Z-Sh- to abb Tabbs roint V K-1 // '//W 0 C011- o ta@e L 7-11) Al MAP 2B ER) 7 TIN @SHELL 'e BRICK KILN CREEK TO P FASTLAND USE, OWNERSHIP, EROSION )p Iwa Elev 1 N A@ /Segments 1 and 2-- -1- 1 TVI ' LM7 - 0 8M FASTLAND 2. Low Shore . . . . . . SHORE 010 ri Extensive Marsh 110 Golf 0 (NEARSHORE Course 0 f CQNr6e lo@ Narrow 0-0-0-0 ox 5 U1 f 0 LANGLEY ORCE E 0 10 A ----------- --- ----- - S 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET kus % Hos al 7@760 F?- 40 60 125' '/0 % 1RS OIL IRS 1W .......... ......... . ......... .. ........ 1C IRS- IRS Ce 1W Ceda Landi 8 Landi Topping 1W .%. 1W Oa 1W (51 Islan Tidal 0 eclar PoinL Back 1RS B Y Oak Lan ing Neck arsh Point @'/'S' hoo '4\. ) 'S' "&,nch f @.fr r -`4ver on IRS r '@'s w /'--s w abb Tabbs 5 10 Point P if -0 1w 7X\ 134 Aft EY ta@e MAH' V.11.-I "I '- BRICK KILN GREEK TO TIN SHELL POINT 7 TOPOGRAPHY AND CULT S URC7 J z IN Tabbs Segments 1 and 2 Elev I USE 0 Commercial C ez Government G V0 Residential RS 00 Unmanaged X 11 4 EbenO&e-r@, Wooded W Golf C 0 urse Golf Comr6e OWNERSHIP v- -15 Private Federal 2 0 EROSION LANGLEY ORCE E 0 Moderate J-) Slight or No Change No Symbol - ------------- -j 0 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 M 5000 6000 7000 FEET us Hos i al F3 M LT 76- 2j 41 37 0 7 0 2 6@401 S F L A T S 2 _4CP lb 0 ESERVATIQN, U ITARY M TRE ISLAND OMBING RANfwE G Pi@j z C=f "s loyd @'i,4 R 0 cr b 0 RaW L T ID flo- cx MAP 3A co CA 0 J, .0 42 1 Cow ISLANDJTO@ TIN SHELL POINT 0 SHORELANDS TYPES COGO .,Segmerlf 2 "'llc C::@ 5 4? - I BAY s 4? Z5- W j/ R i d g e 1% ..... ------ D--- Segment Boundary B i a cw a I n u t C2 Subsegment Boundary a Nei or v Al re 201,0AV/ 42 3 7 0'\,2 0' 767o7l eq 2 14W.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MA ,@COW ISLAND TO 'M0 I LAND USE, 0 S e Q 0. FASTLAND TT ITAR E\SE R Y Al- I U low Shore 1qG ANG SHORE cd ;l0yd 0 Z Extensive Mar A 1, IT MAR SHI l*-PHORE 0 0 Pay pm Narrow Intermediate ..X Wide N, 2% cj S P... @AQ A0 43 3 7 ON,'2 0 76010* S L D F L A T S 2 2G 2G -4p 2G . . . . . . . . . . . ci t 0 2G 2G@ :2G u ITARY ESERVA..TIQN,., to P M TRE ISLAND OMBING RANGE zloy C4 po d CA s A L r '2G Bay 2G -M,4 R SIT 2G /0 10 x Cb 4C!3 -,MAP 3C COW ISLAND TO TIN SHELL POINT 0 C"01-2/ TOPOGRAPHY AND CULTURE IRS S Segment 2 1W BAYs 1W1 t /R i d ge USE IRS' Commercial C Government G V a R) Residential RS f 1W Unmanaged 101 NORTH LAWSOV-11 IRS Wooded W n% or OWNERSHIP Private 1C.. Federal IRS 2 re EROSION 1W IRS.,, ON Moderate Slight or No Change No Symbol 1RS . tz 44 7 H62 5 @A hip Point c- 4 AP 4A E.' 7'HARWOODS MILL TO COW ISLAND 'SHORELANDS TYPES :i@a Ughto A -All@ I a t Segments 3 and 2 0 SO F I S H pf--:E- 0 K =Segment Boundary Subsegment Boundary 0 Bennett Cr Light harles 4/0 T A P Cl .1 rane A Leo to C, P@ 91* ch -4. ff Cc -7 ork ven 0 cho age r wage f\ Ranki D 10 Poor A N-N 0 FoWhatan l(oo 0 1000 2000 3( 0 c Ynited 76T-25 45 hip Point 0 0 -MAP 4B- 7, 0 V HARWOODS MILL TO COW ISLAND 0 -FASTLAND USE, OWNERSHIP, EROSION Ught Segments 3 and 2 a t 0 /0 C-FASTLAND d. ip 2 K Low Shore J@ 6 i it Artificial Fill SHORE Beach 0 Fringe Marsh 1`11111111111111111111111 E xt 0 ensive Marsh 0 0 @4NEARSHORE u. 15....09n t C 0 harlesO Intermediate 0 0 0 , V/ --) /4S 0 1, 0 0 @:o 0 PO Leo Tr '7 01 0 Lj) 0 age r !4 8 _J)4 Rankil VL' aus F2J Poor Poquoson- N, Powhatan M. Place 1000 0 1000 2000 d 600 4/1 /0' Y T6 T'2i;-- 46 7ST25 hip Point 11-d: V 1w lRSA.' HARWO f7 1 Wf u - Ti6po 621 a[ Ik CemC-:, ughto lat ce-, /0 USE C 1w 0 lRS F I S H N-1 K Co 0 it Go 1w JRS' Re 1w r Un 0 OWNEF A Pri lRb - :t_ ..point Fe 1 w harles /I C, EROSIC 1RS ee, Sli jw h p uoson TOO C". rane Leo 1RS CO 1w lRS, 1w S) IRS 1w Is 1R 1w 17 -ski i@7 T, 1RS' Vk/ I ins 1RS 0' A York Ven lw @@age 1w ge vi )D Hank, I- . &. Al_@ 1RS C lvv @j \\7 f Lus A Poquoson "A A M 5' N - ------ wo 1WI 1 R S whatan 13 P,Iace 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 1w 1 R S 600 Ynite r L d_; 47 7 6>,'**'? 5 MAP 5Ar CK GOODWIN ISLAND TO HUNTS NE N SHORELANDS, TYPES@,) Segments 4 and 3 Segment Boundary Subsegment Boundary @0 AQ, 2'. 0 L L AN 0a OU 0 0 Cb if) 3 1000 0 10 48 370 \13, 7!@@25 VU 09 oe loo 0 a oze 0 41 \x@ `0 to 1000 0 1000 011, 49 5 1W RS 1RS 1A .6 110--. ... . 1, 1RS V, I VV 0L .1R 1A 1C 1RO 1 RS 1w 1W 1RS 1RS Vo 1RS 1RS 1RS ic* 1 S, 1VV T RS 1w- ?N 1RS' 1 w 1RS' ]A" 1W 1RS RS 4 TR S <- 1RS, C 100 1 R 1Kb 1RS 1W. 1w 1U 1A 1RS 1 NRS MA '-1w 1RS @ - 0 1C % 0 Ouse A GOODWIN ISLAN C-D A 1RS TOPOGRAPH) e -)1C 1w. 1RS 1VV Segmen rn 1 VV.-- +r- 1 A 1VV 0 -X USE 1w 1A 1R 1R 1R :-@l V V Agricultural Commercial Cb 71X @iRS% Residential Unmanaged i WS 0 Unwooded 10 1A ------ Wooded S OWNERSHIP Private EROSION Moderate 1000 0 1000 F=T-F=f F==I--- Slight or No C 50 76 ;T30, 6 c Light cli Y6@ 5 W2 0 R K----- e Point of ch v ocks MAP 6A 38 YORKTOWN TO GOODWIN NECK oLight SHORELANDS TYPES h Light Segment 5 0 Segment Boundary Subsegment Boundary U S COAST GUARD QRESERVE TRAINING CENTER . ...... . 50 .:A T 0 e k ulah C 0, Battle Trenc S 0 v 50 @ork 4@ it i, h i, h i, h sch h Seb @73 It 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET 6/ ? g,,p 7 < z on 6 -fr-, .0v .9,L 51 760130, 0 C Light 1.0 0 0 @ wz!j@ 5 0 B 0\ 0N0\ 0 R 0 e n n Point h ocks \0 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 /0 7030 .-L 01 ight oLight 0 Sch h 0 0 I,- M A 6 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 ILI IV, U-1A. . . . . . 0 0 'YORKTOWN TO GOODWIN N C@FASTLAND USE, OVV@if4@'Hi'@, ERO" I N U S COAST GUARD S, e, g@m' e@n ESERVE TRAINING CENTER \FASTLAND 0 Low Shore Tjj/ a n Low Shore W.. es -B- anch with Bluff Moderately Low Shore with Bluff Moderately High Shore A A A A with Bluff High Shore with Bluff ........ .. SHORE Beach Artificially Stabilized Fringe Marsh Embayed Marsh NEARSHORE v " - . V Fdf' 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 40M 5000 6M r Narrow 0-0-0-0 -X- Intermediate 0 0 0 0 1.7 of, F-9 I- 52 76-130' c Light YORKTC TOPO 2G USE 110 In slim Gic (@@C@o R B U 0 R K- OWNE e n n Point of Pr C. ocks Fe 238 ci EROSI oLight Se 5ch h Light IV - 11 1 .11 . Sli h Jae- or U S COAST GUARD SERVE TRAINING CENTER 50 0 rr, 110 j 2G bl -F-1 rG-l 2 est-'-Bra?zch u1sh C Pa- - yor u. \j Battle Trenc 4- rk 4 Sal @17 jFfS 17 iiw 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 .7000 FEET , o 10,; 53 T- uczv@ 7,z 6C I 6A @@O'Q -c0 .4 .4 \0- A p 0 .4 0 . . 0>' 'b @%4 @@2MAP A @KINGS CREEK TO YORKTOWN, NZ; b-11 orO-, SHORELANDS TYPES.,qp- 6B Segment'6A Segment Boundary subsegment Boundary A "0 L 49 7000 FEET .000 0 1000 201 0 4000 5000 6000 :19:-Ea 9't 54 f0ii -co 6A Gl-puc-v q7, 6C 0 0. 10 IV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . ...... . . 0 W 0 ILIP 0 0 0 0 0 vo, K I N ......... . SA FASTLA FASTL L m m m Hi SHORE BE Fr E NEARE -1 N Int + 70WOWO FEET A 1000' 0 10=00 2000 000 4000 so-00 6000 55 T- . .......... 2@-Ouqp M.. pg.,z -C 6A 6C I 'V .4 V, .4 0 2V S 8 7.4 pt 2 R(D 2RC G 2G 2R =1 0 @T_- 2RU 2 2 G 2f- 6 B 2RC 2G 2 1A, V.ff 1kp C lp C"D GS CREEK TO YORKTOW RC@@ r z-,i ( A.@ 2 TOPOGRAPHY AND CULTUREr ient 6A K., 2( USE .. . ....... Commercial C Government G 0 Recreational RC Unmanaged Wooded w OWNERSHIP Private Federal 2 EROSION Slight or No Change No Symbol 1000 0 1000 30DO 4000 5000 6000 7000 @EET Accretiohal + + + + gl", ,LC @S70 9L 56 760 37* \j 10 I.- 40 0 p- MAP 8A CAMP PEARY AIRSTRIP TO KINGS CREE SHORELANDS TYPES' Segments 6B, 6C, 6D CREEK *4 -90 Creek @J\ Ki T., I 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET WK) \W r@-,N- A IV fl l/. i /A) I L v 9 L 57 760/ 37 \@j %0 40 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 M P 8B CAMP AR AIRSTRIP TO KINGS CREEK 6D CREEK 0 o" ,R.fASTLAND USE, OWNERSHIP, EROSION '0 -Segments 613, 6C, 61D@N FASTLAND X C N LOW Shore. -1 1, @ k@jj - V Moderately Low Shore v Moderately Low Shore with Bluff Moderately High Shore High Shore v .SHORE "4 Beach Fringe Marsh n I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 -30 Embayed Marsh j 80 Artificially Stabilized .-NEARSHORE Intermediate 0 0 0 0 -AN r & ZD c ce'-1 e" 1000 0 1000 2C 3000 4000 5000 60GO 7000 FEET 9W I'l IL21.9L 58 71W (:@,102G \j 760 37 526 G u-2G 1 Ro 2 G 1VV /0 1RCI ?0j \j --j U., 1RS 2 G J -.7 Zu /A 2G 2G V @2G -2R 2G MAP 6c@ 2 G AMP PEAR%@ AIRSTRIP TO KINGS CR fl, 7,J (TOPOGRAPHY AND CULTURE 2U) :2G Segments 6B, 6C, 6D iAA USE Government G 60@!)l G Recreational RC 2 V= r Residential RS, 5A UFA -2G Unmanaged - 10 2 RD Wooded W OWNERSHIP 2G. Private Federal 2 EROSION 'uj Slight or No Change No Symbol G &.9 Accretional )2 + + f @V` ce@ 2 G 2RC Ki 1000 0 1000 000 3000 4000 5000 600( 2G 5 4 v " 2 Im/P'i Vu IA i J)'n I k@z- J% INUA 59 37Y20* 6C 40 .......... 10 :01 m SKIMINO CREEK T z-SHORE S e f ff f Seg Subs v Z/1 F 1000 0 low 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 700WOFET < N 1@1-- n- za-@7;I ?UW .0 c 60 37 :L20 6C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .... .... . . . ........ 0 0 0 0 kj -40 SKIMINO CRE FASTLANDI 40 91 97 ASTLAND Low Shore q Moderately Moderately with Bluff SHORE Beach Fringe Mar Extensive Embayed IV NEARSHORE Intermediati W k: 1000 0 low 2000 3000 4000 5000' FEET Ith" i fi( (fV V@1- 0@5-%W) --&-l-All - U/1\j 61 37y2c 6C QX 12G 2G @5) rj SKIMINO C rj I up -4e USE Goverr 'OWNERSHI FeclerE EROSION Slight f 6' 1000 0 1 GOO 2000 3000 5000 6000 7 FEET zj \gu P41W Tf@@ oz OLT 62 3 6668 00002 4564