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Coastal Zone Information CITY OF HAMPTON Center TIDAL MARSH INVENTORY Special Report No. 60 in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering Thomas A. Barnard, Jr. 1,1K, WP *@p J -1 - A. r QH ILI' 301 V852 o jne tion no. 60 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 OCTOBER 1975 CITY OF HAMPTON TIDAL MARSH INVENTORY Special Report No. 60 in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering Thomas A. Barnard, Jr. G.M. Silberhorn, Project Leader 0. S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON SC 29405-24 13 Property of CSO Library VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 Dr. William J. Hargis, Jr., Director OCTOBER 1975 ACKNOWLEDGEME*NTS Funds for the publication and distribution of this report have been provided by the Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, office of Coastal Zone Management, Gxant No. 04-5-158-500DI, I wish to thank my colleagues, Gene M. Silberhorn, George M. Dawes, James L. Mercer, Kenneth A. Moore and Michael Penney f= their invaluable field assistance and critical review of thi-s report. I would also thank Mr. Earnest W. Looney for his able assistance in mapping the marshes of the Langley Air F=ce Base and Langley Research Center. Thanks also to Dr. Wil-liam J. Hargis, Jr., Dr. Michael E. Bender, Mr. John Plaasants and Miss Christine Plummer who reviewed this manuscript pri.or to publishing. Finally, I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Gilley for the cover design and map illustrations and to Mrs. Rhonda Payne and Miss Choristine Plummer for typing the drafts and final manuscript. CITY OF HAMPTON TIDAL MARSH INVENTORY Page Acknowledgments ................................... iii Introduction ...................................... 1 Methods ........................................... 2 Marsh Types and Evaluations ....................... 3 Marsh Types and Their Environmental Con-tributions ............... 5 Evaluation of Wetlands Types ...................... 8 Marsh Plant-s ...................................... 12 Glossary of Descriptive Terms ..................... 14 Reference 14ap, to Wetlands Sections ................ 17 Section I. Hampton Flats ......................... 19 Section II- Hampton Rivex ........................ 23 Section Ill. Mill Creek .......................... 27 Section IV- Salt Ponds ........................... 31 Section V. Long Creek ............................ 35 Section VI- Harris River ......................... 39 Section VI:E. Southwest Branch of Back River (East Bank) .............. 45 Section VI:EI. Newmarket Creek .................... 51 Section IX. Southwest Branch of Back River (West Bank) ............... 57 Section X. Northwest Branch of Back River ............................ 61 Index to Marsh Locations .......................... 65 Literature Cited .................................. 66 Cover East side of Pembicoke Spit showing fringing cordgrass and salt@bush at waterline and live oak trees in the background. V INTRODUCTION This publ:ication is the eigh th in a series of marsh inventory reports compiled by the Wetlands Research Section, Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The marsh inventories presently available are Lancaster, Mathews, Northumberland, Stafford, Prince William and King George Counties plus one report detailing the marshes of York County and the City of Poquoson. All of these reports are presented in m-uch the same format. Under Section 62.1-13.4 of the Virginia Wetlands Act, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science is obligated to inventory the tidal wetlands of the Commonwealth. The inventory program is designed to assist wetlands boards, cities, counties, planning districts and other local, state and federal agencies as well as the general public and private industry. The reader is referred to another recent publication of the Wetlands Research Section, Silberhorn et al. (1974) which will be helpful in the utilization of this inventory. Excerpts fr3E' this report, explaining marsh vegetation types and their evaluation, are included in the text below. The City of Hampton presently contains 2220.75 acres of marshes 1/4 acre or larger in size. Saltmarsh cordgrass marsh (Type I) comprises 642 acres or 28.9% of this total. Black needlerush (Type III), salt meadow (Type II), saltbush (Type IV) and big cordgrass (Type V) comprise 21.1%, 30.4%, 12.2% and 1.1% of the total, respect-ively. Other marsh types, mainly cattail (Type VI) , reedgrass (Type VIII) and brackish water mixed (Type XII) comprise the remaining 6.3%. The largest marsh areas in the City are found in the Salt Ponds-Long Creek area (sections IV and V) , Newmarket Creek (section VIII) and the Northwest Branch of Back River including Brick Kiln Creek (section X). It is sincerely hoped that this marsh inventory will be useful to all concerned with this valuable limited resource. 1 METHODS Aerial photographs and topographic maps (U.S.G.S.) were consulted in order to obtain wetland locations and patterns of marsh vegetation. Marsh community zones and patterns were substantiated by ground truth, including observations on foot, by boat and by low level overflights. Plant species percentages are quantitative estimates of coverage based on visual field inspections of every marsh. In some instances, especially in tidal fresh-- water marshes, these percentages are subject to seasonal bias. Marshes one quarter of an acre or larger are designated by number. Many marshes smaller than one quarter acre (usually narrow fringing mavshes) are shown as shaded areas but are not designated by number. Small marshes (less than one acre) are exaggerated and are not indicated to scale. Information such as individual marsh acreage, plant community percentage and acreage, marsh type and other observations are recorded in tabular form. Plant community percentages are recorded to the nearest percent, and acreages to the nearest tenth of an acre. Marshes of less than one acre are recorded to the nearest hundredth of an acre. Plant specles which occupy less than ten percent of a given marsh are noted in the tables ,as "associated". This inventory is organized into ten sections. Each section atternpts to describe one creek-marsh drainage system or significant length of shoreline within the City of Hampton. These sections are illustrated in the Reference Map to Wetlands Sections, which precedes the data presentation. 2 Marsh Types and Evaluation For a better understanding of what is meant by marsh types, some background information is required. The personnel of the Wetlands Research Section have classified twelve different common marsh types in Virginia, based on vegetational composition. These marsh types have been evaluated according to certain values and are recorded in Silberhorn et al. (1974). The following is a brief outline of the wetland types @i_nd_their evaluation as found in that publication: "It is recognized that most wetlands areas, with the exception of the relatively monospecific cordgrass marshes of the Eastern Shore, are not homogenously vegetated. Most marshes are, however, dominated by 4 major plant. By providing the manager with the primary values of each community type and the means of identification he then has a useful and convenient tool for weighing the relative importance of each marsh parcel. In Virginia, many wetlands management problems involve only a few acres or a fraction of an acre. The identification of plant communities permits the manager to evaluate both complete marshes and subareas within a marsh. "Each marsh type may be evaluated in accordance with five general values. These are: "1. Production and detritus availability. Previous VIMS reports have discussed the details of marsh production and the role of detritus which results when the plant material is washed into the water column. The term "detritus" refers to plant material which decays in the aquatic system and forms the basis of a major marine food web. The term "production" refers to the amount of plant material which is produced by the various types of marsh plants. Vegetative production of the major species has been measured and marshes have been rated in accordance with their average levels of productivity. If the production is readily available to the marine food web as detritus, a wetlands system is even more important than one of equal productivity where little detritus results. Availability of detritus is generally a function of marsh elevation and total flushing, with detritus more available to the aquatic environment in the lower, well-flushed marshes. 3 "2. Waterfowl and wildlife utilization. Long before marshes were discovered to be detritus producers, they were known as habitats for various mammals and marsh birds and as food sources for migratory waterfowl. Some marsh types, especially mixed freshwater marshes, are more valuable because of diversity of the vegetation found there. 113. Erosion buffer. Erosion is a common coastal problem. Marshes can be eroded, but some, particularly the more saline types, are eroded much more slowly than adjacent shores which are unprotected by marsh. This buffering quality is derived from the ability of the vegetation to absorb or dissipate wave energy by establishing a dense root system which stabilizes the substrate. Generally, freshwater species are less effective than saltwater plants in this regard. "4. Water quality control. The dense growth of some marshes acts as a filter, Tr@apping upland sediment before it reaches waterways and thus protecting shellfish beds and navigation channels from siltation. Marshes can also filter out sediments that are already in the water column. The ability of marshes to filter sediments and maintain water clarity is of particular importance to the maintenance of clam and oyster production. Excessive sedimentation can reduce the basic food supply of shellfish through reduction of the photic zone where algae grows. It can also kill shellfish by clogging their gills. Additionally marshes can assimilate and degrade pollutants through complex chemical processes, a discussion of which is beyond the scope of this paper...." "5. Flood buffer. The peat substratum of some marshes acts as a giant sponge in receiving and releasing water. This characteristic is an effective buffer against coastal flooding, the effectiveness of which is a function of marsh type and size. 4 "Res4earch and marsh inventory work accomplished by VIMS personnel indicate that 10 species of marsh vegetation tend to dominate many marshes, the dominant plant depending on water salinity, marsh elevation, soil type and -other factors. The term "dominant" is construed to mean that at least 50% of the vegetated surface of a marsh is covered by a single species. Brackish and freshwater marshes often have no clearly dominant species of vegetation. These marshes are considered to be highly valuable in environmental terms." Marsh Types and Their Environmental Contributions (Edited from Guidelines for Activities Affecting Virginia Wetlands) Type I-, Saltmarsh Cordgrass Community a. Average yield 4 tons per acre per annum. (optimum growth up to 10 tons per acre.) b. Optimum availability of detritus to the marine environment. C. Roots and rhizomes eaten by waterfowl and stems used in muskrat lodge construction. Also serves as nesting material for various birds. d. Deterrent to shoreline erosion. e. Serves as sediment trap and assimilates flood waters. Type II Saltmeadow Community a. 1-3 tons per acre per annum. b. Food (seeds) and nesting areas for birds. C. Effective erosion deterrent. d. Assimilates flood waters. e. Filters sediments and waste material. 5 Type III Black Needlerush Community a. 3-5 tons per acre per annum. b. Highly resistant to erosion. C. Traps suspended sediments but not as effective as Type II. d. Somewhat effective in absorbing flood waters. Type IV Saltbush Community a. 2 tons per acre per annum or less b. Nesting area for small birds and habitat for a variety of wildlife. C. Effective trap for flotsam. Type V Big Cordgrass Community a. 3-6 tons per acre per annum. b. Detritus less available than from Type I. C. Habitat for small animals and used for muskrat lodges.- d. Effective erosion buffer. e. Flood water assimilation. Type VI Cattail Community a. 2-4 tons per acre per annum. b. Habitat for birds and utilized by muskrats. C. Traps upland sediments. Type VII Arrow Arum-Pickerel Weed Community a. 2-4 tons per acre per annum. b. Detritus readily available to marine environment. C. Seeds eaten by wood ducks. d. Susceptible to erosion from wave action and boat wakes, particularly in winter months. 6 Type VIII Reed Grass Community a. 4-6 tons per acre per annum. b. Little value to wildlife except for cover. C. Invades marshes and competes with more,desirable species. d. Det@ers erosion on disturbed sites. Type IX Yellow Pond Lily Community a. Less than 1 ton per acre per annum. b. Cover and attachment site for aquatic animals and algae. C. Feeding territory for fish. Type X Saltwor@t Community a. Less than 0.5 tons per acre per annum. b. Lit@tle value to aquatic or marsh animals. Type XI Freshwater Mixed Community a. 3-5 tons per acre per annum. b. High diversity of wildlife. C. High diversity of wildlife foods. d. Of-1--en, associated wi-th fish spawning and nursery grounds. e. Ranks high as a sediment trap and nursery grounds. Type XII Brackish Water Mixed Community a. 3-4 tons per acre per annum. b. Wide variety of wildlife foods and habitat. C. Deterrent to shoreline erosion. d. Seirves as sediment trap and assimilates flood waters. e. Knc)wn spawning and nursery grounds for fish. 7 Evaluation of Wetland Types (From Guidelines for Activities Affecting Virginia Wetlands) For management purposes, the twelve types c)f wetlands iden-tified above are grouped into five classifications based on the estimated tot@al environmental value of an acre of each type. Group One: Saltmarsh Cordgrass (Type 1) Arrow Arum-Pickerel Weed (Type VII) Freshwater Mixed (Type XI) Brackish Water Mixed (Type XII) Group One marshes have the highest values in productivity and wildfowl and wildlife utility and are closely associated with fish spawn�ng and nursery areas. They also have high value as erc)sion inhibitors . are important to the shellfish industry and valued as natural shoreline stabilizers. Group One marshes should be preserved. Group Two: Big Cordgrass (Type V) Saltmeadow (Type II) Cattail (Type VI) Group Two marshes are of only slightly lesser value than Gifoup One marshes. The major difference is that detritus produced in these marshes is less readily available to the marine environment due to higher elevations and consequently less tidal action to flush the detritus into adjacent waterways. Group Two marshes have very high values in protecting water quality and acting as buffers against coastal flooding. These marshes should also be preserved, but if development in wetlands is considered to be justified it would be better to alter Group Two marshes than Group One marshes. 8 Group Three: Yellow Pond Lily (Type IX) Black Needlerush (Type III) The two marshes in the Group Three category are quite dissimilar in properties. The yellow pond lily marsh is not a significant contributor to the food web but it does have high values to wildlife and waterfowl. Black needlerush has little wildlife value but it ranks high as an erosion flood buffer. Group Three marshes are important though their total values are less than Group One and Two marshes. If development in wetlands is considered necessary, it would be better to alter Group Three marshes than Groups One or Two. Group Four: Saltbush (Type IV) The saltbush community is valued primarily for the diversity and bird nesting area it adds to the marsh ecosystem. To a lesser extent it acts as an erosion buffer. Group Four marshes should not be unnecessarily disturbed but it would be better to concentrate necessary development in these marshes rather than disturb any of the marshes in the preceding groups. Group Five: Saltwort (Type X) Reedgrass (Type VIII) Based on present information, Group Five marshes have few values of any significance. While Group Five marshes should not be unreasonably disturbed, it is preferable to develop in these marshes rather than in any other types. 9 For a better understanding of Virginia's Wetlands in general, the Wetlands Act of 1972 and marsh types and their evaluation, the following publications are recommended: Coastal Wetlands of Virginia Interim Report No. 3 Guidelines for Activities Affecting Virginia's Wetlands Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 46 Gene M. Silberhorn, George M. Dawes, Thomas A. Barnard, Jr., June 1974 Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 Local Management of Wetlands Environmental Considerations Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 35 Kenneth Marcellus, George M. Dawes, Gene Silberhorn, June 1973 Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 Coastal Wetlands of Virginia Interim Report No. 2 Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 27 Kenneth Marcellus, July 1972 Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 10 Coastal Wetlands of Virginia Interim Report Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 10 Marvin Wass and Thomas Wright, December 1969 Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 Laws of Virginia Relating to Wetlands and Subaqueous Lan s Ti'rginia marine Resources Commission 2401 West Avenue Newport News, Virginia 23607 Wetlands Guidelines Virginia Marine Resources Commission 2401 West Avenue Newport News, Virginia 23607 MARSH PLANTS Abbreviations,'Common Names and Scientific Names as Found in the Data Tables Sa Saltmarsh Cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Jr Black Needlerush Juncus roemerianus Scheele. Md Saltgrass Meadow Saltgrass Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Saltmeadow Hay Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl. Sb Saltbushes Marsh Elder Iva frutescens L. Groundsel Tree Baccharis halimifolia L. Sc Big Cordgrass Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth. a Saltmarsh Bulrush Scirpus robustus Pursh. b Saltmarsh Fleabane Pluchea purpurascens (Swartz) DC. c Saltmarsh Aster Aster tenuifolius L. d Cattail Typha angustifolia L. Typha latifolia L. e Marsh Hibiscus Hibiscus moscheutos L. f Water Hemp Amaranthus cannabina (L.) J.D. Sauer 9 Switch Grass Panicum virgatum L. h Foxtail Grass Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauvois. i Arrow Arum Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. i Pickerel Weed Pontederia cordata L. k Reed Grass Phragmites australis Olney Threesquare Scirpus olneyi Gray. 12 MARSH PLANTS (continued) m Marsh Mallow Kosteletskya virginica (L.) Presl. n Saltmarsh Loosestrife Lythrum lineare L. 0 Smartweed Polygonum spp. p Wild Rice zizania aguatica L. q Sea Lavender Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton. r Marsh Pink Sabatia stellaris Pursh. s Saltwort Salicornia spp. t Yellow Pond Lily Nuphar luteum (L.) Sibthrop & Smith Mock Bishop-weed Ptilimnium capillaceum, (Michaux) Raf. Spike Rush Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.).Schultes. Jewell Weed Impatiens capensis Meerb. Sea Oxeye Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Saltmarsh Fimbristylis Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl. 13 Glossary of Descriptive Terms a marsh contained within a concavity cove marsh or recessed area on a shoreline; the marsh vegetation is usually found surrounding a central, open-water pond, and tidal flushing is permit- ted through an inlet. creek or a marsh occupying a drowned creek embayed marsh valley; in many large creek marshes the salinity decreases headward; this type of marsh may be divided for inventory purposes into sections if significant changes in the plant community occur along its length. a marsh found growing on sediment delta marsh deposited at the mouth of a tidal creek; tidal exchange through the creek mouth is usually restricted to narrow channels by the marsh. 14 Glossary of Descriptive Terms extensive marsh a large marsh where the length and depth or width are roughly comparable; most extensive marshes are drained by many tidal channels and creeks which have little freshwater input. fringe marsh a marsh which borders along a section of shoreline and generally has a much greater length than width or depth. high marsh the marsh surface is at an elevation of mean high water or above; it is usually inundated less than twice daily by tidal action. low mairsh the marsh surface is at an elevation below mean high water; it is usually inundated twice daily by tidal action. 15 Glossary of Descriptive Terms marsh island an isolated marsh surrounded on all sides by open water; interior portions of the marsh may contain trees scattered at highest elevations pocket marsh a marsh contained within a small, essentially semi-circular area on a shoreline. point or spit marsh a marsh which extends from the uplands in the form of a point or spit; its development is usually influenced by tidal currents that form a sand berm behind which the marsh forms. 16 x V ...... ......... VI.. IX 00 REFERENCE MAP WETLAND SECTIONS IV City of Hampton st% INDEX MAP 17 SECTIOIN I Hampton Flats (James River) Three unnamed creeks contaLn all of the marsh (29.5 acres) in this section c)f Hampton. Moving from south to north the first and third marshes would be cons:Ldered highly valuable from an environmental viewpoint. Even t-hough enveloped by residential housing and apar-tments, these marshes remain relatively undisturbed. Marsh number 2 is made up of many scattered fringing marshes and small islands which total one-half acre. :19 PLEASANT MANC>R 1.p C, co 35 !n S IRO KECOUGHTAN HAMPTON ARMSTRONG GARDENS IA3 MERRIMAC SHORES 3 RALEIGFII TERRACE WYTHE oe I 2 SCALE 1 24,000 1000 0 1000 2000 FEET O'@ SECTION 1. HAMPTON FLATS (James River) 20 Section I. Hampton Flats (James River) Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES ACRES % A.CRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE Hampton Flats 1 James River 11.0 90 9.9 10 1.1 Creek marsh I 2 Hampton Flats James River 0.5 90 0.45 Small islands and narrow 10 0.05 fringing marsh I 3 Hampton Flats d James River 18.0 90 1 16.2 10 1.8 assoc. Creek marsh I Section I Totals 29.5 26.55 2.95 a = Saltmarsh CordgraBs a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Oasis P = Wild Rice r = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarah Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Id = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink b = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum n = Saltmarsh Loosestri:Ee a = Saltwort @c = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 21 SECTION II Hampton River In terms of man's influence, the oldest and most heavily utilized segment of the City of Hampton shoreline is located along the southern end of the Hampton River. This development has resulted in the destruction of all but a fraction of the marshes originally comprising the Hampton River system. The industrial and residential development on the river and the concomitant marsh destruction have led to poor water quality. At the present time the total marsh acreage in the Hampton River is thirteen acres. Most of the marshes remaining a-re narrow, fringing, Type I marshes ranging in size from less than 1/4 acre to 1/2 acre. The largest single marsh in the system covers six acres. Some marsh is still being filled at the north end of the river. From an environmental viewpoint, it is imperative that the remaining marshes in the system be protected and that consideration be given to marsh reestablishment in areas where it is feasible to do so. 23 PINE GROVE TERRACE SINCLAIR FARMS 9 CEDAR PARK 169 BELLYIEW 17 FAIRVIEW FARMS TERRACE H ILAND 15 -- MONROE P A R K 0 GARDENS 13 CARYER COURT 14 21 12 4f CHERRY ACRES HAMPTON 11 EAST SCALE I 2A,000 XGBTS C p HAMPTON 5 22 1000 0 looo 2000 FEET 258 Eli C4 3 40 #19 PHOEBUS ERs Cl Q@ IS E'y 24 143 KECOUGHTAN MERRIMAC SHORES SECTION 11. HAMPTON RIVER Section II. ton River Sa Jr Md Sb Se OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 04 Sunset Creek 0.25 95 0.24 5 0.01 Fringing marsh I 05 IBrights Creek 0.5 60 0.30 20 0.10 10 0.05 k Reedgrass may be displacing 10 0.05 the more valuable cordgrass 06 IBrights Creek 0.25 100 0.25 Asphalt spill occurred here in the summer of 1973 07 Brights Creek 0.5 75 0.38 5 0.02 k 20 0.1 Pocket marsh 08 Brights Creek 0.25 100 0.25 Pocket marsh 09 Brights Creek 0.25 80 0.20 20 0.05 Fringing marsh 25 to 30 ft, I in depth 10 IHampton River 0.25 100 0.25 Fringing marsh 30 to 40 feet in depth 11 Herberts Creek 0.5 90 0.45 10 0.05 Pocket marsh 12 Herberts Creek 0.25 100 0.25 Pocket marsh 13 Herberts Creek 0.25 60 0.15 40 0.1 Fringing marsh 14 Herberts Creek 0.5 70 0.35 k I 1 30 0.15 Fringing marsh 15 IHampton River 0.25 100 1 0.25 Pocket marsh 16 Hampton River 0.25 90 0.22 d 0.03 Pocket marsh 10 17 Haupton River 2.0 100 2.-00 J. I IFringe around borrow pit Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum. n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife s = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed o = Sma:rtweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 25 Section 11. Hampton River (cont'd.) Sa Jr Md Sb Se OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES ACRES ACRES % ACRES % ACRES ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 18 Hampton River 6.0 85 5.10 10 0.85 5 0.05 Wide fingig marsh, entire area to north has been filled 19 1Elizabeth Lake 0.5 50 0.25 40 0.20 10 0.05 Broad fringe marsh fringe 20 lHampton River filled Femains Scattered fringe remaining marsh has been Villea marsh fring - 21 lHampton River filled remains Scattered fringe remaining 22 lHampton River 0.25 90 0.22 k marsh @as been filled 10 0.03 Fringing marsh 23 lHampton River 0.25 90 0.22 110 0.03 Fringing mars-h 24 @ohns Creek 0.25 90 0.22 10 0.03 Pocket ma sh above 1-64 overpass ection 11 13.5 11.55 k d Totals 1.15 0.45 0.33 0.03 Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a Saltm-arsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice go Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Pleabane 9 = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail I = Arrow Aram n = Saltmareh Loosestrife a = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = Uarsh'Hibiscus - Pickerel Weed o = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 26 SECTION III Mill Creek Mill Creek is a fairly large body of shallow water containing 71.1 marsh acres. It is bordered on the East by the Fort Monroe Military Reservation and on the west by the relatively old Phoebus section of the City of Hampton. Theme appears to be no industri-al development around the creek and the only new housing being construc@ted is at the creek's northernmost point. Most of the marsh occurring in Mill Creek is within the boundaries of Fort Monroe (67 acres) . Some fringing marsh occurs along the western shoreline of the creek. All of the marshes are dominated by saltmarsh cordgrass and are therefore considered quite valuable to the marine environment. Silberhorn et al. (1974). Dredging and filling have taken place in the past on marshes belonging to Fort Monroe. The upper- margins of marshes 30 and 31 are stressed somewhat by sediment accumulation but in general the marshes of this section are heal-thy. Water quality appears good although algal growth in shallow areas may indicate some nutrient enrichment. Mill Creek appears to be an excellent wildfowl refuge at present. It's sheltered waters and abundant marsh afford feeding and resting area for migrating waterfowl. 27 EAST HAMPTON FORDHAM 28 eVo 9 3; 10 .27 2 A\ 104 2 SCALE I 2A,000 16 @2 31 1000 0 1000 2000 FEET C-4 0 PHOEBUS 0 25 -.fx3 34 258 36 143 37 FORT MONROE MILITARY RESERVATION d) 7 0 'A r- lo 0 tl% tp SECTION Ifl. MILL CREEK OLD POINT COMFORT 23 Section 111. Mill Creek Sa J Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACP.1S % ACRES ACRES % ACRES % ACRES ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 25 Mill Creek 0-25 100 0.25 Fringing marsh I 26 1Mill Creek 1-50 90 1.35 10 0.15 Fringing marsh I 27 IMill Creek 0-25 90 0.22 1 10 0.03 Rringing marsh 20' wide 28 1Mill Creek 0-50 90 0.45 10 0.05 Fringing marsh 29 IMill Creek 0.25 100 0.25 30 Mill Creek 25.00 60 15.00 30 7.50 q Portions of marsh stressed by I I i0s 2.50 upland runoff 31 Mill Creek 18.00 60 10.80 30 5.40 q,s 10 1.80 32 Mill Creek 5.00 60 3.00 30 1.50 q)s 10 0.50 Marsh island 33 Mill Creek 4.00 60 2.40 30 1.20 q,s 0.40 Two marsh islands 10 saltbush associated 34 Mill Creek 15-00 70 10.50 20 3.00 q,s 10 1.50 Marsh island 35 Mill Creek 0.50 90 0.45 10 0.05 Marsh Island 36 Mill Creek 0.50 100 0.5 37 Mill Creek 0.25 100 0.25 Fringe marsh 201 to 30' wide Section III q's Totals 71 .0 45.42 18.60@ 0.28 6.7 Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabaxie g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marah Pink m Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Aru n = Saltmars; h Loosestrife a = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 29 Section IV Salt Ponds (South of Beach Road) The Salt Ponds marshes (224 acres) contain, along with the Long Creek complex, the largest wetlands area in Hampton. The Salt Ponds marshes are doninated by saltmarsh cordgrass which is assessed as having the highest environmental values of any marsh type. The values to the marine environment, to wildlife and to wildfowl have been readily observed by VIMS personnel on several visits. Dredging activities in the Salt Ponds area h-a-ve destroyed many acres of prime saltmarsh cordgrass marsh. Unfortunately, poor dredging tech- niques and completely inadequate spoil containment measures are continu- ing to destroy prime marsh. These measures have also resulted in a considerable sediment flow back into the Salt Ponds which has not only damaged bottom fauna and flora but is also counter-productive to the purpose of the dredging -- creation of more navigable waters. Marsh number 42 surrounds an unnamed pond located to the east of Loncj Creek and lying between the Salt Ponds and Grand View. Although in a strictly biological sense this area is marsh, it may not be marsh as legally defined since tidal inundation has been either cut off or drastically impeded as a result of storm overwash and sand deposition. The low elevation of the Salt Ponds area will make it a costly area to develc>p and to service. The fragility and dynamics of the Bay sho.reline lead to the conclusion that any development in the area will be f lood-prone, leading to inevitable economic costs of considerable magnitude. It@ appears that the best use of the complex would be to retain its nat:.ural values to the maximum, possibly providing carefully planned park facilities to enhance its use as recreational open space. 31 f IAWKINS @5 SECTION IV. SALT PONDS (South of Beach Road Plo. N Dt@ FOX HILL GRAND VIEW 21 ly Z E ,5 t HALLWOOD 0 BLOXOMS CORNER C 169 BUCKROE 169 GARDENS SCALE 1 24,000 MALO, BEACH 1000 0 1000 2000 FEET 38 32 Section IV. Salt Ponds (Lorig Creek, South of Beach Road) Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH PLACE NAKE ACRES % ACRES % ACXIH@S % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE k I 38 Long Creek 43.00' 80 34.40 5 2.15 5 2.15 5 2.15 5 2.15 Creek marsh 39 Salt Ponds 6.00 100 6.QO I Marsh island k 40 Isalt ponds 44.00 80 1 35.20 1 10 4.40 5 2.20 5 2.20 Extensive marsh k Fringe marsh highly stressed 41 ISalt Ponds 18.00 6.0 10.80 20 3.60 1 20 3.60 by spoil from dredging 42 Long Creek 19.00 20 3.80 50 9.50 20 3.80 k 1.90 Tidal access has apparently I 1 10 been cut off in the past 43 Long Creek 80.00 60 48.00 30 24.00 10 8.00 Needlerush associated 44 Wallace Creek 14.00 50 7.00 40 5.60 10 1.40 Wide fringing marsh Section IV k Totals 224.0 141.4 5.95 47.1 17. 55 2.15 9.85 ulrush a Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh B f = W ter Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow 0 = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum n = Saltmarvh LooseBtrife s = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = Narsh Hibiscus = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smartweed t = Yellow Pand-lily 33 Section V Long Creek (North of Beach Road) The Long Creek marsh complex, composed of 543 marsh acres, is the single largest marsh system in Hampton. Its environmental values are truly irre- placeable . The open water areas contain numerous shellfish, crabs and fishes of all descriptions along with many other forms of marine life. muskrats and an occasional deer utilize the area. Bird sightings have included egrets, loons, Canada geese, ducks, rails and various herons. The massive extent of the systern provides an excellent buffer against coastal flooding and the conversion of the area to fastland uses could have serious consequences for the present residents of the communities stretching from Buckroe Beach through Fox Hill to Grand View. Eicosion of the Bay beaches bordering the entire eastern side of the complex is a well known problem which lends importance to these marshes as an erosion deterrent, particularly during severe storms. The narsh areas are dominated by black needlerush with saltmarsh cordgrass along the creek banks and other open water areas. Long Creek from Grand View to the Back River has been improved for navigation. In the process spoil was placed along both banks of the creek for nearly the entire distance. The spoil banks are now vegetated with upland species which lend some habitat diversity to the area but they also inhibit tidal flushing to many acres of marsh. The City has tentative plans for use of the area as a park, wildlife refuge, and recreation complex. Plans call for minor alterations to allow controlled public access. The emphasis would be on the natural wildlife aspects of the area through a nature center, trails and catwalks over the marsh. 35 u NORTHEND PT. SECTION V. LONG CRE North of Be SCALE 1 24,000 lopo 1000 2000 FEET 50 STONY PT. 71- 54 61 @'FLO, DS DANDY PT. 57 @'FLO AOLE 55 WINDMILL PT. 60" 58 5 53 4,8 169 H WKINS r) ND FOX HILL GRAND VIEW Q I- 36 Section V. Long Creek (North of Beach Road) Jx- Md Sb Se OTHER MARSH PIACE NAME -ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 45 Long Creek 278.00 ab, c, d,e #9 Reed grass and saltbush on assoc. 65 180.70 25 69.50 10 27.80 l,q assoc- spoil along creek III 46 Long Greek 13.00 30 3.90 30 3.90 30 3.901 10 1.30 Wax myrtle sea oxeye and sea lavender aso present xii 47 Long Creek 109.00 10 10.90 1 50 54.50 30 32.70 10 10.90 Reed grass, wax myrtle, sea lavender and others present 48 Gr-unland Creek 11.00 70 7.70 30 3.30 49 Gr-unland Creek 40.00 40 16.00 40 16.00 10 1 4.001 10 1 4.0 1 s,q_ Ltensive marsh IGrunland Creek - 7 - I I I XII 50 .00 80 5.60 10 0.70 1 10 1 0.70 1Fringing marsh I k Ma.rsh cut off by road & bulk- 51 Wallace Creek 15.00 30 4.50 40 1 6.001 20 1 3.00 1 g" r 1.50 1head; culverts allow water to flux x1i 52 Wallace Creek 16.00 15 2.40 10 1.60 75 12.00 Creek marsh II 53 Wallace Creek 7.00 50 3.50 20 1.40 20 1.40 10 0.70 lFringing marsh 54 Back River 2.00 80 1.60 20 0.40 Marsh island, I 55 Wallace Creek 0.50 100 0.50 Fringing marsh I 56 Wallace Creek 1.50 60 0.90 20 0.30 20 0.30 1 57 Wallace Creek 1.00 50 0.5 10 0.1 30 0.3 10 0.1 58 Wallace Creek 0.50 60 0.3 30 11-0 .15 10 0.5 Fringing marsh Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = SaltmEirsh Bulrush f =Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p= Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g =Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q= Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h =Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r= Marsh Pink t t Sb = Saltbushes d = Ca tail i =Arrow Arum n = Saltmarsh Looses rife a= Saltwort I Sc = Big Cordgrass e = UArsh Hibiscus j -Pickerel Weed o = Swartweed t = Yellow Pond-iiij 37 Section V. Long Creek (North of Beach Road) contd. Sa Jr Md Sb SC OTHER 1@!ARSH PIACE NAME ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES ACRES ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 59 Wallace Creek 12.00 60 7.20 30 3.60 10 1.20 Creek marsh I 60 Wallace Creek 1.00 40 0.40 40 0.40 10 0.10 1 10 0.10 Fringing marsh XII 61 Wallace Creek 0.25 40 0.10 40 0.10 20 0.05 XII Small percentages of other 62 Back River 19.00 20 3.80 50 9.50 30 5.70 species present III 63 Windmill Point 9.00 60 5.40 30 2.70 10 0.90 Creek marsh I Section IV 9 k Totals 542.75 63.0 287.05 142.15 49.05 0.75 0.75 Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Max-sh Mallow r Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum n = Saltmarsh Looeestrife 8 Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed o = fta-rtweed t Yellow Pond-l:ily 38 SECTION VI Harris River Unlike the Hampton River, the Harris River has not felt great developmental pressure until recently. Practically all of the Harris River shoreline is fringed by Type I and Type XII marshes and there are extensive marsh areas along both the southwest and southeast prongs. There are presently 104.5 acres of Type I marsh, 4 acres of Type III marsh and 20.5 acres of Type XII marsh in the river system. This amounts to 129 acres of marsh in the river. Most of the marshes present are physically situated in the form of fringing marsh and the Harris River shoreline is generally free from serious erosion, Hobbs, et al. (1975). Preservation of the existing marsh in the ri;Fe-r-will contribute to the maintenance of water quality and shoreline stability. 39 STONY PT. P, 1"", w P. DANDY PT. 105 WINDMILL (7) PT. 64 "P@ 65 lr)A 6 7 0-01011 0-3 69, 68 98 102 97 7 96- 1 (99 95 93 4.71 4 91- 92 2 89 go 3 88--l FO HILL 87 74 86 C:) 85 84 83, 82 0 81 5 76 7 HALLWOOD SCALE I 2A,000 77 BLOX '5 I @00 0 1000 2000 FEET COR4 SECTION VI. HARRIS RIVER Section VI. Harris River Sa Jr Md Sb Se OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES ACRES % ACRES % ACRE3 % ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS T YP E 64 Harris River 0.50 70 .35 30 0.15 Fringing marsh I 65 Harris River 0.25 70 .17 3 0.08 Fringing marsh I 66 Harris River 1.50 60 0.9 40 0.6 Cove marsh 67 Harris River 0.25 70 .17 20 .05 10 .03 Cove marsh 68 Harris River 0.50 60 0.3 30 0.15 10 0.05 Cove marsh 69 Harris River 0.25 60 0.15 30 0.07 10 0.03 Fringing marsh I 70 Harris River 1.00 50 0.5 50 0.5 Pocket marsh I 71 Harris River 0.25 80 0.20 10 0.02 10 0.02 Fringing marsh I 72 lHarris River 0.50 60 0.3 30 0.15 10 0.05 Cove marsh I 73 karris River 1.00 30 0.3 60 0.6 10 0.10 Fringing marsh III 74 Harris River 0.25 90 0.22 10 0.03 Pocket marsh I 75 Harris River 1.00 80 0.8 10 0.1 10 0.10 Pocket marsh I 76 Harris River 4.00 80 1 3.20 10 0.40 10 0.40 Fringing ma sh I 77 Harris River 4.00 75 3.00 20 0.80 5 0.20 Fringing marsh I Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a= Saltmatsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass P = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b= Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c= Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Ma--mh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Bb = Saltbushes d= Cattail i = Arrow Arum, n = Saltmaxsh Loosestrife 8 = Saltwort Be = Big Cordgrass e= Marsh Hibiscus = Pickerel Weed o = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 41 Section VI. Harris River (cont'd.) PLACE NA14E ACRES % Sa CRES Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH A ACRM- % ACRES % ACRES ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 78 Harris River 1.00 90 0.90 10 0.10 Fringing marsh I 79 Harris River 64.00 70 44.80 20 12.8 10 6.40 Creek marsh I 80 Harris River 4.00 80 3.20 10 0.40 10 0.40 Cove marsh I 81 lHarris River 0.25 70 0.17 30 0.08 Fringing marsh I 82 lHarris River 0.25 60 0.15 40 0.1 Cove Marsh I 83 lHarris River 0.5 70 0.35 30 0.15 Cove marsh I 84 @Harris River 0.5 50 0.25 40 0.20 10 0.05 Spit marsh 1 85 lHarris River 1.00 80 0.80 10 0.10 110 0.10 Pocket marsh I 86 lHa rris River 0.25 80 0.2 10 0.02 10 0.02 Fringing marsh I 87 @arris River 0.50 30 1 0.15 70 0.35 Cove marsh III 88 1H_rris River 0.25 20 1 0.05 80 0.20 Fringe marsh III 89 Harris River 0.25 30 0.07 70 0.18 1 Pocket marsh III 90 Harris River 0.25 30 0.07 70 0.18 Point maxsh III 91 1Harris River 0.25 30 1 0.07 70 0.18 Fringe ma sh III Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arun n = Saltmarah Loosestrife s = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = karsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed o = Smartweed t,= Yellow Pond-lily 42 Section VI. Harris River (cont'd.) Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH FLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES -7" ACRES % ACRES ACRES ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 92 Harris River 0.25 80 0.20 20 0.05 Point marsh I 93 Harris River 0.50 40 0.20 40 0.20 10 0.05 10 0.05 Pocket marsh XII 94 Harris River 0.50 60 0.30 30 0.15 1 10 0.05 Pocket marsh and fringe -- 1 95 Harris River 0.25 20 0.05 70 0.18 10 0.02 Fringe III 96 Harris River 0.25 80 0.20 20 0.05 Pocket marsh 97 Harris River 0.75 60 0.45 30 0.22 10 0.08 Fringe 98 Harris River 0.25 30 0.08 70 0.17 Fringe 99 Harris River 15.0 60 9.00 10 Extensive marsh disrupted by 1.50 1 10 1.50 1 20 3.00 roads. Pgoba@l r gjtNificant nurse I 100 Harris River 1.00 50 0.50 40 0.40 10 0.10 Broad fringing ma sh 101 Harris River 1.00 20 0.20 50 0.50 20 0.20 10 0.10 Broad fringing marsh III 102 Harris River 0.25 60 0.15 30 0.08 10 0.02 Spit marsh 1 103 Harris River 10.0 20 2.00 10 L.00 30 3.00 40 4.00 Extensive high marsh; 2 1 abandoned cars at south end XII 104 Harris River 1 8.0 20 1.60 20 1.60 40 3.20 20 1.60 Extensive high marsh XII 105 Harris River 0.50 70 1 0.35 30 0.15 Broad fringe @ .'5 0 05 Sa = Saatmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass I = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Sa:Ltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Sa:Ltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum Sc = Big Cordgrass n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife 8 = Saltwort e = Marsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 43 Section VI. Flarris River (cont'd.) Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES % ACRF,- % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES- % AORES OBSERVATIONS TYPE Section VI Totals 127.0 77.07 10.80 21.27 17.70 0-20 Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlenzah b = Saltmarsh Fleabane 9 = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pj n Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail I = Arrow Arum n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife s = Saltwort So = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-111y 44 SECTION VII Southwest Branch of Back River (East Bank) This section contains 183 acres of marsh, most of which is Type 1. (91 acres) and Type 111 (50 acres) marsh. The largest marshes axe located in the northern end of the branch, the Stony Point axea. In general, plant zonation in these brackish water marshes takes the form of saltmarsh cordgrass (Type I) growing from mean sea level to mean high water followed by saltgxass and saltmeadow hay (Type II) dominating in the higher areas of the marsh which are only flooded during spring and storm tides. 45 STONY PT. 108 4@ 0 6 BACY, 107 110 @1-109 WILLOUGHBY PT. 113 114 LANGLEY AIR FORCE BASE 15 121 19 12 LANGLE IEW 122 23 124 126 125 278 128 29 127 RIVER TERRACE SCALE 1 24,000 BACK RIVER 130 1000 0 1000 2000 FEET 1 -4 HERWOOD PARK PINE 133 32 GROVE COURT 134 SECTION VII. SOUTHWEST BRANCH OF BACK RIVER Ile, SINCLAIR ARM s East Bank Section VII. Southwest Branch of Back River (East bank) Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES ACRES ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 106 Istony Point 11.0 90 9.90 10 1.10 Extensive marsh; high wild- fowl use observed 107 IStony Point 2.00 90 1.80 10 0.20 108 Istony Point 6.00 80 4.80 10 0.60 10 0.60 109 Unnamed Creek 0.50 70 0.35 10 0.05 20 0.10 Fringing marsh 110 S.W. Branch 1.00 100 1.00 Back River Marsh islands Ill IUnnamed Creek 51.00 30 1 15.30 60 30.60 1 10 1 5.10 High waterfowl use noted 112 jUnnsmed Creek 34.00 40 13.60 30 10.20 20 6.80 10 3.4 Creek ma sh X11 113 S.W. Branch 3.00 100 3.00 Back River Broad fringing marsh S.W. Branch 114 Back River 6.00 70 4.20 20 1.20 10 0.60 Broad fringing marsh 115 S.W. Branch q Sea oxeye associated; large Pack River 12.00 60 1 7.20 10 1.20 1 20 2.40 10 1.20 assoc. cove marsh 116 S.W. Branch q Sea oxeye associated; extensive Back River 13.00 50 6.50 10 1.30 30 3.90 10 1.30 assoc. fringing marsh 11.7 S.W. Branch 11.00 50 5.50 40 4.40 lo 1.1 Extensive fringing marsh Back River 118 Unnamed Creek 3.00 50 1.50 20 0.60 20 0.6 10 0.30 Fringing marsh at mouth of dredged canal 119 Ilangley View 7.00 3072.10 50 3.50 20 1.40 Sa = Saltmarsh CordgraBs a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass P = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane 9 = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Max-ah Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife 8 = Saltwort Sc = Mig Cordgrass e = Xiarsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smaztweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 47 Section VII, Southwest Branch Back River (East bank) (cont'd.) Sa Jr ma Sb Se OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES ACRES - % ACRES % ACRES ACRES ACRES OBSERVATIONS T YPE 120 Langley View 5.00 70 3.50 10 0.50 20 1.00 Fringing marsh I S.W. Branch 0.251 50 0.12 Pack River 20 0.05 30 0.08 Point marsh I 122 S.W. Branch 1.00 90 0.90 10 0.10 lBack River Point marsh I IS.W. Branch 123 Back River 3.00 80 2.40 to 0.30 10 0.30 Creek marsh 124 IS.W. Branch Back River 1.00 20 0.20 10 0.10 60 0.60 10 0.10 Pocket mn sh 125 IS-W' Branch 0.25 10 0.02 1 60 0.15 20 0.05 10 0.02 Pocket marsh Back River 126 IS.W. Branch 5.00 70 3.50 20 1.00 10 0.50 Back River L I 127 jUnnamed Creek 0.25 80 0.20 20 0.05 128 S.W. Branch Back River 0.251 80 0.20 20 0.05 Pocket marsh S.W Branch 1.00 30 0.30 60 0.60 10 0.10 Pocket marsh 129 Baci River I S.W. Branch 130 jBack River 1.501 50 0.75 1 20 0.30 30 0.45 Pocket marsh 131 IS.W. Branch Piack River 2.00 70 1.40 0.40.- 10 0.20 FrinRing marsh 132 Sherwood Park 1.00 70 0.70 20 0.20 10 0.10 Cove marsh 133 S.W. Branch 0.25 20 0.05 60 0.15 10 02 1 10 0.02 Fringing marsh Back River T o- Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmargh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgraas Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Aran n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife s = Saltwort Se = Big Cordgrasa e = Marsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smartweed t; = Yellow Pond-l:Lly 48 Section VII. Southwest Branch of Back River (East bank) (cont'd.) Sa 7r Sb Sc I YId OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES ACITLES % ACRES % ACRES ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIO14S TYPE S.W. Branch 134 Back River 0.50 50 0.25 30 0.15 20 0.10 Broad fringing marsh I Sectiqn VII 182.75 91.24 49.55 26.15' 15.77 0.02 Totals )a = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice rr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass I = Olney Threeaquare q = Sea Lavender dd = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pin )b = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow AruM n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife a = Saltwort e i c ;c = Big Cordgrass = Marsh Hibis us j = P ckerel Weed o = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 49 SECTION VIII Newmarket Creek Newmarket Creek contains 230 acres of marsh. Most of the marsh is either dominated by cattail (Type VIII) or salt- meadow (Type II) and is located west of the point where 1-64 crosses the creek. ThIs area is high in value to wildlife. East of 1-64 the marsh has been highly disturbed by dredge and fill activitdes associated with highway construc- tion and commercial and residential detrelopment. Reedgrass (Phrazites australis) now dominates much of the creek bank and this portion of Fhe creek has lost much of its environ- mental value. Many of these marshes (Numbers 135-143 and 146- 160) encompass mounds of fill and/or dredge spoil which because of their elevation have been colonized by upland vegetation. These areas have habitat value of their own but have displaced marsh which was of more value to the Newmarket Creek system. 51 161 LYNNHAVEN 160 15 15 RIVERDALE ee 64 1 WINDSO TERRAC SCALE 124,000 I @00 0 10,00 2000 FEET P 11,4 E C H A P L%@@l 3 4, VILLAGE ABERDEEN GARDENS 151-152 -15 149 J, (---@147 148 15 GREENWOOD FARMS 40 ,11t146 14'2 141 43 14 WEST HAMPTON C R. -145 SECTION Vill. NEWMARKET CREEK PLEASANT MANO 52 Section VIIII . Newmarket Creek Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH PLACE IJAME ACRES % ACRES % ACFM % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES OBSEFffATIONS TYPE 135 Newmarket Creek 0.25 10 0.02 30 0.08 30 0.08 30 0.08 Broad fringe XII 136 Newmarket Creek 9.0 10 0.90 50 4.50 30 2.70 10 0.90 Previously disturbed area II 137 Newmarket Creek 2.0 1 10 0.20 30 0.60 60 1.20 V k Small marsh on each side of a 138 Newmarket Creek 2.0 10 0.20 30 0.60 10 0.20 50 1.0 tidal drainage ditch. VIII 139 Newmarket Creek 12.0 10 1.2 10 1.2 30 3.6 30 3..6 k Large marsh with scattered up- 20 2.4 land islands. Xil k 140 Newmarket Creek 0.75 10 0.07 10 0.07 10 0.07 assocl 70 0.52 25 ft. wide fringe marsh VIII 141 Newmarket Creek 0.25 50 0.1-2 10 0.02 k 0.1 Pocket marsh I 40 k 142 Newmarket Creek 1.0 10 0. 1 50 0.5 30 0.3 10 0.1 Big cordgrass associated II 143 Newmarket Creek 0.5 40 0.2 60 0.3 Broad fringe IV 144 Newmarket Creek 53.0 20 10.6 40 21.2 30 15.9 10 5.3 e,g,Jr,@ Extensive ma sh area XII assoc. 145 Newmarket Creek 74.0- 20 14.8 d Waterdock, Jewelmeed, hybiscus 80 59.2 and others. High wildlife use VI k 146 Newmarke t: Creek 0.25 20 0.05 80 0.2 Disturbed area VIII k 147 Newmarket Creek 1 0.25 20 0.05 30 0.08 10 0.02 40 0.1 DistuLbe d area Xii 148 Newmarket Creek 1 0.50 1 50 1 0. 25 30 0.15 20 0.1 _T Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmai-sh Aster h = Tbxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushea d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum. n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife s = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordg3mss e = Marsh Hdbiscus j = Tickerel Weed o = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily @ 60 0 30 15 0 214 53 Section VIII. Newmarket Creek (cont'd.) Sa Jr Ma Sb So OTHER NAMH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS T'YPE 149 Newmarket Creek 0.50 10 0.05 20 0.10 50 0.25 20 0.10 150 Newmarket Creek 0.50 10 0.05 60 0.3 30 0.15 assoc Fringe marsh II k 151 Newmarket Creek 0.50 10 j.05 60 0.3 20 0.1 assoc 10 0.05 Broad fringe 152 Newmarket Creek 0.25 10 0.02 60 0.15 20 0.05 assoc k 0.02 Fringe marsh 10 k 153 Newmarket Creek 6.0 20 1.2 40 2.4 10 1 0.6 30 1.8 Fringe marsh XII k 15 ft. wide 154 INeumarket Creek 0.25 20 1 0.05 1 40 0.1 10 0.02 30 0.08 Fringe marsh XII 155 INewmarket Creek 17.0 assoc 1 60 10.2 40 6.8 assoc k 156 Newmarket Creek 5.0 assoc 50 2.5 1 30 1.5 20 1 1.0 assoc .157 Newmarket Creek 11.0 1 20 2.2 6 6.6 10 1.1 10 1.1 15@8 INewmarket Creek 0.25 k Soo 100 0.25 159 Newmarket Creek 0.50 30 0.15 40 0.20 30 0.15 Fringe marsh XII Narsh is land (created) 160 Newmarket Creek 3.0 20 0.6 40 1.2 40 1.2 partially filled, XII 61 Newmarket Creek 0.75 30 0.22 50 0.38 20 0.15 I I a 1-62 1 Newmarket Creek 29.0 25 7.25 60 17.4 5 1.45 1 10 1 '2.9 assoo Extensi%re marsh Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k =Reed Grass p = Wild RIce Jr = Black Needlerush b =Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 =Olney Threesquare q = Sea LeLvender Md = SaltgreBs Meadow c =Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m =Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d =Cattail i = Arrow Arum n =Saltmarsh Loosestrife a = Saltwort So = Big Cordgrass e =Marsh Hibiscus J = Pickerel Weed 0 =Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 54 Section VIII Newmarket Creek (cont'd.) Sa Jr Md Sb So OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES % ACRES ACRES ACRES ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE Section VIII Totals 230.25 25.1 0.12 70.43 52.55 16.45 65.57 'a Saltmarsh Cordgrass a Saltmarsh Bulrush f Water Hemp k Reed Grass p Wild Rice Tr = Black- Needlerush b Saltmarsh Fleabane g Switch Grass 1 Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender dd = Saltgrass Meadow c =Saltmarsh Aster h Foxtail Grass m = Me h Mallow r = Marsh Pink )b = Saltbushes d = Cattail i Arrow Arum n = Saltmaxeh Loosestrife s = Saltwort 3c = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus j Pickerel Weed o = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 55 SECTION IX Southwest Branch of Back River (West Bank) Tides Mill Creek This section of the inventory delineates marshes from the mouth of Newmarket Creek up the west bank of the Southwest Branch of Back River to the north side of Willoughby Point and includep Tides Mill Creek. Of the 186 total acres of 'marsh in this area, 83% is Type I (saltmarsh cordgrass) or Type II (saltmeadow). Tides Mill Creek has been extensively disrupted by dredge and fill activities associated with residential development and other construction. Recent actions by the Hampton Wetlands Board, however, appear to have "stabilized" the marshes in the area. The marshes in both the Southwest Branch and Tides Mill Creek are typical brackish water marshes in terms of plant species present and plant zonation. As such they have very real values to wildlife in terms of habitat and food supply. Heavy wildlife utilization was observed in the larger marshes throughout this inventory. 57 SECTION IX. SOUTHWEST BRANCH OF BACK RI R West Bank TIDES. MILL CREEK 185 18 WILLOUGHBY PT. LAN LEY AIR FORCE BASE 00 175 17 J,q 80 171 RIVER 181 MILL 0 TERRACE c . 169 182 vS 165 BACK RIVER 16R 66 SHERWOOD PARK 16 PINE GROVE eX` COURT n SINCLAIR FARMS SCALE 1 24,000 CEDAR PARK lopo 0 1000 2000 FEET Section IX. Southwes't Branch of Back River (West Bank), Tides Mill Creek Sa J:r ma Sb So OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME _ACIZES % ACRES % ACRM % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE S.W. Branch 3-63 Back River 56-0 30 16.8 assoc 50 28.0 20 11.2 Extensive marsh II JL64 Tides Mill Creek 5.0 50 2.50 40 2.0 10 0.50 1 IL65 Tides Mill Creek 25.0 40 10.0 1 50 12.5 10 2.5 lassoc 166 Tides Mill Creek 1.0 40 0.4 10 0.1 30 0.3 20 0.2 assoc Small island and fringe XII k IL67 Tides Mill Greek 0.25 10 0.02 40 0.1 30 0.08 10 0.02 10 0.02 Disturbed area XII IL68 Tides Mill Creek 5.0 10 0.5 80 4.0 10 0.5 Large marsh island k 169 Tides Mill Creek D.25 20 0.05 60 0.15 20 0.05 Highly disturbed area 170 Tides Mill Creek 12.0 20 2.4 10 1.2 40 4.8 30 3.6 Xii k 171 1Tides Mill Creek 1.5 90 1.35 10 0.15 assoc. a North end of marsh stressed 172 Tides Mill Creek 12.0 80 9.6 20 2.4 assoc lassoc. by construction a, d 173 Tides Mill Creek 3.0 15 0.45 70 2.1 15 0.45 assoc assoc. 174 Tides Mill Creek 1.0 60 0.6 40 o.4 e 175 Tides Mill Creek 4.0 30 1 1.2 50 2.0 20 0.8 assoc assoc. a 176 Tides Mill Creek 4.0 20 0.8 65 2.60 15 0.6 assoc assoc. High wildlife utilization Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b =Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass 1 = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender Xd = Saltgrass Meadow c =Saltmarsh Azter h = Foxtail Grass ni = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d =Cattail i = Arrow Arum n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife s = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e =Marsh Hibiscus = Pickerel Weed 0 = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 59 Section IX. Southwest Branch of Back River (West bank), Tides Mill Creek (contd.) PLACE NAME ACRES % Sa. ACRES % Jr ACRES % Md ACRES % Sb ACRES So OTHER MAJISH % ACRES ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE a 177 Tides Mill Creek 21 70 14.7 assoc 30 6.3 assocl assoc -assoc. High waterfowl use I 178 L- Tides Mill Creek 6 1 25 1.5 assoc 65 3.90 10 0.6 1 II 179 [Tides Mill Creek 9 20 1.8 assoc, 65 1 5.85 15 1.35 k I I assoc 180 Tides Mill Creek 2 60 1.2 40 0.8 - - Marsh island 181 Tides Mill Creek 1.5 40 0.6 60 0.9 Marsh island 182 Tides Mill Creek 0.5 10 0.05 80 0.4 10 0.05 Marsh island k 183 Tides Mill Creek 15 20 3.0 40 6.0 30 4.5 10 1.5 xii 184 Willoughby Point 0.5 60 0.3 20 0.1 20 0.1 1 185 Willoughby Point 0.5 80 0.4 20 0.1 Fringing marsh I Section IX - Totals 186 70.22 1.3 85.3 27.58 0.02 1.57 Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k =Reed Grass p = Wild Rice Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane 9 = Switch Grass 1 =Olney Threesquare q = Sea lavender Md = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Poxtail Grass m =Marsh Mallow r = Mia h Pi nk Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum n =Saltmarsh Loose8trife a = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = Liarsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed o =Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 60 SECTION X Northwest Branch of Back River This portion of Hampton waterfront, from Willoughby Point to the headwaters of Brick Kiln Creek and including Tabbs Creek, presently contains 610 acres of marsh. Most of this marsh is typical brackish water wetlands in structure but changes at the upper end of Brick Kiln Creek to a plant community unique to the City of Hampton. The two marshes at the upper end of Brick Kiln Creek (199, 200) are highly diverse communities in terms of vegetation. The species present are a combination of brackish and freshwater plants. Marsh #199 vegetation percentages; 30% Marsh Hybiscus/Marsh Mallow 25% Mock Bishop-weed (Ptilimnium capillaceum) 15% Water Dock (Rumex verticillatus) 10% Saltbush (Iv@i -and ccharis) 10% Spike Rush Eleocharis obtusa) 10% Water Hemp (Amaranthus cannabinus) Marsh #200 vegetation percentages: 20% Mock Bishop-weed (Ptilimnium, capillaceum) 20% Marsh Hybiscus/Marsh Mallow 20% Spike Rush (Elecharis obtusa) 10% Cattail (Typha an ustiY-olia) 10% Water Dock (Rumex verticillatus) 7- na y Big Cordgrass Sparti c nosuroides) 20% Saltbushes (Iva and Baccharis) Arrow Arum. (Peltandra virginica) Water Hemp (Amaranthus cannabinus) Further research in the above described communities is planned. The two large marshes (188, 191) and Tabbs Creek marsh (189, 190) are typical high marsh and are owned by the Federal Government(Langley Air Force Base). For further details concerning these marshes see Wise, (1973). 61 MARSH PT. ee .61 o 'IV 192 -194 "@-@SCALE 1 24,000 96 1000 0 1000 2000 FEET 172 189 198 DRUMMONDSO CORNER 00 199 LANGLEY Al 4) SECTION X. NORTHWEST BRANCH OF BACK RIVER - TABBS CREEK - BRICK KILN CREEK ( East Bank 62 Section X. Northwest Branch of Back River Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSH PLACE NAME ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % CRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE 86 Langley 7.0 60 4.2 5 0.35 10 0.7 25 1.75 1 87 Langley 0.50 70 0.35 30 0.15 Two marsh islands I q,a,m,e Sea oxeye present; extensive 88 Tabb Point 98.0 35 34.3 5 4.9 40 39.2 20 19.6 assoc marsh XII 89 Tabbs Creek 4. 0 55 2.2 10 0.4 25 1.0 10 0.4 Broad fringe I la,d,q 90 Tabbs Creek 95.0 10 9.5 assoc 50 47.5 30 -28.5 10 9.5 Extensive creek marsh II q,a Short form of cordgrass in high 91 Marsh Point 159.0 15 23.85 20 31.8 55 87.45 10 15.9 assoc assoc areas; high wildlife use XII 92 Northwest Br. 10.5 30 3.15 10 1.05 50 5.25 10 1.05 11 Back River a 93 Brick Kiln Creek 76.0 10 7.6 30 22.8 60 45.6 assoc lassoc assoc Extensive marsh Ii 94 Brick Kiln Creek 44.0 5 2.2 40 17.6 40 17.6 15 6.6 assoc Extensive marsh XII 95 Brick Kiln Creek 48.0 5 2.4 40 19.2 30 1 14.4 15 7.2 10 4.8 Extensive marsh XII 96 Brick Kiln Creek 7.0 80 5.6 20 1.4 Broad fringing marsh a,k 97 Brick Kiln Creek 11.0 40 4.4 40 4.4 10 1.1 10 assoc XII 98 Brick Kiln Creek 7.0 10 0.7 80 5.6 10 0.7 111 e,m,f Mock bishopweed 257. *; water- 99 lBrick Kiln Creek 26.0 10 2.6 40 23.4 dock and spikerush 2516 a = Saltmazah Cordgrass a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k =Reed Grass p = Wild Rice see text P. 61 r = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane g = Switch Grass I =Olney Threesquare q = Sea Lavender d = Saltgrass Meadow c = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m =Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink b = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum n =Saltmareh Loosestrife s = Saltwort c = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus j = Pickerel Weed o =Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 63 Section X. Northwest Branch of Back River (cont'd.) Sa Jr Md Sb Sc OTHER MARSB MACE NAME _ ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES % ACRES OBSERVATIONS TYPE d, e,mi, Mock bishop weed 20% 200 Brick Kiln Creek 21.0 assoc: assocl 50 21.0 spikerush Section X - w7ater dock X1 Totals 614 90.45 - 113.7 1 263.25 86.1 6.6 53.9 Grand Total 2220.75 2 8. 9 642 21.1 468.47 30.4 675.4 12. 269.98 1. 1 25.24 6.3 139.65 Sa = Saltmarsh Cordgrass. a = Saltmarsh Bulrush f = Water Hemp k = Reed Grass p = Wild Rice see text P. Jr = Black Needlerush b = Saltmarsh Fleabane 9 = Switch Grass I = Olney Threesquare q = Sea Iavender 61 k1d = Saltgrass Meadow C = Saltmarsh Aster h = Foxtail Grass m = Marsh Mallow r = Marsh Pink Sb = Saltbushes d = Cattail i = Arrow Arum n = Saltmarsh Loosestrife a = Saltwort Sc = Big Cordgrass e = Marsh Hibiscus = P:Lckerel Weed o = Smartweed t = Yellow Pond-lily 64 INDEX TO MARSH LOCATIONS Page Back River ........................................ 36-38, 40 Back River, Northwest Branch ....................... 61-63 Back River, Southwest Branch ...................... 45-49, 57-59 Brick Kiln Creek .................................. 61-64 Brights Creek ..................................... 24, 25 Elizabeth Lake .................................... 24, 25 Grunland Creek .................................... 36, 37 Hampton Flats ..................................... 19-21 Hampton River ...................................... 23-26 Harris River... ......... o......................... 39-44 Herberts Creek ................ o.................. o 24, 25 James River ....... o............. o .......... o ...... 19-21 Johns Creek ............. o.................. o- ... 24, 26 Langley ..................... -oo ... oo ............ o 58, 61, 62 Langley View ............................... o ...... 46-48 Long Creek ........ o...o ........................... 32-37 Marsh Point.... ............ oo ................. o.o. 62, 63 Mill Creek., ...................................... 27-29 Newmarket Creek ............................ -..oo 51-55 Salt Ponds .......... o................ o......... o ... 31-33 Sherwood Park ...... o... oo ......... o............... 46, 48 Stony Point ....................................... 40, 46, 47 Sunset Creek........ ..... 24, 25 Tabb Creek .............. 61-63 Tabb Point ......... o......o........ o............... 61-63 Tides Mill Creek ......................... o........ 57-60 Wallace Creek .............. oo.- ............. o.o. 32, 33, 36-38 Willoughby Point, ....o............ o............... 57, 58, 60, 61 Windmill Point.. .......... o ........ o.............. 36, 38 65 Literature Cited Hobbs, Carl H., III, G.L. Anderson, R.J. Byrne and J.M. Zeigler. 1975. Shoreline Situation Report City of Hampton, Virginia. Special Report in Applied Marine Science and ocean Engineering No. 76. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062. Silberhorn, G.M., G.M. Dawes and T.A. Barnard, Jr. 1974. Guidelines for Activities Affecting Virginia Wetlands. VIMS SRAMSOE No. 46. Virginia Institute ot Marine ,Science. Gloucester Point, Virginia. 23062 Wise, E.S. 1973. A survey of the Plant and Animal Communities of-the Salt marshes of the Langley Air Force Base-Langley Research Center, Virginia. A report to the Smithsonian Institution. (Unpublished). Christopher Newport College. 66 IDATIE BUIE GAYLORD[No. 2333 PRINMD IN U S A 6668 14107 7133