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                          S.      1,4eport    in Apjil@ed;,Xarine Scien:e and Ocean Engineering No. 301
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              QH                                                January 1)90
              301
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             no.305


                             76.                    75*                    74-                    73*

























                                       SANDBRIDGE BUIXHEAD IMPACT STUDY








                                                      by

                                            C. Scott Hardaway, Jr.
                                               George R. Thomas

                                     Virginia Institute of Marine Science
                                         College of William and Mary
                                      Gloucester Point, Virginia   23062



                    Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 305

                                         Obtained Under Contract With


                                          Council on the Environment

                                                 Through the

                                Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program







                                                 January 1990




     ra
                                  U - S - DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                  COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                  2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                                  CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2413

     >


                                   Property of CSC Library
    T-7




























                                                   FOREWORD


                      This report was produced, in part, through financial support from the

                 Council on the Environmennt pursuant to Coastal Resources Program Grant

                 No. NA88AA-D-CZ091 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

                 Administration.

                      The field work for this study could not have been accomplished

                 without the help of Hakan Ozalpasan. Timely art work was provided by

                 Diane Bowers of the Art Department of the Virginia Institute of Marine

                 Science. The manuscript was typed and compiled by Beth Marshall and

                 Cynthia Gaskins, without whose help this report could not have been

                 completed.














                                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS




                                                                                             Page

                   Introduction   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


                   Coastal Processes    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         2


                   Previous Research    . . . .                                                 3

                   Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact    Study  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       5

                   Methods   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          6


                   Results   . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        8


                   Discussion   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        11


                   Conclusions    . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           12


                   References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         13

                   Figures 1-10

                   Table 1


                   Appendix A















                  Introduction

                       Sandbridge is a residential community located about 5.8 miles south

                  of Rudee Inlet along the ocean coast of Virginia (Figure 1). Sandbridge

                  is bounded on the north by the U.S. Navy Dam Neck Fleet Combat Training

                  Center Atlantic and on the south by Little Island Park owned by the City

                  of Virginia Beach. To date, the Sandbridge shoreline is approximately 4.2

                  miles long with about 230 ocean front "cottages." According to Everts et

                  al.. (1983), the historical (100 year) recession rate at Sandbridge is

                  greater than 1.5 meters/year. Dolan (1985) reported the rate of shoreline

                  recession to be greater than 3.0 meters/year. This is the highest rate of

                  shoreline retreat for any reach from Cape Henry to the Virginia-North

                  Carolina border line.

                       Sandbridge started being commercially developed in the 1950s. By

                  1971, there were 80 ocean front cottages and a well developed natural dune

                  line still existed. Some sand fencing can be seen in aerial photos taken

                  at that time. As natural beach and dune erosion continued, the residents

                  began resorting to beach bulldozing to reclaim the "lost" sands from the

                  sea. Thus, evidence of an intact, natural primary dune along the

                  Sandbridge coast has been obscured by bulldozing of the beach to create

                  artficial dunes. Bulldozing effects can be seen in low altitude aerial

                  photography acquired since 1979. Aerial photos revealed an increased

                  level of beach bulldozing in 1983 to create a protective dune and repair

                  septic tanks and drain fields damaged by 1982 northeasters. An increased

                  number of individual bulkheads also began to appear in the early 1980s.

                  These structures were built of wood, concrete and aluminum. Some of these

                  bulkheads were destroyed or damaged by winter storms from 1982 to 1985.

                  Strong environmental concerns were raised by state agencies and citizens











                  groups over decisions to"allow bulkhead construction at Sandbridge. The

                  main concern was that bulkheads would adversely affect the beach and dunes

                  by increasing shoreline erosion.

                      Storms continued to batter the Virginia coast to the point where an

                  "emergency" state was declared in spring 1988. As a result, steel

                  bulkheads were installed during summer 1988. To date, over 11,000 linear

                  feet of steel bulkhead has been emplaced at Sandbridge. Bulkheads now

                  account for over 50% of the shoreline. This is a considerable increase

                  from summer 1987 when only 7% of the Sandbridge shoreline was bulkheaded.

                  Coastal Processes

                      Wright et al. (1987) analysed the shoreface and beach dynamics of the

                  Virginia coast from Cape Henry to False Cape. For the purpose of this

                  analysis, the coast was segmented into grid cells (Figure 2). Changes in

                  beach sand volume from 1981 to 1984 are shown in Figure 3. Although the

                  historical recession rate at Sandbridge is greater than 1.5 meters/year,

                  annual fluctuations persist.

                      The complexity of the shoreface morphology fronting the coastal

                  region from Cape Henry to False Cape causes varying degrees of wave

                  modification by refraction and frictional dissipation. Shoreface profiles

                  are more shallow off.the Virginia Beach resort strip than off of

                  Sandbridge (Figure 4). As a result, wave breaker heights off Sandbridge

                  during severe storms are appreciably larger than adjacent regions of

                  coast. Longshore variations in breaker height also provide a significant

                  driving force for longshore currents and littoral drift. However,

                  observed erosion and accretion to the north and south of Sandbridge cannot

                  be adequately explained by littoral drift gradients. This suggests that a

                  substantial proportion of the sand eroded from the intertidal and



                                                         2











                  subaerial portions of the beach and dunes is probably transported seaward

                  to sinks on the shoreface and shelf. Because of the narrowness and

                  steepness of the shoreface, the beach at Sandbridge is highly sensitive to

                  offshore sand transport and is subject to erosion for 15% to 40% of the

                  time (Wright et al., 1987).

                  Previous Research

                       Seawalls and bulkheads have been used for many years to abate

                  shoreline erosion on a world-wide basis. By definition, a seawall is a

                  structure separating land and water areas, primarily designed to prevent

                  erosion and other damage as a result of wave action. A bulkhead is a

                  structure or partition built to retain sediment or prevent slope failure.

                  A secondary purpose is to protect the upland against damage from low-

                  energy wave action (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984). There is a

                  distinction-between bulkheads and seawalls.'

                       A seawall is generally made of rock or concrete and is designed to

                  withstand certain levels of wave action. The face of a seawall is

                  sloped and wave energy is allowed to dissipate, to some degree, as runup.

                  A bulkhead is a vertical structure usually made of steel or wood and is

                  most effective when there is a wide beach area in front of it. Both

                  seawalls and bulkheads will reflect incoming waves during a storm event

                  where there is little or no fronting beach to absorb wave energy.

                       There has been considerable research on the effects of seawalls and

                  bulkheads on beaches. There are hundreds of site-specific situations

                  around the U.S. where these conflicts exist. Some research has shown that

                  bulkheads have no impact on beaches and other research has demonstrated

                  the opposite (Kraus, 1988).





                                                         3













                       A total literature review on the effects of seawalls and bulkheads on

                  beaches is beyond the scope of this report. Interested readers are

                  referred to a Special Issue of the Journal of Coastal Research (edited by

                  Kraus and Pilkey, 1988). This issue deals specifically with this subject.

                  Eight papers are presented with extensive bibliographies.

                       Numerous factors govern the behavior of seawalls and bulkheads, their

                  effects on onshore-offshore and longshore transport, and their effects on

                  the shoreline. The most obvious factor is the location of the seawall or

                  bulkhead relative to the active shoreface. A bulkhead located landward of

                  the active shoreface will not influence coastal processes except possibly

                  during periods of exceptionally high water. On the other hand, bulkheads

                  located on the active shoreface will modify the nearshore beach profile as

                  well as the cross-shore distribution of the longshore current and the

                  longshore sediment transport.

                       Weggel (1988) developed a bulkhead classification relating

                  structure location to local water levels and thus, indirectly, with the

                  intensity of wave action to which they maybe subjected. The conditions

                  underwhich the Sandbridge bulkheads were built are similar to Weggel's

                  (1988) Type-3 seawall: the base is above normal high tides, but below

                  storm surge levels. The base is submerged during storms and exceptionally

                  high astronomical tides, but will normally be above water. Under "normal"

                  fair weather conditions, a dry beach exists between the bulkheads and mean

                  high water (MHW).

                       According to Kraus (1988), there are three mechanisms that can be

                  firmly identified by which wall structures may contribute to erosion of

                  the coast. The most obvious is retention of sediment behind the wall

                  that would otherwise be released to the littoral system. The second



                                                        4












                 mechanism, which could increase local erosion on downdrift beaches, is for

                 the updrift side of the wall to act as a groin and impound sand. The

                 third mechanism is flanking, i.e., increased local erosion at the end

                 walls (Griggs and Tait, 1988; Morton, 1988). Other effects attributed to

                 seawalls and bulkheads are: offshore transport of sediment by rip

                 currents that develop in front of the wall (Komar and McDougal, 1988) and

                 enhancement of sediment transport by a short-crested wave system composed

                 of incident and reflected waves (Lin et al., 1987; Silvester, 1977, 1987).

                 It should also be noted that on a sandy barrier coast, like Sandbridge,

                 the overwash process, by which these types of coasts maintain

                 themselves, is greatly inhibited by the presence of any structures.

                 Sandbridge Bulkhead IMRact Study

                      In 1985, the Virginia General Assembly permitted the installation of

                 approximately 640 feet of timber bulkhead for eight oceanfront properties.
                 This stretch of Sandbridge was the most extensive to be hardened to that

                 date. Previously, the maximum number of continuously bulkheaded lots was

                 four. Over the years, single-lot bulkheads were installed mostly along

                 the southern section of the community where chronic erosion problems

                 existed. In 1986, two lots adjacent to the eight were hardened in the

                 same fashion. This covered 10 lots totalling approximately 800 feet.

                      Hurricane Charlie, in fall 1986, and moderate northeasters in

                 winter 1986, 1987 and 1988, exacerbated the habitual erosion of the beach

                 and man-made dunes. In February 1987, the Air National Guard was called

                 upon to bulldoze beach sand and create a low dune along the entire length

                 ,of Sandbridge. It took approximately one month to construct the dune. A

                 small northeaster on March 10, 1987 removed nearly all the bulldozed

                 dunes. Without the dunes, howeveri there would have been more damage to



                                                        5











                  the adjacent cottages. In April of 1988, a moderate northeaster blew over

                  the Virginia coast for several days. There was damage to numerous septic

                  fields and some decks. As a result, an   emergency" was declared by the

                  City of Virginia Beach and permission was granted to install over 11,000

                  feet of bulkhead at Sandbridge. These bulkheads were to be made of tongue

                  and groove steel sheetpiles with a single contractor doing the work.

                  Methods

                       The Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact Study was conducted by the College of

                  William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) with funding

                  from the Virginia Coastal Resources Management Program. The study began

                  in October 1988, two months after construction of the steel bulkheads

                  began, and continued to September 30, 1989. The purpose of the study was

                  to evaluate the initial effects of the steel bulkhead installation on the


                  subaerial beach.

                       The study site extends from Pikes Lane to White Cap Lane along the

                  southern shoreline of Sandbridge (Figure 5). This section of Sandbridge

                  was selected because it is an area of chronic erosion and, as of October

                  1, 1988, there were two sections of bulkheaded lots with relatively long

                  stretches of unprotected lots in between. This part of Sandbridge has

                  experienced heavy property damage as evidenced by the annual exposure of

                  septic tanks and the loss of dunes during even moderate northeasters.

                  This is also the section where the 10 wooden bulkheaded lots occur. This

                  offered a series of wooden bulkheads in contrast to the newer, steel

                  bulkheads being constructed.

                       Fifteen profiles were established using the mean sea level (MSL)

                  datum used by the City of Virginia Beach. The center of Sandfiddler Road

                  was used as a baseline. Profiles were run normal to the baseline using



                                                         6











                  stadia and level. The profiles depict three conditions that presently

                  occur at Sandbridge:

                       1. Beach changes in front of bulkheads,

                       2. Beach changes adjacent to bulkheads, and

                       3. Beach changes on non-bulkheaded lots (control).

                       There were 18 survey dates between October 24, 1988 and September 20,

                  1989, as well as intermediate trips to measure sand elevation changes

                  after storm events (Table 1). Profiles 2, 7, and 15 were not surveyed on

                  certain dates because of bulkhead construction. Profiles 7 and 15 were

                  initially established as controls (non-bulkheaded), but were bulkheaded

                  during the course of the study. Some aerial imagery of Sandbridge was

                  taken during the project period.

                       The fifteen beach profiles were surveyed to just beyond MLW. Thus,

                  only the subaerial beach was evaluated during this project. The complete

                  set of profiles is found in Appendix A.

                       There are two ways to look at the basic profile data: (1) analyze

                  each individual profile through time and (2) analyze all profiles by each

                  date. In other words, variability can be examined temporally and

                  spatially. Profile plots reveal the alteration of dunes and beach from

                  bulkhead construction and the effects of winter storms.

                       It should be noted that all 15 profiles have been affected by man's

                  activities in some way, either by bulkhead construction or beach

                  bulldozing. Prior to bulkhead installation, the beach and dunes are

                  bulldozed up between the cottages. After the steel sheet piles and
                  deadmen are emplaced the system is then backfilled with the bulldozed

                  sand.







                                                         7











                       After the winter storms of February 24 and March 8, 9, 1989, beach

                  bulldozing and beach mining by tracked backhoe were observed from profile

                  7 to profile 15 and further south. From February 1989 to May 1989, a

                  large volume of sand was excavated and placed between cottages in

                  preparation for further bulkhead construction between profile 14 and White

                  Cap Lane (see Appendix A profile 15, April 17 to August 23, 1989).

                       The series of bulkheaded and non-bulkheaded lots at Sandbridge have

                  created alternating headlands and shallow embayments. Beach changes occur

                  seaward of the bulkheads on profiles 2, 3, 7, 8, 12 and later, on 15.

                  Profiles 1, 4, 11 and 13 are adjacent to a return wall and profiles 6, 10

                  and 14 are in an "embayment" where beach changes occur from the dunes

                  seaward (Figure 5). Each profile depicts beach changes on that particular

                  section of shoreline. Collectively, the 15 profiles give a general

                  account of subaerial beach changes on the southern reach of Sandbridge

                  during the past year.

                  Results

                       Parameters used to compare the profile data through time include:

                       1. backshore beach width, the distance from MHW (mean high water) to

                           the base of dune or base of bulkhead;

                       2. distance from the baseline to MHW,-

                       3. backshore elevation at the base of the dune or bulkhead; and

                       4. intertidal beach slope, MHW to MLW (mean low water).

                       Figures 6a to 6e show plots of these parameters for each profile

                  through time. Perhaps the most significant trend is the persistent lack

                  of beach width in front of certain bulkhead sections through the study

                  period (profiles 3,8 and 12).





                                                         8












                        From October 24 to December 7, 1988, beach widths were less in front

                   of bulkheads than non-bulkheaded lots (Figure 6a). The bulkhead at

                   profile 2 was under construction during most of the time period and

                   a wide backshore width persisted. Trends in backshore elevations mimic

                   backshore beach widths to some degree and become higher as widths

                   increase. One must be careful in perusing these tables because a wide

                   backshore does not necessarily mean accretion, especially on a non-

                   bulkheaded lot. The position of MHW relative to the baseline is the

                   measure of shoreline movement. On profile 6,. MHW moves shoreward slightly

                   as the beach width increases, indicating that the beach in front of non-

                   bulkheaded lots may move more freely landward than beaches in front of

                   bulkheaded lots. Intertidal beach slopes during this period generally

                   decreased along the study shoreline, indicating a flattening of the beach

                   face.

                        Backshore beach widths from December 21, 1988 to February 2, 1989

                   again show persistent narrowness in front of the bulkheads (Figure 6b).

                   There was a small northeaster (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989) on

                   January 1, 1989, which caused beach deflation and shore retreat (see the

                   January 5, 1989 survey). As a result of the storm, a deep scour hole

                   formed adjacent to the the wooden bulkheads (10 lots). This is seen in

                   the decrease in backshore elevation at profile 9. Beach recovery is

                   evident on subsequent surveys.

                        In the next time period, February 17 to April 3, 1989, there were two

                   storm events. The blizzard on February 24, 1989 caused slight erosion of

                   the dunes and deflation of the beach. This storm was followed by a

                   moderate northeaster on March 6 - 9, 1989, which caused further erosion of

                   the dunes and scour in front of portions of the bulkheads. The.March 10,



                                                          9











                 1989 survey shows the effects of the March 8 - 9 storm on the beach along

                 the study site (Figure 6c). Profiles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are examples of the

                 effects of the March storm on bulkheaded and non-bulkheaded lots. Figure

                 7 shows bulkhead scour at profile 3 but not at profile 2. The "end"

                 effect is seen on profile 4, where a significant scour hole formed (Figure

                 8). Profile 5 is 80 feet south of the end of the surveyed bulkhead and

                 profile 6 is 560 feet south. It appears that the dune recession is

                 greater at profile 5 than at profile 6, indicating that profile 6 was out

                 of the "wave shadow" region for that particular storm (Figure 9). Scour

                 holes at bulkhead corners on profiles 4 and 9 are reflected in the

                 position of MHW. Subsequent to the storm non-bulkheaded beaches at

                 profiles 5, 6, 10 and 14 were higher and wider. Intertidal beach slopes

                 were reduced along the entire study shoreline.

                      After the winter storm season, much of the sand returned to the

                 subaerial beach along the study area (Figures 6c and 6d). Some of this

                 material was returned by beach bulldozing. The extent of this activity is

                 difficult to ascertain. Most of the new steel bulkheads were backfilled

                 with beach sand during their construction, thus taking additional sand out

                 of the littoral system. The trend of narrow backshore beach widths still

                 persist in front of the bulkheads, but there is also an overall return of

                 beach width up to August 23, 1989 (Figure 6e). On September 18 -19, 1989

                 there was a small northeaster, along with spring tides, which once again

                 deflated the beach and caused scour around the bulkheads (Figure 6e).

                 This was the last survey of the Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact Study-

                      The last parameter on Figure 6e is the mean value for the other four

                 parameters. Narrow backshore beach widths occur in front of each bulkhead

                 section relative to adjacent non-bulkheaded sections. Backshore.beach


                                                        10











                   elevations follow the same trend. The position of MHW is most landward in

                   central portion of the study area. The beaches to the south and north

                   increase considerably in width. South of White Cap Lane there is no

                   private development. Intertidal average beach slopes show no significant

                   average trend.

                   Discussion

                         It is apparent from this study that short term beach effects can be

                   attributed  to the existence of bulkheads on the Sandbridge coast. Beach

                   scour and deflation are obvious around bulkheads after storms. As of

                   September 1989, over one-half of the 4.5 miles of shoreline had been

                   bulkheaded. The question at hand is what the long term effects of this

                   beach hardening effort will be. Figures 10a and 10b show the Sandbridge

                   shoreline from the air looking north along the study area on April 17,

                   1988 and September 20, 1989; before and after the steel bulkhead

                   construction. The September 20, 1999 shot shows very little "dry" beach

                   in front of the bulkheads at high water. If the historical erosion rates

                   in the region continue (i.e. > 1.5 m/yr.) and the bulkheads remain intact,

                   then Sandbridge will soon become a headland.

                        In nature, headlands are erosion resistant features that tend to

                   endure through time. The steel bulkheading at Sandbridge is not such a

                   feature and showed its vulnerability in the March 1989 storm. Although

                   not in the immediate study area, over 800 feet of newly installed bulkhead

                   north of the study site collapsed seaward. Soft peat and clays were

                   exposed and large rip features occurred in the beach in front of the

                   failed section. It should be noted that the March 1989 storm was only a

                   moderate northeaster.







                                                            11











                      Large scale bulldozing of the beach and dune system at Sandbridge has

                 diminished the ability to distinguish between the natural in situ dunes

                 and man-made dunes. The winter storms eroded the beach and dunes to a

                 point where bulkheads were felt to be the answer to the problem.

                 Following a relatively short-lived period of modest protection, bulkheads

                 alone will be ineffective in halting erosion. Once the waves impinge

                 directly on the bulkheads, the offshore loss of sand during storms will

                 probably be exacerbated. The only shore protection remedy that is likely

                 to provide even interim term protection is large scale sand nourishment of

                 the entire Sandbridge reach (Wright et al., 1987). Once initiated, a sand

                 nourishment program would have to be continued indefinitely to maintain

                 the integrity of the beach.

                 Conclusions

                      Because of the short duration of this study, only limited conclusions

                 are offered. The most obvious effects of the bulkheads at Sandbridge

                 occur during storm events. These effects include increased loss of beach

                 material adjacent to, and in front of, the vertical structures. This is

                 evidenced by deep scour features in the adjacent beach. However, at this

                 point there is protection of the property improvements on the bulkheaded

                 lots. The non-bulkheaded lots also incur loss of beach. This often

                 causes exposure of septic tanks and results in property condemnation until

                 the damage is repaired. However, there was no evidence of beach scour.

                      After storms, there is natural and man-induced return of beach

                 material. Unfortunately, the position of the Sandbridge bulkheads

                 relative to MHW prohibit the occurrence of a truly recreational beach

                 seaward of the structures. Initially, the beach was the main reason

                 people came and built their cottages along the Sandbridge coast.,



                                                        12











                       The only reasonable course of action will be a beach nourishment

                  program. This would provide and maintain a protective and recreational

                  beach but would be expensive and ongoing. The source of the beach fill

                  would most likely come from the dredging of offshore sources.

                       Finally, it is recommended that a continual beach monitoring program

                  be maintained at Sandbridge to evaluate the changes in the shoreline

                  configuration. Offshore surveys are-needed to determine the bar and

                  nearshore responses of the beach profile to the bulkheads. Long-term wave

                  gauge deployments are needed to assess the seasonal wave climate and

                  document storm events and how they force beach changes.

                  References


                  Dolan, R., Hayden, B. and Wayland, R., 1985. Sandbridge Beach and Back
                       Bay, Virginia, Analysis of Shoreline Erosion, Storm Surge, and Back
                       Bay Flooding. Technical Report prepared for the Sandbridge Beach
                       Restoration Association by Coastal Research Associates,
                       Charlottesville, VA, 70 pp. + 5 appendices.

                  Everts, C.H., J.P. Battley, Jr. and P.N. Gibson, 1983. Shoreline
                       movements; Report 1: Cape Henry, Virginia to Cape Hatteras, North
                       Carolina, 1849-1980. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
                       Station, Vicksburg, MS, Tech. Rept. CERC-83-1.

                  Griggs, G.B. and J.F. Tait, 1988. The effects of coastal protection
                       structures on beaches along northern Monterey Bay, California. In:
                       N.C. Kraus and O.H. Pilkey (eds.), The Effects of Seawalls on the
                       Beach, Journal of Coastal Research, SI(4).

                  Komar, P.D. and W.G. McDougal. 1988. Coastal erosion and engineering
                       structures: the Oregon experience. In: N.C. Kraus and O.H. Pilkey
                       (eds.), The Effects of Seawalls on th-eBeach, Journal of Coastal
                       Research, SI(4)..

                  Kraus, N.C., 1988. The effects of seawalls on the beach: An extended
                       literature review. In: N.C. Kraus and O.H. Pilkey (eds.), The
                       Effects of Seawalls on the Beach, Journal of Coastal Research, SI(4).

                  Kraus, N.C. and O.H. Pilkey, 1988. The effects of seawalls on the beach.
                       Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 4, The Coastal
                       Education and Research Foundation, Charlottesville, VA, 146 p.





                                                         13











                   Lin, M.-C., C.T. Wu, Y.-C. Lu, and N.K. Liang, 1987. Effects of short-
                         crested waves on the scouring around the breakwater. Proceedings of
                         20th Coastal Engineering Conference, American Society of Civil
                         Engineers, p. 2050-2064.

                   Morton, R.A., 1988. Interactions of storms, seawalls and beaches of the
                         Texas coast. In: N.C. Kraus and O.H. Pilkey (eds.), The Effects of
                         Seawalls on the Beach, Journal of Coastal Research, SI(4).

                   Silvester, R., 1977. The role of wave reflection in coastal processes.
                         Proceedings of Coastal Sediments '77, American Society of Civil
                         Engineer, 639-654.

                   Silvester, R., 1987. The influence of oblique reflection on breakwaters.
                         Proceedings of the 20th Coastal Engineering Conference, American
                         Society of Civil Engineers, 2253-2267.

                   U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual. U.S.
                         Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

                   U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                         Administration, Environmental Data and Information Service, National
                         Climatic Center, Federal Building, Asheville, NC.

                   Weggel, J.R., 1988. Seawalls: The need for research, dimensional
                         considerations and a suggested classification. In: N.C. Kraus and
                         O.H. Pilkey (eds.), The Effects of Seawalls on the Beach, Journal of
                         Coastal Research, SI(4).

                   Wright, L.D., C.S. Kim, C.S. Hardaway, S.M. Kimball and M.O. Green, 1987.
                         Shoreface and beach dynamics of the coastal region from Cape Henry to
                         False Cape, Virginia. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Tech.
                         Rept., 116 pp.






















                                                             14












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                                35



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                                                      .Figure 1. Location map of Sandbridge study area.































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                                                                                                                                                        RACK DAY                      FALSI-
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                                                                                                                                                                           VIAGU41A
                                                                                                                                                                          ZATHAO                          4
                                                                                                                                                                          CAROLINA$

                                                                                                                                                                                                              8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     h?



                                                                            Figure 2. Coastal configuration and bathymetry off southeast
                                                                                                               Virginia and loctation of sectors and profiles
                                                                                                               referred to in the this report (after Wright et al
                                                                                                               1987)














                                                         A NORTH END OF VIRGINIA BEACH                                                                                 C      SOUTH OF DAM NECK
                                                                Sector 304                                                                                             -      Sector 246
                                                  5                                                                                                               5-      .;
                                                              ......   OCT 1964                                                                                             ......   OC11944
                                                                       OCT1981                                                                                                       OCT%941



                                              z
                                              0
                                              P   0                                                                                                               0-                                                                                        MSL

                                              LU



                                                 -5-



                                                                                                                           500                                         0                                                                560


                                                         B NORTH END OF CROATAN BEACH                                                                                  D SANDBRIDGE BEACH
                                                         -       Sector 276                                                                                                   Sector 222
                                                    5-                                                                                                                      ......   0CV1664
                                                               .....   OCT 1984
                                                                       OCT1901                                                                                                       OCT1981



                                              z
                                              0
                                                                                                                                              WSL                 0-

                                              >                                                                                                                                      .......
                                              UJ

                                              W


                                                                                                                                                                 -5-


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     .................


                                                         0                                                                 500                                         0                                                                 500
                                                                               DISTANCE SEAWARD (m)                                                                                        DISTANCE SEAWARD W





                                                         Figure 3.                   Characteristic beach profiles, surveyed in 1981 and 1984,
                                                                                     at: (A) the northern end of Virginia Beach (sector 304)
                                                                                     W CrPatan Beach adjacent to Rudee Inlet (sector 276)
                                                                                     (C) just south of Dam Neck (sector 246); and (D) the southern
                                                                                     portion              of Sandbridge Beach (sector 222). Sector numbers
                                                                                     refer to positions shown in Figure 2. (after Wright et al.
                                                                                     1987)
                                                                       OC11914
                                                                       OCT',"






















                             310                                                       240
                                          100


                                                                                 w
                                              @229,543 CUBIC METERS              00
                             300              OF FILL REOUIRED                   -     230
                VIRGINIA                      ;ANNUALLY                          cc
                                              7 FOR THIS                         00
                BEACH                         :REACH                             2

                                                                                 U)    220




                             280                                                       210
                RUDEE                                              00010000,0000000
                INLET
                             270-,                                                     200
                CROATAN
                BEACH

                             260'                                                      190
                DAM
                NECK

                             250                                                       180-




                             240                                                       170-
                                                                                 FALSE
                                                                                CAPE
                SANDBRIDGE              Loss GAIN         RETREAT ADVANCE                          LOSS GAIN        RETREAT ADVAONCE
                                   -16 -5, 0 5        10   -3     o     3                    -10 -5 0 5        10    -13 1 1 10   3
                                    BEACH VOLUME            SHORELINE                          BEACH VOLUME           SHORELINE
                                        CHANGE              MOVEMENT                              CHANGE              MOVEMENT
                                       (nl3yr-1171-1           (m yr-1)                           (rn3yr -1 171-1       (m yr-1)


                          Figure 4. Alongsh         IOre variations in temporal changes in subaerial, beach
                                          volume (171  3 yr-lm-1) and,shoreline position. Based on VIMS
                                         .analyse   's of surveys conducted by the City of Virginia Beach
                                          (after Wright et al. 1987)




                                                 lu
                                             Pikes La.          1


                                                                2












                                                                3



                                                                4 - J
                                                                5


                                      Angelfish La.-            6
                                                  _0
                                                  cc


                                                  (D


                                                  @O


                                                  _0
                                                  C

                                                                7-

                                                                8



                                                                9 -j


                                      Seascape Rd.-- 10

                                                                11

                                                                12

                                                                13-
                                                                14


                                                                15



                                       Whitecap La.


                    Figure 5. Profile locations for Sandbridg:e Bulkhead Tmpact Study






                                            Pikes 0.


                                                           2












                                                           3


                                                           4
                                                         .-5


                                    Angelfish La.          6


                                                CD






                                                C


                                                           7


                                                           8


                                                           9

                                    Seascape Rd.           10


                                                           12

                                                          13-
                                                           .14 -----





                                      WhiteEa'pl-a.1


                   Figure 5. Profile locations for Sandbrid&.Bulkhead Impact Study









             Oct 24, '88                                                                          FIGURE 6a
             Nov 10, '88   --------      BACKSHORE WIDTH                       DISTANCE BASELINE                     BACKSHORE ELEVATION                     INTERTIDAL BEACH
             Nov 21, '88  - - -                  (FT.)                           TO MHW (FT.)                           FROM.MHW (Fr.)                               SLOPE
             Dec 07,'88    ........0        100         200       300    0          100        200        30C    0    2     4     6    8    10    12    0.0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

              Pikes a.-



                              2


                                                                                                                                                              141-1
                                                                                                  A
                              3   ---- Z:1

                                                                                                                                                                      IN.
                       -5


        Angettish L          -6






                  M
                              7


                              8
                                                                                                                                                                  A


                              9 -
        @eascape Rd.-- ------10   -Ij

                                    .0e
                             .12

                              13
                             .-14


                              15

         Whitegi@d             Figure 6a. Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact                    Study      beach parameter change for Oct 24, Nov 10,
                                                .Nov 21, and Dec 07, 1988.










   Dec 21, '88                 FIGURE 6b
   Jan 05,'89  --------- BACKSHORE WIDTH DISTANCE BASELINE BACKSHORE ELEVATION INTERTIDAL BEACH
   Jan 19, '89 - - -(FT.) TO MHW (FT.) FROM MHW (Fr.) SLOPE
   Feb 02, '890100 200 3000100 200 3000246 810 12 0.0 OD4 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

    Pikes a..















         3


         4 -



  A
   e-lf
   ng ish L .--6





      LL
                                                   z


         7 -


         8


         9

  Seascape Rd. 10


         12

         13
         14


         15


          Figure 6b. Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact Study beach parameter change for Dec 21, 1988,
   Whitecap
               .Jan 05, Jan 19, and Feb 02, 1989.










         Feb 17, '89                                                         FIGURE 6c
         Mar 10, '89  -------  BACKSHORE WIDTH               DISTANCE BASELINE             BACKSHORE ELEVATION            INTERTIDAL BEACH
         Mar 21, '89 - - -            (FT.)                    TO MHW (FT.)                  FROM MHW (FT.)                     SLOPE
         Apr 03, '89  .......
                          0       100      200     300   0       100      2W      3W    0   2   4    6   8   10   12  0.0 OJD4 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20


           Pikes a.     1
                                                                                                 -vt*

                        2 ------


                                                                           0J








                        3


                --4
                        5

      Angelfth  La.@-   6                                              .%%



              LL.

              C


                        7-


                        8


                        9


       Seas
         cape
                        10

                                    >

                        12



                        14


                        15
                                                                                            "
                                                                                             x
                                                                                            P


























           ap
       WhitecLal        Figure 6c.    Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact Study        beach parameter change    for Feb 17, Mar 10,
                                      Mar 21, and Apr 03, 1989.








              Apr 17, '89                                                                           FIGURE 6d
              May 03, '89    ---------    BACKSHORE WIDTH                         DISTANCE BASELINE                     BACKSHORE ELEVATION                       INTERTIDAL BEACH
              Jun 01, '89 - - -                    (FT.)                            TO MHW (FT.)                            FROM MHW (Fr.)                                SLOPE
              Jul 25, '89   .......
                                     0        100         200        300    0          100        200        30C    0     2     4     6     a    io    12    0.0  OD4 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20


                Pikes



                               -2












                                3





        Angelfish -L .--6
                    -6




                    LL

                                       ,-0
                                          Y,




                                9 J

        SeascaPe Rd.-           10
                                131
                                14



          Whitecap                   Figure 6d. Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact Study                           beach parameter change for Apr 17, May                      03,
                                                       Jun 01, and Jul 25,           1989.







                Aug 23,'89                                                                                 FIGURE 6e
                Sep 20,'89    ---------     BACKSHORE WIDTH                           DISTANCE BASELINE                        BACKSHORE ELEVATION                         INTERTIDAL BEACH
                mean - - aII dates                    (FT-)                              TO.MHW (Fr.)                              FROM MHW` (FT.)                               , SLOPE
                                     0          100         200         300     0          100         200         30C     0     2     4      6     8    10     12    0.0  OJD4 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20


                Pikes@@



                                  2












                                  3


                                  4 -
                                  5

         AngJf--;iT-La.-          6

                    cc



                    U.

                    C


                                  7-

                                                                                                                                   4-0
                                  8



                                   -J


        seas
            cape Rd.-             10



                                  12


                                  14
                                         J.













         Whitecap La.                  Figure 6e.         Sandbridge Bulkhead Impact Study                        beach parameter change for Aug 23, Sep 20, 1989
                                                          and mean for all dates.











                                                     SANDBRIDGE
                                                     Profile no.s 03-02-04
                   40               MAR1089

                                       Prof i le # 04

                              ------   Profile          03
                   30                  -Profile         02





                   20


            FEET



                   10



                                                                                                               SURGE
                                --------------          ---------       - -------------------------------      MHW
                      0
                        -----------------------------    I/ ------------------- -------- -------------- -------
                                                                                                               MLW




                  -10

                        0                   100                  200                 300                    400

                                                                FEET


                                   Figure 7. Post-storm profiles 2,3 and 4 for March 10, 1989.











                                                 SANDBRIDGE.
                                                 Profile no.s 04-03-05
                  -40            MAR1089


                                     Prof i le      05

                            ------   Profile        04

                   30                Profile        03






                   20


            FEET



                   10




                                                                                                      SURGE
                      ----------------------          ---------------- -------------------- ------------
                                                                                                      MHW


                       -------------- --------------                --------------------------------  ML w




                 -10

                       0                 100                200                300                 400

                                                            FEET


                                Figure 8. Post-storm profiles 3,4 and 5 for Marcb 10 1989.










                                                   SANDBRIDGE

                                                   Prof i le no. s 05-04-06
                  40              MAR1089


                                      Prof i le      06

                                      Profile        05

                  30                  Profile        04






                  20


           FEET



                  lo




                                                                                                            SURGE

                        --------------                         ---------------------------------------
                                                                                                            MHW
                    0

                      -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                            MLW




                 -10

                       0                  1 00                 200                 300                   400

                                                               FEET


                                   Figure 9.   Post storm profiles 4.,5 and 6 for March 10, 1989.












                                                                                                  ;Ai
                                                                                                  IN
                                                                                                   jr







                                                                                                                                                                  "UA


                                                                                                                                                                                                 4V@


                                                                                                                                                                                                    WR



                                 -14

                                                                                                                                                               %
                          @4'
                                                     left
                                                                                                                                                                      -o


                                                                                                                                                                         j
                  r



                                                                                                                                                                                                    A










                                                                                                                                                                                         i-A L -


                                    r


                            ask.
                                                                                                                                                      4,



                   A. April 17,             1988.                                                                        B. September 20,                 1989.
                    Figure 10. Aerial photos                         south Sandbridge looking north. Arrows show location of Pikes                                                    Lane.       Photos by VIMS.











                                 Table 1. Sandbridge Bulkhead Surveys, 1988-1989.
                                                 Total of 15 Profiles




                   Survey Date$      Profiles Not Taken       Wave Observations      Survey Time


                   24 Oct 1988                                   WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-13:00
                                                                 WT -      -         End -17:35.
                   10 Nov 1988       P-2 due to bulk-            WH - < 0.5 m        Begin-12:35
                                     head construction           WT -      -         End -15:29
                   21 Nov 1988       P-2 due to bulk-            WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-13:33
                                     head construction           WT -      -         End -16:00
                   07 Dec 1988                                   WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-11:01
                                                                 WT -      -         End -13:37
                   21 Dec 1988                                   WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-10:15
                                                                 WT -                End -13:05
                   05 Jan 1989                                   WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-10-50
                                                                 WT -      -         End -13:45
                   19 Jan 1989                                   WH - <  0.5 m       Begin-10:50
                                                                 WT -      -         End -13:26
                   02 Feb 1989       P-7 due to bulk-            WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-09:38
                                     head  construction          WT -      -         End -12:30
                   17 Feb 1989       P-7,  P-15 due to bulk-     WH      1.5 m       Begin-09:30
                                     head  construction          WT      7.3 s       End -11:50
                   10 Mar 1989       P-7,  P-15 due to bulk-     WH      2.0 m       Begin-09:05
                                     head  construction,         WT      8.5 s       End -12:45
                   21 Mar 1989       P-7,  P-15 due to bulk-     WH      1.0 m       Begin-11:35
                                     head  construction          WT -    7.6 s       End -15:22
                   03 Apr 1989                                   WH - <  0.5 m       Begin-10:17
                                                                 WT -      -         End -13:05
                   17 Apr 1989       P-7  due to bulkhead        WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-10:34
                                     construction                WT -      -         End -13:00
                   03 May 1989       P-7 due to bulkhead         WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-10:27
                                     construction                WT - , -            End -13:00
                   01 Jun 1989                                   WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-10:15
                                                                 WT -      -         End -13:01
                   25 Jul 1989                                   WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-09:30
                                                                 WT -      -         End -12:15
                   23 Aug 1989                                   WH -  < 0.5 m       Begin-09:30
                                                                 WT -      -         End -12:15
                   20 Sep 1989                                   WH -    1.5 m       Begin-12:15
                                                                 WT -   11.7 s       End -15:00


                   WH = wave height
                   WT - wave period





































                                                APPENDIX A


                                     Sandbridge Bu lkhead Impact Study

                                              Profiles 1 - 15


                                         Datum       = 0.0 ft MSL
                                         Tide Range  = 3.4 Mean
                                         Tide Range  = 4.1 Spring
                                         Storm Surge = +4.0 ft MSL










                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                        DEC2188            PROFILE       NO.01
                    40                  DEC0788
                                        NOV2188
                               ------   NOV1088

                                        OCT2488
                    30






                    20


             FEET



                    10




                                                                                                               SURGE
                                   ------------------    -------------- -- ------------------   ------------
                      0                                                                                        MHW
                         -------------------------  ----------------------- --
                                                                                                  ----------
                                                                                                    --: --     MLW
                                                                                                  4z



                   -10

                         0                  1.00                 200                  300                   400

                                                                 FEET









                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                        FE81789           PROFILE NO.01
                    40                  FEB0289
                                        JAN1989
                               ------   JAN0589
                                        DEC2188
                    30






                    20


              FEET



                    10



                                                                                                              SURGE

                          ------------------------------    ---        --- -----------------------------
                                                                                                              MHW
                       0
                         ------------    ------------------------------- --------        - ---------------    MLW




                   -10

                         0                  100                  200                 300                   400

                                                                FEET








                                        SANDBRIDGE
                            APR1789     PROFILE   NO'. 01
               40           APRO389

                            MAR2189
                      ------ MAR1089
                            FE91789
               30






               .20


          FEET



               10



                                                                           SURGE

                  --------------------------------- -- --------------------------------
                                                                           MHW
                0
                     ------------------------------------- ----------- ----- -------------- -MLW



              -10                    -r--T
                  0            100           200          300            400
                                            FEET










                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           AUG2389      PROFILE. NO-01
              40           JUL2589

                           JUN0189
                     ------ MAY0389
                           APR1789
              30






              20


         FEET



              10



                                                                           SURGE
                 - --------- --------------------------------- -----------------------------------
                0                                                          MHW
                 ----------------------------------------------- --- ------------------------
                                                                           MLW




             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                                     QA NDBRIDGE
                                    DEC2188          PROFILE NO.02
                 40                 DEC0788
                                    NOV2188

                            ------  NOV1088
                                    OCT2488
                 30






                 20


            FEET



                 10



                                                                                                     SURGE

                       ----------------------------------------
                                                                     -----------------------------   MHW
                    0
                      -------------------------- ---------------------------- - ------------------   MLW




                 -10

                      0                 100                200                300                 400

                                                          FEET









                                        .SANDBRIDGE
                            FE61789     PROFILE   NO-02
              40            FE90289
                            JAN1989
                      ------ JAN0589
                            DEC2188
              30






              20


          FEET



              10



                                                                           SURGE
                 ------------------------------------- -- - --------------------------------
                                                                           MHW
                0

                 ------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
                                                                           MLW




              -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET










                                                                                                             QANDBRIDGE
                                                                                                             %J/-%
                                                                           APR1789                           PROFILE                  NO.02
                                       40                  ----            APRO389
                                                                           MAR2189
                                                           ------          MAR1089
                                                                           FE81789
                                       30






                                       20


                            FEET



                                       10



                                                                                                                                                                                                          SURGE
                                               -----------------------------------                                                       -------------------------------                                  MHW
                                           0
                                               - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                   - - - - - - - - - - - - 71,----      MLW




                                     -10

                                                0                                  100                                  200                                  300                                    400

                                                                                                                        FEET










                                                           QANDBRIDGE
                                        AUG2389            PROFILE NO.02
                    40                  JUL2589

                                        JUN0189
                               ------   MAY0389
                                        APR1789
                    30






                    20


             FEET



                    10



                                                                                                               SURGE
                          ----------------------------------------      ---------------------------------      MHW,
                      0
                        --------------------------------------------------                 ----------------    MLW




                   -10                             1   1--T I

                         0                  100                  200                  300                   400

                                                                 FEET










                                            SANDBRIDGE
                             DEC2188        PROFILE NO-03
              40             DEC0788
                             NOV2188
                       ------ NOV1088

                             OCT2488
              30






              20


         FEET



              10



                                                                                  SURGE
                  I------------------------------------ - ------------------------------------- MHW
                0

                   ---------------------------------------------- - -- -----------------
                                                                                  MLW




              -10

                  0              100           @200             300             400
                                                FEET









                                                            SANDBRIDGE
                                         FE61789            PROFILE NO.03
                     40                  FE80289
                                         JAN1989
                                ------   JAN0589

                                         DEC2188
                     30






                     20


               FEET



                     10



                                                                                                                SURGE
                              ---------- ------------ -------         ------------------------------------      MHW
                       0   -                                              ---- I--- ,
                         --------------------------------------      ------------   -----------------------     MLW




                    -10

                          0                  100                  200                  300                   400
                                                            ---------------










                                                                  FEET










                                                             SANDBRIDGE
                                          APR1789            PROFILE NO.03
                     40                   APR0389

                                          MAR2189

                                 ------   MAR1089
                                          FES1789
                     30





                     20


               FEET



                     10



                                                                                                                 SURGE
                           ------------------------------            --------------------------------------      MHW

                          ----------------- -------------------------- ----              --------------------    MLW




                    -10

                          0                   100                  200                  300                   400

                                                                   FEET









                                                           SANDBBIDGE
                                        AUG2389            PROFILE NO.0-3
                    40                  JUL2589

                                        JUN0189

                                ------  MAY0389
                                        APR1789
                    30






                    20


              FEET



                    10



                                                                                                               SURGE
                         ----------------------------- -----     -- - - -----------------------------------
                                                                                                               MHW
                       0
                         ----------------------------------------    ------     ---------------------------    MLW




                    -10                                7-7

                         0                   100                 200                  300                   400

                                                                 FEET










                                       SANDBRIDGE
                           DEC2188     PROFILE NO.04
             40            DECO788
                           NOV2188
                     ------ NOV1088
                           O-CT2488
             30






             20


         FEET



             10



                                                                          SURGE

                  --------------------------------- ------------------------------------
                                                                          MHW


                 --------------------------------------------- --- ----------------------
                                                                          MLW




             -10

                 0            100           200          300            400
                                           FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                            FE81789     PROFILE NO.04
              40            FE60289

                            JAN1989
                      ------ JAN0589

                            DEC2188
              30






              20


          FEET



              10



                                                                            SURGE
                 ------------------------------
                                           ----------------------------------- ------ MHW
                0
                 ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- MLW




              -10

                  0            100           200           300            400

                                             FEET










                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           APR1789      PROFILE NO.04
              40           APR0389

                           MAR2189

                     ------ MAR1089
                           FE81789
              30





              2-0


         FEET



              10



                                                                           SURGE
                   ---------------- ---- --------- - -----------------------------------------
                0                                                          MHW
                 ----------------------------- ------------------ - ------------------------
                                                                           MLW




             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                                           SANDBROGE
                                        AUG2389            PROFILE NO.04
                     40                 JUL2589

                                        J U N 0 18 9
                                ------  MAY0389
                                        APR1789
                     30






                     20


              FEET



                     10



                                                                                                               SURCE

                          --------------------------
                                                                    --------------------------------------     MHW
                       0
                                                                               ---------------------------     ML W




                    -10
                         .0                  100                 200                  300                  400
                                                                 FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           DEC2188      PROFILE NO.05
              40           DEC0788

                           NOV2188

                     ------ NOV1088

                           OCT2488
              30






              20


         FEET



              10




                                                                           SURGE
                0 - -------------------           -------------------------------- MHW

                 -------------------------------------------- -----------------------
                                                                           MLW




             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET
                       -------- ------ ----------
                                  7------------ @---










                                        ,S)ANDBRIDGE
                            FE61789     PROFILE NO.05
              40            F E B 0 2 8 9

                            JAN1989

                      ------ JAN0589

                            DEC2188
              30






              20


          FEET



              10




                                                                           SURGE

                  -------------------------- ----- --- ------ -----------------
                0                                                          MHW

                 -------------------------------------------------
                                                        ------------------------ MLW




              -10

                 0            100           200           300           400

                                            FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           APR1789      PROFILE NO.05
             40            APRO389
                           MAR2189
                     ------ MAR1089

                           FEB1789
             .3 D






             20


         FEET



             10



                                                                           SURGE
                ----------------------
                                                       -------------------------
                                                                           MHW
               0

                -------------------------------
                                                          --------------------- MLW




             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                                            SANDBRIDGE
                                         AUG2389            PROFILE NO.05
                     40                  J-UL2589

                                         J U N 0 18 9
                                ------   MAY0389
                                         APR1789
                     30






                     20


              FEET



                     10



                                                                                                                 SURGE
                         ---------------------------- -----       --- ------------------------------------       MHW
                       0   -                                        I -
                            -------------------------------------------        ----------------------------      ML W




                    -10                1   T

                          0                   100                 200                   300                   400
                             -------------











                                                                  FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           DEC2188      PROFILE NO.06
             40            DEC0788

                           NOV2188

                     ------ NOV1088
             30            OCT2488


             20


          FEET



             10



                                                                            SURGE
             - - ----------------------------- -------------- ------------------------- MHW
               0  -                         -,--z - @--
                 -----------------------------------------"------------------------ MLW




             10                   1  1-7   1

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET










                                                            SANDBRIDGE
                                         FE61789            PROFILE NO.06
                      ,40                FE60289

                                         JAN1989
                                ------   JAN0589
                                         DEC2188
                      30






                      20


               FEET



                      10



                                                                                                                 SURGE
                          ------------------------------ -      - - ---------------------------------------      MHW
                                    -----------------------------------------            -------------------     MLW



                    -10

                          0                   100                 200                  300                   400

                                                                  FEET









                                                                SANDBRIDGE
                                            APR1789             PROFILE        NO.06
                      4-0                   APR0389

                                            MAR2189
                                  ------    MAR1089
                                            FE81789
                      30






                      20


               FEET



                      10




                                                                                                                        SURGE

                                                                                 -------------------------------
                                    ---------- ----------                                                               MHW
                         0
                             -------------------------------------------
                                                                                 ---c ------- ------------------------- MLW




                     -10

                            0                   100                    200                   300                    400

                                                                      FEET









                                         SANDBRIDGE
                            AUG2389     PROFILE   NO. 06
               40           JUL2589
                            JUN0189
                      ------ MAY0389
                            APR1789
               30






               20


          FEET



               10



                                                                  ----,SURGE

                 - ------------------------------ -- ------- -------------------------------
                                                                            MHW
                0
                   --------------------------------------- - ---------------------------- ML W





              -10

                  0            100           200           300           400

                                             FEET









                                                          SANDBRIDGE
                                       DEC2188            PROFILE NO-07
                    40                 DEC0788

                                       NOV2188
                               ------  NOV1088

                                       OCT2488
                    30






                    20


             FEET



                    10



                                                                                                              SURGE
                        ---------------------------- -     - -- -----------------------------------------     MHW
                      0   -                                       --,. -Z@
                        -------------------------------------- --                 ------------------------    MLW




                   -10

                         0                  100                  200                 300                   400

                                                                FEET










                                                             SANDBRIDGE
                                         FE61789             PROFILE NO.07
                     40                  FE E3 0 28 9
                                         JAN1989
                                ------   JAN0589
                                         DEC2188
                     30






                     20


              FEET



                     10



                                                                                                                  SURCE
                           ------------------------------- ----     ---------------------------------------       MHW
                       0
                           ------------------------  -----------------------        ------------------------      MLW


                    -10                                                                                    T--j

                          0                   100                  200                  300                    400

                                                                   FEET










                                                                                                                SANDBRIDGE
                                                                            APR1789                            PROFILE NO.07
                                        40                                  APR0389
                                                                            MAR2189
                                                            ------          MAR1089
                                                                            FES1789
                                        30






                                        20


                            FEET



                                        lo



                                                                                                                                                                                                               SURGE
                                                - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --                7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -      MHW
                                        @o
                                                   -----------------------------                                                -------        -- --------------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                               MLW




                                      -10

                                                 0                                   100                                  200                                   300                                     400
                                                                                                                          FEET









                                                            SANDBRIDGE

                                         AUG2389            PROFILE NO.07
                     40                  JUL2589

                                         JUN0189
                                ------   MAY0389
                                         APR1789
                     30






                     20


              FEET



                     10



                                                                                                                SURGE
                           -------------------------                    ----------------------------------      w1w
                       0
                         ---------------------------------------I          -------------------------------      ML W




                    -10

                          0                  100                  200                  300                   400

                                                                  FEET










                                       SANDBRIDGE
                          DEC2188      PROFILE NO.08
              @40         DEC0788

                          NOV2188

                    ------ NOV1088
                          OCT2488
              30






              20


         FEET



              10



                                                                          SURGE
                ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- MHW
               0

                 ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------
                                                                          MLW




             -10

                0            100           200           300            400

                                           FEET









                                                             SANDBRIDGE
                                          FE81789            PROFILE       NO. 08
                     40                   FEE30289

                                          JAN1 989
                                 ------   JAN0589
                                          DEC2188
                     30






                     20


              FEET



                     10



                                                                                                                   SURGE

                            ----------------------------           ----------------------------------------
                                                            -----     ---                                          MHW

                                                                        ------    -- - -----------------------     MLW




                    -10

                          0                   100                  200                   300                   400

                                                                   FEET









                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                        APR1789            PROFILE NO.08
                    40                  APRO389

                                        MAR2189

                               ------   MAR1089
                                        FE81789
                    30






                    20


             FEET



                    10



                                                                                                               SURGE

                                                                                         ------------------
                           -------------------------                                                           MHW
                      0
                           -----------------------------------                           ------------------    ML W





                   -10

                         0                  1 00                 200                  300                   400

                                                                 FEET









                                                                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                                                         AUG2389                           PROFILE NO.08
                                                        - - - -          JUL2589

                                                                         JUN0189
                                                        ------           MAY0389

                                                                         APR1789
                                     30






                                     20


                        FEET



                                      10




                                                                                                                                                                                                        SURGE

                                               ----------------------------------
                                                                                                                              7  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -    MHW
                                        0
                                            - -------------------------------------------                                               - ----------------------------                                  MLW




                                  -10

                                              0                                 100                                  200                                   300                                    400

                                                                                                                     FEET









                                       SANDBRIDGE
                          DEC2188      PROFILE   NO.09
             40           DEC0788

                          NOV2188
                    ------ NOV1088
                          OCT2488
             30






             20


        FEET



             10



                                                                          SURGE

                 ----------------------------- --------------------------------------------
               0                                                          MHW
                 -------------------------------------- ---------------------------
                                                                          ML W.



             -10

                             100           200           300            400
                                 l-, `









                                           FEET
                               ------------ @75









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           FE61789      PROFILE NO.09
              40 -- ----   F E E3028 9
                           JAN1989
                     ------ JAN0589

                           DEC2188
              30






              20


         FEET



              10




                                                                          SURGE
                 - ------------------ ------ --------------------------------
                                                                          MHW
               0

                   ------------------------------------ ---------- - ------------------------
                                                                          MLW
                                                         @Nl



             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                                          SANDBRIDGE
                                       APR1789            PROFILE NO.09
                   40                  APR0389
                                       MAR2189
                              ------   MAR1089
                                       FE61789
                   3 0






                   20


            FEET



                   10



                                                                                                               SURGE

                                                                   ----------------------    -----------
                                                                                                               MHW
                         -----------------------------
                     0
                         ------------------------------ -     --------------      ------------------------     MLW




                  -10

                         0                  100                 200                  300                   400
                         7     ------------


                                                                FEET








                                                            SANDBRIDGE
                                         AUG2389            PROFILE NO-09.
                     40                  JUL2589

                                         JUN0189

                                ------   MAY0389

                                         APR1789
                     30






                     20


              FEET



                     10




                                                                                                                 SURGE
                           ----------  -----------------------      --------------------------------------       MHW
                       0
                         ------------  ------------------------------   "'tZ -- ----------------------------     MLW



                    -10

                          0                  100                  200                  300                   400

                                                                  FEET









                                       SANDBRIDGE

                           -DEC2188    PROFILE NO.10
             40            DEC0788

                           NOV2188

                     ------ NOV1088

                           OCT2488
             30






             20


         FEE-T



             10



                                                                          SURGE

                 ------------------------------ ------------- -----------------------------
                                                                          MHW
               0

                ------------------ ------------------------
                                                     ---------------------------- MLW




             -10

                -0            100          200           300            400

                                           FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           FES1789      PROFILE NO-10
              40           FEE30289

                           JAN1989
                     ------ JAN0589

                           DEC2188
              30






              20


         FEET



              10




                                                                           SURGE
                 --------------------------- -----------------------------------------
               0                                                           MHW

                 ---------------------------------------------- -- -----------------------
                                                                           ML W




             -10

                 o            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET








                                       SANDBRIDGE

                          APR1789      PROFILE NO.10
              40          APR0389
                          MAR2189
                    ------ MAR1089
                          FE61789
            @30






              zo


        FEET



              10




                                                                          SURGE

                 ------------------------
               0                            ------------------------------------ MHW
                 ------------------------------------------- ----------------------
                                                                          MLW




             -10

                0            100           200           300            400

                                           FEET








                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                        AUG2389            PROFILE       NO.10
                    40                  JUL2589

                                        JUN0189
                               ------   MAY0389

                                        APR1789
                    30






                    20


              FEET.



                    10



                                                                                                               SURGE
                        ---------------------------- -----          --------------------------------------     MHW
                      0
                        ----------   --------------------------------        ------------------------------    ML W





                   -10   -

                         0                  100                  200                  300                   400

                                                                 FEET                                        -








                                       SANDBRIDGE
                           DEC2188     PROFILE NO.11
             40            DEC0788
                           NOV2188
                     ------ NOV1088

                           OCT2488
             30






             20


         FEET


             10        1------ Zs@



                                                                          SURGE
              - -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
                                                                          MHW
               0
                ---------------------------------       ------------------ ---- MLW




             -10

                0            100           200           300           400

                                           FEET
                   -------------------------









                                                        SANDBRIDGE
                                      FE81789           PROFILE NO-11
                    40
                                      FE60289

                                      JAN l 989
                              ------  JAN0589

                                      DEC2188
                    30






                    20


             FEET



                    10




                                                                                - - - - - - -           SURGE

                                                                -------------------------------------
                         ----------------------
                                                                                                        MHW
                      0
                        -----------------------------------------                      --------------   ML W




                      0

                        _0                1 00               200                300                  400

                                                             FEET









                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                        APR1789            PROFILE NO-11
                    40                  APR0389
                                        MAR2189
                               ------   MAR1089
                                        FE61789
                    30






                    20


            ,FEET


                    10



                                                                                                               SURGE
                                                                      -----------------------------------      MHW
                           --------------------------
                      0
                        ---------------------------------------------------        -----------------------     ML W
                                                             - 77-


                   -10                                         1

                         0                  100                  200                  300                   400

                                                                 FEET









                                        SANDBBIDGE

                           AUG2389      PROFILE NO.11
             40            JUL2589

                           J U N 0 18 9

                           MAY0389
                           APR1780
             30






             20


         FEET



             10



                                                                           SURGE

                    ----------------------------------- --------------------------------
                                                                           MHW
               0
                  --------------------------------------------- -- --------------------------- ML W.




             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           DEC2188      PROFILE  NO-12
                           DEC0788

                           NOV2188

                     ------ NOV1088
                           OCT248B
               30






               20


          FEET



               10



                                                                          SURGE

                 ------------------------------- ------------------------------------
                                                                          MHW
                0

                  ------------------------------------             --------
                                            -------      , - ----------   MLW




              -10

                 0            100           200           300           400
                                            FEET








                                        SANDBRIDGE
                            FE81789     PROFILE NO-12
              40            FE E3 0 2 8 9
                            JAN1989
                      ------ JAN0589
                            DEC2188
              30






              20


          FEET



              10



                                                                           SURGE

                  ------------------------------- ------------------------------------



                 ----------------------------------------
                                                                           MLW
                0                                                          MHW



              -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                        APR1789            PROFILE NO-12
                    40                  APR0389

                                        MAR2189
                               ------   MAR1089
                                        FE61789
                    3o






                    20


             FEET



                    10




                                                                                                               SURGE
                        ---------------------------------                --------------------------------      MHW
                      0
                        -------------------------------------------------- -              -----------------    ML W




                   -10

                         0                  100                  200                 300                   400

                                                                 FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           AUG2389      PROFILE  NO-12
             40            JUL2589

                           J U N 0 18 9

                     ------ MAY0389
                           APR1789
             30






             20


         FEET



             10




                                                                           SURGE

                 ------------------------------------- --- --------------------------------
                                                                           MHW
               0

                ------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
                                                                           MLW




             -10
                                                   ----------------



                                                  ----   --------








                 _0           100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           DEC2188      PROFILE  NO,13
             40            DEC0788

                           NOV2188
                     ------ NOV1088
                           OCT2488
             30






             20


         FEET



             10



                                                                           SURCE
                ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
                                                                           MHW
               0
                ----------------------------------------------
                                                              --------------- MLW




             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET








                                       SANDBRIDGE
                          FES1789      PROFILE NO.13
             40           FEB0289

                          JAN1989
                       --- JAN0589

                          DEC2188
             30






             20


         FEET



             10



                                                                          SURGE

                 ----------------------------- -- -1 -----------------------------------
               0                                                          MHW

                ------------------------------------------------- -----------------
                                                                          ML.W



             -10

                0            100           200           300            400

                                           FEET









                                       '@ANDBRIDGE
                          APR1789      PROFILE NO-13
             40           APR0389

                          MAR2189
                     ------ MAR1089
                          FES1789
             30






             20


         FEET



             10




                                                                          su RGE
                ---------------------------      --------------------------------
                                                                          MHW
               0
                ------------------------------------------------------ -- ----------------- MLW
                               ----------- @:@

             -10

                -0           100           200           300            400

                                           FEET









                                         .q)/ANNDBRIDGE
                            AUG2389      PROFILE NO.13
              40            JUL2589

                            JUN0189

                      ------ MAY0389

                            APR1789
              30






              20


          FEET



              10



                                                                            SURGE

                 ------------------------------------ --------------------------------
                0                                                           MHW
                                                 -------  I--------------------- MLW



              -10

                  0            100           200           300            400

                -                            FEET









                                                                                                   SANDBRIDGE
                                                                   DEC2 188                         PROFILE                NO.14
                                 4-0                               DEC0788
                                                                   NOV2188
                                                    ------         NOV1088
                                                                   OCT2488
                                 30






                                 20


                      FEET



                                 10



                                                                                                                                                                                            SURGE
                                            ----------        ------------------------ ---                          -------------------------------------
                                     0                                                                                                                                                      MH\N
                                                        7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                                                                                                                                            MLW


                                         A


                               -10

                                          0                                100                                200                                300                                  400

                                                                                                              FEET









                                                           SANDBRIDGE
                                        FE61789            PROFILE NO.14
                    40           - - -  FEB0289
                                        JAN1989
                               ------   JAN0589
                                        DEC2188
                    3o






                    20


              FEET



                    10



                                                                                                              SURGE
                        ---------------------------------         - -------------------------------------     MHW
                      0
                                                                                     ---------------------
                        ---------------------------------------------------------   a.
                                                                                                              MLW




                   -10

                        .0                  100                  200                 300                   400

                                                                FEET









                                                          SANDBRIDGE
                                        APR1789           PROFILE NO.14
                    .40                 APR0389
                                        MAR2189
                               ------   MAR1089

                                        FE81789
                    30






                    20


             FEET



                     10



                                                                1Z,
                                                                                                              SURGE
                        -----------------------------                      :---------------------------------- MHW
                      0

                                                                                           ----------------
                        --------------------------------------------------- --                                MLW


                   -10                                                                                  r--j

                         0                  100                  200                 300                   400

                                                                FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           AUG2389      PROFILE NO.14
              40           JUL2589

                           JUN0189
                     ------ MAY0389
                           APR1789
              30






              20


         FEET



              10



                                                                           SURGE
                  -------------------------------------- -- ------------------------------ MHW
               0  -

                  ------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------
                                                                           MLW




             -lo

                 0            1 00          200           300            400

                                            FEET








                                       SANDBRIDGE
                          DEC2188      PROFILE NO.15
             40           DEC0788

                          NOV2188
                - - ------ NOV1088
                          OCT2488
             30





             20


        FEET



             10




                                                                          SURGE
                ------------------------------------ *@-, ------------------------------------- MHW
               0

                 -----------------------------------------------
                                                               --, --------------- MLW



            -10

                0            100           200           300            400

                                           FEET









                                        SANDBRIDGE
                           FE61789      PROFILE NO.15
              40           FE(30289

                           JAN1989
                     ------ JAN0589
                           DEC2188
              30






              20


         FEET



              10




                                                                           SURGE:
                                               ------------------------------------- MHW
               0

                    ------------------------------------------------ ---------------
                                                                           MLW




             -10

                 0            100           200           300            400

                                            FEET









                                       SANDBRIDGE
                           APR1789     PROFILE NO.15
             40            APR0389

                           MAR2189

                     ------ MAR1089
                           FE61789
             30






             20


         FEET



             10



                                                                          SURGE
                ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------- MHW

                                                        ------------------------- MLW
                ----------------------------------------------------







             -10

                 0           100           200           300            400

                                           FEET









                                             SANDBRIDGE
                              AUG2389        PROFILE NO.15
               40             JUL2589

                              JUN01 89
                       ------ MAY0389

                              APR1789
               30






               20


          FEET



               10




                                                                                     SURGE
                  ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- MHW


                  -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
                                                                                     MLW




              -10

                   0              100            200             300              400

                                                 FEET
















































































                                                                                                  I





























                                             I
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                                             L 3 -6668-00002 6502- -