[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





















                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                 ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                          Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



     C41
     (AA                          September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration





















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Anne Arundel County that is designated as a nontidal
           wetland of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal
           Wetlands Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were
           prepared for each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the
           designated nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically
           important buffers for habitat for plant and animal species
           identified as rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department
           of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated
           nontidal wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual
           natural communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.




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                                 ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY




          Site Name: Benfield Bottomland

          USGS Quad: Odenton
               Excellent examples of deciduous and mixed p1he-deciduous
          bottomland forests border the streams that flow through this
          site. Percolation through the adjacent sandy uplands provides a
          significant source of fresh water to these bottomland forests.
          The steep, highly erodible slopes that border much of the main
          stream are unsuitable for development or cultivation.' These
          forested slopes maintain the high quality of groundwater that
          feeds the bottomland forests. The sandy soil of the uplands is
          very low in nutrients and supports an oak-pine forest community
          that is uncommon on the Western Shore.

               In the dense cover of shrubs, vines, and:,herbaceou's species
          that borders the main stream grows a rare plant that is listed as
          Threatened in Maryland and known from only four other sites in
          the State. The population along this stream is extensive,
          consisting of more than a thousand plants. Patches of the rare
          species dot one mile of the stream's eastern bank. The rare
          plants appear to be reproducing successfully and the population
          appears stable. Because this population is large and the habitat'
          quality of the bottomland and adjacent upland forests is high,
          this site provides the best opportunity to preserve this rare
          species in Maryland.

               A small population of a second State Threatened species
          grows in the semi-permanently flooded bottomland forest
          downstream from the first rare species. This species is known
          from fewer than ten other sites in the State.

               The large, contiguous forest in this area provides excellent
          habitat for forest interior dwelling birds.

               Paths along the stream's eastern bank are well-used and
          reveal that this area is visited frequently by hikers. The
          bottomland and upland forests provide opportunities for
          birdwatching and environmental education.


          Site Name: Blackhole Creek Bog

          USGS Quad: Gibson Island

               Blackhole Creek Bog is a small evergreen shrub bog dominated
          by a heath shrub found more commonly farther north. Coastal
          Plain peat bogs are uncommon in Maryland, and this site is









           particularly unusual because it is thought to be naturally-
           formed. Most of Maryland's remaining Coastal Plain bogs have
           formed as a result of human activities such as impoundments.
           Until recently this site was relatively undisturbed.
           Unfortunately the area was clearcut in the mid-1980's to the edge
           of the bog, disrupting the hydrology and perhaps altering the
           vegetational composition of the bog over time.

                Seven rare or uncommon plant species grow in-,Blackhole Creek
           Bog and the surrounding uplands. The shrub that dominates the
           bog is listed as Threatened in Maryland, and is known from fewer
           than 10 sites in the State. Five rare sedges grow at the site,
           two of which are Threatened in Maryland, each occurring at fewer
           than five locations statewide. Two additional sedges'are not yet
           considered Threatened but are uncommon and warrant monitoring.
           The fifth sedge grows in moist soils at the base of one of the
           slopes that form the watershed of the bog. It is considered
           State Rare and is known from fewer than five sites in the State.
           A-small tree that is uncommon in Maryland grows in the'sandy
           uplands near the bog.


           Site Name: Cockey Creek Swamp

           USGS Quads: Round Bay, Gibson Island

                Cockey Creek Swamp consists of a Coastal Plain bog and a
           large shrub swamp with deep, inundated, organic soils. The
           Coastal Plain bog was formed at the site of an abandoned
           millpond. Coastal Plain bogs are a rare habitat type in
           Maryland. They are characterized by low-nutrient, highly acidic,
           wet soils and unusual plant communities especially adapted to
           these stressful soil conditions.

                This site supports a very high quality population of a large
           grass that is listed as Threatened in Maryland. This species is
           known from fewer than 10 locations in the State. The population
           at Cockey Creek Swamp is unusually large, containing more than a
           thousand individual plants dispersed over several acres of bog,
           shrub swamp and floodplain forest habitat. The Maryland
           populations of this species occur near the northern limit of this
           species' range. Plants at the edge of a species' range are
           important to protect because they often differ genetically from
           plants in the central portion of the range. This genetic
           variation may help the species survive major environmental
           changes such as climate changes due to global warming.

                A small population of an uncommon tree species grows in the
           saturated soils of the shrub swamp downstream from the bog. Two
           individuals are exceptionally large, including one with a
           circumference of seven feet. Although small, the population is


                                            2









          reproducing successfully. Another uncommon species, a wetland
          sedge, grows on the sphagnum mat of the Coastal Plain bog.


          Site Name: Conrail/Patuxent River

          USGS Quad: Laurel

               This site consists of a sandy, marshy area with inundated
          soils. It forms part of a large wetland complex that contains
          extensive forested swamps. Many of these forests are old, with
          large, mature trees and standing dead timber offering superb
          nesting sites for birds and other wildlife species. The size as
          well as the age of the undisturbed forest and wetlands make them
          important habitat for forest interior dwelling species.

               In the past (19701s) the marsh at this site was reported to
          have supported a population of an extremely rare, herbaceous
          wetland species. The Conrail/Patuxent River site has not been
          searched for the species in recent years. This plant is currently
          listed as Endangered Extirpated in Maryland, because no current
          populations are known. If it were to be rediscovered at this or
          any other Maryland site, its status would be automatically
          changed to Endangered in Maryland.


          Site Name: Fort George G. Xeade

          USGS Quads: Laurel, Odenton

               Over 6900 acres of nearly contiguous forest occur on Fort
          George G. Meade south of Route 198. Approximately 1200 acres of
          this area consist of old bottomland and swamp forest within the
          100 year floodplains of the Patuxent and Little Patuxent Rivers.
          These swamps offer unique biological resources. A species of
          nematode controls the mosquito population in the swamp along the
          Patuxent River. Large, old trees, including a Sycamore over 4
          .ft. in diameter, inhabit the swamp along the Little Patuxent. In
          addition, the swamps and the adjacent forested uplands that drain
          into them filter sediment and other pollutants that would
          otherwise lower the quality of the waters fed by these wetlands.

               The wetlands and old forests at Fort Meade provide excellent
          habitat for native plants, including potential habitat for many
          rare species. The forests have not been thoroughly surveyed for
          rare plants, although one Highly State Rare species is known to
          grow along the banks of the Big Patuxent River. Twenty-six
          records of rare plants have been reported historically from the
          adjacent Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. These species may
          inhabit the similar upland forests and wetlands of Fort Meade.
          More than 50 rare species of plants have been reported
          historically from the Laurel area. Aerial photographs and

                                          3









           wetland maps indicate that the forests of Fort Meade provide
           potential habitat for these rare species.

                The upland forest is composed of stands of various ages. In
           conjunction with forests on adjacent Federal lands managed by the
           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Department of
           Agriculture, and the National Air and Space Administration, the
           forests of Fort Meade are part of one of the largest contiguous
           tracts of forest remaining in central Maryland. Commercial and
           residential development and clearing for agriculture and timber
           harvest have fragmented the forests of this region, leaving small
           isolated patches. Many species of wildlife and plants native to
           this region cannot survive in the small patches of forest, and
           their populations are declining in central Maryland. The
           extensive contiguous forests of Fort Meade and adjacent Federal
           lands offer outstanding habitat for these forest interior
           species.

                Among the many animals that inhabit Fort Meade are numerous
           species of forest interior dwelling birds that require large
           tracts of forest for feeding and breeding. Of the 19 species
           identified by the Maryland Forest, Park and Wildlife Service as
           forest interior breeding birds native to this State, 18 are known
           to inhabit Fort Meade. All but one of the forest interior
           breeding birds that inhabit Fort Meade require the habitat
           provided by an old forest. Much of the forest on Fort Meade is
           at least 60 years old. As the forest ages it will provide
           increasingly higher quality habitat for forest interior species.

                The older forests of Fort Meade also provide habitat for a
           variety of other wildlife. Beaver, geese, and a variety of ducks
           inhabit the swamps and marshes along the Patuxent and Little
           Patuxent Rivers and their tributaries. Six rare species of
           animals have been reported historically from the Laurel area and
           may inhabit Fort Meade. Two historical records of a rare fish,
           and records of a rare snake and insect have been reported from
           the Fort. Many species of game and non-game wildlife inhabit the
           upland forests.


           Site Name: Freetown 8wamp

           USGS Quad: Curtis Bay

                Excellent examples of two significant plant communities
           occur at this site--a Red Maple-Sweet Bay Swamp and a Mature
           Pine-Oak Forest. Vegetation studies of the Baltimore-Washington,
           D'C. area conducted in the early 1900's indicated that several
           Sweet Bay Bogs occurred in this region. Few, if any, of these
           bogs survive; they have been cleared or drained. The Red Maple-
           Sweet Bay Swamp in this protection area provides an example that


                                           4









           is similar although not identical, to the bogs found
           historically.

                Few plant species can endure the lack of available soil
           nutrients in the highly acidic, sphagnous swamp. Among the
           plants that grow in this stressful environment is an herbaceous
           species that is known from just four other sites,,in Maryland.
           This globally rare species is listed as EndangergLd in Maryland
           and as Threatened under the U.S. Endangered SpecibesAct. The
           species inhabits the acidic swamp and appears to thrive on the
           fresh water flowing through the adjacent sandy ridges. The
           population at this site is large and is reproducing well, whereas
           two other State populations of the species are quite,@small.
           Although rare throughout its range, this plant is most frequently
           found in association with pine barren communities similar to the
           forest in this protection area.

                Although some of the upland Pine-Oak Forest was cleared
           within the last 50 years, a large stand of mature pine remains.
           Pines of similar age are rare on the Coastal Plain, and this pine
           barren community is particularly unusual in this county. A
           development now underway may destroy the upland forest community
           before the end of 1991.

                A nature trail planned for the adjacent development will
           provide naturalists and local residents an opportunity to observe
           an unusual example of the native vegetation of this region. A
           small nature center staffed during the growing season would
           greatly increase the educational value of the nature trail by
           providing further interpretation of the local landscape.


           Site Name: Fresh Pond

           USGS Quad: Gibson Island


                The Fresh Pond area contains a large freshwater pond
           bordered by a Coastal Plain bog, a rare habitat type in Maryland.
           Coastal Plain bogs are open, acidic, nutrient-poor wetlands that
           support many rare plant species adapted to the unusual conditions
           of bogs. The bog at Fresh Pond is one of the largest and
           floristically most diverse of Maryland's bogs. Also known by the
           name "Angel's Bog," it has long been considered important by
           botanical experts. This area was designated by the Maryland
           Department of State Planning as an Area of Critical State Concern
           in 1981. It was designated as an Ecological Priority site in the
           1974 report by the Smithsonian Institution entitled "Natural
           Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region: Ecological Priorities."

                Two plant species listed as Threatened in Maryland grow in
           the bog at Fresh Pond, including one which is known from fewer

                                           5









           than ten sites in the State. The Maryland populations occur at
           the southern edge of this species' range. Populations at the
           edge of a species' range are especially important to preserve
           because they often differ genetically from the rest of the
           species. The unique genetic makeup of outlying populations may
           help the species survive catastrophes such as disease outbreaks
           or climate changes due to global.warming. Five plant species
           considered uncommon in Maryland also grow in the*,t)og.

                Six additional rare species have been reported from Fresh
           Pond in the past, and@are still likely to occur at the site.
           Additional field studies will be required  to confirmIthe presence
           of these species.

                Many of Maryland's nontidal wetlands  have been lost due to
           'ditching and draining for development and agriculture.. The
           wetland complex at Fresh Pond contributes  tothe maintenance of
           water quality in the lower Patapsco River  and the Chesapeake Bay.

                Many species of wildlife reside in this wetland and the
           surrounding mixed hardwood forest. The site-is part of a larger
           forested tract and provides habitat for forest interior breeding
           birds such as the Scarlet Tanager. Other animal species that
           have been identified at the site include the Northern Cricket
           Frog, Painted Turtle, Bullfrog, Purple Martin, Great Blue Heron,
           Kingfisher, Wood Thrush, Red-Bellied Woodpecker, Bobwhite Quail,
           and White-tailed Deer.



           Site Name: Gumbottom Wetland


           USGS Quad: Round Bay

                This site contains a large, high-quality freshwater wetland
           complex that includes several habitat types. Many wetlands in
           the Coastal Plain of Maryland have been lost due to ditching and
           draining for development or agriculture. Chief in ecological
           significance among the habitats represented here is a prime
           example of a mature Coastal Plain bog. The bog is more than an
           acre in size with a springy, well-developed mat of sphagnum moss.
           Coastal Plain bogs support unusual botanical communities adapted
           to this acidic habitat and influenced by the high water table,
           relatively cool temperatures, and the sparse cover of trees.
           Fewer than a dozen bogs are known from Maryland's Western Shore,
           and Gumbottom Wetland is one of the most significant.

                This bog may have originated as an oxbow of the stream that
           runs through the site. Saturated conditions are maintained by
           groundwater-influienced seeps on the slope above the bog and by a
           very old road which bisects the site and has served as a dam for
           many years.



                                            6









                The bog in Gumbottom Wetland is one of the most diverse and
           botanically interesting bogs on the Western Shore. It
           encompasses a broad array of bog shrubs and herbs, including at
           least three carnivorous plants and eleven rare species. One of
           the rare species is listed as Endangered in Maryland, and is
           known from only one other site in the State. That population is
           quite small, whereas the population at Gumbottom is large and
           extensive. Four other plant species are listed as Threatened in
           Maryland. One of these is a shrub that is represented here by
           one of its largest and most vigorous populations in the State.
           Individual shrubs are large and form the dominant vegetation
           throughout much of the bog. This species is also an important
           component of the adjacent shrub swamp. Another of the Threatened
           species is a carnivorous plant that occurs in fewer than five
           locations on the Western Shore and is rare throughout Maryland.
           The population at this site is unusually large, with numerous
           plants in all stages of maturity. Six additional species are
           considered uncommon in Maryland, not yet threatened but worthy of
           monitoring due to declining or restricted populations.

                In addition to its important botanical resources, Gumbottom.
           Wetland should be preserved for its scenic beauty, its role in
           maintaining the water quality of the nearby river and the
           Chesapeake Bay, and its importance as wildlife habitat.

                The site was recommended for maintenance as a "natural use
           areall in a 1970 report by the Maryland Department of State
           Planning, entitled "Scenic Rivers in Maryland". The Severn
           River, into which this wetland drains, was designated a Maryland
           Scenic River in 1971. In 1988, the wetland was included in a
           report entitled Gems of the Severn which recommended maintaining
           the site in a natural state for such purposes as wetland and
           forest wildlife reservations, scientific monitoring, and natural
           management of stormwater. This report noted several additional
           habitats at this site that are worthy of protection. A small
           ravine downstream from the bog was noted for its scenic
           qualities, including a rich herbaceous layer, open understory and
           large Tulip Trees. The shrub swamp was reported as an example of
           "alluvial drowninglo. I't was noted for the size and age of its
           trees, which, along with several other factors, suggest that this
           wetland has been in equilibrium (undisturbed) for an unusually
           long time. Several large Sweet Bay trees were recommended for
           measurement as potential State Champions.

                The shrub swamp offers important'feeding and nesting habitat
           for migratory and resident birds and for amphibians. The large
           size of the undeveloped area makes it a valuable habitat for
           larger native animal species as well.





                                           7









           Site Name: John Wesley Church

           USGS Quad: Round Bay

                The John Wesley Church area contains an unusually high
           quality wooded swamp bounded by forested, steep slopes.
           Undisturbed swamp forests of this size and maturity are rare in
           this region due to development, draining and filling for
           agriculture, and logging. The high quality of the water in the
           swamp and stream is maintained by the forested slopes. The
           development which has occurred in the area is limited to the more
           level uplands, well away from the wetlands. The vegetation in
           this protection area is very diverse due to the lack of recent
           disturbance and the gradual changes in soil moisture with
           distance upstream.

                A State Threatened plant grows among the diverse herbaceous
           species on the wooded slopes just above the wetland. This
           species is known from just four other sites in Maryland and only
           one of these sites is protected. This population is unusual in
           that its habitat is drier than at any other site in the state.
           The plants that grow here may provide an important source of
           genetic variation in their ability to tolerate drier soil.

                The wooded swamp provides superb nesting and feeding habitat
           for migratory songbirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl. Preservation
           of this site is also critical to the maintenance of water quality
           in the marsh downstream, which is part of the Chesapeake Bay
           Critical Area. The 1970 report "Scenic Rivers in Maryland"
           recommended this site as a "natural use area". Waters from this
           swamp forest feed into the Severn River, designated as one of
           Maryland's Scenic Rivers. In 1986, this area was recommended by
           the Severn River Commission as one of the "Natural Areas of
           Highest Priority for Preservation". Gems of the Severn (1988)
           recommended the preservation of this @@ite Tor passive recreation
           or a wildlife reservation. Nontidal wetlands such as this swamp
           are increasingly valued for their role in protecting the water
           quality of the rivers they feed and ultimately, the Chesapeake
           Bay.


           Site Name: Little Patuxent oxbow


           USGS Quad: Laurel

                Little Patuxent Oxbow contains a large wetland complex
           associated with an old meander of the Little Patuxent River that
           has been cut off from the river channel. Steep slopes surround
           and drain into the wetlands,, which include palustrine forests,
           seepage areas, open water, and a palustrine emergent marsh. The
           wetlands contain excellent community examples with extremely high


                                            8









           diversity of native species. Many plants form a floating mat
           over more than one-half acre of water in the emergent marsh.

                 Three rare plant species grow at Little Patuxent Oxbow. A
           small but dense population of a State Endangered parasitic plant
           grows on Mild Water-pepper and Jewelweed plants in the marsh.
           This small population is the only known locality.for the species
           in the State. An attractive wildflower listed as'
                                                                ,@-Threatened in
           the State grows in the wet soils at the edge of the@marsh. It is
           known from only five sites in Maryland. An uncommon@
           insectivorous species grows in the marsh's shallow water.


           Site Name: North Gray's Bog

           USGS Quad: Gibson Island

                 This wetland complex includes a large Coastal Plain bog, an
           old pond, an emergent marsh, and a shrub swamp. Coastal Plain
           bogs are an extremely unusual habitat type in.Maryland'and
           contain rare botanical communities that should be preserved.
           Fewer than a dozen Coastal Plan bogs are known from Maryland's
           Western Shore, and all of them are ecologically important. Such
           sites support a suite of species found only in acidic, wet
           habitats where tree canopy closure is inhibited and a mat of
           organic peat has developed over many years. North Gray's Bog is
           especially important because portions of the bog are in the early'
           stages of development, and the potential habitat for rare species
           will increase in size as the development of the sphagnous mat
           continues.

                 North Gray's Bog harbors a small population of a State
           Endangered sedge that is known from only one other site in
           Maryland. It also supports sizeable populations of two species
           listed as Threatened in Maryland, each of which occurs in fewer
           than 10 other sites statewide. The North Gray's Bog populations
           occur at the edge of the species' distribution for both plants.
           one plant grows primarily farther north and the other has a
           southern distribution. Outlying populations are important to
           preserve because they often differ genetically from the remainder
           of the population. They may help the species to survive
           catastrophic conditions such as disease outbreaks or climate
           changes.

                 Four other plant species at North Gray's Bog are considered
           uncommon in Maryland. They are not yet thought to be threatened,
           but they are worthy of monitoring due to declining or restricted
           populations.

                 Wetland complexes such as this one are increasingly
           recognized for their essential role in maintaining the water
           quality of our rivers and the Chesapeake Bay. Many such wetlands

                                              9









           have been lost due to filling, draining and ditching for
           development and agriculture.


           Site Name: Patuxent Community Ponds

           USGS Quad: Odenton

                This site consists of two freshwater ponds  dpnnpcted by a
           narrow drainage. The larger pond is surrounded   by shrub swamp
           and palustrine forest, with Sweet Pepperbush, River Birch and
           Sweet Gum dominant close to the pond. The marshy edges of the
           pond support a diverse flora of native species such as Maryland
           and Virginia Meadow Beauties, Short-stalked False Pimpernel, St.
           Peters-wort, Cardinal Flower, and native sedges. The smaller
           pond is mowed to the edge of the pond, and supports only a few
           submerged aquatic species plus Pickerel Weed, with some
           Buttonbush and Black Willow along the eastern margin.

                Among the native species at the marshy edge of the large
           pond is a small population of a State Rare plant. This    species
           is known from fewer than a dozen sites in Maryland. An
           additional rare species was reported historically from the
           vicinity of Patuxent Community Ponds but has not been found
           recently here or anywhere in the State. It is currently listed
           as Endangered Extirpated.


           Site Name: Patuxent Maple Swamp

           USGS Quad: Bowie

                This site is an excellent example of a palustrine floodplain
           forest. Red Maple dominates this section of the Patuxent River
           floodplain, which supports a variety of bottomland hardwood
           species, including Sweet Gum, River Birch, Sycamore, Ironwood,
           and ash. occasional scouring by floodwaters of the Patuxent
           River maintains an open understory. Patches of shrubs occur on
           slightly elevated areas and herbaceous openings form in the
           depressions and channels that retain floodwaters longer. These
           natural herbaceous openings are unique to floodplain forests;
           they do not occur in other palustrine, nontidal wetlands of the
           Upper Coastal Plain.

                Among the unusual herbaceous species that inhabit these
           openings are two species that are rare in Maryland. One species
           is known from just two other sites in the State and is listed as
           Endangered in Maryland. The other species is considered Highly
           State Rare and is-known from only one other location in the
           State.





                                           10









               At the west end of the wetland complex, temporary pools and
           saturated soils of the Red Maple-Sweet Gum forest provide habitat
           for an uncommon crustacean. This species is declining and worthy
           of monitoring in Maryland. These small creatures are
           predominantly subterranean and only occasionally appear in
           surface waters. The bulk of 'the population lives in saturated
           soils well shaded by the deciduous bottomland forest.

               The various types of forested wetlands along this section of
           the Patuxent River provide excellent habitat for resident and
           migratory songbirds. In addition, several woodpeckers were
           observed during both visits to this area. The natural herbaceous
           openings attract deer and other wildlife.

               The forested wetlands along the Patuxent River absorb
           floodwater during storms and thus reduce the impacts of flooding
           downstream.



           Site Name: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center


           USGS Quad: Laurel

               The Research Center includes over 3000 acres of nearly
           contiguous forest. These forests include approximately 700 acres
           of mature bottomland forest bordering the Patuxent River. The
           Society of American Foresters identified the Research Center's
           bottomland forest as one of nearly 400 natural areas in their
           national inventory of mature forests. The Society's inventory of
           natural areas was initiated because these relatively undisturbed
           forests provide a vital educational resource. The extensive
           tracts of forest provide a laboratory for studies of plants and
           animals in their natural habitats and for studies of the
           ecological processes that sustain the forests. These forest
           ecosystems remain essentially intact; for example, they include
           species of forest interior dwelling birds such as neotropical
           migratory species that are unable to survive in smaller forests.
           Only by understanding the natural processes that sustain these
           extensive, relatively undisturbed forests, can scientists assess
           the effects of human-induced changes to forests of this region.

               At least two rare plant-species inhabit this area. One, a
           sedge, is known from only four additional sites in the State and
           is listed as Threatened in Maryland. The other rare species is a
           State Threatened wildflower. There are several historical
           reports of additional rare species at the Wildlife Research
           Center. The forests were not.searched for these species during
           the field surveys conducted for this report. However, it is
           likely that the rare species survive because there has been very
           little disturbance to the habitats from which they were reported.
           Further survey of the forest is needed to confirm the presence of
           these rare species.










                Most of the forested acreage at the Research Center, both
           upland and bottomland, has been designated by the U.S. Fish and
           Wildlife Service as Research Natural Areas. These forests, in
           association with adjacent forests on Fort Meade, the U.S.
           Department of Agriculture Research Center, and other federally-
           owned land's, constitute one of the largest remaining contiguous
           tracts of forest in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area.
           As commercial and residential development merge formerly distinct
           metropolitan areas of the mid-Atlantic states, the forests that
           remain are usually small, isolated patches. These small patches
           cannot support many of the plants and animals native to this
           region that require extensive forests or are intolerant of
           frequent disturbance. The forests of the Wildlife Research
           Center and adjacent federal properties offer the best available
           opportunity to conserve the native plants and wildlife of this
           region that will not survive in small, isolated forests.


           Site Name: Round Bay Bog

           USGS Quad: Round Bay

                Round Bay Bog is a large wetland complex consisting of
           palustrine forest and shrub swamp. An unusual and ecologically
           significant habitat type, a Coastal Plain Bog, occurs just east
           of the site, within the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area. The
           nontidal wetland of Special State Concern provides contiguous
           wetland habitat that is critical to the preservation of the
           Coastal Plain bog because it maintains the quantity and quality
           of the water in the bog.

                Coastal Plain bogs are an unusual and important habitat type
           in Maryland, characterized by wet, acidic soils low in important
           plant nutrients. They support unusual plant communities with
           species especially adapted to the stressful soil conditions,
           including heath shrubs, sphagnum moss, and insectivorous plants.
           They frequently harbor rare species. Few naturally occurring
           Coastal Plain bogs remain in Maryland, due in part to the
           suppression of the fires and floods that once created these
           unusual successional habitats.

                A few unusual sites where powerlines cross certain swamps
           simulate natural bog conditions and support some rare bog
           species. This occurs in only a very few, restricted areas where
           swamps have just the right combination of soils and hydrology to
           develop into bogs. The removal of woody vegetation during
           powerline right-of-way maintenance at these special sites mimics
           the natural disturbances that create bogs. Round Bay Bog is one
           of the largest and most significant of these 11powerline bogs".



                                           12









               Among the unusual vegetation in the powerline bog are four
           rare species. one of these is an herbaceous vine that is listed
           as Endangered in Maryland and occurs in fewer than five sites
           statewide. Two are State Threatened species--one, a sedge known
           from fewer than five Maryland sites and the other, a fern known
           from fewer than ten sites. The fourth rare species  is a
           wildflower that is considered Highly State Rare and is known from
           nowhere else in the State.


           Site Name: Stony Run

           USGS Quad: Relay

               The Pitch Pine-Red Maple Swamp Forest that borders Stony Run
           is an uncommon community type on the Upper Coastal Plain.
           Several of the herbaceous species in the swamp usually inhabit,
           colder regions in the mountains or in the Piedmont farther north.
           Forests as mature as the swamp along Stony Run are rare,
           throughout the Coastal Plain. The well-stratified canopy and the
           presence of large trees (pines greater than 15 in. in diameter)
           indicate that portions of this area have not been logged in more
           than 60 years. A colorful display of native wildflowers blankets
           the forest in the spring and summer. The absence of invasive
           non-native species throughout much of the swamp suggests minimal
           recent disturbance to this area.

               Three rare plant species grow in the well-developed
           herbaceous layer of the swamp forest. one of these plants is
           rare throughout its range and is listed as Threatened nationally.
           In Maryland it is known from only four other sites and is listed
           as Endangered. Portions of two of these sites are protected
           voluntarily by landowners, but these voluntary agreements do not
           provide long-term protection for these sites. The other rare
           species are each known from fewer than ten sites in the State.
           One is listed as Endangered in Maryland, and the other as
           Threatened. This relatively mature swamp forest offers an
           opportunity to preserve these rare species as well as an uncommon
           community.

               The Stony Run area is adjacent to a State Park and provides
           an excellent opportunity to increase the diversity of habitats
           within the park. Whether this swamp forest is annexed to the
           park or protected as a separate entity, it will enhance the
           recreational and educational values of the park by providing an
           unusual habitat for visitors to explore.

                Two additional rare plant species have been reported from
           this area but have not been observed recently. Because there has
           been little disturbance to portions of the habitat, further
           survey may reveal that these species still inhabit the swamp
           forest.


                                          13











           Site Name: Watershed Woods

           USGS Quad: South River

                Narrow, temporarily flooded wetlands border the streams of
           this extensive forest. Beech and species of oak dominate the
           adjacent uplands. Trees measuring two feet in diameter grow on
           the stream banks and ravine slopes. Forests of similar age are
           rare on the Upper Coastal Plain of Maryland. The absence of
           disturbance to this forest has allowed the development of rich,
           loamy soil that supports an abundance and diversity of herbaceous
           species.

               Among the numerous spring wildflowers is a species listed as
           Endangered in Maryland that occurs in just two other sites in the
           State. This rare plant apparently relies on a soil fungus in
           order to absorb water and nutrients. However, the fungus only
           thrives in undisturbed, loamy soils with a well-developed organic
           layer. The rarity of this plant species, with its associated
           fungus, is attributed to the scarcity of mature, undisturbed
           forests on the Upper Coastal Plain.

                The mature hardwood forest and adjacent swamp offer a
           diversity of habitats to wildlife, including numerous songbirds.
           The adjacent ponds provide feeding and resting grounds for
           waterbirds and waterfowl.

































                                          14























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                   BALTIMORE COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration





















                                      INTRODUCTION


                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Baltimore County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated  ' nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                   BALTIMORE COUNTY




           Site Name: Beaverdam Run

           USGS Quad: Cockeysville

                This spring-fed, calcareous marsh is one of the few
           remaining examples of a habitat that was once common in the
           stream valleys and lowlands of this region. Most similar areas
           of nutrient-rich soil were cleared for agriculture. Proximity to
           Baltimore has led to additional habitat loss to residential and
           commercial development. Mining of the underlying marble has also
           destroyed similar habitat.

                Among the species growing at the edge of this unusual
           wetland are two State Endangered plants. For one species this
           small population is the only known locality in Maryland. The
           second species is known from fewer than five sites statewide.
           This site supports the only population in the state that consists
           of more than 100 individuals.



           Site Name: Beetree Run


           USGS Quad: New Freedom

                Beetree Run contains a nontidal marsh located in a wooded
           stream valley. The marsh is dominated by native herbaceous
           species such as Tussock Sedge and Sensitive Fern. Among the
           marsh plants is a large population of a rare flowering perennial
           listed as Threatened in Maryland. This plant is known from fewer
           than ten sites in the State. This occurrence is especially
           important because the population is large, containing more than
           500 flowering individuals in a 2-acre area. Most populations in
           the state are small, consisting of fewer than 100 individuals.


           Site Name: Big Gunpowder Falls - Forge Road Site

           USGS Quad: White Marsh

                This site supports an old riparian forest with large
           individuals of ash, Box Elder and Sycamore growing in the
           floodplain. The shrub and herbaceous layers are well-developed
           and diverse. Forests of such.age and diversity are uncommon in
           Maryland.

                The site also contains seepage wetlands which support a
           large population of a fern that is Rare in Maryland. This
           species is known from fewer than a dozen sites in the State. The

                                           1









           population at this site is large, vigorous and reproducing
           successfully.


           Site Name: Club Hill Forest

           USGS Quad: White Marsh

                This rich, mesic bottomland forest provides habitat for a
           rare herbaceous species that is listed as Endangered in Maryland.
           This population is large, containing more than 500 individuals
           growing along more than 1000 feet of river bottomland.
           Widespread forest clearing for residential and commercial
           development in this rapidly growing area has eliminated much
           similar habitat. The rare species at this site is known from
           fewer than five sites in the State.


           Site Name: Glencoe/Gunpowder Falls

           USGS Quad: Hereford

                This riverine site encompasses a section of the river's
           floodplain. It supports a very small population of an herbaceous
           plant species that is considered Rare in Maryland and is known
           from fewer than 10 sites in the State. Maryland's populations
           are near the edge of the species range. Populations near the
           edge of a plant's distribution are important to protect because
           they often differ genetically from the rest of the species. This
           genetic variation can help the species survive changing
           environmental conditions that may threaten the majority of the
           species' populations.


           Site Name: Gwynns Falls North

           USGS Quad: Reisterstown

                This small swamp contains a population of a rare wildflower
           that is listed as Threatened in Maryland. This is.an outlying
           population. Most of our State's few populations occur in the
           mountains of Western Maryland. Most, including this population,
           are small and therefore especially vulnerable to habitat
           alteration. If the species is to be preserved in Maryland, it is
           important to protect as many populations as possible.

           Site Name: Gwynns Falls South

           USGS Quad: Reistertown

                Gwynn Falls South contains a wetland complex that includes a
           marsh, a wet meadow, and a boggy field. The wetlands are

                                           2









           dominated by native species such as Swamp Rose and cattail.
           These wetlands support three small subpopulations of a rare
           wildflower that is listed as Threatened in Maryland. The species
           is known from fewer than a dozen other sites in the State. Only
           five Maryland sites are known outside the mountains of Western
           Maryland. Most populations are quite small, and are vulnerable
           to habitat destruction and natural catastrophes. The plants are
           slow-growing perennials that do not flower for thp first several
           years. These attractive plants may also be vulndrable to
           collection by wildflower enthusiasts.

                A rare plant listed as Endangered in Maryland was known
           historically from the site, but has not been seen recently. This
           plant may not have survived periods of extreme drought that have
           occurred since it was last observed.



           Site Name: Loch Raven - Hampton Area

           USGS Quad: Towson

                In this area,  the relatively flat shoreline of Loch Raven
           Reservoir is composed of a fine silt to fine gravel substrate
           that is seasonally inundated. The shoreline supports a large
           population of a sedge that is listed as Endangered in Maryland.
           This is the only current location for the species in the State
           and it was known historically from just one additional locality.
           This site appears to support a stable, healthy population, but
           the plants are potentially vulnerable to drastic water level
           manipulation in the reservoir.

                A second herbaceous species that is Rare in Maryland grows
           along the calcareous shore just above the high water mark, at the
           edge of woody growth. It is known from fewer than five sites in
           the State.


           Site Name: Lower Chimney Branch

           USGS Quad: Reisterstown

                This deciduous floodplain forest along Lower Chimney Branch
           supports a small population of a wetland wildflower that is
           listed as Threatened in Maryland. The species is known from
           fewer than 10 sites in the State. Many historic sites have been
           lost due to habitat destruction. Although small, this population
           is reproducing successfully. The site appears to be good
           habitat, as it lacks disturbances such as invasive, non-native
           species that could outcompete the rare species.





                                            3









           Site Name: Monkton Bog

           USGS Quad: Phoenix

                Monkton Bog is an alder and willow shrub swamp that provides
           excellent habitat for many species of birds. Among the birds
           using the swamp is one insect-eating species that is listed as In
           Need of Conservation. This species is known fro4i@fewer than 30
           sites in the State. It is dependent on the shrul@-Iswamp habitat
           at this site and would be adversely impacted by hydrologic
           disturbances to the wetland that would result from development.
           Changes in the vegetational composition of the shrub'swamp could
           also adversely impact the rare birds, which typically,inhabit
           this type of shrub swamp.

                This site is important because it is disjunct from the
           primary range of the rare species in the North and the
           Appalachian Mountains. Protection of disjunct populations may be
           especially important to the long term survival.of species.
           Disjunct populations often differ genetically.:.from populations in
           the primary range of the species and may enable it to survive
           natural catastrophes such as disease outbreaks or climate
           changes.


           Site Name: Phoenix Marsh

           USGS Quad: Phoenix

                Phoenix Marsh, a large nontidal wetland at the edge of a
           reservoir, supports an important marsh plant community due to its
           unusual calcareous soils. Three unusual species grow among the
           emergent marsh vegetation and along the small stream that feeds
           the marsh. One State Rare sedge found here is known from fewer
           than three locations in the State. At Phoenix Marsh it grows
           both in large dense patches and as scattered individuals. Two
           uncommon marsh species, one a sedge and one a wildflower, grow
           along the stream that feeds the marsh. The marsh is dominated by
           grasses that may threaten the rare species if the grasses
           increase in abundance in the marsh.



           Site Name: Pikall Riverbank

           USGS Quad: Ellicott City

                Pikall Riverbank is a riparian forest with Sycamore,
           Spicebush and moi sture-loving herbaceous species growing near the
           river, and old forest covering the steep slopes above.. The
           alluvial soils at the base of the steep slopes support a sizeable
           population of a fern that is Rare in Maryland. This species is
           known from fewer than a dozen sites in the State. The vigorous

                                           4









           population at Pikall Riverbank is unusually large, consisting of
           thousands of individuals. In some parts of the site it forms the
           dominant herbaceous vegetation. The rare plants appear to be
           reproducing successfully.


           Site Name:  Putty Hill Wetlands

           USGS Quad:  Towson, White Marsh

                A high quality alluvial stream meanders down a wooded slope
           and along a powerline right-of-way at this site. Wetlands
           associated with the stream include a shrub swamp and sphagnous
           seeps with a sandy substrate. Some of these wetlands are
           temporarily flooded and others remain inundated for most of the
           year. A diversity of native plants grows in the wetland complex.
           Upper Coastal Plain wetland complexes with this degree of natural
           integrity are very uncommon in this highly urbanized area.

                Two State Endangered plants grow in wetland openings within
           the powerline right-of-way. Each of these is known from fewer
           than five sites in the State. A State Rare plant grows in an
           acidic, sphagnous seep in the forest adjacent to the right-of-
           way. This plant is known from fewer than ten sites in Maryland.
           Two additional species at the site are not yet considered
           threatened, but are uncommon enough to warrant monitoring.


           Site Name: Red Run Branch

           USGS Quad: Reisterstown

                This small Red Maple swamp supports a very large population
           of a rare-wetland sedge listed as Threatened in Maryland. The
           species is known from only five other sites in the State, three
           of which are greatly threatened by disturbance. It is very
           sensitive to changes in hydrology, including impacts on recharge
           areas. An impoundment proposed for this area may eliminate the
           rare species population.


           Site Name: Rockland Meadows

           USGS Quad: Cockeysville

                Rockland Meadows consists of a bottomland forest dominated
           by Red Maple, and a mesic, old-field meadow. The forest's
           alluvial soils are calcareous. This site is one of the few
           remaining examples of a habitat that was once common in the
           stream valleys and lowlands of this region. most similar areas
           of nutrient-rich soil were cleared for agriculture. Proximity to


                                            5










           Baltimore has led to additional habitat loss due to residential
           and commercial development.

                This site supports two rare species, although the exact
           status of each has not yet been determined. one of these is a
           rare herbaceous plant that grows at the bottamland/meadow edge
           and is currently known from fewer than five other sites in the
           State. This population is large, vigorous, and reproducing. The
           other is a rare woody plant that grows in the alluvial soils at
           the edge of the old field. This locality is the only currently
           known site for this species in Maryland.


           Site Name: Soldiers Delight

           USGS Quad: Reisterstown

                Soldiers Delight is a 2,000-acre Natural Environmental Area
           that encompasses the largest serpentine ecosystem in the state.
           It is among the most important, if not the most important,
           serpentine area in Eastern North America. Soldiers Delight
           contains globally rare serpentine grassland and savannah plant
           communities as well as stream valleys and wet boggy areas.
           Serpentine soils contain high levels of magnesium and often
           contain naturally occurring heavy metals such as chromium,
           cobalt, and nickel, that are toxic to plants. Most plants cannot
           survive in these soils, but certain plants have special
           adaptations that enable them to cope with the stressful soil
           conditions. At least 32 Rare, Threatened, or Endangered plant
           species grow at Soldiers Delight.

                Among the rare plants at Soldiers Delight are nine wetland
           species. Two of these are grasses that live only on stream banks
           with serpentine soils. These grasses grow nowhere else in
           Maryland and are both listed as Endangered in the State. Four
           rare sedges grow in the wetlands at Soldiers Delight. Two of
           these are each known from fewer than eight Maryland locations and
           are listed as Threatened in the State. The Soldiers Delight
           populations are especially important because several of the other
           known populations of these sedges are threatened with
           destruction. Another sedge found at this site occurs in only
           three sites in Maryland, where it is near the southeastern limit
           of the species range. A fourth sedge is a "drawdown" species,
           growing in the exposed soils of seasonal wetlands when the water
           recedes in late summer.

                other rare plants at this site include a colorful wildflower
           listed as Endangered and known from only 5 other Maryland sites,
           and a State Threatened plant in the Rose Family that grows in a
           shrub/emergent wetland.



                                           6









               In addition to rare plants, at least two rare insect species
          are known from Soldiers Delight. One is a globally rare species
          of planthopper that lives on a sedge found in herbaceous
          wetlands. It is a candidate for listing under the U.S.
          Endangered Species Act.
























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN








                                    CALVERT COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                   September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration





                                                                              ilp
















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Calvert County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wet-lands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as.
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated  ' nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare'
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endancfered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                    CALV"BRT COUNTY


           Site Name: Battle Creek Cypress Swamp

           USGS Quads: Broomes Island   Prince Frederick

               Battle Creek Cypress Swamp is an extensive forested swamp
           dominated by an unusual community type: a large, mature, almost
           pure stand of Bald Cypress. This site is one of the last
           remaining sites where Bald Cypress grows naturally in Maryland,
           and it is recognized as one of the northernmost stands of cypress
           in the country. Fossil cypress knees and stumps with diameters
           up to ten ft. suggest that Bald Cypress was widespread throughout
           the Chesapeake Bay area prior to one of the glacial periods of
           the Pleistocene Epoch. Naturally occurring cypress stands are
           now limited in Maryland to the Battle Creek site in Calvert
           County and the Pocomoke River watershed on the Eastern Shore.
           Although logged in the past for its decay-resistant lumber,
           Battle Creek still contains mature cypress trees that tower 50 to
           125 ft. in height with diameters up to four ft.

                The extensive wetlands at this site protect the water
           quality of Battle Creek and the Chesapeake Bay and provide
           important habitat for numerous wetland plants and animals.
           Cypress dominates the wettest habitats, which also support Black
           Willow and herbaceous species such as Spring Beauty, Sensitive
           Fern, Royal Fern, Skunk Cabbage, and Golden Club. Slightly
           higher swamplands are dominated by bottomland hardwoods such as
           Sycamore, Sweet Gum, Red Maple, ash and elm. Southern Arrowwood,
           Common Greenbrier and Virginia Creeper dominate the shrub layer.
           Many native ferns and wildflowers adorn the ground layer,
           although Japanese Honeysuckle has invaded many areas. Among the
           many species of mammals inhabiting the swamp are deer, rabbit,
           skunk, opossum, fox and mink. Numerous fish occupy the creek,
           and its swampy borders offer important breeding habitat for
           sixteen species of amphibians. Seven species of snakes and eight
           turtles also inhabit the site. The diversity of birds at Battle
           Creek enables birdwatchers to view forest interior dwelling
           species, raptors, owls, songbirds, migratory warblers and
           waterfowl.

                The unique characteristics of the cypress swamp led to
           purchase of the core area by a private, non-profit conservation
           organization in 1957. In 1965, the sanctuary was designated a
           National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service. Although
           the sanctuary remains in private ownership, Calvert County
           assumed management responsibilities through a 20-year renewable
           lease as of February 1977. Public activities such as nature
           study and appreciation, passive recreation, and educational
           pursuits have been encouraged at the site through construction


                                           1








           and staffing of a nature center, parking area, nature trails and
           an elevated boardwalk.

           Site Name: Calvert Cliffs State Park

           USGS Quad: Cove Point

               Along the streams that dissect this. site are excellent
           examples of old Tulip Tree-Sweet Bay-American Holly bottomland
           forest, Red Maple-Sweet Gum swamp forest, and old mixed oaks
           upland forest. The presence of many dead standing trees and
           well-decayed logs and the uneven age of the trees reveal that
           these are old forests. This is among the largest contiguous
           tracts of forest remaining in Calvert County. Numerous trees,
           including oaks and Tulip Tree, measure more than 2 ft. in
           diameter. The lack of non-native, weedy species indicates that
           this area has received little recent disturbance. The large size
           of the contiguous forest, the "wilderness character" and the
           relative lack of human disturbance resulted in designation of
           this site as a Wildlands Area by the State of Maryland in 1990.

               The forested ravines and uplands maintain the high water
           quality of the streams in the area. Nearly the entire watershed
           of these streams occurs on State-owned land and is forested.
           Protection of these forests would also protect the water quality
           of this second-order stream complex that feeds directly into the
           Chesapeake Bay.

               The old forests at this site provide outstanding habitat for
           many species of wildlife. Owls and numerous woodpeckers are
           among the species that nest in the cavities of the large trees.
           The maturity of the forest and the lack of disturbance in the
           area provide excellent conditions for forest interior breeding
           birds. These species are declining in abundance in this region
           as forests are cleared for residential and commercial development
           and for timber harvest. Herons and beaver frequent the swamps at
           the mouths of the creeks. The swamps also provide habitat for
           waterfowl, amphibians, and reptiles. Deer are present throughout
           the area.

               These old forests provide important educational resources to
           both scientists and local residents. Because this area has
           received minimal disturbance, the forests provide a laboratory
           for the research of animals and plants in their natural habitats.
           Large, relatively undisturbed forests.such as these are essential
           for scientists to study the natural processes that sustain the
           forest and to assess the effects of human-induced changes to the
           forests of this region. Plans to construct a nature center in
           the park have been proposed; such a facility would enhance
           opportunities for environmental education. Local residents,
           including students at local schools, may learn the natural
           history of the area with assistance from interpreters affiliated

                                           2









           with the nature center. The forests provide excellent
           recreational opportunities to hikers, birdwatchers, and
           naturalists. The existing trails provide access to much of the
           park.

                The soils' well-developed organic layer and the lack of
           recent clearing or selective''cutting in the old forests provide
           excellent growing conditions for rare plant specios that inhabit
           this County. The forest has not been surveyed for rare
           herbaceous plants; however, because the habitat is of such high
           quality it is possible that future surveys will reveal rare plant
           populations within the site.

                The wetlands and uplands at this site serve as a buffer for
           the adjacent Cove Point Natural Heritage Area. The portion of
           this Natural Heritage Area within the park harbors two rare
           species of insects known from fewer than eight other sites in
           Maryland. These species are rare throughout their ranges. This
           area also buffers a nearby Bald Eagle nesting site.


           Site Name: Patuxent Highlands

           USGS Quad: Lower Marlboro

                Wetlands at the base of these ravines harbor a rare plant
           listed as Endangered in Maryland and known from only three other
           sites in the State. This site supports the only population in
           the State outside of the Allegheny Plateau in Western Maryland.
           Historical records indicate that this species has always been
           rare in the State. The non-acidic wetland habitat that this
           species requires is rare in Maryland. Protection of the few
           known sites for this species is therefore particularly important
           because it is likely that few other suitable sites exist in the
           State. In addition, this site is near the northern extreme of
           the plant's range. Populations at the edge of a species' range
           are important to protect because they often differ genetically
           from populations near the center of distribution. This genetic
           variation may help the species survive catastrophic environmental
           conditions, such as climatic changes due to global warming.

                The forested watershed maintains high water quality in the
           wetlands. A small area along the wetland has been cleared and
           maintained as a lawn; however, most of the watershed remains
           forested. These wetlands feed directly into the Patuxent River
           and contribute to the maintenance of water quality in the river.

                Although there is evidence of selective cutting on the
           uplands, numerous large trees are present and provide excellent
           nesting and den sites for many species of wildlife.



                                           3









           Site Name: Port Republic Watershed

           USGS Quad: Prince Frederick

                Port Republic Watershed contains one of the few complete
           second-order watersheds remaining in a relatively natural,
           forested condition in this region. Many large forests have been
           cleared or fragmented for agriculture or for resioential or
           commercial development. Although most of the wafershed has been
           logged within the past 100 years, the steep slopes do not appear
           to have suffered from the severe erosion that has affected many
           previously cultivated steep slopes in parts of Southern Maryland.
           Underlying Miocene marl deposits have produced a band,of soils
           that are porous and much less acidic than most soils 'of the
           Coastal Plain. The circumneutral soils support a diverse group
           of plants that are uncommon in this region. -springs and seepage
           wetlands are common in these porous soils.

            .. Parker Creek, into which this watershed drains, is unusual
           in that it is a "barbed" watershed. It once flowed west, rather
           than east, as evidenced by the direction of its feeder streams.
           The second-order stream featured in this protection area flows
           north into Parker Creek, resulting in many lateral ravines with
           cool, north-facing slopes. Topography, geology, and hydrology
           combine to produce a flora that is very unusual for the Coastal
           Plain. North-facing slopes, calcareous soils, and wetland seeps
           create microhabitats that are more characteristic of the mountain'
           and the Piedmont--cool, nutrient-rich, and moist. Many disjunct
           populations of species more common in the mountains or Piedmont,
           such as Miterwort and Golden Saxifrage, occur in these
           microhabitats.

                Populations of at least six rare or uncommon plants occur at
           Port Republic Watershed. Four of these are upland species. The
           other two species grow in the rich palustrine forest. One is
           listed as Threatened in Maryland and is known from fewer than ten
           sites in the State. This population is the largest in Maryland,
           consisting of several hundred plants. The other wetland species
           is considered State Rare and grows on the banks-of the stream
           that winds through the palustrine forest. An additional plant
           species has been reported from the moist bottomland, but its
           presence has not been recently confirmed. It is currently listed
           as Endangered Extirpated in Maryland, and it will automatically
           be considered Endangered if a viable, naturally-occurring
           population is located.

               This site adjoins a Listed Species Habitat Protection Area
           in the Critical Area. Port Republic Watershed may provide
           additional habitat for this listed species. This site helps
           preserve the water quality and scenic qualities of the larger
           Parker Creek watershed.



                                           4'










                The small nontidal wetlands (springs and seeps) and the
           clear-flowing streams in Port Republic Watershed provide
           excellent breeding and feeding habitat for wildlife such as
           amphibians and songbirds. The large size of the contiguous
           forest and its relative maturity make this site suitable habitat
           for a great diversity of forest interior breeding birds.

                The research potential and educational opportunities offered
           by a large, forested watershed such as this one are enormous.
           Studies of the effects of human activities in altered ecological
           systems require undisturbed sites for comparison. A forest that
           is in the later stages of transition to an old-growth condition,
           such as Port Republic Watershed, serves this purpose and is a
           rare and invaluable resource.



           Site Name: West Governor Run Watershed

           USGS Quad: Prince Frederick

                West Governor Run Watershed contains a mature hardwood
           forest, many portions of which have not been logged for 70 years
           or more. Older forests such as this are uncommon in the region,
           due to the clearing of forests for timber management,
           agriculture, and residential and commercial development. old
           maps show that this site was one of the largest forested sites in
           the area in the mid-1800s, when most of coastal Calvert County
           had been cleared for agriculture, especially tobacco farming. A
           number of uncommon plants grow at this site because of its
           unusual geology and the deep humus and litter layers that have
           developed in the absence of recent soil disturbance. Underlying
           marl deposits from the Miocene Epoch have produced soils that are
           much less acidic than most Coastal Plain soils. These
           circumneutral soils support several plant species found more
           often in the mountains and Piedmont than on the Coastal Plain.


                West Governor Run Watershed harbors seven rare or uncommon
           plant species. Three of these plants grow in the moist soils of
           the floodplain forest, including one species that is listed as
           Endangered in Maryland. It occurs in only three other sites in
           the State, and this is the only Calvert County population.
           Another floodplain species is listed a Threatened in Maryland,
           and is known from fewer than ten sites statewide. It is an
           annual species that is adapted to periodic flooding. The third
           floodplain species is considered uncommon in Maryland.

                This forested watershed provides excellent habitat for
           forest interior dwelling species of breeding birds, which require
           large tracts of contiguous, relatively old forest. The snags,
           blow-downs and hollow trees characteristic of this older second
           growth forest provide suitable nest and den sites for many
           species of wildlife.

                                           5























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                    CAROLINE COUNTY














                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration




















                                     INTRODUCTION


                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Caroline County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.














                                   CAROLINE COUNTY




          Site Name: Baltimore Corner


          USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               Baltimore Corner is a large wetland complex that includes a
          series of Delmarva bays, some of which are meadow-like with few
          woody species, and others which are dominated by wetland shrubs,
          such as Buttonbush, blueberry, and Sweet Pepperbush. Two of
          these bays, both of which are circular and dominated by grasses
          and sedges with no tree overstory, harbor five rare plants, and
          the larger one, several acres in area, harbors a rare amphibian.
          The bays are unusual nontidal wetlands recharged annually by
          groundwater. Inundated in the winter and early spring, they
          provide ideal breeding and resting habitat for amphibians,
          songbirds, and other wildlife. As the bays dry in the summer,
          moist depressions remain which are rapidly colonized by
          herbaceous species.

               Drainage and filling for agriculture and development have
          destroyed many Delmarva bays. Those that remain often contain
          rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to the
          fluctuating water level.

               The rare amphibian at this site, listed as In Need of
          Conservation, uses the large Delmarva bay as breeding habitat.
          An Endangered member of the Aster Family, found at only three
          other locations in Maryland, grows in the open depression of the
          smaller bay. A State Endangered carnivorous plant, also
          occurring-at only three other locations in the State, flourishes
          in the deeper inundated depressions during the summer months,
          only appearing in the ponds during years of high precipitation.
          Two other State Endangered species, a grass and a sedge, inhabit
          these Delmarva bays. A State Rare sedge also germinates when
          this bay dries in the summer. This annual species is abundant in
          the central portion of the bay after the water recedes.

               A private conservation organization owns and manages all of
          the wetland openings at this site, totalling 296 acres in area.

          Site Name: Bates Ditch

          USGS Quad: Hickman

               Bates Ditch is a roadside wetland adjacent to a young
          Loblolly Pine Plantation. The wetland harbors a large population
          of a State Endangered sedge. This plant species occurs at only








           five other locations in Maryland and is a potential candidate for
           listing under the U.S. Endangered species Act.

                This sedge species may require periodic disturbance, a  s well
           as special soil or hydrologic conditions, to reproduce and
           thrive. Natural disturbances that once created wetland gaps,
           such as flooding and fire, have been largely suppressed by man.
           The suppression of woody growth on roadsides with unusual soil
           and hydrologic conditions can sometimes mimic natural wetland
           openings suitable for colonization by rare species.


           Site Name: Bridgetown Ponds NRKA

           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                Bridgetown Ponds Natural Resources Management Area (NRMA) is
           a system of Delmarva bays harboring three rare plant species and
           two rare animal species. Delmarva bays are unusual nontidal
           wetlands which are recharged annually by groundwater. Filling in
           the winter and early spring, they provide ideal breeding and
           resting habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife.
           As the bays dry in the summer, moist depressions remain which are
           rapidly colonized by herbaceous species specially adapted to the
           fluctuating water levels.

                Many Delmarva bays have been destroyed by drainage and
           filling for agriculture and development. As these bays become
           increasingly rare, so do the rare plant and animal species that
           rely on them. Existing bays often harbor rare, disjunct, or
           endemic species.

                Owned and managed by the State, Bridgetown Ponds NRMA
           provides protection for three rare sedges. one species is listed
           as State Endangered, one is State Threatened, and the third is
           State Rare in Maryland. The Threatened sedge occurs at only
           three other known locations in Maryland.

                A State Endangered amphibian, one of only five populations
           in Maryland, uses Bridgetown Ponds NRMA as breeding habitat in
           the winter and early spring. A rare amphibian listed as In Need
           of Conservation has also been recorded at this site.



           Site Name: Central Avenue Corner


           USGS Quad: Denton

                Central Avenue Corner is an unusual forested wetland
           containing at least eleven small ponds with various hydrologic
           regimes. The diverse wetland types provide habitat for a great
           variety of plant and animal species. These wetlands are examples

                                            2









           of small Delmarva bays, centripetally-drained wetlands found
           almost exclusively on the Eastern Shore. Delmarva bays fill with
           water during winter and early spring, and dry out by late summer
           as groundwater recedes. They often contain rare, disjunct, or
           endemic.species specially adapted to the fluctuating water
           levels. Seasonal ponds were once more common on the Eastern
           Shore, but many have been drained for agricultural use. The
           ponds in this protection area remain relatively VVdisturbed. If
           their hydrologic regimes are maintained in a nattiral,-condition,
           it is highly probable that they will continue to support rare
           species.

                Three State Endangered species inhabit this area',  emerging
           and flowering when the bays dry in summer. An uncommon tree
           species occurs on the uplands adjacent to the bays.

                These nontidal wetlands provide ideal feeding and resting.
           habitat for numerous amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife.
           Additional rare species may also inhabit the Delmarva bays. The
           site has been surveyed in the autumn only. Because the flora and
           fauna of these bays vary seasonally and annually with water
           levels, several visits will be necessary to complete the species
           inventory for this protection area.


           Site Name: East Melville Pond


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                East Melville Pond is an oval Delmarva bay about 1 acre in
           size, dominated by Buttonbush and species of beggar ticks. The
           bay is partially buffered by a 300 foot-wide Red Maple-Sweet Gum
           wooded swamp on the east side.

                Delmarva bays differ from other nontidal wetlands in that
           their primary source of annual recharge is groundwater.
           Inundated in winter and early spring, they provide ideal breeding
           and resting habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other
           wildlife. As the bays dry in the summer, moist depressions
           remain which are rapidly colonized by herbaceous species
           specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.

                Filling and drainage for agriculture and development have
           destroyed many Delmarva bays. Those that remain often harbor
           rare, endemic, or disjunct species specially adapted to the
           fluctuating water levels.

                Four rare plant species have been found in this bay after it
           dries in the fall'. Three of these species, two sedges and a
           grass, are State Endangered. Each of the Endangered species is a
           candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. A


                                            3









           State Rare member of the Bluet Family also occurs in the moist
           depressions of the bay.


           Site Name: Floral Swale


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                Floral Swale is a low-lying wetland dominate@O by herbaceous
           species within a powerline right-of-way. Wetland openings were
           once more common when fires and floods created natural gaps in
           wetlands. Since such natural disturbances have beenilargely
           suppressed by man, wetland gaps and the species that inhabit them
           have become increasingly rare. Powerline right-of-way
           maintenance keeps wetlands free of woody species, mimicking
           natural disturbances.

                A State Endangered and nationally rare plant species, known
           from only three other locations in the State, grows in this
           swale. The population at this site is large and vigorous. The
           limited distribution of this species may indicate that it has
           highly specific soil or hydrologic requirements.


           Site Name: Greer's Pond


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                A complex of shrub swamps and Delmarva bays occurs within
           this swamp forest. Delmarva bays dominated by herbaceous species
           are uncommon on Maryland's Eastern Shore; many similar ponds have
           been destroyed by agricultural ditching and drainage. The water
           level of Delmarva bays varies with groundwater fluctuations.
           Normally the water is deepest in early spring, then recedes, and
           the bay dries during the summer. Herbaceous species specially
           adapted to the fluctuating water levels rapidly colonize the
           moist depressions remaining in the pond's center.

                Among these herbs is a State Rare sedge. Although this
           species is known from several sites in Maryland, only four of
           these sites are protected. In addition, two uncommon plants, a
           grass and a sedge, also inhabit this site.

                Rare amphibian species may inhabit these bays; for example,
           the ponds provide ideal habitat for three State-listed
           amphibians. However, these species are not apparent in the early
           fall, when this site was surveyed. Because the flora and fauna
           vary seasonally and annually with water levels, several visits
           are required to develop a complete species list for this site.

                Delmarva bays offer breeding, nesting and feeding grounds to
           migratory waterfowl and songbirds. The bays also provide feeding

                                           4









          grounds for resident waterbirds. In addition, deer frequent the
          ponds to feed and rest.


          Site Name: Hourglass Pond

          USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               Within a large hardwood swamp is a two acre Delmarva bay
          dominated by herbaceous species. Many similar bays on the
          Eastern Shore have been destroyed by agricultural ditching and
          drainage. The abundance of herbaceous vegetation in the bay's
          center is maintained by the fluctuating groundwater regime.
          Normally, the water level is highest in spring and the bay
          gradually dries through the summer. This bay has an unusual
          hourglass shape with deep depressions at both ends. Many
          herbaceous species germinate in these depressions after the bay
          dries and complete their life cycles in the brief period before
          the fall frosts.

               In the deepest section of the bay is a State Endangered
          sedge which is a candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered
          Species Act. Fewer than 20 extant populations of this species
          are known worldwide, and twelve of these occur in Maryland. Only
          two of Maryland's populations are protected currently.

               It is likely that rare amphibians inhabit Hourglass Pond.
          The bay's flora and fauna change seasonally and an 'nually with
          water level. These amphibians are not apparent in early fall
          when the bay was surveyed. Several visits are needed to develop
          a complete species list for the site.

               The bay provides breeding, nesting, and feeding habitat for
          migratory,waterfowl.


          Site Name: Jackson Lane Site


          USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               Jackson Lane Site includes a series of Delmarva bays that
          are predominantly herbaceous with scattered trees and shrubs.
          The most significant is about an acre in size. Three State
          Endangered plant species thrive under the unusual hydrologic
          regime in this bay. The hydrology of.Delmarva bays depends on
          the levels of groundwater present in the surrounding woodlands.
          Recharged in the winter and early spring when groundwater levels
          are highest, Delmarva bays provide excellent breeding and resting
          habitat for-amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife. As the
          bays dry in the summer, moist depressions remaining in the pond
          bottoms are rapidly colonized by herbaceous species specially
          adapted to the fluctuating water levels.

                                           5









                One of the three State Endangered plants found at Jackson
           Lane, a sedge species, is a candidate for listing under the U.S.
           Endangered Species Act. It occurs at only eleven other locations
           in the State. A second Endangered sedge at this site is known
           from only two other locations in Maryland.

                The third Endangered plant species, a floating-leaved
           aquatic, matures through winter under standing water. Its
           flowers emerge above the water in spring. Only five other
           locations of this rare plant species have been recorded in the
           State.


                Many Delmarva bays such as the one at Jackson Lane have been
           destroyed by drainage and filling for agriculture and
           development. As Delmarva bays have declined in number, so have
           the rare plant and animal species that rely on them for habitat.
           Existing Delmarva bays often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
          .species.

                A private conservation organization owns and manages much of
           the wetland, totalling 167 acres in area. However, only half of
           the significant Delmarva bay has been acquired.


           Site Name: Marvel Pond


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                Marvel Pond is a small Delmarva bay dominated by Buttonbush,
           grasses, and sedges. A population of a State Rare member of the
           Bluet Family occurs in the herbaceous openings of the bay, close
           to its center. This species is found at fewer than fifteen
           locations in the State. The bay is surrounded by a narrow wooded
           buffer of-Red Maple and Sweet Gum.

                Delmarva bays are annually recharged by groundwater, so that
           water levels in the bay fluctuate seasonally. Inundated in the
           winter and early spring, Delmarva bays provide ideal breeding and
           resting habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife.
           As they dry in the summer, moist depressions remain which are
           rapidly colonized by herbaceous species.

                Drainage and filling for agriculture and development have
           destroyed many Delmarva bays. Those that remain often harbor
           rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to the
           fluctuating water levels.







                                           6









           Site Name: Marydel East

           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                Marydel East is a small Delmarva bay dominated by herbaceous
           species and containing a population of a rare amphibian listed as
           In Need of Conservation. Delmarva bays dominated,by herbaceous
           species are uncommon on Maryland's Eastern Shore;tmany similar
           bays have been destroyed by agricultural ditchind@,and drainage.

                Normally, Delmarva bays are annually replenished by
           groundwater, filling in the winter and early spring., These
           inundated bays provide ideal breeding and resting habitat for
           amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife. As the bays dry in
           summer, moist depressions remain which are rapidly colonized by
           herbaceous species.

                As Delmarva bays become increasingly rare, so do the rare
           plant and animal species which rely on them for habitat.:-
           Existing Delmarva bays often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
           species specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.


           Site Name: Mt. Zion Pothole


           Quad Name: Goldsboro

                Mt. Zion Pothole is a shrub-dominated Delmarva bay harboring
           a large variety of herbaceous species. Among these herbaceous
           species is a State Endangered member of the Aster Family,
           occurring at fewer than fifteen other locations in the State.
           The population at this site is vigorous and fairly large. A rare
           amphibian listed as In Need of Conservation utilizes the bay as
           breeding habitat in the spring.

                Delmarva bays are annually recharged by groundwater.
           Filling in the winter and early spring, they provide ideal
           breeding and resting habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other
           wildlife. As the bays dry in the summer, moist depressions
           remain which are rapidly colonized by herbaceous species.

                Drainage and filling for agriculture and development have
           destroyed many Delmarva bays. As Delmarva bays become
           increasingly rare, so do the rare plant and animal species which
           rely upon them for habitat. Remaining Delmarva bays often harbor
           rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to the
           fluctuating water levels.






                                           7










           Site Name: Xt. Zion South Pond

           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                Xt. Zion South Pond is a Delmarva bay harboring a State
           Endangered amphibian species. This amphibian species occurs at
           only five known locations in the State.
                Delmarva bays differ from other nontidal we  Atands in that
           their primary source of recharge is groundwater. Groundwater
           levels in surrounding woodlands fluctuate during the year,
           resulting in seasonally variable water levels in the@bays.
           Filling in the winter and early spring, the bays provide ideal
           feeding, breeding, and resting habitat for amphibians" songbirds,
           and other wildlife. As the bays dry in the summer, moist
           depressions remaining in the wetland bottoms are rapidly
           colonized by herbaceous species. Future surveys at Mt. Zion
           South Pond during the drier months may reveal that the bay
           contains rare plant species in addition to the.rare amphibian
           already mentioned.

                Drainage and filling for agriculture and development have
           destroyed many Delmarva bays. As these bays decline in number,
           so do the rare plant and animal species which rely on them for
           habitat. Existing Delmarva bays often contain rare, disjunct, or
           endemic species specially adapted to the fluctuating water
           levels.



           Site Name: Oldtown Pond


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                Oldtown Pond is an unusually deep, sparsely vegetated
           seasonal pond. Like most other seasonal ponds, it is recharged
           annually by groundwater. Filling in the winter and early spring,
           it provides ideal breeding and resting habitat for amphibians,
           songbirds, and other wildlife. It differs from other seasonal
           ponds in that it does not dry as completely during the summer.
           The center of the pond remains inundated while moist depressions
           at its edge may be suitable for colonization by herbaceous
           species.

                Many seasonal ponds on Maryland's Eastern Shore have been
           destroyed by drainage and filling for agriculture and
           development. As seasonal ponds become increasingly rare, so do
           the rare plant and animal species which rely on them for habitat.
           Existing seasonal ponds often harbor rare, endangered, or
           disjunct species specially adapted to the fluctuating water
           levels.




                                            8









               A State Endangered sedge occurs in Oldtown Pond. This
          population is fairly large, consisting of several hundred
          fruiting plants.


          Site Name: Opossum Hill Powerline

          USGS Quad: Hobbs

               Opossum Hill Powerline contains a bog-like wetland that
          includes four rare plant species. Coastal Plain bogs are
          nontidal wetlands that support unusual botanical communities
          adapted to acidic, saturated soils. The bogs are usually
          dominated by shrubs or herbaceous species and lack trees. Many
          non-tidal wetlands on the Eastern Shore, including bogs, have
          been destroyed by ditching and draining for agriculture and for
          residential and commercial development.

               Powerline rights-of-way provide significant habitats for
          several threatened and endangered plant species. The management
          of woody vegetation in the rights-of-way has created habitats
          that are similar, although not identical, to herbaceous wetland
          openings created historically by fire and beaver activity.
          Natural forest openings have been nearly eliminated by modern
          fire suppression practices, and beaver populations on the Eastern
          Shore have declined drastically.

              Three State Endangered species occur in the boggy powerline
          opening. One of the Endangered species, a carnivorous plant, is
          known from only two other sites in Maryland and is at the
          northern limit of its range. The two other Endangered species, a
          mint and a sedge, are known from fewer than seven other locations
          in Maryland. An uncommon sedge also occurs in the bog.

               This protection area encompasses a portion of the headwaters
          of a stream that feeds a lake. Maintenance of the local
          hydrology of the wetland will aid in the preservation of water
          quality of this stream and the lake.


          Site Name: Pasture Pond


          USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               Pasture Pond is a ditched and grazed Delmarva bay harboring
          four rare or uncommon herbaceous species. Delmarva bays
          dominated by herbaceous species are uncommon on Maryland's
          Eastern Shore; many similar bays have been completely destroyed
          by agricultural ditching and drainage.

               Delmarva bays are annually recharged by groundwater.
          Filling in the winter and early spring, they provide ideal

                                           9









           breeding and resting habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other
           wildlife. As they dry in the summer, moist depre 'ssions remain
           which are rapidly colonized by herbaceous species. As Delmarva
           bays become increasingly rare, so do the rare plant and animal
           species which rely upon them for habitat. Existing Delmarva bays
           often harbor rarel disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted
           to the fluctuating water levels.

               Of the four rare or uncommon herbaceous species occurring in
           Pasture Pond, three are State Endangered. A large population of
           a State Endangered sedge, found at only two other locations in
           Maryland, occurs in this pond. The other two Endangered plant
           species at this pond each occur at fewer than five other
           locations in the State. An uncommon wildflower also thrives in
           this Delmarva bay.


           Site Name: Persimmon East


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               Persimmon East is a small sphagnous seasonal pond dominated
           by Red Maple and Sweet Gum containing a large population of a
           rare amphibian listed as In Need of Conservation. Seasonal ponds
           are uncommon on Maryland's Eastern Shore since many similar ponds
           have been destroyed by agricultural ditching and drainage.

               Normally, seasonal ponds are replenished annually by
           groundwater, filling in the winter and early spring. These
           inundated ponds provide ideal breeding and resting habitat for
           amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife. As the ponds dry in
           summer, moist depressions remain which are rapidly colonized by
           herbaceous species.

               As seasonal ponds become increasingly rare, so do the rare
           animal and plant species which rely on them for habitat.
           Existing seasonal ponds often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
           species specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.


           Site Name: Persimmon Preserve


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               Persimmon Preserve includes an open Delmarva bay of grasses
           and sedges adjacent to a wetland dominated by small trees of
           persimmon. Grasses, sedges, and sphagnum are abundant under the
           persimmons. The irregularly shaped, per-simmon-dominated wetland
           appears to have once been open and unforested, and may just be a
           shallow end of the bay that succeeded to young forest when
           droughts enabled tree seedlings to establish. The bay typically


                                          10









          fills with groundwater from late fall through spring and then
          dries in summer.

               Of the five rare plant species at this site, four grow in
          the moist depression that remains after groundwater recedes in
          summer. One of these four, a State Endangered sedge, is a
          candidate for federal listing under the U.S. Endangered Species
          #Xct. A State Endangered grass at this site has boen found at
          only five other locations in Maryland. The othei"two are State
          Rare species, a sedge and a member of the Bluet Family. The
          wetland now closing in with persimmons harbors Maryland's only
          known occurrence of the fifth rare species, a State Endangered
          grass. This species is a potential candidate for listing under
          the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

               Delmarva bays are nontidal wetlands which are annually
          recharged by groundwater. Filling in the winter and early
          spring, these inundated ponds provide ideal breeding and resting
          habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife. 'As the
          ponds dry in the summer, moist depressions remain which are
          rapidly colonized by herbaceous species.

               Many Delmarva bays have been destroyed by drainage and
          filling for agriculture and development. As these bays become
          increasingly rare, so do the rare plant and animal species which
          rely on them. Rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially
          adapted to fluctuating water levels are often associated with
          existing Delmarva bays.

               A private conservation organization owns and manages the 8-
          acre persimmon-dominated wetland, but the adjacent open Delmarva
          bay is in private ownership


          Site Name: Petroski Bog

          USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               Petroski Bog is a sphagnous bog harboring a population of a
          State Endangered wildflower. This rare plant thrives in sunny
          wetland openings with acidic soils.

               Bogs are acidic, nutrient-poor nontidal wetlands
          characteristically covered by thick, floating mats of sphagnum.
          The water in bogs is typically slow-moving or stagnant. In
          Maryland, these bogs were historically created by fires or beaver
          activity which dammed part of a free-flowing water channel. Bogs
          have become increasingly rare on the Eastern Shore with the
          decline of beaver'and man's suppression of fire. Species
          uniquely adapted to the conditions of the bog have also become
          increasingly rare.








          Site Name: R & X Bay

          USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               R & X Bay is an unusually deep andopen Delmarva bay with a
          silty bottom. It harbors a small population of a State
          Endangered sedge. This sedge is a candidate for listing under
          the U.S. Endangered Species Act. An uncommon gr4os also inhabits
          this Delmarva bay.

               Delmarva bays are nontidal wetlands which are annually
          recharged by groundwater. Filling in the winter and'early
          spring, these inundated ponds provide ideal breeding and resting
          habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife.  As the
          ponds dry in the summer, moist depressions remain which are
          rapidly colonized by herbaceous species.

               Many Delmarva bays have been destroyed by drainage and
          filling for agriculture and development. As Delmarva bays
          decrease in number, so do the.rare plant and animal species which
          inhabit them. Remaining Delmarva bays often contain rare,
          disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to the fluctuating
          water levels. Because the species composition of Delmarva bays
          varies seasonally, future surveys of R & M Bay at different times
          of the year may yield new rare species locations.



          Site Name: Red Bridges Road Crossing

          USGS Quad: Denton

               Red Bridges Road Crossing is a swamp near the headwaters of
          the Choptank River. A State Threatened shrub population grows in
          the understory of the swamp forest along the lower banks of the
          river. A few scattered shrubs were observed when the population
          was surveyed in 1987; future surveys are needed to determine the
          full extent of the population.

               Only one other population of this Threatened shrub occurs in
          Maryland. The low number of occurrences for this species may
          indicate that it has highly specific soil or hydrologic
          requirements.

               Part of this swamp is owned by the county and is managed as
          parkland. Undisturbed swamp forests have become increasingly
          rare as wooded buffers are removed, allowing the invasion of
          exotic species, siltation, and degradation of water quality.
          Species associated with undisturbed swamp forests are also
          declining in numbers.



                                          12









           Site Name: Schuyler Pond

           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                 This 1.5 acre seasonal pond contains Maryland's only known
           population of a State Endangered plant species. Thought to have
           been extirpated from Maryland until its discovery in 1987, this
           plant species is also very rare in surrounding states. The
           population in Schuyler Pond is large and was flowering profusely
           at the time of the site visit, indicating that the population is
           well established.

                 The seasonal pond was deepened by excavation over 15 years
           ago. A dense mat of sphagnum moss occurs along the outer edge of
           the pond, suggesting that this region was not severely disturbed
           during excavation. Many similar ponds have been destroyed by
           agricultural ditching and drainage. In addition, trees or shrubs
           dominate most of the remaining seasonal ponds, while this pond is
           a-grassy glade in late summer. Fluctuating groundwater level
           maintains this abundance of herbaceous vegetation. The pond's
           water level is highest in the spring, then recedes, and the pond
           dries in the summer. Rare, disjunct, or endemic species uniquely
           adapted to the fluctuating water levels are often found in
           remaining seasonal ponds.

                 Rare amphibians may also inhabit this site. These
           amphibians are not apparent in late summer, when the site was
           visited; however, the landowner reported observing numerous
           amphibians in the spring. Because the flora and fauna of the
           pond vary seasonally and annually with water level, several
           visits will be required to obtain a complete species list for the
           site.


           Site Name: Smithville Swamp

           USGS Quad: Hickman

                 Smithville Swamp is an extensive swamp forest, partly logged
           in 1983, which is located adjacent to a State Wildlife Management
           Area. A sphagnous seep at the edge of the swamp harbors a fairly
           large, vigorous population of a State Endangered sedge. This
           plant species occurs at only five other locations in Maryland and
           is a potential candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered
           Species Act.

                 This sedge species may require periodic disturbance, as well
           as special hydrologic and soil conditions, to regenerate and
           thrive. Natural disturbances which once created wetland gaps,
           such as fire and flooding, have been largely suppressed by man.
           Today, removal of woody vegetation in wetlands with special soil


                                              13









          and hydrologic conditions can sometimes mimic natural wetland
          openings suitable for colonization by rare species.


          Site Name: South Melville Crossroads Pothole


          USGS Quad: Goldsboro

               This pond is a nontidal wetland referred to as a Delmarva
          bay. The pond normally fills with water in the winter and spring
          and dries during the summer. Such wetlands are usually forested
          or dominated by shrubs. Bays dominated by emergent, herbaceous
          vegetation, such as the South Melville Crossroads Pond, are rare
          in Maryland. Many similar ponds have been destroyed by
          agricultural drainage and ditching. As seasonal ponds are
          reduced in number, so are the rare plant and animal species which
          rely on them for habitat. Remaining seasonal ponds often harbor
          rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to the
          fluctuating water levels.

               Of the four rare species in this bay, two are Threatened and
          one is Highly State Rare in Maryland. In addition to the
          populations in this bay, only three populations of the Threatened
          sedge and six populations of the Threatened emergent plant
          species are known to occur in Maryland. Just one population of
          the sedge and two populations of the emergent plant are protected
          currently. The Highly State Rare species at this site, a sedge,
          thrives in the Delmarva bay after the groundwater recedes.

               Seasonal ponds may be important sites of groundwater
          recharge and thus may be important in maintaining groundwater
          quality. The land surrounding the ponds may be the seepage face,
          where groundwater meets the soil surface. When the soil profile
          is saturated with water, it is likely that water drains into the
          ponds from the surrounding land of slightly higher elevation.
          Groundwater quality may also be enhanced by the filtering effects
          of the seasonal pond vegetation.

               Seasonal ponds are feeding grounds for a variety of resident
          waterbirds such as herons and egrets. They also provide
          important resting, breeding, and feeding grounds for migratory
          waterfowl, shorebirds, and-songbirds.


          Site Name: Tuckahoe Creek North

          USGS Quad: Ridgely

               Tuckahoe Creek North site encompasses seasonally flooded,
          temporarily flooded, and saturated palustrine forests, shrub
          swamps, and open water ponds upstream from and adjacent to the
          Tuckahoe Creek North Natural Heritage Area (NHA). Preserving the

                                          14









          nontidal wetlands feeding into the Tuckahoe Creek North N.H.A. is
          essential to maintaining the hydrologic regime, water quality,
          species composition, and natural character of the NHA.

               The nontidal wetland vegetation in this site acts as a
          natural filter, reducing the sediment and chemical content of
          surface runoff entering tidal areas. This function is especially
          important because Tuckahoe Creek is the main trit?Utary of the
          Choptank River. In addition to reducing pollution and siltation
          in the NHA tidal wetlands and in the river, the nontidal wetlands
          serve as catchment basins for seasonally high surface runoff.
          Instead of flooding and increasing erosion in the tidal channel,
          the excess surface runoff evaporates or is slowly absorbed into
          the soil. Periodic freshwater discharge from the nontidal
          wetland increases the nutrient availability in the tidal
          wetlands, stimulating productivity. This freshwater influx also
          creates varied habitat, resulting in increased species diversity.

               A large and extensive population of a State Threatened shrub
          species thrives in Tuckahoe Creek's riparian habitat. The
          nontidal wetlands and adjacent upland forests buffer this rare
          plant population from disturbance or nonnative weedy species
          invasion. Although not surveyed, Forest Interior Dwelling Birds
          probably breed in the site due to its large size and variety of
          habitats.



































                                          15






















                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF

                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN






                                     CECIL COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration





















                                     INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Cecil County that is designated as a nontidal wetland of
           Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, Sth
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                      CECIL COUNTY




           Site Name: Bald Friar Ravine

           USGS Quad: Conowingo Dam

                The lower slopes and stream banks of this ra'y'ine support a
           lush deciduous forest with an exceptionally diverse herbaceous
           layer. The soil is rich in nutrients and much less acidic than
           most soils of this county. An outstanding display of spring
           wildflowers thrives in this loamy, circumneutral soi1. Because
           the slopes are extremely steep and stony, the ravine 'is
           unsuitable for cultivation and there is little evidence of recent
           disturbance.

                An uncommon wildflower species and a rare form of a fairly
           common plant species grow in the luxuriant herbaceous layer of
           the forest. The uncommon species usually inhabits rich, cool
           forests in the mountains. This may be the easternmost occurrence
           of this species in Maryland, and it is the only reported site in
           Cecil County.

                The rich, cool slopes of the ravine, in conjunction with the
           adjacent forest, provide excellent feeding and breeding habitat
           for migratory songbirds. The marsh and pond at the mouth of the
           ravine provide habitat for amphibians. Local residents fish in
           the pond.


           Site Name: Camp Rodney Swamp

           USGS Quad: North East

                This freshwater wetland complex is unusual both in size and
           species diversity. At the center of the complex is an
           exceptionally large shrub swamp that is dominated by Red Maple
           and dotted with emergent marsh in the wettest areas. Forested
           wetlands radiate from the shrub swamp. Water level differs
           between the shrub swamp and the adjacent swamp forests. In
           addition,, the water regimes within the swamp forests vary with
           elevation and soil type, ranging from *semi-permanently to
           temporarily inundated. The great diversity of plant species
           within the wetland complex may be attributed to this hydrologic
           variation.

                Sphagnum hummocks within the shrub swamp produce acidic
           conditions that favor the growth of unusual plants. Two unusual
           plant species inhabit marshy edges and openings within the swamp.
           This is the only known site in the State for one plant, which is
           listed as Endangered in Maryland. This rare plant occurs in an









           emergent marsh, and is sensitive to hydrologic changes. The
           other species is considered uncommon in Maryland and grows at
           this site in herbaceous openings among the wetland shrubs.

                With further survey, it is likely that other rare species
           will be found in these extensive wetlands.

                The various types of wetlands in this proteAtion area
           provide resting and feeding grounds for migrator]@,waterfowl and
           songbirds and nesting habitat for resident waterbirds and
           songbirds.

                The wetlands and adjacent upland provide an outstanding
           outdoor educational opportunity in conjunction with the natural
           history courses taught at Camp Rodney.


           Site Name: Cecil Bog

           USGS Quad: Conowingo Dam

                The feature of greatest ecological significance at this site
           is an unusual nontidal wetland composed of a boggy wet meadow and
           a gravel seepage slope. Chrome soils and the lack of woody
           vegetation are the two unusual ecological features of this rare
           wetland habitat. Although chrome soils are scattered throughout
           northwestern Cecil County, they are usually well-drained and they'
           seldom occur in wetlands.

                The wet meadow lies in an actively maintained powerline
           right-of-way. The upper portion of the meadow is dominated by
           grasses and sedges, including three rare or uncommon species.
           The lower portion of the meadow is a mixture of open areas and
           shrubby areas with Meadowsweet as the dominant woody plant.
           Moisture is supplied continuously to both areas by groundwater
           seeping from the adjacent slopes. Sphagnum moss, orchids, and
           carnivorous plants are scattered throughout the meadow.

                The gravel seepage slope adjacent to the meadow is outside
           the actively maintained area of the powerline. It is dominated
           by woody saplings and shrubs. Open areas occur along the major
           seepage courses where rivulets carry surface water to a small
           stream. The herbaceous vegetation of these open areas is very
           similar to the vegetation in the boggy meadow.

                Historically, fire suppressed the growth of woody vegetation
           on dry chrome soils and in the wetlands surrounded by these dry
           soils. However, the modern practice of fire suppression has
           nearly eliminated'these open, sparsely wooded habitats. Without
           fire, woody vegetation slowly encroaches. The rare grasses and
           forbs that inhabit the openings do not survive under the-canopy
           of the invading trees and shrubs. The most open portion of Cecil

                                            2








           Bog occurs in a powerline right-of-way. The artificial exclusion
           of woody vegetation from this powerline simulates the effect of
           fire and maintains an unforested area similar, although not
           identical, to the naturally open habitats that were more common
           historically.

                The unusual plant communities that occur on this rare
           habitat include one species that is Rare in Maryland, known from
           fewer than 20 sites in the State. Two additional species are
           considered uncommon in Maryland, not currently threatened but
           declining or restricted in the State. The populations of all
           three species are vigorous and include numerous flowering and
           fruiting individuals.

                Additional rare species are likely to occur in this unusual
           habitat. Further survey would be required to complete a species
           list for the site.

                Deer and other wildlife rest and feed in the wetland and
           surrounding forest.

                Two landowners adjacent to the bog have agreed to protect
           the portions of their land that serve as forested buffer to the
           bog. They have joined The Nature Conservancy's Natural Areas
           Registry. For one of these properties, the Maryland Natural
           Heritage Program has worked with the Project Forester to draft a
           Forest Conservation Management Agreement that excludes from
           logging the registered portion of the property plus a 200 ft.
           buffer.



           Site Name: Charlestown West Seeps

           USGS Quads: Havre de Grace, North East

                Charlestown West Seeps contains a small, meandering stream
           and its tributary which is fed by a sphagnous seepage slope. The
           seepage slope is dominated by sphagnum moss, Sweet Bay, and Skunk
           Cabbage, and supports a population of a rare plant known from
           only four other sites in the State. This species is listed as
           Endangered in Maryland, and as Threatened under the U.S.
           Endangered Species Act. The undisturbed, spring-fed, sphagnous
           wetland habitat which the rare plant requires is increasingly
           rare throughout its range. Urban development and agriculture
           have led to direct loss or alteration of this habitat due to
           draining, ditching, and filling of wetlands, channelization of
           waters for flood control, and sedimentation from building
           construction. Each site where this plant occurs in Maryland
           receives some voluntary landowner protection, but no site is
           adequately or completely protected.



                                           3








                This freshwater wetland supports a diverse array of
           herbaceous species, including ferns, flowering shrubs, and herbs.
           Surveys at various times during the growing season may reveal
           additional rare plant species. The permanent, spring-fed seeps
           and a large woodland pond on the site provide excellent habitat
           for amphibians. The wetlands as well as the relatively mature
           surrounding uplands provide suitable habitat for many wildlife
           species, including songbirds, waterbirds, and deer.


           Site Name: Log Cabin Sedge Meadow

           USGS Quad: Conowingo Dam

                This unusual wet sedge meadow occurs on chrome soil and
           lacks woody vegetation. Wetlands such as this seldom occur on
           chrome soils, which are usually well-drained. Historically, fire
           created open, sparsely forested habitats such as this sedge
           meadow. However, the modern practice of fire suppression has
           nearly eliminated these habitats. The lack of woody vegetation
           in the meadow is partially maintained by groundwater seepage.
           Maintenance of the adjacent powerline right-of-way also
           eliminates woody vegetation along the edge of the sedge meadow.
           In addition, the shallow, chrome soil in portions of the adjacent
           forest inhibits the growth of trees and shrubs, and supports only
           a thin cover of woody vegetation.

                Three unusual plant species grow among the sedges and forbs
           of the sedge meadow. Nearby, in seeps and along a small stream
           beneath the powerline, grow several smaller populations of the
           same plants. one species is considered Rare in Maryland and is
           known from fewer than 20 sites in the State. It grows abundantly
           at this site. The other two species are considered uncommon in
           Maryland--not yet threatened, but worthy of monitoring due to
           restricted or declining populations.


           Site Name: Octoraro Slopes

           USGS Quad: Rising Sun

                Although much of this area is upland habitat, wetland seeps
           and floodplain forest form a small but important part. They
           contribute to habitat diversity within the area and form part of
           the forested buffer protecting rare plant populations.

                Steep, wooded slopes and rich ravines characterize this
           picturesque site overlooking Octoraro Creek. Dry serpentine
           soils at the northern end of the area give way to rich, loamy
           soils near the southern end, and the corresponding change in
           vegetation is dramatic. The dry serpentine soil supports pine-
           oak woods with a sparse herbaceous layer. The moist, more

                                           4









           fertile soil supports a diverse deciduous woods with a lush
           herbaceous layer. The spring wildflower display is unusually
           colorful and diverse. A State Rare plant species occurs
           infrequently in the northern portion of the area on semi-open
           outcrops of serpentine soil. It is known from fewer than a dozen
           sites in Maryland. Numerous rock slides and talus slopes are
           interspersed with moist ravines and seeps. The upland hardwood
           forest blends into mesic deciduous woods on the kower slope near
           the creek. At the base of the slope, along the 6reek, the
           floodplain forest is dominated by Sycamore, Silver Maple, and Box
           Elder.

                 The moist and dry forests of the protection area provide
           excellent habitats for a variety of wildlife. Numerous birds,
           reptiles, deer, and small mammals were observed during the field
           survey. The scenic beauty of this slope is unmatched elsewhere
           along Octoraro Creek, where similar areas have been logged or
           developed.

                 Because the protection area includes a variety of habitats,
           it is likely that further survey will reveal other rare species
           at this site.



           Site Name: Plum Creek


           USGS Quad: North East

                 The Plum Creek site encompasses nontidal wetlands that are
           adjacent to and form the headwaters of Plum Creek Natural
           Heritage Area (NHA). It consists of palustrine forests, shrub
           swamps, and open water ponds.     Preserving the nontidal wetlands
           upstream from Plum Creek NHA is essential if the water quality
           and quantity, species composition, and natural character of the
           NHA are to be maintained. The wetland vegetation in this site
           reduces pollution and flooding in the NHA by slowing water flowl,
           filtering sediment and chemical pollutants, and utilizing
           nutrients. This helps preserve the habitat of the rare plant
           species that inhabit the NHA.

                 The nontidal wetlands at Plum Creek provide habitat for a
           variety of wildlife species such as beaver, Great Blue Heron,
           waterfowl, and reptiles and amphibians.

                 Natural Heritage Areas are communities of plants and animals
           that are considered to be among the best statewide examples of
           their kind. The Plum Creek NHA encompasses at least five types
           of Habitat Protection Areas recognized by Chesapeake Bay Critical
           Area Criteria, including Natural Heritage Area, Endangered
           Species, Nontidal Wetland, Riparian Forest, and Buffer. The NHA
           contains a variety of habitats including tidal and nontidal


                                             5









           marshes and swamps, tidal mudflats, open water, and forested
           ravines and slopes.

                Among the plants growing in the tidal marshes of the NHA is
           an herbaceous emergent species that is listed as Threatened in
           Maryland. It is known from fewer than ten sites in the State. A
           rare species listed as Endangered in Maryland was.observed
           growing within the NHA in recent years but the pc
                                                            ,pulation may
           have been destroyed by siltation resulting from 6Qnstruction of a
           bridge. Fewer than five other populations of that species occur
           in Maryland, all of them in Cecil County. The NHA also supports
           another plant species considered uncommon in Maryland.
           Historically, it harbored three additional rare plants whose
           current status is unknown.


           Site Name: Port Deposit

           USGS Quad: Aberdeen

                This site contains forested, scrub-shrub, and emergent
           wetlands along the shores of the Susquehanna River. Although
           generally weedy in nature, the wetland supports a population of
           an annual, herbaceous, plant that is considered Rare in Maryland.
           This annual thrives with the periodic disturbance of flooding.
           However, the river also acts as a corridor for the spread of non-
           native, weedy species that tolerate frequent flood scouring.
           These weedy species are displacing native species along many  of
           Maryland's river banks and may pose a threat to the rare species
           in this floodplain.


           Site Name: Roaring Woods

           USGS Quad: Conowingo Dam

                Several seeps and small streams occur on the steep to
           moderately steep forested slopes of this area. The seeps and
           streams support areas of exceptionally lush herbaceous growth. A
           narrow band of floodplain forest occurs along Octoraro Creek,
           supporting species such as River Birch and Sycamore.

                The diverse herbaceous layer at this site includes a wetland
           .wildflower that is considered uncommon in Maryland and worthy of
           monitoring. A State Threatened plant species, known from only
           six sites in Maryland, grows in the moist soils of the north-
           facing slopes. Collection for medicinal use is reported to have
           severely depleted populations of this plant throughout its range.
           The sites in Maryland are near the southern limit of the range of
           this species.



                                            6









                The wetlands and forested slopes at Roaring Woods aid in
           flood control and protect the water quality of Octoraro Creek by
           slowing and absorbing rainfall. The forests and floodplain along
           the creek provide diverse habitats for a wide variety of
           wildlife. Due to the unusual chrome-rich soils of this area,
           additional rare species are",likely to occur in the vicinity.
                The forested slopes, streams and seeps are extremely scenic.
           Much of this watershed has been cleared for farming or for
           residential and commercial purposes. This site is one of only a
           handful of picturesque forested tracts remaining along Octoraro
           Creek.



           Site Name: Stone Run Millpond

           USGS Quad: Rising Sun

                Stone Run Millpond is a wetland complex of open water,
           emergent marsh, shrub swamp, and forested swamp. The wetlands
           are fed by several streams and are created by the impoundment of
           Stone Run. The variety of wetland habitats supports a remarkable
           diversity of native vegetation. Among the diverse species in the
           swamp forest upstream from the open marsh is a small population
           of a rare wildflower. This species is listed as Threatened in
           Maryland and is known from fewer than ten other sites in the
           State. It is a long-lived perennial plant that is especially
           rare in the eastern part of Maryland; this is the only current
           record of the species in Cecil County.

                Historically, natural freshwater ponds and associated
           wetlands in this area were created almost exclusively by beaver
           activity. However, as a result of trapping and habitat
           destruction, beaver are now much-less common than they were
           historically. The rock dam that impounds this area creates
           wetland habitats similar to naturally occurring habitat that is
           now uncommon on the Upper Coastal Plain.

                The wetland complex provides ideal feeding and resting
           ground for resident waterbirdg, songbirds, and migratory
           waterfowl. Many reptiles and amphibians were observed during the
           field survey, especially along the shoreline of the pond and in
           the emergent marsh.

                This site occurs in close proximity to residential
           communities. Paths traversing the area between the wetland and
           the nearest housing development suggest that it is an important
           site for passive outdoor recreation and nature appreciation.





                                           7








           Site Name: Whitaker swamp

           USGS Quads: Bay View, Havre de Grace, North East

                Whitaker Swamp contains a prime example of a mature,
           deciduous, swamp forest. Swamp forests of this size and age are
           rare in Maryland due to clearing and draining for development or
           logging. The high water quality of groundwater seeps feeding
           this swamp is maintained by the undisturbed, forested slopes that
           border the swamp. These soils are less acidic than most soils of
           the Upper Coastal Plain and they support a high diversity of
           herbaceous species. Wildflowers carpet the swamp in spring and
           early summer.

                Two rare plants grow among the numerous herbaceous species
           in the swamp. One of these is a perennial species that is listed
           as Endangered in Maryland and as Threatened under the U.S.
           Endangered Species Act. It is rare throughout its range,
           confined to very specific types of wetlands, and it is known from
           only four other sites in Maryland. This population is the
           largest in the State and is reproducing well. This site affords
           the best opportunity for protection of this species in the State.

                The second rare plant in the forested wetland at this site
           is also listed as Endangered in Maryland and is a candidate for
           listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. This is the only
           Cecil County population reported since 1928. A third significant
           plant species grows on the forested slopes above the wetland. It
           is considered uncommon in Maryland, not currently threatened but
           in need of monitoring. This population is among the largest in
           the State.

                The large freshwater wetland at this site provides excellent
           feeding and nesting habitat for migratory songbirds and
           amphibians. In addition, large forested swamps such as this play
           an important role in protecting the water quality the Chesapeake
           Bay.


           Site Name: Wildcat Ravine

           USGS Quad: Conowingo Dam

                Wildcat Ravine contains a small pond and emergent marsh at
           the bottom of a scenic, steep-sided ravine. Seeps emerge from
           the steep slopes and are lush with herbaceous growth. The water
           quality throughout the site appears to be good. The pond and
           marsh provide habitat for waterbirds. The lack of recent
           disturbance throughout most of the site is unusual, as is the
           large size of the trees in the ravine. The dominant species on
           the ravine slopes is Hemlock, which is unusual for Cecil County.
           The major landowner has agreed to voluntarily protect this site.

                                           8










               A species of fern that is listed as Endangered in Maryland
          was reported historically from this area. Further survey would
          be required to determine whether the species survives in Wildcat
          Ravine. Because there has been little disturbance, the fern may
          still grow at this site.
               The scenic stream, forest and wetland provi@ke opportunity
          for hiking and birding. The site provides habitdt for resident
          and migratory songbirds.








































                                          9























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                    CHARLES COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                     INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Charles County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                    CHARLES COUNTY




                                     '. t
           Site Name: Brentland Woods

           USGS Quad: Mathias Point

                Brentland Woods consists of an extensive bottomland forest
           and narrow palustrine forests in two ravines that feed into the
           main tract. This bottomland forest is dominated by Tulip Tree,
           Red Maple, and Sweet Gum; the lush understory is dominated by
           Spicebush, Pawpaw, and numerous herbs. Many large trees remain
           in the forest, especially north of the main stream.

                The spring herbaceous cover is unusually lush and diverse,
           especially along the floodplain and on the moist lower slopes.
           Among the numerous wildflowers is a floodplain species that is
           considered Highly State Rare. None of the populations of this
           rare species are protected. This population appears vigorous;
           hundreds of flowering and fruiting plants were observed in the
           floodplain forest along both the main stream and its tributaries.
           Because the population is large, the rare species' habitat is
           extensive, and the watershed remains forested, Brentland Woods
           provides an excellent opportunity to preserve this species in
           Maryland.

                The upland woods, dominated by oaks, Beech, and American
           Holly, are as fine an example of this habitat as remains in the
           county. Most areas of similar habitat in Charles County have
           been destroyed by clearing for residential and commercial
           development, agriculture, and silviculture.

                This-large, contiguous tract of forest provides excellent
           habitat for forest interior dwelling birds. Sightings and signs
           of fox' deer, woodchuck, squirrel, and owl were noted, indicating
           that the area is rich in wildlife.


           Site Name: Bryantown Swamp

           USGS Quad: Hughesville

                Scattered within this wetland are large swamp forests, shrub
           swamps, emergent marshes, and wet, grassy meadows. The area is
           uncommonly diverse in its habitats and wetland plant communities.
           Emergent marsh borders slightly higher, drier floodplain forest;
           open areas dominated by herbaceous growth intermingle with wooded
           swamp. A rare plant species listed as Endangered in Maryland
           occurs in several of the more open, grassy meadows. Most of the
           other populations of this species known from the Upper Coastal
           Plain occur in vulnerable sites that will be difficult to









           protect. Bryantown Swamp offers one of the best opportunities to
           successfully preserve this rare species on the Upper Coastal
           Plain.

                It is likely that other rare species occur in this wetland
           complex. A second rare plant species, listed as Endangered
           Extirpated in Maryland, was reported from this area as recently
           as 1969, but was not observed during a field visit in 1988. it
           is possible that the species still exists at this site. If the
           species is rediscovered at this or any other site in Maryland,
           its status will automatically convert to Endangered in the State.
           Because observable plant species differ from one season to the
           next, several more visits to the site will be required to produce
           a complete species list.

                This diverse wetland complex provides fine habitat for
           migratory and resident birds, amphibians, reptiles, deer, and
           other mammals.



           Site Name: Cat Pond


           USGS Quad: La Plata

                This is the only seasonal pond dominated by herbaceous
           vegetation that is known on the Western Shore, and it is a superb
           example of this habitat. In Maryland, the majority of seasonal
           ponds occur on the Eastern Shore and are dominated by woody
           vegetation. Approximately two acres of Cat Pond are dominated by
           grasses, sedges, and other herbaceous plants. Shrubs and
           deciduous forest border this grassy area. During the fall,
           winter, and spring the pond fills with water. This long period
           of flooding discourages the growth of most woody species. In
           late spring, the water recedes and exposes mud flats along the
           pond edge. By late summer there is very little water in the
           pond. The exposed flats are covered by "drawdown" plants that
           germinate after the water recedes and complete their life cycles
           before the pond refills. The fluctuating water regime creates a
           unique habitat in which plants must endure long periods both of
           flooding and drought.

                Although no rare species were observed during the most
           recent field surveys in 1988, the pond provides suitable habitat
           for several rare plants and amphibians. Further survey may
           reveal populations of these species at Cat Pond. Similar ponds
           on the Eastern Shore harbor a number of rare plants and three
           rare amphibians. Because the flora and fauna of the pond vary
           seasonally, several visits will be required to obtain a complete
           species list for the site.




                                           2









                Cat Pond provides excellent resting and feeding grounds for
           migratory waterfowl. The pond also provides habitat for
           amphibians.


           Site Name: County Line Trail Seep

           USGS Quad: Brandywine

                At least three hydrologically different wetland-types occur
           within this mature Tulip Tree-Red Maple Forest. These wetlands
           provide habitat for diverse vegetation. The absence,of non-
           native species in this forest is particularly signifi'cant.
           Seepage from adjacent gravelly slopes raises the water level
           locally in small depressions. These groundwater-fed wetlands
           support excellent examples of a plant community that is more
           common in the mountains. They have received little artificial.
           disturbance recently, and the soil is rich in nutrients.

                Two unusual plant species inhabit the seepage wetlands.
           These are disjunct populations of both species; both plants
           usually occur in the mountains. This is Maryland's only known
           population of one these species, which is listed as State
           Endangered. This population appears to be stable and
           successfully reproducing.

                The other species is considered uncommon in Maryland, not
           currently threatened but in need of monitoring. Hydrological
           change, either an increase or reduction of the water level of the
           swamp, would destroy the rare species habitat and alter the
           vegetative composition of the site. The rare and uncommon
           species are intolerant of extended flooding but require very wet,
           boggy soil. Sedimentation in the wetland would also adversely
           impact these species.

                The forested swamp and adjacent slope provide habitat for
           native and migratory songbirds. The swamp also provides habitat
           for amphibians and reptiles. Numerous deer inhabit the forest.


           Site Name: Doncaster Forest

           USGS Quad: Nanjemoy

                A mature bottomland forest of Sweet Gum,' Tulip Tree, and Red
           Maple borders the stream that flows through this site.
           Spicebush, Pawpaw and numerous ferns and herbs grow in the rich
           soils of this old forest. Several trees are greater than two
           feet in diameter.- The presence of large, well-decayed logs and
           the developing structure of the forest canopy also reveal the
           maturity of the forests. Forests of similar age lacking recent
           disturbance are rare on the Upper Coastal Plain. The clearing of

                                           3









           forests for agriculture and for commercial and residential
           development has nearly eliminated mature forests from this
           region. The uplands adjacent to this wetland site support a
           mature forest of oaks and hickory, with Virginia Pine dominant in
           two younger areas.

                The mature forests in this area provide a variety of
           habitats that are absent from young forests. CayLity-nesting
           birds such as woodpeckers inhabit large, old tredr?.-Insects
           thrive on the decaying logs and dead standing trees,:and provide
           food for a variety of forest-dwelling birds. Warblers and other
           songbirds feed on the insects that inhabit the well-developed
           canopy. The decaying logs and leaf litter return nutrients to
           the soil. If allowed to mature further, a greater diversity of
           native herbaceous species, including numerous wildflowers, will
           grow in the developing soil of this forest than will inhabit
           repeatedly cleared, young forests.

                The bottomland forest maintains the water quality of the
           stream it borders by preventing erosion and filtering sediment
           that might otherwise enter the stream. The mature forests
           provide excellent opportunities for hiking, birdwatching, and
           natural history education.


           Site Name: Maryland Point Swamp

           USGS Quad: Nanjemoy

                This diverse wetland complex contains fine examples of
           forested swamp, shrub swamp, emergent marsh, and bottomland
           forest. Six rare and uncommon plant species inhabit these
           wetlands. Three of these species are listed as Endangered in
           Maryland. The dominant aquatic plant in most of the shrub swamp
           and emergent marsh is a State Endangered species known from no
           other site in the State. This population is located on the
           northern fringe of the species' range. The presence of numerous
           flowering and fruiting plants indicates that this is a thriving
           and viable population.

                The other two Endangered plants at this site are both
           sedges. one of these is known from only four other sites in the
           State. All known populations of this sedge in Maryland are
           small, and although it contains fewer than one hundred fruiting
           stems, this population may be the largest in the State.
                The fourth rare species is a wetland wildflower that is
           designated as State Rare and is known from fewer than six other
           sites in Maryland. Two additional plants are considered uncommon
           in the State, not currently threatened but worthy of monitoring.



                                           4









               This wetland is influenced by beaver activity which aids in
           maintaining consistent water levels throughout the growing
           season. Historically, beaver played an important role in the
           creation of freshwater wetlands required by many rare species.
           Unfortunately, the decline of beaver populations has resulted in
           the loss of many of these important habitats. Many more have
           been destroyed by drainage for logging, development, and
           agricultural purposes.

               Further survey of this important wetland complex may yield
           records of rare amphibians. This wetland provides excellent
           habitat for resident and migratory waterfowl, other birds, and
           other wildlife.



           Site Name: Pomonkey School Stream

           USGS Quad: Port Tobacco

                This Tulip Poplar-Red Maple bottomland forest supports a
           population of a wetland plant considered Highly State Rare. It
           is known from fewer than ten sites in Maryland. This species
           benefits from the relatively neutral soils at this site. Most
           soils on Maryland's Coastal Plain are acidic. The calcareous
           soils at Pomonkey School Stream are due to the presence of
           underlying Miocene shell deposits, brought to the surface by
           stream erosion. The rare species is an annual plant that is
           dependent on the flooding regime at this site for successful
           reproduction and establishment. Maryland's populations of this
           rare plant are located at the northeastern limit of the species,
           range. outlying populations are especially important to protect
           because they often differ genetically from populations nearer the
           center of the species' range. These genetic differences can help
           the species survive severe environmental changes.


           Site Name: Popes Creek

           USGS Quad: Popes Creek

                This site contains bottomland forests and forested swamps
           along the headwaters of Popes Creek. These nontidal wetlands are
           part of one of Maryland's most productive and diverse
           tidal/nontidal wetland complexes. The portion of the complex
           within the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area is designated as Popes
           Creek Natural Heritage Area (NHA). Preserving the nontidal
           wetlands upstream from the NHA is essential if the water quality
           and quantity, species composition, and natural character of the
           NHA are to be maintained. These nontidal wetlands are very
           important filters for upland runoff. Furthermore, they discharge
           freshwater into contiguous tidal marsh communities and thus
           contribute to their high productivity and species diversity.

                                           5










                These nontidal forested wetlands and surrounding uplands are
           also important as habitat for forest interior dwelling birds. In
           a recent survey of NHA forests adjacent to this site, ten forest
           interior dwelling bird species were recorded, including eight
           that may breed in the area, four that were clearly defending
           territory, and four that are indicative of high-quality breeding
           habitat. The forests in and surrounding the nontidal wetland of
           Special State Concern are important contiguous habitat for these
           forest interior birds.

                Natural Heritage Areas'are communities of plants and animals
           that are considered to be among the best statewide examples of
           their kind. Popes Creek NHA contains seven major wetland
           communities in a relatively small area. The Saltmarsh Cordgrass
           Community occurs closest to the Potomac River, followed in an
           inland direction by communities of Big Cordgrass, Swamp Rose-
           Mallow, a nontidal forested wetland, and finally an open water
           beaver pond. Deciduous upland forest surrounds the wetland
           complex and both are utilized by a bird species that is listed as
           Endangered by both Maryland and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
           Service.

                The Salt Marsh Cordgrass Community is one of the most
           productive communities worldwide. Annual primary productivity
           averages about 4 tons per acre, and most of this detritus becomes
           available to the estuarine food web by tidal flushing. This type
           of marsh also provides food and breeding sites for fish,
           muskrats, waterfowl, and other birds. The Big Cordgrass
           Community is second only to the Salt Marsh Community in the
           amount of detritus available to the aquatic food web. The
           Cattail Community provides habitat and food for both game and
           non-game wildlife. The Rose-Mallow Community is especially
           important as a nesting area for non-game birds. These marshes at
           the NHA also function as sediment traps for upland runoff and as
           buffers to shoreline erosion.

                This site is in the vicinity of an historical record for a
           State Rare plant species that occurs on shorelines of tidal and
           nontidal wetlands. Further survey may reveal that the rare plant
           still grows at this site.


           Site Name: Port Tobacco Run


           USGS Quad: Port Tobacco

                This Red Maple-River Birch floodplain forest supports a
           large, vigorous population of a plant species that is considered
           Highly State Rare. This population is one of fewer than ten
           known populations in Maryland, five of which occur in Charles
           County.

                                           6










                Populations of this species in Maryland represent the
           northeastern limit of the species' range. Because outlying
           populations must adapt to environmental conditions which are
           extreme for the species, they often differ genetically from
           populations near the center of species' distribution. Protection
           of these outlying populations maintains genetic variability,
           which is necessary for a species to respond to eMvironmental
           change and survive.

                Although this rare species population is exceptionally
           large, the limited number of populations in Maryland@indicates
           that the species may have highly specific habitat requirements.
           It appears to thrive on the periodic flooding that occurs at this
           site. Since it is an annual species, the rare plant's population
           size and distribution within the floodplain forest may fluctuate
           dramatically from year to year. The best sites for seedling
           germination and survival may also vary with annual changes in
           hydrologic regime. A large continuous span of floodplain forest
           is important for this annual species because it allows the
           population to establish in the most appropriate sites.

                The rare species and its codominant, Yellow Corydalis,
           thrive in circumneutral soils. Soils of Maryland's Coastal Plain
           are typically acidic. The reduced acidity of the soil at this
           site may be attributed to Miocene shell deposits in the substrate
           which are brought to the surface by stream erosion. These
           circumneutral soils may support other plant species uncommon to
           the Coastal Plain.

                The floodplain forest also provides habitat for forest
           interior dwelling birds, amphibians, and reptiles. The Barred
           Owl, a forest interior dwelling bird, was heard calling in this
           forest during its breeding season. One of the preferred habitats
           of this species is mixed floodplain forest and it often nests in
           the cavities of maple trees.

                Protection of the forested area will also buffer Port
           Tobacco Run from sediment and chemical runoff from upland farm
           fields.


           Site name: Thomas Stone National Historical site

           USGS Quad: Port Tobacco

                This site consists of a lush, deciduous bottomland forest
           along a section of Hoghole Creek and a tributary which feeds it.
           The circumneutral'soils produced by underlying shell deposits are
           uncommon on Maryland's Coastal Plain. Along Hoghole Creek, an
           active beaver population has created a complex of open water
           ponds and emergent marshes dominated by Common Rush, Sallow

                                           7








           Sedge, and Water Purslane. The young bottomland forest is
           bordered by Sweet Gum and supports Ironwood, ferns, wildflowers,
           and sedges. The clearing of a powerline right-of-way and past
           logging within the bottomland have encouraged the invasion of
           weedy species, such as Japanese Honeysuckle and Stinging Nettle.
           The ravine slopes are dominated by large American Holly and
           adorned with several wildflowers and numerous ferns such as New
           York, Christmas, and Lady Fern.

                Within the bottomland forest grows a dense stand of an
           annual plant that is listed as Threatened in Maryland. It is
           known from fewer than ten sites in the State. Most of Maryland's
           populations are quite small whereas this population consists of
           several hundred plants. Maryland's populations are near the
           northern limit of the distribution of this species. The
           protection of outlying populations is important because they
           often differ genetically from populations nearer the center ofa
           species' range. This genetic variation may help a species
           survive drastic climate changes or other environmental
           perturbations.

                A second, smaller stand of the same rare plant occurs just
           outside of the nontidal wetland of Special State Concern, on a
           small bluff near the top of the ravine.

                The wetlands at this site, especially the emergent wetlands,
           provide important feeding and resting habitat for waterfowl,
           songbirds, and other wildlife.


           Site Name: Upper Nanjemoy Creek

           USGS Quad: Nanjemoy

                This large wetland complex includes bottomland forest, shrub
           swamp, beaver ponds, seasonal pools, and spring-fed seepage
           areas. These wetlands form the headwaters of Nanjemoy Creek, a
           tributary of the middle reach of the Potomac River. The mature
           bottomland forests support the largest Great Blue Heron Rookery
           in Maryland. A large portion of this site is owned by a non-
           profit conservation organization that manages the site as a
           nature preserve to protect the heron rookery. The herons have
           been nesting at this site since 1945 and the rookery currently
           consists of more than 800 active nests.

                Dominant trees in the bottomland forest are Tulip Poplar,
           Beech, and Red Maple. Many of these trees are unusually large
           and mature for Maryland's Coastal Plain, most of which has been
           heavily timbered.* The herbaceous layer of the bottomland forest
           includes many species of ferns and wildflowers, including a
           number of species that are unusual for Maryland's Coastal Plain.


                                           8









           These plants require a rich woods habitat and are more
           characteristic of the Piedmont.

                Among the plants in the nutrient-rich, moist woods at this
           site is a large colony of a perennial herb that is listed as
           Endangered in Maryland and'is found nowhere else in the State.
           This site represents the northernmost occurrence of this species
           on the Atlantic coast. Populations at the edge of a species'
           range are important to protect because they often differ
           genetically from populations near the center of distribution.
           These genetic differences may help the species survive
           potentially catastrophic environmental changes.
                There is little vegetation immediately under the streamside
           trees that support heron nests, because of high nitrogen levels
           in the soil beneath the nests. This lack of vegetation combined
           with the steepness of the stream banks causes streams in the
           heron rookery to be particularly susceptible to erosion. It is
           essential to preserve the forested watershed above the rookery,
           in order to avoid storm-related pulses in water flow that would
           increase erosion in the rookery and sedimentation downstream.

                Upper Nanjemoy Creek provides habitat for a bird that is
           listed as Endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act as
           well as by the State of Maryland. The site also supports
           breeding populations of mink, river otter, beaver, anadromous
           fish, and other wildlife species.

                The forests at this site form part of a very large block of
           contiguous forest habitat. Maryland's forests have become
           increasingly fragmented due to conversion for agriculture and
           residential and commercial development. Many forest species
           cannot survive in fragmented forests. At least 12 species of
           forest interior dwelling birds have been identified at this site.
           Their long-term survival in this area is dependent on the
           maintenance of a large, unfragmented forest.

                The wetlands at this site are directly upstream from the
           Upper Nanjemoy Creek Natural Heritage Area (NHA). This NHA was
           designated for protection because it is one of the best statewide
           examples of a wetland complex of tidal freshwater wetlands,
           nontidal wetlands and upland islands. In order to maintain the
           water quality and quantity, species composition, and natural
           character of the NHA, it is essential to preserve the contiguous
           nontidal wetlands upstream. Vegetation and buffer of the
           nontidal wetland of Special State Concern reduce pollution and
           flooding in the NHA by slowing water flow, filtering sediment and
           chemical pollutants, and utilizing nutrients.





                                           9









           Site Name: Zekiah Swamp

           USGS Quads: Brandywine, Hughesville, La Plata, Popes Creek,
                        Charlotte Hall

                Zekiah Swamp is a vast wetland complex of extensive hardwood
           swamp forests intermingled with smaller areas of shrub swamp,
           emergent marshes, mudflats, vernal pools and beaver ponds.
           Nearly a mile wide throughout much of its 16 mile length, Zekiah
           swamp's approximately 15,000 acres make it the largest hardwood
           swamp on the Western Shore.

                Despite major disturbances over the years, Zekiah Swamp
           still supports many native plants and animals, including several
           rare species. It provides superb wildlife habitat. The wet,
           organic soils and shallow, highly braided channels make the site
           difficult to penetrate on foot or even by canoe. The biological
           resources and remote, wild character of the swamp led the
           Smithsonian Institution to designate Zekiah as a "Primary Natural
           Area Recommended for Protection" in its report on ecological
           priorities for the Chesapeake Bay Region (1974). The swamp was
           also included in the Department of State Planning's "Catalog of
           Natural Areas in Maryland" in 1968. The Wicomico River, to which
           Zekiah Swamp is the largest contributor of freshwater, was
           designated a Maryland Scenic River in 1971.

                Beginning in the mid-1970's and continuing into the mid-
           19801s, the State purchased land in Zekiah Swamp to establish a
           Natural Environmental Area (NEA) totalling approximately 400
           acres. The steering committee is currently working on
           development of a system of trails through the NEA and is planning
           to build an interpretive center on the site.

                Among the unusual plants in Zekiah Swamp is a sizeable
           population of a sedge that is listed as Endangered in Maryland.
           Another rare plant was known historically from the swamp. It has
           not been reported since 1969 and is now listed as Endangered
           Extirpated in the State. Further survey may reveal that this
           plant still occurs in Zekiah Swamp. If a viable, naturally
           occurring population is discovered in Maryland, the species,
           status will automatically convert to Endangered. A third
           significant plant found in Zekiah Swamp is a tree that is
           considered uncommon in the State, not yet threatened but worthy
           of monitoring. Two additional rare plants occur within Zekiah
           swamp but grow in sites designated separately as small nontidal
           wetlands of Special State Concern. These are discussed in
           separate reports for Bryantown Swamp and County Line Trail Seep.

                At least one bird inhabiting this site is listed as
           Endangered both in Maryland and under the U.S. Endangered Species
           Act. Zekiah Swamp is also the type locality and possibly the
           only known location for a globally rare stonefly.

                                           10











               Wildlife species using Zekiah Swamp are many and varied, and
          include beaver, mink, Maryland Diamondback Terrapin, Sora Rail,
          Ospreyl waterfowl, overwintering Wilson's Snipe, and large
          concentrations of migrating birds. A heron rookery occurs within
          the swamp. The large forest *ed area in Zekiah Swamp provides
          excellent habitat for forest interior dwelling birds, These are
          species that require large tracts of contiguous,,,Unfragmented
          forest to survive. This area was recognized as early as the
          1960's by Maryland's Department of Game and Inland Fish as the
          most important area for wildlife in Southern Maryland.

               Zekiah Swamp is immediately upstream from the wetlands in
          Allen's Fresh Natural Heritage Area (NHA). Natural Heritage
          Areas are communities of plants and animals that are considered
          to be among the best statewide examples of their kind.
          Preserving the nontidal wetlands upstream from the NHA is
          essential if the water quality and quantity, species composition,
          and natural character of the NHA are to be maintained. The
          wetland vegetation in Zekiah Swamp reduces pollution and flooding
          in the NHA by slowing water flow, filtering sediment and chemical
          pollutants, and utilizing nutrients. This helps preserve the
          unique natural communities and the plant and animal habitats in
          the NHA.






















                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                   DORCHESTER COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the Office of.Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                     INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Dorchester County that is designated as a nontidal
           wetland of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal
           Wetlands Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were
           prepared for each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the
           designated nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically
           important buffers for habitat for plant and animal species
           identified as rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department
           of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated
           nontidal wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual
           natural communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Th eatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                   DORCHESTER COUNTY




           Site Name: Bar Neck Oxbow


           USGS Quad: Church Creek

                The creek running through Bar Neck Oxbow fee'dis a 2 acre
           seasonally dry "oxbow" pond as well as a long, narrow artificial
           pond, wet year-round.. Each pond contains a large population of a
           State Endangered aquatic plant species found at only,four other
           locations in Maryland. Additionally, a population of@an uncommon
           sedge occurs in the oxbow pond.

                A mosaic of similar naturally-occurring ponds were once
           created by beaver activity in Maryland's wetlands. With the
           decline of beaver on the Eastern Shore, ponds which are wet year-
           round have become especially rare. Depending on soil and
           hydrologic conditions, artificial ponds may supply habitat for
           rare plants once found in beaver ponds.

                Oxbow ponds are created as a water channel changes its
           course, cutting across and isolating a bend in the channel. The
           isolated oxbow pond is no longer primarily stream-fed, relying
           instead on surface runoff and groundwater for recharge. Whatever
           their origin, seasonally dry ponds have become increasingly rare
           as human activities, such as draining, filling, and intensive use
           during dry periods, have altered their hydrology and topography.
           Remaining seasonal ponds often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
           species specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.


           Site Name: Big Millpond

           USGS Quad: East New Market

                Big Millpond is a large pond created by the impoundment of
           the Chicamacomico River. It contains two aquatic plants which
           are Endangered in Maryland. one has been seen in only one other
           pond in Maryland. The other is a carnivorous plant known from
           only three other sites in the State.

                This pond is unusually diverse and productive because it
           contains three different wetland types, all of which are
           extensive in size. Closest to the dam is a lacustrine zone which
          .is only intermittently exposed and which contains broad-leaved,
           non-persistent vegetation. In the middle, the vegetation is
           composed mainly of narrow-leaved, persistent, emergent plants
           with some shrubs in upstream areas. The third zone consists of
           forested wetlands which exhibit a variety of water regimes,
           resulting in diversity within the forest.










           Site Name: Brookview Ponds


           USGS Quad: Rhodesdale

               The Brookview Ponds Area includes nine, naturally-occurring,
           seasonal ponds, also referred to as Delmarva Bays, that provide
           habitat for numerous rare species. The hydrological system of
           these bays is linked to groundwater levels. The-,ponds usually
           fill with water in the winter and spring and dry'Ouring the
           summer. Many Delmarva bays have been destroyed by drainage and
           filling for agriculture and development. Remaining bays often
           harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to
           the fluctuating water levels.

               The abundance of herbaceous vegetation in the Brookview
           Ponds is particularly unusual; most bays are shallower forested
           swamps or shrub swamps. Several rare plants grow in the deepest
           portion of the ponds. These plants germinate in summer on the
           exposed pond bottom and complete their life cycle in the brief
           period before fall arrives.

               Of the thirteen rare.plant species that grow here, nine are
           State Endangered. Of these exceptionally rare plants, six are
           worthy of special mention here. An Endangered member of the
           Gentian Family had not been seen in Maryland since the early
           1940's until it was discovered at this site in 1987. Until
           discovered here in 1987, an Endangered sedge species had not been'
           recorded in Maryland since 1972. Another Endangered plant
           species occurring in these seasonal ponds is known from only two
           other Maryland locations where the numbers of individuals are
           much lower. This population numbers in the thousands. Two
           Endangered grass species found in the bays are each known from
           only one other site in the state. Finally, this is the only
           known population in Maryland for a State Endangered plant species
           which occurs in the natural area's southeastern uplands.

               An amphibian listed as In Need of Conservation relies on the
           bays for breeding habitat.

              Delmarva bays provide breeding, nesting, and feeding grounds
           to migratory waterfowl and songbirds. In addition, the ponds
           provide ideal habitat for reptiles and amphibians, including
           several rare salamander and frog species.


           Site Name: Cabin Creek Seep

           USGS Quad: East New Market

               The low-lying, sphagnous seep within the protection area
           supports a population of a State Endangered species known from
           just four other sites in the State. This species, Federally

                                          2









          listed as Threatened, is rare throughout its range, and is known
          from fewer than one hundred sites nationwide. This is the only
          known site for this species on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.
          Although the population is small, casual observations reported to
          the program suggest that the population may be expanding. An
          uncommon tree species grows on the upland forest slopes bordering
          the seep to the east.

               The pine-hardwood swamp provides excellent habitat for
          birds, amphibians, and reptiles. Protection of the forested area
          would buffer this wetland from runoff from upland farm fields.


          Site Name: Chicone Creek

          USGS Quad: Rhodesdale

                Chicone Creek Natural Heritage Area (NHA) abuts this
          Nontidal Wetland of Special State Concern and benefits from the
          protection of this wetland area. The nontidal wetlands consist
          of temporarily flooded palustrine forests, seasonally flooded or
          seasonally saturated palustrine forests, and temporarily flooded
          palustrine emergent marshes. Preserving the nontidal wetlands
          adjacent to Chicone Creek NHA is essential to maintaining the
          hydrologic regime, water quality, species composition, and
          natural character of the NHA.

               The nontidal wetland vegetation in this site acts as a
          natural filter, reducing the sediment and chemical content of
          surface runoff. This function is especially important because
          Chicone Creek feeds into an extensive marsh providing prime fish
          and wildlife habitat along the Nanticoke River. In addition to
          reducing pollution and siltation of tidal wetlands in the NHA,
          the nontidal wetlands serve as catchment basins for seasonally
          high surface runoff. Instead of flooding and increasing erosion
          in the tidal channel, the excess surface runoff is slowly
          absorbed by the nontidal wetlands or evaporates from the wetland
          surface. Periodic freshwater discharge from the nontidal wetland
          increases nutrient availability, stimulating productivity in the
          tidal wetlands. This freshwater influx in tidal areas also
          creates varied habitat, resulting in increased species diversity.

               The nontidal wetlands at this site are buffered by ancient
          sand dunes that harbor an unusual upland community. Unlike most
          ancient dunes, soil pH is apparently pircumneutral. The cause of
          this anomaly is unknown, but the combination of well-drained
          sandy soil and high pH has resulted in a mixed deciduous
          community with piedmont affinities. A State Endangered plant
          species is associated with the upland buffer of the nontidal
          wetland habitat outside of the NHA. A State Threatened upland
          plant species and a Highly State Rare wetland shrub occur within
          the NHA.


                                          3










                At least seven species of forest interior breeding birds use
           this area. Two of the species, Kentucky Warbler and Worm-eating
           Warbler, are also indicators of high quality forest.


           Site Name: Dorchester Pond


           USGS Quad: East New Market
                       Rhodesdale

                Dorchester Pond is an oval 15-acre Delmarva bay dominated by
           herbaceous vegetation and surrounded by a low sand rim, the .
           largest and most species-rich pond of its kind in Maryland. This
           seasonally inundated wetland supports eight rare plant and two
           rare animal species dependent on its unique soil and hydrologic
           conditions.

                Delmarva bays fill with water during the winter and early
           spring, drying by late summer as the groundwater recedes.
           Amphibians use these seasonal ponds as breeding habitat in the
           spring and herbaceous species rapidly colonize the moist
           depressions left in the pond after it has dried. These Delmarva
           bays also provide ideal feeding and resting habitat for numerous
           amphibians, songbirds and other wildlife. Many similar bays have
           been destroyed by drainage and filling for agriculture and
           development. Remaining ponds often harbor rare, disjunct, or
           endemic species specially adapted to the fluctuating water
           levels.

                Dorchester Pond harbors the only known population in
           Maryland of a State Endangered plant species. of the other rare
           plant species inhabiting this Delmarva bay, six are State
           Endangered and one is State Threatened. Most of these listed
           species occur at fewer than five other locations in the state. A
           rare amphibian listed as In Need of Conservation utilizes the
           pond as breeding habitat during the spring. A State Rare bird
           species also inhabit the pond.

                A private conservation organization owns Dorchester Pond in
           its entirety, totalling 52 acres in area, and manages it as a
           nature preserve.


           Site Name: Gales Creek


           USGS Quad: Sharptown

                Gales Creek includes two millponds that host an exceptional
           number and variety of rare species. One, Irving Millpond, is no
           longer impounded but consists of palustrine shrub swamp with a
           bog at the center. There are few bogs on Maryland's Eastern

                                           4









           Shore, and this unique habitat supports six rare plant species.
           The other, Galestown Millpond, is still impounded and supports an
           open water habitat. On the Maryland coastal plain, such man-made
           ponds are the only ones which have constant freshwater inflow and
           outflow. Historically, beaver were responsible for creating such
           conditions, but these animals are now much less common on the
           coastal plain. Consequently, the unusual conditions provided by
           a large body of gently flowing fresh water provid
                                                               habitat for
           some specialized rare plants.

                The number of-rare species in these millponds   is at least
           nineteen. One, a State Endangered carnivorous plant; was
           discovered in 1987 and was not previously known to occur in
           Maryland. One rare species at this site is Nationally Rare and
           is listed as Endangered Extirpated in Maryland. Nine others are
           designated as State Endangered Species, and one is listed as
           State Threatened. A shrub species in this pond is listed as
           Highly State Rare in Maryland and is a potential candidate for
           listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.- Finally,@ this
           site also supports one herbaceous species which is considered
           Highly State Rare and five which are uncommon.

                This area is contiguous with the Upper Nanticoke River
           Natural Heritage Area, an area targeted by the State because it
           contains several State Endangered Species and is considered to be
           one of the best statewide examples of its kind. Because the
           Gales Creek area is just upstream, its water quality directly
           affects the species and natural communities in the Natural
           Heritage Area. By preserving both areas, an extensive wildlife
           corridor is established and provides access for the free
           migration of species within their natural habitat.


           Site Name: Marshyhope Seasonal Pond

           USGS Quad: Federalsburg

                This area contains an excellent example of a large Delmarva
           bay dominated by herbaceous vegetation, buffered by an extensive
           upland mixed pine-hardwood forest. Delmarva bays are nontidal
           wetlands which fill with water in the winter and spring and dry
           in the summer as groundwater recedes. Water levels in Marshyhope
           Seasonal Pond vary from about 2 feet in the winter to no standing
           water in the summer. As the groundwater recedes, moist
           depressions remain which are rapidly colonized by herbaceous
           species. When inundated, Delmarva bays provide ideal breeding
           and resting habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other
           wildlife.

                Nontidal wetlands dominated by herbaceous vegetation are
           rare on the Delmarva peninsula. Many similar seasonal ponds have
           been destroyed by drainage and filling for agriculture and

                                            5









           development. Remaining Delmarva bays often harbor rare,
           disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to the fluctuating
           water levels.

                Two rare species inhabit this Delmarva bay. An amphibian
           listed as In Need of Conservation inhabits the pond, and a State
           Rare sedge grows near the center of the pond. Additional rare
           species of plants and animals may be found if thj$ area is
           explored further. Because flora and fauna vary s ,easonally and
           annually with water levels, several visits will be required to
           develop a complete species inventory of this-site.


           Site Name: Messick Pond


           USGS Quad: East New Market

                Messick Pond is a nontidal wetland referred to as a Delmarva
           bay. These Delmarva bays are centripetally-drained and-range in
           size from one to 15 acres and may hold up to 4 ft. of water in
           the spring. They often contain rare, disjunct or endemic species
           specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels, and are
           considered unique natural communities because they are among the
           few remaining naturally open, freshwater wetlands on the coastal
           plain. Many similar ponds have been drained for agricultural
           use.


                Five plant species considered rare in Maryland are found
           here. A State Endangered sedge growing in this pond is known
           from only two other sites in the state. Also listed as State
           Endangered, a member of the Yellow-eyed Grass Family occurring
           here is known from four additional locations. A State Threatened
           carnivorous plant in this pond occurs at only four known sites in
           Maryland. Another carnivorous plant, known from only three other
           sites in Maryland, is listed as Endangered in Maryland. A Highly
           State Rare sedge also inhabits this seasonal pond.

                Numerous species of amphibians and waterfowl have been
           recorded here, indicating that the pond provides important
           habitat for wildlife. It is highly likely that rare amphibians
           breed here.



           Site Name: Ocean Gateway Pond

           USGS Quad: Rhodesdale

                Ocean Gateway Pond, a Delmarva bay, harbors three rare or
           uncommon plant species, two of which are State Endangered. These
           Delmarva bays are centripetally-drained wetlands ranging in size
           from one to 15 acres and may hold up to 4 ft. of water in the
           spring. As the bay dries in the summer, moist depressions

                                           6









          remaining in the center are rapidly colonized by herbaceous
          species. Delmarva bays often contain rare, disjunct or endemic
          species specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels, and
          are considered unique natural communities because they are among
          the few remaining naturally open freshwater wetlands on the
          coastal plain. Each of the Endangered plants present in this
          pond occurs at fewer than five other locations in Maryland. An
          uncommon sedge also grows in this pond.

               Delmarva bays and the species that inhabit them have become
          increasingly rare as wetlands have been drained, filled, and
          otherwise altered for development and agriculture.


          Site Name: Rhodesdale Powerline


          USGS Quad: Rhodesdale

               Rhodesdale Powerline harbors a large, exceptionally vigorous
          population of a State Endangered plant species. occurring at
          only five other locations in the state, this species requires
          unforested wetland openings for its survival. Natural
          disturbances such as floods and fires once created such gaps in
          wetland forests. With the suppression of these natural forces by
          man, wetland gaps and the species they harbor have become
          increasingly rare. Powerline right-of-way maintenance keeps
          wetlands free of large trees, providing habitat for wetland gap
          species. Because this rare species occurs in so few natural or
          artificial wetland gaps, it probably requires unusual soil or
          hydrologic conditions.


          Site Name: Rhodesdale Powerline SE


          USGS Quad: Rhodesdale

               Rhodesdale Powerline SE harbors a population of a State
          Endangered grass species. one of only two known occurrences in
          Maryland, this population thrives in a seasonal pond, or Delmarva
          bay, in the powerline right-of-way.   The hydrologic regime of
          Delmarva bays are very different from most other nontidal
          wetlands, since their main source of recharge is groundwater.
          Inundated during the winter and early spring, they provide ideal
          breeding and resting habitat for amphibians, songbirds, and other
          wildlife. They dry during the summer, leaving moist depressions
          for herbaceous species to colonize.

               Many Delmarva bays have been destroyed by filling and
          drainage for development and agriculture. Those that remain
          often contain rare, disjunct, or endemic plant and animal species
          specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.


                                          7









                Before their suppression by man, fire and flooding once
           created natural gaps in the wetland canopy coverage, allowing
           herbaceous species to flourish. Powerline right-of-way
           maintenance in wetlands can mimic natural forces by keeping the
           wetlands free of woody species.


           Site Name: Savanna Lake

           USGS Quad: Chicamacomico
                      Mardela Springs

                The Savanna Lake site encompasses seasonally inundated and
           seasonally saturated palustrine forests adjacent to the Savanna
           Lake Natural Heritage Area (NHA). Preserving these nontidal
           wetlands is essential to preserving the hydrologic regime, water
           quality, species composition, and natural character of the
           adjacent NHA.

                The wetland vegetation in this site acts as a natural
           filter, reducing the sediment and chemical content of surface
           runoff entering the tidal wetland. In addition to reducing
           pollution and siltation in the tidal areas, the nontidal wetlands
           serve as catchment basins for seasonally high surface runoff.
           Instead of flooding and increasing erosion in the tidal channel,
           excess surface runoff evaporates or is slowly absorbed into the
           soil. Periodic freshwater discharge from the nontidal wetlands
           increases nutrient availability in the tidal wetlands,
           stimulating productivity. This freshwater influx in tidal areas
           also creates varied habitat, resulting in increased species
           diversity.

                This site provides important wetland buffer for the
           assemblage of Delmarva bays occurring in the NHA. Located close
           to one another and aligned parallel to the prevailing salinity
           gradient, these bays exhibit significant variability in
           topographic relief, salinity, and vegetation type. Three bird
           species listed as In Need of Conservation and one bird species
           listed as State Rare utilize the diverse wetland habitat at this
           site. A rare amphibian listed as In Need of Conservation was
           reported from one of the Delmarva bays between 1975 and 1984 and
           may still inhabit the area.











                                           8






















                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                    HARFORD COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration





















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Harford County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as.
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare'
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.



 0W







                                    HARFORD COUNTY



           Site Name: Bynum Run

           USGS Quad: Bel Air

                This area harbors one of Maryland's largest populations of a
           State Threatened wildflower species. The wildflower grows in an
           extensive meadow bisected by a stream, kept free of woody species
           by periodic mowing. Wetland openings such as these were
           historically maintained by fire and flooding. These natural
           disturbances have been largely excluded from natural areas by
           human intervention. Artificial disturbances such as mowing can
           create wetland gaps which closely mimic naturally occurring wet
           meadows. Mowing must be timed seasonally so as to allow the rare
           meadow species to complete their life cycle.

                The meadow in which the rare wildflower species occurs also
           provides a natural stream buffer, filtering surface runoff from
           upland sources.


           Site Name: Deer Creek Serpentine Barren

           USGS Quad: Delta

                This site encompasses one of the largest and most ecolo-
           gically significant serpentine areas in Maryland. Historically,
           serpentine areas supported a mosaic of prairie-like grasslands
           and rocky openings harboring species uniquely adapted to the dry,
           nutrient-poor soils. These diverse habitat types were kept
           relatively free of woody species-by Native American fire-hunting.
           since European civilization, Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana),
           Eastern Red Cedar (juniperus virginiana), and Common Greenbriar
           (Smilax rotundifolia) have overgrown many of the prairie-like
           grasslands.

                At Deer Creek, the two most extensive grassland areas
           persist on steep, south-facing slopes. Downslope from these
           grasslands are mesic ravines. This habitat supports a vigorous
           population of a State Threatened wildflower which occurs at only
           four other sites in Maryland. An uncommon wildflower species
           also grows in the ravine areas, while.two other uncommon plant
           species occur in the savanna-ravine ecotone.

                The serpentine grasslands and ravines are surrounded by a
           fairly large tract of forest. Although predominantl,        . ed
                                                               y compris
           of Virginia Pine woodlands, late successional stands of mixed
           mesophytic species and bottomland hardwoods are also present.
           These diverse forest types provide habitat for some bird,









           wildlife, and plant species requiring extensive forest interior.

                The preserve concurrently protects a portion of the Deer
           Creek watershed which contains the world's only population of the
           a Federally Endangered fish species.


           Site Name: Harford Glen

           USGS Quad: Edgewood

                Harford Glen is a shallow seep draining into a man-made
           lake. Two juveniles of an uncommon amphipod species were found
           in this seep under decaying wood. This amphipod species appears
           to require clear, flowing seepage areas and its presence may be
           indicative of good groundwater quality.

                The range of this amphipod species is restricted to a few
           Piedmont and Coastal Plain localities in the mid-Atlantic states.
           It is not abundant at any location outside the greater Washing-
           ton, D.C area. Extensive development in the vicinity of the
           amphipod's greatest population concentration has reduced the
           availability of suitable seepage habitat.


           Site Name: Hess Pond

           USGS Quad: Phoenix

                Hess Pond is a seasonal pond occurring along a stream. This
           seasonal pond borders a small stream and is part of a broad
           wetland complex of emergent marsh, shrub swamp, and floodplain
           forest. The marsh harbors a population of a State Threatened
           sedge known from only four other-known locations in Maryland.

                Seasonal wetlands along tributaries were historically
           created by fire and beaver activity, the fallen timber
           restricting channel flow and inundating portions of the stream.
           Natural disturbances such as these have been largely suppressed
           by man.

                Many of the remaining seasonally inundated wetlands have
           been drained or filled for agriculture and development. As their
           habitat has been eliminated, the animal and plant species relying
           on seasonally inundated wetlands have.become increasingly rare.


           Site Name: Little Gunpowder Falls

           USGS Quad: White Marsh

                Moderately sloping to steeply sloping hills and cool, narrow

                                           2



 j1W




           ravines border Little Gunpowder Falls in the vicinity of this
           site. These hills and ravines drain southward into a narrow
           floodplain, and eventually into the Gunpowder River.

               Natural canopy gaps within the mature alluvial oak-Beech-
           Tulip Poplar forest and a powerline right-of-way harbor two
           populations of a State Threatened wildflower species. Growing on
           steep, south-facing slopes of the ravine, the p?pUlations at this
           site represent the only occurrence for the species in the county.
           This species has been observed at only six other known locations
           in Maryland. The populations at this site are fairly large and
           vigorous. A State Rare Sedge species and four uncommon plant
           species also occur at this site.                     III

               Powerline maintenance sometimes mimics natural disturbances,
           such as flooding and fire, which once maintained open habitats.
           Since these natural disturbances have been largely suppressed by
           man, plant and animal species relying on canopy gaps have
           dwindled in numbers.

               The mature forest which occupies the hillsides and
           floodplain of the site provides an excellent natural buffer to
           the Little Gunpowder River. Forest interior breeding birds
           inhabiting the extensive contiguous forest that borders the river
           include the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), Acadian Flycatcher
           (Empidonax virescens), Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Louisiana.
           Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), and Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides
           villosus).

























                                           3























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                      KENT COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration





















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Kent County that is designated as a nontidal'wetland of
           Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. other designated,nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, Sth
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.













                                     KENT COUNTY




          Site Name: Big Marsh

          USGS Quad: Betterton

               Big Marsh is a large, freshwater, coastal plain
          emergent/scrub marsh covering several hundred acres. The marsh
          is a mosaic of sedge tussocks, standing water, and alder
          thickets. Steep upland slopes support an oak-beech forest.

               Maryland's only population of an aquatic member of the
          Buttercup Family inhabits the nontidal portion of the marsh.
          This species is vulnerable to hydrologic change and sedimen-
          tation. It is currently listed as an Endangered species in
          Maryland. The size of the population at this site is unknown,
          since the plant was completely submerged at the time of the
          survey.

               Relatively undisturbed marshes as large as Big Marsh have
          become increasingly rare due to drainage and filling for
          development and agriculture. Existing marshes are often
          negatively affected by sediment runoff, chemical contamination,
          and exotic species invasion from upland sources. Maintaining
          woodland buffers adjacent to marshes contributes to maintenance
          of water quality and quantity, as well as the integrity of the
          plant community.


          Site Name: Black Bottom Ponds

          USGS Quad: Millington

               This nontidal wetland complex includes several Delmarva bays
          which harbor five State Endangered Species plus a State Rare
          Species. The natural dominance of herbaceous species within   the
          bays is unusual. Most of Maryland's nontidal wetlands are
          dominated by shrubs or trees. Many herbaceous, emergent wetlands
          have been drained for agriculture. The herbaceous communities
          within these Delmarva bays are maintained by fluctuating
          groundwater levels. The bays normally fill in the fall, winter
          and spring, and dry in the summer. Most of the rare herbaceous
          species germinate and mature in the summer on exposed mudflats.
          The exception is an Endangered floating-leaved aquatic which
          appears to mature through winter under standing water; its
          flowers emerge above the water surface in spring. These rare
          species are unique in their ability to endure seasonal extremes
          of drought and flooding.









                An exceptional variety of rare plant species inhabits these
           bays. Large stands of a State Endangered sedge occur in three
           Delmarva bays in the area. This species is a candidate for
           listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Fewer than 20
           extant populations of this Endangered sedge have been reported
           worldwide; twelve of those occur on Maryland's Eastern Shore, but
           only one of the Maryland sites is protected.

                Delmarva bays provide ideal habitat for amphibians,
           including several rare species. The ponds also provide feeding
           grounds for resident waterbirds, and offer nesting, feeding and
           breeding grounds for migratory waterfowl and songbirds. Numerous
           tracks through the ponds reveal that deer frequent these sites.


           Site Name: Browns Pond

           USGS Quad: Millington

                Browns Pond is a seasonal pond dominated by a variety of
           herbaceous species along its perimeter and by Buttonbush at its
           center. It is usually inundated in the winter and early spring,
           annually recharged by groundwater influx, and then dries at the
           pond's center as the summer progresses. In summer, the moist
           depression is rapidly colonized by herbaceous species. When
           inundated, the pond serves as suitable breeding grounds for
           amphibians.

                Many similar ponds on the Eastern Shore have been destroyed
           by agricultural ditching and drainage. As seasonal ponds have
           decreased in number, so have the rare plant and animal species
           which rely on them for habitat. Remaining seasonal ponds often
           harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to
           the fluctuating water levels.   -

                A State Endangered amphibian, one of only five populations
           in the state, uses Browns Pond as breeding habitat in the winter
           and early spring. A rare, spring-blooming member of the
           Buttercup Family, Endangered in Maryland, flourishes in the rich,
           mucky bottom of the pond, its leaves suspended below the surface.
           This plant species is known from only two other locations in the
           state.

                A third State Endangered species, a floating-leaved aquatic
           plant, grows among the Buttonbush at the pond's center. Known
           from only five other sites in Maryland, this species matures in
           winter under standing water, its flowers emerging above the water
           surface in spring.





                                           2









           Site Name: Cypress Branch Pond

           USGS Quad: Millington

               Cypress Branch Pond, a Delmarva bay within a powerline
           right-of-way, harbors a population of a State Endangered
           amphibian species. This amphibian species is known from only
           four other locations in the state. Delmarva bayp@ typically
           recharged annually by groundwater sources in thewinter and early
           spring, are ideal breeding grounds for amphibians. In Delmarva
           bays, herbaceous species typically colonize the moist depressions
           present after the pond has dried in the summer. At this site,
           powerline right-of-way maintenance aids herbaceous species
           establishment by keeping the pond free of woody species. Rare,
           disjunct, or endemic plant and animal species specially adapted
           to fluctuating water levels are often associated with seasonal or
           semi-permanent ponds because this wetland type has been reduced
           by agricultural ditching and drainage. Future surveys at
           different times of the year may reveal additional rare plant or
           animal populations.


           Site Name: Golts Pond West

           USGS Quad: Millington

               Golts Pond West is a shallow semi-permanent freshwater pond
           dominated by herbaceous species. The pond is annually recharged
           from groundwater influx in the late winter and early spring. It
           may dry during the summer, leaving moist depressions suitable for
           colonization by herbaceous species. When it is inundated, this
           pond provides important breeding habitat for amphibians.

               Many similar ponds on the Eastern Shore have been destroyed
           by agricultural ditching and drainage. As seasonal ponds have
           decreased in number, so have the rare plant and animal species
           relying on their unique soil and hydrologic conditions.
           Remaining seasonal ponds often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
           species specially adapted to fluctuating water levels.

               At least one rare amphibian, listed as State Endangered and
           found at only four other locations in Maryland, uses Golts Pond
           West as breeding habitat. Although no egg masses were seen at
           the time of the survey, both swollen males and spent females were
           observed, probably indicating a reproducing population. A small
           population of an uncommon sedge also grows at the muddy edge of
           the pond.






                                           3











              Site Name: Golts Ponds

              USGS Quad: Millington


	This protection area contains two Delmerva bays, unique
nontidal wetland ecosystem restricted to five counties on the
Eastern Shore.   These ponds are centrilpetally-drained basins
which range in size from one to fifteen acres and which hold up
to 4 ft. of water in the spring.  They often contain rare,
disjunct, or endemic species and are considered unique because
they are among the few remaining naturally open freshwater
wetlands on the coastal plain.  Many similar ponds have been
drained and filled for agricultural and development.

	Three rare or uncommon plant species and a State Endangered
amphibian inhabit Golts Ponds.  One plant, a State Endangered
sedge, is a Federal candidate for listing under the U.S.
Endangered Species Act.  The Golts Pond population is the
northernmost occurrence of this sedge.  These ponds also harbor
another Endangered sedge occurring at its northern limit and an
uncommon plant species.

Site Name:  Golts Railway Pond

USGS Quad:  Millington

	This nontidal wetland is unique in the abundance and variety
of herbaceous vegetation at the pond's center.  Among these
species is a State Endangered floating-leawed aquatic species.
Five additional populations of this species are known in
Maryland, but only one population is protected.  The life cycle
of this aquatic herb is closely linked to the seasonal water
level fluctuations of the pond.  As the pond water level drops in
the summer, its seeds germinate on exposed mud.  The seedlings
mature under water as the pond level rises through fall and 
winter.  The flowers of this plant merge from the standing water
in spring.

	Many seasonal ponds have been destroyed by drainage and
filling for agriculture and development.  As these unique wetland
habitats are reduced in number, so are the rare plant and animal
species which rely on them for habitat.  Remaining seasonal ponds
often harbor rare, disjunct, or endmic species specially adapted
to the fluctuating water levels.

	South of the pond along the sandy upland forrest border is a
small population of a State Endangered legume.  Just three other
populations of this species are known to occur in Maryland and
only one population is protected.



                                                      4
 








               Rare amphibians may also occur in this pond. Because the
          flora and fauna of ponds vary both seasonally and Annually with
          changes in pond water level, several visits will be necessary to
          develop a complete species list for the site.

               When standing water is present, the pond provides feeding
          and resting grounds for resident waterbirds. Also, the pond
          offers nesting, feeding and breeding grounds for migratory
          waterfowl and songbirds. Deer frequent the pond and surrounding
          woods.



          Site Name: Lovers Lane


          USGS Quad: Chestertown

               Lovers Lane is a small tributary draining into the east fork
          of Langford Creek. The humus-rich, acidic soil along its banks
          supports a State Threatened fern species, growing among dense
          alder thickets. Found at only six other locations in the state,
          this fern is the only species of its genus occurring this far
          north; most if its close relatives inhabit tropical forests. It
          is rare throughout its range in the eastern United States, which
          may indicate highly specific soil or hydrologic requirements.


          Site Name: Massey Pond

          USGS Quad: Millington

               Massey Pond is a shallow, permanent, excavated pond domina-
          ted by herbaceous species. The pond is annually recharged from
          groundwater sources in the late winter and early spring. It
          gradually dries during the summer, leaving moist depressions at
          its perimeter suitable for colonization by herbaceous species.
          When inundated, such ponds provide important breeding habitat for
          amphibians. many similar ponds on the Eastern Shore have been
          destroyed by agricultural ditching and drainage. As ponds like
          these have decreased in number, so have the rare plant and animal
          species requiring their unique soil and hydrologic conditions.
          Remaining seasonal ponds often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
          species specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.

               Massey Pond harbors a population of a State Endangered
          amphibian, recorded at only four other locations in Maryland.
          Both adult and larval forms have been observed using the pond
          over a period of several years, indicating a stable, reproducing
          population.

               The pond has only been surveyed in the wet months. Future
          surveys of the pond after it has dried in the late summer and


                                           5









           early fall may reveal the presence of rare herbaceous species as
           well.

           Site Name: Millington WMA Ponds

           USGS Quad: Millington

                A shrub swamp and an excavated pond contain the unique
           elements of this protection area. The shrub swamp appears
           undisturbed and represents a habitat that is dwindling on
           Maryland's Eastern Shore due to agricultural ditching and
           drainage. An uncommon aquatic plant species inhabits the
           southern edge of this swamp. Southeast of the shrub swamp
           is an excavated pond that appears to be permanently flooded.

                Among the herbs that dominate the exposed mud banks are
           large populations of a State Endangered sedge and a State
           Endangered member of the Aster Family. The sedge is known from
           fewer than 20 extant sites worldwide, twelve of which occur in
           Maryland. This species is a candidate for listing under the U.S.
           Endangered Species Act. Only two of the populations in Maryland
           are protected. The Endangered aster species occurs at thirteen
           extant sites in Maryland, only one of which is protected. A
           small population of another State Endangered sedge grows along
           the banks of the pond. Nine extant populations of this rare
           sedge occur in Maryland, only one of which is protected.

                Rare amphibians may also occur in the pond and shrub swamp.
           The flora and fauna of the pond and swamp vary seasonally and
           annually with water level. The rare amphibians are not apparent
           in late summer and early fall when the pond was surveyed.
           Several visits are necessary to develop a complete species list
           for the site. The excavated pond and shrub swamp offer ideal
           breeding, nesting and feeding grounds to migratory waterfowl and
           songbirds, and feeding grounds to resident waterbirds. In
           addition, deer frequent these areas to feed and rest.


           Site Name: Morgan Creek

           USGS Quad: Galena

                Morgan Creek is a diverse swamp forest containing dense
           alder thickets and emergent marshes, bordered by an upland mixed
           hardwood-pine forest. Close to the mouth of one of the
           tributaries feeding the creek, a population of a State Rare plant
           species grows in the swamp's muddy banks. Only four occurrences
           of this plant species have been documented in Maryland. Its
           limited distribution may indicate highly specific soil or
           hydrologic requirements.



                                           6









               Undisturbed swamp forests have become increasingly rare as
          wooded buffers are removed, allowing the invasion of exotic
          species, siltation, and degradation of water quality. species
          associated with undisturbed swamp forests are also in decline.


















































                                          7






















                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                 PRINCE GEORGES COUNTY













                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:

                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Prince Georges County that is designated as A nontidal
           wetland of Special State Concern under the State Nont'idal
           Wetlands Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). similar reports were
           prepared for each of Maryl@andls 16 coastal counties. Most of the
           designated nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically
           important buffers for habitat for plant and animal species
           identified as rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department
           of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated
           nontidal wetlands are unique natural areas or@@harbor unusual
           natural communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endanaered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                PRINCE GEORGEIS COUNTY



           Site Name: Beek Woods


           USGS Quad: Laurel

               This site contains a wetland complex consisting of
           bottomland forest, Red Maple and alder swamp, shallow open water
           pools, sedge-dominated herbaceous wetland openings, and an
           impounded lake. The diversity of native plants in these wetlands
           is high. Occasional lowering of the water level in the lake has
           revealed the presence of a species of sedge that is considered
           uncommon in Maryland--not currently threatened, but in need of
           monitoring due to declining populations. The uncommon sedge
           grows in the wet, organic soils that are exposed when the lake is
           drained.

               Two rare wetland plant species are known to have occurred
           historically in the general vicinity of Beck Woods. With further
           survey, these species may be found to grow here still. Surveys
           at various times during the growing season may reveal the
           presence of additional rare species at this site.

               Together with adjacent pine-oak forest, the forested
           wetlands at this site form a Research Forest designated for
           protection and research by the Beltsville Agricultural Research
           Center (BARC). In annual breeding bird censuses conducted
           throughout the mid-Atlantic region, this forest is consistently
           the location of one of the highest densities of Neotropical
           migrants. Many of these species are forest interior breeding
           birds which require large tracts of mature, well-stratified,
           unfragmented forest.for breeding success. This site is important
           because it is one component of a-very large, relatively
           contiguous forest comprising lands under the jurisdiction of
           several federal agencies. Agriculture and residential and
           commercial development have made such large forest systems very
           rare in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of the mid-Atlantic
           states.

               Recent Smithsonian Institution surveys of the dragonfly
           fauna at BARC have determined that the wetlands at this site also
           support an unusually high diversity of dragonfly species,
           including at least one species known from nowhere else in the
           State.

               The extensive, high quality wetlands at Beck Woods provide
           feeding and breeding habitat for amphibians, migratory songbirds,
           waterfowl, and other wildlife. Such wetlands are very important
           for their role in maintaining the quality of the rivers they feed
           and, ultimately, the Chesapeake Bay.










           Site Name: Belt Woods

           USGS Quad: Lanham

                The nontidal wetlands at the Belt Woods site are bottomland
           forests along streams. The primary reason for their designation
           is that they serve as essential corridors connecting the rich
           mesic forest of the Belt Woods Natural Environmental Area (NEA)
           to other nearby forested areas. The ecological importance of
           Belt Woods NEA is so great that the small site has been
           designated as a State Wildland. The forested corridors in the
           Belt Woods area have been documented in the scientific literature
           as essential components in a system of interrelated forest
           fragments. Together these fragments are able to support many
           species usually absent from forest patches of such small size.
           Although too narrow to provide permanent or' breeding habitat for
           forest interior species, the corridors provide cover for
           individuals moving between forest blocks. These bottomland
           forests are composed primarily of Sweet Gum, Pin Oak and Tulip
           Tree. In addition to their role as corridors, these wetlands
           offer habitat to edge-tolerant wildlife species. They also
           control pollution, sedimentation and erosion of the streams they
           border.

                The NEA served by the wetland corridors contains an old-
           growth, mesic, upland forest which may never have been logged.
           The relative lack of disturbance is evidenced by such factors as
           the large diameter of many trees, light gaps, snags, standing
           dead and fallen timber, and well-stratified forest layers. The
           soil has a well-developed organic layer and is less acidic than
           most soils of the Coastal Plain, due to underlying Miocene shell
           deposits. The nutrient-rich, circumneutral soils and lack of
           recent disturbance have resulted in very high diversity of
           species in a relatively small acreage. These include unusually
           high densities of neotropical migrant birds, a group experiencing
           serious decline throughout  their U.S. range. The age and
           ecological significance of  Belt Woods has been well-documented in
           the scientific literature.

                Two rare plants occur  among the diverse herbaceous species
           carpeting the forest floor  in the NEA. One is a wildflower that
           is listed as Endangered in  Maryland and is known from only one
           other site in the State. The second species, listed as
           Threatened in Maryland, is known from fewer than a dozen other
           sites statewide, including only one other site in Prince George's
           County.

                The diversity and lack of disturbance in the NEA make it a
           very important habitat for many wildlife species. Standing dead
           timber provides sites for cavity nesting birds, and both standing
           and fallen logs offer den sites for small mammals. The site
           supports an extremely high density of forest interior dwelling

                                            2









           birds, as measured in censuses of breeding birds throughout the
           State.



           Site Name: Beltsville Airport Bog

           USGS Quad: Laurel

                 This site contains a large wetland complex *-ith an open
           canopy. The complex includes a wet meadow, an emergent marsh,
           and a large shrub bog with narrow open water channels that wind
           between hummocks of sphagnum moss, sedges, and shrubs. This
           wetland is remarkably diverse and includes unusual species such
           as Poison Sumac. Large, unforested nontidal wetlandi such as
           this are uncommon in Maryland, particularly near the
           Piedmont/Coastal Plain interface. Many of our nontidal wetlands
           have been lost due to draining and filling for agriculture and.
           urban development. Such wetlands are increasingly valued for
           their important role in maintaining the quality of the rivers
           they feed and, ultimately, the Chesapeake Bay,@.

                 Two unusual plant species inhabit the bog. One is a sedge
           that is listed as Threatened in Maryland and is known from fewer
           than ten sites in the State. The other is a small herbaceous
           species found only in swamps and bogs and considered uncommon in
           Maryland.

                 The wet meadow at one end of this site supports Maryland's
           only population of a rare species of leafhopper. The exact
           status of this rare insect species has not yet been determined.

                 Two additional rare plant species were reported historically
           from the vicinity of Beltsville Airport Bog and may still grow at
           this site. Portions of the bog are virtually impenetrable and
           may harbor additional rare species that were not observed during
           the field survey.

                 Dense, shrub-dominated and forested nontidal wetlands
           provide excellent habitat for birds and other wildlife. The
           freshwater, emergent marsh upstream from the bog provides
           important amphibian habitat. The entire ecosystem is significant
           not only for its unusual habitats, but also because it is part of
           a large, contiguous forest that provides habitat for species
           intolerant of forest fragmentation.


           Site Name: Beltsville Bottomland Forest

           USGS Quads: Beltsville, Laurel

                 This site is an important example of a bottomland deciduous
           forest large enough to support the entire array of native

                                              3









           bottomland bird species expected in this type of habitat.
           Smaller tracts of similar habitat usually harbor far fewer
           species of breeding birds. Several species that breed at this
           site, such as the Kentucky Warbler, Louisiana Waterthrush, and
           Barred Owl, are forest interior breeding birds. These species
           require large tracts of forest and, in some cases, relatively
           mature trees in order to successfully reproduce., Numerous other
           neotropical migrant birds use this forest during,lspring migration
           for feeding and nesting habitat.

                A large portion of this area is designated by  the Beltsville
           Agricultural Research Center as a Research Forest. This site is
           especially important because it is part of a very large,
           relatively contiguous forest in the Beltsville-Laurei area,
           comprising lands owned by several federal agencies. Such large
           forest systems have become extremely rare in central Maryland due
           to forest conversion for agriculture and residential and
           commercial purposes.

                A broad floodplain forest borders a wetter hardwood swamp
           forest at one end of the site. These wetlands provide important
           breeding sites for amphibians and reptiles. In addition, such
           nontidal wetlands are increasingly valued for their important
           role in maintaining the health of the rivers they feed and,
           ultimately, the Chesapeake Bay.


           Site Name: Beltsville Forest and Meadow

           USGS Quad: Laurel

                The nontidal wetlands at this site are important habitat for
           unusual plants, forest interior breeding birds, and other
           wildlife, and they provide valuable sites for ecological
           research. Most of the wetland consists of bottomland forest
           dominated by Red Maple, with Sweet Bay, Black Gum and Spicebush
           in the understory. Wetland ferns and sedges, such as Cinnamon
           Fern and Long Sedge, are abundant in the wet organic soils of the
           forest floor. The bottomland forest grades into a shrub swamp of
           Sweet Pepperbush and Greenbrier.

                Two boggy, sphagnous openings occur where a powerline right-
           of-way crosses the wetland forest. In one of these the soil has
           not been disturbed for many years. A small pool is surrounded by
           a tiny bog with sphagnum moss, wetland wildflowers, and a bog
           plant considered uncommon in Maryland. This species is not
           currently thought to be threatened, but is considered worthy of
           monitoring.

                Another rare plant species is known to have occurred in
           wetlands in the vicinity of this site. With additional surveys,
           this species may be found still growing here.

                                            4









                Several factors make these wetlands and the adjacent
           deciduous upland forests very important as habitat for forest
           interior breeding birds. As one of the largest forested tracts
           at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), this area
           is an essential part of a large, interconnected forest comprising
           lands owned by several federal agencies. Forest interior
           breeding birds require relatively large, unfragmented forests for
           successful reproduction. Many are neotropical migrants, which
           form a majority of the territorial bird species in large eastern
           forests but decrease dramatically when forest stands are reduced
           to small, isolated woodlots. Small forest patches have a high
           ratio of edge to interior, and edge effects, including trampling,
           nest predation, and brood parasitism impact neotropical migrant
           species disproportionately for several reasons. Many migrant
           species place their nests on or near the ground. In addition,
           these birds have a relatively low reproductive rate, typically
           producing just one small brood per year. The large, contiguous
           forests that neotropical migrants require have become
           increasingly-rare on the Upper Coastal Plain of Maryland due to
           clearing for agriculture and for residential and commercial
           development.

                This area has been selected for a number of significant
           ecological research projects. The forest was censused for a
           major study which documented the importance of large forest size
           and the value of forested corridors to neotropical migrant bird
           species. It is also the site of long-term gypsy moth research.
           Most of the area has been designated by BARC as a Research
           Forest. The Research Forest provides a laboratory for studies of
           plants and animals in their natural habitats.

                This site provides excellent habitat not only for birds, but
           for many types of wildlife such as insects, amphibians, and large
           mammals. In addition, these wetlands maintain water quantity and
           quality of the rivers they feed and, ultimately, the Chesapeake
           Bay.


           Site Name: Beltsville Seasonal Ponds


           USGS Quad: Laurel

                 Two small, centripetally-drained seasonal ponds are the
           focus of this site. No streams feed or drain the ponds. The
           ponds fill with water during the winter and early spring, and
           gradually dry during the summer.

                This habitat is uncommon in Maryland; many such ponds have
           been destroyed by draining, ditching, or filling for agriculture
           or development. Seasonal ponds are especially rare in the Upper
           Coastal Plain, occurring more commonly on the Eastern Shore.
           They provide ideal habitat for an unusual group of plants known

                                           5









           as I'drawdown" species, which flourish in the moist soil exposed
           when the water recedes in late summer.

                A rare herbaceous drawdown species is abundant in one of
           these ponds. This species is listed as Endangered in Maryland
           and is known from fewer than ten sites in the State. At this
           site it grows under a canopy of Buttonbush, which dominates the
           center ofrthe pond, and in several openings between shrubs.

                Between the two ponds is a forested wetland of Red Maple and
           Pin Oak, with an open understory. East of the ponds, a stream
           flows through a small swamp dominated by Red Maple, with Southern
           Arrowwood, greenbrier, and sedges in the understory.

                The seasonal ponds and surrounding wetlands offer feeding
           and breeding habitat for migratory songbirds and for amphibians.
           The ponds are the site of ecological studies of large, unusual
           salamanders that breed here.

                Additional rare plant species may occur at this site. The
           flora and fauna of seasonal ponds vary seasonally and annually
           with water level. Several visits are required to develop a
           complete list of species which inhabit this site.


           Site Name: Buck Lodge Road Bog

           USGS Quad: Beltsville

                Buck Lodge Road Bog is a sphagnous seep occurring within a
           powerline right-of-way. Naturally-occurring sphagnous seeps were
           once kept free of woody species by sporadic floods or fires.
           Since these natural disturbances are now suppressed by man, many
           of the species associated with sphagnous seeps have become
           increasingly rare. Powerline right-of-way maintenance prevents
           woody plant invasion at this site, keeping the sphagnous seep
           open and allowing rare species to flourish.

                Buck Lodge Road Bog, dominated by Roemer's Rush, grasses,
           and an uncommon orchid, harbors populations of two State
           Endangered and one State Threatened species. Each of the
           Endangered species is known from fewer than four sites in
           Maryland. For one of these species, a rare sedge, this is the
           only known Maryland population outside of the Eastern Shore. The
           species listed as Threatened in Maryland is known from fewer than
           ten sites in the State.

                This sphagnous seep is a habitat generally unfavorable to
           plant growth. Due to the high clay content of the soil at this
           seep, any moisture accumulating from precipitation or seepage
           tends to remain on the surface. The acidic soil is relatively
           poor in nutrients and highly erodible. The rare species that

                                           6









           inhabit this area have adapted to these severe conditions. These
           species are seldom found in more favorable environments because
           they cannot compete with other, more common species.

               This unusual wetland may provide suitable habitat for
           colonization by other bog species. The dense thickets of Naked
           Withe-rod and Red Chokeberry to the east of the seep, bordering
           the stream, provide food and nesting habitat for )pirds. The
           stream and adjacent upland White Oak-Chestnut OajeBlack
           Huckleberry woods provide habitat for birds, amphibians, and
           reptiles.


           Site Name: Chews Lake

           USGS Quad: Bristol

               The mature bottomland forest that borders Chews Lake is
           composed of species that usually dominate riparian floodplain
           forests along rivers much larger than the streams that flow
           through this area. sycamore, American Elm, and Box Elder
           dominate the forest canopy. The herbaceous layer is lush and
           includes many spring wildflowers. A long beaver dam maintains
           the water level in the lake. Other than beaver activity and a
           horse trail, there has been minimal recent disturbance to this
           forest.


               Two rare plant species inhabit this unusual bottomland
           forest. Both are listed as Endangered in Maryland. This is the
           only known site in Maryland for one of these species. Further
           survey is needed to determine the size and vigor of this
           population. The other Endangered species is known from only one
           other site in the State. The population at Chews Lake is much
           larger than the other known population of this species; thousands
           of flowering plants carpet the floodplain. Because the potential
           habitat for these rare species is extensive and of high quality,
           this site offers an excellent opportunity to preserve these
           species in Maryland.

               The floodplain and adjacent upland forest provide habitat
           for deer, beaver, and forest interior dwelling birds. The lake
           provides habitat for water dependent species of birds,
           amphibians, and reptiles. In addition, the broad floodplain
           forest absorbs floodwaters, thus reducing potential flooding and
           pollution downstream.








                                           7










           Site Name: Fort Ravine

           USGS Quad: Xount Vernon

                This site contains a narrow band of palustrine  forest
           bordered by mesic deciduous forest on the slopes of a steep,
           narrow ravine. Together, these forests provide an exceptional
           example of a mature, deciduous forest. Due to tIje clearing of
           land for agriculture, silviculture, and housing c1qvelopment,
           forests of similar age are extremely rare on the Upper Coastal
           Plain. Trees greater than two ft. in diameter are scattered
           along the stream, and decaying, moss-covered logs straddle the
           ravine. The forest understory and herbaceous cover Are well-
           developed. Spring wildflowers line the stream banks.'

                The bottomland forest is dominated by Tulip Tree and
           Sycamore, with Pawpaw and Spicebush in the understory and patches
           of Nettle and Jewelweed on the forest floor. Along the stream
           banks and lower slopes are scattered patches of a rare plant
           species known from fewer than a dozen other sites in Maryland.
           This State Threatened plant requires the deep shade and organic
           soils of a mature forest. The species is found more commonly in
           the Piedmont and mountains, with few populations reported from
           the Coastal Plain in surrounding states.

                The mature forest provides feeding and nesting habitat for
           migrating songbirds. A trail near the mouth of the stream
           provides access for hikers, birdwatchers, and nature
           photographers.


           Name: Huntington Park Woods

           USGS Quad: Laurel

                This site contains a Red Maple bottomland forest, a shrub
           swamp dominated by Sweet Pepperbush, and small seepage areas with
           dense vegetation dominated by Sweet Bay. These wetlands are
           composed primarily of native plant species with only minor
           evidence of invasion by weedy, non-native species.

                One of the dominant species on the wetland forest floor is a
           rare plant which is known from fewer than 10 other sites in the
           State, and no other sites in Prince George's County. This
           species is listed as Threatened in Maryland. This is one of the
           largest populations of this plant in the State, and it appears to
           be reproducing successfully.

                This area offers nature study opportunities to a rapidly
           developing, suburban community.



                                           8









               The surrounding uplands consist of mature pine-oak forest.
           Forests of this age are becoming increasingly rare as residential
           and commercial development expand. The mature forest provides
           habitat for many woodland plant and wildlife species, including
           standing dead trees for cavity-nesting birds.


           Site Name: Johnson's Gully

           USGS Quad: Mount Vernon

               This steep ravine supports a narrow band of bottomland
           forest and a mesic, deciduous forest. These forests are more
           characteristic of the Piedmont than the Upper Coastal Plain. A
           great diversity of herbaceous species, including numerous
           wildflowers, carpet the lower slopes and stream banks. This
           well-developed herbaceous cover, the presence of large, well-
           decayed logs, and the complex structure of the canopy indicate
           that the forest is mature. Due to clearing for commercial and
           residential development and agriculture, few mature forests exist
           on the Upper Coastal Plain. If left undisturbed, this will be an
           excellent example of an old growth forest.

               Along the lower slope of the ravine grows a rare plant
           species that is listed as Threatened in Maryland. This species
           more commonly inhabits the cooler forests of the mountains and
           Piedmont. The steep slopes of the ravine and the dense canopy
           produce a cool, shady habitat for this plant, far from its normal
           range. The undisturbed bottomland forest prevents soil erosion
           and sedimentation that would be detrimental to the rare species.

               The small stream and adjacent moist banks provide excellent
           habitat for invertebrates and amphibians. The mature forest
           provides feeding and nesting habitat for migratory songbirds. In
           addition, fossils have been found in the streambed, suggesting
           that this ravine may be important in revealing the biological
           history of this area.


           Site Name: Patuxent Maple Swamp

           USGS Quad: Bowie

               This site is an excellent example of a palustrine floodplain
           forest. Red Maple dominates this section of the Patuxent River
           floodplain, which supports a variety of bottomland hardwood
           species, including Sweet Gum, River Birch, Sycamore, Ironwood,
           and ash. Occasional scouring by floodwater of the Patuxent River
           maintains an open understory. Patches of shrubs occur on
           slightly elevated areas and herbaceous openings form in the
           depressions and channels that retain floodwaters longer. These
           natural herbaceous openings are unique to floodplain forests;

                                           9









           they do not occur in other palustrine, nontidal wetlands of the
           Upper Coastal Plain.

                Among the unusual herbaceous species that inhabit these
           openings are two species that are rare in Maryland. One species
           is known from just two other sites in the State and is listed as
           Endangered in Maryland. The other species is considered Highly
           State Rare and is known from only one other location in the
           State.


                At the west end of the wetland complex, temporary pools and
           saturated soils of the Red Maple-Sweet Gum Forest provide habitat
           for an uncommon crustacean. This species is declining and worthy
           of monitoring in Maryland. These small creatures are
           predominantly subterranean and only occasionally appear in
           surface waters. The bulk of the population lives in saturated
           soils well shaded by the deciduous bottomland forest.

                The various types of forested wetlands along this section of
           the Patuxent River provide excellent habitat for resident and
           migratory songbirds. In addition, several woodpeckers were
           observed during both visits to this area. The natural herbaceous
           openings attract deer and other wildlife.

                The forested wetlands along the Patuxent River absorb
           floodwater during storms and thus reduce the impacts of flooding
           downstream.



           Site Name: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center


           USGS Quad: Laurel

                The Research Center includes over 3000 acres of nearly
           contiguous forest. These forests include approximately 700 acres
           of mature bottomland forest bordering the Patuxent River. The
           Society of American Foresters identified the Research Center's
           bottomland forest as one of nearly 400 natural areas in their
           national inventory of mature forests. The Society's inventory of
           natural areas was initiated because these relatively undisturbed
           forests provide a vital educational resource. The extensive
           tracts of forest provide a laboratory for studies of plants and
           animals in their natural habitats and for studies of the
           ecological processes that sustain the forests. The forest
           ecosystems remain essentially intact;,for example, they include
           species of forest interior dwelling birds such as neotropical
           migratory species that are unable to survive in smaller forests.
           only by understanding the natural processes that sustain these
           extensive, relatively undisturbed forests, can scientists assess
           the effects of human-induced changes to forests of this region.



                                          10









               At least two rare plant species inhabit the wetland. One
          rare species, a sedge, is known from only four additional sites
          in the State and is listed as Threatened in Maryland. The other
          is a State Threatened wildflower. There are several historical
          reports of additional rare species at the Wildlife Research
          Center. The forests were not searched for these species during
          the field surveys conducted for this report. However, it is
          likely that the rare species survive because therp has been very
          little disturbance to the habitats from which th6y were reported.
          Further survey of the forest is needed to confirm the presence of
          these rare species.

               Most of the forested acreage at the Research Center, both
          upland and bottomland, has been designated by the U.S. Fish and
          Wildlife Service as Research Natural Areas. These forests, in
          association with adjacent forests on Fort Meade, the U.S.
          Department of Agriculture Research Center, and other federally-
          owned lands, constitute one of the largest remaining contiguous
          tracts of forest in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area.
          As commercial and residential development merge formerly distinct
          metropolitan areas of the mid-Atlantic states, the forests that
          remain are usually small, isolated patches. These small patches
          cannot support many of the plants and animals native to this
          region that require extensive forests or are intolerant of
          frequent disturbance. The forests of the Wildlife Research
          Center and adjacent Federal properties offer the best available
          opportunity to conserve the native plants and wildlife of this
          region that will not survive in small, isolated forests.


          Site Name: Route 1-95 Bog

          USGS Quad: Beltsville

               The unusually sandy, acidic soil within this powerline
          right-of-way supports rare plant communities in sphagnous, low
          elevation bogs. Several similar bogs, historically referred to
          as powder mill bogs, were reported from Prince George's County in
          the early 19001s. The flora reported for these bogs is
          remarkably similar to that of bogs in the pinelands of southern
          New Jersey. This site may be a remnant of such a bog. With the
          exception of a portion of Suitland Bog, none of the bogs
          historically reported in this region is known to exist today.
          All have apparently been drained or filled during the commercial
          and residential development of this suburban area.

               Two rare plant species grow in or along the edge of bogs in
          this right-of-way. Both species are near the limits of their
          ranges. one species is listed as Threatened in Maryland and is
          known from just five other sites in the State. This population
          is large and the plants flower profusely. This is the larger of









           the two known Maryland populations of the other rare bog species,
           which is listed as Endangered in Maryland.

                Due to the loss of natural habitat, powerline rights-of-way
           have become increasingly important habitat for some rare species.
           Where rights-of-way cross certain wetlands, the removal of woody
           plants during powerline construction and maintenance mimics the
           natural disturbances that create and maintain Coastal Plain bogs.
           Further survey may reveal additional rare species'@Jn this site.

                Two additional significant plants grow in nearby uplands
           within the powerline right-of-way. One is a State Endangered
           species known from only three other Maryland sites. The other
           species is uncommon and declining in the State.


           Site Name: Southwest Branch Bottomland Forest


           USGS Quad: Lanham, Upper Marlboro

                The rich soil along the banks of Southwest Branch  supports a
           bottomland forest dominated by large Tulip Trees. Box   Elder and
           River Birch are common, and Spicebush is abundant in the
           understory. The forest sustains an unusually luxuriant cover of
           spring wildflowers. Within this diverse herbaceous layer is a
           vigorous population of a wildflower listed as Endangered in
           Maryland and known from just two other sites in the State. In
           Maryland, all of the known sites for this species are in Prince
           George's County. This species is also rare in adjacent states.

                Mature bottomland forests are uncommon within this rapidly
           urbanizing area. This site offers local residents outstanding
           recreational and educational opportunities such as hiking,
           birdwatching, and nature study.

                This forest maintains the water quality and flow-level of
           Southwest Branch by filtering runoff from adjacent uplands and by
           absorbing floodwaters.


           Site Name: Suitland Bog

           USGS Quad: Anacostia

                Suitland Bog contains a wetland complex that includes
           palustrine forest, emergent marsh, magnolia swamp and seepage
           slopes. The focal point of the site is a two-acre sphagnum bog
           occurring on a west-facing seepage slope. This bog is the last
           relatively undisturbed example of more than ten Coastal Plain
           bogs reported historically in Prince George's County. Commercial
           and residential development have destroyed or drastically altered


                                           12









           all but this bog. Bogs are now rare throughout the Coastal Plain
           of Maryland.

               The saturated, acidic soil characteristic of sphagnum bogs
           is unfavorable to the growth of most plants. A few plant species
           have adapted to this harsh environment, including several rare
           species. Within Suitland Bog, open areas lacking woody
           vegetation harbor three State Endangered, two State Threatened,
           and two State Rare plants. One of these species is known from
           just one other site in Maryland, one occurs in two other sites,
           and for one species Suitland Bog is the only known population in
           Maryland. In addition, ten plant species considered uncommon in
           the State inhabit the bog. These plants are not yet thought to
           be threatened in the State, but are worthy of monitoring due to
           declining or restricted populations.

               Below the bog is a sma ,11 stream that flows through a swamp
           dominated by Sweet Bay. Several small, partially open seeps
           occur along the east side of this stream a short distance south
           of the main bog. Several rare plant species occur in these
           seeps.

               Suitland Bog is a potential site for a rare crustacean that
           lives in saturated wetland soils. Hybrids of this federally
           listed species have been reported historically from "near
           Suitland". Therefore, the parent species could potentially
           inhabit Suitland Bog.

               At least 13 other rare and uncommon plant species were
           reported historically from Suitland Bog but have not been seen
           recently.

               The proximity of this bog to urban residential areas makes
           it an important educational sitei County park staff members lead
           numerous interpretive programs for local residents.


           Site Name: Watkins Regional Park

           USGS Quad: Lanham

                This bottomland forest along Western Branch and the mesic
           forest that buffers it are outstanding examples of the Tulip
           Tree-dominated forests characteristic of the stream valleys of
           this county. Much of the forest in this area shows little sign
           of recent disturbance, and large sections of the forest are old.
           Forested areas of similar age are rare on the Upper Coastal
           Plain.

                Two plants listed as Endangered in Maryland grow in the
           older sections of the bottomland forest. one is an annual
           species that contributes to the impressive display of spring

                                          13









           wildflowers carpeting the forest floor. Known from only two
           other sites in the State, this plant is very abundant at this
           site. The other is a rare sedge known from only three other
           sites in the State. A third rare plant species grows along a
           hiking trail in the bottomland forest. Fewer than ten other
           sites of this State Threatened spring wildflower are known in the
           State. Just a few individuals were observed at this site.

                Within the mesic forest buffer adjacent to the wetland grows
           a State Endangered wildflower known from only two other sites in
           the State. Scientists believe that this species relies on a soil
           fungus in order to absorb water and nutrients. However, the
           fungus only grows in undisturbed, loamy soils with a well-
           developed organic layer. The rarity of this plant species, with
           its associated fungus, is attributed to the scarcity of mature,
           undisturbed forests on the Upper Coastal Plain.

                The well-stratified canopy of the old forest provides
           excellent habitat for a variety of forest interior dwelling
           birds. Studies of the bird populations conducted by staff of the
           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have documented several forest
           interior species breeding in this forest. Clearing for
           residential and commercial development and for agriculture has
           severely fragmented the forests of Prince George's County,
           eliminating most of the available habitat for these species.
           This is one of the few large tracts of forest remaining in the
           area.


                Its proximity to the urban and suburban communities
           bordering Washington, D.C. enhances the value of this area for
           passive recreational uses such as hiking, birdwatching, and other
           types of nature study. The regional park's nature center is near
           the site and provides excellent opportunities for environmental
           education-related to the wetland-and the old forest. Students
           have the chance to see the vegetation and the animals associated
           with these habitats, and to observe the natural ecological
           processes that maintain the forest.


           Site Name: Zekiah Swamp

           USGS Quads: Brandywine, Hughesville, La Plata, Popes Creek,
                        Charlotte Hall

                Zekiah Swamp is a vast wetland complex of extensive hardwood
           swamp forests intermingled with smaller areas of shrub swamp,
           emergent marshes, mudflats, vernal pools and beaver ponds.
           Nearly a mile wide throughout much of its 16 mile length, Zekiah
           Swamp's approximately 15,000 acres make it the largest hardwood
           swamp on the Western Shore.



                                          14









               Despite major disturbances over the years, Zekiah Swamp
          still supports many native plants and animals, including several
          rare species. It provides superb wildlife habitat. The wet,
          organic soils and shallow, highly braided channels make the site
          difficult to penetrate on foot or even by canoe. The biological
          resources and remote, wild character of the swamp led the
          Smithsonian Institution to designate Zekiah as a "Primary Natural
          Area Recommended for Protection" in its report on@ecological
          priorities for the Chesapeake Bay Region (1974).'@'The swamp was
          also included in the Department of State Planning's "Catalog of
          Natural Areas in Maryland" in 1968. The Wicomico River, to which
          Zekiah Swamp is the largest contributor of freshwater, was
          designated a Maryland Scenic River in 1971.

               Beginning in the mid-1970's and continuing into  the mid-
          19801s, the State purchased land in Zekiah Swamp to establish a
          Natural Environmental Area (NEA) totalling approximately 400
          acres. The steering committee is currently working on
          development of a system of trails through the NEA and is planning
          to build an interpretive center on the site.

               Among the unusual plants in Zekiah Swamp is a sizeable
          population of a sedge that is listed as Endangered in Maryland.
          Another rare plant was known historically from the swamp. It has
          not been reported since 1969 and is now listed as Endangered
          Extirpated in the State. Further survey may reveal that this
          plant still occurs in Zekiah Swamp. If a viable, naturally
          occurring population is discovered in Maryland, the species'
          status will automatically convert to Endangered. A third
          significant plant found in Zekiah Swamp is a tree that is
          considered uncommon in the State, not yet threatened but worthy
          of monitoring. Two additional rare plants occur within Zekiah
          swamp but grow in sites designated separately as small nontidal
          wetlands of Special State Concern. These are discussed in
          separate reports for Bryantown Swamp and County Line Trail Seep.

               At least one bird inhabiting this site is listed as
          Endangered both in Maryland and under the U.S. Endangered Species
          Act. Zekiah Swamp is also the type locality and possibly the
          only known location for a globally rare stonefly.

               Wildlife species using Zekiah swamp are many and varied, and
          include beaver, mink, Maryland Diamondback Terrapin, Sora Rail,
          osprey, waterfowl, overwintering Wilson's Snipe, and large
          concentrations of migrating birds. A heron rookery occurs within
          the swamp. The large forested area in Zekiah Swamp provides
          excellent habitat for forest interior dwelling birds. These are
          species that require large tracts of contiguous, unfragmented
          forest to survive'. This area was recognized as early as the
          1960's by Maryland's Department of Game and Inland Fish as the
          most important area for wildlife in Southern Maryland.


                                          15









                Zekiah Swamp is immediately upstream from the wetlands in
           Allen's Fresh Natural Heritage Area (NHA). Natural Heritage
           Areas are communities of plants and animals that are considered
           to be among the best statewide examples of their kind.
           Preserving the nontidal wetlands upstream from the NHA is
           essential if the water quality and quantity, species composition,
           and natural character of the NHA are to be maintained. The
           wetland vegetation in Zekiah Swamp reduces pollution and flooding
           in the NHA by slowing water flow, filtering sedii'O',nt-and chemical
           pollutants, and utilizing nutrients. This helps preserve the
           unique natural communities and the plant and animal habitats in
           the NHA.






















































                                          16























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN






                                  QUEEN ANNES COUNTY









                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                       INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Queen Annes County that is designated as a nontidal
           wetland of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal
           Wetlands Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were
           prepared for each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the
           designated nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically
           important buffers for habitat for plant and animal species
           identified as rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department
           of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated
           nontidal wetlands are unique natural areas or...harbor unusual
           natural communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare'
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare. Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, Sth
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.











                                 QUEEN ANNES COUNTY




          Site Name: Andover Platwoods

          County: Queen Annes

               This nontidal wetlands complex includes two Delmarva bays
          that harbor five rare plant species. Many seasonal ponds
          dominated by herbaceous vegetation have been destroyed by
          drainage and filling for agriculture and development.

               Delmarva bays usually fill with water in the winter and
          early spring, gradually drying through the summer. The presence
          of standing water throughout much of the year inhibits the growth
          of trees. However, certain herbaceous plants germinate when the
          water recedes in summer and are able to flower and fruit before
          fall frost. Remaining seasonal ponds often harbor rare,
          disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to the fluctuating
          water levels.

               All five rare plants occurring at this site are State
          Endangered species and one is a candidate for Federal listing.
          This site harbors the largest populations in Maryland of two of
          these rare plants.

               Delmarva bays often provide habitat for rare amphibians.
          Further survey in spring is needed to inventory the species of
          amphibians using the area. The bays also offer breeding,
          nesting, and feeding grounds to migratory waterfowl and
          songbirds. Deer frequent this area to feed and rest.


          Site Name: Cleaves Fork

          USGS Quad: Sudlersville

               Cleaves Fork is a Delmarva bay harboring a population of a
          State Endangered amphibian. This amphibian species uses the bay
          when it is fully inundated in the winter and early spring as
          breeding habitat. Only four other populations of this species
          are known in Maryland.

               As this Delmarva bay dries in summer, remaining moist
          depressions in the soil are quickly colonized by herbaceous
          species. Future surveys during the dry months may reveal the
          presence of rare plant species in this Delmarva bay.

               Many similar wetlands on the Eastern Shore have been
          destroyed by agricultural ditching and drainage. As Delmarva









           bays have decreased in number, so have the rare plant and animal
           species which rely on them for habitat. Those that remain often
           contain rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to
           the fluctuating water levels.


           Site Name: Kane Crossroads Pond


           USGS Quad: Goldsboro

                Although most Delmarva bays are forested or dominated by
           shrubs, this pond, surrounded by swamp forest, is dominated by
           herbaceous vegetation. Fluctuations in groundwater level produce
           seasonal and annual fluctuations in the pond's water level.
           Normally the Delmarva bay fills in the winter and early spring,
           and dries in the summer.   Many similar bays on Maryland's
           Eastern Shore have been destroyed by drainage or filling fo::
           agriculture or development. As Delmarva bays decline in nur.;aers,
           so do the plant and animal species which rely on them for
           habitat. Remaining bays often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
           species specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.

                Most of the rare or uncommon species inhabiting this pond
           germinate after the pond has dried and complete their life cycles
           before fall frost. The populations of these species and the
           dominant herbaceous species are maintained by the fluctuating
           groundwater regime.

                An unusual variety of rare species inhabit the pond center
           at this site, including a State Endangered sedge. Known from
           fewer than 20 sites worldwide, this species is a candidate for
           listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Twelve extant
           populations of this species are known from Maryland, but only one
           is protected. Two State Rare species, a sedge and a member of
           the Bluet Family, occurring in the pond are each known from fewer
           than twenty extant sites in Maryland. An amphibian listed as In
           Need of Conservation and an uncommon grass species also inhabit
           this pond.

                other rare amphibians may also occur at this site. The
           flora and fauna of Delmarva bays varies seasonally and annually
           with the pond's water level, and several visits will be needed to
           complete a thorough survey.


           Site Name: Prices Chapel Ponds

           USGS Quad: Sudlersville

                Prices Chapel Ponds includes three seasonal ponds, one of
           which is undisturbed by logging activities. The undisturbed pond
           is dominated by common sedges and surrounded by a wooded buffer.

                                            2









          Two small, sphagnous openings in the sedge cover support a small
          population of a State Endangered sedge occurring at twelve other
          locations in the state. This sedge species is a candidate for
          listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

               Seasonal ponds are nontidal wetlands which fill with water
          in the winter and the spring and dry in the summer as the
          groundwater recedes. Moist depressions remaininq@after the pond
          dries are rapidly colonized by herbaceous specie9k Seasonal
          ponds such as these have become increasingly rare due to drainage
          and filling for development and agriculture. Those that remain
          often contain rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially
          adapted to the fluctuating water levels. These nontidal wetlands
          also provide ideal feeding and resting habitat for numerous
          amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife.


          Site Name: Pristine Pines

          USGS Quad: Sudlersville

               Pristine Pines is a Delmarva bay of approximately 2 acres in
          size, dominated by sedges and grasses with scattered Red Maple
          and Sweet Gum trees. This bay harbors five rare plant and one
          rare animal species. A population of a nationally rare plant
          species, listed as Endangered in Maryland, grows in this Delmarva.
          bay at the northern extreme of its range. Since this is
          Maryland's only population and the number of individuals within
          the population is small, its continued existence in the state is
          very tenuous. Research is currently being conducted to determine
          whether seedlings of this population can be propagated under
          greenhouse conditions. The seedlings may then be planted in this
          site to replenish the diminishing population.

               Two State Endangered and a State Threatened plant species
          occurring in this Delmarva bay are each known from fewer than
          five other sites in the state. A rare amphibian In Need of
          Conservation utilizes this bay as breeding habitat. Finally, a
          State Rare sedge also thrives in this wetland.

               Delmarva bays are nontidal wetlands which fill with water in
          the winter and early spring. During these inundated periods,
          they provide ideal feeding and resting habitat for numerous
          amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife. These seasonal ponds
          dry during the summer as the groundwater recedes, leaving moist,
          often sphagnous depressions which are rapidly colonized by
          herbaceous species. Many ponds of this type have been destroyed
          by drainage and filling for agriculture and development. Those
          that remain often contain rare, disjunct, or endemic species
          specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.



                                           3









                The Nature Conservancy, a private conservation organization,
           owns and manages this wetland opening in its entirety, a total of
           30 acres in area.



           Site Name: Pristine Pines South

           USGS Quad: Sudlersville

                A population of an amphibian listed as In Need of
           Conservation occurs in this wetland. Rare amphibians often rely
           on seasonal ponds as breeding habitat during the winter and
           spring when the ponds are inundated. Seasonal ponds dry during
           summer as groundwater levels recede, leaving moist depressions
           which are rapidly colonized by herbaceous species. Many ponds of
           this type have been destroyed by drainage and filling for
           agriculture and development. As seasonal ponds become
           increasingly rare, so do the rare plant and animal species which
           rely on them for habitat. Rare, endemic, or disjunct species
           specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels are often
           associated with the few remaining seasonal ponds.


           Site Name: Starr Ponds

           USGS Quad: Wye Mills

                Two small Delmarva bays are the focus of this natural area.
           Delmarva bays are centripetally-drained wetlands which, in
           Maryland, are virtually unique to the Eastern Shore and often
           contain rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to
           the fluctuating water levels. While most Delmarva bays have been
           drained and converted to agricultural land, the two bays in this
           protection area remain relatively undisturbed and, if maintained,
           can continue to support rare plant species.

                These two wetlands are flooded early in the'spring, and
           water levels recede during the summer, leaving moist depressions
           at the wetland's center. Three State Endangered herbaceous plant
           species inhabit these moist depressions. The Endangered grass
           species is known from only five other sites in Maryland and is at
           the northeastern limit of its range.

                Other rare species may inhabit these bays. Because flora
           and fauna vary seasonally and annually with water levels, several
           visits would be required to develop a complete species inventory
           for this site.

                Delmarva bays offer breeding, nesting, and feeding habitat
           for many birds and amphibians. In addition, deer and other
           wildlife frequent the ponds to feed and rest.


                                           4











          Site Name: Teats Branch

          USGS Quad: Sudlersville

               Amidst hardwood forests and cultivated fields lies a large
          seasonal pond dominated by shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. Many
          similar ponds have been destroyed by drainage and filling for
          agriculture and development. As these seasonal ponds decline in
          number, so do the plant and animal species which rely on them for
          habitat. Remaining seasonal ponds often contain rare, disjunct,
          or endemic species specially adapted to the fluctuating water
          levels.

               The abundance of herbs within this pond is unusual. Many
          seasonal ponds are dominated by trees and shrubs. A fluctuating
          groundwater regime maintains this herbaceous cover. The pond
          water level is highest in early spring, then recedes, and the
          pond normally dries during the summer. Species inhabiting the
          pond must endure long periods of both drought and flooding.

               These extreme conditions provide habitat for one State
          Endangered grass species and one uncommon grass species. The
          Endangered species is known from just five other sites in
          Maryland, only one of which is protected in this State.

               In addition, this area borders The Nature Conservancy's
          Pristine Pines Preserve and will provide further protection to
          the five state-listed species inhabiting that preserve. This
          habitat is vulnerable to hydrologic alterations caused by
          ditching or drainage of surrounding lands. Protection of both
          the Teats Branch wetlands and Pristine Pines will eliminate the
          potential for drainage within a broader area.

               Rare'amphibians may also occur in the Teats Branch Pond.
          The pond's flora and fauna vary both seasonally and annually with
          water level, and the amphibians are usually not apparent in late
          summer when this site was surveyed. Several visits will be
          necessary to obtain a complete species list for the site.

               Seasonal ponds provide excellent feeding, breeding, and
          nesting grounds for migratory waterfowl and offer feeding habitat
          to resident waterbirds. As shoreline habitat is lost to
          development, these inland wetlands become increasingly important
          resources for migratory and resident birds.

               Numerous tracks were observed in the pond, revealing that
          this site is a resting and feeding area for deer.





                                           5









           Site Name: Templeville Ponds

           USGS Quad: Sudlersville

                Templeville Ponds are two separate Delmarva bays dominated
           by herbaceous vegetation within an extensive oak-pine forest.
           Delmarva bays are nontidal wetlands which fill with water in the
           winter and spring and dry in the summer as groundwater recedes.
           Nontidal wetlands dominated by herbaceous species have become
           increasingly rare due to drainage and filling for development and
           agriculture. Those that remain often contain rare, disjunct, or
           endemic species specially adapted to the fluctuating water
           levels. These nontidal wetlands also provide ideal feeding and
           resting habitat for numerous amphibians, songbirds and other
           wildlife.

                Two rare or uncommon plant species grow in this Delmarva bay
           system dominated by sedges and Buttonbush. A small population of
           a-State Endangered sedge, found at twelve other locations in the
           state, inhabits the ponds. This sedge species is a candidate for
           listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. These wetlands
           also harbor an uncommon grass species. Future surveys at
           different times of the year may reveal that other rare plant and
           animal species rely on these bays for habitat.


           Site Name: Tuckahoe Creek North

           USGS Quad: Ridgely

                Tuckahoe Creek North site.encompasses seasonally flooded,
           temporarily flooded, and saturated palustrine forests, shrub
           swamps, and open water ponds upstream from and adjacent to the
           Tuckahoe Creek North Natural Heritage Area (NHA). Preserving the
           nontidal wetlands feeding into the Tuckahoe Creek North N.H.A. is
           essential to maintaining the hydrologic regime, water quality,
           species composition, and natural character of the NHA.

                The nontidal wetland vegetation in this site acts as a
           natural filter, reducing the sediment and chemical content of
           surface runoff entering tidal areas. This function is especially
           important because Tuckahoe Creek is the main tributary of the
           Choptank River. In addition to reducing pollution and siltation
           in the NHA tidal wetlands and in the river, the nontidal wetlands
           serve as catchment basins for seasonally high surface runoff.
           Instead of flooding and increasing erosion in the tidal channel,
           the excess surface runoff evaporates or is slowly absorbed into
           the soil. Periodic freshwater discharge from the nontidal
           wetland increases the nutrient availability in the tidal
           wetlands, stimulating productivity. This freshwater influx also
           creates varied habitat, resulting in increased species diversity.


                                           6









               A large and extensive population of a State Threatened shrub
          species thrives in Tuckahoe Creek's riparian habitat. The
          nontidal wetlands and adjacent upland forests buffer this rare
          plant population from disturbance or nonnative weedy species
          invasion. Although not surveyed, Forest Interior Dwelling Birds
          probably breed in the site due to its large size and variety of
          habitats.


          Site Name: unicorn Millpond

          USGS Quad: Sudlersville

               Unicorn Millpond was created by the damming of  Unicorn
          Branch, a tributary to the Chester River. Permanent, freshwater
          lakes do not occur naturally on the Eastern Shore, but similar
          habitat has been created by beaver dams. Due to trapping and
          habitat destruction, few beaver survive in this region. Thus,
          Unicorn Lake represents a vanishing habitat.

               The lake and adjacent wetlands support six rare or uncommon
          plant species. Two State Endangered submergent species
          inhabiting the lake are each known from only one or two other
          extant locations in the State. This is the only known occurrence
          in Maryland for a Highly State Rare submergent species. Three
          uncommon plant species also rely on the high water quality of
          this lacustrine habitat.

               Unicorn Lake offers  ideal nesting, feeding, and breeding
          grounds for resident and  migratory waterbirds, waterfowl, and
          songbirds. Herons, egrets and ducks frequent the lake. The lake
          provides high quality fish habitat and supports extensive
          Submerged Aquatic Vegetation. Reptiles and amphibians are common
          in the water and in the shallow marshes along the perimeter.


















                                           7






















                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                   ST MARY'S COUNTY










                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401




                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in St. Marys County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide' habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare. Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                  ST. MARY'S COUNTY




           Site Name: Church Swamp

           USGS Quad: Rock Point

               This large wetland includes a swamp forest and a well-
           drained, bottomland forest. Areas that remain saturated
           throughout the year are intermixed with areas that are only
           seasonally flooded. When the site was visited in 1988, isolated
           stands of mature hardwood forest, with scattered large, old
           trees, were present in several locations throughout the swamp.
           Due to drainage, logging, and development, mature, undisturbed
           bottomland forests are uncommon on the Western Shore.

               Five rare and uncommon plant species occur in relative
           abundance in the extensive wetlands at this site. Two of these
           are sedges that are listed as Endangered in Maryland. one of the
           Endangered sedges is known from only four other sites in the
           State. All known populations are small and the species is
           extremely sensitive to habitat disturbance. Another sedge at the
           site is listed as Threatened in Maryland. It is known from only
           five additional sites in the State, three of which are threatened
           with imminent habitat destruction. Another State Endangered
           plant is a wildflower that occurs in only three other sites in
           Maryland. Church Swamp is the only Maryland site for this
           species west of the Chesapeake Bay. The fifth species of concern
           is a sedge that is considered uncommon in Maryland, not currently
           threatened but worthy of monitoring.

                The rare species at this site are all sensitive to changes
           in water quality or quantity in their wetland habitat. Any
           hydrological disturbance, whether from logging, ditching, road
           construction, or other activities, would be deleterious to the
           swamp forest and its rare species. The wetland is relatively
           flat, and hydrological changes in the surrounding groundwater
           recharge areas influence the hydrology of this swamp.
           Hydrological changes that alter the length of flooding would
           change the composition of the swamp forest and could eliminate
           the rare plants. The invasion of weedy non-native species that
           typically follows logging may also threaten rare species
           populations. Upstream disturbance could cause excessive
           siltation and reduce the water quality in the swamp.
           Unfortunately, at the time of the most recent site visit,
           extensive logging was taking place within the wetland. The
           resulting effects of this disturbance on the rare species
           populations are unknown.




                                           1









                The deciduous swamp and bottomland hardwood forests provide
           excellent habitat for forest interior dwelling birds, reptiles,
           and amphibians.


           Site Name: Mill Creek Pond

           USGS Quad: Hollywood


                Mill Creek Pond is a large millpond created by the damming
           of Mill Creek. A rare aquatic plant species that is listed as
           Endangered in Maryland is abundant in the pond. This plant is
           known from only three other sites in the State. A second State
           Endangered plant, known from only one other site in Maryland,
           grows in the organic soils at the edge of the open water. This
           is the only known site on the Upper Coastal Plain for both of
           these Endangered species. A great diversity of more common
           wetland plants occurs along the shoreline and in emergent marsh
           areas where two feeder streams enter the pond. Water quality at
           this site remains high because the upstream watershed is forested
           and relatively undisturbed. Development proposed upstream may
           alter the hydrology of this site and may degrade the rare species
           habitat.

                Abandoned millponds have become an increasingly important
           artificial habitat for numerous rare and uncommon plant species.
           Historically, beaver activity created many freshwater ponds.
           Beaver populations have been reduced because beaver are often
           perceived as a nuisance. Where soils and hydrologic conditions
           are suitable, abandoned millponds simulate a natural habitat that
           has become increasingly uncommon on the Western Shore.

                Additional survey of this pond, particularly in the emergent
           marsh areas, would be likely to yield more records of rare plant
           species and possibly rare amphibians. The pond offers superb
           habitat for reptiles, amphibians, and resident and migratory
           waterfowl. The forested watershed provides habitat for forest
           interior dwelling birds.


           Site Name: Miski Run Woods


           USGS Quad: Leonardtown

                Miski Run Woods contains a large, unusually diverse
           bottomland forest with many species that are typically found in
           the mountains and Piedmont, but are uncommon on the Coastal
           Plain. The soils at this site are calcareous, due to shell
           deposits in the underlying Choptank geological formation.
           Circumneutral soils are uncommon on the Coastal Plain, which is
           typically characterized by more acidic soils. The nutrient-rich

                                           2









           floodplain is carpeted with wildflowers in the spring, and is
           flanked by steep, north-facing slopes. The clear stream which
           flows through the site supports insect larvae characteristic of
           unpolluted waters. Abundant mosses and liverworts grow on its
           uneroded banks.

                Three unusual plants grow in the bottomland forest at this
           site. A dense population of an attractive wildf@,,pwer that is
           listed as Threatened in Maryland carpets the low6r end of the
           protection area along Miski Run. It grows in only four other
           locations in the State. A small population of another State
           Threatened species grows in the damp soil near the stream. This
           plant is known from only six other sites in Maryland,: and all
           known populations are small. Large portions of the floodplain
           forest floor are covered in the spring with a plant that is
           considered uncommon in Maryland--not yet Threatened but worthy of
           monitoring.


           Site Name: St. Mary's River Bottomland

           USGS Quad: Hollywood

                This site is a very wet, heavily wooded floodplain. Red
           Maple, River Birch and Sweet Gum dominate the forest canopy, with
           alder, Sweet Bay, Pawpaw, Spicebush, and Sweet Pepperbush in the
           understory. The floodplain forest harbors a population of a
           State Endangered amphibian that lives under the bark of fallen
           logs and breeds in vernal pools. This species is known from
           fewer than three other sites in the State.

                Although logged in the past, this bottomland forest shows
           few signs of recent disturbance. The woodland floor is littered
           with decaying logs that provide excellent habitat for the rare
           species. Portions of the site are very wet and provide breeding
           sites even in relatively dry years. As winter approaches, the
           frogs move up out of the area with potential for flooding to
           higher ground, where they overwinter in burrows.


           Site Name: West California swamp

           USGS Quad: Hollywood

                This site contains a wetland complex composed of a seepage
           shrub swamp with herbaceous openings and long open marshes. The
           shrub swamp, dominated by alder and Sweet Bay Magnolia, is
           characterized by a well-developed vegetation structure and a
           rich, diverse flora. Its many berry-producing shrubs provide
           excellent food sources and habitats for many birds and other
           wildlife species.


                                           3









                West California Swamp supports a large population of a sedge
           that is listed as Endangered in Maryland. This species is known
           from fewer than five sites in Maryland. At this site it occurs
           in a large patch of approximately 1000 sq. ft. as well as several
           scattered smaller patches. The site has been searched only
           briefly and should be further inventoried for additional rare
           species. Construction was occurring within 1000 ft. from the
           site and may threaten the rare species populatior' with
           sedimentation.



















































                                           4























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                    SOMERSET COUNTY










                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                           Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Somerset County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as.
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.














                                   SOMERSET COUNTY




          Site Name: Dublin Swamp

          USGS Quad: Princess Anne
                      Dividing Creek

               Dublin Swamp includes a densely forested swamp within the
          Wellington Wildlife Management Area and naturally regenerating
          swamp forest on private land harvested about six years ago. The
          removal of canopy cover on private land has created a wetland
          opening, naturally regenerating in sedges, grasses, and Red
          Maple. In some respects, this artificial opening mimics wetland
          gaps created by fire and flooding before these natural
          disturbances were suppressed by man.

               A moderately large and widespread population of a State
          Threatened sedge grows in the wetland opening. only two other
          occurrences of this sedge are known within the state. Its very
          limited distribution indicates that its rarity may be due to
          highly specific soil or hydrologic requirements.


          Site Name: Eden swamp and Powerline

          USGS Quad: Eden

               This swamp forest/emergent marsh complex hosts an
          extraordinary variety of rare species. Few nontidal, emergent
          marshes remain on the Eastern Shore due to ditching and drainage
          for agriculture and development. Although artificially
          maintained, the marsh in the powerline right-of-way is
          representative of a natural habitat once much more common. Three
          State Endangered and one State Threatened plant species inhabit
          this marsh. In the adjacent swamp forest, natural canopy gaps
          provide habitat for a fourth State Endangered Species and
          additional habitat for a State Endangered Species that also grows
          in the right-of-way.

               Due to fire suppression, natural canopy openings are now
          uncommon. Artificial canopy gaps, such as those produced by
          logging, are usually accompanied by extensive disturbance to the
          surrounding environment that does not occur in natural openings.
          Weedy or non-native species often colonize these artificial
          openings.

               The State Endangered and Threatened Species that inhabit
          this site are each known from fewer than ten extant sites in


                                           1










           Maryland. At the most, just one population of each of these
           species is currently protected.

               The marsh and adjacent upland and swamp forests provide
           feeding, breeding and nesting habitat for resident and migratory
           songbirds, and feeding grounds for waterfowl.












































                                           2























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                    TALBOT COUNTY










                                    SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources DiVision
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                          Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the Office of Ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Talbot County that is designated as a nontidal wetland of
           Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status.of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.













                                    TALBOT COUNTY




          Site Name: Geib Fairview Ponds

          USGS Quad: Fowling Creek

               Buffered by an upland hardwood forest are palustrine swamp
          forests, shrub swamps and seasonal ponds dominated by Buttonbush
          and various herbaceous species, including three State Endangered
          Species. Once abundant on the Eastern Shore, seasonal ponds are
          now uncommon due to drainage and filling for agriculture and
          development. As seasonal ponds decline in number, so do the
          plant and animal species which rely on them for habitat.
          Remaining seasonal ponds often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic
          species specially adapted to the fluctuating water levels.

               These ponds normally fill in the winter and early spring,
          and dry in the summer. This fluctuating groundwater regime
          maintains an unusual abundance of herbaceous growth in one
          seasonal pond at this site. Three State Endangered plant species
          occur among this herbaceous vegetation in the deepest section of
          this pond. Two of the Endangered plants, one a member of the
          Aster Family and the other a grass, complete their life cycles in
          the brief period after this deep portion of the pond dries in
          summer and before fall frosts. The third Endangered species, a
          floating-leaved aquatic, overwinters under water and flowers and
          fruits in spring before the pond dries.

               Seasonal ponds provide ideal habitat for a variety of
          wildlife. Tracks throughout the ponds indicate that deer
          frequent this site. The ponds offer nesting, feeding and
          breeding grounds to migratory waterfowl and songbirds. Resident
          waterbirds also feed in the ponds. Rare amphibians may inhabit
          these ponds. Pond flora and fauna vary with water level, so
          several visits will be necessary to develop a complete species
          list for the site.


          Site Name: The Xill Creek Wildlife Sanctuary

          USGS Quad: Wye Xills

               The Mill Creek Wildlife Sanctuary, a 160 acre forest
          preserved by the Maryland ornithological Society, harbors seven
          rare plant species within its upland beech-oak forests and Red
          Maple swamp forests. The extensive woodlands and wetlands also
          provide prime habitat for forest interior dwelling birds.



                                          1









                Two State Endangered ferns occur adjacent to a portion of
           the stream valley dammed by beavers. Each of these Endangered
           plants occurs at fewer than four other sites in Maryland. A
           Federally Endangered mammal inhabits the upland forested buffer
           of the wildlife sanctuary. A State Rare plant species found
           beside this swamp also relies on this flooding regime for its
           survival.

                A large population of a State Threatened pldz@t species,
           known from only four sites in Maryland, thrives along the steep
           north-facing bluffs above the swamp. A State Endangered member
           of the Aster Family occurs further downstream along one of the
           creek's tributaries and is known from only five sites,in the
           state. A Highly State Rare plant and a rare member of the Grape
           Family whose status has not yet been determined also grow in the
           vicinity.


           Site Name: Seth Pond


           USGS Quad: Trappe

                The deep detritus layer at the bottom of Seth Pond, a pond
           within a state demonstration forest, provides excellent habitat
           for saprophytic diving beetles. In 1973, a rare aquatic beetle,
           formerly believed to be extirpated in the state, was observed in
           both adult and larval forms in the pond. In 1978, a species of
           scavenger beetle new to science and known nowhere else in the
           world was discovered in the pond. Since that date, the pond was
           altered, apparently to make it more suitable as waterfowl
           habitat. Recent surveys have failed to turn up individuals of
           either diving beetle species, so that both are believed to be
           extirpated. Future surveys will be needed to determine whether
           either of these rare diving beetles has survived the disruption
           of its habitat.

                Seasonal ponds are now the only natural, herbaceous, non-
           riverine, freshwater wetlands left on the coastal plain. Because
           they are hydrologically recharged by groundwater, water levels
           vary both seasonally and annually, causing fluctuations in plant
           species and cover. When inundated in the winter and early
           spring, these ponds provide ideal breeding and resting habitat
           for amphibians, songbirds, and other wildlife. As they dry in
           the summer, remaining moist depressions are rapidly colonized by
           herbaceous species. Many ponds like these have been filled or
           drained for development and agriculture. Those that remain often
           harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic species specially adapted to
           the fluctuating water levels.





                                            2























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                   WICOMICO COUNTY










                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources DiVision
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:

                          Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration





















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Wicomico County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of-Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.












                                   WICOXICO COUNTY




          Site Name: Barren Creek

          USGS Quad: Hebron, Mardela Springs
               This site encompasses the wetlands along thd'.1upstream.
          portion of Barren Creek, a tributary of the Nanticoke River, from
          the headwaters of the creek's main branch to the boundary of the
          Chesapeake Bay Critical Area. The site contains at least four
          former millponds, one of which remains an open-water pond with a
          mature hardwood swamp along its fringe. Several other ponds have
          been partially drained due to destruction of their dams. Old
          millponds mimic a habitat that was once more common on the
          Eastern Shore. In the past, old beaver ponds'created-wetlands,
          with an open, treeless canopy that supported successional plant
          communities. Beaver have been greatly reduced in number and with
          them this habitat type has diminished. Many of the plant species
          associated with this habitat are now rare in Maryland.

               All four ponds at the Barren Creek site support a rare woody
          species along their banks or in the moist, exposed soils of the
          formerly flooded ponds. This State Rare species is found in only
          two geographic areas worldwide -- on the Delmarva peninsula and
          in two counties in Oklahoma. In Maryland, it is limited to the
          upper reaches and tributaries of three rivers: the Nanticoke,
          Pocomoke, and Wicomico. The population along Barren Creek is
          extensive and includes young shrubs as well as mature, fruiting
          individuals, indicating that the population is reproducing
          successfully.

               The unique distribution of this rare woody species poses
          questions about its evolution and biogeography. If several
          populations can be protected, genetic and ecological research may
          be conducted to clarify the reasons for its disjunct and narrowly
          limited range. A study examining the effect of increasing canopy
          closure on the rare species (in the ponds where natural
          succession is occurring due to destruction of the old millpond
          dams) might provide insights concerning the limited distribution
          of the species.

               Two significant herbaceous plants occur in the high-quality,
          freshwater seeps at the southeastern edge of one of the formerly
          flooded millponds. One species is known from fewer than a dozen
          other locations in Maryland and is considered State Rare. The
          other species is considered uncommon in Maryland, not currently
          threatened but in*need of monitoring. The sphagnous seeps also
          support diverse vegetation including grasses, sedges, club moss,
          orchids, carnivorous plants, and young alder trees.









                The large, open-water ponds within this site provide
           excellent resting, feeding, and breeding habitat for numerous
           birds and amphibians.

                The area immediately downstream from this site has been
           designated as a Habitat Protection Area for Locally  Significant
           Habitat (#WI 0-4) in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Program.
           Protection of the upper portion of Barren Creek w@ll help to
           maintain water quantity and quality in the adjac6tt Critical Area
           site. The Habitat Protection Area supports a continuation of the
           population of the rare woody species found in the nontidal
           wetland of Special State Concern.


           Site Name: Campbell Powerline

           USGS Quad: Pittsville

                Campbell Powerline contains extensive wet sphagnous meadows
           dominated by Loose-headed Beakrush and Virginia Meadow-beauty. A
           large, vigorous population of a State Endangered species occurs
           in the wet sphagnous meadows and, to a lesser extent, in
           contiguous grassy upland habitat. Half of the six Maryland
           populations of this species are located in Wicomico County. A
           plant considered uncommon in Maryland is a codominant in these
           wet meadows.

                Naturally-occurring forest openings, created by flood or
           fire, once provided habitat for wet meadow species. Since these
           natural disturbances are now suppressed by man, species
           associated with wet meadows have become increasingly uncommon.
           The removal of woody vegetation for right-of-way maintenance to
           some degree mimics the natural disturbances and provides an open
           canopy habitat for meadow species.

                The low-lying, poorly diained soils at this site are often
           flooded or saturated. The rare and uncommon species that inhabit
           the meadows are uniquely adapted to this standing acidic water.
           Many non-native weeds can not invade these meadows because they
           can not tolerate acidic conditions.

                Wet sphagnous meadows are valuable as breeding grounds for
           amphibians and provide forage for birds. Pine-hardwood forests
           to the southeast and northwest of the meadows also provide rich
           habitat for wildlife.










                                           2









          Site Name: Horsebridge creek Bog

          USGS: Wango

               The Horsebridge Creek Bog is an open sphagnous wetland of
          emergent vegetation. Removal of woody species for maintenance of
          a powerline right-of-way maintains the open canopy at this site.
          During pre-settlement history, fires and floods created and
          maintained similar habitats. Now that these natural phenomena
          have been artificially suppressed, powerline rights-of-way
          provide important habitat for species which require open, early
          successional conditions.

               The wet, acidic, nutrient-poor habitat is not conducive to
          the growth of most plants. However, an unusual group of plants
          specially adapted to these conditions thrives in this wetland.
          Among them are sizeable populations of four rare species. One of
          these is listed as Endangered in Maryland, two are listed as
          Threatened, and one is State Rare. A fifth species is considered
          uncommon in Maryland.

               In the early 1980's four additional rare species were
          reported from this site. Although they were not observed in
          1987, all of these species may persist at the site.

               This area provides an opportunity to research the effects of
          an active drainage ditch that artificially lowers the water table
          in an ecologically significant wetland.


          Site Name: Johnson Pond


          USGS Quad: Delmar

               The Johnson Pond Protection Area contains a large Atlantic
          White Cedar swamp. The swamp is   a mixture of cedar, Red Maple,
          Black Gum, oaks, and Sweet Gum.   Cedar Swamps are becoming
          increasingly rare on the Delmarva peninsula and areas this large
          are particularly unusual.

               A vigorous population of an herbaceous, wetland plant that
          is listed as Endangered in Maryland grows in the swamp. Several
          subpopulations occur in different sections of the braided river
          channels. This species is known from only four other sites.in
          Maryland and is rare in surrounding states as well.

               Two additional rare species occur in the mesic upland
          habitat adjacent to the swamp. one is Maryland's only population
          of a tree species that is listed as Endangered in the State.
          Maryland is near the northeastern limit of this species' range.
          The other is a small population of a State Rare wildflower that
          grows in grassy upland clearings.

                                            3










                Additional rare plants may be found if this area is further
           explored. Atlantic White Cedar Swamps frequently contain unusual
           sedges and carnivorous plants.


           Site Name: Lawes Ditch


           USGS Quad: Wango

                Lawes Ditch site contains nontidal wetlands associated with
           two tributaries of Nassawango Creek: Beech Island Creek and Lawes
           Ditch. These wetlands form part of the Nassawango swamp forest,
           an area of regional and perhaps national ecological significance.
           Nassawango swamp represents the northern limit of distribution
           for many species and supports a dense concentration of rare
           species.

                Lawes Ditch harbors the northernmost breeding population of
           a songbird listed as In Need of Conservation in Maryland. In our
           State, this species is known only from the Pocomoke-Nassawango
           swamp ecosystem. This swamp forest also provides excellent
           habitat for many other wildlife species.

                A butterfly listed as In Need of Conservation in Maryland,
           and known from fewer than 5 sites statewide, also occurs within
           wetlands at this site. It is found in conjunction with its
           larval food plant, a shrub considered State Rare. Both butterfly
           and shrub are predominately southern species and the shrub is
           known in Maryland only from the Nassawango area.

                A rare fern listed as Threatened in Maryland and known from
           fewer than ten sites in the State is found in two locations at
           Lawes Ditch site. It grows in the damp soil associated with
           spring-fed seeps. A woody plant considered uncommon in Maryland,
           not currently threatened but in need of monitoring, grows in the
           forested swamp at this site.

                In the nearby uplands are three additional rare species. A
           large colony of an attractive wildflower listed as Endangered in
           Maryland grows along the sandy roadsides. It is known from only
           one Maryland site outside of the Nassawango swamp area. A State
           Endangered butterfly and its State Threatened food plant also
           inhabit the sandy roadsides.


           Site Name: Litsea Pond

           USGS Quad: Wetipquin

           PLEASE SEE SUMMARY UNDER SITE NAME IIWETIPQUIN POND"; LITSEA POND
           IS AN INCORRECT NAME AND SITE HAS BEEN RENAMED WETIPQUIN POND.


                                           4













           Site Name: Middle Plum Creek

           USGS Quad: Sharptown

                This wetland complex contains a fine example of an Atlantic
           White Cedar swamp surrounded by a drier swamp forest of Red Maple
           and Sweet Gum. Cedar swamps are becomingly incre"-@asingly uncommon
           on the Delmarva peninsula. The forest canopy in the'wettest
           areas of this site is composed of virtually 100% cedar.

                Within the cedar swamp grow five plant species that are rare
           or uncommon in Maryland. A rare wildflower listed as'State
           Threatened is widely distributed along the edges of the cedar
           swamp. A tiny State Rare plant grows abundantly in the wet peaty
           soils over more than one acre of the swamp. Three other plants
           in the cedar swamp are considered uncommon in Maryland, not yet
           threatened but worthy of monitoring due to declining or.
           restricted populations.


           Site Name: Mockingbird  Pond

           USGS Quad: Hebron


           PLEASE SEE SUMMARY UNDER SITE NAME "BARREN CREEK"; MOCKINGBIRD
           POND HAS BEEN DELETED AS A SEPARATE SITE NAME AND INCLUDED AS
           PART OF BARREN CREEK.



           Site Name: Nassawango Creek

           USGS Quad: Wango, Snow Hill

                The mature Bald Cypress-Black Gum swamp bordering Nassawango
           Creek is widely recognized by scientific and environmental
           organizations, including as the Smithsonian Institution, as one
           of the most important natural areas in Maryland. Much of the
           site is protected as a nature preserve by a non-profit
           conservation organization. These wetlands form a major portion
           of the Pocomoke-Nassawango cypress swamp ecosystem, the best
           representative of the cypress-gum swamp community north of
           Virginia. This swamp is one of the northernmost examples of this
           southern swamp type in the nation. The wetland communities along
           Nassawango Creek represent the northern limit of distribution for
           many species. They contain an unusual number of rare species
           occurrences per unit area.

                More than 30 State Rare, Threatened or Endangered species
           have been documented within this site. Some of these grow within
           the Bald Cypress swamp and others occupy contiguous habitats. At

                                            5









           least 30 additional uncommon species inhabit the swamp and
           adjacent upland. Coastal Plain bogs, emergent marshes, shrub
           swamps and Atlantic White Cedar swamp all form part of the
           wetland complex along Nassawango Creek, and each supports native
           plant communities that include rare species. The large number of
           rare species reflects the unique plant and animal assemblages at
           this unusual site. Many species here are more characteristic of
                                                            .Lonally rare,
           cypress swamps of the deep South. Others are natd
           including at least two species listed as EndangeAd under the
           U.S. Endangered Species Act.

                Many of the cypress trees at Nassawango are ancient,
           reaching heights of 125 ft. and more, with circumferences up to
           25 ft. These mature trees offer superb nesting sites'for cavity-
           nesting birds, including Wood Duck, owls and forest interior
           breeding birds such as Pileated Woodpecker. The swamp is
           reported to have the greatest diversity of nesting warblers on
           the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It supports breeding populations of
           at least 14 warblers, including one species listed In Need of
           Conservation in Maryland. In our state this species is known
           only from the Nassawango-Pocomoke swamp system.

                This wild, remote, and extensive swamp offers excellent
           habitat for many other wildlife species, such as river otter,
           raccoon, mink, gray fox, weasel, and flying squirrel.

                That portion of the Nassawango Creek ecosystem within the
           Chesapeake Bay Critical Area has been designated as Lower
           Nassawango Creek Natural Heritage Area (NHA). Natural Heritage
           Areas are communities of plants and animals that are considered
           to be among the best statewide examples of their kind. Lower
           Nassawango Creek NHA was designated because it is a diverse and
           relatively undisturbed segment of the unique Pocomoke-Nassawango
           Swamp ecosystem. Preservation of the Nassawango Creek nontidal
           wetland of Special State Concern protects not only the habitats
           within its boundaries, but also the habitats within the NHA.

                Historical reports suggest that more than 25 rare and
           uncommon species, including 7 State Endangered plants and one
           candidate for federal listing, are likely to occur in Lower
           Nassawango Creek NHA. Limited recent surveys have confirmed the
           presence of three State Endangered species. Two of these are
           plants of the intertidal zone, while habitat for the third
           species is provided by contiguous palustrine forest. Two State
           Rare plants and two plants considered uncommon but not yet
           threatened, have also been confirmed in the extensive complex of
           tidal and nontidal wetlands in the NHA.

                Preserving the nontidal wetlands upstream from the NHA is
           essential if the water quality and quantity, species composition,
           and natural character of the NHA are to be maintained. The
           wetland vegetation upstream from the NHA reduces pollution and

                                           6









          flooding in the NHA by slowing water flow, filtering sediment and
          chemical pollutants, and utilizing nutrients. The upstream
          wetlands thus help maintain the natural environmental conditions
          that support significant plant and animal habitats within the
          NHA.



          Site Name: Parker Pond

          USGS Quad: Salisbury

               Parker Pond is an old millpond/shrub swamp complex
          surrounded by a forest buffer and low-density residential
          development. A State Rare woody species grows along the banks of
          the former millpond, especially on the dike that separates it
          from the shrub swamp. This species is found in only two
          geographic areas worldwide -- on the Delmarva peninsula and in
          two counties in Oklahoma. In Maryland, it is limited to the
          upper reaches and tributaries of three rivers: the Nanticoke,
          Pocomoke, and Wicomico.

               Two unusual herbaceous species grow in the wet soils and
          shallow waters at this site. Both are considered uncommon in
          Maryland, not currently threatened but worthy of monitoring due
          to declining or restricted populations.


          Site Name: Plum creek Bog

          USGS Quad: Sharptown

               Plum Creek Bog is a high quality sphagnum bog exhibiting a
          diverse flora, including five plant species that are rare or
          uncommon in the State. One of these is known from only one other
          site in Maryland and is listed as State Endangered. A
          particularly large population of one uncommon species blankets
          the bog in late June.

               Sphagnum bogs are uncommon on the Eastern Shore, and most
          remaining bogs occur in powerline rights-of-way. Powerline
          maintenance sustains an open canopy at these sites. Many wetland
          plants are shade intolerant and thrive in these open rights-of-
          way. Historically, fire and beaver were largely responsible for
          the creation and maintenance of inland freshwater emergent
          wetlands. Current fire suppression practices and the decimation
          of beaver have eliminated similar habitat on the Eastern Shore.

               Sphagnum, bogs are wet, acidic, nutrient-poor habitats that
          are inhospitable to most plants. Instead, they harbor a group of
          interesting, peculiar plant species that are especially adapted
          to these harsh conditions. These often include rare species,
          carnivorous plants, and showy orchids. Many of these specially

                                           7









           adapted species have provided insights into the study of
           evolutionary processes.


           Site Name: Schumaker Pond

           USGS Quad: Salisbury

                This old millpond along Beaverdam Creek is forested on one
           side and supports populations of three rare species. Design
           plans for a museum on the south shore of the pond were altered to
           provide a protective undeveloped buffer around the rarest
           species, a State Endangered sedge.

                A few individuals of a State Rare tree grow along the
           wetland shoreline of the pond. This species is known from only
           two localities worldwide--the Delmarva peninsula and two counties
           in Oklahoma. In Maryland, it is limited to the upper reaches and
           tributaries of three rivers: the Nanticoke, Pocomoke, and
           Wicomico.

                The center of the pond is inhabited by Southern Pond Lily,
           Waterweed (an invasive, non-native species), and a small, State
           Rare aquatic species. This plant is known from only two other
           locations in the State.


           Site Name: Sharptown Bog

           USGS Quads: Sharptown, Hebron

                This floristically diverse sphagnum bog was surveyed in the
           summer of 1987 and was found to support at least thirteen plants
           considered rare or uncommon in Maryland. Large populations and
           the presence of both flowering plants and immature plants
           indicated that most of these species were represented by stable,
           successfully reproducing populations. Eight of the rare species
           are listed as Endangered in Maryland. For one of these species
           this is the only known population in the State. Three others are
           each known from just one other site in the State.

                Sphagnum bogs support interesting, peculiar plant species.
           They often harbor several types of carnivorous plants as well as
           showy orchids. These species are especially adapted to the wet,
           highly acidic environment and have provided insight into the
           study of evolutionary processes.

                Bogs are rare habitats on Maryland's lower Coastal Plain.
           Most of the remaining Eastern Shore bogs occur in powerline
           rights-of-way, where the removal of woody species for right-of-
           way maintenance sustains an open canopy. Many wetland plants are
           shade intolerant and thrive in these open habitats.

                                           8









          Historically, fire and beaver were largely responsible for the
          creation and maintenance of inland freshwater emergent wetlands.
          Current fire suppression practices and the decimation of beaver
          have eliminated much similar habitat on the Eastern Shore.

               As of September 10, 1987 much of the powerline bog at this
          site was destroyed. Clearcutting of forest land upstream was
          initiated in late summer and timber was dragged torough the
          powerline opening. The soil was rutted and 80% 6t the bog
          vegetation was destroyed. Large ruts remained in all wetland
          areas and the majority of the forested canopy upstream was
          removed.

               In spite of this large-scale disturbance, one section of the
          bog remains and individuals (or plants) of nine of the thirteen
          rare and uncommon species survived. In most cases, population
          sizes were vastly reduced, but viable seed sources may remain and
          some species may recover.

               Nevertheless, the logging operation caused extensive damage
          and continues to pose considerable threat. The loss of forest
          canopy upstream from the bog and heavy mechanical disturbance
          allows increased sedimentation in the bog and may change the
          hydrologic character of the site. In addition, weedy species are
          more likely to invade from open areas upstream. Therefore, the
          future of the rare plants is uncertain. Monitoring of the rare
          species and protection of their remaining habitat is now more
          imperative than ever.


          Site Name: Spearin Road Powerline

          USGS Quad: Salisbury

               The Spearin Road Powerline site is traversed by a right-of-
          way which is kept free of woody species through active
          management. This open habitat contains emergent wetlands with
          sandy soils where six rare and uncommon species occur. In pre-
          settlement history, fires and floods created and maintained
          herbaceous wetland communities. since these natural forces of
          disturbance are now artificially suppressed, one of the only
          remaining suitable habitats for species which require these open
          conditions is in and along powerline rights-of-way.

               Four plants listed as Endangered in Maryland grow in the
          open wetlands at this site. All four are known from fewer than
          six other sites in Maryland. Two are sedges that occur over a
          five to ten acre area of the wetland. Another is an attractive
          wildflower that grows with one of the rare sedges and is known
          from just three other sites in Maryland. In addition, two
          herbaceous plants considered uncommon in Maryland and worthy of
          monitoring also grow in the sandy wetlands.

                                          9










                 Adjacent upland meadows support a population of an
            Endangered wildflower. This population is vigorous, extensive,
            and reproducing successfully. More than 2,000 plants occur in an
            area of more than 20 acres. Two additional rare species were
            reported from this powerline in the early 19801s, but were not
            observed in 1987. This is the only recent sighting of one
            species on the Delmarva Peninsula, and one of twq recent Delmarva
            sightings of the other species. Further survey ii4ylreveal that
            these two species still grow at the site.

                 Additional investigations of this area may also,provide
            records of rare moths and the butterflies that favorthe
            specialized plants growing in the unusual, open habitats
            maintained in the powerline rights-of-way.


            Site Name: Wetipquin Pond      NOTE: THIS IS A CORRECTION FOR THE
                                            INCORRECTLY NAMED 11LITSEA POND'$
            USGS Quad: Wetipquin

                 This wetland is a Delmarva Bay with a surrounding strip of
            shrub swamp and a temporarily wet, narrow, outer ring of Red
            Maple Swamp forest. Most of the pond is dominated by Walter's
            Sedge with a dense understory of sphagnum moss. Delmarva Bays
            are shallow, centripetally-drained ponds or "bays" that are
            seasonally flooded during the winter and spring. By late summer,'
            the bays dry out and a number of rare species grow in the exposed
            soils. once common on the Eastern Shore, many Delmarva Bays have
            been ditched and drained for agriculture and have lost their
            characteristic native plant species. This site is one of the
            best statewide examples of a relatively undisturbed Delmarva Bay.
            Although the forest around the pond was logged approximately 10
            years ago, an uncut forested buffer remained around the pond.

                 In the wettest areas of Wetipquin Pond grows a State
            Endangered shrub that is a candidate for listing under the U.S.
            Endangered Species Act. This is the only known location in
            Maryland for this species. The population at Wetipquin Pond is
            sizeable and vigorous, containing 20-30 nature shrubs plus
            numerous seedlings. A small population of a second State
            Endangered plant also occurs in the pond. This species is known
            from only five other sites Statewide.


            Site Name: Widow Swamp

            USGS Quad: Salisbury

                 This site is a small, wet, sedge meadow along a roadside.
            Naturally-occurring forest openings, created by flood and fire,
            once provided habitat for wet meadow species. Since these

                                              10










          natural disturbances have been largely suppressed by man, many
          species associated with wet meadows have become increasingly
          rare. The removal of woody vegetation in rights-of-way for roads
          and powerlines to some degree mimics the natural disturbances
          that were once more common. Where soil and hydrologic conditions
          happen to be just right, the open canopy habitat created by these
          artificial disturbances mimics natural habitats closely enough to
          support rare wet meadow species.

               Three State Endangered plant species grow in the wet meadow
          at Widow Swamp. None of these species is known from more than
          five sites in Maryland, and one is nationally rare. Populations
          of all three are limited in number and extent at this site; fewer
          than 50,individuals of each species grow in an area smaller than
          100 sq. ft. These rare plant populationd are extremely
          vulnerable. They could be easily destroyed by local change such
          as ditching of the nearby stream, widening of the road, or
          detrimental changes in roadside maintenance techniques.


          Site game:  Williams Pond


          USGS Quad:  Delmarva

               This site contains a large, very wet swamp forest with a
          small open water pond. A deep pool in the swamp provides habitat
          for what has been reported to be the State's best population of a
          fish listed as In Need ofIC'onservation in Maryland. This fish is
          restricted to acidic poois and other quiet, dark waters, usually
          near dense vegetation. Maryland is near the northern edge of the
          distribution of this species, which is more common in the
          southeastern states. Populations near the edge of a species,
          range are important to protect because they often differ
          genetically from more centrally-located populations. The genetic
          differences may help the species survive potential environmental
          changes such as climate changes due to global warming.























                              ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF


                      NONTIDAL WETLANDS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN







                                   WORCESTER COUNTY










                                     SUBMITTED TO:


                              Coastal Resources Division
                               Tidewater Administration



                                     SUBMITTED BY:


                          Maryland Natural Heritage Program
                            Department of Natural Resources
                            Tawes State Office Building, El
                              Annapolis, Maryland 21401



                                  September 30, 1991

                       Preparation of this report was partially
                       funded by the office of ocean and Coastal
                        Resources Management, National Oceanic
                            and Atmospheric Administration






















                                      INTRODUCTION



                This report summarizes the ecological significance of each
           area in Worcester County that is designated as a nontidal wetland
           of Special State Concern under the State Nontidal Wetlands
           Regulations (COMAR 08.05.04). Similar reports were prepared for
           each of Maryland's 16 coastal counties. Most of the designated
           nontidal wetlands provide habitat or ecologically important
           buffers for habitat for plant and animal species identified as.
           rare, threatened, or endangered by the Department of Natural
           Resources, Natural Heritage Program. Other designated nontidal
           wetlands are unique natural areas or harbor unusual natural
           communities.

                The identification and designation of these areas was a
           cooperative effort between three agencies within the Department
           of Natural Resources: the Natural Heritage Program, Nontidal
           Wetlands Division, and Coastal Resources Division. As the
           State's lead agency for the identification and protection of rare
           species and natural communities, the Natural Heritage Program
           continually updates the ecological information for these areas.
           For the most recent information on a particular site, please
           consult the program's office in Annapolis.

                In the following summaries the status of rare species
           follows the Natural Heritage Program's Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Animals of Maryland and Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Plants of Maryland as revised February 1991. While
           the names of rare species occurring within each area are not
           provided, the status is given in order to convey the ecological
           significance of the areas. Common names are used for
           characteristic species in descriptions of the vegetation except
           when no common name is available. These common names generally
           follow those found in Fernald's Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
           Edition (1950). When a specific species is named, the common
           name is capitalized. Common names referring to a genus or family
           are not capitalized.














                                  WORCESTER COUNTY




          Site Name: Burbage crossing swamp

          USGS Quad: Ninepin Branch

               Burbage Crossing Swamp is a diverse cypress swamp in the
          Pocomoke River floodplain. This old, high quality bottomland
          hardwood forest is dominated by Bald Cypress and old Red Oak
          trees. Examples of a mature community of this type are rare in
          Maryland. The forest's diversity of plant species and of age
          classes within species provides excellent habitat for a variety
          of wildlife species. The Pocomoke River swamp system is remote
          and extensive, and therefore supports species not found in more
          developed areas of the state.

               Three rare or uncommon sedges grow in the moist forest floor
          of this protection area. Two of the sedges, listed as State
          Endangered, are each known from only three other sites in
          Maryland; none of the sites is protected. Another sedge growing
          in this swamp forest is uncommon in the state.

               The Pocomoke River has been designated a Maryland Scenic
          River, and as a result already receives some protection. The
          protection of contiguous lands such as Burbage Crossing Swamp
          will contribute to the maintenance of the river's water quality,
          scenic beauty, and value as habitat for both plants and animals.


          Site Name:  Campground Branch

          USGS Quad: Public Landing

               This bottomland hardwood forest contains two State
          Endangered plant species and an uncommon tree species. The
          populations of all three rare species are large and widespread
          within the forest.

               In addition, there is little evidence of recent, unnatural
          disturbance of the habitat. This swamp forest, dominated by oaks
          and Red Maple, is an excellent example of the now uncommon mature
          bottomland hardwood forest.

               Many of the maples and oaks inhabiting the forest are quite
          large. Because such trees are usually harvested before they
          reach this size, old forest communities are becoming increasingly
          difficult to find in Maryland. Old forests provide habitat for
          specialized birds and insects which require dead or aging trees
          for food and shelter.









                Because the forest is old and the only recent disturbance
           has been natural blowdown, the trees are well spaced. The
           blowdowns create sunny canopy gaps in a number of places which,
           along with a fairly open understory, makes it an unusual habitat.
           The two State Endangered plants, both sedge species, occur within
           these natural canopy gaps.


           Site Name: Colbourne Powerline


           USGS Quad: Wango

                The Colbourne Powerline right-of-way supports three plant
           species which are rare or uncommon in Maryland, two of which are
           State Endangered.

                Powerline right-of-ways have become significant habitat for
           a large number of threatened and endangered plant species.
           Powerline maintenance practices keep the right-of-way relatively
           free of woody species. In right-of-ways containing special soil
           types or hydrologic conditions, artificially maintained openings
           may mimic natural gaps. Historically, the major sources of
           natural canopy openings were forest fire and beaver activity.
           However, modern fire suppression practices, and the decline of
           beaver on the Eastern Shore, have nearly eliminated these natural
           forces.



           Site Name: Delaware Wildlands

           USGS Quad: Whaleysville

                Delaware Wildlands, a 500 acre wooded wetland, harbors three
           rare animal species In Need Of Conservation and a State Rare
           shrub. One of the animal species, a rare interior-dwelling bird,
           requires large contiguous tracts of deciduous floodplain and
           swamp forests. It occurs at only three other locations in the
           state.

                The rare shrub occurring in the understory of the swamp
           forest serves as the food plant for axare insect species. This
           insect occurs at only three other sites in Maryland.

                The third rare animal species, an amphibian, inhabits
           seasonally inundated wetland openings.within the swamp and occurs
           at seven other locations in the state.









                                           2









          Site Name: Dividing Creek Ponds

          USGS Quad: Dividing Creek

               Dividing Creek Ponds Protection Area contains two Delmarva
          bays. Delmarva bays are now the only natural, herbaceous, non-
          riverine, freshwater wetlands left on the coastal.plain. Because
          they are hydrologically connected to the groundwater, water
          levels vary both seasonally and annually, causing'-,fluctuations in
          plant species and cover.

               once quite abundant on the Delmarva peninsula, many similar
          ponds have been destroyed by drainage and filling for"agriculture
          and development. As Delmarva bays decline in number, so do the
          plant and animal species which rely on them for habitat.
          Remaining bays often harbor rare, disjunct, or endemic species
          specially adapted to fluctuating water levels.

               One of the Delmarva bays is unusually large, about 3 acres
          in area. Late in the growing season when the.-.bay has dried, six
          rare or uncommon herbaceous plants can be seen, four of which are
          State Endangered. For two of the Endangered species, a sedge and
          a grass, these are the only known populations in Maryland. One
          Endangered wildflower occurring at this site is known from only
          two other locations in the state.

               one rare species was observed in a second smaller bay
          located to the north of the first. Further surveys may reveal
          the presence of other rare species.

               The forested wetlands surrounded by mature pine forest
          provide essential habitat for forest interior breeding birds.
          old forest conditions are rare in Maryland and have a multitude
          of values for wildlife.

               The presence of two hydrologically different seasonal ponds,
          in close proximity, which harbor similar rare plants, makes this
          protection area a good site for ecological research pertaining to
          the rare species.


          site Name: Furnace Road Powerlines

          USGS Quad: Dividing Creek

               The Furnace Road Powerline is kept free of woody species
          through active management. This open habitat has boggy emergent
          wetlands and upland meadows inhabited by sixteen rare species.
          Four of the rare species are State Endangered. One of the
          Endangered species, a member of the Legume Family, occurs at only
          one other site in Maryland. A State Endangered sedge here has
          been found at only four other sites in the state.

                                           3










                In pre-settlement history, fires and floods created and
           maintained these communities. Since natural causes have been
           artificially suppressed, powerline right-of-ways provide some of
           the only habitat for species that require open conditions.

                In a dry, forested area adjacent to the powerlines, small
           fires have eliminated shrubs and thinned trees so'
                                                              ,@that much light
           reaches the forest floor. Two rare species occur'.here. This
           habitat type is now rare due to active fire suppression.

                Within this large, unbroken, forested tract, woodland
           openings with herbaceous growth provide ideal feeding,and resting
           grounds for deer, bobwhite, and numerous non-game species.


           Site Name: Hancock Creek Swamp

           USGS Quad: Girdletree

                This large, mature, deciduous forest and   swamp contains two
           rare plant species. One, a State Threatened wildflower, is known
           from fewer than fifty sites worldwide and is a candidate for
           listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In Maryland, all
           of the known populations occur in Worcester County, which may be
           indicative of highly specific soil and hydrologic requirements.
           The population at this site is very large and appears to be
           reproducing successfully. The second rare plant species is an
           uncommon member of the Lily Family. The forest is also inhabited
           by many other species which are otherwise very uncommon on the
           lower Delmarva peninsula.

                The upland hardwood forest and deciduous swamp forest
           provide diverse habitats for forest interior dwelling birds,
           reptiles, and amphibians.


           Site Name: Ironshire Swamp

           USGS Quad: Berlin

                Ironshire Swamp at its edge harbors a large and healthy
           population of a State Rare shrub, apparently a Delmarva Peninsula
           endemic. The low seed germination rate and poor seedling
           survival rate of existing populations of this species probably
           results from hydrologic alteration and sediment loading along the
           fresh intertidal estuarine shores where it grows. of the five
           known occurrences of this species in Maryland, most are in
           Wicomico County, which may indicate highly specific soil and
           hydrologic requirements. This shrub species is a potential
           candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
           because of its extremely limited distribution.

                                             4










          Site Name: Little Kill Run

          USGS Quad: Girdletree

               This area includes Little Mill Run and its tributaries and a
          large millpond (Big Millpond). Within its diverse habitats, the
          area supports five rare plant species. A State Endangered fern
          species occurring along the stream is at the northeastern limit
          of its range and is known from only three other sites in the
          State. A State Threatened wildflower also grows along the
          stream. This plant species is known from fewer than fifty sites
          worldwide and is a candidate for listing under the U.S.
          Endangered Species Act. In Maryland, all of the known
          populations of this species occur in Worcester County, which may
          be indicative of highly specific soil and hydrologic
          requirements.

               Two Highly State Rare and one State Rare aquatic plant
          species at this site all occur in the large millpond, relying on
          its still and pure water supply for their survival. one of these
          was last seen in 1978, the only recent record for this plant in
          the State. When it is present, it forms large spreading -mats.
          Since this species appears irregularly, there is a good chance
          that it still exists in the pond. A second rare aquatic plant
          species here also represents Maryland's only record for the
          species. The third rare plant species reported from the large
          millpond also appears irregularly. It is known from only two
          other sites in Maryland.

               This wetland complex contains a diversity of wetland types
          including forested swamp, shrub swamp, zones of emergent
          vegetation, aquatic bed and open water. The millpond is large
          (approximately 60 acres in size) and supports healthy Bald
          Cypress, both in the water and on land. This tree approaches its
          northern limit of distribution in Worcester County.

               These diverse wetlands offer ideal nesting, feeding, and
          breeding grounds for resident and migratory waterfowl and
          songbirds. Fish and birds feed on the extensive Submerged
          Aquatic Vegetation in the millpond. Reptiles and amphibians
          inhabit the shallow marshes along the perimeter.


          Site Name: Longridge Powerlines

          USGS Quad: Salisbury

               The bog-like wetlands within this right-of-way support five
          rare plant species and represent a habitat that is now rare in
          Maryland. The management of woody vegetation in the right-of-way
          has created a habitat that is similar, although not identical, to
          the herbaceous wetland openings historically created by fire and

                                          5









           beaver activity. The modern practice of fire suppression and the
           drastic decline of beaver populations have nearly eliminated this
           type of habitat on the Eastern Shore.

                The rare species grow in the organic, saturated soil of the
           wetlands. This is the only known site in Maryland for one of the
           rare plants, a State Endangered sedge. This species varies
           greatly in abundance from year to year; hundreds of plants are
           present in some years. A State Endangered carnivorous aquatic
           plant species growing in this bog occurs at only three other
           locations in the state. A rare wildflower growing in this bog is
           listed as a State Threatened species.


           Site Name: Lower Sturges Creek Bog

           USGS Quad: Wango

                The Lower Sturges Creek Bog contains a great variety of
           habitats and diversity of rare plant species. The sandy wetland
           and upland soils fall under an array of management practices
           creating a variety of habitats, including seasonal pools, wet
           meadows, sphagnous seepage areas, bogs, sandy grasslands,
           deciduous swamp forest, and deciduous and upland pine forest. Of
           the sixteen rare or uncommon plant species found in this great
           diversity of habitats, eight are State Endangered and one is
           State-Threatened. Three of the Endangered Species, two
           wildflowers and a sedge, occur in only one other location in
           Maryland.

                Many rare native plants that require wet, sandy, open
           habitats have been extirpated from Maryland. Preservation of
           this habitat type would help to prevent the further loss of
           species. -Additionally, this area provides a variety of suitable
           habitats for recolonization. The variety of habitats also
           increases the value of the area to many animal species.


           Site Name: Mt. olive Church Pond


           USGS Quad: Wango

                This nontidal wetland complex includes a sphagnum bog which
           supports healthy populations of four rare or uncommon plant
           species, three of which are Endangered in Maryland. Two of these
           Endangered species are known from fewer than five other sites in
           Maryland. The populations here are, by far, the most vigorous in
           the State.


                Sphagnum bogs are uncommon in Maryland, particularly on the
           Lower Coastal Plain. The plants inhabiting bogs are often
           peculiar and fascinating in their adaptations to the highly

                                           6









          acidic environment. For example, the Spatulate-leaved Sundew is
          a carnivorous plant that occurs in this bog. Insects trapped by
          the plant's sugary secretions provide nutrients to the plants.


          Site Name: Oak Hall Road Powerline

          USGS Quad: Dividing Creek

               This powerline right-of-way contains two rare or uncommon
          plant species, one of which is State Endangered. Thought to have
          been extirpated from Maryland, three populations of the
          Endangered species have been found since 1987. None of these
          populations is protected. This population appears vigorous;
          seedlings as well as mature, fruiting plants were observed. An
          uncommon sedge also occurs at this site.

               Many rare plant habitats on the coastal plain are in
          powerline right-of-ways. This is probably because powerline
          maintenance sustains an open canopy. Many wetland plants are
          shade intolerant and thrive in these open right-of-ways.
          Historically, the major natural forces responsible for the
          creation of open freshwater wetlands were fire and beaver
          activity. Forest fire suppression and the decline of beaver on
          the lower Eastern Shore have all but eliminated these habitats.



          Site Name: Pawpaw Creek

          USGS Quad: Public Landing

               A steep, north-facing bluff adjacent to Pawpaw Creek
          supports a vigorous population of a rare plant species.
          Threatened in Maryland, this plant is found at only four other
          sites in Maryland, and is at the northeastern limit of its range.
          The State Rare sedge at this site inhabits low areas bordering a
          nearby pine forest. In addition, the aspect and steepness of the
          bluff along the creek provide habitat for other species that are
          uncommon on the Delmarva Peninsula.

               Bluffs as high as 25 ft. line the creek, exhibiting a degree
          of topographic relief unusual for the Lower Coastal Plain.
          Several seeps are present and these, as well as the steep slopes,
          support vegetation more characteristic of the Piedmont. A
          diversity of wildflowers carpet the forest in spring.








                                          7










           Site Name: Pikes Creek

           USGS Quad: Girdletree

                The bottomland hardwood forest supports one of Maryland's
           few known populations of a rare wildflower. This plant species
           is Threatened in Maryland, is known from fewer than fifty sites
           worldwide, and is a candidate for listing under the U.S.
           Endangered Species Act. All of Maryland's populAions occur on
           streambanks in Worcester County, which may be indicative of
           highly specific soil and hydrologic requirements. The population
           at this site is large and extends over 5 acres of the forest.
           The forest also contains many species which are typical of the
           Piedmont, but otherwise very uncommon on the lower Delmarva
           peninsula. Due to drainage and clearing, mature bottomland
           hardwood forests are increasingly uncommon on-the Eastern Shore.

                This hardwood swamp forest provides habitat for forest
           interior dwelling birds, amphibians, and reptiles.


           Site Name: Pocomoke Oxbow

           USGS Quad: Ninepin Branch

                Pocomoke Oxbow is a 1/4 mile long meander of the Pocomoke
           River that is permanently isolated from the main branch as a
           result of river channelization in the 1940's. The oxbow now
           receives only periodic flooding of the Pocomoke River at times of
           high winter or spring flow.

                The hardwood swamp forest adjacent to the oxbow is old and
           diverse. Portions of the forest have not been cut for
           approximately 70 years or more and therefore support large trees
           (especially cypress, Willow Oak, and maple). Except in areas
           which have been opened up naturally as a result of windthrow,
           there are few weedy species. old forests provide specialized
           habitat for many animals, such as forest interior breeding birds.
           Such forests are becoming increasingly rare due to timber
           management practices in the region.

                Two State Endangered species grow in the floodplain forest
           east of the oxbow. One is known from only three other locations
           in Maryland and the other occurs here at the northeastern limit
           of its range.

                An outcrop of ferric rock forms a ridge running parallel to
           the stream channel about 100 yds. east of the oxbow. It is
           similar to the ferric material smelted in the old Nassawango iron
           furnaces and may represent one of the few remaining natural
           outcrops in the area that has not been mined.


                                           8









               The old oxbow functions as a pond which provides feeding,
          resting and breeding habitat for a variety of wildlife species,
          especially amphibians.



          Site Name: Porter Neck Bog

          USGS Quad: Berlin

               Porter Neck Bog is a densely forested wetland which, at its
          margins and in slightly wetter areas, contains three species of
          rare plants. one, a State Endangered member of the Evening
          Primrose Family, is known from only one other site in Maryland.
          Another wildflower, listed as State Threatened, is an especially
          showy plant in the bog. An uncommon wildflower species has also
          been recorded at this site.

               This pine-hardwood swamp forest provides high-quality
          habitat for amphibians, reptiles, and forest interior dwelling
          birds.



          Site Name: Powell Creek

          USGS Quad: Girdletree

               The Powell Creek area contains a mature deciduous forest and
          swamp with one of Maryland's seven known populations of a rare
          wildflower. This plant species is Threatened in Maryland, is
          known from fewer than fifty sites worldwide, and is a candidate
          for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. All known
          populations of this species in Maryland occur in Worcester
          County, which may be indicative of highly specific soil and
          hydrologic requirements.

               Like other areas with this species, the forested area has
          many species which are otherwise very uncommon on the lower
          Delmarva peninsula.

               The hardwood swamp forest and adjacent upland forest provide
          diverse habitats for forest interior dwelling birds, reptiles,
          and amphibians.


          Site Name: Riley Creek Swamp

          U8GS Quad: Girdletree

               Riley Creek Swamp harbors a small population of a State
          Threatened plant species. This plant species is known from fewer
          than fifty sites worldwide and is a candidate for listing under

                                          9









           the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The seven known populations of
           this species occurring in Maryland are all located in Worcester
           County, which may be indicative of highly specific soil and
           hydrologic requirements.

                Like other protection areas with this species, this forest
           harbors many species which are otherwise very uncommon on the
           lower Delmarva peninsula. The hardwood swamp forest and adjacent
           uplands also provide diverse habitats for forest interior
           dwelling birds, reptiles, and amphibians.


           Site Name: Scarboro Creek Woods

           USGS Quad: Girdletree

                The ScarbQro Creek Woods area contains a large, mature,
           deciduous forest and swamp with one of Maryland's seven
           populations of a rare plant species. This State Threatened
           wildflower is known from fewer than fifty sites worldwide and is
           a candidate under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. All of the
           known populations in Maryland occur in Worcester County, which
           may be indicative of highly specific soil and hydrologic
           requirements. This population is large and widespread through
           the swamp. The presence of immature plants as well as mature,
           flowering plants indicates that the population is stable. The
           forest also supports many species which are typical of the
           Piedmont but very uncommon on the lower Delmarva peninsula.

                The old upland pine-hardwood forest and adjacent bottomland
           hardwood forest provide diverse habitats for forest interior
           dwelling birds, reptiles, and amphibians.


           Site Name: Scotts Landing Pond

           USGS Quad: Boxiron

                Scotts Landing Pond is a one-acre seasonal pond. Seasonal
           ponds are centripetally-drained, nontidal wetlands and are
           considered unique natural communities because they are the only
           remaining naturally open freshwater wetlands on the interior of
           the Coastal Plain. These ponds are highly threatened because
           they are easily affected by agricultural drainage or other
           hydrological disturbances. This seasonal pond is unusual in that
           it very rarely dries. As a result, it is used as a year-round
           feeding site by many types of-birds and other forms of wildlife.

                Three rare herbaceous plant species inhabit this protection
           area. A State Threatened wildflower and a second rare species
           grow in the Red Maple-Loblolly Pine swamp adjacent to the


                                           10









          seasonal pond. A third rare species grows at the edges of the
          pond.

               The pond also supports a variety of reptiles and amphibians.
          One of these is the Red-spotted Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens
          viridescens). The form found here is unusual in that it does not
          pass through the land stage (red eft) but remains aquatic
          throughout its life cycle, becoming sexually matuVe in the larval
          stage.

               The salt marsh on the eastern side of the protection area
          provides nutrients for large numbers of invertebrates which form
          the basis of aquatic food chains.


          Site Name: Spearin Road Powerline site

          USGS Quad: Salisbury

               The Spearin Road Powerline Site is traversed by a-.right-of-
          way which is kept free of woody species through active
          management. This open habitat contains emergent wetlands with
          sandy soils where six rare and uncommon species occur. In pre-
          settlement history, fires and floods created and maintained
          herbaceous wetland communities. Since these natural forces of
          disturbance are now artificially suppressed, one of the only
          remaining suitable habitats for species which require these open
          conditions is in and along powerline rights-of-way.

               Four plants listed as Endangered in Maryland grow in the
          open wetlands at this site. All four are known from fewer than
          six other sites in Maryland. Two are sedges that occur over a
          five to ten acre area of the wetland. Another is an attractive
          wildflower that grows with one of the rare sedges and is known
          from just three other sites in Maryland. In addition, two
          herbaceous plants considered uncommon in Maryland and worthy of
          monitoring also grow in the sandy wetlands.

               Adjacent upland meadows support a population of an
          Endangered wildflower. This population is vigorous, extensive,
          and reproducing successfully. More than 2,000 plants occur in an
          area of more than 20 acres. Two additional rare species were
          reported from this powerline in the early 1980's, but were not
          observed in 1987. This is the only recent sighting of one
          species on the Delmarva Peninsula, and one of two recent Delmarva
          sightings of the other species. Further survey may reveal that
          these two species still grow at the site.

               Additional investigations of this area may also provide
          recordes of rare moths and the butterflies that favor the
          specialized plants growing in the unusual, open habitats
          maintained in the powerline right-of-ways.

                                          11











           Site Name: Stockton Powerlines

           USGS Quad: Girdletree

                The open, bog-like wetlands within the Stockton Powerline
           right-of-way represent a habitat that was historically more
           common on the Eastern Shore when fire and beaver activity created
           openings with few trees or shrubs. The modern pi@ictice of fire
           suppression and the drastic decline of beaver popU 'lations have
           nearly eliminated these natural forces. The removallof woody
           vegetation in the right-of-way has created a habitat that is
           similar to, although not identical to, the herbaceous openings
           historically created by fire and beaver.

                Four rare species of plants grow in the unusual wetlands of
           this right-of-way, three of which are State Endangered. This is
           the only site known in Maryland for an Endangered sedge that
           occurs here.


                These wetlands are part of the headwaters, of a creek that
           flows directly into the Chincoteague Bay. Protection of the
           wetlands and the adjacent uplands that flow into them will
           contribute to the maintenance of water quality in the bay.


           Site Name: Tanhouse Creek

           USGS Quad: Public Landing

                The upland oak-Tulip Poplar forest and Red Maple-Sweet Gum
           swamp include many species that are characteristic of Piedmont
           forests but rare on the coastal plain. These species, including
           Bloodroot, Showy Orchis, and Cut-leaved Toothwort, are indicative
           of soils that are much less acidic than typical coastal plain
           soils. The high degree of relief along Tanhouse Creek is also
           unusual for this region and provides a variety of habitats along
           the elevation gradient.

                Included in this atypical flora are seven rare or uncommon
           plant species. An extensive population of a State Threatened
           member of the Lily Family thrives along Tanhouse Creek's banks,
           one of only seven known occurrences in the state. This plant
           species is known from fewer than fifty sites worldwide and is a
           candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. All
           known populations of this wildflower in Maryland occur in
           Worcester County, which may be indicative of highly specific soil
           and hydrologic requirements.

                The woods along Tanhouse Creek also harbor Maryland's only
           known population of another member of the Lily family. This
           Highly State Rare wild1flower occurs here at the northern extreme
           of its range. Protecting populations at the edge of a species'

                                           12










          range preserves the species' genetic variability and its ability
          to respond to environmental changes.

               Five uncommon plant species inhabit this site. These
          species are not yet believed to be threatened, but are worthy of
          monitoring.

               Any disturbance of the forest canopy cover at this site or
          in upland buffer areas would encourage the invasion of non-native
          weedy species. Maintenance of upland wooded buffer is also
          essential to preserving the hydrologic regime and water quality
          of the wetlands.


          Site Name: West ocean City Pond

          USGS Quad: ocean City

               This large but shallow freshwater pond contains four rare or
          uncommon aquatic plants, two of which are State Endangered, among
          its beds of submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation. This pond
          is the only location for an Endangered emergent plant species
          which occurs as a dominant here.

               In addition to providing habitat for the rare plant species,
          the West Ocean City Pond is a well-known stop-over for migrating
          and wintering waterfowl. The pond also provides feeding grounds
          for resident herons, egrets, ibis, gulls, and terns. Waterfowl
          and fish find a rich food supply in the large aquatic plant beds.


               Further investigation of the pond's rich aquatic flora may
          yield the discovery of additional rare species, particularly
          during years of extremely low or-high water levels. In addition,
          the pond is frequently used by birdwatchers who recognize the
          area as a good location to regularly find coastal resident
          species as well as unusual vagrants.













                                  US Depa3d3nent of Commel-ci'
                              NOAA Coastal SZ7v!c03 Cc_:!'L@ ""ary
                                   2234 South      y'--,7 -------
                                    Charlestont SC 20Z,06-14H6,















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