[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                               4R:7"1oZI Ma'mh Managommlent SiraWgIft
                                                ft Indian RWw Lagoon




                Jorge It Rey                  Douglas B. Carlson                      Joseph D. Carroll
                University of Florida         Indian River Mosq. Control District     U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
                F.M.E.L                       P.O. Box 670                            P.O. Box 2676
                200 9th Street S.E.           Vero Beach, Fl- 32961                   Vero Beach, FL 32961
                Vero Beach, FL 32962
                (407) 778-7200                (407) 562-2393                          (407) 562-3909






                    This report was made possible by a subgrant from the Florida Department of Community
                      Affairs, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and
                    Atmospheric Administration, under Cooperative Agreement Award No. NA37OZO427. The
                   views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
                                                NOAA or any of its subagencies.

                                                         October 1994.

















                                 AM
                                             TNEI-V'. 3-3.0Z,










                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS

           INTRODUCTION   ...............................................      A-1

           RESOURCES/ATTRIBUTES    .......................................     B-1

           MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES    ......................................     C-1

           SEGMENTATION SCHEME    ........................................     D-1

                  Tomoka Management Area    ...............................    D-3
                  Mosquito Lagoon Management Area     ......................   D-4
                  N. Indian River Lagoon Management Area      ...............  D-8
                  Banana River Management Area    .........................    D-13
                  Sebastian Inlet Management Area     ......................   D-17
                  Winter Beach Management Area    .........................    D-20
                  Oslo Management Area    .................................    D-23
                  Ft. Pierce Inlet Management Area      .....................  D-28
                  Jensen Beach Management Area    .........................    D-31
                  St. Lucie Inlet Management Area     ......................   D-34

           MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES    ......................................     E-1

                  Unmodified   ............................................    E-2
                  Closed    ..............................................     E-3
                  Open / No Hydrological Management      ....................  E-5
                  Rotational Impoundment Management      ....................  E-6
                  Seasonal Drawdown    ....................................    E-7
                  Cyclic  ...............................................      E-13
                  Open Marsh Water Management (impounded)       .............. E-15
                  Continuous Bleed    .....................................    E-17
                  Other (impounded)    ....................................    E-18
                  Open Marsh Water Management (unimpounded)       ............ E-19
                  Ditched   ..............................................     E-21
                  Other (unimpounded)    ..................................    E-22

           STRATEGIES/GOALS     ..........................................     F-1

           MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE JENSEN BEACH, OSLO,
           SEBASTIAN INLET, AND MOSQUITO LAGOON MANAGEMENT AREAS         ...... G-1

                  Jensen Beach Management Area    .........................    G-2
                  Oslo Management Area     ................................    G-7
                  Sebastian Inlet Management Area      ......................  G-12
                  Mosquito Lagoon Management Area      ......................  G-16

           CONCLUSION   .................................................      H-1

           APPENDICES   .................................................      I-1

                  (A) SOMM Membership    ..................................    1-2
                  (B) Special Interest Groups     ..........................   1-3

                                               i




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         A. INTRODUCTION
              Over 16,0001ha of productive coastal salt marshes and
         mangrove forests along the Indian River Lagoon have been
         impounded for mosquito control. Research during the past 10
         years, has shown that impounding can have severe environmental
         impacts on the marshes and the adjoining estuary. Of particular
         concern are degradation of water quality, isolation of habitat
         needed by sport and commercially important fishery species during
         critical times in their life cycles, elimination of productive
         marsh vegetation, adverse impacts on estuarine seagrasses, and
         interruption of the free flow of nutrients and organisms between
         wetlands and the lagoon.

              The same body of research, however, has been used to develop
         management techniques that mitigate many of these adverse effects
         while retaining the capability to control mosquitoes without
         having to use potentially harmful pesticides in these fragile
         areas. Some of these techniques, such as Rotational Impoundment
         Management (RIM), have been tested and used repeatedly in the
         lagoon, while others with equal or greater potential for
         effecting different environmental benefits have been implemented
         only infrequently. The major reason for this is that there are
         no comprehensive, lagoon-wide management strategies that take
         into account the suitability of individual areas for different
         purposes and the types of management strategies being used in
         surrounding areas.

              Along with the research data available on which to base
         management decisions, a successful mechanism has been established
         to promote wise, multi-resource management of Florida's wetlands
         resources. This vehicle is the legislatively established (F.S.
         Chapter 388) Subcommittee on Managed Marshes (SOMM), an
         interagency committee with representatives from : (1) agencies
         responsible for wetlands resources, (2) institutions involved in
         wetlands and estuarine research, and (3) agencies responsible for
         mosquito control (Appendix A). This committee, first established
         in 1983, is regarded by many as one of the finest examples of
         interagency cooperation to achieve wide-based consensus on
         ecologically-sound wetlands management solutions.

              For several years, SOMM has endorsed the concept of "block
         management". This concept involves the grouping of impoundments
         and marshes into geo-politically and ecologically meaningful
         "management areas", and applying different management techniques
         to various members of the group. To date, SOMM has completed
         management plans for one such area along the lagoon, The

              1 For simplicity, we will use the term "marsh" to refer to habitats
         variously known as salt marshes, coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, mangalB,
         etc. Distinctions among these will only be made when necessary.

                                        A-1




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         Sebastian Inlet Management Area (SIMA), a region extending from
         CR 510 in Indian River County north to Hog Point, in Brevard
         County. The St. Johns River Water Management District, through
         their Surface Water Improvement and Management Program (SWIM) has
         funded the implementation of most parts of the management plan in
         cooperation with the Indian River and Brevard Co. Mosquito
         Control Districts.

              However, without a comprehensive, lagoon-wide management
         strategy, the block management technique will not be widely
         applied because impoundment management continues to take place on
         an impoundment by impoundment basis. As a result, opportunities
         for improving environmental conditions in the lagoon are being
         squandered. Areas are often not managed in the best possible
         way, and many adjoining wetlands are managed identically (usually
         under the RIM protocol) when there may be dire need for
         alternative management in the area (e.g., for wading or migratory
         birds, endangered species, wildlife management, stormwater
         retention, etc.).

              This project continues development of Lagoon-wide management
         strategies by identifying and delineating all the appropriate
         management areas in the Indian River Lagoon, and by developing
         specific management strategies for three of these areas.

              The quarterly meetings of SOMM have provided the forum for
         discussion, fine-tuning, reviewing, and adopting the resulting
         plans. This process assures broad agency input into the
         resulting documents. In addition, presentations on this project
         have been ma:de to a number of groups with special interest in the
         Indian River Lagoon (Appendix B) and their input has been
         solicited.

              The approach to development of management strategies has
         been based upon the need to achieve a balanced overall strategy
         that takes into consideration current impacts and that is not
         overly biased towards one type of management. The heavy human
         impacts already imposed upon the lagoon and its marshes makes it
         imperative that we consider current problems and solutions in
         view of certain constraints placed upon our management
         capabilities by human activities. An attempt has been made to
         increase marsh-lagoon linkage, but other conflicting needs have
         not been ignored.

         ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Numerous people have contributed to this
         project. We would specially like to thank David Mook and Jody
         Rosier, who wrote important sections of this document. We also
         thank the members of SOMM for the many hours of discussion that
         considerably improved the final product. Personnel from Volusia,
         Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie and Martin Co. Mosquito Control
         and from the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge were
         extremely helpful in providing information and comments. In

                                         A-2




                          0


         particular, we would like to thank Paul Haydt, Scott Taylor, Pete
         O'Bryan, Jim David, Blake Faulkner, and Harvey Hill for their
         help with the project. Finally, we thank the members of the
         special interest groups listed in Appendix B for their input.
         This project was funded by a Coastal Zone Management Grant
         (NOAA), administered by the Florida Department of Community
         Affairs.























































                                        A-3








         B. RESOURCES/ATTRIBUTES

              Below is a list of resources and attributes that were
         considered important when developing management strategies.

          1. Seagrasses

          2.  Rooker"ies

          3.  Waterfowl wintering areas

          4.  Freshwater sources, natural & man-made


          5.  Inlets


          6.  Development

          7.  Vegetation (open vs closed'canopy)

          8.  Mosquito control activities & problems

          9.  Endangered species habitat

         10.  Wading bird utilization

         11.  Shore birds


         12.  Public use

         13.  Educational facilities/potential

         14.  Research facilities/potential

         15.  Tidal range

         16.  Elevation profile

         17.  Fishery habitat potential

         18.  Existing water quality












                                        B-1









          C. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

              What follows is a list of possible management objectives for
          marshes along the lagoon.   The list is not meant to be an all-
          inclusive compilation of management options, but rather          1,ft
                                                                  an example
          of the types of goals that can be addressed through proper
          management.

           1. Mosquito Control

           2. Wintering waterfowl management

           3. Linkage and interchange with lagoon - import/export

           4. Fish

                    a) Access and nursery for transient, sport & commercial
                         species

                    b) "Stock enhancement"

                    c) Promote diversity

           5. Wading bird management

           6. Mammals

           7. Endangered species

                    a) Wood stark

                    b) Atlantic saltmarsh snake

                    c) Diamondback terrapin

                    d) Other

           8. High  salt marsh species

                    a) Vegetation

                    b) Fiddler crabs

                    C) Clapper rail

                    d) Other

           9. Exotic vegetation management/control




                                         C-1









         10. Water quality

                   a) storm water treatment and flood storage

                   b) Maintenance of desired water quality by pumping and
                        promoting circulation

                   d) Reduction of pesticide application


         11. Invertebrates: Management and culture

                   a) Promote diversity

                   b) Stock enhancement

         12. Recreation

                   a) Fishing, crabbing

                   b) Bird watching

                   c) Other

         13. Education


         14. Research



































                                        C-2































         D. LAGOON MANAGEMENT AREAS

              The following segmentation scheme has been devised to group
         together marshes within functionally discrete areas of the lagoon.
         Below are description of each of the resulting 10 Lagoon Management
         Areas (LMAs), with tables showing the impoundments in each area,
         their areal extent (in hectares), and the current management of
         each.   The ten areas are delineated in a map of the lagoon,
         followed by more detailed maps of each of the areas.

              In the tables summarizing LMAs covering the Merritt Island
         National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) FALL/WINTER DRAWDOWN has been
         abbreviated as F/W DRAWDOWN.




















                                         D-1




                                          TOM&A MANAGEMENT AREA



                                    Pon" do Loon
                                    bow
                                                   MOSQUITO LAGOON
                                                   MANAGEMENTAREA



                                                              N. INDIAN RIVER LAGOON
                                                              MANAGEMENTAREA





                                                                        BANANA RIVER
                                                                        MANAGEMENTAREA









                                                                              SEBASTIAN INLET
                                                                              MANAGEMENT AREA




                                                                        Sebastian




                                                                                           WINTER BEACH
                                                                                           MANAGEMENTAREA


                                                                                                 OSLO MANAGEMENT AREA



                                                                                      Ft Pismo
                                                                                      Inlet             FT. PIERCE INLET
                                                                                                        MANAGEMENTAREA


                                                                                                    JENSEN BEACH
                                                                                                    MANAGEMENT AREA


                                                                                                  St lAwle
                                                                                                  Inlet


                                                                                                              LUCIE INLET
                                                                                                              NAGEMENTAREA













              The Tomoka Management Area consists of a single impoundment
         (A-2, Volusia County) of approximately 445.5 ha. it is bounded to
         the north by tributaries of Bulow Creek, on the east by the Halifax
         River, on the south by unimpounded marshes and the Tomoka Basin,
         and on the west by woodlands which are drained by ditches that flow
         into Tomoka Basin.

              The west side of the area borders on Bulow State Park, whereas
         the areas below mean high water form part of the Tomoka Marsh
         Aquatic Preserve. There is no development around this area, but
         there is considerable recreational use, particularly on the south
         side (fishing, crabbing, camping).
              In the past, the marsh was extensively ditched for mosquito
         control, and the ditches are still evident today. There is a large
         breach (12-15 m) on the north end of the dike, and a spoil
         deposition area along the east border.         The Florida Inland
         Navigation District (FIND) has proposed to expand this spoil area
         and to improve the road leading to it (including installation of
         culverts below the road).    There are also plans to purchase and
         preserve the whole area as mitigation for the spoil deposition, a
         project that FIND and Aquatic Preserve personnel consider of high
         priority.

              The marsh vegetation is composed primarily of Distichlis
         spicata and Salicornia spp., with Avicennia germinans, Spartina
         bakeri and Juncus roemerianus occurring irregularly throughout the
         marsh. Along the ditches, vegetation consists of Salicornia and
         Bor.richia, with numerous Opuntia, Distichlis, and a few cedar
         trees.   Freshwater species such as Typha and Scirpus are found
         along the western boundaries, whereas palms, pines, and hardwoods
         with dense palmetto undergrowth occur on hammocks and high islands
         within the marsh.


              From 1968 to 1972, the area was seasonally flooded for
         mosquito control and high water levels were maintained during
         winter to provide waterfowl habitat. From 1972 to 1980, the winter
         management was discontinued, and in 1980 all management ceased.

              Table 1. Impoundments within the Tomoka Management Area


              IMPOUNDMENT             SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT

              A2 - TOMOKA            445.5                UNMANAGED













               The Mosquito Lagoon Management Area (MLMA) extends from
          approximately 20 miles north of Ponce Inlet (Volusia County) south
          f or approximately 55 miles thereby including impoundments along
          both the eastern and western edge of Mosquito Lagoon. The MLMA thus
          encompasses the Mosquito Lagoon Aquatic Preserve (MLAP) , the
          Canaveral National Seashore's (CNS) marshes (which are located in
          Volusia County).  The southern Mosquito Lagoon region in Volusia
          and Brevard Counties, includes part of the Merritt Island National
          Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) which borders Mosquito Lagoon.

          NOTABLE FEATURES WITHIN MLMA.     The fact that most of the MIMA
          marshes are publicly owned (as part of the MLAP, the CNS or MINWR,
          makes this management area unique among the 10 management areas
          delineated. Because so much marsh property, in particular within
          the CNS is not   impounded presents opportunities for management
          other than  the  more typical Rotational Impoundment Management
          employed in many impounded marshes along the lagoon. Also, Ponce
          Inlet provides a tidal exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and the
          north portion of this lagoonal management area. Development is
          minimized along this management area and because so much of the
          area is publicly owned, future development pressure in many areas
          is limited. The Mosquito Lagoon marshes are typically vegetated
          with Salicornia spp. (glasswort), Batis maritima (saltwort) and
          Distichlis spicata,   with occasional Avicennia germinans (black
          mangrove) and Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove) . In contrast,
          in southern regions of the Indian River lagoon, marsh vegetation is
          often dominated by mangroves.

          VOLUSIA COUNTY COMPONENT OF MLMA.     In Volusia County, the MLMA
          includes 10 impoundments totalling 1878 acres part within the CNS
          (C-8, D-2, D-12N, D-12S) and the others in the MINWR (V1-V5 & T45
          (which straddles the 2 counties)) .     Also included are several
          unimpounded marshes, largely within the CNS.

               IMPOUNDMENTS. The 10 MLMA impoundments in Volusia County are
               currently managed in a variety of ways. The CNS impoundments
               include: 1) open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) with and
               without rotary ditches, 2) an impoundment connected to the
               lagoon through culverts and 3) one totally unmanaged (this
               includes no use of mosquito larvicides on the marsh)and 4) one
               larvicided on a need basis.         Four of the six MINWR
               impoundments (Vl-V5) currently maintain culvert connections to
               the lagoon with little other management. Six more culverts
               will be installed in this group of impoundments in the future.



                                          D-4




                            0                             0


                UNIMPOUNDED MARSHES.      The unimpounded marshes within CNS
                include both unditched and previously ditched marshes some of
                which currently require periodic larvicide treatments to
                control salt-marsh mosquito populations.

          BREVARD COUNTY COMPONENT OF MLMA.       In Brevard County, the MLMA
          includes 18 impoundments (T27A-T45)          totalling 5450 acres.
          Management of this large acreage, which    is along both sides of the
          lagoon within the MINWR, is split with      approximately half of the
          impoundments being largely unmanaged        with only an occasional
          larvicide application, and the others       maintained with elevated
          water levels.

                Table 2. Volusia County Impoundments within the Mosquito
                Lagoon Management Area. CNS = Canaveral National Seashore, VC
                = Volusia County, BC = Brevard County, MINWR = Merritt Island
                National Wildlife Refuge.


                IMPOUNDMENT           SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT

                C-8 (CNS/VC)          36.9       OMWM (BREACHED W/R.DITCHES)
                D-2 (CNS/VC)          38.9           OPEN WITH 4 CULVERTS

              D-12N (CNS/VC)          17.4                 UNMANAGED
              D-12S (CNS/VC)          100.4             OMWM (BREACHED)

              V-1 (MINWR/VC)          216.3           OPEN WITH 1 CULVERT

              V-2 (MINWR/VC)          79.4            OPEN WITH 1 CULVERT

              V-3 (MINWR/VC)          163.2           OPEN WITH 1 CULVERT

              V-4 (MINWR/VC)          64.8                F/W DRAWDOWN

              V-5 (MINWR/VC)          19.9              W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

            T-45 (MINWR/VC/BC)        23.5                    OPEN

















                                             D-5








               Table 3. Brevard County Impoundments within the Mosquito
               Lagoon Management Area. VC = Volusia County, BC = Brevard
               County, MINWR     Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge.


               IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE             CURRENT MANAGEMENT

                  T-45                  23.5                  LARVICIDED
              (MINWR/VC/BC)

             T-44 (MINWR/BC)            121.5                 UNMANAGED

             T-43 (MINWR/BC)            225.2                 UNMANAGED

             T-42 (MINWR/BC)            45.0                  UNMANAGED

             T-41 (MINWR/BC)            20.3                  UNMANAGED

             T-40 (MINWR/BC)            134.1                 UNMANAGED

            T-39N (MINWR/BC)            10.1                  UNMANAGED

            T-39S (MINWR/BC)            39.3                  UNMANAGED

             T-38 (MINWR/BC)            115.0                 UNMANAGED

            T-33C (MINWR/BC)            48.6            ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-33B (MINWR/BC)            53.9            ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-33A (MINWR/BC)            43.3            ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-29B (MINWR/BC)            41.7            ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-29A (MINWR/BC)            37.3            ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-27D (MINWR/BC)            260.1           ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-27C (MINWR/BC)            238.1           ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-27B (MINWR/BC)            292.8           ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                                                              MAINTAINED

            T-27A (MINWR/BC)            557.3           ELEVATED WATER LEVELS
                               I                     I        MAINTAINED







                                            D-6








                               MOSQUITO LAGOON
                               MANAGEMENTAREA






          C-8;,

                     Z@
         D-12S
                      Cl)

            D-2








                                        Vl -V5

                                      T-45
                                        T-44
                                          T-43
                                           T-42
                                             T-41
                                           14.3-40
                                                  T-39
                                               "@,T-39S
                                                    T-38
                                                     T-2713-1)
                                         T-27A"

                                                         -33A
                                                         T-33B
                                             T-29

                                                      T-33C














                                           ...... ....
                                                 ..................



                                                            ......... .




               The North Indian River Lagoon Management Area extends from the
          northern end of Indian River Lagoon at the Turnbull Creek marshes
          in Volusia County southward to the town of Cocoa on the Mainland
          Side and through the Shiloh and T-10 marsh impoundments on the east
          side on Merritt Island adjacent to the Indian River Lagoon.    Most
          of the impoundments are a part of Merritt Island National Wildlife
          Refuge, and therefore publicly owned. Impounded marsh acreage is
          18,024 acres with 283 acres in the 3 Scotsmoor cells 1512 acres in
          3 Shiloh cells, and 16,229 acres in the other MINWR impoundment
          cells that are adjacent to Indian River Lagoon.

               Unimpounded marshes stretch southward from the Scotsmoor area
          to Mims extending inshore to the FEC railroad tracks. Marshes are
          absent from Titusville southward to Cocoa on the mainland because
          of the relatively steep bank of the Indian River.

               The major features of this area are the shallow waters of the
          Indian River Lagoon, which average about three feet depth through
          the entire lagoon cross section.    Because of the shallow depth,
          seagrasses are abundant throughout the area.       Fresh water is
          available to all impoundments in the area from Turnbull Creek, or
          from runoff from the mainland or Merritt Island. The Scotsmoor and
          Shiloh groups of impoundments are important features as well as the
          Haulover connection between the Mosquito Lagoon and Indian River
          Lagoon.

               All the marshes are dominated by herbaceous halophytes because
          the area is too far north to support an abundance of mangrove
          vegetation. Because of distance from inlets the supply of juvenile
          fishes is probably limited,     therefore waterfowl are a prime
          consideration in management planning.    There     are     sixteen
          endangered species in the region.    Two of thesel the endangered
          wood stork and the threatened Atlantic saltmarsh snaket are the
          primary species affected by marsh management.

               The Scotsmoor impoundments are herbaceous salt marsh, with
          freshwater aquatics.    These marshes, as well as some in the
          Turnbull area are proposed for purchase by the St. Johns Water
          Management District and CARL. The SJRWMD is funding culvert
          installation in the Shiloh impoundments to control cattails and
          Brevard County is working with several private owners of the
          Scotsmoor Impoundments to engage in an innovative management plan
          that features a cyclic rotational impoundment management-waterfowl
          management plan.



                                          D-8









               Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge manages                its
         impoundments for several objectives including optimizing habitat
         for natural salt marsh, for wading birds, for overwintering
         waterfowl, or other wildlife benefits including fisheries.

               Table 4. Brevard County Impoundments within the N. Indian
               River Lagoon Management Area


               IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE             CURRENT MANAGEMENT

               SHILOH - 1              273.9             F/W DRAWDOWN- OPEN

               SHILOH - 3              132.8            F/W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

               SHILOH - 5              205.3            F/W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

             Tl - SCOTSMOOR             33.6           RIM - WINTER FLOODING

             T3 - SCOTSMOOR             33.6                   CYCLIC

             T4 - SCOTSMOOR             47.4                   CYCLIC








































                                           D-9








               Table S. XINWR Impoundments within the N. Indian River Lagoon
               Management Area.


               IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT

               MOORE CREEK              181.4           F/W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

                 C-21;36                381.5         ELEVATED WATER LEVELS

                  C-20A                 605.5           F/W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

                  C-20B                 88.7            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  C-20C                 129.6           F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  C-15C                 541.5           F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  C-15CB                349.1           F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  C-15D                 191.6           F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  C-15E                 106.5           F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-37A                 15.4            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-37B                 20.7            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-35                  23.9                  UNMANAGED


                  T-34                  51.8                  UNMANAGED

                  T-24A                 48.2            F/W DRAWDOWN -  OPEN

                  T-24B                 89.9            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-24C                 70.9            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-24D                 1208.9          F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-21                  37.3            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-18A                 89.5            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-18B                 62.8            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-17                  311.9           F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-16                  390.8           F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-10A                 27.1            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-10B                 17.8            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                  T-10C                 23.5            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN
                  T-10D                 67.6            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN
                  T-10E                 23.5            F/W DRAWDOWN  - 0 PEN
          Ll      T-10F                 50.6            F/W DRAWDOWN  - OPEN

                                           D-10












               IMPOUNDMENT             SIZE             CURMNT MANAGEMENT

                  T-10G                54.3            F1W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

                  T-10H                136.1               OPEN/DITCHED

                  T-10I                154.3           F/W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

                  T-10J                234.1           F/W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

                  T-10K                220.7               DIKE REMOVED

                  T-10L                270.1           F/W  DRAWDOWN - OPEN

                  T-10M                222.7           F/W DRAWDOWN - OPEN

                   T-9                 72.9                   CLOSED



















































                                          D-11




     SHILOH-5    0
                            N.       RIVER LAGOON
                               MANAGEMENT AREA

                  HILOH-3
                    _Tl @ T31 T4

                    SHILOH-1

                       T=21
                          T-9

                            T-10M




                                        -21;36


                           Er  MB
                             74




















                                                          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




               This area covers the Banana River in the northern Indian River
          Lagoon. It contains 10 impoundments covering 2578 acres in Brevard
          County, and 14 impoundments covering 1411 acres in the MINWR. A
          majority of the impoundments outside of MINWR are privately owned
          except C2 (county) and C3 and C34 (state).

          BREVARD COUNTY COMPONENT OF THE BANANA RIVER MANAGEMENT AREA.

           ImpoundmentS C2 and C34 are under RIM management, with
          experimental water level manipulations for w6'od storks taking place
          in the south cell of C2. The dikes of impoundments C3, 2, and 10
          have been breached, whereas the remaining impoundments are
          unmanaged.  Most of the impoundments in the area have been heavily
          influenced by fresh water input. A portion of Sykes Creek empties
          into impoundment C2, and impoundments 1-5, 10, and 11 were formerly
          flooded by free-f lowing wells. The wells have now been capped, and
          these marshes are now flooded primarily by rainfall.

               Vegetation in the impoundments reflects the fresh water
          influence, with species such as Typha spp. and upland exotics
          dominating many of the areas. Exceptions occur at impoundment C2,
          which has a significant herbaceous halophyte cover, and C3 and C34,
          where black mangroves predominate.

               Major features of the area include the Sykes Creek Parkway,
          which runs east of impoundment 1 to the south end of C2, where it
          connects with Audubon Rd.; the barge canal, SR528, and the 528
          Causeway, which divide impoundment C2 into north and south cells;
          the Central Brevard Airport north of Impoundment 3; the 520
          Causeway which crosses the Banana River north of C3; the Cape
          Canaveral Air Force Station; and the Kennedy Space, Center at the
          northern limit of the management area.       Part of Sykes Creek,
          empties into Impoundment C2, and Newfound Harbor divides the
          southern tip of Merritt Island into eastern and western halves,
          with land connections via the 520 causeway, Sykes Creek Pkwy, and
          SR528.


               Most of this area has been intensively developed except for
          some areas south of SR528, where approximately 50 ha of Batis-
          Salicornia marshes exists, and in the 1000-island area, near C34,
          where mangrove and herbaceous halophyte wetlands exists, mostly in
          islands within the Banana River.






                                          D-13











          MINWR COMPONENT OF THE BANANA RIVER MANAGEMENT AREA.

               There are 14 impoundments within the MINWR covering 1411 acres
          (impoundments T-25B and T-25D are joined and listed as one). The
          T-28 impoundments are presently managed under RIM or under MINWR
          strategy 2, but could be managed differently if more culverts were
          available. Impoundments in the C-21 group are now closed all year
          and are being considered as potential dredge spoil sites. The T-25
          group is being managed under MINWR strategies 1 or 2.

               Table 6. Brevard County Impoundments within the Banana River
               Management Area.


               IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT

            C2 - SYKES CREEK            851.7            RIM - WOOD STORK

                    1                   10.9                 UNMANAGED

                    2                   3.6                   BREACHED

             3 - S. MERRITT             62.8                 UNMANAGED
                ISLAND A

             4 - S. MERRITT             20.7                 UNMANAGED
                ISLAND B

             5 - S. MERRITT             36.0                 UNMANAGED
                ISLAND C

              10 - TWO OAKS             9.3                   BREACHED

                    11                  3.2                    FILLED

                    C3                  12.6                  BREACHED

           C34 - GUMBO LIMBO            33.2                     RIM
                  ISLAND

























                                           D-14




                            0                             0


                Table 7.      MINWR Impoundments within the Banana River
                Management Area.


               IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE             CURRENT MANAGEMENT

                  T-25A                 140.5           MINWR STRATEGY 1, 2

                 T-25B,D                87.9            MINWR STRATEGY 1, 2

                  T-25C                 27.1            MINWR STRATEGY 1, 2

                  T-28A                 11.8                     RIM
                                                          MINWR STRATEGY 2


                  T-28B                 70.9                     RIM
                                                          MINWR STRATEGY 2

                   T-30                 34.4                    CLOSED

                  C-21B                 101.3                   CLOSED

                  C-21C                 19.9                    CLOSED

                  C-21D                  6.1                    CLOSED

                  C-22A                 19.0                  UNMANAGED

                  C-22B                 19.0                  UNMANAGED

                  C-22C                  9.3                  UNMANAGED

                  C-22D                 12.2                  UNMANAGED

                  C-22E                 12.2                  UNMANAGED






























                                           D-15















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                                 --------- ...... aa . . ........... . ............
                                .........................







              The Sebastian Inlet Management Area extends from State Road
         510 the Wabasso Causeway and bridge) in Indian River county
         northward to Hog Point in Brevard County.        This north south
         distance is about 16 miles and includes all the salt marshes,
         mangrove swamps and impoundments on the barrier Island side of the
         Indian River Lagoon. There are many mangrove islands included in
         the management area. The western boundary is the Intracoastal
         Waterway. Most of the public and private lands have had individual
         impoundment management plans developed in the last three years
         since development of the Sebastian Inlet Management Area Regional
         Plan.

              The major features of this area are the Sebastian Inlet and
         the St. Sebastian River, a freshwater source west of the area. The
         proximity of the inlet to all these marshes is important,
         especially for fishery options related to the abundant supply of
         organisms entering the Indian River Lagoon at this location.

              There are two important wading bird rookeries in or near the
         Management Area; Pelican Island and Grant Farm Island. Both of
         these rookeries support the endangered wood stork as well as other
         colonial nesting wading birds. Pelican Island is the central focus
                       'fand National Wildlife Refuge, administered by the
         of Pelican Is
         Fish and Wildlife service.       Other publicly owned areas of
         importance are the Sebastian Inlet State Park, and Long Point
         county park.

              There are 15 impoundments in the SIMA, two of which are
         breached and unmanaged. The total impoundment area in the SIMA is
         1206 acres (488.5 ha).       Most of these impoundments are in
         Rotational Impoundment Management, and the two nearest two Pelican
         Island have a special winter pump up and drawdown feature for
         wading bird feeding. About 340 acres (137.7 ha) of island marshes
         and mangrove swamps which are unimpounded, but most of these
         islands have been ditched in the past.













                                        D-17









                Table 8. Impoundments within the Sebastian inlet Management
                Area



                IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT

                HOG POINT                42.9                 UNMANAGED

                NORTH GROVE              23.1            SEASONALLY FLOODED

              NORTH SIPHON               3.2                  UNMANAGED

                JOHN SMITH               63.6                     RIM

              SOUTH SIPHON               6.5                  UNMANAGED

                SUNNYLAND                24.3            SEASONALLY FLOODED

              LATHAM HOTEL               10.9                 UNMANAGED

                NANCY CREEK              6.9             SEASONALLY FLOODED

                LONG POINT               60.8                     RIM

             CAMPBELL'S COVE             27.5                     RIM

                1     INLET              62.0                     RIM

                2- BIRD'S                63.1                     RIM

                3 - PETE'S               60.8                     RIM

                4    NORTH               20.7                 UNMANAGED
                DEERFIELD

                5 - SOUTH                12.2                 UNMANAGED
                DEERFIELD








                IFM
                um
                                    SEBASTIAN INLET
                                    MANAGEMENT AREA

                       Hog Point
                       N. Grove
                        N. Siphon
                         S. Siphon
                           John Smith
                             Sunnyland
                              Latham Hotel


                                  Nancy Creek

                                   Long Point
                                     Campbell's Cove







                                      W,    Bird's
                                      w-     Pete's
                                     It,        4

                                        W 13      5

















                                                    ".. .........
                                                    ...............


               The WBMA lies in Indian River County beginning 4.5 miles south
          of the Sebastian Inlet and extends south for approx. 9 miles. This
          management area include marshes on both the eastern and western
          shores of the Indian River lagoon (IRL) and islands within it.
          There are 17 impoundments in the WBMA, with all of the impoundments
          (except #22), and much of the open marsh being privately owned.

          NOTABLE FEATURES WITHIN WBMA.     The f act that most of the MLMA
          marshes are privately owned has limited optimal management
          opportunities for this area.      Development along the southern
          portion of the WBMA is considerable. Most of the marsh property is
          impounded with several of the impoundments under RIM management.
          Located near this management area's northern end is the Wabasso (CR
          510) Causeway which to some extent restricts water movement.    The
          WBMA includes the area of the IRL commonly referred to as       the
          "Narrows" which is roughly equidistant from the Sebastian and   Ft.
          Pierce Inlets and receives little or no oceanic flushing.       The
          Main Relief Canal (at the southern end of WBMA) and the North
          Relief Canal (also near the southern end of WBMA and just north of
          the Grand Harbor Development) is within this management area which
          provides periodic pulses of freshwater from upland runoff.

               Vegetation in impoundments within WBMA differ considerably
          among marshes.   In some impoundments, Avicennia germinans (black
          mangrove) , Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) , Laguncularia racemosa
          (white mangrove) , or a combination of these dominate, while in
          others Batis maritima, salicornia spp., or Distichlis spicata
          dominate. Distichlis spicata occurs significantly only in a few
          mainland impoundments in the "Narrows".        The Pelican Island
          National Wildlife Refuge (with an associated rookery) is nearby the
          northern end of the WBMA.     Bird utilization of WBMA marshes is
          undoubtedly influenced by this close proximity to Pelican Island.

          IMPOUNDMENTS. The 17 WBMA impoundments total 1452 acres and are
          currently managed in a variety of ways including: 1) Rotational
          Impoundment Management (RIM), 2) open through culverts, 3)
          breached, 4) Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) with rotary
          ditches, 5) and flooded year-round.

          UNIMPOUNDED MARSHES.   The unimpounded marshes within WBMA include
          mostly previously ditched marshes along the IRL fringe and islands
          within the lagoon.   These marshes total approx. 250 acres which
          greatly contribute to the salt marsh diversity of this Management
          Area. The largest of these unimpounded marshes are at the southern
          end of IRC Impoundment #6 (Pine Island) and a marsh just south of
          Quay Dock Rd. in Winter Beach proper.



                                          D-20




                            0                             0


               Table 9. Impoundments within the winter Beach Management Area.


               IMPOUNDMENT               SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT

             #30A - VICKERS              18.3            FLOODED YEAR-ROUND
            #30B   S. VICKERS            6.5            OPEN WITH 4 CULVERTS
              #29   MORGANS              28.8              SUMMER FLOODING
             #6 - PINE ISLAND            129.6                   RIM

            #7 - HOLE IN WALL            52.7                    RIM

             #28 - N. WINTER             29.2              SUMMER FLOODING
                  BEACH                                  (RIM PLAN IN DEV.)

             #27 - S. WINTER             12.2           OPEN WITH 1 CULVERT
                  BEACH                                OCCASIONAL LARVICIDING

             #27S - TIMINSKY             19.0             OPEN THROUGH #27
                                                       OCCASIONAL LARVICIDING

              JOHNS ISLAND               14.2           BREACHED IMPOUNDMENT
                                                       OCCASIONAL LARVICIDING

             #8 - WATER TOWER            61.6              SUMMER FLOODING

             #9 - SAND POINT             60.3              SUMMER FLOODING

              GRAND HARBOR               41.3                    OMWM

             #26    TRIANGLE             6.5                     OMWM

              #25   GIFFORD              30.8                  BREACHED
                  PLOTS                                 FREQUENT LARVICIDING

              #24 - N. JOHN              23.1                  BREACHED
                  KNIGHT                                FREQUENT LARVICIDING

               23   S. JOHN              17.8                  ISOLATED
                  KNIGHT                                FREQUENT LARVICIDING

           #22 - GOLF COURSE             36.5                    RIM
















                                             D-21





                                           ki:tt', BEACH
                                    MANAGEMENTAREA





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              ......... ..




















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                                                  ... ......   .....
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                         ........... ....... ......
                                    ---------------------    . .......
                                .............



               The Oslo Management Area's (OMA) northern boundary is located
          at the 17th Street Bridge in Indian River County (IRC) and extends
          south for approximately 11.5 miles to the northern portion of St.
          Lucie County (SLC). OMA includes marshes on both the eastern and
          western shores of the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) , and islands within
          the lagoon. 22 impoundments occur in this Management Area. While
          most of these impoundments are privately owned, 2 are publicly
          owned with at least 2 more currently under serious consideration
          for public purchase.

          NOTABLE FEATURES WITHIN OMA. As is the case with many of the 10
          Management Areas, the fact that many of the OMA marshes are
          privately owned has limited optimal management opportunities in
          this area. Most of the marsh property is impounded with several of
          the impoundments under RIM management. The southern end of the OMA
          is near the Ft. Pierce Inlet which provides good oceanic water
          exchange especially for the St. Lucie County impoundments in the
          southern end of OMA. IRC's South Relief Canal (near the northern
          end of OMA) provides periodic freshwater pulses to the IRL.

               IRC Impoundment #12 (located on the barrier island at the
          IRC/SLC border) and SLC Impoundments #23 & 24 served as study sites
          for the series of Coastal Zone Management studies during the 1980's
          which studied ecosystem effects of impoundment management
          practices. This research demonstrated the scientific validity of
          Rotational Impoundment Management (RIM) as a viable impoundment
          management technique providing source reduction mosquito control
          with natural resource benefits.

               It is noteworthy that a joint purchase of 300 acres on the
          mainland side of the lagoon in and around IRC Impoundment #18
          (Vista Royale) by IRC and the St. Johns River Water Management
          District is playing an important role in preserving and improving
          management of these resources which include an oak hammock, scrub
          hammock, tidal and impounded wetlands.      A grant awarded by the
          Florida Inland Navigation District (FIND) will allow development of
          the educational opportunities for this area which is being called
          the "Oslo Riverfront Park".

               Several  miles south of Oslo Road in SLC, occurs several
          marshes which receive a considerable fresh water input from the
          uplands, in particular the sand ridge. Also along the west side of
          US 1 lies the "Savannahs", a freshwater habitat targeted for public
          acquisition.

                                          D-23








               On the eastern edge of the lagoon in SLC Impoundment #23
          (which is State owned) abuts a large oak-palmetto hammock with
          considerable encroachment by exotic vegetation in particular
          Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). Several miles south
          of this lies Impoundment #19B which includes a fairly intact
          tropical hammock.
               Vegetation in OMA impoundments differ considerably among
          marshes.    In some impoundments, Avicennia germinans (black
          mangrove), Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) , Laguncularia racemosa
          (white mangrove) , or a combination of these dominate, while in some
          other marshes, Batis maritima, or Salicornia spp. dominate.
          Several rookeries influence bird use in OMA. One is adjacent (but
          just outside) OMA to the north, the other is a spoil island off
          Oslo Road, the third within IRC Impoundment #13.

          INDIAN RIVER COUNTY COMPONENT OF THE OMA. In IRC, OMA includes 13
          impoundments totalling 779 acres with only Impoundment #17 (=133
          acres) being publicly owned. Also included are approximately 150
          acres of unimpounded marsh divided among the lagoon fringes and
          islands within the IRL.

               IMPOUNDMENTS. The 13 OMA impoundments in IRC are currently
               managed in a variety of ways including: 1) Rotational
               Impoundment Management (RIM), 2) summer flooding only, 3)
               breached with larvicide treatments as necessary, 4) connected
               to the lagoon through culverts, 5) year-round flooding, 6)
               receiving secondarily treated wastewater (the only example we
               are aware of along the IRL; the possible impacts of this
               practice are unclear).

               UNIMPOUNDED MARSHES.   The unimpounded IRC marshes within OMA
               include marshes fringing the lagoon and several islands. The
               largest unimpounded marsh is where the South Relief Canal
               enters the IRL.


          ST. LUCIE COUNTY COMPONENT OF OKA.


               IMPOUNDMENTS.    Impoundments 23, 24, 19B, 19D, and 21 are
          primarily estuarine systems managed in a variety of ways, including
          RIM, tidal trapping, or breached. Larviciding is done frequently,
          especially in impoundments 23 and 24. Impoundments 23 and 24 are
          frequently used by wading birds, and 19B is very alluring to wading
          birds during summer drawdowns. These impoundments contain large
          stands of mangroves and saltwort.

               Impoundments 14A, 14B, and 14C are basically fresh water
          systems with little or no connection to the lagoon. These marshes
          maintain a variety of fresh water fauna and flora, and provide
          forage and resting areas for mottled ducks, blue-wing teal, and a
          variety of wading birds. Water is provided to these marshes via
          rainfall, or by runoff and seepage from the coastal ridge system

                                          D-24




                              0                               0

           immediately to the west. A nearly pristine coastal hammock lies to
           the west of impoundment 14C.

                 Table 10. Impoundments within the Oslo Management Area. IRC
                   Indian River County, SLC        St. Lucie County.


                 IMPOUNDMENT                SIZE              CURRENT MANAGEMENT

               #21 - SCHLITTS               14.2                SUMMER FLOODING
                     (IRC)
                #20 - JUNGLE                35.2                SUMMER FLOODING
               GARDENS (IRC)

               #19 - N.VISTA                21.1               RECEIVES TREATED
                ROYALE (IRC)                                       WASTEWATER

             #18 - SOUTH VISTA              53.9                 RIM PLAN UNDER
                ROYALE (IRC)                                      DEVELOPMENT

              #17 - LOWENSTEIN              26.3               BREACHED/FREQUENT
                     (IRC)                                        LARVICIDING
               #16 - N. BILLS               16.2            RIM (CONNECTED TO #15)
                     (IRC)
                #15 - MIDDLE                18.6           RIM (CONNECTED TO #15 &
                 BILLS (IRC)                                           #16)
               #14 - S. BILLS               12.2            RIM (CONNECTED TO #15
                     (IRC)

             #13 - VERO SHORES              14.2                SUMMER FLOODING
                     (IRC)

                  #10A - N.                 12.2              YEAR-ROUND FLOODING
               MOORINGS (IRC)

                  #10B - S.                   4.1                   BREACHED
               MOORINGS (IRC)

              #11    OYSTER BAR             66.4                SUMMER FLOODING
                     (IRC)                                  OCCASIONAL LARVICIDING

             #12     COUNTY LINE            21.1              OPEN WITH CULVERTS
                     (IRC)                                  OCCASIONAL LARVICIDING
                  #24 (SLC)                 36.5              OPEN WITH CULVERTS
                  #23 (SLC)                 121.9                   BREACHED
                                                             FREQUENT LARVICIDING
                  #21 (SLC)                 27.1                    BREACHED
                                                            OCCASIONAL LARVICIDIN
                 #19D (SLC)                   2.8                   BREACHED


                                                D-25




                            0                              0




               IMPOUND14ENT              SIZE             CURRENT MANAGEMENT

                #19B (SLC)               106.9                    RIM
                #14C (SLC)               77.0                  UNMANAGED
                #14B (SLC)               13.8                  UNMANAGED
                #14A (SLC)               17.0                  UNMANAGED
                #13B (SLC)-              16.6                  UNMANAGED











































                                            D-26







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                                                     ..........






               The Ft. Pierce Inlet (FPI)  Management  Area  (FPIMA) includes
          several large mosquito impoundments which are      presently under
          management (St. Lucie County Impoundment numbers 19A, 16A, 17A,
          18A, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and several smaller impoundments which
          are not presently managed. Dominant terrestrial vegetation types
          are mangroves interlaced with areas of saltwort and mudflats. A
          majority of the mangroves were killed or severely damaged in the
          freeze of December 1989 but juvenile plants are rapidly
          recolonizing these areas. A very diverse tropical hammock exists
          on Impoundment 19B, adjacent to the FPIMA. Exotic plants (Schinus
          terebinthifolius and Casuarina sp.) have colonized many of the
          dikes and some of the upland areas in this management area. Most
          impoundments have multiple culverts which aid in tidal exchange
          between the impoundments and the surrounding Indian River during
          unmanaged periods. This management area also contains several large
          mangrove islands (some up to several acres in size) which have
          never been modified for mosquito control and remain in a pristine
          state.

               The Ft. Pierce Management area is transected by the Ft. Pierce
          Inlet. Because of the presence of the inlet, lagoonal salinities
          and temperatures tend to remain more constant than in areas more
          distant from the inlet. The less saltatory salinity and temperature
          regimes of the area coupled with the high species diversity of the
          inlet tend to give this management area a relatively high diversity
          of estuarine fauna. Dense seagrass beds in the Indian River, and
          tidal creeks and canals in the mosquito impoundments support a wide
          variety of marine life including tarpon, redfish and manatees. Many
          species of birds, reptiles and mammals occur throughout the area.
          The beaches on the ocean side of this management area serve as
          nesting sites for sea turtles.

               The Ft. Pierce Management Area contains considerable urban
          development adjacent to the Ft. Pierce Inlet and for some distance
          north and south. Two causeways connect Hutchinson Island with the
          mainland. Jack Island State Preserve, Pepper Park, The Inlet State
          Park and John Brooks Park contain publicly owned land in this
          management area. Presently, St. Lucie County is negotiating for
          the purchase of an additional 330 acres of wetland adjacent to the
          John Brooks Park. If the county is successful in acquiring this
          parcel, about three miles of lagoonal shoreline will be under
          public ownership south of the inlet. This, in conjunction with the
          approximately 4 miles of shoreline under public ownership north of
          the inlet should form a relatively large block of protected
          wetlands.



                                          D-28









                Table 11. Impoundments within the Ft. Pierce Inlet Management
                 Area



                IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT

                    19A                  67.6                     RIM

                    19D                  2.8                 UNMANAGED

                    21                   27.1                 UNMANAGED

                    18A                  72.1                     RIM
                                                            LEFT OPEN 1993

                    18B                  6.1                  UNMANAGED

                    17A                  48.2                     RIM

                    17B                  6.5                  UNMANAGED

                    17C                  1.2                  UNMANAGED

                     1                   258.8         RIM -  MAY BE UNMANAGED
                                                                IN 1994

                     2                   76.1                     RIM

                     3                   68.0                     RIM

                     4                   79.4                     RIM

                     5                   72.1                     RIM

                     6                   142.6                    RIM































                                             D-29







                                    FORT PIERCE INLET
                                    MANAGEMENT AREA



                             21

                             19-A
                            @17-C
                               17-B
                                17-A
                               20-A
                             2 1

                                 20-B
             55
             --                   18-A
                                    18B









                                         2





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                                                 5















                                                          .... .......



                                                     ..........
                                                     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -..........




               The northern part     of the Jensen    Beach management area
          consists of several large managed mosquito impoundments (St. Lucie
          County impoundments    6, 7, 8A, 8B, 8C,    8E and 9) and three
          unmanaged marshes (St. Lucie County Impoundments 10A, 10B, and 12
          (= Martin County Impoundment 1A) .    Dominant wetland vegetation
          consists mainly of mangroves with some large areas (several acres)
          of saltwort on impoundment 10A.      Impoundments 6 and 10A both
          contain areas of uplands which support both exotic (Schinus
          te.rebinthifolius and Casuarina sp.) and native tropical and sub-
          tropical hammock vegetation.    The 1989 freeze caused extensive
          damage to many of the mangroves in this management area but many
          plants have recovered and where mortality occurred, mangrove
          recruitment is high.

              All of the mosquito impoundments in this management area have
          multiple culverts which increase tidal replication and water
          interchange with the adjacent Indian River during unmanaged
          periods. One of the unmanaged impoundments (10A) is breached by a
          100 foot channel which allows for open exchange between the estuary
          and the marsh at all times.     The Indian River adjacent to the
          Jensen Beach management area supports large seagrass beds and a
          relatively diverse estuarine fauna. The beach areas to the east of
          the mosquito impoundments serve as nesting areas for sea turtles.

               Development impacts are high in this area with a nuclear power
          plant occupying part of the northern zone of the management area
          and considerable condominium and commercial development covering
          large parts of Hutchinson Island south of Impoundment 10A. Also
          within this area are some travel trailer resorts which have been
          built on dredge and fill areas in the Indian River. A golf course
          is located on the uplands on the northern part of Impoundment 10A.
          Two causeways connect the barrier island with the mainland south of
          the Martin County Line. A large portion of impoundments 10A and 9
          and several public beach access are the only publicly owned land in
          the St. Lucie County portion of this management area.           This
          property, coupled with the approximately 450 acres of wetland owned
          by Florida Power and Light are the only major tracts presently
          under protection from development.










                                         D-31




                              0                                0


                Table 12. Impoundments within the Jensen Beach Management
                Area. SLC       St Lucie County, MC       Martin County.



                IMPOUNDMENT                 SIZE            CURRENT MANAGEMENT
                      6                     149.6                      RIM
              7 AND 8A (SLC)                131.6                      RIM
              8B AND 8C (SLC)               28.8                       RIM
                   8D (SLC)                 2.0                        OPEN
                   8E (SLC)                 19.4                  MANAGED BY
                                                                FP&L   FOR TREES

                   8F (SLC)                 0.8                        OPEN
                   8G (SLC)                 0.8                    UNMANAGED
                   8H (SLC)                 0.8                    UNMANAGED
                   81 (SLC)                 0.8                        OPEN
               9 ANNEX (SLC)                10.5                   UNMANAGED

                   9 (SLC)                  41.7                       RIM

                   10A (SLC)                111.4                   40 ACRES
                                                                    MANAGED

                   10B (SLC)                35.2                       OPEN

                   10C (SLC)                0.8                        OPEN

                   11A (SLC)                4.1                        OPEN

                   11B (SLC)                6.1                        OPEN

                   12 (SLC)                 68.9                       OPEN
                   Al (MC)

                   A2A (MC)                 10.9                    BREACHED

                   A2B (MC)                 23.1                    BREACHED

                   A3N (MC)                 30.8                       RIM












                                                 D-32




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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      MANAGEMENTAREA.
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                                     .........


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               The St. Lucie Inlet Management Area (SLIMA) extends from the
          Stuart Causeway in the North, to south of impoundment G2 in Martin
          County. It contains four impoundments with a combined area of 295
          acres. Impoundments E3, E5, and G2 are on the mainland side of the
          lagoon, whereas A3s is on the barrier island side.     None of the
          impoundments are actively managed, and the dikes of E3, E5, and G2
          are breached. The impoundment vegetation consists mostly of mixed
          mangroves, with some upland species and exotics occupying some of
          the higher marsh areas.
               NOTABLE FEATURES WITHIN THE SLIKA.    Major features of this
          area include the St. Lucie Inlet, the Stuart Causeway, SR707
          (Bridge Rd.), USA1A, and the mouth of the St. Lucie River. The
          Jupiter Inlet is south of the management area. Except for public
          lands, the area along AIA is heavily developed, with a mixture of
          condominiums and single-family developments (both permanent and
          seasonal residents) and small businesses.       The mainland side
          contains mostly single-family homes and small businesses

               The St. Lucie Inlet State Park extends south from the inlet
          along the barrier island to Cove Rd., near Peck Lake, where it
          adjoins the Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge (HSNWR) . The area
          around Peck Lake contains some natural marshes on the east side,
          whereas the west was formerly impounded, but has slowly reverted to
          a semi-natural state, with only some remnants of the dike
          remaining.

               There are three unmanaged impoundments within the HSNWR (Fl-
          F3) , two of which have breached dikes (F2 & F3) .   Vegetation is
          mostly mixed mangroves, and there are no pumps or water control
          structures associated with these impoundments.      The HSNWR also
          extends south from impoundment G2 (south of Bridge Rd.) on the
          mainland side with some interspersed residential development. The
          barrier island side on this part is almost completely developed
          with upscale single-family homes.

               Further south, near the Palm Beach County line on the barrier
          island is the Blowing Rocks Preserve. This area is operated by the
          Nature Conservancy as a conservation-educational area. Within the
          preserve there is an extensive network of old mosquito control
          ditches that link to Hobe Sound via culverts. Much of the original
          ditching was along the border of spoil piles created by the
          construction of the Intracoastal Waterway. These piles have been
          colonized by Casuarina, and needle fall has filled some of the
          ditches. During the 1970's, an attempt was made to reconnect some
          of the ditches that were closed off by shoreline drift, but

                                         D-34




                          0                            0


          appropriate depths for ditches and culverts could not be attained
          because in this area, the Anastasia limestone is very close to the
          surface.  As a result, the system has closed again.      Within the
          Preserve, the area east of AlA was effectively impounded by the
          construction of AlA and the Intracoastal Waterway.

               There has been recent pressure by surrounding residents for
          some measure of mosquito control in the area.      Both the Nature
          Conservancy and Martin County Mosquito Control desire to undertake
          renovation   of  the   dormant,   unmanaged    system  to    provide
          environmental enhancement and effective mosquito control.

















































                                          D-35









               Table 13. impoundments within the St. Lucie inlet management
               Area.



               IMPOUNDMENT              SIZE             CURRENT MANAGEMENT

                   A3S                  6.1                   UNMANAGED
                                                        FREQUENT LARVICIDING

                    E3                  93.6                  UNMANAGED
                                                        FREQUENT LARVICIDING

                    E5                  4.5                   UNMANAGED
                                                          TREATMENT VARIES

                    G2                  15.4                  UNMANAGED
                                                          TREATMENT VARIES

                    F1                                        UNMANAGED
                                                          TREATMENT VARIES

                    F2                                        UNMANAGED
                                                          TREATMENT VARIES

                    F3                                        UNMANAGED
                                                          TREATMENT VARIES







































                                           D-36












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           E. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

                 This section describes management strategies most likely to
           be used in marshes along the lagoon. The list is by no means
           exhaustive, and the techniques described are subject to
           considerable modification      to accommodate different marsh
           structures and management      goals. Major alternatives from each
           category are   described in    the remainder of this      section.




                                  MANAGEMENT: STRATEGIES.

               I. UNMODIFIED					II. MODIFIED

                 A. Managed (larvicided)       		   A. Impounded

                 B. Unmanaged					   1. Closed
                                                         2. Open
                                                  	   3. RIM
                                               		   4. Seasonal
                                                   		a. summer drawdown
                                                   		b. fall/winter drawdown
                                                   		c. winter flooding/spring drawdown
                                                   		d. pre-summer drawdown
                                                  	   5. Cyclic
                                                  	   6. OMWM
                                                  	   7. Continuous Bleed
                                                  	   8. Other






							E-1












                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ............

                                                                                                                                .. . .....    ......
                                                                                                                                       ....... ....... .... ......  -

                                                                                                                                                 .............
                                                                                                                                     .............    .........
                                                                                                              ...... ..       ......... ..





                                                         Marshes under this category have not been impounded or
                                      ditched. Mosquito control is achieved by using larvicides when
                                      breeding becomes                                                 a problem.




                                                                                                                                                                              . ...........


                                                                                                          . .. ............ .

                                                                                                                     . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




                                                         These are unmodified wetlands where no larvicides are used
                                      for mosquito control.







































                                                                                                                                                         E - 2













                                                    _-x . ..........


                                                         ::X-:...:.:.- -X
                                               . . ..........
                                               ..........  .........
                                               . . ...........




               A closed impoundment is one which is   not connected to the
         adjacent estuary at any time during the year. Impoundments
         maintained in this fashion may be actively flooded via Pumps or
         wells, or passively flooded by trapping rainfall or stormwater
         runoff. Impoundments may be flooded year-round, or only
         seasonally.

               Impoundment cells can be managed on a continuous flooding
         basis to provide suitable conditions for growth of waterfowl food
         plants and for feeding of resident and overwintering waterfowl.
         Although continuous flooding is not necessary to promote
         waterfowl utilization (see "Seasonal Drawdown"), the technique
         may be used when there are no provisions for draining down the
         impoundment (no culverts), or when flooding must be maintained
         throughout the year for other reasons (e.g. for stormwater
         retention).

               For best results for waterfowl, impoundments are flooded
         with 12 to 24 inches of water. Moderate salinities (about 10
         ppt) are desirable but not imperative to grow Chara the primary
         waterfowl food plant. Depending upon the amount of freshwater
         inflow, the impoundment can be pumped-up with Indian River Lagoon
         water as needed to maintain desirable water levels and eliminate
         weeds.


         Advantages:

         1) If the marsh is kept flooded, salt marsh mosquito (and
               sandfly) production from that site is eliminated year-round
               with no need for larviciding.

         2) If proper salinities can be maintained, the marsh may be
               managed for waterfowl habitat.

         3) Conducive to development of large populations of resident
               fish.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Many of the natural marsh functions are eliminated.

         2) Not having any estuarine connection, means that benefits
                                                            I








































               provided by the late summer/early fall rise in sea level
               that normally penetrate a marsh are eliminated.

         3) Biodiversity is reduced.

                                         E - 3




                         0                          0


         4) May adversely affect marsh vegetation.

         5) Precludes the use of other management techniques.

         6) Long term maintenance of a closed system may degrade
              waterfowl habitat.
































































                                       E - 4



















                                              ........... . ....
                                   .. .........
                                                     . ......... . . . .....




               An open impoundment is one where a connection to the
          adjacent estuary is maintained year-round through breaches in the
          dike or through open culverts. By definition, open systems
          interfere the least with the natural pathways of material,
          energy,, and organism exchange between wetlands and the lagoon.
          Several types of open systems can be envisioned:

               1) impoundments with breached dikes
               2) impounded marshes where the culverts remain open all
                    year.
               3) connections maintained year-round by opening culverts
                    only part way or by restricting spillage over riser
                    boards. This is usually done to manipulate salinity,
                    to control overdrainage of the marsh and/or to control
                    water levels in all or parts of the marsh.

               Open systems are best suited for areas where mosquito
          production is not a major problem such as areas removed from
          population centers, or in areas where other types of mosquito
          control can be effective. open systems may also be appropriate
          as part of management schemes where management techniques in
          different members of an impoundment block alternate from year to
          year.

          Advantages:

          1) The marsh is able to largely function in a natural fashion.

          2) If mosquito production is not a problem, continued management
               efforts are not required.

          Disadvantages:

          1) It is impossible to accomplish mosquito source reduction
               through flooding thus requiring other forms of mosquito
               control such as OMWM or the application of chemicals as
               needed (larvicides directly to the marsh and adulticides in
               nearby areas).

          2) Large sand fly populations often develop along the marsh
               edges and along the edges of creeks.





                                          E - 5













                               ...........                 ...

                             ... .... . ........           ..
                              . . ....... .

                                   ...............

                                  ............ ...

                                  . ........
                                         ....... .... ....
                                     ..... .. .... X"
                                                  ..... EM


               Rotational Impoundment Management (RIM) is a technique that
         provides for source reduction mosquito control and the
         improvement of fish and wildlife habitat and water quality. It
         is a working compromise between totally open impoundments, where
         flooding is not possible, and totally closed impoundments, where
         many of the natural marsh functions are eliminated.    RIM
         impoundments are minimally flooded from the late spring to early
         fall to prevent salt-marsh mosquito oviposition while protecting
         desirable vegetation. The impoundment is left open or partially
         open to the estuary for the remainder of the year to allow water,
         nutrient and organism exchange between the impoundment and
         estuary, and normal marsh drying. RIM water control structures
         may include: 1) flapgated culverts installed through the
         impoundment dike, and 2) a permanent or dedicated pump. General
         guidelines for RIM management have been developed by SOMM.

         Water Control Structures.


         CULVERTS. Research has shown that, to approach natural
               conditions, culverts should be made of a non-corroding
               material (most commonly aluminum), should be a minimum of 30
               in. diameter, and be equipped with a structure that will
               allow trapping of tidal water when closed and passage of
               water when open.  Culverts should be spaced at 500 m
               intervals or less and should be placed where natural tidal
               creeks, basins or sloughs intersect the dike. Invert
               elevations should be set at -1.0 ft. NGVD (National Geodetic
               Vertical Datum).

         PUMPS. A permanent or   dedicated pump is necessary for optimal
               water level manipulations. Pumps can be electric or diesel,
               with automatic or manual operation.

         RIM Variations:

               RIM is flexible, allowing for the incorporation of new
         techniques or management findings that prove beneficial. some
         variations to a standard RIM protocol are discussed below.

         BLEED DOWN OR BOTTOM WATER RELEASE STRUCTURES. During the
               summer, when culverts are closed, water quality in some
               impoundments can deteriorate, particularly in deep perimeter
               ditches. In such situations, water control structures that
               allow a slow release of bottom waters have usefulness in
               improving water quality within the impoundment.

                                        E - 6




                         0



         PERIODIC DRAWDOWNS DURING THE CLOSED SUMMER PERIOD. Impoundments
              can be drained for a short duration during the normally
              flooded summer period to allow marsh soils to dry and
              oxidize. This technique may be used to reduce hydrogen
              sulfide build-up in marsh soils.

         CONSTANT BLEED. This technique requires pumping of estuarine
              water into the impoundment in excess of what is necessary
              for mosquito control. Excess water is allowed to either
              spill over riser structures or escape through bottom water
              release structures thus creating a flushing effect.
              Flushing may affect the whole impoundment, or may only be
              effective throughout the perimeter ditch.

         DITCHING. In some instances, shallow ditches constructed by hand
              or with a rotary ditcher can extend the open RIM period
              allowing the marsh to provide more natural functions.   By
              connecting salt-marsh mosquito breeding areas to deeper
              ponds or ditches, mosquito production can sometimes be
              abated by improving drainage and/or allowing larvivorous
              fish improved high marsh access. However, ditching has the
              possibility to promote marsh drainage and may increase
              habitat for sandfly production (Culicoides spp.).

         SPECIFIC SPECIES MANAGEMENT. Variations of the standard RIM
              technique may be incorporated to manage for an individual or
              group of animal species. An example is a winter flood
              period with gradual water level drawdown to concentrate fish
              in shallow waters, thus providing improved feeding
              possibilities for wading birds.

         Advantages:

         1) Many natural marsh functions are re-established (e.g., access
              to the marsh for transient organisms).

         2) Allows for seasonal source reduction mosquito control.

         3) By flooding to only minimal levels during the summer months
              with a winter dry-down, indigenous marsh vegetation has a
              better opportunity to survive and/or re-establish.

         4) The technique is economical.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Because the marsh is not flooded year-round, some larvicide
              applications may be necessary.

         2) Flooding the marsh during the summer months is not a natural
              occurrence in this area and thus may cause problems with

                                       E - 7




                         9                           9


              water quality and problems to some indigenous flora and
              fauna (e.g., displacement of Uca populations from the marsh
              surface).






























































                                       E - 8















                                       .............
                                       .............. .
                                       ................ ......
                                       ...............   .... . .........
                                                            ............

                                                             ...........
                                                      ....................
                                                    ..........-.............  ........
                                       ..     ... .. ....... . ............. ..............
                                             ...... .. . ........  ......- ..........  ........
                                                     .................. ....  .......
                           .......     ..............
                                       :.... ... . ... .......-
                           .......     ....         . ....... .......
                                       . . ....  ....... ... ... ................
                                         ....... . . ....... ............





               Seasonal drawdowns take advantage of the water management
          capabilities of impounded marshes to enhance habitat utilization
          by groups of species, to promote growth of desirable food plants,
          and to maximize management opportunities by following seasonal
          management needs.

               The exact schedule of culvert opening and closing, and the
          time periods during which impoundments are in a drawdown stage
          can vary considerably depending upon local conditions. During
          open portions of the cycles, the opening can be complete or
          partial, and may be continuous or alternating. Some likely
          drawdown scenarios are described below.



                                   (a) SUMMER DRAWDOWN

               Summer drawdown management is a modified RIM technique that
          provides increased wading bird foraging habitat. The impoundment
          or cell of an impoundment is periodically drained during the summer
          months by opening the culverts and allowing water levels to fall
          over a period of 11 to 17 days to the level of the lagoon, which
          essentially drains the marsh. Later, a high tide can be trapped
          once the culverts are closed.

               The summer months are particularly important for wading birds
          in coastal systems. During this time, water levels are naturally
          low, often nearly exposing seagrass beds, and coastal marshes are
          under low water levels and periodic natural drawdowns. Manipulated
          summer drawdowns may be equivalent to the historical conditions
          when the low water levels associated with the summer months may
          have provided an important foraging habitat for post-breeding and
          juvenile wading birds, classes that are often ignored in management
          plans due to their dispersed population structure.

          Water Control Structures:


          CULVERTS. Research has shown that culverts used for RIM management
               may be used to facilitate summer drawdowns.

          PUMPS.   A permanent or dedicated pump is desirable for optimal
               water level manipulation. Pumps can be electrical or diesel,
               with automatic or manual operation.       However, studies have
               shown that in certain areas of the lagoon, the lunar tidal
               cycle is often sufficient to flood and drawdown impoundments.

                                          E - 9




                         0                           0


         Hydrological Regime:
              Drawdown cycles begin with the flooding of the impoundment
         by entrapment of high tidal water associated with a new moon.
         The culverts are then closed and the impoundment remains flooded
         for approximately two weeks. Before the start of the cycle,
         impoundments can be pumped high for over one month. This high
         water period is referred to as the "pre-drawdown condition".

              The exact schedule of culvert opening and closing, and the
         time periods during which the impoundment is in a drawdown stage
         can vary considerably depending upon local conditions. A typical
         scenario is described below.

              The drawdown begins by partially opening the culverts at
         high tide during full moon, when estuarine water level is
         expected to be at the second highest point of the monthly lunar
         cycle. The timing is important to assure that the impoundment is
         drawn down gradually. After one week, the entire flapgate is
         opened, thus releasing the maximum amount of water from the
         impoundment. When the water in the impoundment reaches its
         lowest point, just after opening the entire flapgate, the
         impoundment is said to be in its maximum drawdown (max-drawdown)
         condition.

              Drawdown impoundments usually remain open for two weeks
         (flapgate partially open for 1 week, entire flapgate open for 1
         week) until the next new moon. The final stage involves catching
         the next high tide and closing the culverts. After this, the
         impoundment can be left flooded, or a new cycle can be started.

         End of Summer Drawdown:

              RIM impoundments that have been flooded during the entire
         summer can follow the same drawdown pattern when they are opened
         to the lagoon in the fall. If the impoundments are opened before
         the fall high tides, drawdowns can occur and thus be beneficial
         to wading birds. If the impoundments are opened after the fall
         high tides, the drawdown effect will not be as significant.

              Impoundment blocks may be opened rotationally before the
         high tides impact the system. For example, two impoundments may
         begin bottom water release on July 15, two on July 29 and two on
         August 12, etc., thus increasing the foraging habitat available
         to wading birds and shore birds. This approach may be more
         advantageous than opening all of the impoundments in a particular
         county during the same week.

         Faunal Management:

              Experimental drawdown studies have shown that Great Egrets
         were more common during drawdowns while Snowy Egret numbers

                                       E - 10









        peaked at drawdown, but the species was rarely observed when the
        impoundment was closed and water level was high. Although
        quantitative data are limited, Wood Stork responses to the
        drawdowns paralleled those of the Great and Snowy Egrets.

             Adult and juvenile White This were present in high numbers
        in the impoundments under all water level conditions. The
        relationship between drawdown conditions and number of Roseate
        Spoonbills is far less clear. The ground survey data available
        do not show any increase in the number of Roseate Spoonbills in
        response to drawdowns; however, aereal census data appear to
        contradict this, with significant increases in numbers detected
        at the time of maximum drawdown. other observations suggest that
        large number of Roseate Spoonbills and Great Egrets feed in the
        lagoon at low tide rather than in the impoundments.

        Advantages:

        1) Wading birds respond very favorably, at the regional scale,
             to drawdown conditions. When drawdowns are available, the
             average number of birds per acre for drawdown impoundments
             has been found to be up to twenty times higher than the
             average number of birds per acre in RIM impoundments, and
             thirty times higher than in open impoundments.

        Disadvantages:

        1) There may be individual species that are negatively impacted
             by this hydrological regime.

                             (b) FALL/WINTER DRAWDOWN

             This strategy is used mainly in the Merritt Island National
        Wildlife Refuge to promote growth of food plants for migratory
        birds. It involves summer flooding, with a fall/winter drawdown
        and a spring opening. It is often implemented in a cyclic
        manner, with one to several years of fall/winter drawdown
        alternating with one to several years when the impoundment is
        left open all year. The exact opening, closing and drawdown
        schedule varies depending upon lagoon water levels, rainfall, and
        physical conditions within the impoundment.

        Advantages:

        1) Results in good food production and habitat for migratory
             birds and waterfowl.

        Disadvantages:

        1) Access to the marsh is restricted during most of the year.



                                      E - 11




                         0                          0


                        (c) WINTER FLOODING/SPRING DRAWDOWN
              This technique was developed originally to improve feeding
         opportunities for wood storks during their nesting season. Under
         this protocol, the impoundment is flooded by pumping in January
         and holding the water up for a minimum of 60 days, followed by a
         gradual drawdown. The flooding period allows for the production
         of resident fish, which are then concentrated as the water levels
         recede, thus improving feeding conditions for wading birds. This
         technique is most appropriate in the vicinity of rookeries.

         Advantages:

         1) Provides food and suitable feeding conditions for birds
              during the nesting period, when forage requirements are
              greatest.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Marshes are flooded during a time of the year when they would
              normally be dry.

         2) Increases cost of management.

         3) If not timed correctly may interfere with natural bird
              feeding opportunities at start of winter.

                              (d) PRE-SUMMER DRAWDOWN

              This techniques involves drawing down a flooded impoundment
         for a minimum of two weeks in late spring or early summer.
         During draw-down, moist soil conditions promote re-seeding of
         Ruppia maritima, an important waterfowl food plant. The
         impoundment is then gradually re-flooded to encourage growth of
         the plants. To encourage waterfowl use, the impoundment remains
         flooded until late spring.

         Advantages:

         1) Good food production and habitat for waterfowl.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Access to the marsh is restricted during most of the year.











                                      E - 12














                                                                                                            ..............
                                                                                     ............
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                                                                                      ............
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                                  Cyclic impoundment management involves the rotation Of
                       several different management techniques in different cells of an
                       impoundment or in groups of impoundments. The rotation may be
                       seasonal, or different techniques may be applied during
                       succeeding years. objectives may include wildlife enhancement
                       (primarily waterfowl), runoff filtration, saltmarsh vegetation
                       enhancement, and mosquito control.

                                  The most common strategy involves a 3-year rotational cycle.

                       Impoundments are prepared for one year before the rotation
                       starts. The preparatory phase can include saltwater flooding of
                       cells, burning of vegetation, and drawdown to eliminate weedy
                       vegetation such as cattail. Those cells not in active cyclic
                       impoundment management are usually maintained under RIM.

                                  The first active year, a cell is flooded by June and
                       flooding continues with closed culverts through December, at
                       which time the culverts are open. The second year the cell is
                       flooded with Indian River Lagoon water in November and then drawn
                       down in February; therefore there is no flooding for mosquito
                       control during the summer of that year. Some restriction to
                       marsh-estuary water flow may be imposed during this period for
                       salinity or overdraining control. The third year, after the
                       culverts are opened in February, the cell follows standard RIM.


                                  Other cells in the group begin the same cycle in sequence
                       one year behind. The whole process can then be repeated every
                       three years.

                       Advantages:

                       1) A great deal of variety can be introduced in a modest area.

                       2) Complementary strategies can be implemented in neighboring
                                  impoundment groups.

                       3) Management can be adjusted to optimize seasonal utilization
                                  of the area.

                       4) Some strategies that may be beneficial, but which need not be
                                  implemented continuously (e.g. drawdowns for sediment
                                  oxidation) can be incorporated into the regular management
                                  schedule without precluding use of other strategies at other
                                  times.


                                                                                            E - 13




                                                            0                                                                 0


                      5) If proper salinities can be maintained the area will be
                                  attractive to waterfowl, and provide waterfowl food.

                      6) The impoundment is unsuitable for mosquito and sandfly
                                  production during 2 out of 3 years.

                      Disadvantages:
                      1) May be labor intensive and expensive to implement.
                      2) If not carefully designed, may result in fragmented
                                  management of areas too small to produce maximum benefits.
                      3) Access to the marsh by aquatic organisms is limited during 2
                                  out of 3 years.

                      4) The impoundment is suitable for mosquito and sandfly
                                  production during 1 out of 3 years.




                                                                   CYCLIC MANAGEMENT SCHEMATIC




                                      FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN




                                                                                                                          ...........................
                                                                                                                        ..........................
                          PREP
                                                                                                                                       .............                   .......



                                                          . ..................


                                                                     ..........                                  ....................... ................
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                                           Culverts             closed,                               Culverts open, BB                                 Burn















                                                                                             E        14














                                                                                                                  ... ........

                                                                                                               ..........         . ........
                                                                                                     .............-
                                                                                                                                  . . . . . . ......... .
                                                                                                    .. ..............       .....   .........


                                                                                                                 .......... .............  ............
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                                                             . . ......... .
                                                                                                 ....... .. ............ ..... .... ..



                                  This mosquito control method reduces immature mosquito
                      production by establishing more regular hydroperiods that are
                      less conducive to mosquito oviposition, and by enhancing water
                      exchange and circulation to allow recruitment and maintenance of
                      larvivorous fish populations. It utilizes ponds, ditches and
                      canals connected to tidal sources. In areas with a heavy
                      concentration of mosquito-producing depressions, ponds are
                      constructed so as to eliminate the depressions. The ponds serve
                      as reservoirs for predatory fish during low water periodst and as
                      water s         *ources for nearby areas. Radial ditches may extend from
                      the*ponds to eliminate breeding in areas near the ponds. Ditches
                      are also used to eliminate scattered breeding depressions and to
                      interconnect the ponds, and deeper ditches are used to connect
                      the system with a tidal source. Ditches are often silled at
                      their connection to the lagoon to prevent over drainage of the
                      high marsh during low tide periods. It is often used in
                      impounded marshes to allow the marshes to remain open for longer
                      periods of time, often throughout the whole year.

                                  Detailed standards and protocols for OMWM have been produced
                      for New Jersey (Bruder 1980; Proc. N.J. Mosq. Control Assoc.
                      67:72-76), Maryland (Lesser 19824 Proc. N.J. Mosq. Control.
                      Assoc. 70:29-34), and Delaware (Meredith et al. 1985; Wetlands
                      5:119-133), and various modifications of OMWM have been devised
                      for dealing with slight tidal ranges and unpredictable tidal
                      events (closed systems, ditch sills, etc.).                                                                  In Florida, the
                      method has been modified to suit the Indian River's low tidal
                      amplitudes. The use of both open and closed systems, variations
                      in the placement and height of silled connectors, and the use of
                      graded, meandering ditches, are used to accomplish specific
                      management needs.

                                  Because of the small tidal amplitude in the Indian River
                      Lagoon, and other limitations imposed by vegetation structure and
                      equipment, opportunities for OMWM may be restricted along the
                      lagoon. However, the technique may offer significant benefits in
                      specific cases, or when used in combination with other techniques
                      to achieve primary or secondary management goals.

                      Advantages:

                      1) Reduces pesticide use.

                      2) May increase suitable habitat for the endangered Atlantic
                                  salt marsh snake along the edges of ditches.

                                                                                            E - 15




                         0                          0


         3) May allow breaching of dikes in some impoundments, or
              maintaining culverts open for longer periods of time in
              others.

         4) Minimal system maintenance can be expected for up to ten
              years.
         5) Provides a passive management system that requires little
              personnel for operation.

         6) Increases edge habitat.

         7) Variations in techniques provide flexibility for different
              situations and/or objectives.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Works best in areas with high tidal energy.

         2) Limited applicability in areas dominated by mangroves because
              the necessary modifications would be difficult to construct.

         3) Marsh hydrology changes, with lowering of water table a
              distinct possibility.

         4) May require maintenance and, possibly, continued modification
              as conditions in the marsh change. Periodic inspections are
              needed to keep track of changing marsh conditions.

         5) May foster the spread of mangroves into salterns and
              herbaceous halophyte areas and of invasion of salterns by
              herbaceous halophytes.

         6) Depends partially upon weather and tidal events, which may
              cause control failures in part of the marsh. Larval
              inspections are still necessary.




















                                       E - 16













              This type of management is generally accomplished by pumping
         enough water into the managed system so that its water level is
         higher than the surrounding estuary. This allows for a constant
         flow of water out of the managed area (through bottom water
         release culverts or over flapgate risers) into the estuary. Many
         modifications of this technique can be done. For example, water
         levels could be kept at a level that would allow for high tides
         to augment the input from the pumps. This modification would
         allow tidal water to enter the marsh at selected tidegates giving
         the manager much flexibility in determining inflow and outflow
         points. Because tides tend to be variable, this technique can be
         combined with tidal trapping allowing the manager to use the
         pumps when tides are low and natural tides when tides are high.
         Like many other management schemes, this method can be combined
         with other techniques for increase management versatility.

         Advantages:

         1) Creates a flow through system, giving the manager a choice of
              options on the amount of water released and the location of
              release points.

         2) Can easily vent water from top or bottom by using various
              tidegate configurations.

         3) Tends to improve water quality by continually circulating
              water in the system.

         4) May compensate for the absence of natural tidal flushing
              which is found in many natural systems.

         5) Allows for great versatility in management.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Running pumps for long periods of time is expensive.

         2) Pump failure may cause large fish mortalities because of
              sudden decrease in water quality.

         3) May cause the managed system to depart too much from the type
              of system which would normally be found in a marsh/swamp
              environment (are we creating an aquarium?).





                                      E - 17








								(II.A.8)  OTHER




                                 A variety of other techniques may be utilized, alone or in
                      combination to attain specific management objectives. These
                      techniques may represent a temporary change in management (e.g.
                      leaving an impoundment open during a specified period of time to
                      oxidize the sediments and then resuming normal management), or
                      they may be permanent management strategies (e.g. stormwater
                      retention). Some (e.g. exotic removal, prescribed burns) may be
                      applied in conjunction with other strategies.

                                      many variations on the standard management options can be
                      envisioned; some possibilities include: (1) prescribed burning,
                      (2) stormwater processing, (3) overflooding, (4) scheduled exotic
                      removal, (5) wastewater retention, and many others. Specific
                      techniques will vary depending upon the objectives and the
                      structure of the impoundment(s) in question.








                                                            E - 18












                                                                                                                  X  . ..........
                                                        ............      . . . ..............................
                                                                                                          ..................
                                                                                           ...            ...............................
                                                                                                          ..............................._
                                                                                                             ....... . . . . ...... ..... ...
                                                        ...........................                       ................................
                                                                                                          .... ........
                                                                                                      ....................
                                                        . ........... .. ...... .......... .
                                                                                                           ...........
                                                                ...........

                                                            ... .............  .............
                                                                   ..... ..........
                                                        .............. .. .......... ...... .
                                                         .... . ........................ .... .. ...                    .........
                                                        ......  ................................ ....... ....         .............
                                                                                                ...............           .....
                                                        .. . . ..................... . ... ..  .....  ....
                                                        ............. .. ......................
                                                        ..............................  ..........                  ...




                               This mosquito control method reduces immature mosquito
                    production by establishing more regular hydroperiods that are
                    less conducive to mosquito oviposition, and by enhancing water
                    exchange and circulation to allow recruitment and maintenance of
                    larvivorous fish populations. It utilizes ponds, ditches and
                    canals connected to tidal sources. In areas with a heavy
                    concentration of mosquito-producing depressions, ponds are
                    constructed so as to eliminate the depressions. The ponds serve
                    as reservoirs for predatory fish during low water periods, and as
                    water sources for nearby areas. Radial ditches may extend from
                    the ponds to eliminate breeding in areas near the ponds. Ditches
                    are also used to eliminate scattered breeding depressions and to
                    interconnect the ponds, and deeper ditches are used to connect
                    the system with a tidal source. Ditches are often silled at
                    their connection to the lagoon to prevent over drainage of the
                    high marsh during low tide periods.

                               Detailed standards and protocols for OMWM have been produced
                    for New Jersey (Bruder 1980; Proc. N.J. Mosq. Control. Assoc.
                    67:72-76), Maryland (Lesser 1982; Proc. N.J. Mosq. Control.
                    Assoc. 70:29-34), and Delaware (Meredith et al. 1985; Wetlands
                    5:119-133), and various modifications of OMWM have been devised
                    for dealing with slight tidal ranges and unpredictable tidal
                    events (closed systems, ditch sills, etc.).                                                        In Florida, the
                    method has been modified to suit the Indian River's low tidal
                    amplitudes. The use of both open and closed systems, variations
                    in the placement and height of silled connectors, and the use of
                    graded, meandering ditches, are used to accomplish specific
                    management needs.

                               Because of the small tidal amplitude in the Indian River
                    Lagoon, and other limitations imposed by vegetation structure and
                    equipment, opportunities for OMWM may be restricted along the
                    lagoon. However, the technique may offer significant benefits in
                    specific cases, or when used in combination with other techniques
                    to achieve primary or secondary management goals.

                    Advantages:

                    1) Reduces pesticide use.

                    2) May increase suitable habitat for the Atlantic salt marsh
                               snake along the edges of ditches.

                    3) In open systems, a connection can be maintained year round

                                                                                   E - 19








              between the marsh and the estuary. Usually results in
              improved water quality and more stable water levels.

         4) Minimal system maintenance can be expected for up to ten
              years.
         5) Provides a passive management system that requires little
              personnel for operation.

         6) Increases edge habitat.

         7) Variations in techniques provide flexibility for different
              situations and/or objectives.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Works best in areas with high,tidal energy.

         2) Limited applicability in areas dominated by mangroves because
              the necessary modifications would be difficult to construct.

         3) Marsh hydrology changes, with lowering of water table a
              distinct possibility.

         4) May require maintenance and, possibly, continued modification
              as conditions in the marsh change. Periodic inspections are
              needed to keep track of changing marsh conditions.

         5) May foster the spread of mangroves into salterns and
              herbaceous halophyte areas and invasion of salterns by
              herbaceous halophytes.

         6) Depends partially upon weather and tidal events, which may
              cause control failures in part of the marsh. Larval
              inspections are still necessary.





















                                      E - 20














                                                  .... . .....
                                          ...........
                                 ....      ......






              This category includes marshes that were ditched in the past
         (particularly during the 1940s and 1950s) in attempts to control
         mosquitoes; It does not include ditches constructed as part of
         OMWM systems or shallow ditches that may be used to complement
         RIM. The usual strategy was to construct an evenly-spaced grid
         system of deep ditches that would drain the marsh and often
         lowered water tables. This approach was not successful because
         considerable breeding still occurred between the ditches.
         Furthermore, spoil deposition in the marsh interfered with sheet
         flow and provided sites for invasion by exotic species and upland
         plants.

              Many of these ditches have fully or partially closed with
         time, particularly at the marsh-estuary edge. Although new ditch
         systems of this type are not likely to be constructed,
         maintenance of old ditches may be advisable in some cases as some
         of the ditches may promote water circulation and may be used as
         part of other management strategies.   Partially closed ditches
         are often heavy mosquito producers, and may require maintenance
         to prevent mosquito production and water stagnation. Finally,
         spoil piles or berms created by this technique often block water
         movement and may have to be removed.

         Advantages:

         1) In some marshes where the deep ditches have remained
              functional, mosquito breeding has been reduced, thus
              reducing the need to use pesticides for mosquito control.

         Disadvantages:

         1) Frequently not effective for long term mosquito control.

         2) Spoil piles created by the deep ditching interfere with sheet
              flow, block circulation, and promote invasion by exotics and
              upland plants.

         3) Often lowers marsh water table.

         4) Has made traversing some marshes virtually impossible,
              thereby hindering inspections for larval mosquitoes.

         5) Ditch banks can be suitable habitats for sandflies.





                                       E - 21













                                      .. .....................

                                                    .... ......






              As with impounded marshes, a variety of other techniques may
         be utilized, alone or in combination to attain specific
         management objectives. These techniques may represent a
         temporary change in management or they may be permanent
         management strategies. Some (e.g. exotic removal, prescribed
         burns) may be applied in conjunction with other strategies.

             Many variations on the standard management options can be
         envisioned. Specific techniques will vary depending upon the
         objectives and the structure of the marshes in question.








































                                      E - 22

































         F. STRATEGIES - OBJECTIVES

              specific management goals can be attained using different
         protocols.   The "best" technique for attaining a particular goal
         will depend heavily on the structure of the impoundment(s) in
         question, on physical and geographic factors, and on management
         strategies in the surrounding areas.     Below we list some likely
         combinations of management goals and strategies. The strategy most
         commonly used for a given objective is marked with 0.


























                                        F - 1










                                                                                      TECHNIQUES


                                                                                                                         .. .. . .. ..............
                                                                                                                                        ..................
                                                                                                         ..........
                                                  ..........
                                                                                                                                        ....... .....
                                                                                                                                        ...........
                                                                                                                                        .....................
                                                                                                                                . . ........
                                                                   im         d
                                                                       ose                                                     .........
                                                                                                         r::::@:unmo           le
                                                                       en: mo             I led                         dif
                                                                   @p                                :0
                                                                                                                               ...............


                                                                                    i     c
                                                                            inuous'....k: ::ooding
                                                                            ...........                                                 ..........
                                                                                                                                        .. ........
                                                                       asonalx:dr.a.w.down..
                                                                                                         . . .... . ....
                                                                                                                         ..........  .......

                                                                                                                ... . ........ ..  . .....
                                                                                                  ed:: or:@::unim
                                                                                                                         po
                                                      . ......     -        Inuous.@,:::bleed-
                                                             ..... .. .....
                                                      .. ....  .......... ... ...



                                                           . ..... .   ... ..... .


                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                                                                          .... ......







                                     GOAL                          1        2         3        4         5         6           7        8      9        10

                         Mosquito Ctrl.                            0

                               Waterfowl                           0

                                  Linkage

                                      Fish

                            Wading Birds

                                  Mammals                          -        -         v        A         R         I           E        S      -         -

                         Endangered Spp.                           -        -         v        A         R         I           E        S      -         -
                         High Marsh Spp.

                            Exotic Ctrl.                                    1         0

                           Water Quality

                           Inveterbrates

                               Recreation                          I        I         I        1         0         0           1        5      0

                                Education                          I

                                 Research                          I

                                     Other                                            v        A         R         I           E        S








                                                                                              F        2




























         G. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE JENSEN BEACH, OSLO, SEBASTIAN
                  INLET, AND MOSQUITO LAGOON MANAGEMENT AREAS

              Below are the specific management strategies for the three
         Lagoon Management Areas selected for completion under the current
         project, plus plans for the Sebastian Inlet Management Area, which
         were completed prior to the start of this project. Plans for each
         area are followed by a map of the area with the suggested
         management for each impoundment. Impoundments denoted by a circle
         are suggested for public acquisition.






















                                        G-1




                          0




                                .............

                               .. ..........


                                      . . . . . . . . . . .



                               ...........


                                            .... ............. ... ...





        General Comments:

             Management of some of the impoundments in this area is
        influenced by activities at the St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant.
        Some impoundments receive runoff from the plant, which limits the
        potential pollution to the lagoon, whereas education and vegetation
        recovery projects are in progress in others.

             Many of the impoundments in the JBMA maintain significant
        marsh-lagoon connections when compared to other areas, and
        suggested management modifications emphasize enhancement of
        flushing and internal circulation. Seasonal drawdowns for wading
        birds is recommended for several impoundments presently managed
        under RIM. Priorities for public acquisition are assigned to the
        remaining portion of impoundment IOA still under private ownership,
        and to impoundment SLC-12/MC-Al

        Impoundment 6. - This is a relatively low impoundment, with many
        open water areas in its interior.       It is not well suited for
        drawdowns for wading bird usage as it is difficult to maintain
        sufficiently low water levels to make the habitat attractive.
        However, the many open water areas provide significant habitat for
        fishes and other aquatic organisms, and increasing access to these
        areas should be a priority.     To this end, f ive to ten external
        culverts need to be added to the north side of the impoundment to
        increase access opportunities and to promote flushing and
        circulation as part of the current RIM management strategy.

        Impoundments 7 and 8A. - These impoundments offer a unique
        educational opportunity because of the interpretative trails and
        catwalks constructed by Florida Power and Light. RIM management
        can be continued without detracting from the educational potential
        of the area. Additional facilities would be extremely beneficial
        to increase the educational impact of the area.      In particular,
        additional plant identification tags are needed.       Also, larger
        signage, depicting the structure and function of tidal marshes and
        mangrove forests, and explaining the purpose, function, and
        management of impoundments are extremely desirable. These signs
        could be installed at one location in an open shelter/rest
        structure, or they can be spread throughout the trails. Additional
        bird observation catwalks on the east and west sides would also be
        beneficial. The area is secure because of restricted access and
        supervision by FP&L personnel, so investment in these educational
        facilities is relatively safe from vandalism.

                                        G-2




                           0                            0


         Impoundments 8B and 8C. - These two impoundments are prolific
         mosquito producers and should be kept under RIM.              However
         independent pumping capabilities for the two cells are urgently
         needed as excessively high water levels are being maintained in
         impoundment BC to allow flooding of 8B. This is necessary to allow
         water flow over a spoil ridge that separates the two marshes.
         Vegetation mortality is evident at 8C, partly due to the high
         flooding elevations. Installing a pump at 8B would allow proper
         flooding elevations at the two sites and vegetation recovery at 8C.
         Alternatively, the spoil ridge could be removed, but this area
         presently supports luxuriant mangrove growth which would be
         eliminated if the spoil is scraped away. Internal culverts, and
         limited rotary ditches may also enhance flushing and circulation
         throughout the cells.

         Impoundment 8D. - This marsh can be left open during most years.
         If mosquito production becomes a problem, it can be flooded for two
         to three weeks via tidal trapping and then reopened.

         Impoundment SE. - Present management of this area consists of short
         term flooding (3 weeks per month) followed by a one-week open
         period.   This strategy is being used to promote the recovery of
         mangrove vegetation. The three-week flooding period is necessary
         to provide salt water to the substrate, which otherwise would
         remain too dry for optimal mangrove growth, to control mosquito
         production, and also to avoid colonization by undesirable
         vegetation such as cattails and higher ground exotics. Provisions
         for off-season flooding for irrigation, exotic control, wading bird
         utilization, and protection against freezing should be maintained
         for this area.

         Impoundments 8F, 8G. - These impoundments are used as stormwater
         retention areas for the St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant, a strategy
         that minimizes excessive runoff into the lagoon. They are small,
         isolated areas which can not be interconnected to cycle different
         management strategies in the group. It is desirable to maintain
         high profile vegetation in these areas to minimize bird utilization
         because of possible contamination with pollutants carried by the
         runoff.


         Impoundments 8H, 81. - Can be left open unless mosquito production
         becomes a problem, in which case short term flooding (2-3 weeks)
         via tidal trapping can be used for mosquito control.

         Impoundment 9. - This marsh contains a number of small hammocks
         that should be protected. Exotic vegetation control is important.
         The area can be best managed under a modified RIM strategy, which
         includes several drawdowns during the summer for wading bird use.

         Impoundment 9 Annex. - Although management of this impoundment can
         be similar to the above, it needs to be managed as a separate unit

                                          G-3




                          0


         because marsh elevations are significantly lower and therefore,
         water levels must be adjusted independently.     Some mangrove and
         herbaceous halophyte plantings have been proposed f or this area as
         part of a mitigation project.

         Impoundment 10A. - This impoundment is unmanaged except for a 40
         acre portion in the northeast section, which is managed by tidal
         trapping through a single culvert.       This 40-acre segment is
         separated from the rest of the marsh by uplands, and by a low east-
         west road constructed many years ago. Because of this isolation,
         this segment has been responsible for a large part  of the mosquito
         production from this marsh.     Tidal trapping is only partially
         effective in controlling the mosquito problem.

              The rest of the marsh is relatively flat,     and lies at an
         elevation of slightly less than 1 foot NGVD. As    a result of the
         low elevation, the marsh is regularly flooded by tides, and
         mosquito production is not a major problem. However, there is an
         extensive network of old ditches that can cause a significant
         sandfly problem.   The south portion of the dike is breached and
         penetrated by eight 3011 culverts. The north portion has eight 361,
         culverts, but these are non-functional because of sand blockage.
         Unique tropical hammocks border the marsh on the east, and
         penetrate into the marsh at several locations.

              Because of the diversity of habitats in this marsh, it is a
         good candidate for installation of boardwalks and nature trails.
         A pump, possibly solar-powered, needs to be installed in the 40-
         acre northeast section, to allow effective mosquito control via
         RIM. Flushing and circulation need to be improved in the rest of
         the marsh to ameliorate the sandfly problem.      To this end, the
         plugged culverts need to be replaced, and the effectiveness of
         additional breaches needs to be explored.

         Impoundment 10B. - The dike in this impoundment is in bad
         condition, with two natural breaches and one non-functioning
         culvert. It should be left open but internal circulation needs to
         be improved by adding additional breaches and/or culverts,
         particularly at the north and south ends of the marsh.
         Impoundment 10C. - This is a small impoundment with a single 24''
         inch polyethylene pipe connecting the marsh and the lagoon. It can
         be left open all year.       Some cleanup and access control are
         desirable as the area has sometimes been used as a trash dump.

         Impoundments 11A and 11B. - A low berm separates impoundment 11A
         from 11B. 11B is an open water area separated from the lagoon by
         a dike with a breach on the south end which should remain open.
         One culvert on the south side of the internal berm connects the two
         impoundments. An additional culvert is needed on the north end of
         the internal berm to foster circulation and flushing. Additional
         breaches on the 11B dike may also be desirable.

                                         C-4




                           0                            0


         Impoundment 12/Al. - Presently, this impoundment is open all year
         through 8 culverts.     However, the area is a prolific mosquito
         producer and requires frequent larviciding. Pesticide use can be
         eliminated by establishing a RIM protocol. Elevation in this marsh
         is relatively low, and effective mosquito control may be effected
         by a shorter closed/flooded period than normal (portions of June,
         July and August).      Property owner concurrence, however, is a
         problem and purchase of this tract is highly desirable.             An
         electric pump (and pump station) would be necessary for
         implementation of RIM. Exotic vegetation control is needed in some
         areas of this marsh.

         Impoundment A2A and A2B. - The dikes in these two impoundments have
         been breached. Marsh substrates are relatively low and, therefore,
         the whole area receives frequent tidal flushing and need no further
         modification.

         Impoundment A3N. - This previously-'isolated impoundment has
         recently been placed under a RIM protocol as part of an Indian
         River Lagoon National Estuary Program Action Plan Demonstration
         Project.   A great deal of research has been undertaken in this
         marsh and in the adjoining lagoon, and regular monitoring of basic
         water quality variables is still under way.             The Florida
         Oceanographic Society has constructed a series of catwalks
         throughout the marsh as part of their educational       program, and
         additional catwalks and signage are being planned.          Obtaining
         funding for completion of these projects is a high priority. RIM
         management should be continued.       Provisions for education and
         research are also appropriate for this marsh.


























                                          G-5




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         General Comments:

              This area is important for wading birds and waterfowl because
         further south mangroves begin to monopolize and eliminate the open
         space requirements of many species. Exotic vegetation control is
         important throughout the area but only the most urgent cases are
         mentioned in the impoundment descriptions.     Priority for public
         acquisition is assigned to impoundments 11, 12 and 14-16 (Indian
         River County).

              Impoundments 19 to 21 in Indian River County have potential to
         function as stormwater processing areas because of their location
         adjoining the city of Vero Beach. We have suggested such function
         for impoundment 19 because it presently receives outfall from a
         treatment plant that will cease operating within the next few years
         and therefore the marsh character is mostly that of freshwater
         wetland. Furthermore, a relief canal runs next to the marsh thus
         simplifying the logistics. Use of the other two impoundments for
         this purpose should be addressed in the future.

              Impoundments 17 and 18 have unique educational potential. The
         University of Florida's Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory
         adjoining these impoundments runs an active educational program of
         which these impoundments are an integral part, the first as an
         example of a herbaceous halophyte marsh and the second of a
         mangrove dominated wetland. In the vicinity there are outstanding
         examples of hardwood hammocks, Florida scrub, and a pristine
         mangrove-herbaceous halophyte marsh, which together with the
         impoundment provide a unique cross section of important Florida
         habitats.

         Impoundments 20 & 21. - These two impoundments are interconnected
         and are presently managed by flooding during the summer for
         mosquito control.     There are no exchange culverts and the
         impoundments maintain standing water during most of the year. They
         are close to populated areas and are heavy producers of mosquitoes.
         A RIM protocol is suggested for both of them.       An  appropriate
         number of culverts connecting the impoundments with the lagoon need
         to be installed.   Because of their location and the    surrounding
         drainage patterns, these impoundments have a potential for use as
         stormwater retention areas.




                                         G-7




                          0                            0


         Impoundment 19. - This impoundment has been receiving discharge
         from the Vista Royale treatment plant since 1976.            it is
         anticipated that this plant will cease operation shortly. Because
         of the past history, the character of the impoundment is mostly
         that of a freshwater marsh. A drainage canal, carrying runoff from
         Vista Royal and U.S.1 runs along the south edge of the impoundment
         and is the only potential source for pumping into the impoundment
         when the treatment plant shuts down.     Given that the area will
         probably remain fresh after the plant is closed, the impoundment
         will best be managed by using it as a runoff retention area. This
         can be accomplished by installing appropriate structures to divert
         the flow from the relief canal into the impoundment. Appropriate
         safety measures will need to be taken to handle water flow during
         storm events, and culverts will need to be installed in the
         impoundment along the lagoon to accommodate the water flow.

         Impoundment 18. - Management plans have been developed for this
         impoundment that incorporate RIM, modified for maintenance of
         freshwater in one of the cells.     There is an important rookery
         offshore of the impoundment, and educational facilities (catwalks,
         observation towers, interpretative trails) are also being planned.
         The Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory (University of Florida -
         IFAS) adjoins the impoundment and also maintains public educational
         facilities.    Every effort should be made to complete the
         educational facilities planned for this impoundment.

         Impoundment 17. - This is a breached impoundment with an
         outstanding mix of herbaceous halophytes and mangroves, and a
         permanent pond.    The impoundment- lagoon connection needs to be
         improved through the addition of breaches or culverts, and by
         lowering portions of the dike to approximately 0.51 NGVD to
         resemble the natural berm existing in the area.         Some rotary
         ditching may be necessary in the future to control mosquitoes,
         particularly along the upland edge.

         Impoundments 14, 15, & 16. - This is a system of three inter-
         connected impoundments.      Vegetation is a mix of mangroves,
         herbaceous halophytes, and open areas. This block of impoundments
         can be managed on an alternating summer drawdown regime to obtain
         a diversity of benefits not attainable with a single management
         strategy, while maintaining mosquito control capabilities.         We
         visualize a schedule of one- to two-week drawdown in each of the
         impoundments with the whole process repeated after the last
         impoundment is drawn down. Existing culverts connecting the cells
         need to be replaced with larger ones with risers, and the number of
         interconnecting culverts need to be increased (at least 2-3 between
         each impoundment).      Exterior exchange culverts need to be
         installed, and two additional electric pumps will have to be
         dedicated to the system. Because of the potential benefits derived
         from proper management of this block of impoundments, purchase of
         the three is of high priority.


                                         G-8




                          0                            0

         Impoundment 13. - This impoundment consists of two cells divided by
         a road. It is presently flooded during the summer, but there are
         no exchange culverts with the lagoon. Culverts are needed along
         the lagoon so that a RIM protocol can be established.   Also, better
         connections between the two cells are needed           to increase
         circulation.

         Impoundments 10A & 10B. - Presently, 10A is flooded year round.
         The open canopy nature of this impoundment, and its proximity to
         the rookery near 18A make this a good candidate for summer
         drawdowns. However, drawdown levels must be carefully controlled
         to avoid objectionable odor problems for the nearby residents of
         The Moorings. Impoundment 10B is breached and should remain so.
         Better connections with the lagoon (more breaches) will probably
         aid in water exchange and circulation.

         Impoundment 11. - This is a large impoundment, with heavy mosquito
         production and located in close proximity to residential areas. It
         is presently flooded during the summer, but can not be reconnected
         at other times because of lack of exchange culverts. A battery of
         culverts are sorely needed along the western edge so that a RIM
         protocol can be established. However, multiple ownership, and lack
         of cooperation     from several of the owners may preclude
         establishment of a proper RIM protocol.           Purchase of this
         impoundment is also of high priority.

         Impoundment 12. - This impoundment is presently being larvicided to
         control mosquito production in numerous depressions and potholes.
         Vegetation is mainly herbaceous halophytes. There are many bare
         areas and several permanent and semi-permanent shallow ponds.
         Because of its structure, the impoundment is an important shore
         bird habitat, and steps must be taken to assure that the
         impoundment remains open. To that end, limited rotary ditching to
         eliminate breeding in potholes, and some maintenance of the shallow
         ponds are advisable. The impoundment also needs culverts on the
         west extension to promote water circulation. A great deal of our
         knowledge of impoundment biology was acquired during many years of
         research at this site. Because of this, its importance as a bird
         habitat, and its proximity to Round Island State Park, efforts
         should be made to purchase this impoundment.

         Impoundment 24. - This impoundment is similar to IRC #12 except
         that coverage by herbaceous halophytes and mangroves is much more
         complete.    The area contains a large permanent pond and is
         traversed by a tidal channel that conducts water through the center
         of the marsh.     The area contains several potholes that breed
         mosquitoes. Connection of these potholes to tidal water by rotary
         ditching or creating large permanent ponds at sites where potholes
         are most abundant is desirable.     Otherwise, the same management
         strategy as in IRC #12 should be applied. If this impoundment and
         IRC #12 are purchased, a large contiguous tract could be created
         between Round Island Park and the state property to the south.

                                          G-9




                           0                            0


         Impoundment 23. - The dike in this impoundment is breached, and
         should remain so.      Water exchange and circulation should be
         enhanced by adding more breaches to the dike. Scraping down the
         dike to resemble the natural berm would be desirable as long as the
         spoil is not used to fill the perimeter ditch, which is effective
         in providing circulation and water exchange with the lagoon. Many
         old ditches are present throughout the maHh and many of these are
         partially filled in, thus providing pockets for water accumulation
         and stagnation. These old ditches should either be filled in or
         opened.    There is a hammock along the upland edge of this
         impoundment with unique native vegetation that should be protected.
         Exotic plant control is a high priority in this marsh.

         Impoundment 19D. - This island impoundment is breached. The dike
         should be removed as long as a suitable location for depositing the
         spoil can be secured.     If the dike is not removed, the existing
         breach needs to be cleared, as it is presently filling in, and
         additional breaches should be created.

         Impoundment 19B. - 19B is large impoundment with heavy mosquito
         production near populated areas. It should remain under RIM.

         Impoundments 14C, 14B, 14A, and 13B. - These are basically fresh
         water systems with obvious connection to the upland Savannahs and
         are presently unmanaged. They support a wide variety of freshwater
         plant and animal species, and provide good feeding areas for ducks.
         Parts of the upland area adjacent to impoundment 14C contain a well
         developed maritime hammock which should be protected. We see no
         advantage in modifying these systems and their extensive freshwater
         flora and fauna.     Some measure of cattail control, however, is
         urgently needed. Impoundment 13B should be reserved for research on
         management of these freshwater systems and on exotic control. Any
         desirable technique developed there would be directly applicable to
         the remaining impoundments in the group and to similar freshwater
         systems along the lagoon.






















                                          G-10



                                                                                                                                                              06.0
                                                                                                                           MANAGEMENT AREA




















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                           ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




          General Comments:

              The development of plans for the Sebastian Inlet Management
          Area (SIMA) and their adoption by the Subcommittee on Managed
          Marshes in 1991 was the first effort at regional management plan
          development.   This effort was initiated by Joseph Carroll, then
          with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, acting as Chairman of the
          Subcommittee on Managed Marshes'(SOMM) - Working Group on
          Impoundment Management Planning.   This concerted planning effort
          resulted in funding f or plan implementation through cooperation
          between the St. Johns River Water Management District's SWIM
          Project and the Brevard and Indian River Mosquito Control
          Districts.

              SIMA extends for approximately 16 miles from CR 510 in Indian
          River County northward to Hog Point in Brevard County and west to
          the Intracoastal Waterway.    It includes all the salt marshes,
          mangrove swamps and mosquito control impoundments on the barrier
          island side of the Indian River lagoon as well as salt marsh
          islands (most of which have been ditched) .    SIMA's most notable
          feature is the Sebastian Inlet which is centrally located within
          this area.  The location of the Inlet within SIMA is important,
          serving as an access point f or an abundant supply of organisms
          entering the Indian River lagoon from the Atlantic Ocean. The St.
          Sebastian River is a major source of fresh water located due west
          of the Sebastian Inlet on the mainland side of the lagoon.       Two
          important rookeries, Pelican Island and Grant Farm Island,
          influence wading bird utilization of marshes within SIMA. Pelican
          Island is the central focus of the Pelican Island National Wildlife
          Refuge (PINWR).

               other publicly owned areas within SIMA are the Sebastian Inlet
          State Park (located in both Brevard and Indian River Counties) and
          Long Point County Park (Brevard County) . There are 15 impoundments
          within SIMA totalling 1,206 acres. Many of the impoundments are
          under RIM (or targeted for RIM) . Indian River Impoundments #2 & #3
          are under a cyclic winter pump-up and spring draw-down schedule for
          wading bird enhancement. These impoundments were chosen for this
          use because of their close proximity to Pelican Island and because
          of the documented benefits this management technique can provide.
          Approximately 340 acres of unimpounded island marshes and mangrove
          swamps occur in SIMA, most of which have been ditched in years past
          but still require frequent larviciding to control salt-marsh
          mosquito populations originating there.

                                         G-12




                           0                            0


         Hog Point. - Plans are underway to implement RIM in this 106 acre
         impoundment but property owner approvals are pending. Currently
         this impoundment is closed, not pumped and has migrated largely
         toward a freshwater system.

         North Grove. - Plans to implement RIM in this 57 acre impoundment
         are also under development.         Currently the impoundment is
         seasonally flooded with no lagoon   connection.

         North Siphon. - This small 8 acre   impoundment currently is open to
         the lagoon with 1 culvert. Adding another culvert is desirable to
         improve circulation and marsh-lagoon exchange.

         John Smith. - This 157 acre impoundment is currently under a RIM
         plan with a total of 7 exchange culverts.       one more culvert is
         desirable. Public efforts to purchase part of this impoundment are
         under consideration.

         South Siphon. - This 16 acre impoundment is closed and not managed.
         Efforts to install 2 culverts are encouraged, but no capability to
         flood this impoundment exists, so an open connection should be
         maintained year-round.

         Sunnyland. - The Aquarina Development owns this 60 acre impoundment
         Currently this marsh is seasonally flooded with a portable diesel
         pump but there is no connection with the lagoon.           Plans f or
         implementation of RIM are pending. When implemented, the plan will
         include 4 culverts and a permanent electric pump station.

         Latham Hotel. - This 27 acre impoundment, which is also part of the
         Aquarina property, is closed and not pumped. A long-term plan to
         open it with 4 culverts is being considered and should be
         implemented.

         Nancy Creek. - RIM is now employed at this 17 acre impoundment
         where 3 culverts have been installed. Pumping is accomplished with
         a portable diesel pump.

         Long Point. - This 150 acre impoundment is located within Brevard
         County's Long Point Park and is managed via RIM.       It is f looded
         with a stationary electric pump and 8 culverts allow it to be
         seasonally opened to the Indian River Lagoon.

         Campbell's Cove. - This 68 acre impoundment, which is located
         within the Sebastian Inlet State Park, is RIM managed with a
         permanent electric pump and 4 culverts to allow seasonal marsh-
         estuary connection.

         IRC #1 (Inlet). - Located within the Sebastian Inlet State Park,
         this 153 acre impoundment is RIM managed. After RIM was designated
         as the desired management technique for this marsh in the initial
         SIMA draft, SWIM funding allowed for the purchase of culverts and

                                         G-13








          a permanent electric pump station which were installed at this
          impoundment by the Indian River Mosquito Control District (IRMCD).
          Currently there are 5 exchange culverts and 2 bleed-down culverts.

          IRC #2 (Bird's). - Bird's Impoundment, which totals 156 acres, is
          managed on a cyclic winter flooding/spring drawdown scenario to
          allow in alternate years, the enhancement of feeding opportunities
          for wading birds. The winter flooding/spring drawdown function is
          alternated yearly with IRC #3 (Pete's).          In years when the
          impoundment is not managed for wading birds, a RIM technique is
          used. The SWIM program, with IRMCD participation, has installed 5
          exchange culverts and 2 bleed-down culverts on the portion of this
          impoundment that is in public ownership (the western half).
          Additional culverts are desirable on the eastern half of this
          impoundment when property ownership conditions allow.         Also, a
          portable diesel pump was purchased to be shared between this
          impoundment and IRC #3.
          IRC #3 (Pete's). - Pete's Impoundme@'ti, which totals 150 acres, is
          like IRC #2 in that it is managed on a cyclic winter
          flooding/spring drawdown scenario to allow in alternate years, the
          enhancement of feeding opportunities for wading birds. The winter
          flooding/spring drawdown function is alternated yearly with IRC #2
          (Bird's).    The SWIM program, with IRMCD participation, has
          installed 5 exchange culverts (with 2 bleed-down culverts scheduled
          for installation this winter).         Also (as mentioned in the
          description of IRC #2 above), a portable diesel pump was purchased
          and is shared between this impoundment and IRC #2.

          IRC #4 (North D  eerfield). - This 51 acre impoundment, which is
          privately owned, is breached in two locations and is a prolific
          producer of salt-marsh mosquitoes. Even though it is open to the
          estuary   through    breaches,   improved    circulation    could    be
          accomplished with culverts or additional breaches.

          IRC #5 (South Deerfield). - This 30 acre impoundment, like IRC #4
          is privately owned, and breached in one location.        It is also a
          prolific producer of salt-marsh mosquitoes.        It is open to the
          estuary through one breach, but as with IRC #4, circulation could
          be improved with culverts or additional breaches.















                                           G-14





                  FM                              Ah
                  IRM   0
                                              SEBASTIAN INLET
                                              MANAGEMENT AREA
                           Hog Point Rim
                            N. Grove RIM
                             N. Siphon OPEN
                               S. Siphon OPEN
                                 John Smith RIM
                                  Sunnyland RIM
                                     Latham Hotel OPEN


                                          Nancy Creek RIM

                                           Long Point RIM
                                              Campbell's Cove RIM


                                                    RIM





                                                      B
                                                        ird's CYCLIC
                           Q6
                                                        Pete's CYCLIC



                           wt 5
                                                CD
                                                              BREACHED
                                                            4



                                     4rj@@
                                                              5 BREACHED

                            IV. iW
                                @ga













                                              . .........

                                              .................

                                .. ........................ .............. .....
                                X.: X- X.: .::W ......................

                                ..........                 ........
                                             ....... i-x
                                               ... ...........
                                              .................
                       .... .......................................... .....................





         General Comments:

              Many of the impoundments in this area are located within the
         Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge.        There are several
         unimpounded marshes in the area, particularly   in Volusia County,
         and several impounded marshes remain open all   year with mosquito
         control accomplished via OMWM.

              The MINWR presently operates under the mandate of providing
         habitat and food for migratory birds and waterfowl.        As such,
         management of many of these impoundments revolve around production
         of food plants and provision of suitable resting and foraging
         habitat for these birds; however, more emphasis on "ecosystem
         management" is probably forthcoming.       A fall/winter drawdown
         schedule, alternating with years when impoundments are left open is
         the most common technique utilized presently for migratory bird
         management.    However, management versatility is critical for
         achieving the stated goals. Refuge managers need the flexibility
         to alter the management of individual or groups of impoundments to
         cope with unpredictable weather conditions, and to maintain
         suitable habitat quality in these marshes.

              Two factors presently limit the efficient management of many
         of the refuge impoundments: 1) Insufficient pumping capabilities,
         and 2) shortage of personnel to operate pumps and culvert gates.
         In the MLMA, the first problem could be resolved by installing a
         36-inch pump in impoundment T-27A, which could be used to control
         water levels in close to 4,000 acres of impounded marshes. With
         pumping capabilities and additional field technicians, many of
         these impoundments could be opened sooner and/or closed later, thus
         maximizing the time where effective marsh-lagoon interchange is
         maintained.   Obtaining funding for purchase and installation of
         said pump is important for this area, and for the lagoon as a
         whole.


              Management of many of the MINWR impoundments under a
         fall/winter drawdown schedule limits the connections between
         marshes in this area and the lagoon, both in a temporal and a
         spatial sense. However, the management strategy for many of these
         impoundments includes periodic year-round opening, which should be
         staggered among sites so that some impoundments are open at any
         given time. Nevertheless, every effort should be made to maintain
         the marsh-lagoon connection in the remaining marshes in the area.
         Fortunately, many of the Volusia County impoundments can be managed

                                         G-16




                          0                           0

         under an OMWM strategy. These, together with the unimpounded
         marshes in the area, offer the best opportunities for balanced
         management.
         Impoundment C-8. - This impoundment is breached with rotary ditches
         and should be left as is.

         Impoundment D-2. - This impoundment receives a great deal of runoff
         from the uplands and is a good candidate for use as a stormwater
         retention area. The four existing culverts could be closed during
         high runof f periods, and/or riser boards installed to control
         discharge into the lagoon.

         Impoundment D-12N. - This is an isolated insular impoundment whose
         main water input is from rainfall and groundwater.     As a result
         there is a proliferation of cattails and duckweed.      This marsh
         could be best managed as an OMWM system with breached dikes.
         Prescribed burning may be necessary to eliminate some of the
         unwanted vegetation.

         Impoundment D-12S. - This marsh can be kept open all year if more
         ditches are constructed to eliminate mosquito breeding.

         Impoundments V1 to V5. - These relatively isolated and shallow
         impoundments are prolific mosquito producers. Additional ditches
         and internal culverts are needed to improve water circulation,
         minimize drainage, and to maintain and disperse larvivorous fish.
         water circulation may also be improved with external culverts, but
         the shallow topography and a lack of natural conduits for water to
         the marsh interior severely limit the locations where the latter
         would be effective. With the above modifications, the impoundments
         can be left open all year.

         Impoundment T-45. - This impoundment can also be left open all year
         if more ditches are added for mosquito control.

         Impoundments T-44 to T-38. - This and the next group of
         impoundments form the core of the migratory bird/waterfowl
         management sites for this area.      As such, management of these
         impoundments should consist of a mix of fall/winter drawdown, and
         open year round, with variations as needed for exotic control,
         sediment oxidation, etc.    As mentioned in the general comments,
         flexibility is the key for successful management of these
         impoundments; specific schedules and timetables will have to be
         determined on a year-by-year basis, depending upon water levels,
         weather, marsh conditions, etc.       Impoundment T-39S has been
         permitted for breaching by NASA, and others could conceivably also
         be breached in the future. More culverts are needed in the non-
         breached impoundments in this block for efficient water management.

         Impoundments T-33C to T-27A. -      Management as above.     A high
         priority for this group is the installation of a pump to allow

                                         G-17








         efficient manipulation of water levels. One large (36-inch) pump
         installed at impoundment T-27A would allow proper control of water
         levels in the whole series of impoundments from T-27A to T-29B.
         Additional internal culverts (one 36-inch culvert each) connecting
         T-33A, T-33B, T-29A, and T-29B would extend the coverage of the
         pump to the T-33 group thus allowing proper management of 3,932.5
         acres (1,573 ha) of prime overwintering habitat. In addition, pump
         installation will probably result in a longer open period for these
         marshes because managers will not have to depend upon tidal and
         rainfall trapping for flooding the area. Installation of the pump
         and culverts is considered one of the highest priorities on a
         lagoon-wide basis.

















































                                         G-18








                                                                         MOSQUITO LAGOON
                                                                         MANAGEMENT AREA







                                         70;
               MWM:

             MIN

                                            EZ)
                        D

                                               Ca







               F
                                 2 W
             -rr.@.
                                                  .4m
         Q5
           --41
         -0                                                             (4
           --w@ ji.


             R.,
                                                   ly,  h
                                                                                             Vj -V.5 OPEN


                                                    ..........
                                                    ..  -,.     lir\,                                    Omwm

         . . . . . . . .Ffll
                                                                                                   -44
                                                                                          @\@T-43
                                                              '4 T
                                                                                                       T-42
                                                                                                          T-41
            aRF
                                                                                                              T-40

                                ERIPF   .....           OPEN                                                       T-39
                                                                                                                      -39S
                                                                                                                   T
                                   lmn
                                                                                      @2
                                                                                                                        T-38
                                                                                                                           T-2713-1)


                                                                                                                                     -33A



                                                                                                                              T-33C


























         H. CONCLUSION

              The management strategies presented above represent the best
         compromise among many conflicting needs for these Indian River
         Lagoon marshes.    Whenever possible, we have tried to promote
         enhancement of the marsh.-lagoon connection, but we have also tried
         to inject some variety in the management strategies to assure as
         wide a range of benefits as possible.

              The strategies presented for some impoundments are quite
         specific and need little modification, while others are more
         general and will require development of site-specific plans before
         they are implemented. This reflects not only the differing levels
         of knowledge available on the various marshes, but also the need to
         maintain flexibility in the way that the strategies are implemented
         at certain locations.

              We consider this document as a flexible tool for management.
         In the future changes may be needed in response to new problems and
         opportunities. Changes may also be desirable as our knowledge on
         the structure and function of these marshes increases due to new
         research and increased management experience, and as conditions
         along the lagoon change as a consequence of man's activities, both
         positive and negative.















                                         H-1








1,






























         1. APPENDICES

              A. SOMM Membership.

              B. Special Interest Groups.
























                                        I-1










                    APPENDIX A. SOMM MEMBERSHIP.


                    Mr. Brian Barneft                                                              Mr. FAWin Irby
                    Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commision                                     Chief, Fishery Management & Assistance Serv.
                    Office of Environmental Services                                               Fl. Dept. of Environmental Protection
                    Bryant Bldg.                                                                   Marjorie Stoneman Douglas Bldg, Room 843
                    620 S. Meridian St.                                                            3900 Commonwealth Blvd.
                    Tallahassee, F1 32399                                                          Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000
                    Phone: 904-488-6661                                                            Phone: 904-97-2-4340


                    Mr. Douglas Carlson - Chairman                                                 Mr. Wendell Metzen
                    Indian River Mosquito Control District                                         U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
                    P.O. Box 670                                                                   3100 University Blvd. S., Suite 120
                    Vero Beach, FI 32961-2676                                                      Jacksonville, FL 32216
                    Phone: 407-562-2393                                                            Phone: 904-232-2580


                    Mr. Kalani Cairns                                                              Mr. William Opp
                    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service                                                   Lee Co. Mosquito Control District
                    P.O. Box 2676                                                                  15191 Homestead Rd.
                    Vero Beach, F1 32961-1098                                                      Lehigh Acres, FL 33971
                    Phone: 407-562-3909                                                            Phone: 813-604-2174

                    Mr. Joseph D.Carroll, Jr.                                                      Mr. Robert Repenning
                    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service - ret.                                            Fl. Department of Environmental Protection
                    1160 38th Ave.                                                                 Division of State Lands
                    Vero Beach, FL 32960                                                           13960 Strigfellow Blvd.,
                    Phone: 407-569-2493                                                            Suites B & C
                                                                                                   Bokeelia, 17L 33922-0591
                    Mr. Ed Emmons                                                                  Phone: 813-283-2929
                    Environmental Quality Laboratory
                    1009 Tamiami Trail                                                             Dr. Jorge Rey
                    Port Charlotte, FL 33952-1098                                                  University of Florida - WAS
                    Phone: 813-625-3137                                                            Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory
                                                                                                   200 9th Street S.E.
                    Mr. Frank Evans                                                                Vero Beach, FL 32962
                    St. Lucie County Mosquito Control District                                     Phone: 407-778-7200
                    3150 Will Fee Rd.
                    Ft. Pierce, FL 34982                                                           Mr. Scott Taylor
                    Phone: 407-468-1692                                                            Brevard Mosquito Control Dist.
                                                                                                   2870 Greenbroke St.
                    Dr. R. Grant Gilmore                                                           Palm Bay, 1-71- 32905
                    Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution                                        Phone 407-952-6322
                    5600 Old Dixie Hwy.
                    Ft. Pierce, FI 34946                                                           Mr. Mark Thompson
                    Phone: 407-567-7196                                                            National Marine Fisheries Service
                                                                                                   3500 Delwood Beach Road
                    Mr. Paul Haydt                                                                 Panama City, FL 32408
                    East Volusia Mosquito Control District                                         Phone: 904-234-5061
                    1600 Aviation Center Pkwy.
                    Daytona] Beach, FL 32014                                                       Dr. Robert Virnstcin
                    Phone: 904-252-8114                                                            St. Johns River Water Management District
                                                                                                   P.O. Box 1429
                                                                                                   Palatka, Fl. 32078-1429
                                                                                                   Phone: 904-3294500













                                                                                          1-2










         APPENDIX B. SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS CONTACTED
          (* = oral presentation given)

         Barrier Island Preservation Society - Melbourne, Fl.

         Environmental Learning Center   Vero Beach, Fl.

         Florida Native Plant Society   Conractina Chapter. Melbourne, Fl.
         Florida Native Plant Society   Eugenia Chapter. Vero Beach, Fl.*

         Florida Native Plant Society   Martin County. Stuart., Fl.

         Florida oceanographic Society   Stuart, Fl.

         Indian River citrus League - Vero Beach, Fl.

         Marine Resources Council - Melbourne, Fl.
         St. Lucie Co. Audubon Society - Ft. Pierce, Fl.*
         Conservation Alliance of St. Lucie County - Ft. Pierce, Fl.*
         Environet of Indian River County - Vero Beach, Fl.*
         Exchange Club of Indian River County Vero Beach, Fl*.
         Friends of the Sebastian River - Roseland, Fl.*
         Indian River Farms Water Control District - Vero Beach, Fl.*

         Martin County Audubon Society - Jensen Beach, Fl.

         St. Lucie River Initiative - Stuart, Fl.

         Conservation Alliance of Martin County - Stuart, Fl.

         Florida Audubon Society - Casselberry, Fl.

         Halifax-Indian River Task Force - Daytona Beach, Fl.

         Indian River Land Trust - Vero Beach, Fl.

         Pelican Island Audubon Society - Vero Beach, Fl.*

         Treasure Coast Environmental Coalition - Vero Beach, Fl.







                                        1-3













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