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MARINE BIOLOGY AND CIRCULATION INVEST IGATIONS IN SITKA SOUND, ALASKA A report on the findings and habitat management recommendations resulting from marine and estuarine surveys conductecL in Sitka Sound during 1979-1980. by: Kimbal A. Sundberg Habitat Biologist Marine/Coastal Habitat Management Habitat Protection Sect*ion Alaska Department of Fish and Game Anchorage, Alaska 99502 QH March 1981. 105 A4 S93 1981 6 A WT/ MARINE BIOLOGY AND CIRCULATION INVESTIGATIONS IN SITKA SOUND, ALASKA P0 Submitted by: Kimbal A. Sundberg Habitat Biologist Alaska Department of Fish and Game Habitat Protection Section Marine/Coastal Habitat Management 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage, Alaska 99502 7= The preparation of this report was financed in part by funds from the Alaska Coastal Management Program and the Office of Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, administered by the Division of Community and Regional Affairs. March 1981 TABIE OF COWNS Table of Contents ......... a ............................................ 1 List of Figures ......................................................... 2 List of Tables ......................................................... 4 Introduction and Purpose ............................................... 5 Methods .. ............................................................... 7 Underwater Surveys .................................................... 7 Intertidal Surveys ................................................... 10 Drift Bottle Study ................................................... 11 Results and Discussion ................................................. 16 Underwater and Interti.dal Surveys .................................... 16 Shore Zone Profiles .................................................. 16 Katlian Bay No. 1 ................................................. 18 Katlian Bay No. 2 ................................................. 20 Harbor Point ...................................................... 22 Halibut Point ..................................................... 24 Kasiana Island .................................................... 26 2500 Block, Halibut Point Road .................................... 28 2000 Block, Halibut Point Road .................................... 30 Thomsen Harbor Parking Lot ................... ..................... 32 Old Navy' Dock ...................................................... 34 Jamestown Bay ..................................................... 36 Thimbleberry Bay .................................................. 38 Ball Islets ........................................................ 40 No Thorofare Bay Inlet ............................................ 42 Pirate Cove ....................................................... 44 Three Entrance Bay, North Entrance ................................ 46 Goddard Hot Springs Bay ........................................... 48 Tava Island ......................................................... 50 Intertidal Survey Tables ......... ***"* .............................. 52 The Cove .......................................................... 54 Halibut Point ..................................................... 56 Old Seaplane Turnaround Flats ...................................... 58 Totem Park ........................................................ 60 Drift Bottle Study .... 61 Circulation Mechanisms n T rminology ............................ 61 Regional Circulation in Sitka Sound ............................... 62 Local Circulation in the Vicinity of Sitka ........................ 68 Summary and Conclusions ................................................ 72 Pulp Mill ............................................................ 73 Drift Logs ........................................................... 74 Waterfront Fills ..................................................... 76 Sewage Disposal ...................................................... 78 Acknowledgements ....................................................... 80 Literature Cited ....................................................... 81 Appendix I Alphabetical Listing of Common Names with Their Respective Scientific Names Shown, in Figures 3-19 and Tables 1-4 ............................................ 82 Appendix II Comprehensive Listing of Marine Plants and Animals Observed During Underwater and Intertidal Surveys ......... 88 Appendix III Drift Bottle Return Data .................................. 99 LIST OF FIGURES Figure la Marine Survey Sites ........................................ 8 Figure lb Marine Survey Sites (Inset) ................................ 9 Figure 2a Drift Bottle Release Sites ................................. 12 Figure 2b Drift Bottle Release Sites (Inset) ......................... 13 Shore Zone Profiles Figure 3. Katlian Bay No. 1 ........................................... 19 Figure 4. Katlian Bay No. 2 .......................................... 21 Figure 5. Harbor Point ................................................ 23 Figure 6. Halibut Point .............................................. 25 Figure 7. Kasiana Island ............................................. 27 Figure 8. 2500 Block, Halibut Point Road .............................. 29 Figure 9. 2000 Block, Halibut Point Road ............................. 31 Figure 10. Thomsen Harbor Parking Lot, Sitka Channel .................. 33 Figure 11. Old Navy Dock, Sitka Channel ............................... 35 Figure 12. Jamestown Bay ........................................ I ...... 37 Figure 13. Thimbleberry Bay ............................................ 39 Figure 14. Ball Islets ................................................ 41 Figure 15. No Thorofare Bay Inlet ..................................... 43 Figure 16. Pirate Cove ................................................. 45 Figure 17. Three Entrance Bay, North Entrance ......................... 47 Figure 18. Goddard Hot Springs Bay ..................................... 49 Figure 19. Tava Island ................................................ 51 Figure 20. Comparison of Oscillatory Tidal Currents versus Net Circulation for Kachemak Bay ............................... 63 Figure 21. Offshore Circulation in the Gulf of Alaska (Alaska Current) ........................................... 64 Figure 22. Net Surface Circulation in Sitka Sound as Inferred from Drift Bottle Trajectories ............................. 66 -2- Figure 23. Net Surface C irculation in the Vicinity of Sitka as Inferred from Drift Bottle Trajectories .................... 69 Figure 24. Herring Spawning Areas ..................................... 75 3- LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Cove ...................................................... 53 Table 2. Halibut Point ................................................ 55 Table 3. Old Seaplane Turnaround Flats ................................ 57 Table 4. Totem Park ................................................... 59 -4- 19RODUCTION AM PUME The main objective of this study was to investigate, document, and describe the marine biology and surface circulation of Sitka Sound with particular emphasis upon the developed area of the City of Sitka and its immediate vicinity. This report contains the findings and habitat management recommendations resulting from marine and estuarine surveys conducted in Sitka Sound during 1979 and 1980. The surveys were part of an overall habitat evaluation project conducted under a cooperative agreement between the City and Borough of Sitka and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Habitat Protection Section. The purpose of obtaining this information is to assist coastal planners, developers, the City and Borough of Sitka, and the va'rious State and Federal regulatory agencies in carrying out their responsibilities to balance the protection of resources and habitats of the coastal zone with the orderly growth and development of Sitka. The surveys were performed in three major' tasks: Task 1 Underwater surveys were conducted at various locations along the shoreline of Sitka Sound to gather information on marine plant and animal species including macrophytes, invertebrates, and fish, to determine their biological interrelationships and interdependencies and to document the various coastal environ- ments present along the coast. -5- Task 2 Intertidal surveys were conducted at various locations along the waterfront to gather information on the species present, the intertidal zonation, and.the relative importance of the various intertidal zones to the habitat resources of the Sitka waterfront. Task 3 A drift bottle study in Sitka Sound was undertaken to assist in the interpretation of the area's surface circulation. Regional and local circulation regimes were inferred from the drift bottle trajectory data; however, the primary intent of the study was to elucidate potential pollution trajectories and problem areas. -6- TMODS Each of the three tasks were accomplished by utilizing standard methods. The method for underwater surveys has been developed and used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service mainly to evaluate log dump"and in-water storage sites in Southeast Alaska. The method for intertidal surveys employed a standard quali- tative reconnaissance of macro-invertebrate and plant life at various tide levels and life zones. The method for the drift bottle study was developed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and has been used for previous circulation investigations in Lower Cook Inlet and the northeast Bering Sea and southeast Chukchi Sea. A description of each method follows: Underwater Surveys Scuba dives were made at 17 locations along the coastline of Sitka Sound (Figures la and 1b). Sampling was done along a 100 meter (328 feet) surveyor's tape anchored at the mean higher high water (MHHW) tide line and run out perpendicular to the shoreline. At five meter (16.4 feet) intervals along the transect, observations of benthic substrate, water depth, epifauna, epiflora, and fish were recorded. Infauna was sampled by hand digging and wafting. Underwater photos were taken to supplement data collection. Invertebrates and algae which could not be identified in the field -7- 43 Figure la MARINE SURVEY SITES 0 Div* Survey Salisbury Souhd 0 Iffferfidef Survey -,Isft ay 7 'Nak kPosso 7 01 Haffeck estof t a 130Y Sheilikof Kra DIV say (P qayr Ir cl) in The covt 7 'PP r but oint It oict Roo 41Z A r No Thorcifor "Wsa, say' V Three Ent nce .... 57 N Irate say i S I T K A SOUND a W ! @H' oddard T ings 5 0 5 mi 5 0 5 km SCALE 1:250.000 135 030, w I.14 0 .26 0 SCALE 8 it t volat Road Turnoroull <1V riots wwmill creek college 4t rhOWEN HA SITKA Th =msen "OF K@, Parking Lot -NIV> @VQMX' Part 'sAY BATTERY ISLAND Old Dock ISLAND J ALEUT6KI ISLAND TURNING 40 ISLAND KUTKAN ISLAND BREAST MORNE ISLAND ISLAND THE TWINE WHItAw MRROR wfsrr#lv CMANN-Ed. ROCKWELL ISLAND GILMORE ru ISLANDS KATZ ISLAN SIGNAL I&LAND "LANKIN" BEAROSLEE ISLANDS ISLAND MiDDLE CHANNEL ILAN MtCLE. GROUP E"DOROSHNI MARI PASSAGE iSLAND E .AL 0 ISLAND '9@ KAYAK -.0 Figur (Inse were collected and preserved in buffered formalin for later labora- tory identification. Representative algae specimens were collected, dried, and pressed for permanent reference. All depth readings were taken with an oil-filled depth gauge and later corrected to the reference tidal datum.(MHHW) using the Tide Tables (U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, NOAA). For safety reasons, dive surveys did not exceed 80 feet in depth. General reconnaissance of each site area was accomplished as time permitted. Intertidal Surveys Intertidal surveys were made at four locations along the roaded waterfront (Figures la and 1b). Sampling was accomplished by walking a measured transect tape through the intertidal zone from lower low water (LLW) to higher high water (HHW), to record obser- vations including substrate, elevation, epifauna, infauna, and epiflora within major life zones. Infaunal samples were taken using a shovel and bucket and washed in the field using a one millimeter mesh sieve. Invertebrates and algae which could not be identified in the field were collected and pres'erved in buffered formalin for later laboratory identification. Elevations were determined by using a surveyor's rod and transit referenced to the mean higher high water tide line. Density estimates for numeri- cally dominant species were made by averaging replicate counts occurring within three random casts of a one-quarter square meter quadrat. _10- Drift Bottle Study The drift bottles utilized were 4.5 x 1.1 in (11.5 x 2.8 cm) clear plastic centrifuge tubes which were weighted to float vertically with approximately 0.3 in (0.5-1 cm) of the tube exposed above the water surface. The bottles are representative of circulation in roughly the upper four inches (10 cm) of the water column, although the bottles will experience at least some degree of direct wind influence. Within each bottle are two rolled cards: an individually numbered return postcard and a card explaining the program and clarifying the type Of information needed. The outer card has a fluorescent orange face to facilitate sighting of the bottle. One hundred bottles were released at each of 35 stations within Sitka Sound (Figures 2a and 2b). Station locations were determined by v,isual fix using a horizontal sextant for all stations except those located close inshore. Positioning accuracy ranged from + 1/2 mile for the stations farthest offshore to + a few tens of'feet for the inshore stations. Drift bottle drops of 100 bottles per station were made on September 18, 1979 at all stations except stations 20-24 in the immediate vicinity of Sitka (Figure 2b). At station's 20-24, 25 bottles were released Figure 2a. Drift Bottle Release Sites Salisbury S a u h *d Way... 1,40 Baptist 0 Gy 7 v Halleck C. KMA10 rA n soup.". restot Shelikof Ke say (P cro .7- 0* at.* Lake Or K A@i e4 .. ...... 0 0 04*3 30 % 0 XZari 33 .34,. ("M a Bay' G,vQ. 0 57 N 664 02 0 L 1. 0 -10 SITKA SOUND Oki wiw 0 oddard cis 0 6 0. 0 5 km SCALE 1.250,000 135*30'w ... . . .......... .... ... ... . ...... . -12- 1/4 0 .25 0 SCALE I bftmill crack Im, .6F VA210SEN mt"" Fs @ITK A 0*20 13ATTERY ISLAND 0*23 ISLAND e22 ALEUTSKI ISLAND TURNING ISLAND KUTKAN ISLAND BREAST MORNE ISLAND ISLAND THE TWINS W"If/Av hARNOR WI-SrERN % 0 z? Ip CH4N#E1 ROCKWELL b%J ISLAND 04IC25 GILMORE ISLANDS KATZ M ISLAND SiGNAL ISLAND J., GALANKIN ." BEAWSLEE ISLANDS ISLAND MAME CHANNEL McCLELLAN GROUP BAMDOROSW 40 ISLAND a% 0426 PASSAGE ISLAND I-En ISLAN'. Figure 2b (I L> KAYAK Bottle Relea ISLAND each day during the period of September 18-21, to provide a better representative of the average dispersion and transport occurring in the vicinity of Sitka. Two releases were made during flood tide and two during ebb tide at stations 20-24. -15- REULTS AM DISMION Underwater and Intertidal Surveys A comprehensive species list of marine plants, invertebrates, and fish observed during underwater and intertidal surveys by location is found in Appendix II. This list represents species that could be observed and identified during one visit to each location. It is by no means an exhaustive species list of Sitka Sound. More intensive year-round sampling would reveal additional species, particularly infaunal polychaete worms, small gastropods, and crustaceans, which were outside the scope of the study. The results of the underwater and intertidal surveys are presented in Figures 3-19 and Tables 1-4. The text that accompanies the figures and tables gives a brief site discussion and recommended habitat management practices. The figures and tables are organized by geographic location, starting with Katlian Bay in the north and ending with Tava Island in the south. Appendix.1 contains a listing of common names for marine flora and fauna with their respective scientific names. Shore Zone Profiles. Figures 3-19 are shore zone profiles of each of the seventeen underwater survey sites. Each profile is generated -16- by plotting depth readings (corrected to MHHW) at five meter inter- vals along the transect base line and connecting the points with a smooth curve. In order to fit the profile onto an 81-2" X 11" page, the vertical (depth) and horizontal (distance) scales differ by a ratio of 2.5:1. The distance along the transect in the figures are points measured at the ground surface not those at the water surface. Hence, the profiles are not scaled replications of the bottom configuration, but rather are'intended to illustrate the relation- ship between plant and animal communities, substrate, and depth at each station. The flora and fauna shown on the figures represent the major marine life observed during the surveys. Refer to Appen- dix II-for a complete listing of species observed at each site. No attempt was made to scale the individual species drawings within each figure. -17- I I I I I - I I I .SHORE ZONE PROFILES I - I I I I I I I I I I Katlian Bay No. 1 7 7 8 61 Y 30 Site Description: The survey was conducted on the 39 -face of a small alluvial outwash formed at the mouth n, 46 68 of an unnamed creek on the south shore of Katlian 8 @6 0 7 72 Bay. The shoreline sloped gently seaward until 77 38 Z.- reaching the shallow subtidal zone where it dropped Cabla. 70 60 off rapidly in a series of alluvial terraces. The 77 .6. 74 44 24 R, intertidal substrate was a mixture of coarse sand and @1 13, 78 - 39 62 gravel covered with scattered rockweed. Barnacle, 31 /48 29 17 26 periwinkle, mussel, and butter and littleneck clam 21 19 were the dominant intertidal invertebrates. At the initial subtidal slopebreak, a narrow fringe of eelgrass predominated. Within the eelgrass zone, Dolly Varden char and tubesnout were observed. The Dolly Varden may have been part of the population that spawns in the South Fork Katlian River, approxi- mately one mile east of this site. Management Recommendations: This site provides a Te-eding area for Dolly Varden char that move along the The subtidal slopes were covered with silt and coast to and from their natal stream. Herring are organic detritus, providing a soft, unstable sub- reported to spawn occasionally in this area, although strate for invertebrates and attached marine plants. the paucity of hard subtidal substrates and limited Plant material of terrestrial and salt marsh origin, macrophyte growth may limit the preference for herring much of which consisted of grasses, sedge, and leaf spawning at this site. Coho salmon are known to rear in litter, was abundant. It is probable that the salt the creek and it is probable that low numbers of coho and marsh at the head of Katlian Bay contributes plant pink salmon utilize this site for spawning and rearing. detritus to this site. The small creek also contri- butes conifer needles and leaf litter. Dominant Activities or developments occurring in this area should invertebrates on the soft bottom included numerous be designed to maintain passage of fish along the coast. large dendroid nudibranchs, brittle star, sea cucum- The water quality of the creek and adjacent estuary ber, sunflower sea star, and burrowing stalked should be maintained to meet or exceed Stateiwater quality anemone. standards. Dredging or filling operations should be conducted in a manner that will avoid or minimize dis- The marine community at this site could be classified ruption of fish returning to spawn in the Katlian River as a low energy, detritus-based ecosystem. Signi- system as well as juvenile salmonids foraging in the ficant amounts of organic det@itus accumulate on the nearshore zone. The placement of in-water structures bottom, discouraging the establishment of sessile such as piling, which provide a hard, stable surface area suspension feeding invertebrates. It is probable for attachment of marine plants and invertebrates would that occasional severe storms generate sufficient -probably enhance the marine habitat diversity at this wave energy to move the detritus down slope. site. This site may be suitable for temporary log stor- age; however, further site evaluation by resource agen- cies is recommended. FEET METERS 0 0 -@@HEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER,---,---,-@@ SITKA SOUND DIVE PURVEY Katilan Bay,* 57*09' 5 2"N, 1 35 18'30'#W Hearing: 358* True N Water Temp.: 460F bate: 27 Nov 79 Time: 1215 PST 10- Figure 3. 20- 8 it over.... Grov (Wood a %0 Organic -.V " 30- Debris) -10 W A T E R FLORA 40- D E Wrack Triple rib T H 50- Slit over Oteroe$ Rockwood Gravel 0 FAUNA 60- AS Acorn barnacle Sitka perlwishis Plume worm Thatched I AlUsSel barnacle Silt over 4.*: 10 Cross barnacle Sea peach Gravel a 49) Buffer clam C14M shelf* --20 'lower Sung #14 sea @for Liffienook clam 41ronatus *pp. 70- Brittlo star Stalked Dolly Varden Warty Soo anemone cucumber 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS 130-- I 0 50 100 150 200 250 N 0 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT N 77 20 Katlian Bay No. 2 29 74 _@60 Site Description: The survey site was located on the 75 south shore of Katlian Bay approximately one-quarter 41 74 rky mile northeast of Mosquito Cove. The shore zone is a 60 Lj 27 steep bedrock and boulder face that characterizes 71 83 80 much of the south shore of Katlian Bay. 16 5 The narrow intertidal shelf was dominated by barn- 15 5 O@J 2 97 acle, limpet, and rockweed. Subtidally, vegetation 3 66 72 72 included triple rib kelp and wrack. Pink coralline algae encrusted the rock surfaces. Invertebrates in the shallow-subtidal zone included gumboot and lined 77 38 12 33 10 chiton, leather star, burrowing sea cucumber, and the 54 bryozoan, Microporina borealis. Fish species inclu- 51 71 5 I I1W7 32 ded kelp greenling and copper, dusky,.and quillback 29 27 7 Log 102 3 Slorage rockfish. 36 89 7 3 26 6 Below 30 feet in depth, the bottom substrate changed to silt, gravel, and shell debris with scattered and debris, which could adversely change the shoreline boulders and bedrock outcrops. Algal growth con- ecology. Rock and soil deposited here would temporarily C) sisted mainly of encrusting corallines. Rock sur- alter the resident flora and fauna. Recolonization of faces supported numerous orange crinoid sea feathers. the new substrates would result in a succession of The soft bottom areas were dominated by horse clam, marine communities. It is possible that herring spawning sea pen, and sunflower sea star. could be disrupted until the area stabilized. We.recom- mend end hauling of road cuts rather than side casting In contrast to the primarily detritus based marine of surplus overburden. community at Katlian No. 1, this site had a well Any significant degradation of water quality through developed assemblage of suspension feeding inverte- .brates that derive their food from plankton. This siltation, water temperature changes, oil spills, or would indicate that more oceanic conditions and toxic discharges would affect sensitive suspension better circulation prevail at this site. The sta- feeders and herring. State water quality standards bility afforded by rock substrates favors longer should be enforced within Katlian Bay for all.future lived organisms and greater species diversity. The developments. area is known to support herring spawning. Temporary log storage at this site could reduce algal Management Recommendations: The steep and rocky growth through shading, but would probably have little fopography could make this site difficult for shore- effect on subtidal suspension feeders. The steep bathy- line development. metry and good circulation at this site would minimize the smothering and leachate effects of bark accumulation. Future road development along the south shore of Further site evaluation by resource agencies is recom- Katlian Bay may result in the side casting of rock mended if log storage is planned. FEET METERS 0- -ft-,----%.WNEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER SITKA 82,UND DIVE SURVEY tIlan Bax #2 57008*55"N, 135 22*15"W Bearing: 3300Tme N Wate m 10- e! Tole.: 48OF Date: 27 Nov 79 Tim 15 PST Figure ............... 20- 30- W -10 A T E FAUNA R 40- D Acorn barnacle E Thatched barnacle Stalked anemone P A%-A& Gumboot chiton im nz Rod rook crab H Plate limpet 50- Sea Pon Buffer clam wo SIII Mussel Shell Soo feather All: Hare* clam debris..: 4flaroporla 60- Ross sea star FLORA Kelp greenling Gravel a 4 Suntl war --20 S all 0.00 star Triple rib debris Rackfish Leather star Stoner see lion 70- Wrack Warty Soo Rockwood cucumber Borrowi Soo a u M b 0 r 20 40 6 80 100 120 METERS 80- I 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT 73 to 38 27__@: 103 4 tP 32 5 36 89 27 Harbor Point 26 16 70 65 31 Rk 90 38 49 Site Description: The survey was conducted at Harbor 26 64 s,9 17 Point located approximately one-third mile south of 73 26 5 5 14 15 the State ferry terminal. The steep bedrock and :7 A& 25 0, 12 40 87 Starrigavan Bu .y boulder shoreline is similar in physical character- 13 .2voo 28 30 20 0 46 6,: 21 26 istics to Katlian No. 2. 17 40 35 2 31 73 hrd Wis d 6 7*1 7 75 The intertidal zone was a steep face of boulders 2 Rk-4, 21 30 Fewt 6 6- 74 resting on a bedrock ledge. Rockweed and barnacle 2. 13 Uttle Gavanski I r or were the dominant intertidal cover. 37/ 21 75 66 2r@ 16 The shallow'subtidal.,zone was a vertical bedrock face 29 74 Sft hrd' interspersed with crevices and ledges. The bryozoan, 519 36 Border Rkm so 77 Microporina borealis was the dominant invertebrate. 21 6 27 4 24 Burrowing sea cucumber and the brittle star, Ophio- 21 19 Dots 13 34 pholus aculeata occupied the rock crevices. 73 69 @,k A macrophyte algae zone consisting primarily of sieve ManIagement Recommendations: Habitat sensitivities and kelp and wrack was attached to boulders at the base of the rock wall between the depths of 25 and 45 management recomendati-o-ns are similar to Katlian No. 2. r13 Because of gravel dredging operations, the ferry termi- feet. Octopus, kelp greenling, and dusky, copper, nal, and industrial marine activities immediately to the and quillback rockfish occurred here. Below 40 feet, north, Harbor Point is susceptible to water quality the substrate qhanged to a mixture of silt, sand, degradation through siltation and oil spills. If port shell debris, and gravel with bedrock outcrops. development expands in this area, sufficient equipment Invertebrates included butter and horse clam, burrow- and trained personnel should be made available to effect- ing stalked anemone, sunflower sea star and sea ively contain and clean up spilled oil under all weather peach. Sea feather, plume worm, and red sea urchin conditions. In all future shore development in this occurred on rock substrate. area, State water quality standards should be enforced. Like Katlian No. 2,,the Harbor Point marine community Additionally, waterfront structures and operations should consists of suspension feeding invertebrates and be designed to maintain fish passage along the coast to their associated predators. A large percentage of Starrigavan Creek as well as maintaining the shore zone herbivores, notably red sea urchin, were present at for herring spawning. The steep, rocky shoreline and Harbor Point due to,the more well developed subtidal rapid drop off will probably preclude solid fills on tide algae zone. Herring consistently spawn in this area. lands at Harbor Point. Pile supported piers or floating docks, would probably have little effect upon the exis- ting habitat. FEET METERS 0-- 1-.0--.0%..,NEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER-@@ SITKA SOUND DIVF- SURVEY Harbor Point 57007#33"N 13e.23'20"W Beaving: 2980 True Water Temp.: 49*F D te: 28 Nov 79 Time: 1600 PST 10- Figure 5. goo jr -10 W A A. T FAUNA E R e 40- so Acorn barnacle Red sea urchin D Shell over E Thatchod barnacle flurrowing #to cucumber P Crone barnacle T Warty sea cucumber Soo pooch Stalked 50 Vhlt0fi anemone Butter clam Soo feather angular dr Sand & Sh Norse clam Plum* worm so- Sunflower o a star f mlaroporifia, FLORA borealls, S TOO, S?nd --20 it Leather star Sieve kolp Kelp greenling Searcher 43" Wrack 70 Octopus Rockwood Rockfish 20 40 Bodrocl@ so i0o 120 METERS 80 U 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT 6M t 14 1 20 :,a 74 Halibut Point 32 Old Sitka Rocks 41 35 2 57 78 65 Site Description: The survey was conducted on the seaward side of a small island located in the south- 48 14 637 hrd west corner of the Halibut Point Recreation Center. 7 64 5 14 54 56 The shore zone was a nearly vertical bedrock face that 33 56 continued approximately 20 feet above and below the 61 water surface. The intertidal zone was dominated by 20 57 "a Ut Pt rockweed, barnacle, chiton, and periwinkle. In 32 64 contrast to Harbor Point, the low intertidal/shallow 18 57 44 2 subtidal zone was vegetated with wing kelp and triple 37 28 37 16 15 rib kelp. Pink coralline algae encrusted the rock 11f.' 43 35 surfaces. Invertebrates included green sea urchin, 37 24 73 22 purple sea star, and green anemone. (9R1 1. 54 Rk I 23 29 27 12 41 26 D rk S 19 34 Below 25 feet in depth, the bottom.substrate changed 11 il 12 33 39 29 to a mixture of boulder, cobble, sand, and shell. 13 19 (4. 78 &@' - Invertebrates included octopus, red sea urchin, plume Management Recommendations: The Halibut Point site worm, abalone, sea pen, and several species of sea contained a diverse mix of grazers, deposit feeders, N) star. Fish included china, quillback, dusky, and suspension feeders, detritivours, and their predators. yellowtail roc Ikfish. This site is popular among local scuba divers because it At 40 feet in depth an algae zone consisting of sieve affords easy access from the shore. The Halibut Point kelp and wrack continued downward to the end of the shore zone should be managed as a natural recreation and transect at 80 feet. This was one of the deepest habitat area to provide continued public opportunities Macrophyte zones observed in all of the underwater for resource harvest, education, and enjoyment. Main- surveys, indicating perhaps that water clarity at this tenance of the high water quality in the area should be a site is exceptional. Invertebrates included sea pen, primary goal. Sources of potential turbidity pollution brittle star, horse clam, hermit crab, sea cucumber, such as the gravel pit operation on Granite Creek can be sunflower sea star, and burrowing stalked anemone. controlled through careful planning and operation of the Herring consistently spawn in this area. See Table 2 pit. Any proposed placement of inwater structures or for additional information on Halibut Point. fill should be reviewed for its effect upon herring spawning habitat. In the event of an oil spill, maximum efforts should be made to protect this area from contamination. hrd 18 M mow FEET METERS 0- 0 -----.,MEAN HIGHER HIGH WA TER ....... SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY Halibut Point 57605'54"W 135024'00"W Bearing: 2540True Water Temp.: NA 10- Date: 19 Sept 79 Time: 1330 PST Figure 6. OK 3o- Bedrock A W -10 So [der, 16, son A Cobb" nd, T a Shall FAUNA E ." k_t' R 40- Acorn barnacle Sunflower D Bit; >_ Ln Thatched barnacle see star E Stock Katy Long-rayed P $*a star T Cobble, Sitko & Chocked Purplo H Send,& Sh ll periwinkles sea @for 50_ Vermillion Here* clam sea star FLORA -0 Brittle star Green sea urchin Wing kelp Wrack NMI&. Sag Pon 60- Red 8410 urchin jgW Warty so* cucumber Plume worm :D;-.4 Sieve kelp __20 'k. Triple rib Q Green anemone Hermit crab Octopus Soo staghorn 70- Ir Stalked anemone an Rocktish Rockwood Soo sac holC.. f 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS 80 U 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT 2 2 29 J1J 0 12 41 2-7 26 Kasiana Island 34 rky S 19 29 it 33 39 19 site Description: The survey was located on'the R J28(922 22 % southeast island in the Kasiana Islands group. The 31 11 31 24 34 13 island lies within a shoal area of numerous rocks, 30 10 25 islets, and shallow channels. The shore zones within 16 9 19 (9 25 16 the area are influenced by wave surge and complex Z tq@ Kasinna Is 16 29 It tidal currents. a (i@@ .1 61 2 2 .4 -, 2) 1 1 17 IRk.I 16 27 2 2.' The intertidal zone was composed of a narrow rock 12 6 26 RA "k 24 ledge and bedrock wall. Rockweed, sea sac, barnacle, 14 @07 2 21 22 16 It A4 12 a 6 limpet, and purple sea star were the major intertidal '26 7 6-A 61 24 1 19 12 organisms. 5 18 3 It BC@ B rky 26 15 7 4 10 14 22 5 13 Apple I 3 (D a Is 17 The subtidal zone was composed of a boulder and gravel 15 14 13 V0 field interspersed with pockets of sand and shell 6-- 01*.Y 19 9, 17 7 14 13 debris. Subtidal rocks were encrusted with coralline )6 -Y 83 9 12 17 1> 13 r1ly 14.r* 83 @ 17% C'X algae. A zone of wing kelp and sea staghorn occurred ra" 'G 11 . 4 a. 14 A) -*. at the base of the bedrock wall. Abalone, hairy Management Recommendations: The survey site can be chiton, red sea urchin, cap limpet, and lined chiton r1a characterized as a moderately high energy environment CIA were the dominant invertebrate grazers. Octopus, sea similar to many of the outer coast and inshore islands of cucumber, leather star, and sunflower sea star also Sitka Sound. Although the at@ea is partially protected by occurred. Infauna included littleneck and butter islets and shoals, tidal and wave surge mixing is vigo- clam. rous, particularly during storm conditions. The biota at An algae bed consisting of a canopy of bull kelp with this site consists primarily of grazers, suspension an understory of triple rib kelp and wrack, occurred feeders, and their predators. The algae bed is an impor- tant component of the marine community. approximately 200 feet from the shore. Major inver- tebrates within the kelp bed included red sea urchin, The'kelp beds and herring spawning habitat at Kasiana abalone, cap limpet, and lined chiton, all of which Islands should be maintained if developments are planned. .are considered grazers. Hooded sea slug, were attac- Any necessary tideland alteration, dredging, etc., should hed to blades of kelp. Kelp greenling was the only be timed to avoid the herring spawning season (March- fish species observed. This area is consistently used April). In general, shore zone filling is not recom- for herring spawning.. mended. Where fills are necessary, only clean rock material should be used and fills should be confined to the'upper four feet of the intertidal zone. Piling supported structures are recommended in lieu of solid fills. Upland development on Kasiana Island such as gravel extraction and housing should be monitored for its (4 6 V*274 1@11@ effect on nearshQre water quality, particularly increased turbidity. FEET METERS -0- 0 HIGHER HIGH WATER 20- ...... ..... Bou Ider, Cobble Bou der, Cobble, Sand, Sk Shell $and '& Shell 30- W -10 A SITKA BOUND DIVE SURVEY T Kaslana Island E 57004*30"N. 135024'12"W R Beating: 980 True N Water Temp.: NA' 40- Date: 19 Sept 79 Time: 1545 PST D FAUNA E P - I& Acorn barnacle dgW Warty sea cucumber Figure 7. T H Thatched barnacle .119C Rod sea urchin 50- qM Lined abitom Adn% plate limpet Leather star FLORA Cap limpet Purple sea star 60- Hairy triton Sunflower sea star Wreak wing ketp Triple rib Buffer atom --20 Hooded "a slug See lettuce see see Lifflenock atom Octopus Oull help 70- 1 AV& Boo staghorn, Rockwood A12* Abalone Kelp groonting JIV 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS 80 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANS ECT 53 2500 Block, Halibut Point Road 22 24 T C.. 1k 27 4 41 Site Description: The survey was located along the 0 17 26 rky S shore adjacent to the 2500 Block of Halibut Point 11 17 12 Road. The beach was composed of rounded boulders 29 19 33 65@ 13 22 interspersed with smallpockets of cobble, gravel, ZE 17 31 and sand. The beach appears to receive considerable 25 wave action, particularly ocean generated swell that ?2 d 30 19 enters through the Western Channel. During the 35 2 16 5ft Has' na 's survey, a two foot swell and beach surge was en- 16 29 6, 2 countered. RA 11 27 27 9 1156 The upper intertidal zone was nearly devoid of atta- 2 21 26 @4 .1 A,ea 0" 11 A, B, 12 6 ched plants and animals. The instability of the 12 7, 24 3. substrates was evident as waves broke on the beach 13 11 3Z@)8 rky 4 to 14 22 15 7 and rocks shifted and ground against each other. The 5 13 14@ Apple In Is 17 substrate instability was responsible for the paucity 18 15 14,, y 2 19 13 of biota found in the upper intertidal zone. The 9 lower intertidal zone contained a scattering of rock- weed, barnacle, limpet, and mussel. Management Recommendations: Harsh physical conditions ofwave energy and unstable substrate probably limit the Within the shallow subtidal zone, marin@ life became biota in the upper intertidal zone. Successful species more abundant. An algae bed consisting of seersucker in this area, including acorn barnacle, are short-lived kelp, rockweed, sea lettuce, and sea staghorn occurred.. and quick to reproduce. The placement of rock fill or below the tide line. Coralline algae encrusted the revetments above the four foot (MLLW) tide line, would rock surfaces. Invertebrates included thatched probably have only a temporary impact upon the intertidal barnacle, hermit crab, and octopus. habitat of this area. At 25 feet depth,- the boulder and cobble substrate Developments occurring in the low intertidal and subtidal ended abruptly, becoming a low gradient slope of zone should be reviewed for their effect upon algae beds, gravel, sand, and shell debris. Sieve kelp and wrack herring spawning habitat, and juvenile salmonid feeding were the dominant algae. Epifauna'included plume and migration. In-water construction activities should worms, brittle stars and a high density of sunflower be timed to avoid the herring spawning season (March- sea stars. Butter clams were the dominant infauna April). and were the principal prey item of the sea stars. A swam of crustacean larvae, probably pandalid shrimp were present near the bottom. Numerous rock sole were also noted. Herring consistently spawn in this area. FEET METERS 0 0 %.W1.-1%-'UEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER,- SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY 2500 Block, Halibut Pt. Road 5760,1'05"N 135*2242"W Bearing: 228 True Water Temp.: NA Date: 19 Feb 80 Time: 1315 PST 10- Figure 8. 20- 4 Boulder, Cobb Sand & Shelf debris 30- Cobble rovel. -10 W a b'.' n d A Grav* T So ad a of E Cobble, R and Sand a 40- :bell Shelf to D E P - 1, T H 50- FAUNA FLORA Acorn barnacle Wrack Seersucker 'AA& 4$ Thatched barnacle Rod sea urchin 60- a Cross barnacle Brittle star iffti-ined chiton Plume worm Rockwood Non lettuce --20 4�!@'Plot* limp@# Bunflowor &to star '110011 Rack Soft Alassel Sieve kelp Sea stafhorn Octopus Buttor clam Hermit crab Apia 70- 46 Imm- 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS I 80-t I 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT 2000 Block, Halibut Point Road Site Description: The survey was located along the shore adjacent to the 2000 Block of Halibut Point Road. The shoreline at this site is similar in phy- sical character to the shoreline at 2500 Block, Halibut Point Road with the exception that this site appears to be somewhat more protected from large waves. Both sites generally typify the coast lying between mile 1.7 and mile 3.5 of Halibut Point Road. The intertidal beach is a boulder and cobble matrix with scattered patches of gravel and sand. Barnacles and plate limpet were the dominant epifaunan the upper intertidal zone. The rockweed zone began at the five foot tide line MLLW and extended into the low intertidal zone to the zero tide line MLLW. Lower intertidal invertebrates included giant barn acle, six-rayed sea star, and red sea urchin. Management Recommendations.- This s Three distinct zones of marine plants occurred within is influenced by wave energy and su the shallow subtidal zone. At -1 feet MLLW, pompom Unlike 2500 Block, this site has a kelp dominated the first zone. At -2 feet wing kelp phyte algae community and greater s was dominant and at -3 feet, a narrow fringe of is probable that this area is somew basket grass occurred. Below these zones scattered protected from wave impacts than 25 wing kelp and sea staghorn occurred to -10 feet where flora and fauna are still typical o sieve kelp became monospecific to the end of the shore. Construction of revetments transect. Coralline algae encrusted all subtidal be confined above the six foot MLLW rock surfaces. Invertebrates included plume worm, minimize effects upon the low inter lined chiton, red sea urchin, striped anemone, aba- Coastal access should be addressed lone, cap limpet, and sea stars. Fishes included particularly where publicly owned t copper, dusky, and quillback rockfish and kelp green- If tideland filling or shoreline st ling. Herring are known to consistently spawn in for this area, we recommend reservi this area. 50 feet width for public access alo recommend reserving lateral public frequent intervals along Halibut Road FEET METERS 0- 0 -@,---,AfEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY 2000 J31ock of Hali@ut Pt. Road 57 @#'06"N 135 21'54"W Bearl Iq ng: 24 True Water Temp.: 54P F Date. 12 Oct 79 Time: 1000 PST Figure 9. obble 20- . . . . . . . . . . zw Guider, Cobble. a Shell .. ...... 30- Cobble -10 S 0 r we W an 4or d' &bell, 0 s' 6u A T E 40- E P T H FAUNA 50- Acorn barnacle Leather star Thatched barnacto FLORA 11* Cross bornacto Sunflower 60- & Giant barnocto 0 $#a star Pompom Wing kelp 4ft, Lined chiton AIM Red sea urchin 'iw -t --20 Plato limpet a Striped onsmons Cap limpet SM., Rockwood Basket gross Abalone *9 Plume worm 70- 06AM-1 Kelp groonlin Rockfigh Sea staghorn Sieve kelp 20 40 60 80 too 120 METERS 8O__ 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Thomsen Harbor Parking Lot 61 61 4 32 -xl-., %6, Site Description: The survey was located just south N, "711-1 of the Thomsen small boat harbor at the base of the il 6. 61 64 IN parking lot fill. The survey transect extended into 0- Sitka Channel. M 61 62 The intertidal zone is a rip-rap fill constructed in 61 61 31 1977 as part of a city port development project. 61 @ : 1@ . "-4_7i. 4 53. Rockweed and sea lettuce were the dominant algal % FG2 cov Acorn barnacle, Sitka periwinkle, and plate n5ldtl er. 6 Prw mai limpet were sparsely distributed, intertidal inverte- 61 4 brates. 53- 6 4,1 4 4 3 61 3. 61 62, 5 Subtidally, stout sea squirt, an opportunistic colon- 5, % 41 izer, was the dominant invertebrate, covering much of fil 4 0 44 51 3:. 3,2 6 the rock surfaces. Thatched barnacle, plate limpet, and leather star were also found. Patches, of coral - 3,3 61 51 5 6 414 3,' 34, line algae encrusted rocks. The toe of the rip-rap wall occurred at approximately -5 feet MLLW. Here, Management Recommendations: The marine ecosystem at Thomsen Harbor is in transition following the recent the substrate changed abruptly to sand and shell waterfront development projects. It is likely that this debris. A narrow band of eelgrass extended for app- roximately ten feet before the bottom sloped towards area also receives chronic pollution from petroleum the channel. The bottom was a mixture of sand, gravel, spills, detergents, seafood wastes, and sewage associated cobble, and shell debris with patches of boulders. with boats and waterfront activities. Tide and wind Algal cover consisted primarily of wrack, sieve kelp, driven circulation through Sitka Channel contributes to and Callophyllis "type" red algae. The blades of kelp supporting suspension feeding invertebrates and their supported hooded sea slug. Epifauna included sea associated predators. The circulation contributes to the cucumber, lined chiton, plume worm, and sunflower sea dilution and "flushing" of pollutants, thus mitigating star. Infauna included littleneck and butter clam and some of the adverse effects. .cockle. Herring spawn consistently to the north on Pile supported structures such as the adjacent Halibut Japonski Island and Seaplane Turnaround Flats; how- ever, herring are not known to spawn at this site, nor Producer's Co-op, are environmentally superior to solid anywhere within Sitka Channel. fills in the Sitka Channel. We recommend that an effec- tive oil spill contingency plan be developed for the Sitka Channel and that sufficient containment and clean- up equipment be stored in Sitka to handle the largest .potential petroleum spill on the waterfront. FEET METERS 0- 0 %.,@.@UEAN HIGHER HIGH SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY Thomsen Harbor Parking Lot. Sitka Channel 57003'18"N. 135020'54'#W Hearing: 2480 True N Water Temp.: 55*F 10- Date: 9 Oct 79 Time: 1400 PST Figure 10. 77: 7@ C bb S 31.ds Shol, 30- oulder -10 W he I A T E R 40- D E P T H 50- FAUNA Acorn barsocto FLORA Ala Lined chiton Sunflower sea Wor Rockwood ( .*- Wrook 60- 1@5 Stout sea squirt Leather star lu Hooded sm Sieve help --20 AMA Butler clam Warty sea cucumber Littioneek clam Plume worm Sao lettuce, Ealfross 70- cochis Keip greenling 20 40 60 so 100 120 METERS 1 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Old Navy Dock 4L PA JV _4@@ 41 41 4, 2) fhy \31'w 5 Site Description: The survey was located at the Rap 41 51 abandoned Old Navy Dock located on the west side of 43- -6 51 41 31 the Sitka Channel. The dock is a creosote-treated, Ity -4. wooden-pile supported structure constructed during 51 the 1940's. It has since fallen into disrepair. Many of the piles are broken off at the mud line or 61 51 51 31 are seriously weakened by boring clams (shi.pworms). Pd. 5Z The survey transect included the southeast corner 61 apd V* 32 pile and the bottom at the base of the dock. Ape?,ne 64 51 41 P-1- ,qfe,t 7 7 V64, The intertidal portion of the pile supported barn- acle, mussel, and clumps of rockweed. The lower 4 @'O. 61 intertidal zone was dominated by leather star and TANK 9 \7 purple sea star, both of which preyed upon the 71 31 10 mussels and barnacles. 7 '44 Subtidally, the flora and fauna showed little appa- rent zonation. A diverse assemblage of suspension Management Recommendations: The rich growth of suspen- feeding invertebrates including plume worm, sponge, sion feeding invertebrates indicates that this site has rock scallop, bryozoan, hydrozoan, sea squirt, ane- good water circulation. At the time of the survey, an mone, brittle star, and shipworm were found. At- estimated one-quarter knot current set northwest through tached macrophytes included rockweed, sieve kelp, the site. The marine community is a diverse and complex wrack, and several species of red algae. Herbivorous assemblage of suspension feeders, herbivores, predators, invertebrates included limpet, snail, and green sea and scavengers. This site provides an example of crea- urchin. Predators and scavengers included purple, ting additional marine habitat through the utilization of slender, leather, rose, and sunflower sea star; piling supported structures. several species of snail; hermit crab; copper rock- We recommend the utilization of piling in lieu of solid fish; and kelp greenling. A school of herring was tideland fills for new waterfront construction in the also present. Sitka Channel. The use of concrete and steel piling The bottom substrate at the base of the dock con- eliminates problems associated with boring clams, rot, sisted of mix of sand, silt, and shell debris. Man- and fire'. Piling supported piers will maintain and often made debris, such as tires, cans, bottles, wire, and enhance feeding and rearing areas for herring, salmon, pipe, littered the area. Scattered clumps of eel- bottom fish, and forage fish, while solid fills generally grass were the principal macrophyte present. Epi- eliminate shore zone habitat. A fishing pier constructed fauna included burrowing stalked anemone and sunflower near this area, perhaps with an artificial "reef" at its sea star. The infauna included bent-nosed clams. A base would attract sport fish species for recreational and subsistence use by the public. length of ten inch pipe and a tire provided cover for an octopus and searcher. FEET METERS 0-0 %--.-^-,MEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY Old Navy Dqck. Sitka Channel 57003'06"N. 135020'42"W Bearing: 2080 True N Water Temp.: 5544** 10- Date: 9 Oct 79 Time: 1145 PST Figure 11. P-0 30- W -10 A FAUNA E igO shipworm Afferaparloo, 40- D Plum# worm 42 E 16 Acorn barnacle Orittio star Thatched barnacle P 44 r Leather star H SlIt'sand 11 bell Mussel 50-- (tires, wire, cons, pipe) mooome SP. Purple moo star Claud anemone k Slander moo star FLORA Stalked anemone Ross sea star 60- Rockwood Wrack Sea pooch Sunflower --20 a F@ sea star @kl Q -in Clear see squirt Kelp 70- "09ross Sieve help A00 Octopus greenling 4110" Pacific herring Rackfish Piling - 0 8 16 24 32 40 METERS 80 12 if diameter F1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT 777. the f6gulallur Jamestown Bay 7777 7\, @ - Is 'na@ @,7 of Ahe DistrictEI AwAnchoragi 77 iAlas 3u Site Description: The survey was located approxi- a Office of the mately mid-way along the shoreline in Jamestown Bay. C @ I'the "A- `!@'G_uard District In J 2. Refer to section' Jamestown Bay is a semi-protected embayment that , @@, 1 ".7 0. 1''. , _ _- lq@ F,; rec eives moderate wave activity and swell during -westerly storms. strong The beach at the survey site was composed of boulders, cobbles, and gravel. 4 Macrophyte algae were sparse in the upper intertidal Uv _10 zone. Invertebrates included acorn and thatched 7 it 61 barnacle and plate limpet. The lower intertidal zone 51 1 94 3 Mussel, lined chiton, was covered with rockweed. 6 Y 12 blf@c periwinkle, and blue top snail were the dominant If K 21 2 4 * 211 21 invertebrates. 61 31 12 64 44 24 2 12 9 A sharp transition in substrate occurred at the lower 71 "Y 12 51 tide line. The boulder and cobble substrate in the 4 711C Ar intertidal zone abruptly changed to gravel and sand, Management Recommendations: Jamestown Bay lacked the then graded towards finer materials with depth. species aiversi Fy found ewhere along the Sitka water- front and appeared to be under stress from siltation. M In the shallow subtidal zone, a narrow band of eel- grass occupied the sand and silt substrate. Inverte- Industrial operations along the west shore including a brates within the eelgrass bed included sea cucumber sawmill, marine ways, and concrete batch plant, as well and hermit crab. A school of juvenile herring occur- as recent gravel dredging operations, have caused local red along the' fringe of the eelgrass bed. siltation problems. Upland land use practices, including the large clearcut above Jamestown Bay,.cause soil ero- BeIlow the eelgrass bed, algae growth consisted of sion and increased runoff that may have also contributed scattered wrack and sieve kelp. Seersucker kelp.was to the siltation of the marine environment in Jamestown dominant below 20 feet in depth. Epifauna was sparse. Bay. The Bay also receives a portion of the sulphite A sunken log riddled with shipworm burrows provided waste liquor plume from the pulpmill, causing a dis- substrate for plumeworm and sea peach. Sunflower sea coloration of the surface water. The discoloration star preyed upon bent nosed and truncated clams which coupled with increased turbidity from shoreland develop-;. were the dominant infauna in the*silt and organic ment practices, may have a limiting effect upon subtidal detritus bottom. Below 35 feet in depth, no macro- macrophyte growth that we observed. phytes were found. Burrowing anemone, brittle star, We recommend that the City in cooperation with ADEC, hermit crab, and scattered plume worm were the domi- attempt to improve the water quality of the Bay, or at nant invertebrates. Most plants and animals were least prevent any further deterioration. We recommend coated with fine silt. Herring are no longer reported floating and pier supported structures rather than solid to spawn in Jamestown Bay. tideland fills for the waterfront development. The shoreline, seaward of the road, should be reserved for water-dependent uses. FEET METERS 0 0 %@AIEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER SITKA SOUND DIVE S-URVEY Jamestown 0 Bay 57002*48"N, 135 17'24"W Bearing: 2080 True N Water Temp.: 550F 10 Date: 11 Oct 79 Time: 1215 PST Figure 12. Sould 20- Cobble Angular a rove a Sam so cocoa. Same ;.-4%1K.*;--- 30- -10 lit a Shelf-% S W overGrovel T E 40- D 1-*@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E Cobble' P Slit T 0 0 1 r u a'. FAUNA H 50- AD Acorn b roacto Sunflower nee Thatch*: bar. ##a star Plums worm q011' Lined chiton Brittle star Ship worm FLORA 4!(@t6 Posts, limpet warty sea 001- cucumber Rockwood Blue top @bell Burrowing sea Hermit crab Seersucker cucumber Mussel Stalked 411111011114-Pacific herring @-20 Gnomon* Sieve kelp macome SR. 10 Truncated clam Sea peach Rock sole to- Ealgross Wrack I IV P 1 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS 0- 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Thimbleberry Bay P Site Description: The survey was located in the G it erti n 11. northeast corner of Thimbleberry Bay. The transect U Ili 21 ran from the shoreline, through a silt basin towards a rocky outcrop in the bay. The shoreline in Thimble- berry Bay is characteristically rocky and fairly U.@ 4 2 41 51 protected from westerly winds, ocean swells, and waves 2 71 -31--S 6 >1 by Marshall and Harris islands. 61 8 1 2 51401. 118 1W Af 0 cll@L The intertidal zone was a steep bedrock and boulder 14 th 61 41\ 64 13 21 2 beach. Rockweed, barnacle, and shield limpet were 24 12 1. 3 15 61 found in the upper intertidal zone. The lower inter 54 tidal invertebrates included barnacle, shield limpet, f4 13 18 1 71 plate limpet, green sea urchin, purple shore crab, 23 <'9 lined chiton, and mussel. 61 71 23 Algae in the low intertidal and s hallow subtidal zones 22 2i\ AN 9 35 included rockweed and encrusting and foliose coral- lines. Wrack, sieve kelp, and cup and saucer were rich than the adjacent Jamestown Bay. The shorelands are dominant subtidal algae. No algae were found below used primarily for low density residential and much of the 35 foot depth contour. the shoreline remains undeveloped. This pattern of development has been compatible with the habitat values The bottom sloped steeply away from the shoreline to of the area. There was no evidence at this site of the approximately 45 feet depth, where it opened into a siltation problems experienced in Jamestown Bay; al- basin that then slo*ed upwards towards an exposed rock though, pulp waste liquor discolors the surface waters P and may limit subtidal algae growth and herring spawning. outcrop. Benthic substrates changed rapidly with depth and slope. Predominant rock substrate changed We recommend that future developments in Thimbleberry Bay to sand at approximately 30 foot depth and then graded be designed to maintain intertidal surface area, algae towards fine silt.with increasing depth. beds, and water quality. Tideland filling should be Invertebrates on rock substrates included plume worm, discouraged. Small piling supported pier structures and cap limpet, lined chiton, purple sea star, and leather floats should have minimal impact. Coastal access along star. Soft bottom invertebrates included butter clam beaches should be protected or enhanced when waterfront littleneck clam, burrowing stalked anemone, and the developments are planned. The mouths of Thimbleberry sea pen, Virgularia. Sunflower sea star and vermil- Creek and Blueberry Lane Creek are both anadromous fish lion sea star preyed upon clams and sea pens. Herring streams, and should be buffered from encroachments and are no longer known to spawn in the area. water quality degradation. A minimum 25 feet setback from the high water stream bank is recommended. No large Management Recommendations: Thimbleberry Bay has a quantities of petroleum products should be stored over marine ecosystem that appears to be more diverse and water because a large spill within the confines of the Bay could have a serious impact. FEET METERS 0-- %--@@@-@MEAN HIGHER HIGH IVATER,%@@@- SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY ThimbleberFy Bay 57080'45"N, 135015'24"W Bearing: 203* True N Water Temp.: 550F 10 Date. 11 Oct 79 Time: 1200 PST Figure 13. Cobble",",... sould. Cobble, Ek Shell 30- -10 W T E R Sand, 40- 8 Shol I'*.::-:"*-*--:1 - E T an 50- Acorn barnacle FAUNA slit a CIO I Ole$ Thotchod barnacle q" Lined chiton Purple sea star 60- je@' plate limpot Loother star viroularle sp. FLORA JQ@, Shield limpot Cap limpet Sunflower (!I LIN -'19 Stalked -20 mussel sea star anemone Rockwood Wrack Green Butter clam 8#0 urchin cribifioasie V, 70- %Wy Plume wo Purple Sisve kelp Cup and soucer Littlonock clam rm shore crab 20 40 60 80 100 t20 METERS 80-- 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Ball Islets 64 20 ash AfLiW 61 22 4L S 71 20 4Y 6 31 Site Description: The survey was located at the east '*,-to 1@ ' 1. ernmost islet within the Ball Islets group. The islet 64 10 61 Rk 3 Y 21 641 1 3, is one of many similar rocky outcrops located along C(� .2 22, 21 the southern Sitka waterfront between Eastern and 9 4J 7 2 4 to. it Middle channels. 5 + The Twine 22 44' 4 F1 4sec MO 6M 1W 4 +21 41 no The intertidal zone was a bedrock shelf that extended 4 6 7 seaward for approximately 45 meters (150 feet) and 1 7 1ip, .Lf@L7 M J1AY 12 19 101 6 / then dropped off rapidly along a steep subtidal slope. Ak 8 13 31 I r4y a0de' 34 61 nly 1 13 Intertidal algae included rockweed in the uppe'r zone I I q@@, '..:.C/ 15 24 and sea lettuce, sea staghorn, and wrack in the lower 2 64 9 7 13 9 4 2 10\ zone. Invertebrates included acorn and thatched M 71 24 14 27 12 barnacle, shield and plate limpet, lined chiton, and 4 11 13 purple sea star. Gal. fi 15 Katz 14 22 The shelf break occurred at approximately the lower M Ianagement Recommendations: The marine community at- tide level with a steep bedrock face extending down to this site was dominated by suspension feeders and their approximately the 30 foot depth level. Kelp and other C3 predators. The absence of a subtidal marine algae macro algae were conspicuously absent from the sub- community with associated herbivores may be the result tidal zone. Normally these plants occur at least to of the chronic layer of sulphite waste liquor, which 40-50 feet depth in Sitka Sound. Invertebrate life acts as a screen to sunlight and inhibits plant growth was primarily suspension feeders, including plume worm at normal depths. During the survey, the surface layer and rock jingle. 'Herbivores were poorly represented was discolored with sulfite liquor to a depth of app- subtidally, which would be expected with thelpaucity roximately 15 feet. A sharp transition to clear water of algae. occurred below this depth. Further study of the water At the base of the bedrock face, the benthic substrate quality and algae communities within this area may be changed to a mixture of sand and shell debris With warranted, particularly to determine how widespread the scattered boulders and bedrock outcrops. Silt became effects are and if rehabilitation of algae communities an increasing component of the substrate'with depth. and herring spawning areas are feasible and practical. Soft bottom invertebrates included sea pen, burrowing stalked anemone, and brittle star. Predators included octopus, searcher, and rose star. Herring are no longer known to spawn in this area. FEET METERS O__O AIEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY Ball Islets 57002 06"N, 135018'54"W Bearin g 1480 True N Water Tem Da e: Aug 79 Time: 1 6 PST 3s.: NA 10- Bou or Figure 14. At& she @0 Wor, 30- FAUNA . .. .. . . -10 W All Acorn barnacle A Thatched barnacle T E qft Lined chiton R 40- gtt,*, Plato limpet D 4Q@, Shield limpet E P 4jj;@ Rock jingle Stalked onom T d bri so a 81 H Purple ##color Plume worm od. Bou a 50- Ross soastar Torobellid worm Vermillion soastar ua Pon Brittle star Bedrock- 4- 60- Searcher Octopus 20 /Bouldo If d b I a ri aSn' d , a 131 Irl to 'A FLORA 70- Rockwood Sea stagborn Wrack Sea lettuce 20 40 60 so 100 120 METERS 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT 'Y"' --65Y 52 1--- 6M PA V.1 1-11 No Thorofare Bay Inlet @13 to @ 9 hrd :4 413 34 IAN 52 44 Site Description: The survey was located approxi- 65 11@1 45 mately 100 yards southwest of the entrance to No 11@14 64 66 Thorofare Bay. The entrance to the Bay is through a 44 narrow rock channel that can only be safely navigated 40 @9; 45 during high, slack water. Approximately 1,000 acre 43 feet of water pass through the entrance channel during 2 "VO rhorofare BaY: 41 an average six hour tidal cycle. .01 f Tidal velocities in J ` the channel exceed five knots and standing waves 49@ 20 11 61 27? Af 10 i. 13 6 3 several feet high are not uncommon. 22 @ 1, -*,7 - . ------ Lrdsaest The shoreline was rocky and heavily wooded. A shallow .2 tj "ay subtidal boulder and bedrock ledge extended into the inlet for approximately 60 feet before sloping down- ward along a steep talus face. At approximately 45 foot depth the slope gradient lessened and the sub- strate changed to fine materials with an increasing silt component towards depth. log. The dominant soft bottom epifauna were brittle star Algae within the intertidal zone included rockweed, and hermit crab. Sea cucumber, burrowing stalked ane- N) mone, sea pen, and sunflower sea star were also found. the encrusting red alga HildenbrandialPetrocelis, and A thick mat of organic detritus consisting of leaves, the red alga, odonthalia. Intertidal invertebrates needles, and wood fiber occurred at the lower end of the included periwinkle, barnacle, limpet, mussel, and the transect. drill snail, Thais. The low intertida I and shallow subtidal zones were This site is a known herring spawning area. densely covered,with wrack and the brown alga, Des- Management Recommendations: The marine ecosystem at this marestia. Coralline algae encrusted rock surfaces. site is dominated by suspension feeders that are nour- Invertebrates included red sea urchin and burrowing ished by the large volumes of plankton carried in and out sea cucumber. of No Thorofare Bay by tidal currents. The area has a Algae cover on the subtidal talus slope consisted diverse and rich assemblage of epifauna that.should be protected for essential habitat use, scientific study, mainly of scattered wrack and encrusting corallines. and recreation. Impacts that could affect this area Major invertebrates included burrowing sea cucumber, include: 1) any chronic degradation of water quality, cloud anemone, and plume worm. Other invertebrates including increased turbidity or oil pollution; 2) smoth- included rock jingle, cap limpet, lined chiton, and ering of bottom life with bark debris, silt, or dredge sea peach., spoils; 3) dredging or blasting to deepen or.widen the channel, which would destroy the existing marine commu- The soft bottom slope was devoid of macrophytes with nity; and 4) intensive harvesting of marine flora and the exception of a clump of wrack attached to a sunken fauna, which could result in the destruction of delicate, rare, or long-lived species. FEET METERS 0- ,-.,,MEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER,,@@ SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY No Thorofare Bay Inlet 67001'12"N, 135*'14'36"W Hearing: 298 True N Water Temp.: 44PF 10- Date: 26 Feb 80 Time: 1345 PST Figure 15. 2-0 V@_ K" 30- -10 W David r A angular Co T FLORA E R 40- Wrack D FAUNA E P 40 Acorn barnacle T 4JI Thatched bornacto Color changer H 11ge Lined chitan 50- 4th, Plate limpet Sea P h Sharp tooth ,Q@l Shield limpet brush Plume worm Cap limpet lit' h 11 b 1, Mussel Rockwood Silks a chut d sea Pon ,or 60- per w nk so 4Z@% lar1jugo $talked anemone rha. iamellose amber a or cu gL',ol@ Rock Jingle, Cloud anemone ftiffle star Slit, Sholir.- I )of Red sea urchin rifus 0 70 Ship worm A (leaf, lift$- Sunflower wood debris) WZ2!lft> Kelp greenling $*a star Hermit crob 10- 0 69 20 40 60 80 100 120METERS 80-T- 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 .350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT 34 Ito .,7 It 6,Ay Pirate Cove 14 15i 27 (_.?j @ 49 i @2 62 44 2 Site Description: The survey was located on the sea- 28 39 281 69 31 ward side of a narrow isthmus forming the western 57 boundary of Pirate Cove. The site itself was in a IV . ..... . . ..... .... . ...... . ..... 32 45 47 44 29 40 37 31 35 26! shallow unnamed cove facing the open waters of Sitka 25 j 1 .' - 27 .2 S4-, - ". IF6 36 28 otection from the sea - % 12 Sound. Minimal pr results from 34 in Q : 'I .: t4;-,*1, -.- --- jA 16 the islet, rocks, and kelp beds located at the mouth 13 i3L.,@:-__331 (5) Vs .15.@Q 3 43W 14' of the cove. %14 4 19 71...15 13 14 -.16 ape ]RU", 'LO LZ i12 The survey encompassed the bedrock and boulder shore- Of 2 line and a shallow cobble and gravel pavement exten- i F7 15 13@i 9 Ope 3 ding seaward toward the mouth of the cove. 71 124 +21 24 Intertidal algae was dominated by rockweed. Inverte- brates included acorn and thatched barnacle, plate 20 '%*:-- 24 limpet, mussel, and purple sea star. @7: Subtidally the dominant algae were rockweed and color changer in the shallowest zones and a slightly deeper Management Recommendations: The site was characterized algae bed consisting of a mixed canopy of bull kelp as a semi-protected c6-v-elyinq on the exposed outer 41@7- and giant kelp with an understory.of wrack and sea coast. The high energy, unstable conditions present at sac. Sandy patches supported eelgrass. Subtidal this site favor plant and animal assemblages that can epifauna were generally sparse, perhaps reflecting the withstand moderate to severe wave energy and shifting harsh conditions of wave exposure, unstable substrate, substrates. Important habitat uses of this area include and the winter timing of our survey. herring spawning and crustacean larval rearing. Invertebrates included lined chiton; abalone; sun- Impacts resulting from oil spills, chronic pollution, or flower sea star; and green, striped, and Anthopleura tideland filling could be expected to reduce habitat elegantissima anemone. Infauna included horse clam uses. Reducing wave energy and stabilizing substrates and butter clam. would probably enhance the species diversity and rich- ness of the area. A large swarm of crustacean larvae, probably pandalid shrimp, were present in the water column at the time of the survey. The only fish species observed was kelp greenling. Herring are known to consistently spawn in this area. FEET METERS 0__O HIGHER HIGH WATER 10- Q R2 7MA coulaor, 5E: a IN Cobb a ;bbl, Cob Grovel. Cc bl n Or 41 So 0 a h I debris Grovel of doorls, Sand:'& Shell debris 20- j;:d oil debris .6ITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY Pirate Cove 30- 56059*14"N, 136022#30"W Bearing. 880 True N Water Temp.: NA W -10 Date: 21 Feb 80 Time: 1500 PST A T Figure 16. E 4, 40- Lq D E P T H 50-- FAUNA FLORA Acorn barnacle Purple sea star A Thatched barnacle Sharp tooth brush Wrack j!( Sunflower Plate limpet 40 sea star 60- AM Abalone Rockwood 1%4911wr Green onmono 4ft hiussol 7 Ifolgross __20 outtor clam a Stalkednomons Sea Sao Littlonock atom 1w, %-w Larval shrimp 40 %. 70- "2 -Horns atom Kelp greenling Giant kelp Bull kelp 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS 8O__ 6 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Three Entrance Bay, North Entrance 39 31 60 - 69 49'. 57 .. . ..... . ...... . ..... 44 Site Description: The survey was located across the 21 30 47 29 40 @5 45 35 north entrance to Three Entrance Bay. The site was a 9 :2.. 36 28 34 26 01 relatively shallow channel bordered by vertical bed- .3 27 26 a3 rock walls on both sides. Unlike No Thorofare Bay, IT 17 24 13 tidal currents between Sitka Sound and Three Entrance ir 544, 5'., 154 9 y 28 Ba are dissipated through three channels. Current 74 ape 2 velocities at this site were on the order of one to ol!"_ -1 1 "2 31 @,7 Ai two knots. Z5 15 13; *2 ,24 Q 19 %.5;1 79' 1. tI.:A':'A"/I * Rockweed covered the intertidal walls on both sides of 20,.,- 1 Y 20 % .0. , 124 24' the channel. Intertidal invertebrates included acorn 16 12 lu and thatched barnacle, plate limpet, mussel, lined Ni 24 3* chiton, black katy, and green sea urchin. Subtidal 2 invertebrates included keyhole limpet, red sea urchin, 14 28 burrowing sea cucumber, lined chiton, cap limpet, and *'6 On the south side of the channel the gumboot chiton. rock wall ended abruptly in a sand and gravel bed while on the north side, the base of the wall con- algae. Herring are known to consistently spawn in the .sisted of boulders and cobble. The transition zone area. between the course and fine substrates occurred mid- Management Recommendations: Three Entrance Bay was found way in the channel, hence the marine communities on either side were markedly different. to have a rich marine invertebrate community dominated by suspension feeders, herbivores, and their predators. The Within the fine substrate zone, eelgrass was the domi- diversity of substrates and marine plants contributes to nant macrophyte. Sunflower sea star preyed upon horse the.complexity ofthe marine habitat at this site. The clams and red sea urchin grazed upon the.eelgrass. Bay also experiences vigorous mixing with the waters of Kelp greenling occurred within.the eelgrass bed. Sitka Sound and hence benefits from plankton production and upwelling along the coast. . The coarse substrate zone supported a greater diver- Because of its importance for scientific and habitat sity of epifauna. Suspension feeders included green, resources, recreation, and herring spawning, we recommend striped, and cloud anemone; burrowing sea cucumber; and several species of sea squirts and sponges. that Three Entrance Bay be managed as a protected habitat Grazers included abalone, cap limpet, red sea urchin, area for recreation, scientific research, education, and and lined chiton. Predators and scavengers included fish and shellfish production. The use of this area for log storage, float homes, dredging, tideland filling, hermit crabs and sunflower sea stars. The stinging seafood processing, and shoreline development is not jelly fish, Cyanea capillata was also present. Algae recommended. This area should also be considered as a attached to hard substrates included sieve'kelp, priority site for protection in the event of an oil wrack, color changer, triple rib kelp, and bull kelp. 61 32 14 Subtidal rock surfaces were encrusted with coralline spill. FEET METERS 0 0 HIGHER HIGH WATER A % 20 4 S Opp y bould Cob Cob bl: 30- Grovel W -10 A T SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY E Three Entrance Bay. North Entrance R 56058'53"N. 135022'35"W 40- BeaFing: 3270 True N Water Temp.: NA D Date: 7 Sept 79 Time: 1400 PST E P T FAUNA Figure 17. H 45 Acorn barnacle Aft Green sea urchin FLORA 50- MW 4 Thatched barnacle ,g& Red sea urchin Striped anemone 4M Lined chiton IV Burrowing Green anemone Triple rib Wrack 40 stock Katy 40-:0 sea cucumber qF Q 40 Gumboot abiton Sunflower Cloud anemone -1. 60- (!1 Cap limpet 0 sea star 11 V Esigrass Color changer i!t@, plate limpet A<M Abalone Red stinging --20 46MN, Keyhole limpet %U7 jellyfish Slovo kelp 70- Mussel Hermit crab Bull kelp Rockwood Horse clam Kelp groonting 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS 80-i 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Goddard Hot Springs Bay Site Description: The survey was located in the cove utilized as an anchorage for the Goddard Hot Springs. The transect ran from a small wooded islet on the north boundary of the cover towards a rock exposed at low tide. A small trickle of hot spring water discharged onto tidelands in the vicinity of the survey; however, this was not found to have a noticeable effect upon marine life along the transect. The profile of the bottom was a gental slope extending from the shore towards the rock outcrop. Substrates in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones were predominantly boulders and bedrock. The floor of the cover was a fine mixture of sand, silt, and shell debris with occasional scattered cobble and small boulders. Intertidal algae were dominated by rockweed and sea sac. Invertabrates included barnacle, limpet, and chilton. Algae attached to subtidal rocks included rockweed, color changer, wrack, and seersucker kelp. Coralline algae encrusted rock surfaces. Invertebrates on subtidal rocks included lined chiton, black katy, red sea urchin, purple sea star, drill snail, octopus, and hermit crab. Soft bottom infauna were dominated by cockle, butter, and horse clam. Epifauna included sea cucumber and sunflower sea star. The hooded sea slug, Melibe was abundantly attached to subtidal algae and eelgrass. A large school of two to three year old herring was also observed during the survey. Herring are known to consistently spawn in the area. Management Recommendations: The marine ecosystem within Goddard Hot Springs Bay is generally a quiet, low energy environment. The site would be particularly sensitive to local water pollution resulting from increased turbidity, untreated sewage discharge, or oil spills, as it is likely that these pollutants would persist and produce toxic effects upon the invertebrates and fish found here. The lands surrounding this area are in State, Borough, and private ownership. Because of the attractiveness of the area, it is likely that Goddard will be developed in subdivided lots, dock facilities, a lodge, and other recreation-oriented develments. The area has also been suggested for inclusion in the State marine park system. Care should be taken to avoid degrading marin water quality through oil spills, erosion from shoreland development, waste disposal, and dredging operations. Tideland filling should be discouraged. The siting of waterfront developments should be preceeded by additional on-site inspections to insure that sensitive habitats, including herring spawning areas, clam beds, and marine plant communities, are identified and protected. Because of rock outcrops within the cove area, as well as an extensive eelgrass bed and sensitive habitat, it is not recommended that the Cove area be cleared or deepened for additional boat anchorage. A suitable site for expanded moorage facilities is located in the adjacent Kliuchevoi Bay. FEET METERS 0 -0 *--,%-01...,J1fEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER 10 4 20- Sand 8, Shelf W -10 SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY A God4ard Hot Spring Bay T 56050'12"N. 135022'40"W E Bearing: 1680 True N Water Temp.: 57*17 R Date: 20 Sept 79 Time: 1400 PST 40 110 D I E Figure 18.. P T H FAUNA FLORA 50- Acorn bar CIO Thatched ::rnocle * Purple sea star Wrack Seersucker 40 Block koty 4060P WarstSo cucumber 60- 4fift Lined chiton 16 Hooded sea sholf Sieve kelp Soo too rho/* /4470#090 Hermit crab Q ts 20 40 Cookie 44111011104 Pacific herring Color chonoor IV Eolgross 70- Heres, clam tv Octopus Sea lettuce Rockwood 00 04 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS so 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Tava Island 38 f Q 1 34 28 13 34 4K 58 36 28q,q., J '71 Site Description: The survey was conducted on the 31 27q@ 15@q",2q* 32..' 22 thy :;qV 7; northeast shore of Tava Island, located approximately . ..... .4 18 34- .'j;qg . I. 59 '2pt., three nautical miles west of Goddard. The site was a 2 r 0q+28 rocky shoreline with a thick fringe of floating kelp 4i" qW 2 2q;, lying offshore. 4q@22 (61 qVqP The shore zone substrate included a boulder and bed- q(j7 .q1r 17 rock intertidal and shallow subtidal zone followed by @-14 Le qIqrql T&qV& a sandy plain interspersed with scattered rock and 2 341 gravel pockets. 2q<q5 250 ii 38 31 4q4 5q4 i 8qC3 Oq'q@ ;6 - 2 71' 22 Intertidal algae included a mix of rockweed, sea sac, a :.' q1 !12 :_4q4 20- sea lettuce, and sharp tooth brush. Intertidal and 10 shallow subtidal invertebrates included acorn and .*Y eqi043 23 thatched barnacle, lined chiton, red sea urchin, and a.... 1 13 31 (2 .q1q0 ' q@ 2q?, q@ qt q11 the bryozoan, 6qmqiqbroporina borealis, . qJ 4 .. _A 13 Algae on subtidal rock surfaces were dominated by beds in this area are the result of that are upwelled along the coast. giant kelp, which formed a floating canopy over most selves convert nutrients and sunlig qP of the survey transect. Understory algae included which in turn supports the rich div triple rib kelp, wrack, color changer, sharp tooth invertebrates and associated food w brush, sea sac, and encrusting and foliose corallines. create macro-habitats that support Grazers on the algae included red sea urchin, abalone, juvenile fish rearing, and shellfis lined, mossy, and gumboot chqiton, and cap limpet. Infauna included horse, littleneck, and butter clam, Kelp harvesting of giant kelp (M cr burrowing sea cucumber, the cone worm Pectinaria, and this area in the future. Depletion various infaunal polychaetes. Predators included over-harvest or water pollution, wo octopus, hairy triton, rockfish, and sculpin. changes to coastal habitats that wo Fish species inhabiting the kelp bed included yellow- important fish and shellfish resour tail, quillback, china and black rockfish, tubesnout, that any future kelp harvesting ope kelp greenling, and juvenile rockfish. A harbor seal monitored to insure that kelp resou was also observed. are maintained or enhanced. A redu urchin, the principal invertebrate Management Recommendations: Tava Island,-like all of probably enhance kelp beds and shou The outer coast islands, provides a considerable conjunction with kelp management. amount of exposed and semi-protected shoreline where urchins could be accomplished throu marine plant and animal assemblages are strongly natural predators such as sea otter influenced by oceanic conditions. The luxuriant kelp by establishing an urchin fishery. =M M MMM M M Mon MM FEET METERS 0--0 MEAN HIGHE HIGH WA 10- 20- S ......... .......... . ........... ...... ul 0 obble d d la.11 r v a 30- S d, occasional Boulder & Cobble W -10 A T E SITKA SOUND DIVE SURVEY Tava Island R 40- 5604943"N, 135*28'05"W D Bearing: 430 True N Water Temp.: NA E FAUNA Date: 20 Sept 79 Time: 1630 PST P T H Acorn barnacle 119911 Butter clan %vep Figure 19. 50-- Thatallmd barnacle Littlonock Clam 11% Lined chiton Gumboot chiton More@ clam FLORA Cap limpet Red see urchin Color changer S60 Sao 60- Halry triton Burrowing Sharp tooth brush $so cucumber Wrack P-0 Abalone Plume worm Sea letfuco Rockwood It Ajl&@ 'law -7"N 70-. Octopus Triple rib Mlaroporino, Bull kelp Giant kslp borev/4 Rookfish 20 40 60 80 100 120 METERS eo--r 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 FEET DISTANCE ALONG TRANSECT Intertidal Survey Tables. Tables 1-4 contain the results of inter- tidal surveys at four locations along the Sitka waterfront. Data within each table are grouped into major biotic assemblages which in turn determine the basic intertidal zones including upper, mid, and lower intertidal zones. The biotic assemblages are influenced in large part-by physical parameters such as tidal elevation and substrate. This information.is given in the tables as well as the linear distance along the transect which gives the approxi mate width of each zone. The tables are accompanied by a set of habitat management recommen- dations and a site map for each of the locations surveyed. -52- I I I I I I I I INTERTIDAL SURVEY TABLES I I I I I I I I I I I Tabl e 1. SITKA SOUND INTERTIOAL SURVEY The Cove 570071081-N Latitude, 135023'15"W Longitude Oate: May 15 1980 Time: 0800 PST Elevation Distance above along MLLW Transect Substrate Biota and Comments (feet) (meters) 9.7 0 small angular The upper intertidal zone is a sparsely vegetated boulder patch inter- to to boulders with spersed with gravel pockets. Algae included scattered rockweed and the 7.7 32 patches of red alga, GZoiopeltia furcata. A beach seepage area was vegetated with gravel- patches of green link confetti. Invertebrates on boulders included three herbivores; plate limpet, shield limpet, and Sitka periwinkle. The predominant barnacles in the upper intertidal zone were acorn barn- acle and cross barnacle. Gravel pockets contained scattered mussel, Sitka periwinkle, and a mixed distribution of acorn barnacle and thatched barnacle. Red shore crab, beach hopper, and the limpet, Notoa=ea persow occurred beneath boulders. 7.6 33 angular cobble The mid-intertidal zone macrophytes included rockweed, sea lettuce, and to to with patches of the filimentous green sea rope, Spongomorpha sp. Plants, invertebrates, 5.7 40 sand and gravel and rocks were covered with a slick, brown diatom coating. Herbivores occurred in low numbers. The paucity of grazers in the mid-intertidal zone may explain the relatively unchecked growth of diatoms. Similar situations have occurred in marine areas impacted by toxic chemical spills, such as petroleum products, or high strength detergents. It is possible that the intertidal biota has been affected by bilge cleaning or petroleum spills from the nearby container barge facility and/or small boat harbor. Large numbers of the spindle snail, SearZe3ia dira were found. Seartesia is a predator on small gastropods and barnacles. other predators included six-rayed sea star; slender star; and drill snail, Thaia ZametZoaa. Infauna included littleneck clam and several unidentified species of polychaete worm. Red shore crab, beach hopper, and hermit crab were found under rocks. 5.6 41 sand and gravel The transition zone from the mid-intert1dal cobble to the low intertidal mud and sand was. moderately covered with sea lettuce and a foliose red alga, PoZysiphonia, to which were attached numerous caprellid amphipods Dominant infauna included the polychaete worm, Owenia fusiformis-, littleneck clam; the soft shell clam, macama inquinata; and sipunculid peanut worm. 5.5 42 soft sand and The low intertidal zone was an eelgrass bed with scattered wrack and to to silt with seersucker kelp. Eelgrass densities ranged from 576 plants per square -2.8 61 scattered meter. Eelgrass lengths ranged from 40 cm to 60 cm with an average , cobbles length of 55 cm. IRfauna was dominated by littleneck clam, soft shell clam, and owenia worms. Other infauna included unidentified polychaete and oligochaete worms and the predatory nemertean worm, Paranemertes peregrina. Within the eelgrass bed were a school of pink salmon smolts; the spider crab, Pugettia graciZia; and sunflower sea star. -53- THE COVE F1 7 75 21 5 3 P@ 2 2 0 6 e Gavanski I ar r @_e 37 21 75 66 26 16 74 29 Sft hrd 59 36 Border Rks so 77 21 27 rk ,y 21 18 19 Dols 73 rk 34 69 16 F1 6sec 36ft N. 6M 14 1 &Y ZU 74 32 Old Sitka Roe" 35 2 57 78 65 14 A., 48 g @) hrd 64 5 14 5E 33 Management Recommendations: The Cove isa quiet estuarine embayment with a mix of commercial, industrial, and residential development. Important habitat uses of the area include herring spawning and overwintering, juvenile salmon rearing, waterbird feeding and resting, clam beds, and occasional feeding by sea lions, harbor seals, and harbor porpoise. At the survey site, we found a relatively depauperate upper intertidal zone (from 9.9 to 5.6 MLLW) and a fairly rich and productive lower intertidal zone. The paucity of epifauna, particularly of grazing invertebrates, and the pro- fuse bloom of benthic diatoms' in the upper and mid-intertidal zones suggested that the normal ecological balance was upset in this area. This may have been due to local water quality degradation such as petroleum spills or bilge pumping; however, this could not be determined by this study. We recommend that future activities and devel:opments in this area be planned and operated to minimize degradation of water quality. Operations within the boat harbor and container barge facility should avoid spillage of fuels, bilge cleaners! or other toxic chemicals into thewater. Bilge pumping should be avoided in the Cove. if tideland filling is necessary we recommend that fills be restricted to the upper intertidal zone (above 6 ft MLLW tide line) to minimize the loss of lower productive intertidal habitats, including eelgrass beds, herring spawning areas, bird feeding areas, salmon rearing areas, and worm and clam beds. Below 6.0 ft MLLW pile supported piers are permissable. Floating finger piers should not ground at any tide stage. Public access to and along beaches should be maintained. 7 P 74 r 29 6 24@ 32 r7 48 -54- Table 2. SITKA SOUN D INTEIRTIOAL SURVEY Halibut Point 57005'57"N Latitude, 135023'55"W Longitude Oate: May 16, 1980 Time: 0900 PST Elevation Oistance above along MLLW Transect Substrate Siota and Comments (feet) (meters) 10.0 0 3-6 inches of The upper intertidal zone consisted of a berm of drift algae, composed of to to gravel over sand rockweed and eelgrass. No living macrophytes were present in the upper 6.7 13 intertidal zone. Oried herring eggs were noted on both drift rockweed and drift eelgrass. Invertebrates included beach hopper oligochaete worms, periwinkle, green shore crab, and pill bug isopods. 6.6 14 cobble and The-substrate transition zone was dominated by a large mass of periwinkle to to coarse gravel at the base of cobbles. A sparse covering of cross barnacle occurred. 6.5 16 6.4 17 mixed cobble, The mid-intertidal zone had three different substrate types. The mixed to to gravel, and sand cobble/gravel/sand type had a sparse algal covering of rockweed and green 3.4 48 sea rope. Thatched barnacle occurred in scattered clumps on rocks. The predatory snail, Thais emarginata, was common. The dominant herbivores were plate lintpet, shield limpet, two species of periwinkle, Littorina sitkana and L. scututata,.and the polychaete worm, Sereis vexiZZosa. A sparse infauna consisting primarily of littleneck clam, butter clam, and several polych4ete worms were found in this substrate type. The under- sides of rocks revealed numerous hermit crabs, shore crabs, and beach hoppers. The compound ascidian. DistapZia occidentalia also occurred beneath rocks. 49 sandy patch with In the sandy substrate type, algae were patchy, consisting primarily of to scattered gravel green link confetti and scattered triple rib kelp. The dominant herbi- 56 and cobble vore on rocks was shield limpet. Thatched barnacle was sparsely dis- tributed on rocks. Spindle shell snail,(Searleasria dira), a predator on barnacles, worms, and periwinkles was relatively abundant in this area. Other predators and scavengers Included six-rayed sea star; hermit crab, the snall, Amphissa colwnbinana; purple shore crab; and red shore crab. Infauna'included soft shell clam (Macoma inquinata), littleneck clam, and cockle. 57 gravel and sand The gravel and sand substrate type had a lush algal cover of green link to with scattered confetti, green sea rope, and sea lettuce interspersed with patches of 80 cobble the foliose red alga, Polysiphonia sp.; rockweed; laver (Pormhyra sp.); and triple rib kelp. Green sea urchin was the dominant her6lvore. Slender, purple, and six-rayed sea star; drill snail; and spindle snail were dominant predators. Infauna included butter clam, littleneck clam , soft shell clam, and sipunculid peanut worm. 3.3 81 cobble with The lower intertidal zone included a transition area from the predominant to to pockets of sand green algae zone to the predominant brown algae zone. A mixture of brown -2.6 94 and gravel and red algae prevailed with no apparent dominance. Species included triple rib kelp, whip tube, sharp tooth brush, green sea rope, sea let- tuce, sea sac, a?dlFoZysiphonia sp. Invertebrate herbivores included plate limpet, sh e d limpet, lined chiton, mossy chiton. and green sea urchin. Invertebrate predators included leafy hornmouth snail (Cera- tostoma foliatum), blood star six-rayed sea star, spindle shell snail, and the large nemertean worm, Paranemertes peregrina. Thatched barnacle were scattered on rocks as were numerous small hermit crab, many of which occupied the shell of the snail, Sittium eschr-ichtii. Infauna was domi- nated by butter clam. Littleneck clam and soft shelled clam were also found. Other infauna included Bitrizim eachznahtii and unidentified polychaete worms. At the lowest part of intertidal, the brown algae zone was dominated by wrack and triple rib kelp with an understory of sharp tooth brush, sea sac, sea lettuce, color changer, whip tube, laver, and FoLysiphonia sp. Rock substrates were encrusted with the pink coralline algae @itho- tharmion/LithophyMm, CoralZina vancouveriensia, and BoseietZa plwnosa. Plate limpet, cap limpet, lined chiton, green sea urchin, and b7@e top snail were the dominant invertebrate grazers. Sunflower sea star, leather star, blood star, and spindle snails were the dominant Inverte- brate predators. Sesile suspension feeding invertebrates included plume worm, and rock jingle. Brittle star, burrowing sea cucumber, hermit crab, red shore crab, and 3ittium esch2-,chtii were found amoung rocks and gravel. Infauna included butter clam, peanut worm. littleneck clam, and the polychaete, Nereia vexiZZosa. -55- HALIBUT POINT Management Recommendations: Halibut Point contains a semi-protected gravel, sand, and cobble beach located at the mouth of Granite Creek. Important habitat uses of this area include herring spawning, salmon spawning and rear- ing, bald eagle feeding, waterbird feeding and-resting, as well as clam beds, abalone, and demersal fish. We recommend that Halibut Point be managed to maintain or enhance the habitat for fish and wildlife production and utilization. The importance of this area is already recognized as it lies within the Halibut Point State Park. Our findings and recommendations are as follows: 1) activities that would cause degradation of water quality; specifically increased turbidity, oil pollution, sewage contamination, or toxic waste disposal are considered adverse and should be avoided; 2) tideland filling that decreases the wetted surface area is considered adverse and should be avoided; 3) gravel dredging within clam beds, marine plant communities, and salmon spawning areas is considered ad- verse and should be avoided; and 4) vehicle traffic on tidelands, particularly that occurring below the 6 ft MLLW tide line is considered adverse to clam beds and other marine life and should be avoided. We recommend that this area continue to be managed for public recreation use and habitat including clamming, fishing, beachwalking, picnicking, scuba diving, and education. -56- Table 3. SITKA SOUND INTERTIOAL SURVEY Old Seaplane Turnaround Flats 57003133"g Latitude, 135020'50"W Latitude Date: May 13, -1980 Time: 0700 PST Elevation Distance above along MLLW Transect Substrate Biota and Comments (feet) (meters) 9.9 0 rip-rap boulders Oiatom coating on rock surfaces, no invertebrates found. to 6.6 6.6 1 sand with The upper intertidal area had a sparse distribution of the pink clam, to to boulders Macoma baLthica. A few,periwinkles also occurred. 5.3 30 7.8 31 boulder and A rocky outcrop spanned the upper and mid-intertidal zones. The entire to to bedrock with area was heavily polluted by an adjacent untreated sewage outfall that 5.3 64 scattered sand discharged onto the intertidal flats. Rockweed was the dominant algal pockets covering. Patches of the red alga. GtoiapeZtia jl@ircata occurred in sand pockets. Sharp tooth brush occurred in tidepools. Thatched and acorn barnacles, periwinkles, plate limpet, and shield limpet were the dominant invertebrates. Butter clam occurred in sand substrate. 5.2 65 sand and silt This mid-intertidal are a included a worm mat dominated by the polychaete, to to Owenia fusiformis andsipunculid peanut worms. Scattered patches of 2.2 78 eelgrass also occurred. 79 sand and gravel This mid-intertidal area supported a mussel bed and scattered thatched to and acorn barnacle. No infauna were found. 83 84 gravel This area included the mid-intertidal streambed of Turnaround Creek. A to few scattered mussels occurred along the channel banks. 89 90 small cobble This-mid-intertidal area included a mussel bed. The densities ranged to and sand from eight to twelve mussels per quarter square meter. Thatched, acorn, 107 and cross barnacle were also found. Infauna included butter clam and cockle. 108 silty sand This mid-intertidal area Included a worm mat dominated by the polychaete, to owenia. Scattered eelgrass also occurred. Marbled godwit were observed 114 feeding on the worm mat. 115 concrete with This area included the mid-intertidal portion of the concrete seaplane to joints filled ramp. Algae Included sea sac, sharp tooth brush, whip tube, and sea with silty sand lettuce. Invertebrates included mossy chiton and hermit crabs. Inverte- brates found in slab joints included the anemone. AnthopLeura artari3ia, peanut worm, butter clam, cockle, and the polychaete., Sereis vexiZLoea. 1.9 136 silty sand The lower intertidal zone was soft mud substrate supporting a dense to to eelgrass bed. Densities of eelgrass averaged 172-300 plants per square -1.8 187 meter. The length of eelgrass leaves ranged from 50 to 105 cm with an average-length of 75 cm. Eelgrass leaves were covered with herring eggs. This area is known to consistently support herring spawning. Inverte- brate life was dominated by the polychaete, owenia. Densities of owenia tubes averaged 8,000 per square meter. Other polychaete worms included Nereis vaxiZZoea and Pectinaria granuZata- Infaunal clams including butter, littleneck, pink, and the soft shelled clam, Macoma inquinata were abundant. Other invertebrates found included Isopod, gamm'arid amphipod, and peanut worm. Numerous juvenile flat fish were found in the mud. A narrow band of wrack occurred at the end of the transect. -57- OLD SEAPLANE TURNAROUND FLATS 21 21 -41 71 - 5V 61 61 1W 31 -21 WeS t e r n 41 21 ?A 61 'A n c h o r a _q e 45sh 71 71 61 7 3 3AY 31.6 71 6; 1, 2,1 6.2 7 61 31 4,' 64 6; 61 44 Q 6 61 FG.1 25h 6 Pri. Maisid Z:' .31 64 Af Management Recommendations: Old Seaplane Turnaround Flats is a quiet mud embayment located north of Thomsen Harbor. The habitat uses of this area included herring spawning, juvenile salmon rearing, extensive eelgrass beds, high densities of infaunal worms, clams, and a productive waterbird feeding and resting area. The intertidal zone consisted of a relative-ly non-productive upper area and highly productive lower area. The transition zone between high intertidal and low intertidal occurred between 5.3 and 3.9 MLLW. Species and habitats occur- ring below 5 feet MLLW would be highly sensitive to tideland filling, dred- ging, oil spills, and-toxic waste disposal. Untreated domestic sewage is discharged from an outfall approximately at the 5 feet MLLW tide level. The effects of this discharge could not be quantified in this survey; however, we did not observe that the effluent.had a significant biological effect upon the marine life of the area. Ravens, crows, gulls, and ducks were observed to be attracted to the outfall. The rocks and tidal flats adjacent to the outfall supported a normal diversity and abundance of intertidal invertebrates and macrophytes. It is probable that clams and mussels in the area were con- taminated and unfit for human consumption. Depuration of these bivalves should occur rapidly after the sewer is connected to a central treatment facility scheduled in 1981. Our primary management recommendation for thi s area is to protect the lower tideflat habitat from permanent loss or degradation. The following activities or developments are considered adverse to this habitat: 1) solid tideland fills below the 5 foot MLLW tideline; 2) vehicular traffic outside of the existing seaplane ramp; 3) acute or persistent oiling of the area;.4) any significant changes in nearshore current patterns or littora) drift, which ould cause sediment scour, concentration of pollutants, or decreased mixing with adjacent waters; and 5) dredging that results in the permanent removal of w eelgrass beds, infaunal worm mats and clam beds, or that creates conditions unfavorable for their growth and propagation. F -58- Table 4. SITKA SOUND INTERTIOAL SURVEY Totem Park 57002'S6"N Latitude, 135020'50"W Longitude Date: May 14, 1980 Time: 0730 PST Elevation Distance above along MLLW Transect Substrate Biota and Comments (feet) (meters) 10.0 0 gravel with The upper intertidal zone was an unvegetated gravel slope. Lines of to to cobble and drift drift algae and wood fiber supported high concentrations of beach hop- 6.8 16 logs Per, (Gmmar-@d =hipod) . A mixed flock of dunlin and western sandpiper was observed feeding on beach hoppers in the tidelines. 6.7 16 gravel and This mid-intertidal area included the upper fringe of a brackish tidepool. to to cobble Algae included rockweed, color changer, and wrack. 5.1 17 5.0 18 gravel, sand, This mid-intertidal area included a brackish tidepoo I fed by beach to and mud with seeps. Macrophytes included sea lettuce, green sea rope, link confetti, 44 organic bark color changer, sharp tooth brush, and eelgrass. Plant and substrate and needle surfaces were coated with brown diatoms. Invertebrates were dominated detritus by herbivores including shield limpet and periwinkle. Beach hopper and tidepool sculpin occurred in the water. Infauna was dominated by the polychaete worm, owenia fusiformia. 5.0 45 gravel mixed This mid-intertidal area included a discontinuous tidepool. Eelgrass to with silty mud and sea lettuce were the-dominant macrophytes. Invertebrates included 60 mussel in scattered clumps and dense patches of owenia. Short-billed dowitcher were observed feeding in this area. 5.0 61 gravel, cobble, This mid-intertidal area contained shallow tide pools. Macrophytes to and sand. included eelgrass, rockweed, and the brown alga, Leathesia difformis. 79 Epifauna included shield limpet, mussel, periwinkle, and isopod. Invertebrates found under rocks included the snail, HomaZopoma sp. and the compound ascidian, ApUdium caLifornicum. Infauna included butter clam and cone worm. 4.7 so gravel and sand This mid-intertidal area included a shallow:tidepool that resembled a to former-gravel scrape. Macrophytes included rockweed, sharp tooth brush, 100 and green sea rope. Most of the surface area@was occupied by a dense mussel bed. The density of mussels ranged from 320 to 480 per square meter. No infauna was found. 4.6 101. gravel mixed This mid-intertidal area was a flat gravel pavement vegetated with to to with sand and clumps of rockweed. Epifauna included thatched and acorn barnacle., 3.8 153 cobble shield limpet, periwinkle, and patches of mussel. Pill bug isopod were abundant beneath rocks. No infauna was found. 3.7 154 cobble and sand The transition area algae between the high and mid-intertidal zones to to with small included rockweed, sea lettuce, and sea sac. Epifauna included thatched 3.4 172 boulders barnacle, shield limpet, mussel, and drill-snail (V=ia sp.). Beneath rocks, pill bug isopods were abundant. Compound ascidian and -177=i3 eggs were also found. No infauna was found in the hard, clayey subsoil. 3.3 173 sand and gravel The low Intertidal zone macrophytes included eelgrass, rockweed, wrack, to to sea lettuce, sharp tooth brush, color changer, green sea ro?e, and the 2.4 188 red alga, CaZZophyltis sp. Infauna was dominated by small 1-2 cm) butter clam and cone worm. 2.3 189 cobble and gravel This low intertidal area was.sparsely vegetated. Algae included sharp to to tooth brush, wrack, rockweed, whip tube, and encrusting coralline algae. 1.5. 202 The dominant epifauna were the herbivores:- plate limpet and green sea urchin. Serpulid plume worms also occurred. Infauna included the polychaete, ownia and butter, littleneck, and horse clam. 1.4 203 cobble and gravel This low intertidal area was dominated by sharp tooth brush with scattered to to clumps of sea lettuce, color changer. and CalZophyZZia. Other epifauna 0 208 included purple sea star and red shore crab. Infauna was dominated by littleneck clam. Other infauna included cockle, butter clam, owenia, and brittle star (ophiopholus aculeata). 0 209 cobble and The lowest Intertidal zone was dominated by large brown algae including to to gravel wrack, triple rib kelp, and seersucker kelp. Other algae included color -2.7 214 changer, sharp tooth brush, green sea rope, CaLZophylZis, and corallines. Epifauna were dominated by herbivores including plate, shield, and cap limpet; lined chiton; green sea urchin; and juvenile abalone. Predatory invertebrates included purple sea star, leather star, and blood star. Other epifauna included red shore crab, rock jingle, plume worm, and amphipod. Infauna included littleneck clam, brittle star, terebellid polychaete, and other unident-Ified polychaete worms. _59- TOTEM PARK @0 FT 72' 32 Ay J 12 8 9 9 12 . . . . . . 12 31 101 12 12 SG Ar" 12 13 Management Recommendations: Totem Park contains a semi-protected gravel, cobble, and sand beach lying north of the outlet of Indian River. The adja- cent uplands are managed by the National Park Service. Important habitat uses of the tidelands include clam beds, Oink salmon-spawning and rearing, water- bird feeding and resting, bald eagle feeding, and dense low intertidal algae beds. We recommend that.the tidelands found-in this area be managed for fish and wildlife propagation and harvest, recreation, and educational enjoyment. These goals are compatible with the existing National Park management. Activities considered adverse to the habitat include: 1) any significant water quality degradation including increased turbidity and oil.spills; 2) gravel dredging that destroys salmon spawning areas, clam beds, mussel beds, infaunal worm mats, and marine plant communities; 3) vehicular traffic.on tidelands; and 4) any significant alteration of nearshore currents and lit- toral drift that would serve to concentrate pollutants, or reduce mixing with adjacent marine waters. L -60- Drift Bottle Study A drift bottle study in Sitka Sound was initiated on September 18, 1979 to assist in interpretation of the area's circulation, speci- fically with regard to pollutant trajectories. Four hundred- seventeen bottles were ultimately recovered of the 3,500 released, for a recovery rate of approximately 12%. Appendix III contains the recovery data for individual stations. Circulation Mechanisms-and Terminology. Drift bottle trajectories are largely determined by the combined effects of three major transport mechanisms: tidal currents, net circulation, and winds. Tidal currents are a major factor in producing rapid dispersion over relatively small distances; however, the oscillatory tidal currents will not necessarily result in a net transport since a drift bottle that is transported several miles on a flood tide may be returned to its point of origin on the ebb tide. Much of the apparent complexity of the observed drift bottle trajectories within approximately 3-6 miles of their drop location is the result of tidal currents. For example if a drift bottle is dropped at high tide its initial transport is determined largely by the ebb tide direction; whereas, if it is dropped at low tide its initial transport may be in the opposite direction. -61- The long range, longer period circulation is considered as the net circulation. Figure 20 shows a comparison of the oscillatory tidal currents versus the net circulation for Kachemak Bay (Cook Inlet). Actual drift trajectories were plotted using radar-tracked drogues. The flood and ebb of the tide during each tidal cycle typically produces an elliptical orbit that is distorted in the direction of the net circulation. Winds can have a major influence on the local ci rculation and drift bottle trajectories. However, wind and weather were exceptionally calm during, and for about one week following the drift bottle drops, and it is doubtful if wind exerted any significant influence on drift trajectories during the first week. As discussed later, however, storm winds probably exerted a major influence on drift trajectories later in the study. Regional Circulation in.Sitka Sound. The regional circulation within Sitka Sound is integrally related to the offshore circu- lation in the Gulf of Alaska. Coastal waters of the northward flowing Alaska Current (Figure 21) enter Sitka Sound from the south and exit around Cape Edgecumbe. Within Sitka Sound the net surface circulation inferred from the drift bottle recoveries represents the most reasonable surface -62- t Hom e r F)ood T;dol 05diladon 00 9 AUG Ebb to 0000 0600 9 AUG 0800 8 AUG Flood eldoyla osoo Ebb 8 AUG 2 ape Drogue Number 0 3 4 5 Figure 20. Comparison of Oscillatory Tidal Currents versus Net Circulation for Kachemak Bay -63- PRIN WILLIAM A I r COOK AND Paul"$ INLEt 11@ . I ONTAWR X ISLAND SL IlLm, A@ GULF OF ALASKA SPENDIM AF ootAll ISLAND NIL" ---ICALII APPROX. 1,4.000-000 @Al OIX L, Figure 21. Offshore Circulation in the Gulf of.Alaska (Alaska Current) transport mechanism that will account for the observed distribution of all drift bottle recoveries (Figure 22). A cyclonic (counter- clockwise rotating) gyre in the outer Sound is suggested by the drift bottle trajectories from drop station 1, located 3.5 miles south of Vitskari Island (Appendix III). The complete absence of station 1 bottle recoveries from the Sound north of station 1 indicated most bottles from station 1 were probably transported directly westward into the Gulf of Alaska. One station 1 bottle was carried south to Biorka Island. Southwestward and westward transport along the southeast coast of Kruzof Island is also shown by bottle trajectories from stations 3, 5, 7, 12, 15, 17, 19, 25, 27, 28, and 29 (Appendix III). The distribution of bottle recov- eries from these latter stations indicates that many of the drift bottles released in the central Sound were probably carried as far north as Hayward Strait before experiencing southwestward transport along the southeast coast of Kruzof Island. It is also entirely possible that a second gyre exists in the inner Sound north of Vitskari Island. An analogous gyre system was documented in Kache- mak Bay using radar-tracked drogues. As was also observed in Kachemak Bay, it is*important to note that the size and shape, and possibly even the existence, of a gyre system in Sitka Sound may vary depending on the magnitude of the tides (spring versus neap), seasonal wind differences,.volume of freshwater runoff, and other factors. At Yeast some temporal and spatial variation of a gyre or gyre system is to be expected. _65- SITKASOUND CIRCULATION STUDY. Not surface circulatt on In Sitka.sound as Inferred from drift bottle trajectories. 8 a lia b U ty Sauh Figure 22. Job aptist a gy A ocres to Sam .11sland- A %%qjel Bay par 7 St.. Late k3. I T K A A ri Ak-% . . . . . s7*N 31 L ... M. 1. bb Sot Let. SITKA S@UND 00 tc, 0 IN 6ddard M1 Eel 0. 5 xM SCALE 1:950.000 13S*30'w -66- Along the eastern and northern shores of the Sound and in the straits and passages to the north of the Sound, the influence of the oscillatory tidal currents is evident in the multi-directional transport of bottles observed within a few miles of each drop site. Small local eddies generated by tidal currents, particularly in the nearshore region, are common-and greatly increase the initial dispersion of drift bottles in the vicinity of drop sites. Net circulation along the eastern coast is northward. Transport into embayments, such as Katlian Bay.(drop #18, Appendix III), also occurs. As the northward flowing current reaches the northern extent of Sitka Sound,-drift card trajectories indicate the mai- ority of transport turns to the west towards Hayward Strait and Kruzof Island. There appears to be little if any northward flow into Nakwasina Sound, and only very limited northward flow into Olga Strait and Hayward Strait. The lack of signficant northward flow out of northern Sitka Sound is suggested by the almost total absence of recoveries in Neva Str ait, St. John-Baptist Bay, and Salisbury Sound. The appearance of bottles from Sitka Sound in Krestof Sound and Olga Strait is apparently due to tidal current transport from northern Sitka Sound into Hayward and Olga Straits with subsequent dispersal within Krestof Sound. The single bottle recovery in eastern Salisbury Sound (mouth of Fish Bay) could be the result of northward transport through Neva Strait, or could be due to eastward transport of the bottle into Salisbury Sound following -67- transport of the bottle up the west coast of Kruzof Island by the Alaska Current. The distribution of recoveries from bottles dropped within Krestof Sound suggests a possible anti-cyclonic (clockwise rotating) circu- lation within Krestof Sound. Based upon the number and origin ofthe drift bottles recovered along the southeastern coast of Kruzof Island, most Sitka Sound surface waters exit the Sound by this route. A significant, but unknown proportion of the southwestward transport along south- eastern Kruzof Island may be recirculated into Sitka Sound, espe- cially if a well-defined cyclonic (CCW) gyre exists in the outer Sound as shown in Figure 22. Local Circulation in the Vicinity of Sitka. The regional net circulation (Figure 22) in the vicinity of Sitka was shown to be northwestward parallel to the coast. Circulation in the immediate vicinity of Sitka, however, is altered significantly by Japonski and other local islands. The local circulation inferred from the drift bottle trajectories is shown in Figure 23. Drift bottle drops at each of the stations in the immediate vici- nity of Sitka were made over a four day period (September 18-21, 1979) and included drops during both flood and ebb tides at each -68- 1/4 SITKA SOUND CIRCULATION STUDY. .26 0 Mt surface circulation In the vicinity of SCALE Sitka as Inferred from drift bottle trajectOTIes. Figure 23. wn MMUN Mfift"qw SITKA Iko 5CENT nufftn C OAT BATTERY ISLAND 4APONSXI ISLAND ALEUTSKI 1001: ISLAND TURNING ISLAND KUTKAN SLANO, MORNE 41REAST ISLAND THE TWINS ISLAND WififlAr, HMjMR WESU19N riotl(WELL lp cffAAI*EL AND ULMOW ....... ISLANDS rz@ KAT Ila SIGNAL In', ISLAND Vd. %GALANXIN', BEARDSLEE ISLANDS ISLAND h1190Lf CHAAFNEL 001o" McCULLAN GROUP BAMfX)ROSHNI ISLAND C% PASSAGE ISLAND ..WHALE'. '.::_@ISLAN C> KAVAK ISLAND drop station. Eastward dispersion of as much as three miles from the drop sites was observed; this distance is the approximate maximum transport that could be expected during the ebb tide that sets sodtheast through Sitka Waterfront Channel. Bottles dropped in the vicinity of the eastern entrance to the Sitka Waterfront Channel appeared to generally bypass the harbor and were transported in a net westward direction towards the run- way. A large number of bottles were recovered along the south shore of Japonski Island, including seven inside of Mt. Edgecumbe Lagoon; whereas none were found on the north shore of the island. The data indicates that Japonski Island diverts most of the net northwestward flowing coastal current to the west around the sea- ward tip (.Makhnati Island) and that very little, if any, of the surface water passing the east entrance to the Sitka Waterfront Channel actually enters the channel. The strong onshore transport of surface waters that was observed along the south shore of Japonski Island occurred despite the exceptionally calm weather observed during, and for several days following, the bottle drops. During normal wind conditions, the preva iling southeasterly winds would serve to increase the onshore transport that was observed here during a period of calm weather. The total absence of bottle recoveries along the north shore of Japonski Island suggests offshore (north or northwestward) trans- 'port of surface waters along the entire north coast of the island, -70- and this further suggests coastal upwelling along the north shore in order to maintain mass balance. -71- SUWRY AM CONCLUSIONS The rich variety and abundance of marine life found in Sitka Sound is due in large measure to the high quality and diversity of habitats found along the coast. The nearshore marine plan t and animal communities form the basis of a food chain that supports most of the species of commercial, recreational, and subsistence importance. The intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats are limited in Sitka Sound because of the steep topography of the area. Estuarine tidal flats are generally restricted to the mouths of streams or are located in small coves where sediments collect. Estuarine tidal flats were found to be generally more productive than the-steep rocky shorelines, hence special efforts should be made to protect these areas from unneccessary destruc- tion. The surveys examined numerous types of shorelines and habitats along the waterfront. In terms of overall species diversity and richness, Katlian No. 2, Harbor Point, Halibut Point, Old Seaplane Turnaround Flats, Old Navy Dock, Totem Park, Thimbleberry Bay, No Thorofare Bay Inlet, Three@ Entrance Bay, and Tava Island were'areas of particular significance. Man's impact upon the marine environment of Sitka Sound is a difficult and highly subjective task to evaluate. The lack of comprehensive baseline data and monitoring of long term changes in habitat produc- tivity is a major obstacle to assessing whether development has had a _72- net beneficial or negative effect on the productivity of the marine environment. During the course of this study several observations were made that may give some indication of the nature of the impacts. Pulp Mill The construction and operation of the Alaska Lumber and Pulp Company mill in Silver Bay has had several noticeable effects on the marine environment of Silver Bay and the waterfront south of Japonski Island. Our drift battle study and other observations indicate that sulfite waste liquor (SWL) effluent drifts in a northwest direction out of Silver Bay. The SWL plume is noticeable in surface water from Japonski Island to Sawmill Bay and includes Jamestown Bay, Thimble- berry Bay, and Ball Islets. While no acute toxic effects of this plume were observed, we did note that macrophyte growth is limited south of the causeway on otherwise suitable subtidal substrates, particularly at the Ball Islets underwater survey site. The paucity. of marine plant communities in this area may be the result of a shading effect that the SWL imparts to surface water, thus inhibiting light transmission to depths that would otherwise support plant growth. Further documentation of water quality including light transmission and spectral attenuation and assessment of algae communities are needed to further assess this situation. It is known that very little of the shoreline from Silver Bay to the south side of Japonski Island is utilized for herring spawning -73- (Figure 24). 'These-shorelines are similar in physical appearance and characteristics to shorelines on the north and south that support heavy spawning by herring. Silver Bay and other shorelines south of Japonski Island including Jamestown Bay historically supported herring spawning prior to the start-up of the pulp mill (Skud, 1959). Whether the lack of her'ring spawning is due to chemical constituents in the water, the paucity of subtidal marine algae, the unpredictable year to year patterns of herring spawning, or subtle biological and physical characteristics of the area is not known. It is probable that it involves a combination of several or all of the above factors. Efforts to rehabilitate herring spawning habitat in these areas may be successful as the require- ments for spawning habitat become better known and further improve- ments to water quality are made. Drift Logs. Drift logs, most of which ori ginate from the transport and storage of timber from the forest to the mill, are a noticeable feature of many of the beaches in Sitka Sound. As these logs, some weighing several tons, move around on beaches, they exert a tremen- dous ecological force on the populations of plants and animals inhabitating the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones., Prior to the advent of large scale timbering along the Pacific Coast, drift logs had very little influence on intertidal ecology. Now drift logs affect beaches from California to the Aleutian Islands. -74- Ira HERRING SPAWNING AREAS Consistentz mwe then two years of recorded spawning Salisbury S 0 u h*d, Occasionak one Of two years ,jr recorded SPOWning Figure 24. t InhMapth" 7 0 "', r ... 7 Hallack C@ Soup Island.' 0 r a stof Shelikof asy 7 rp..l T K A 04. ki-MOO say' 57*N 30 4424"0 1- 60 **a SITKA SOUND 0 .00 '4- 0 addard 5 0 ml 0 6 km n Oil SCALE 1:250.000 13S*3d ' .0 @, **V W1 -75- Whether drift logs have an adverse impact in the total marine ecosystem has not yet been determined. Intertidal biota by its very nature is adapted to the dynamic conditions found within the intertidal zone. Life history strategies of many intertidal invertebrates are based upon rapid growth, early maturity, and massive reproduction. These factors all tend to minimize the long term damage that any short term event, such as a log impacting a beach, will have on the population of any one species. Some eco- logical. theories suggest that drift logs increase habitat diversity by increasing the number of "ecological niches" where new species can col.onize. Our investigations of beaches having large accumu- lations of drift logs in Sitka Sound noted numerous examples where rock surfaces were scraped clean of macro-invertebrate and plant life. Closer inspection would often reveal cracks, crevices, and other cryptic locations that supported barnacles, limpets, Tt is snails, and mussels. I likely that the impacts of drift logs in these areas actually have had a net negative effect upon inter- tidal ecology because the frequency of impacts is great enough to eliminate the beach as a viable habitat for any desirable species. We support efforts to remove drift logs from the beaches of Siltka Sound and recommend in favor of log transportation systems, such as barging and upland storage, that minimize the loss of wood fiber from the forest to the mill. Waterfront Fills. The demand for useable waterfront land in Sitka has resulted in the filling of over one hun dred acres of former -76- tidelands along the waterfront. As mentioned previously, inter- tidal habitat in Sitka Sound should be considered a limited resource because of the steep topography. The filling of tidelands gene- rally results in a reduction of the wetted surface area. In cer- .tain environments, such as high energy, unstable beaches, this may have little net biological effect. In other areas, such as clam beds, salmon rearing areas, herring spawning areas, eelgrass beds, and worm flats, the results can be the reduction or elimination of a desirable and limited habitat type. An additional impact occurs when tideland fills force juvenile salmonids (mostly pink and chum smolts) out of relatively protected shallows into deeper water where they become prey to a host of offshore species including sculpins and rockfish (Mulvihill et al., 1980). Most of the Sitka shore zone was found to,contain important habitat. Judicious use of fill can create new habitats, such as the attraction of fish to a breakwater. However, the indiscriminate filling of tidelands for the purpose of creating additional waterfront land will reduce the amount of productive shallows along the coast with the resulting loss of habitat diversity and nearshore productivity. The Sitka waterfront area is ideally suited to the use of piling supported structures for water dependent uses. Concrete and steel piling are structurally sound, fire safe, and permit the continued use of waterfront habitats by invertebrates, fish, and wildlife. Piling structures often create additional habitat and enhance local -77- fish populations-in the process. We recommend that the City and Borough of Sitka adopt a policy favoring the use of piling sup- ported and floating structures for waterfront development. The policy shou.ld discourage solid fills in tidelands unless no feasible and prudent alternative is available. Where solid fills are in the public interest it may be necessary to construct a breach in the low intertidal shallow subtidal area to protect juvenile salmonid migration. Sewage Disposal. Domestic sewage is currently discharged untreated into the ocean through numerous shallow water and intertidal out- falls. In all of our surveys we were not able to detect any detri- mental effect upon the marine habitat of the area from the discharge of domestic sewage. Certain bird species, such as gulls, ravens, crows, and ducks, were attracted to outfall locations, particularly during the winter months. The centralized sewage collection and treatment -facility scheduled for completion in 1983 will improve the aesthetics and publi c health aspects of waterfront beaches. The facility proposes to intercept existing ocean outfalls and discharge primary treated effluent through a single 24" diffuser outfall located in 85 fit of water south of the airport runway. Requests for funding of this project and waiver of.secondary treatment are currently pending with EPA (CBS, 1979). Among the potential benefits of this project will be the improvement of nearshore water quality in the vicinity -78- of existing outfalls. This will improve aesthetics along the waterfront and may allow for the future consumption of shellfish, including hardshell clams and mussels, from currently contaminated areas. We cannot find any appreciable benefit to the fish and wildlife habitat of the area by requiring secondary treatment over primary treatment at this time because of Sitka's low volume of effluents and the relatively innocuous nature of primary treated domestic sewage within the mixing zone as proposed. Secondary treatment may be required in the future depending upon changes in the volume or nature of the effluent. The facility is designed to accept secondary treatmen t should this become necessary. -79- AMOGEMENTS. The.following persons are acknowledged for their contributions to this study: Donald Behlk Vikki Benner Forrest Blau David Burbank Natasha Calvin William Hughes Roberta Mooring Lawrence Moulton Ronald Sh.imek Robert Schultz Richard Smith Sarah Watson Special appreciation is given to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Sitka Station and to Bill Hughes for contributions of equipment, manpower, and professional and logistical support through- out the study. _80- LITERATME CITB City and Borough of Sitka (CBS). 1979. Application for waiver from requirements for secondary treatment under provisions of Section 301(h) of Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1977. Prepared by- Tryck, Nyman, and Hayes, Anchorage, Alaska. 271 pp. Mulvihill, E.L., C.A. Francisco, J.B. Glad, K.B. Kaster, and R.E. Wilson. 1980. Biological impacts of minor shoreline structures on the coastal environment: state of the art review,,volume I. USDOI- FWS/OBS-77/51. Washington, D.C. p. 24. Skud, Bernard Einar. 1959. Herring spawning surveys in Southeastern Alaska. USDOI/FWS, Special Scientific-Report Fisheries No. 321. Washington, D.C. 16 pp. APP9@ I X I ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF COPM WIES WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE SCIENTIFIC MIES SHOWN IN FIGURES 3-19 AND TABLES 1-4 -82- APPENDIX I ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF COMMON NAMES WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE SCIENTIFIC NAMES SHOWN IN FIGURES 3-19 AND TABLES 1-4 Common Name scientific Name(s) FLORA Basket grass P@yUospadix scouZeri Bull kelp Nereocystis Zeutkeana Color changer Desmarestia viridis Cup and saucer Constantinea simpZex C. subuZifera Eelgrass Zostera marina Giant kelp Macrocystis integrifoLia Green link confetti Enteromorpha intestinaZis Laver Porphyra sp. Pompom Pterygophora caZifornica Rockweed Fucus distichus Sea lettuce UZva sp. Monostroma sp. Sea rope Spongomorpha sp. Sea sac HaZosaccion gZandiforme Sea staghorn Codiwn fragi@e Seersucker Costaria costata .Sharp tooth brush OdonthaZia sp. Sieve kelp Agarum cribroszon A. fimbriatum Triple rib kelp Cymathere tripZicata Whip tube Scytosiphon 4omentaria Wing kelp ALaria sp. Wrack Lcminaria sp. -83- Common Name Scientific Name(s) FAUNA Abalone HaZiotis kamatschatkana Acorn barnacle BaZanus gZandztZa Bent nose clam Macoma nasuta Black katy (black chiton) Katherina tunicata: Blood star Henricia Zeviuscu4a Blue top shell CatZiostoma spp. Brittle star OphiophoLus acuLeata Ophiura sp. Burrowing sea cucumber Cucwnaria miniata Bu.tter clam Saxidomus giganteus Cap limpet Acmea mitra Checkered periwinkle Littorina scutuZata clear sea squirt CorelLa wiNmeriana Cloud anemone Metridium seniZe Cockle CZinocardium spp. Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch *Cribinopsis sp. (sea anemone) Cribinopsis sp. Cross barnacle Chthamalus dalZi *Dendronotus sp. (sea slug) Dendronotus sp. Dolly Varden SaLveZinus maZma Dungeness crab Cancer magister Giant barnacle BaZanus nubiZus Green anemone AnthopLeura xanthogr=nica -84- Green sea urchin Strongylocentrotu.9 droebachiensis Green shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis Gumboot chiton Cryptochiton steZteri Hairy triton Fusitriton oregonensis Hermit crab Pagurideae Hooded sea slug MeZibe Zeonina Horse clam Tresus cap= Kelp greenling Hexagr=mos deqa9r=ms Keyhole limpet Diadora aspera Leather star Dermasterias imbricata Lined chiton ToniceZZa Zineata Littleneck clam Protothaca stcaninea Long-rayed sea star Orthasterias koehZeri *macoma sp. (clam) Macoma Sp. *Microporina boreaZis (bryozoan) Microporina boreaZis Mossy chiton MopaZia spp. Mussel 4tiZis eduZis Octopus octopus defleini Pacific herring CZupea harengus paZZasi Peanut worm Sipuncula Pill. bug isopod Gnorimoshpaeroma oregonense Pink clam Macoma batthica Pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Plate limpet Notoacmea scutum Plume worm SerpuZa vermicutaris -85- Purple sea star Pisaster ochraceus Purple shore crab Hemigrapsus nudus Red rock crab Cancer productis Red shore crab Cancer oregonensis Red sea urchin, StrongyLocen trotus franciscanus Rockfish Sebastes spp. Black S. meZanops China S. nebuLosus Copper S. caurinus Dusky S. ciZiatus Quillback S. maZiger Yellowtail S. fLavidus Rock jingle Pododesmus cepio Rock sole Lepidopsetta biLineata Rose sea star Crossaater:papposus Sea feather (crinoid) FZorometra serratissima Sea peach HaLocynthia aurantiwn Sea pen PtiZosarcus gurneyi Searcher Bathymaster signatus Shield limpet CoZZiseZZa peZta ShipworTn Bankia setacea: Sitka periwinkle Littorina sitkana Six-rayed sea star Leptasterias hexactis Slender sea star Evasterias troscheUi Spindle snail Searlesia dira -86- Stalked anemone Pachycerianthus fimbriatus Steller sea lion Ewnetopias jubatus Stout sea squirt Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis Striped anemone TeaZia crassicomis Terebellid worm Terrebellidae *Thais ZwneLZosa (drill snail) Thais lamet4osa Thatched barnacle BaZanus cariosus Truncated clam Mya truncata Tubesnout AuZorhynchus fZavidus Vermillion sea star Mediaster aequaZis VirguZaria sp. (sea pen) Virgularia sp. Warty sea cuc umber Parastichopus caLifornicus *Common name not known -87- APPHIX I I COlTREHHlSIVE LISTING OF MARINE PLA14TS AND ANIMALS OBSERVED DURING UNDERWATER AND INTERTIDAL SURVEYS -88- qp- 4? 0 4-,, s 10, Chlorophyceae e Codiwa fmqiZe *I I *I I Cbdiwn aetc;wIlii Derbesia m=-Iyw ,,Enteremorpha i.ntestinaZis 0 Felt like green algae Filimentaus green alf1me. unid. . T SpmgamoMha s P. MalMonostra= 001 10 0 010 90, urcapora s p. Phaeophyceae Agarm cribromm Agar= fimbriatura AZaria sp. -101 Ile I I I Costmia costata 101 C@mthem tr!pZicata Desminvotia viridia &cw distichus 0 Zminarla.sp. *I* [o Leathesia difformis 0 Macmavatis integrifolia Nereocysti8 Zuetkeaw. --- I.*,* loll Puurop;wcus gardneri fterygpphora caZifomi= RaZf.eea pacifica Scytosiphon Zomentaria Angiospermae P4ZZoapadi= scouU2-1- Aostera m=wIna -89- 0 0104 -0 '0 0 00. 17 41 r Q 0 0 4-4 1 Rhodophyceae I I AgardhieZZa tenera 101 Bossiella pZwwaa Boesiczla sp. BotryogLoomm 7 CaUophyUia am-stata CaUophyZUa ? sp. 0 *1 Constantinea spp. C02-aZlina ? sp. 0 Corallina vancouvez-leneia WIO I I I Dezesseria !@E@i Foliose red algae (unid.) 0 GeZidim ? ro atza Gigartina sp. 0 GZoiopeZtis fwvata HaZo8accim _cZan&form Ri ZdenbrwwVq/Petmc* Zi v Iridaea ? sp. LithothamniwwUthcphyZZzex 01010 01 *1* 0 0 0 0 Membranoptem ? SP. 1 10 odonthaZia sp. *1 10 09, 0 Ole PaUw-Ca 7 Mody PZatysiphonia sp.. 10 PZoc4=zi= ? cartiZagine= .01 Pzocmni= sp. Pc 4meum Zatizzima PoZysiphonia ? sp. Porphyra sp. Pterosiphonia ? dendroidea 0 PtiZota ? (NeoptiZota) sp. 0 el Bho4menia pertusa 04%%mnia ? Sp. 0 101 SC4fZgeZja ? occidentaZe -90- r r 10 le IV + + 0d- C, 0 Porifera Mom ceZata I *lei HaZichondria SP. HaZieZona sp. *caze adhaere?w - --- -- ophiZit,wpongia pennata Cn.idaria .4bietin=-Ca sp. AnthopZ"m ? artendaia AnthopZeura eZegantiorim Mt;iopZetma =znthogr=mi= -Aquo--ea aquorm BaZanop4ZZia eZogaw cribinopsia sp. CVama capiZZata 0-1 Fzomlwtm 'Rematiesim G=veia sp, Gersextia rubiformis 4drold (unid.) Hydromedusa (unid.) Met2-i&= Seni ZC 010.1 ObeZia Zongissim obezia sp. 109 Pachycerl=thw fimbriatus- 101 10 0 1 0- lei 0 olo - I PtiZosarcus gurneyi 101 0 zltizoomvus ? sp. Scyphozoans (unid.) TeaZia coriacea TeaZia crazoicornis TeaZia sp. VirguZaria sp. -f+ -91- Q \7-' 06 los, < ob -Q I-x -7 ? Hemertea x 0. Paranemertes 7 peregrina Is. I I Mollusca Acmea mitra Amphism co Zz4nbiana Anizodwis nobi Zia: Archidoris -montereyensia Archidm-is odhneri S=kia setacea Bittiza eachrichtii Bittium sp. C-aZliostow Zigatwa Cazziostoma sp. Ceratmtm= foZiatm- ChZ=Wo ;wstata hericia ChZwmjs rubida .9 ChZamys sp. Minocardi= =Zifornienae CZi?woardim ?mttaZZii , 11 1 CZinoem-diwn sp. CoUiseUa digitazia couioeZZ-a peZta C*Ptoc;d ttm a te Z Zeri Den&-motue ? daZZi Dendronotus sp. DiauZuZa sandiagensis Dlodora aspera Lirona aZboZineattaa Eolid nudibranch (unid.) Fiaitriton oregonensis SaZiotis k=ffschatk=a Sermi"enda craesicornis Rinnites artgantAw -92- 0 C@ 4 0 A jr, + A, CP e Oo A Q Q S qL I a U 0 .., + 0 e monusew (cant.) Jj amalopow Zuridzm &miZaria kermerlyi 0 Katherina tunicata 0 zacum S P. Lirularia Sp. Littorina, scutuZata Littorina sitkana. 0 0 0 *1 0 Macaw baZthica macoina iniquinata 0 0 Macaw iris Ahcom. mwuta Macaw Sp. Naz-garites ? infZatuZza Margm-it" pupiZZUS .101 0 NeZibe Zeonina 0 0 lAtmzld Sp- MpiaZia ciZiata M;paZia- Zignosa &pa Zia muscosa AbpaZia SP. .9 0 0 *1 Ita 7 arenarla fta tr@@ A*tiZus eduZis 0 0 0 00. *1 *1* 0 Amearlus mendicus Natica cZausa Neptunea Sp. Notoacmea fenestrata Notoacmea ? persona Notoacmea .9cutwn Ocenebm Zza-ida Octopto dofZeini Oenopota ? Sp. -93- M.M.M = m =mom m (A '0 -4 = V, @ v 00 0 I'll P C', 1,4MI, m 4? 0. cr to 0 CL CA It t)4 LA Rj -a tA 0 iw r4 '13 0 4 zr 4< CL n Ira. tr C+ 4r+ m m 1-% m to -,;- FL 01 0 0 0 0 0 ol 0 0 0 0 0 *1 0 0 1* *I 0 *1 10 1 0 0 VM Jk Jk AN + ;01 0 "... .151, 0. t% 0 + @o op -0, 00 4 e Arthropoda < 0 1 JL BaZanuo camoom 101*1 0 010 BaZanue gZanduZa 0 *10 0 *10 BaUmus nubizu's Caprellid amphipod (unid.) Capitellid amphipod (unid.'j I I Cancer oregonensis .01 to Cancer prodixtus ChthamaZuo dalZi ol 0 0 01 1*1 0 0 Discoreopagurus schmitt-I EZaosoohir= sp. Gammarid amphipod (uni"d.) 91 Gnorimaphaeroma oregoneno-g 01 01 HendgrTous midus 0 Henrlgzvqo= ? oregonemms 9 Hyas Zyratue Isopoda (unid.) Oregonia graciZia Pandalid shrimp (unid.) Pand2Zus danae PandaZus pZatyceroo Pugettia gracilis Aigettia productus Pagurid (unid.) 0 *10 0 0 0 1 0 0 1*10 0 0 0 Pycnogonid (unid.) AinoZithodko woonessenskii Shrimp larvae (unid.) Wmesous cheiragonus Sipuncula Sipuncula (unid.) I,*] I lei -95- + c" < 0 lBryozoa Bryozoan (unid-.) I lei Buguza sp. 0 -10 1 Den&obeania Zichenoidee 0 0 Heteropora Sp. 0 Y.-mbranipora mmbro=ea 0 0 l ft.'croporina boreaZia 0 *1 Brachiopoda TerebrataZ%.a trmoversa 101 lEchinodermata Crosawtor- pappoma 40. 0 f Cucummria miniata Dermmrterias imbricata, 0 10 40 0, 0 al 0 *1 9 0 Evasterias troachezii 0- lei lei 0 1 * 0 MTentaota sp. Hemicia ZeviuscuZa Leptasterias he=otils Mediairter aN=Zi8 0 0 ophiophoZis amdeata 0 01 10 01*1 Ophiura sp. 10 0 Orthasteriae koehzeri Par=tichopus caZ-&fornzczw 0 0 *1 0 0 10 0 Ole--- Fiz=ter. brevispinus 0 1 91 Plaaster ochraceus 0 lei*-* 0 0 0 0 Pso1w chitonoidesi 10 Pyompodia heZianthoides 01 0 010 0 10 5011cwter dawsoni 0 ..Solaster atimpsoni SoZaster sp. 0 Strongy4ocentrotus I *lei 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 YfFo-ngyZ.ocen=vTus f=mCis- ago." StyZasterias forrer! -96- J1. )I. e og 3 olp A IIF It 'r + Urochordata ApZidiza oaZifornimm BoZtenia viZZoaa Chekaea= pro&ict= Owmidoc=pa fimijarkiensis 0 C02!eZla wiMwrjaw Didammm aZbi&m Li,stapZia occidentaZis HaZoapithia. aurmtiwff: ,a igaboja HaZoeynthi Motan&vcarpa tayZorl. -97- I 4 0 0. 0 e Fi sh 0 0 .0 @f 4- Anar,rhi,--hthys oceZZatus AuZorhywhzw fZavidus Bathbmmter signatue ChiroZophia deco:@@ *I CZupea har-engue paZZasi CZzTea haren ZZaai gW CoryphopteruanichoZei HemiZepidotus henziZepido He=grawv,g decagrwmuo 1010: 0 1010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0191 Hezagrwmo eteUeri. Tordania zonope Lepidopeetta biZineata Leptdopeetta 7 b-&L-L vanilcsl (ju Sauticht4e ocuZofaaciatue, ozigocottu.8, MWCUZOSIW Oncorhynchus garbusafta.. oxyZebius pictus SaZveli4w, mUn se&wt" caurl?w *19 Sebastes ciZiatus 0 Sebastes fZamdus 0 Sebastes maZiger 0 0 02 191 0 0101 Sebastes meZanops 0101 Sebaste8 nebuZosue Sebastes @nSgid- ill nilps)Lol-----i -98- I I . I I I I APPENDIX III I DRIFT BOTTLE RETURN DATA I I I I I I I I I I I I I -99L- Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Pate Released. 18 Sept.'79 Drop No.: 0 1 Card Sequence: 032801-032900 \ cl@ CHORAGE ALDEZ PRI)VOE KENAI ILLIAM KENAI 5001V9 CHINBROOK r.NINU LA p EWARO ISLAND ICY CAPE IONTAGUE ISLAND AYAK OCEAN KU CAPE MIDDLETON I $LAND CAPE FAIRWEATHER GUL ALASKA AFOGNAK ISLAND KODIAK ISLAND Sltka Soun Date Relea Drop No.: Card Seque MILES so a 60 loo 150 KILOWETEAS SCALE APPROX. 1:4,000,000 L - Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns. Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Sollsb ry Sound Drop No.: 02 Oak. Card Sequence: 033201-033300 joh Baptist ay 0 0 9 Iffl- Halleck K r*st Jaland,. r stof Sholikof lei .00 X19 say (P (P 7 4.011V 81.0 Late @.I T K A mv '-Cow# Met led Bay' are#. at w1godo I. wonce Boy L4k. SITKA SOUND @00 914.10! oddard 0 5MI 5 0 5 km SCALE 1:250,000 -102- nd Drift Bottle Returns Sitka Sou Date Released. 18 Sept. 179 Salisbury S a uh 4 Drop No.: 03 Ish.i Card Sequence: 030901-031000 0 QY HaIlleck Krasto Ja land' restof Shelikof pa@ say U) Or-L... $@I T K A A 8.7, say I T K A 0 U N D % OIN .00 oddard 5 0 5 mi 5 0 5 km SCALE 1-260,000 -103- sit Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Salisbury S a uh d. Drop No.: 04 Card Sequence. 030301-030400 t job optist Z; oy 14 oo Halleck Kresto Sound w, 0 9 Sholikof p \@Gl w Bay (P "tow ITKA ov. ..... Lek* -10 SITKA SOUND .0 odd@ard 5 0 mi 0 5 km SCALE 1:260,000 N -104- P'(0 Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Releaseck 18 Sept. '79 Salisbury Souhd Drop No.: 05 Card Sequence: 026401-026500 -Joh aptifit P J3 Halleck a n restof Shelikof say (P ..*.IT K A .V4 '.." NY Lek. S I T K ASOUND A-7. odd.ard 5 0 mi I Oil- 0 5 5 km SCALE 1:250,000 -105- Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Sallsbury So UW Drop No.: 06 026301-020400 Card Sequence. All t jo 7 was $ago dI Halleck Wand-` Kresto Soon restof Sholikof Bay '4; $ITKA of"41.4 Mir $#low SITKA SOUND tv 04 'lop od d,,,a r 0 5 MI 5 is I 5 0 6 km SCALE 1:260,000 -106- Ira Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns DAte Released: 18 Sept. -79 sell ary S'uhd Drop No.: 07 033801-033900 Card Sequence. AI.G.Mwastroo Posse4 7 Halleck 0 m... I Kr*vto restol sholika Gore is a Y U) 7 ;A PI T K A J;v Ib 1-01.4 say- avo. 4*0 E.1ra." Lak. SITKA SOUND 0 io Ap 0 ard .Gd 5 0 5 mi 6 0 5 km 0. k SCALE 1:250,000 -107- ALDEZ NCHORAGE ...... *ENAI WILLIAM ann KENAI SOUND CHINSR p t: 14 1 N b. ISLAND -COOK EWARD. ICY CAPE v, INLET 4, AYAK LAND OCEAN KU CAPE MIDDLETON& CD] ISLAND- 00 r CAPE ER GULF 01. ALA AFOGNAK ISLAND I(ODIAK ISLAND Sitka Sour Date Rates bw No.: o Card Sequ 0 50 100 w0fAILES 110 60 2: 50 100 150 KILOMETERS SCALE APPROX. 1:4,000,000 Pet S Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept '79 Salisbury Sou@d Drop No.: 08 -Flab Card Sequence 034201-034300 Halleck Krtsta J a I a n d-- soun 0 restof Shelikof Par .0 Bay Aar ITKA 'Ca'aft A,ae"Il.. say, st Legal[* E.rla ce Lek. SITKA SOUND % ct oddar( 5 0 5 0 5 km SCALE 1:250,000 _109- Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 S8118b y 3 U 'a d Drop No.: 09 Card Sequence: 025201-025300 t 40 optist Nokwas no Halleck Sound -Jaland Shelikof. pd@ .00 Kr. 80Y .....1. U) 4jay (P ...S.IT K A 44 "C"o Art M L.-IM sirKA SOUND oddard 113F7 S 0 6 ml 0 5 km SCALE 1:250.000 ALVEZ OF ANCHORAGE INC A KENA WILLIA ORD ov@ KENAI SOV/V 2 HINCHINBRODK PENINS LA '0 ISLAND -'o 0,@-) FWAon . MONTAGUE ICY CAPE AYAK IWO ISLAND $LAND OCEAN CAPE MIDDLETON* A ISLAND CAPE FAIRW GU F OF A ISL ND KODIAK Sitka 8 Date Re Drop No.: Caid S 0 100 150MILES 0 KILOME71RO SCALE APPROX, 1:4,000,000 Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released., 18 SepL 79 Salisbury 0 u h*d Drop No.: 10 -Flab Card Sequence. 025601-025700 t-1011 aptist cy Halo K rf W $tot Sholikof Bay (P 110 7 T K A Co.* 41.0 say, S"S. St L.2011. 1- aoIl SITKA SOUND va 04 "YP a o d d,a r d 0 5 mi 0 5 km C=AWf= SCALE 1-250.000 -112- CHORAGE ALDEZ PRI CE Ow KENAI so Y# INBROOK -@,PEIYINU LA ve A Ev ISLAND 'CO K ARD All-r7 ISLAND AYAK $LAND OCEAN 40ME CAPE MIDDLETON* ISLAND CAPE FAIRWEA bpx@ -N, GULF OF ALASKA AFOGNAK ISLAND XODIAX ISLAND Sitka Sou Date Rel"@ Drop No.: Card Sequi too ; 00 100 9 KILOMETERS - --- -4-@= Al 5 SCALE APPROX, 1:4,000,000 Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released% 18 Sept '79 S8118burY SQUhd Drop No.: 11 Cafd Sequence. 031201-031300 v?A T?Ovt st 04- Halleck ... Kr*sto a an I d soun, Koo" .000 Bay !pay -4 $.I T K A 00 as. St t.42afla is say Say- Las. SITKA S 0 U N D Is r Oddard 0 5 mi 5 0 5 km 0 SCALE 1.260,000 -114- Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Salisbury Sound Drop Mo- 12 Card Sequence., 032301-032400 'Nakiwar'sinar Casa Cc Malleck Xroolo astof Sholikof Kr say z ..$ITKA -W.. Day 3t io.arto is db% Say Lot,# SITKA SOUND 40 44 V doddard 0 5 0 6 km !C7 SCALE 1:260,000 Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Rolea*** Is SOOL '79 Salisbury S ou *a d Drop No.. 13 Card Sequence: 029701-029800 Halleck Kresto slanc. SOLIft estof Sholikof xr. Bay @Op (P at.* Los* .....$.IT K A :"c.. Ept'affea, Gy o ..... . Lok* S I T K A S 0 U N D CIS Owni odd rd 5 0 5 mi 0 6 km SCALE 1:250,000 Sltka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Reiessed. 18 septi '79 S a I I S b U r y S a U'@* Drop No.: 14 d Card Sequence: 030001-030100 AP t Joh Optist % 'Ai-wasima POSSO a 4 Halleck $OUR J a I a n d.-: estof Shelikof say U) H@ 11b T K A jog ....... @.mv lrp lp T S 0 U N D VAN oddard 0 6 ml 5 k m SCALE 1-260.000 Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. IS Sept. '79 Sollsbury S o U a d. Drop No.: 15 Card Sequence: 026001-026100 U0 ,33 Hallock KrOvto Wan Jelan re to Shelikof Pw. say (P q.y (P .4; .,.S.1TKA SITKA S 0 V N D oddard r 2 v .4 ;.. @... T. 0 m! P. 0 5 km r jns 00 SCALE 1:250.000 @7 Sir 4 Silks Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. IS Sept. '79 Salisbury So a d Drop No.: 10 Card Sequence. 026101-026200 F Halleck Krotsto r4 SOW restot Sholikof pw Kra say T dill T K A as IN th !-*I. Bay EW."ca say sat L4** SITKA SOUND tc, 16o oddard 5 mi 5 0 5 km n=mw SCALE 1.250.000 Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Rettims Date Released. IS SepL '79 Sell Ur SOUR Drop No.: 17 Card Sequence: 028101-028200 0 posso0 J3 Halleck So "'-Jaland, Mat 4w Shelikof Kr Bay f@w an ;.a" LO 7 Mbb* JTKA SITKA SOUND tc, 00 Al oddard 5 0 5 mi in 0 5 km SCALE 1:260,000 -120- ALDEZ NCHORAGE Z@ <ENA, 6WILLIAIV OROUVA' KENAI OUN J HINCHINBROOK SLAND 6,OOK P 1: 1 b V ICY CAPE INLC7 NTAGUE D AX SLAND OCEAN CAPE MIDDLETON* ISLAND CAP FAIRW ER IGUL OF AL AFOGNAK ISLAND KODIAK ISLAND Sitka Sou Date Relea Drqp NW I Card Seque 100 0 50 100 150 KILOMETERS CALE APPROX. 1@4,000,000 Stf Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. IS Sept. '79 Sellsbury S ou 4d, Drop No.: 18 Card Sequence: 028201-028300 do Baptist Nakw st"o Passo a A, "@w Halleck restot Sholikof Boy (P 11b lb ITKA M Le zati. 1- 66; Eftoraft" say SITKA SOUND 0 oddard 0 mi V 6 0 5 km r SCALE 1.260.000 N -122- Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 S a lis b uty S a U'a d Drop No.: 19 Card Sequence: 025301-025400 t -John .40 Nomwosma (Z7) Matlock mot. 7 i i@, It o f .00 Sholikof A w say :,7- (P U) of.. LOCO "i@.] T K A -04 "J.0 Bey or**, L4140. t. W.Res SITKA SOUND T W- fc, \K% Goddard 5 ml 5 0 5 krn SCALE 1:260,000 1/4 0 .26 a 13 SCALE 1:2 c 4@ iookw Wwmiil ..*I, hwo 913 cw SITKA lz> $0 RLATTERY pi </ ISLAND jAPONS I C, GLAND ALEUTSKI ISLAND 41 TURNING 0 40 ISLAND KUT AN K iSi AND 0 EAST MORNE R ISLAND ISLAND THE TWINS WHIrING HMOOR 10 ROCKWELL ISLAND CHANMEL GILMORE ISLANDS KATZ ISLAND 1341 tp SIGNAL 4=3 ISLAND 1> -:GALANK'N 40P OEARDSLEE ISLANDS ISLAND AfIDDLAF CHANNEL MCCLELLAN GROUP BAMDOR St" 40 K@ ISLAND C-. Sitka Soun PASSAGE ISLAND WHALE'.. SLANA, Date Releas KAYAK Drop No.: 2 ISLAND Card Seque Sitka Sound Drift* Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. 179 Salisbury S a U@*d Drop No.; 20 80jf Card Sequence. 025701-02S800 0 Gy 0 Halleck Krosto ..JsIand,-' restot 4w Sheilkol y (P LO 11b Pat ONO L.*. $.I T K A bar' Oh. so say all SITKA S 0 U N D, Goddar 0 5 mi 5 0 5 km SCALE 1:260,000 -125- A 0 1/4 0 .25 0 C SCALE 1:2 "Out Pow hi 0-0-mal crack lackson 0011004 rAtimsf-V "SITK A ulaq vaial Fsc f -DAY BATTERY ISLAND JAPONSM ISLAND ALEUTSKI ISLAND Na ci Cm -TURNING 4 go ISLAND KUTKAN ISLAND BREAST MORNE ISLAND ISLAND THE TWINE '00. WHIfIAV MARBVR 410 WfSrERN ROCKWELL ISLAND CHANNEL GILMORE ISLANDS KAT Z ISLAND t2 SIGNAL "KIN ISLAND SEARDSLEE ISLANDS OF AND MID04f, CHANNEL McCLELLAN GROUP 14 RAMDOROSW ISLAND Sitka Soun PASSAGE ISLAND t;afALE\ Date Raises KAYAK Drop No.: 2 ISLAM Card Sequen Sitka Sound Drift Battle Returns !r Date ReleaSed. 18 Sept. '79 sell bury S U Drop No.: 2 1 Card Sequence: 028801-028900 41 t Jeff aptist C@, 0 01-kWasino posse a Halleck w- Kresto Sound ....... reetof shellkof say (P @z JT K A Al-W.0 say- E.0raw" say say all SITKA SOUND tc, oddard 0 6 mi 0 5 km SCALE 1-260,000 N -127- 1/4 0 .25 0 .6 SCALE 1:2d X -ww-lt colmot rhVAiW,V Amfiftw sitka oAy BATTERY ISLAND JAPONSKI C ISLAND 7. to AL AND TURNING Co 4 dO ISLAND 9UTKAN ISLAND BREAST MORNE ISLAND </ ISLAND THE TWINS WHIrlAV AWSM wEsrr*# f4 ROCKWELL CNANNIL ISLAM GILMORE ISLANDS KATZ ISLAND ta SIGNAL ISLAND .@GALANKIN' A-p BEARDSLEE ISLANDS ISLAND CA c M1004E cm4NNEL McCLELLAN GROUP BAMDOR sm AND Shke Soun PASSAGE ISLAND LE\ Date R810884 K SLAND Drop No.: 2; AYAK .Vo Card Sequen Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Salisbury S a h d. Drop No.: 22 Card Sequence. 028701-028800 0 Nakwasima P Hallec K= Wan restof Sholikof say U) ONO LO&O ITKA say@ Ii. m i i say Lai- SITKA SOUND -16 .:% .7. odderd 0 5 mi 0 5 km SCALE 1:250,000 -129- 1/4 25 0 .5 SCALE 1:24, j law hwa college ITK A <Z> Mil BAY BATTERY F, ISLAND JAPOHSIU BLAND AL ND c:) RNING ISLAND KUTKA" ISLAND BREAST MORNE ISLAND ISLAND THE TWINS w4FsrER*v ROCKWELL v CMA,VNEL ISLANO@ I GILMORE ISLANDS KATZ ISLAND t2 SIGNAL tSLANO LARKIN 4CP BEARDSLEE ISLANDS ISLAND EAS MIDD4E CHANoVEL C/I McCLELLAN GROUP BAMOOROSM in ISLAND Sitka Sound PASSAGE ISLAND -@_ZUILE\ Date Ralesse K ISLAND Droo No.: 23 AYAK Card Sequepc SI( Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Sallsbafy Sau@d Drop No.: 23 -Flab 029501-029600 Card Sequence. t Joh optist o a y 01 Halleck Kraal* Sound .Jsland. On restof Q,-.. Sheijkof say (P (P If It ..,.$.IT K A ,'C-v Oaf Af.4 Boy' a C*" wo SITKA S 0 U N D 04 0 odderd 5 5 mi 5 5 km SCALE 1,250.000 4 1/4 0 .26 0 SCALE 1:24, 'nt m -im %,ITK r144QWN 94RON mo, Ay SAT'TERY ISLAND JAPONSM ISLAND UTSKI ISLAND w TURNING ISLAND KUTKAN ISLAND BREAST ISLAND ISLAND THE TWINS WHMAV A%q8OR 0 ROCKWELL CNANNEL ISLANO@ GILMORE ISLANDS KATZ ISLAND M SIGNAL ISLAND ..GALANK rp SLARDSLEE ISLANDS 15LA D '06 f'A $ 0100LE CHANNEL McCLkLLAN BAMDOR Sm GROUP W,AN. Sitka, Sound PASSAGE ISLAND <ZE ISLAND Date Release '@@ -1 KAYAK ;@ Drop No.: 24 ISLAND Card'Sequenc m m Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. IS Sept. '79 Salisbury Souhd Drop lVo.: 24 Card Sequence: 029501-029600 10 tjoh Baptist GY tNalfwasi Pasi?04 J3 Halleck Kriisto Soon `-"Js1and,'- restot Sholikof xr say (P U) 10 .-.4.IT K A S I T K ASO UND ;41 60 oddar 0 5 mi V 0 5 km r T. SCALE 1:260,000 -133- 1/4 0 26 0 SCALE 1:2 I POW N, wwmal crook icokson college MOAMN NAV" SITKA holiowl 0AY BATTERY ISLAND JAAPONSSK1 a ISLAND ALEUTSKI ISLAND (A) TURNING d ISLAND KUTKAN ISLAND BREAST MORNE ISLAND ISLAND THE TWI14S WHIrING HARBOR @cv. 2 QQ@v=. W,Esrf,RN ROCKWELL v CjVA,V#fL ISLAND GILMORE ISLAND15 KATZ ISLAND Z@ M a, to SIGNAL 16@ ISLAND GA ANKIN BEARDSLEE ISLANDS AND EA MADDLE CHANNEL MCCLELLAN BAMDOR sw GROUP ISLAND Sitka Soun PASSAGE ISLAND 1,@E %C.5.LANO@ Date Releas KAYAK a ;NTN Drop No.: 2 c SLAND F .0 @0 <11@ %. Card Sequen Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. 179 Sallsbury Souhd Drop No.: 25 Card Sequence: 027701-027800 Qy % Hallec %."Jaland.- soup; estof Sh*11kof Bay (P oil. La.. T K A MI.$ Bay .. ...... .. -.Ew-co Bay SITKA SOUND oddard 5 5 mi T. -.-l 0 5 km SCALE 1:260,000 -135- 0 114 0 .25 0 SCALE 1:2 ,jwi Paw N WoidW ti *imm ollego MOW,'# NAWCW SITKA ',MonL;fmn jAf BATTERY ISLAND JAPONSKI OLAND ALEUTSKI ISLAND TURNING d ISLAND KUT KAN ISLAND BREAST MORN ISLAND NO THE TWINS WHIrAW MA,?BVR 4, ow wfsrERIV ROCKWELL ki v CHAN#ft ISLAND rALMOFIE ISLANDS KATZ ISLAND SIC44AL LANKIN '- ISLAND BE LEE ISLANDS ISLAND EA DOLE CHA NEL fAcCLELLAN ISLAND GROUP s"DOR Sm tft ., Sitka Soun PASSAGE ISLAND Y_,WILILLE qCf.SLAe Date Releas J> KAYAK J)rop No.: ISLAND .0 @o i Card Seqqon Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. IS Sept. '79 Drop No.: 26 Salisbury S a u d Card Sequence: 027601-027700 --A t 110h Baptist 53 H a lec Jelan r stof e oplikof Sh say ITKA vo.- m.4 soy L4940. 4 C)PO co"Offl. sirrKA S 0 U N D VN A AP oddard 0 5 mi 5 km SCALE 1:250,000 -1 37- pa Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Salisbury Souhd Drop Nw 27 Card Sequense. 030501-030600 tjoh aptlif OY i@pc 4v Halleck Krf8fa m. Sou" War, restof Sholikof fA 13BY gay 0 dr "all '14.1 T K A Ap Car. 3f L42600 9. 6!0 Say Lak. SITKA SOUND @ 00 -let c, r d oddard mi 0 5 km SCALE 1:260.000 -138- Wil Sir Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept '79 Sallsbury S a u Drop No.: 28 d Card Sequence: 029901-030000 tjoh Baptist Oy Possaa Halleck Krosto Island Sound 0 1 ew.. Shelikof Bay m IV ..$.IT K A Ai W.4 say" f-co a.y Say- .10 SITKA SOUND tc, .7 -D) oddard 0 5 "i, 5 0 5 km SCALE 1:2 50.000 -139- P Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept '79 Salisbury 3 o u Drop Mo.: 29. Card Sequence. 028901-029000 7 Halleck J3 island" - r.astof toll Shelikof say CP KA lba tr c* ...... Lek. SITKA SOUND 0 "V oddard 5 0 5 mi 0 5 km SCALE 1:260.000 -140- Pet, Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Release& 18 Sept. 79 Salisbury S 0 U Drop No4 30 Card Sequence. 028601-028700 ay 0 3p, Halleck Jsland.'; r atol, S elikof h tot say f He qt t(A 10.1 say' 3t L4140.1. 46 Lek. SITKA SOUND A.7 d d,a r d 5 5 mi 6 km SCALE 1:260,000 s,,a Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns ... Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 Drop No.: 3 1 Sellsbury Souhd say.- Card Sequence: 025101-025200 t GOO," .7 db 7 Halleck 0 Krfeto soun 0 reezol Shelikal .00 K, Say. U) at.* Los* TKA go Set SITKA SOUND ft. .1% If. 0 .00 04 % ard oddard 0 0 5 km ..0 SCALE 1:250,000 -142- Sftka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Reiease& 18 SepL '79 $a Its b U if yS*Uhd . . . . . . . Drop No.: 32 Card Sequence: 025901-026000 J3 Halleck rA KFOU10 restot J Shelikof Kr Bay (P TKA Jag As-dal.. bar' It L4200*1- 16% say Sol SITKA SOUND 0 -w Goddard S 0 5 mi J-t= 0 0. 6 0 5 km t SCALE 1:250.000 -143- Petit SO Sltka Sound DrIft Battle Returns Date Released. 18 Sept. '79 @4 $811sbufy S o U 'a d Droo No.: 33 Card Sequence. 029201-029300 to 'Joh Optist OY 0 Halleck :g- 0 p rA )(MOO Jslan&' re tot Sholikof Day Win ear, at L.03.110 1. aN so 4.1. 46 1 T K A S 0 U N D % Godd.ard 0 5 mi 0 5 km SCALE 1:250,000 -144- St Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returns Date Reba**& 18 SOPL 79 Sal bury Souhd -Fish Drop N04 34 C8rd Sequence. 028301-029400 Halleck KrOsto Soup Jaland.. st Shollkof P-' say U- C A. I.. Bay a'... Lazwk I. Bay SITKA SOUND IV tc, A od 5 0 5 m! 0. 0 5 km SCALE 1:260.000 -145- 44 NCHORAGE ALDEZ PRINCE I WILIAM t PRO KENAI OUND p ... -OOK N; q r WAKV CAPE IAILE7 1C IONTAGUE ISLAND AK SLA OCEAN CAPE MIDDLETON? ISLAND CAPE FAIRWEATHER GULF OF ALASKA A AFO NAK LAND KODIAK ISLAND Sftka Sound Date Released Drop No.: 34 Card Sequen 60 0 50 too ISOMILES 50 0 so 1 0 KILDNIFTER9 I zzE-.@ - SCALE APPROX. 1:4,000,000 A 114 0 .25 0 c SCALE I rfN hWR8&? SJTK A 4t. sit am I 'ima. A BATTERY ISLAND JAPONSXI GLAND I. ALEUTSKI 4@- .CV ISL TUR d AHD KUTNAM SLAND 11REAST MORRIE ISLAND ISLAND THE TWINS WHMAV HAMR WESrERN ROCKWELL ISLAND CMAN#EL GILMOM ISLANDS KATZ ISLAND t3 SIGNAL ISLAND GALANKIN BEARDSLEE ISLANDS ISLAND M100LE CMAff@,FL 01 McCLELLAN GROUP SAMOOROW" ISLAND Sitka Soun PASSAGE ISLAND. Date Releas KAYAK Drop No.: 3 ISLAND Card Seque Sitka Sound Drift Bottle Returna Date Released., 18 Sept. '79 F Salisbury S ut; Drop No.: 35 SOY'. Card Sequence. 029101-029200 t Job Baptist mckwasino Pessa a 7. Halleck Krosto 30an -.',ja Ian d.-' restof A ShVikof 01 air say (P U) a/.* Lao* X A *"a .4, ."flatme May. LN.4fl. 1. b"m C.1-fte say So/- ..... Lao# SITKA SOUND 0 ao@ 4, ko oddard 5 0 mi 0 5 km SCALE 1:260,000 _148- I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I @ 1 3 6668 14109 8345 1