[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


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                                                                                     A MANAGEMENT PLAN F011
                                                                                         THE DELAWARE ESTUAAY



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                      Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the Delaware
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM Estuary, Public Review Draft, December 1994

              The Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the Delaware Estuary
              was prepared under the Water Quality Act Amendments of 1987, Section 320, The
              National Estuary Program. For further information, contact the Delaware Estuary
              Program at 1-800-445-4935.





                       DEIAWARE ]ESTUARY PROGRAM
                         c/o United States Environmental Protection Agency
                                       841 Chestnut Building
                                 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107

    DELAWARE
     ESTUARY PROGRAM

                                            January, 1995


        From the Policy Committee

             We are pleased to provide you with a copy of the Delaware
        Estuary Program's Draft Comprehensive Conservation and Management
        Plan for your review and comment. This document is intended to
        communicate our understanding of the health of the Estuary, to
        increase public involvement in Delaware Estuary Program
        activities and to build consensus on a broad array of actions
        that can be taken to improve water quality and enhance the living
        resources of the Estuary.

             By design, theDelaware Estuary Program has involved
        hundreds of people in the development of this draft Plan through
        its committees,:public meetings, workshops, and seminars. The
        Program has come a long way in the developing a body of   '
        scientific and technical data and information on which to base
        the draft Plan and in building public support for efforts to
        protect the Estuary. But the greatest challenge- revising the
        Plan to reflect the concerns and comments ofthe public at large
        and implementation of the Plan's land management, water use,
        habitat protection, toxics, and education actions- is ahead.

             We invite vou to read the draft Plan and to participate in
        the nine public meetings scheduled for March 1995. The Program
        recognizes that not all actions proposed in this draft are of
        equal importance in their ability to influence environmental
        quality and solve priority problems. Accordingly, we are
        particularly interested in your comments concerning the.11value
        added" of specific actions and the relative priority among
        actions.

                  Please submit your comments to Robert Tudor, Program
        Coordinator, Delaware Estuary Program, c/o EPA Region III,
        (3ES41), 841 Chestnut Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107 no later
        than April 14, 1995 or bring them to one of several public
        meetings we are planning for March. These meetings will be
        announced in our newsletter and other media. You can also call
        1-800-445-4935 for further information or to receive the
        newsletter.

             Lastly, your comments are important to us. We thank you in
        advance for your interest and input.



                     The Delaware Estuary: Discover Its Secrets












                                          (2)



                               DELAWARE ESTUARY PROGRAM
                                   POLICY COMMITTEE









                  ----------------                 --- ---- ---
           Peter H. Kostmayer                      Je ne M. Fox
           Region Administrator                       ion Administrator
           EPA Region III                          EP   e   n II





                    -------- ---
           Caren Glotfelty                         obert       nn, Jr.
           Deputy Secretary                       commissioner
           PA Department of                       NJ Department of
           Environmental Resour                   Environ%ental Protection
                              --- ---- ---      -a:::@
                              Christophe A. G. Tulou
                              Secretary
                              DE Department of
                              Natural Resources and Environmental Control
                      e @@@








                                                                                                              EM
                                       Delaware Estuary ViJion 2020

                 In the 1980s, many of us in the Delaware Estuary region became even more concerned
                 about the state of the environment in this place we call home. We wanted unpolluted
                 water for the recreational activities so abundant in our region. We needed an adequate
                 supply of clean water to drink, and we were concerned about the effects of air and water
                 pollution on our health. We thought the land should be developed in a sustainable
                 manner which would protect our natural resources as well as support a viable economic
                 base.


                 'Out of our concerns came the nomination of the Delaware Estuary for inclusion in the
                 National Estuary Program. The Estuary was accepted and awarded national significance
                 status in 1988. Since that time we, as concerned citizens, have worked diligently to
                 develop a Comprehensive Plan to protect and enhance the natural resources of the
                 Delaware Estuary.

                 Our vision of the region - twenty-five years from now - guided formation of the goals
                 put forth in the Plan. Our vision will be realized as we work to achieve these goals. We
                 envision:



                 Environmental and economic improvements, brought about by the cooperative efforts
                 of private citizens, industry, environmentalists, and local, state, and federal
                 governments;

                 An adequate water supply for the 21st century and beyond, with improved water
                 quality conditions for afl living things and sustainable use of aquatic resources;

                 A watershed approach to management that values interconnected habitats, preserved
                 land, and planned efforts to protect and enhance the Estuary's natural resources, while
                 maintaining the economic viability of the region,

                 Increased public education and involvement through timely, accurate, and accessible
                 information provided to the public regarding aff known and planned activities that may
                 significantly affect the watershed,

                 An expanded number of public access points within the Estuary watershed and
                 increased, but ecologically responsible, use of these public access facilities.


                 The Plan is a blueprint for building our vision. The proposed steps, however, will require
                 the foresight and leadership of the Estuary's residents to make the vision a reality. If we,
                 as individuals, take pride in the Delaware Estuary and feel a sense of ownership towards
                 it, we can effect important changes.

            M                                                                                                  FE-1














                     This is our pledge to the Estuary and to its citizens. We invite those who read this
                     document, who live, work, or play in the Delaware Estuary, to take this pledge and to
                     consider it a vital part of their daily lives:

                         .... We the people of the Delaware Estuary watershed recognize its importance,
                         andourlinkagetoit. We are committed to do our part to protect and enhance
                         it. Our primary relationship tothe Delaware is one of stewardship. Weknow
                         what and where our most sensitive environmental resources are, and we will
                         honor and protect them. The diversity and abundance of plants and animals
                         throughout the Delaware Estuary are of great importance and value to us. We
                         support actions to establish a fair and honest balance between the needs of
                         recreational and commercial fisheries and a sustainable fish and shellfish level.
                         We exhort our local, state, federal, and private entities to develop workable,
                         integrated, regional watershed approaches to protect habitat, ensure good water
                         quality, and manage land use including sound port management and economic
                         development consistent with the environmental needs of the Delaware Estuary.

                     The health and potential of the Delaware Estuary is a direct result of our everyday
                     activities, Education and involvement will be the cornerstone of improvements that occur
                     in this region. As a tool to begin that education, this Plan recommends the way in which
                     improvements to the Estuary can be achieved through actions at various levels. Through
                     these actions, we, as a region, can begin the process for achieving a sustainable society
                     for future generations. We invite you to become a participant in he6qLng us make this
                     vision a reality,








                                                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS


           VISION STATEMENT


           CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION          ..............................                      1


                    A.    The Delaware Estuary     ..........................                   4

                    B.    Historical Overview of the Delaware Estuary Watershed      ...        8
                    C.    Role of the Delaware Estuary Program     ................           14

                    D.    Challenge: What is Necessary for Success?      ...........          15

                    E.    CCMP Organization     ............................                  16


           CHAPTER II:    STATE OF THE ESTUARY         .......................                19


                    A.    Physical Characteristics  .........................                 20


                    B.    Land Use   ...................................                      24


                    C.    Water Use   ..........       .......................                27


                    D.    Water Quality  ........      .......................                35


                    E.    Toxic Substances    .............................                   39
                              Trace Metals
                              Organic Contaminants
                              Fish Advisories
                              Ecosystem Effects


                    F.    Habitat   ....................................                      44
                              Open-Water Habitats
                              Shellfish Beds
                              Wetlands
                              Bayshore Beaches and Mudflats
                              Uplands

                    G.    Living Resources  ...............................                   53
                              Plankton
                              Benthic Communities
                              Fish
                              Birds


                    H.    Summary    ...................................                      64



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               INTRODUCTION TO ACTION PLANS          ..........................                67


               CHAPTER III: LAND MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN              ...............           75


                        A.   Why Land Use is a Concern of the Estuary Program     ......       76

                        B.   Barriers and Obstacles to Achieving the Delaware Estuary
                             Program's Land Use Goals and Objectives      ............         81

                        C.   Existing Programs and Jurisdiction over Land Use    .......       82
                                 The Local Role
                                 The County Role
                                 Regional Planning
                                 The State Role
                                 The Federal Role


                        D.   Sustainable Development through Watershed-Based Land Use
                             Planning  ....................         * .........   " ....       86
                                 Sustainable Development
                                 Watershed-Based Land Planning
                                 Comprehensive Environmental Policy Plan for
                                 the Delaware Estuary


                        RECOMMENDATIONS         ..............................                 91

                        (Actions Ll through L18)

               CHAPTER'IV: WATER USE MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN                ...........        121


                        A.   Water Supply    ................................                 121
                                 Problem Statement
                                 Diminution of Tributary Streamflows
                                 Increasing Water Demands

                        B.   Ports and Navigation    ..........................               125
                                 Port History
                                 Value of the Port/Regional Economic Impacts
                                 Port Needs


                        C.   Public Access and Recreational Use   .................           127
                                 Public Use of Estuary
                                 Public Access
                                 Recreational Use


                        RECOMMENDATIONS         ..............................                130

                        (Actions W1 through W1 3)


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                                                                          TABLE OF CONTENTS


           CHAPTER V: HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES ACTION PLAN                   ......      149


                    A.    Conserving Habitat    ..............................               151

                    B.    Analysis of Existing Regulatory Programs for Habitat and
                          Living Resources  ..............................                   160
                              Regulatory Programs
                              Wetlands
                              Uplands
                              Nonpoint Source Degradation
                              Species Management Plans

                    C.    Actions to Date   ..............................                   169


                    D.    Habitat and Living Resources Objectives     .............          170
                              Strategy for Habitat Protection

                    RECOMMENDATIONS         ..............................                   172

                    (Actions H1 through H9)

           CHAPTER VI: TOXICS ACTION PLAN           .........................                195


                    A.    Analysis of Existing Programs    .....................             195

                    B.    Recommended Strategy       .........................               196


                    RECOMMENDATIONS         ..............................                   198

                    (Actions T1 through T6)

           CHAPTER VII:       EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT ACTION PLAN                .....     219


                    A.    "Delaware Estuary: Discover its Secrets   .. ............          219

                    B.    Analysis of Existing Programs    .....................             221

                    C.    Why an Education and Involvement Strategy is Needed         ...    224

                    D.    Public Education Activities   .......................              226
                              Mini-grant Program ,
                              Action Plan Demonstration Projects

                    E.    Public Involvement in the Program    ..................            232

                    RECOMMENDATIONS         ..............................                   233

                    (Actions El through E23)



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               CHAPTER Vill:     MONITORING ACTION PLAN         ..................          253


                       A.    Water Quality Monitoring  ........................             254
                                 Minimal Plan
                                 Expanded Plan

                       B.    Toxics Monitoring  .............................               256
                                 Minimal Plan
                                 Expanded Plan

                       C.    Living Resources Monitoring    .....................           257
                                 Minimal Plan
                                 Expanded Plan

                       D.    Habitat/Land Cover/Land Use Monitoring    .............        259
                                 Minimal Plan
                                 Expanded Plan


                       RECOMMENDATIONS        ..............................                262

                       (Actions M1 through M6)

               CHAPTER IX: REGIONAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SERVICES
                                 ACTION PLAN      ............................              267


                       RECOMMENDATIONS        ..............................                269

                       (Actions R1 and 132)


               CHAPTER X: THE UNFINISHED AGENDA           ......................            271


                       A.    Land and Water Use    ...........................              271


                       B.    Habitat and Living Resources   .....................           273

                       C.    Toxic Substances   .............................               275


                       D.    Monitoring  ..................................                 275

                       E.    Potential Environmental Problems   ..................          276


                       F.    Other Issues of Concern   ........................             276


               CHAPTER XI:   IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP        ......................            279


                       A.    Implementation Strategy   .........................            280




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                   B.   Implementation Structure  ........................             282
                            The Delaware Estuary Foundation
                            The Delaware Estuary Council
                            Estuary Advisory Committee
                            Implementation Teams

                   C.   Financing the Delaware Estuary Plan   ................         287
                            Funding the Delaware Estuary Council
                            Redirection of Current Program
                            Public/Private and Public/Public Partnerships
                            Fees for Service
                            Changes to Federal Law
                            Regional Economic Development Projects

                   D.   Consistency as an Implementation Tool   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

                   E.   Putting the CCMP in Place   ........................           291
                            The Federal Role
                            The State Role
                            The Regional Role
                            The Local Government Role
                            The Role of Stakeholders


                   F.   Summary    ...................................                 294


          APPENDICES


          A        Glossary


          B        References


          C        Management Conference Members

          D        Supporting Products for the CCMP

          E        Delaware Estuary Program Priority Species List

          F        Key Word Index

          G        Financial Planning for the CCMP











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                                                                 FIGURES


                   CHAPTERI


                   Figure 1.       A Satellite Image of the Delaware Estuary Watershed           ............        2

                   Figure 2.       Area of Concern of the Delaware Estuary Program          ...............          5

                   Figure 3.       Pollutants reach the Delaware Estuary from many sources           .........       7

                   Figure  4.      Percent Change in Population, 1970-1990          ....................             9

                   Figure  5.      Henry Hudson's Haff Moon        ...............................                   10

                   Figure  6.      Philadelphia - 1753       ...................................                     10


                   Figure  7.      Dredges and shipyards have been prime factors in making the Delaware
                                   a great river   .........................................                         11



                   CHAPTER 11


                   Figure 8.       Photo of Philadelphia shipyards     ............................                  19

                   Figure 9.       Photo of redknots and other birds feasting on horseshoe crab eggs           ...   20

                   Figure 10.      The Delaware Estuary Ecological Zones and Tidal Wetlands            ........      21

                   Figure 11.      Salinity distributions  ....................................                      23

                   Figure 12.      Population growth vs. land area     ............................                  25

                   Figure 13.      A projection of Delaware's Coastal Zone geography accompanying a
                                   rise of sea level to approximately 20 feet     .....................              26

                   Figure 14.      Delaware River   Basin 1991 average annual water withdrawals           ......     28

                   Figure 15.      Delaware River Basin 1990 average annual consumptive water use               ..   29

                   Figure 16.      Delaware River   Basin 2020 projected average annual consumptive
                                   water use   ..........      I ................................                    30


                   Figure 17.      Major dischargers     .....................................                       31

                   Figure 18.      Delaware Estuary disposal areas for federal projects        .............         33

                   Figure 19.      Dissolved oxygen against distance from the mouth of the Delaware
                                   Estuary to Trenton      ....................................                      35




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                                                                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS


            Figure 20.     Dissolved oxygen concentration at Marcus Hook        ................          36

            Figure 21.     Sources of pollution causing impairment of U.S. surface waters        .....    37

            Figure 22.     Causes of surface water impairment by NPS pollution        ............        38

            Figure 23.     Oyster grounds     .......................................                     47

            Figure 24.     Oyster landings    .......................................                     47

            Figure 25.     Tidal and nontidal wetlands    ...............................                 49

            Figure 26.     A food web    ..........................................                       53

            Figure 27.     Synthesized estuary-specific blue crab   harvest    .................          56

            Figure 28.     Horseshoe crab photo     ...................................                   56

            Figure 29.     Delaware Estuary Benthic Condition      .........................              57

            Figure 30.     Condition of benthic communities      ..........................               58

            Figure 31.     Synthesized estuary-specific American shad harvest        .............        59

            Figure 32.     Synthesized estuary-specific weakfish harvest       .................          60

            Figure 33.     Shorebird migration routes     ...............................                 63



            CHAPTER III


            Figure 34.     Why do we need a Regional Approach to Open Space            ............       78

            Figure 35.     Creative site design can protect habitat and water quality      .........      80



            CHAPTER IV


            Figure 36.     Aerial view of a tanker on the Delaware River     ..................           125

            Figure 37.     Public access provides an opportunity to learn about the rich natural
                           and cultural diversity of the area   ............................              127

            Figure 38.     Sailing is one of the favorite pastimes enjoyed by citizens in the region      128



            CHAPTER V


            Figure 39.     Open space and Protected Areas Map         .......................             153





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                 Figure 40.     Blue Crab Areas Map     ...................................               155

                 Figure 41.     Opportunities for Enhancement Map (showing fish passage needs)        ... 157

                 Figure 42.     Extent of Phragmites in Wetlands in the State of Delaware Map      .....  159

                 Figure 43.     Cape May County Wetlands Map       ...........................            163

                 Figure 44.     Forested Tract Preservation and Restoration Opportunities Map    ......   167



                 CHAPTER VI


                 Figure 45.     Toxics Management Strategy      .............................             199



                 CHAPTER Vill


                 Figure 46.     Delmarva Power booth at Festuary 1993       .....................         220

                 Figure 47.     Teachers attending an environmental workshop     .................        224

                 Figure 48.     The Delaware Estuary Public Access Guide Cover      ...............       227

                 Figure 49.     Program booth at the 1994 Delaware River Days at Penn's Landing      ...  228

                 Figure 50.     Horseshoe Crab Census, Moore's Beach, NJ      ...................         230

                 Figure 51.     An Action Plan Demonstration Project at Red Clay Creek     ..........     231



                 CHAPTER VIIII


                 Figure 52.     Water Quality and Toxics Monitoring Stations    ..................        255

                 Figure 53.     Existing Demersal Fish Survey Stations   .......................          258

                 Figure 54.     Benthic Monitoring Stations  ...............................              260



                 CHAPTER IX


                 Figure 55.     RIMS Conceptual Model     .................................               268









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            CHAPTER XI


            Figure 56.     Focusing existing programs on thE! CCMP   .....................            280

            Figure 57.     Implementation structure   ................................                283



















































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                                                           TABLES


                Table 1.       Delaware Estuary Existing Project Quantities and Disposal Areas   .....     32

                Table 2.       Fish Consumption Advisories for Delaware River and Bay     ..........       42

                Table 3.       Delaware Estuary Program CCIVIP Action Items     .................          70

                Table 4.       Preliminary List of Toxic Pollutants of Concern, Delaware Estuary
                               Program, July 1994    ....................................                 202













































                Xvii                                                                         January 1995









                                                                 ACRONYMS

                             LIST OF ACRONYMS





         ANJEC          Association of New Jersey Environmental Commissions

         ASCS           Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service

         ASMFC          Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission


         AVHRR          Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (USFS)

         BMP            Best Management Practice

         CAC            Citizens Advisory Committee

         CCMP           Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan

         CCMUA          Camden County Municipal Utilities Authority


         CSO            Combined Sewer Overflows


         CZARA          Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments


         CZMP           Coastal Zone Management Program

         DDX            Shorthand for DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE


         DE             State of Delaware


         DEDHSS         Delaware Department of Health and Social Services

         DELCORA        Delaware County Regional Authority

         DELEP          Delaware Estuary Program

         DELTOX         Delaware Estuary Toxics Model

         DEM            Dynamic Estuary Model

         DFW            Department of Fish and Wildlife

         DNREC          Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
                        Control






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              DBRC               Delaware Bay and River Cooperative

              DRBC               Delaware River Basin Commission


              DRBFWMC            Delaware River Basin Fish and Wildlife Management Cooperative

              DVRPC              Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission

              EIS                Environmental Impact Statement

              EMAP               Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

              FDA                U.S. Food and Drug Administration

              GIS                Geographic Information System

              IRP                Integrated Resource Planning

              ISTEA              Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act


              LA                 Load Allocation


              MAFMC              Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council

              mou                Memorandum of Understanding

              MSRC               Marine Spill Response Corporation

              Msx                "Multinucleated sphere X unknown"

              NEPA               National Environmental Policy Act


              NJ                 State of New Jersey

              NJDEP              New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

              NJDFGW             New Jersey Department of Fish, Game and Wildlife

              NJDOH              New Jersey Department of Health

              NMFS               National Marine Fisheries Service


              NOAA               National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

              NPDES              National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System




              xviii                                                               January 1995









                                                                 ACRONYMS


         NPS            Nonpoint Source

         OMWM           Open Marsh Water Management

         ODES           Ocean Data Evaluation System

         PA             State of Pennsylvania

         PADCA          Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs

         PADER          Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources

         PADH           Pennsylvania Department of Health

         PAH            Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

         PCB            Polychlorinated Biphenyls

         PCMP           Preliminary Conservation and Management Plan

         PEC            Pennsylvania Environmental Council

         POTW           Publicly Owned Treatment Works

         PPTF           Public Participation Task. Force

         PRM            Potomac Raritan- M agothy


         PSE&G          Public Service Electric and Gas


         RIMS           Regional Information Management Service

         SCS            Soil Conservation Service


         SEP            Supplemental Environmental Projects

         TDR            Transfer of Development Rights

         TMDL           Total Maximum Daily Load

         TNC            The Nature Conservancy

         TRACS          Transport Release Automated Cargo Status

         USACE          U.S. Army Corps of En( i
                                          gineers


         USCG           U.S. Coast Guard



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               USDA                U.S. Department of Agriculture

               USDOT               U.S. Department of Transportation

               USEPA               U. S. Environmental Protection Agency


               USFS                U.S. Forest Service


               USFWS               U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service


               USGS                U. S. Geological Survey

               WLA                 Waste Load Allocation


               WQC                 Water Quality Criteria






































               xx                                                                     January 1995









                                                                                    INTRODUCTION



            CHAPTER 1:              INTRODUCTION



            W
                     ise conservation and management of the Delaware
                     Estuary is arguably the most important cooperative
                  . environmental initiative ever jointly undertaken by the             The Estuary
            States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. While much                is faced with
            has been accomplished over the past few decades to improve                  continuing
            water quality and provide adequate supplies of water to the people          threats from
            who live, work,. and play in the Delaware Estuary watershed,                toxic
            much remains to be done. The Estuary is faced with continuing               substances,
            threats from toxic substances, habitat loss and fragmentation, and          habitat loss
            human development. Addressing these threats presents both                   and fragment-
            challenges and opportunities, and will require a multi-state effort,        ation, and
            participation by all levels of government, and citizen support and          human
            commitment'to the stewardship of the Estuary. The Delaware                  development.
            Estuary Program is dedicated to facilitating these efforts.

            In the past few years there has been a dramatic shift in the way
            people throughout the world think about their environment.
            Publication of the first color photograph of Earth from space
            provided a dramatic picture of a small blue planet and heightened
            international awareness of the vulnerability of its natural resources
            and the need for careful stewardship of those resources. An
            increased awareness and understanding of global environmental
            problems - resource depletion, I  oss of biological diversity, toxics
            contamination, and sea level rise - have forced us to
            acknowledge that our collective actions threaten ecological
            systems.


            These emerging problems have also forced us to re-evaluate our
            management of ecological systems. We now understand that
            regionwide management approaches, those that emphasize
            integrated strategies across political boundaries, offer the greatest
            potential for effective restoration and protection of ecosystems
            and protection of human health. We realize that in addition to
            targeting the protection of specific resources, such as air, land, or
            water, it is necessary to take a broader approach and protect the
            systems of which those resources are interdependent parts.

            The approach embodied in this Plan couples this global perspective
            and watershed management approach to address environmental
            and economic issues that are specific to the Delaware Estuary.
            This approach does not result in a new centralized program that




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                  ESTUARY PROGRAM




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                    Figure 1.  A Satellite Image of the Delaware Estuary Watershed, Earth Satellite Corporation, 1994.




                    2                                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                       INTRODUCTION



            competes with or replaces existing programs; rather it provides a
            framework and new focus for effective integration of ongoing
            management activities.

            The emerging global public consciousness has also produced.a                  Sustainable
            conservation ethic - we recognize the folly of resource                       development,
            consumption without active replenishment and recycling efforts.               is
            This ethic will require a societal reshapin( of the relationship
                                                            13                            "development
            between economics and the environment in "sustainable                         that meets
            development" terms, rather than in terms of "environment versus               the needs of
            development". Sustainable development, according to the United                the present
            Nation's World Commission on Environment and Development, is                  without
            "development that meets the needs of the present without                      compromising
            compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own              the ability of
            needs". This means improving the quality of human life, while                 future
            living within the carrying capacity of supportive ecosystems.                 generations
                                                                                          to meet their
            Until recently, resource protection often focused on saving a                 own needs".
            single animal or plant species, or a single river, in a specific place.
            We now realize that while individual species and resources are
            important, their role as a part of an ecosystem is what determines
            their value. We must preserve the integrity of the system. This
            evolution toward the preservation of ecological systems, as a
            primary conservation ethic, is driving a parallel philosophy of
            sustainable development: how can we nurture vibrant, healthy,
            and equitable communities that can be sustained by natural
            resources and systems without destroying or degrading them and
            compromising quality of life in the future?

            Fundamental tenets of sustainable development include:

                           A long-term perspective for planning and policy
                           development that harmonizes public and private,
                           environment and development, and community and
                           regional interests.

                           Integration of environmental (health and ecosystem)
                           protection and economic development in policy and
                           decision-making at all levels.

                           Intra- and intergenerational equity, supporting
                           environmental justice for people living now, equity
                           for future generations, and consideration of cultural
                           heritage.





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                The Delaware Estuary Program, as an advocate of sustainable
                development, will take responsibility to: 1) provide for widespread        Public
                participation in decisions that affect the Estuary; 2) develop and         involvement
                clearly articulate programs and actions that will be mutually              and education
                beneficial to both the economy and the environment of the                  are the
                watershed; 3) forge partnerships with industry, commerce, and              cornerstones
                local governments in pursuit of the economic viability of the region       of resource
                and an improved quality of life; and 4) enhance and preserve the           protection
                Estuary's living and natural resources. We recognize that public           and
                involvement and education are the cornerstones of resource                 sustainable
                protection and sustainable development in the Delaware Estuary             development
                                                                                           in the
                watershed. Our recommendations in this Plan, no matter how                 Delaware
                extensive and farsighted, will not succeed unless they and their           Estuary
                rationale capture the imagination, attention, and concern of the           watershed.
                public at large.

                A. The Delaware Estuary

                All of us are connected to the Delaware Estuary, whether we live
                in Philadelphia; far upstream in Hancock, New York; or right on
                the Bay at Cape May, New Jersey; or Lewes, Delaware. We live
                in the Delaware Estuary's watershed.

                Estuaries are areas partially surrounded by land where rivers meet
                the sea. They are characterized by varying degrees of salinityand
                complex water movements affected by ocean tides and river
                currents. They are also highly productive ecosystems with a
                range of habitats for many different species of plants and animals.

                A watershed is an area of land drained by a river or other body of
                water. The water that flows over the land surface, usually from
                rain, is called runoff. There are small watersheds, which receive
                runoff from a few acres into a creek, and large watersheds, which
                drain larger areas into a river. A large watershed is made up of
                many smaller ones, just as a large river is fed by many small
                tributaries.


                The Delaware River Basin is a large watershed which
                encompasses all of the land that flows to the Delaware River and
                Bay. It stretches from Delaware County, New York, south to
                Cape May, New Jersey and Cape Henlopen, Delaware. The lower
                half of the Basin, from Trenton, New Jersey and Morrisville,
                Pennsylvania, south to the Jersey and Delaware capes,
                constitutes the Delaware Estuary Program area of concern. This




                4                                                                         January 1995





                 Area of Concern of the Delaware Estuary Program










                                                                                                                                          re











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                                                                                                                                        Prepared by the Delaware Bay Estiary Projed, USrWS
                                                                                                 M&S                                  UnNetsal Tzartsverse Mercator ProjeLdort, Zone 18, MAD 1927
                                                                                                                                                        November 1994

                                                                             0             10            x             30

      U1

                                                Figure 2. Area of Concern      of the Delaware Estuary Program








                                                                                   INTRODUCTION



           region includes all of the territory in three states that drains into
           the Estuary, including the 13 counties that border the Estuary and
           the outlying counties that drain into its tributaries (See Figure 2
           for a depiction of the basin, the watershed, and the Estuary).

           As rainwater moves over the land in this watershed, it carries with
           it many potential pollutants which will eventually end up in the
           Delaware Estuary - including oil dumped down a storm drain in
           Reading, Pennsylvania; pesticides from a New Jersey farm field;
           fertilizer from a lawn in Chester, Pennsylvania; hydrocarbons (oil
           and gasoline) from highway runoff in Trenton, New Jersey;
           sewage from a failed septic tank in Lewes, Delaware; or sediment
           from a construction project in Port Jervis, New York. So even if
           you do not live near    the Delaware   Estuary, your actions most



                                                   M





                                               A`-













                                                  Z





















             Figure 3.     Pollutants reach the Delaware Estuary from many sources. As adapted from the
                           Chesapeake Bay: Framework for Action, September 1983.





                                                                                                    7









                       DRAFT CCIVIP
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                definitely have an impact on it. Through the liquid web of flowing
                water we are all connected to the Estuary.

                Estuaries have economic, recreational, and aesthetic values.
                People love water sports and visit estuaries to boat, fish, swim,
                and just enjoy their beauty. Estuaries often have ports serving
                shipping, transportation, and industry. The relationship among
                plants, animals, and people makes up the estuarine ecosystem.
                When its components are in balance, plant and animal life flourish.

                Because of our love of the water, almost half of the United States
                population now lives in coastal areas, including along the shores
                of estuaries.   This population trend is accelerating; coastal
                counties are growing three times faster than anywhere else in the
                Nation. The Delaware Estuary watershed experienced a significant
                population increase in the last decade (See Figure 4) and may
                reach an additional 777,000 people by the year 2020 (Seymour,
                1994). Unfortunately, this increasing concentration of people
                upsets the balance of estuarine ecosystems.          People need
                housing, services, and roads, so new industry and businesses
                arrive to provide them.     In addition, the removal of natural
                vegetation and trees for development can cause soil erosion and
                destroy natural habitats, contributing to the extinction of
                endangered wildlife. When severe, such stresses have led to
                public health threats, forcing government authorities to close
                beaches and shellfish beds and issue warnings about eating fish.

                B.    Historical Overview of the Delaware Estuary
                      Watershed


                The abundant natural resources that make the Delaware an
                estuary of national and international importance today have
                sustained human populations for thousands of years.               In
                determining how to protect those resources for the future, it is
                important to be aware of the evolution of the relationship between
                people, the landscape of the watershed, and the Estuary.

                The first humans probably arrived on the shores of the Delaware
                Estuary about 12,000 to 13,000 years ago and used the Delaware
                River and Bay for food, transportation, and trade. The population
                of these settlers was never large enough to have a significant
                impact on the environment; however, they did clear some land for
                agriculture, starting about 3,000 years ago, and they burned





                8                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                                                                                    INTRODUCTION





                                        PERCENT CHANGE IN POPUIATIOI-4,1970-1990
                                        Delaware Estuary Watershed Communities












                                            SCHUYLrjLL
                                                                                   LEHIGH





                                       LEBANON


                                                                               J"'                                                                 MONMOUTH







                                                                                                                                                  OCEAN

                                                                                                                               BURLINGTON

                                                                                                                    CAMDEN




                                                                                                   M


                                                  Delaware Estuary                                                            ATLANTIC
                                                  Watershed Boundary




                                             Percent change

                                           EJ    1-200)-0

                                                 1-9

                                                 10 - 39

                                                 > 39





                                        SOURCE:. United States Census Bureau


                                                                                         SUSSEX












                       Figure 4. Percent Change in Population, 1970-19210.




                                                                                                                                                                                9









                               DRAFT CCIVIP
                   DELAWARE
                   ESTUARY PROGRAM


                      forested land to improve
                      habitat for white-tailed deer
                      and other game (Berger et
                      al., 1994).


                      Europeans          established         a
                      presence        in the Estuary
                      region in the first quarter of
                      the 17th century.                 The
                      Dutch and Swedes each
                      controlled the region for
                      periods of time, but, by the
                      1 660s,, the English were in                Figure 5. Henry Hudson's Half Moon, an eighty ton vessel
                      complete control,              having       with a crew of seventeen Dutch and          English sailors, reached
                                                                  the mouth of the Delaware, August, 1609. Drawing from an
                      established        a     variety     Of     account by H.G. Van Assum, Amsterdam, 1613. (Courtesy Boston Public
                      small settlements.              Major       Library, reproduced from The Bay & River Delaware: A Pictorial History,
                      alterations in the Delaware                 1955*)
                      Estuary environment began
                      during this time.

                      In 1682, Philadelphia was founded                by an English       Quaker, William
                      Penn; by 1700, it had 5,000 inhabitants. Penn's settlement grew
                      to become America's pre-eminent dity and port. The growth of
                      agriculture was largely responsible for Philadelphia's dominance as
                      a commercial center, in the early 118th century, and for the
                      accelerated transformation of the Delaware                       Estuary watershed
                      from a wilderness to a pastoral landscape.

                      Large forested areas
                      were            cleared,
                      resulting in erosion
                      and        losses         of
                      topsoil. These soils
                      a I t e r e d         t h e
                                                          . . . . . . . . . .                                        IF 19- 0
                                                                          4
                                                                          4@@
                      topography of the'
                                                                                                                                            @40
                      Estuary.        Shorelin'
                                                 e
                      dredging,           diking,
                                              gan
                      and     filling     be'
                      during this        period
                      resulting in      loss 6i
                      extensive areas of
                      tidal     marsh         and
                      natural        shoreline,         Figure 6. George Heap drew this well known view of Philadelphia about
                                                                              14.0 WX
                                                                                        :W








                      especially north of               1753. (Courtesy of New York Public Library, Stokes Collection, reproduced from The Bay
                      Wilmington.                       & River Delaware: A Pictorial History, 1955.)




                      10                                                                                                  January 1995








                                                                                         INTRODUCTION



             In 1769, a visiting Englishman commented on the "mess" in the
             Philadelphia harbor on the Delaware River. The "mess" grew, and,
             in 1799, the Estuary's first official pollution survey noted
             contamination entering the river from ships, sewers, and polluted
             wetlands. By the 1 840s, the deepwater ports of the Estuary had
             become manufacturing centers, and the railroad had transformed
             villages in South Jersey into regional centers for agriculture.

             By the end of the 1 9th century, increased population and
             industrialization had transformed much of the upper Estuary
             watershed.     Fisheries were declining, due at least in part to
             overfishing and pollution. In many places, drinking water supplies
             were contaminated, and pollution         primarily sewage        caused
             outbreaks of typhoid and
             other diseases in urban

             areas.


             Railroads, streetcar lines,
             and new roads enabled
             people to live inland,
             away from waterborne                                                                  411
                                                                                                    7
             transportation         and
             colonial     cities    and
             towns, which usually
             were    established      on
             waterways.             The
             industrialization of the
             waterfront and water
             pollution    led    to     a
             dramatic decrease in the
             recreational use of the
             Delaware, particularly in
             urban    areas.        The     Figure 7. Dredges and shipyards have been prime factors in
             Estuary became less of a       making the Delaware a great river. (Courtesy of Commercial Museum,
             regional focal point as        Philadelphia. Reproduced from The Bay & River Delaware: A Pictorial History,
             fewer people had direct        1955.)
             contact with it.


             By the 1 940s, anadromous fish such as shad and herring, already
             depleted by overfishing, were unable to migrate through a low
             oxygen barrier in the Philadelphia area to upriver spawning
             grounds. This problem, combined with small dam construction on
             sub-tributaries and industrial water diversion, nearly destroyed the
             fisheries. Water quality concerns were voiced; however, the
             importance of the World War 11 effort overshadowed these
             environmental concerns. During this period of time there was a








                        DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROORAM


                 large increase in pollution of the Delaware Estuary resulting from
                 defense-related industries (Albert 1988).
                                                                                               By 1950, the
                 By 1950, the urban reach of the Delaware was one of the most                  urban reach
                 polluted stretches of river in the world, and serious cleanup efforts         of the
                 were initiated. A major criterion for cleanup and indicator of                Delaware was
                 success was the level of dissolved oxygen in the water. In the                one of the
                 1 950s, the Philadelphia region of the river had essentially zero             most polluted
                 oxygen during most of the warmer months of the year.                          stretches of
                                                                                               river in the
                                                                                               world, and
                 Throughout the 1 960s and 1 970s, increased state, interstate,                serious
                 federal, and public interest in pollution control, and the passage of         cleanup
                 the 1972 Clean Water Act, led to dramatic improvements in the                 efforts were
                 Estuary's water quality. The Delaware River Basin Commission                  initiated.
                 (DRBC) adopted a waste load allocation program in 1967 and,
                 together with state and federal agencies, started discussions on
                 pollution abatement programs.        Industries were successful in
                 reducing pollution in the 1960s and 1970s, followed by municipal
                 sewage treatment successes in the 1970s and 1 980s. By the end
                 of the 1980s, over $1.5 billion had been spent by the public
                 sector on the construction of new, and the improvement of old,
                 sewer facilities on the Delaware between Trenton and Wilmington.
                 Countless billions were spent by the private sector during the
                 same period.

                 Today, the Estuary is certainly not pristine, but it is much cleaner
                 than at any prior time in this century. Over 90 percent of the
                 Estuary meets the swimmable and fishable goals of the Clean
                 Water Act.      Recreational use is returning to the tidal river.
                 Greenway trails are being established, linking historic sites, wildlife
                 areas, and recreational facilities. Public access to the Estuary has
                 increased as the result of a variety of new public parks in all three
                 states.


                 The economic importance of the Estuary is also growing. New
                 forms of shipping have reinvigorated Estuary ports, and new
                 industrial and commercial uses are again bringing life to urban
                 waterfronts. From Bristol to Camden to New Castle, the Estuary
                 is a focal point for tourism.

                 Still major problems remain.

                               Although there have been dramatic improvements in
                               the water quality in the River, water quality problems
                               still exist. In particular, water quality does not meet




                 12                                                                           January 1995








                                                                                        INTRODUCTION



                           the standard for swimming in the Philadelphia and
                           Camden sections of the River, due to bacteria. Also,
                           while the level of dissolved oxygen usually meets the
                           current standard established for the Delaware River,
                           the dissolved oxygen standard would have to be
                           raised to allow maintenance and propagation of
                           resident fish and other aquatic life.

                           The Delaware Estuary's fisheries have exhibited a
                           general downward trend since 1900.               Evidence
                           suggests that overfishing throughout the mid-
                           Atlantic region, along with habitat destruction and
                           overall water quality conditions, are responsible for
                           this decline.   In recent years, certain anadromous
                           fish species including shad, Atlantic sturgeon, and
                           striped bass  have increased in numbers because of
                           water quality improvements and harvest restrictions,
                           but abundances of these and other species have not
                           reached     historic   levels    because     of    habitat
                           perturbations and lack of coordinated management
                           plans.     In addition, populations of estuarine
                           dependent species, specifically summer flounder and
                           weakfish, have declined in recent years. Causes
                           include bycatch outside of the Estuary, impingement
                           and    entrainment,      overfishing,    and    lack     of
                           coordinated management.

           01111411111W    Heavy use of surface and groundwater threatens the
                           long-term water supply for industrial and domestic
                           use and for maintenance of habitats and living
                           resources. Depletive water uses are of particular
                           concern in relation to maintaining protective salinity
                           levels for drinking water in the Delaware Estuary.

                           Elevated levels of toxic substances have been
                           detected in sediment, the water column, and in
                           tissues of organisms dependent on the Estuary. Fish
                           consumption advisories occur in all three states.

                           A significant area of the Estuary, from the vicinity of
                           the C&D Canal northward to Trenton, New Jersey,
                           has a degraded river bottom biological community.
                           This degradation is a concern since benthic
                           organisms are a major link in the food chain to fish,
                           shellfish, birds, and wildlife.




                                                                                                        13





DRAFT CCMP

DELAWARE
ESTUARY PROGRAM


	Habitat fragmentation and alteration continue to
	stress ecosystem integrity, affecting the survival and
	reproductive succees of living resources dependent
	on specific habitat types and impairing the system's
	ability to buffer pollutant impacts. In particular, loss
	of freshwater wetlands continues in some areas of
	the Estuary watershed.

	The current pattern of land development consumes
	large amounts of natural habitat and argricultural
	land, and results in fragmentation of habitat, with
	adverse impacts on living resources and water
	quality.


C. Role of the Delaware Estuary Program


	Because of its importance as a natural resource, the intensity of
human activities within its watershed, and the breadth and
complexity of its issues, the Delaware Estuary was nominated by               Delaware
the three state Governors for inclusion in the National Estuary               Estuary
Program in 1988. A Management Conference was officially                       Program
convened in July 1989, and five goals were established:                       Goals



		Provide for the restoration of living resources of the Delaware Estuary and
		protect their habitats and ecological relationships for future generations;

		Reduce and control point and nonpoint sources of pollution, particularly toxic
		pollution and nutrient enrichment, to attain the water quality conditions
		necessary to support abundant and diverse living resources in the Delaware
		Estuary;

		Manage water allocations within the Estuary to protect public water supplies
		and maintain ecological conditions in the Estuary for living resources;

		Manage the ecomonic growth of the Estuary in accordance with the goal of
		restoring and protecting the living resources of the Estuary; and

		Promote greater public understanding of the Delware Estuary and greater
		participation in decisions and programs affecting the Estuary.


		The Delaware Estuary Management Conference consists of six
		committees and hundreds of people, representing a wide range of
		interests and expertise. Since 1989, all the committees have been




    		14                                                         January 1995









                                                                                    INTRODUCTION



            actively engaged in a process, focused on development and
            implementation     of   a   Comprehensive      Conservation       and
            Management Plan (CCMP) for the Estuary. (See Appendix C for
            a list of committee members).

            This draft Plan, which establishes a guide for action to achieve the
            goals, is the product of that effort The various strategies and
            actions which collectively constitute this Plan reflect detailed
            study, careful deliberation, and aggressive consensus building. In
            formulating these strategies, an overt attempt was made to more
            efficiently allocate conservation and management resources and
            to avoid new centralized programs that would compete with or
            replace existing programs.

            In general, this draft Plan establishes the following roles for the
            Delaware Estuary Program over the next 20 to 30 years:

                          A facilitator for other existing organizations; one
                          who can bring people to the table and push for
                          teamwork to resolve issues; not a regulator.

                          A provider of information to state and local decision-
                          makers; information will include the benefits of
                          taking appropriate actions, data and projections for
                          critical areas, and reports on implementation
                          progress.


                          A leader in defining terms such as sustainable
                          development; providing a watershed focus; and
                          working with local communities to approach issues
                          from a regional perspective.

                          A provider of incentives to citizens, agencies, and
                          organizations throughout the region for taking
                          appropriate actions.

            The Management Conference carefully considered each of these
            roles in crafting this Plan.

            D. Challenge: What is Necessary for Success7

            Environmental quality improvements have occurred nationally
            throughout the latter half of the twentieth century.           These
            improvements are linked directly to local, county, state, interstate,
            and federal efforts to design and implement environmental



                                                                                                   15




              9 Q 0__
              OF DRAFT CCIVIP
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                protection measures. The results of those measures, in terms of
                natural resource protection, benefits to human health, and
                improvement and protection of quality of life, have been dramatic.

                This Plan represents an opportunity to build on the success of the
                past by adopting a new approach to environmental protection -
                based on a global environmental perspective, watershed
                management, and sustainable development.                 Conference
                participants acknowledge the fine balance which must be struck
                between our use of the Estuary and our protection of its natural
                resources, which have supported us for hundreds of years. To
                achieve this balance will require regionally coordinated action,
                pollution prevention, and public/private partnerships.

                Government      agencies    alone    cannot    achieve     sustained
                environmental improvements. The cumulative effects of the day-             We must
                to-day decisions made by the millions of people who live, work,            change the
                and play in the Delaware Estuary watershed can greatly outweigh            way we think
                the environmental benefits of a particular governmental program.           and operate,
                We must change the way we think and operate, individually and              individually
                collectively. In addition, instead of simply controlling problems or       and
                mitigating the impacts of our actions on the environment, we must          collectively,
                work to avoid the problems from the start. Actions included in             and work to
                this Plan recognize that each stakeholder and interest group in the        avoid
                                                                                           problems
                watershed, as well as all levels of government, have an                    from the
                opportunity and an obligation to contribute to identified solutions.       start.

                This is the challenge of the Delaware Estuary Program and the
                proof of a successful Plan.

                E.     CCMP Organization

                This draft CCMP is organized as follows:

                Chapter 11 presents the State of the Estuary - an overview of the
                status and trends of Delaware Estuary resources, based on
                numerous studies conducted by the Program over the last five
                years.


                The next five chapters, Chapter III through Chapter VII, present
                actions for each of the priority areas of focus of the Program:
                Land Management, Water Use Management, Habitat and Living
                Resources, Toxics, and Education and Involvement. Chapters VIII
                and IX present an overview of the Monitoring strategy and




                16                                                                        January 1995









                                                                             INTRODUCTION



          Regional Information Management Service.        A total of 77
          recommended actions are described in these seven chapters.

          Chapter X presents the Unfinished Agenda, an overview of longer
          term program needs for study and potential action.

          The final Chapter, Chapter XI, provides information on how the
          plan will be implemented, including a proposed post-CCIVIP
          structure for implementation and how the plan will be financed.

          In addition to this draft CCMP, several companion documents are
          available through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          (USEPA). A listing of these documents is provided in Appendix D.







































                                                                                          17




                             GQ
                             OF DRAFT CCMP
                             DELAWAR
                             ESTUARY PROGRAM





































































                                 18                                                                                                                                                      January 1995









                                                                            STATE OF THE ESTUARY


             CHAPTER 11: State of the EStLiary
             T
                   he Delaware Estuary is one of the most heavily used estuary
                   systems in the Nation. The Estuary supports one of the
                   world's greatest concentrations of heavy industry, the
             world's largest freshwater port, and the second largest refining-             The Delaware
             petrochemical center in the U.S.; about 70 percent of the oil, over           Estuary is one
             one billion barrels, reaching the east coast of the U.S. Is                   of the most
             transported through the combined Ports of Philadelphia, Camden,               heavily used
             Gloucester City, Salem, and Wilmington.            The Estuary also           estuary
             receives wastewater discharges from 162 industries and                        systems in
             municipalities and approximately 300 combined sewer overflows.                the Nation.
             The Delaware River Basin provides about 10 percent of the U.S.
             population (20 million people) with water for drinking and
             industrial uses. Much of this water is transferred out of the Basin.


             The Estuary is also an
             important ecosystem. It
             is internationally impor-
             tant as a resting and
             feeding area for millions
             of migrating birds each
             spring and fall. Rare and
             endangered species also
             rely on the Estuary. It is
             known for its wetlands,
             commercial fisheries, and
             horseshoe crab spawn-
             ing. It is a region where
             many        biogeographic
             provinces come together,
             resulting in overlapping      Figure 8. Philadelphia shipyards.
             habitat types and high
             biodiversity.

             As a recreational resource, the Estuary is important to thousands
             of people who enjoy a variety of water- re I ated activities, including
             boating, fishing, rowing, birding, and hunting. These activities
             depend upon clean water, protected habitat, and public access -
             which are key objectives of the Delaware Estuary Program. In
             many communities throughout the Estuary, recreation and related
             activities are important components of the local economy. These
             uses of the Estuary support thousands of jobs and demonstrate




                                                                                                       19









                        DRAFT CCMP
               DELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 the need to strike a balance between economic development and
                 environmental protection.

                 This chapter, the State of
                 the Estuary, provides the
                 best available scientific and
                 technical information to
                 support     the     proposed
                 actions in this CCMP.
                 Current knowledge about
                 the Delaware Estuary is
                 summarized         in      the
                 following areas: Physical
                                                                      I
                 Characteristics, Land Use,
                 Water Use, Water Quality
                                                                                         A
                 Toxic Substances, Habitat,
                 and    Living     Resources.
                 These topics interact at
                                                                                                    -7    4"
                                                                                        77     77
                 many temporal and spatia
                 scales,     and      effective   Figure 9.  Redknots, ruddy turnstones, sanderling and laughing
                 Estuary management and           gulls (background) feast on horseshoe crab eggs. (Photo: Bill
                 conservation efforts recog-      Buchanan).
                 nize this interaction.

                 A.     Physical Chara         cteristics

                 The entire Delaware River drainage basin includes parts of four
                 states (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and New York),
                 encompasses about 35,000 kM 2          (13,500 square miles), and is
                 home to almost 8 million people. The Delaware Estuary is 215 km
                 (134 miles) long, stretching from the fall line at Trenton in the
                 north to the point where the Estuary enters the Atlantic Ocean
                 between Cape May Point, New Jersey and Cape Henlopen,
                 Delaware. The estuarine region, from Trenton, New Jersey to the
                 sea, has about 6 million residents and the fifth largest population
                 density of any northeast estuary.

                 There are three major ecological zones of the Estuary, distin-
                 guished by differences in salinity, turbidity, and biological
                 productivity. The Upper Zone is tidal freshwater and extends from
                 Trenton to Marcus Hook. Since colonial times, this area has
                 experienced the most severe impacts from development and
                 industrialization.   The Transition Zone, from Marcus Hook to
                 Artificial Island, has a wide salinity range (0-15 parts per thousand
                 (ppt)) and is characterized by high turbidity and low biological




                 20                                                                            Anniinrv 1QQ9;





                                            Ecological Zones -cand Tidal Wetlands











                                                                                                                                       e




                                                                                                                  10.





                                                                                                             Y
















































                                                                                                 0






                        hepared by the Delaware Bay IRO-y Pfojed USFWS
                     UnlvecW Tmrwvem Menator Projecdon, Zone 18, NAD 1927
                                        SCde:  1:5(AOOO
                                        November 1994

                                                                                                                                                                                                  A











                                                    Figure 10. The Delaware Estuary Ecological Zones and Tidal Wetlands.









                                                                                                                                                               STATE OF THE ESTUARY



                         productivity. The Lower Zone is open bay and extends to the
                         ocean. It has higher salinity and broad areas of fairly shallow
                         water (<9 meters). This
                         Lower Zone has the
                         highest                  (over                 90%)                         High Flow                                                    Low Flow
                         primary                           biological
                         production (Pennock and
                         Sharp, 1986) of the three
                         zones.


                         The hydrodynamics of the
                         Estuary are influenced by
                         freshwater                    flow,              tidal
                         circulation,                   and wind.
                         About 60 percent of the
                         freshwater flow into the
                         Estuary is from the non-
                         tidal Delaware River, with
                         about 10 percent from
                         the Schuylkill River, and
                         the remainder from the
                         Chesapeake and Delaware
                         Canal, small rivers, and
                         nonpoint                 source              runoff                         Parts Per Thousand [%.I
                         (Sharp                et        aL,           1986;                         0.1.1       1-2 1-7-1 2-s          Figure 11.                  Salinity distributions.                          River
                         Marino                et       al.,         1991).                   FIft 5-10          10-15         15-20    discharge has an important effect on salinity patterns in
                         This fresh                  water mixes                                     W25         25-30         >30      the Delaware Estuary. During high-flow periods, such
                                                                                                                                        as March 1983, fresh water penetrates far down the
                         with saline water from                                            estuary and brackish water is evident in the upper bay. In contrast, low-flow periods,
                         the ocean,                   creating the                         such as October 1980, allow salt water to intrude far up the estuary. The large
                         v a r i a b I e                      s a       n i t y            van  .ations that occur in the mid-estuary, around and below the C&D Cana                                         /, limit the
                                                                                           organisms that can inhabit this region to a relatively few hearty species. Source: The
                         distribution                found in the                          Delaware Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource (Newark, DE: University of
                         Lower Zone.                          The tidal                    Delaware Sea Grant College Program, 1988).
                         range at the mouth of
                         Delaware Bay is about
                         1.3 meters (4.25 feet); at the head of tide at Trenton, the tidal
                         range is about 2.5 meters (8.25 feeti.                                                                Because of channel
                         deepening and other changes, including decreased freshwater
                         flow, the tidal height at Trenton has increased, nearly doubling
                         since 1890 (Hires et aL, 1986; DiLorenzo et aL, 1992). The
                         upstream intrusion of saline waters to the Estuary has also
                         increased during the last 50 years (Smullen et aL, 1984), probably
                         the result of a combination of sea level rise, channel deepening,
                         and upstream removal of freshwater. Drought conditions also
                         affect the upstream range of salty water.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                       23









                        DRAFT CCIVIP
              DELAWARE
              ES'WARY PROGRAM


                The Delaware Estuary is a tidally dominated estuary. The ratio of
                measured flow, tidal to freshwater, is 300:1 at the mouth of the
                Bay. Because of this strong tidal flow, the Delaware is vertically
                well mixed and only partially stratified. This well mixed nature of
                the Delaware Estuary has major implications for water quality
                (DiLorenzo et aL, 1992). The unique shape of the Delaware
                Estuary and its strong tidal influence result in a well mixed Estuary
                from top to bottom in summer, fall, and winter. This is in sharp
                contrast to the Chesapeake Bay, where very strong stratification
                between the top and bottom occurs in the summer, creating
                stagnant, low oxygen bottom waters. In the Delaware Bay, some
                stratification can occur during high freshwater flow periods, such
                as during the spring runoff from March to early May, but this does
                not persist. Thus, the hydrological conditions that allow low
                oxygen levels to develop in other estuaries in the summer do not
                exist in Delaware Bay (Sharp et aL, 1982). The average flushing
                time for the Estuary is about 90 days (Sharp, 1984). At the
                present time, the persistently oxygenated conditions and rapid
                water exchange decrease the impact of substantial loadings of
                certain pollutants, compared to other estuaries. The relatively
                large tidal excursion, approximately 10. km (8 miles), means that
                plants and animals in the water travel a considerable distance each
                time the tide goes in and out. This large tidal displacement
                introduces large intratidal variability in the cycle and causes
                significant short-term variability in local estuarine water quality.

                B. Land Use


                "Land use" is a term that refers to the way land is developed or
                preserved: where we put houses, shopping centers, parking lots,
                highways, farms, and parks. It is of concern to the Delaware                 Demographic
                Estuary Program because development of a piece of land has                   predictions
                many effects on its ecology and, consequently, on the quality and            provide
                quantity of the water that flows over it (rainwater or melting               compelling
                snow), through it (steams and rivers) and under it (groundwater).            evidence for
                Development also has effects on wildlife, by altering habitat for            planning for
                nesting and nursery grounds, food, and protection; and it has                growth and
                effects on public access to waterways.                                       protection of
                                                                                             our natural
                Demographic predictions provide compelling evidence for planning             resources
                for growth and protection of our natural resources now. Nine of              now.
                the ten most densely populated U.S. counties are in the Northeast.
                By the year 2010, 56 coastal counties in the Northeast are
                projected to have a population density greater than 800 persons
                per square mile, or 10 times the projected national average



                24                                                                         Januarv 1995









                                                                       STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            (Culliton et aL, 1990). While not all of these counties are within
            the Delaware Estuary's watershed, many of the people living in
            them will be using Delaware Estuary resources, including water
            from the Delaware River.


            Of the 22 counties in the Delaware River Basin region, 10 had
            more than a 20 percent increase in population growth between
            1970 to 1990. This population growth has created an increased
            demand for land for housing, transportation, and commercial uses.
            Bucks and Montgomery Counties each added over 70,000 new
            housing units during this period, while Chester and Burlington
            Counties each added over 50,000 units.          Berks, Delaware,
            Camden, Gloucester, and Mercer Counties each added over
            20,000 housing units during this period.

            Population growth, and
            the demand for new                        POPULATION GROWTH VS. LAND AREA
            housing,        shopping                               1970-2020
            centers, and places of                   Delaware Estuary Watershed Communities
            employment, is projected                           (excluding Philadelphia)
            to continue throughout                                  Total Land Area
            the region between now                               Delaware Estuary Watershed
            and the year 2020, with
            an overall increase of 14                                 48%
            percent. This increase is
            not projected for the more
                                                                            19%
            urban counties, such as
            Philadelphia          and'
            Delaware,   which     have                 Population Growth        Forecasted Growth
            level   or        declining                  1970-1990                1990-2020
            populations.         While                     48%
                                                                                   52%
            Philadelphia is projected
                                                                                          ..........
            to lose 5 percent of its
                                                                 16%                    16%
            population        (76,000
                                                       36%                       32%
            people) by 2020, the
            States of Delaware and                                   Legend
            New Jersey are expected                               F-I Pennsylvania
                                                                  E]   New Jersey
            to   see   a    population                            F-I  Delaware
            increase of 24.3 percent      Figure 12. -Population growth vs. land area. Adapted from Delaware Valley
            and     21.5       percent,   Regional Planning Commission, June 1994. Sources: US Census Bureau; NJ Dept of
            respectively, by that date    Transportation; PA Department of Environmental Resources; University of Delaware.
            (Seymour, 1994).       The
            Delaware Valley Regional
            Planning Commission has analyzed land use in its nine county
            region as of March 1990, and used that data to project land



                                                                                                25




                     QQ
                     Or DRAFT CCMP
                     DELAWAR
                     ESTUARY PROGRAM


                        consumption to the year 2020. As of 1990, 37 percent of the
                        area was developed and 63 percent undeveloped. By 2020, an
                        additional 14 percent, or over 50 percent of the total land area, is
                        projected to be developed. Less than 50 percent of the land will
                        remain as agricultural, wooded, or vacant land or water (Seymour,
                        1994).

                        Coastal species, habitats, and ecosystems are under considerable
                        additional stress from development pressures and are becoming
                        less resilient as human population densities increase. Any trend
                        that moves people away from cities and into more rural areas puts
                        pressure on the remaining habitats; the                      loss of uplands, including
                        forests and farms, is a particular threat.                    In fact, a significant trend
                        in the region is the replacement of
                        agricultural land with urban or
                        suburban areas, particularly in the
                        upper watershed, coupled with losses
                        or alteration of forested tracts due to                                                                                   J
                        development in Delaware and southern
                        New Jersey.

                        Changes in          the nature of economic                                               -Delkival@, Bak.
                        activity also have a big impact on land
                        use and landscape.                   A shift from                                                            Care May
                        manufacturing to service jobs means
                        that employment centers can be more
                        dispersed.            From 1970 to 1990,
                        manufacturing employment in the
                        region decreased by 13 percent, as                                                                           "Atlantic Ocean
                        other sectors increased. Agricultural
                        employment is projected to remain
                        stable through 2020; however, low
                                                                                                                                           "Miles
                        density residential development may
                                                                                                                                  cfty"
                        make farming more difficult.                                             Future Land Area NFutu            Future
                                                                                                                     Marsh                        Curm"t
                                                                                            N With See-level Rise        reArea ES Beach A.       Und Area
                                                                                                    F-
                        Shoreline development is another land                          Figure 13. A projection          of Delaware's       Coastal Zone
                        use trend. Although shoreline creation                         geography accompanying a rise of                     sea level to
                        and filling are now limited by law,                            approximately 20 feet. The projected coast (gray shaded areas)
                                                                                       is based on sea levels equivalent to those in several interglacial
                        reconstruction             and       more          dense       periods over the past 2 million years. This projection could occur
                        housing are increasing the population                          again under four different scenarios: in 100-200 years with extreme
                                                                                       predictions of climate warming, in 1,500 years should sea level
                        along the Delaware Estuary's shores.                           continue to rise at rates we have had over the past 50 years; in 2,900
                        This increased population brings with                          years at rates similar to the past 900 years; and 4,800 years at the
                                                                                       average rate of the past 2,000 years, From "Sea Level Rise,"
                        it the potential for increased pollution                       Delaware Estuary Situation ReDort Series (Newark, DE: University of
                        from point and nonpoint sources and                            Delaware Sea Grant College Program, 199 1).
                        increased water supply demands. In




                        26                                                                                                           January 1995









                                                                          STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            addition, shoreline development is impacted by another well-
            documented trend, that of shoreline erosion. Many structures in
            the lower Estuary, which were once located on the shore, or even
            well inland, are now located at the waiter's edge or have
            disappeared. Another related concern of shoreline development
            is the historic rise in sea level. Some scientists believe the rate of
            rise is going to increase significantly due to global warming.
            Although there are disagreements about the! rate of such a rise,
            increases have the potential to flood shorelines; this threat is
            exacerbated by the violent storms (both hurricanes and winter
            storms) which have battered the Atlantic coast and lower Estuary
            in recent years.

            C. Water Use


            Increased population and development directly impact water
            supply and the use of the Estuary for economic and recreational
            purposes. Increasing water demands have resulted in periodic
            water supply shortages and regional groundwater overdrafts,
            especially from aquifers in the coastal plain of New Jersey and in
            southeastern Pennsylvania.       In addition to drawdown, water
            supplies are also threatened by salt water intrusion to deeper
            aquifers and the inland movement of the salt/fresh transition zone.
            Although not as well studied, other water supply concerns include
            the increasing depletion of tributary streamflows and transfer of
            wastewater out of the Delaware River Basin.


            Twenty million people currently rely on the Delaware River Basin
            for drinking water. The largest user is New York City which
            diverts water from the headwaters of the river system. None of               Twenty
            this water is returned to the Basin or Estuary. Based on a 1954              million people
            U.S. Supreme Court decree, New York City has the right to divert             rely on the
            an average of 800 million gallons a day (mgd) of water from the              Delaware
            Basin, provided that the City sustains a flow in the Delaware River          River Basin
            of 1,750 cubic feet per second (cfs) at Montague, New Jersey.                for drinking
            The City owns three large reservoirs in the upper parts of the               water.
            Basin. However, under a reoccurrence of the 1 960s drought
            conditions, the terms of the 1954 Decree, with respect to both
            exportations to New York City and the Montague flow objective,
            cannot be met with the reservoir storage capacity available. A
            program to reduce exportations and maintain flow objectives at
            Montague during drought periods was included in the 1982 "Good
            Faith Agreement" signed by the Governors of the four Basin states
            and the Mayor of New York City. The "Good Faith Agreement"




                                                                                                    27








                        DRAFT CCIVIP
               DELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 is a compilation of 14 recommendations that constitute a series of
                 interrelated management steps designed to respond to changed
                 conditions in the Basin. They are organized around a long-term
                 salinity standard to be achieved through the development of a new
                 reservoir storage and flow augmentation capacity, water
                 conservation, drought management, and the regulation of new or
                 expanded depletive uses. A Delaware River Basin Commission
                 (DRBC) Resolution (No. 83-13) provides for equitable sharing
                 between downstream users and upstream exportation interests
                 under future water shortage conditions. The Basin experiences
                 three droughts every ten years (Goodell, 1988).

                 Figure 14 depicts 1991 average annual water withdrawals in the
                 Delaware River Basin. These data were obtained in response to
                 a recent DRBC regulation (Resolution No. 86-12) which requires
                 water users to meter, record, and
                 report their water withdrawals. Total
                 in-Basin water withdrawals average            Public = 1103 mgd
                 more than 7.3 billion gallons a day.          Industry = 1017 mgd
                 Water withdrawals decreased six               Agriculture = 58 mgd
                                                               Power  5059 rngd
                 percent between 1987 and 1991.                Other 46 mgd
                 This is due primarily to a reduction in       Total 7337 rngd
                 power      generation       withdrawals
                 stemming from a greater reliance on                      Power
                 closed-cycle cooling systems and the                      68%
                 use of cooling towers as opposed to
                 once-through cooling systems which
                 require more water to operate.
                                                                                                Ag6culture
                 Power generation water withdrawals
                                                                                                    %
                 constitute    68    percent of total                               0,
                                                                                    sffl
                 withdrawals. Industry and the public                                           dustry
                 water supply sectors comprise most                         Other  PU           15%
                 of the remaining withdrawal, each at                        1%       blic
                 .15 percent of total withdrawals.                                  15%
                 Commission staff anticipate that,              "Public" contains purveyor, rural, and institutional use.
                 despite increasing population growth,          'Other"contains golf, livestock, and snowmaking use.
                 water withdrawals should continue to           All other categories are self-explanatory.
                 decline    as    a    result    of    the   Figure 14. Delaware River Basin 1991 average
                 Commission's water conservation             annual withdrawals WGD).
                 efforts, particularly its regulations
                 requiring low flow plumbing fixtures
                 and fittings and leak detection and repair. Also, it is likely that
                 industries and power plants will continue to rely on and convert to
                 closed-cycle cooling systems in lieu of once-through systems.





                 28                                                                            January 1995









                                                                           STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            Figure 15 shows 1990 in-Basin average annual consumptive water
            use as estimated by DRBC in its most recent Water Resources
            Program (1990-1991). Consumptive water use is the loss of
            water     from    the     Basin    either    through      evaporation,
            evapotranspiration, or through incorporation into products via a
            manufacturing process. Consumptive water use is of particular
            concern to water managers because this water is not available for
            re-use or instrearn flow protection. These estimates were either
            reported by individual water users or derived by Commission staff
            based on available information. As
            noted in Figure 15, consumptive use
            is greatest in the public water supply        Public = 139 rngd
            sector.     During the spring and             Industry = 54 mgd
            summer months, there is extensive             Agriculture = 53 mgd
                                                          Povver W mgd
            consumptive use in this sector                Other 30 mgd
            stemming from lawn and garden                 Total M4 mgd
            watering and air conditioning. This                              Other
            component is measured by comparing                                9%
            peak seasonal versus winter average                                         Power
                                                                         n@:
            water use. Other large consumptive                                          20%
            uses include agriculture, industry, and
            power generation.                                   Public
                                                                40%
            The water that is evaporated through
                                                                                        Agriculture
            power generation can now be made                              @11..@ . .... . .
            up during dry periods by releasing                                             15%
            water from Merrill Creek Reservoir,                              Industry
            the Basin's newest impoundment                                      16%
            located just off the Delaware River             "Public"contains purveyor, rural, and institutional use.
            near Phillipsburg, New Jersey. The              "Othee'contains golf, livestock, and snowmaking use.
            16 billion gallon storage facility,             All other categories are self-explanatory.
            completed in 1988, was built by a           Figure 15. Delaware River Basin 1990 average
            consortium of electric utilities at the     annual consumptive use (MGD).
            direction of the Commission. When
            the Basin is under a drought warning
            and flows fall below the normal Trenton objective of 3,000 cfs,
            the utilities must release water from the impoundment to make up
            for evaporative losses at their riverbank generating stations.

            Figure 16 depicts projected consumptive water use in the Basin
            for the   year 2020 as identified by DRBC's Water Resources
            Program.     Average annual consumptive use is projected to
            increase from 344 mgd in 1990 to 440 mgd by the year 2020.
            Estimated peak seasonal consumptive use is projected to increase
            from about 555 mgd to about 736 mgd in 2020 (Interstate Water



                                                                                                     29









                         DRAFT CCIVIP
               DELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 Management Recommendations of the Parties to the U.S. Supreme
                 Court Decree of 1954 to the Delaware River Basin Co rhmission,
                 pursuant to Commission Resolution
                 78-20).     The largest increases are           Public = 190 rngd
                 projected for the public water supply           Industry = 68 rngd
                 and power generation sector@;. These            Agriculture = 60 rngd
                 projected increases reflect continuing          Power = 88 rngd
                                                                 Other = 34 rngd
                 needs     for   water     for    domestic       Total 440 mgd
                 purposes and air conditioning to                                    Other
                 support an expanding population                                      8%
                 base.     The Basin's population is                                           Power
                 expected to increase from 7.3 million
                                                                                                2M.
                 to 8.4 million by the year 2020.

                                                                       Public
                 Increasing water withdrawals           also           43%
                 increase salt water intrusion          into
                                                                                                Agriculture
                 aquifers which supply drinking water.
                                                                                                   14%
                 An excessive level of salt in drinking
                 water is a well known risk to public                                 Industry
                 health. The interim salinity standard                                  15%
                 adopted by DRBC for protecting the
                 drinking    water    of   the    Delaware        "Public" contains purveyor, rural, and institutional use.
                 Estuary is a maximum 30-day average              "Other"contains golf, livestock, and snowmaking use.
                 of 180 mg/I of chlorides and 100 mg/I            All other categories are self-explanatory.
                 of sodium at river kilometer 158 (river       Figure 16. Delaware River Basin 2020
                 mile 98), one mile upstream of the            projected average annual consumptive use
                                                               (M G D).
                 Walt Whitman Bridge. An agreement
                 signed by the four Basin states and
                 New York City recommends that a more protective standard (150
                 mg/1 of chlorides and 83 mg/1 of sodium) be established by the
                 year 2000. This more protective standard cannot be met with
                 current reservoir storage capacity (approximately 413 billion
                 gallons), projected sea level rise, and increasing consumptive uses
                 (DRBC, Water Resources Program, 1990-1991).

                 Industries use the Delaware Estuary as a source of water for
                 cooling and as a depository for waste discharge. Currently, these
                 activities are concentrated in the upper Estuary while the shoreline
                 of the lower Bay remains relatively free of large industrial
                 activities.


                 Shipping is important to the economy of the Estuary region. To
                 support Port operations and accommodate increasingly larger
                 ships, govern ment-authorized dredging has been conducted in the
                 Delaware Estuary since the latter part of the 1 9th century. The




                 30                                                                                        1 GO=









                                                                         STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            ship channel today is 13 meters (40
            feet) deep. To maintain this depth,
            about 5.5 million cubic yards of
            sediment are dredged on an annual
            basis (See Table 1 and Figure 18).
                                                                           PhIla Iola
            The     dredged     sediment       was
            historically deposited largely on
            Estuary shores and marshes, creating
                                                                                   A
            areas that were later developed for
            industry.                                         WWOminglon
                                                                                   Major Dischargers

                                                                                  t oillcoaf Power Plants
            Dredging   has  resulted in  increased                                e-, Sewalle Trealmerl Plants
                                                                                    Industry
            tidal range (DiLorenzo et aL, 1993)                      Salem
                                                                                    Nuclear Power Plants
            and increased shoreline erosion                       'U
            caused by ship wakes.            These
            factors have resulted in decreased
                                                                          ronjf%m, RwV
            intertidal vegetation in the Upper and
                                                                            V
            Transition Zones of the Estuary
                                                                              4
            (Ferren and Schuyler, 1980).
                                                                           K
                                                                                                to
                                                                              A
            Another major aspect of water use of
                                                                        Kf
            the Delaware Estuary is the use of
                                                                                    0
            the River and Bay for recreation.
            Dramatic improvements in water
            quality over the last 20 years have
                                                                                    A.
            increased the value of the Estuary as
                                                                              UW
            a recreational resource. The River
            and Bay are used for fishing,
            crabbing, boating, and sailing. Over      Figure 17. Major dischargers. Reproduced from The Delaware
            2.4 million people visited the upper      Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource (Newark, DE: University of
            Basin (Delaware Water Gap National        Delaware Sea Grant College Program. 1988).
            Recreation Area) in 1986 (Karrish,
            1988); comparable data are not available -for the Estuary.

            The economic value of sport fishing in Delaware Bay alone (both
            New Jersey and Delaware) is estimated to be about $25 million
            per year (Kerlinger, 1991).       Hunting, particularly waterfowl
            hunting, is important to the economy in rural sections of the
            Estuary.

            In recent years, the economic value of the fishing and boating
            industry has been augmented by Estuary-dependent ecotourism.
            At Cape May, New Jersey, alone, over 90,000      birders spent $5.5
            million in 1988 (Kerlinger, 1991). Much of this economic boost
            was in the "off-season".




                                                                                                  31

















                                                                                                                                                                                 >
             Table 1.          Delaware Estuary Existing Project Quantities and Disposal Areas


                      Project           Reach            Disposal Area                Maintenance:                            Disposal Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                   "n
                                                                                   Cubic Yards/Year                                                                                   q
                                                                                                                                                                                   0
               Delaware River,          A         National Park                    260,000                  Site can be used until 2007 at existing dike                           0
               Philadelphia to Sea                                                                          heights and could be extended to 2027. New site                        &
                                                                                                            then required to replace National Park.                                V

                                        B         Pedricktown North and            2,647,000                With further dike raising and extended use of
                                                  South Oldmans                                             Oldmans Creek Disposal Area-, can defer new
                                                                                                            sites acquisition until year 2030.

                                        C         Penns Neck & Killcohook          2,257,000                Sufficient capacity until 2014 at existing dike
                                                                                                            heights and could be extended with dike raising
                                                                                                            throughout 50 year planning period.

                                        D         Artificial Island                340,000                  Sufficient capacity exists for over 50 years.

                                        E         Buoy 10                          48,000                   Sufficient capacity exists for over 50 years.

                                        Total                                      5,552,000

               Christina River, Wilmington        Wilmington Harbor and            680,000                  A disposal area evaluation is being initiated. With
               Harbor                             Wilmington Harbor South                                   transfer of the Cherry Island Disposal Area to
                                                                                                            Delaware Solid Waste Authority, a new disposal
                                                                                                            site may be required in less than 10 years.

               Schuylkill River                   Ft. Mifflin                      160,000                  Sufficient capacity exists for over 50 years.

               Delaware River, Philadelphia       Multiple Sites                   50,000                   Sufficient capacity exists for over 20 years. Two
               to Trenton                                                                                   new disposal sites will then need to be acquired.

               Delaware River to                  Multiple Sites                   less than 200,000        Sufficient capacity exists in the portions within
               Chesapeake Bay, C&D                                                                          Delaware for over 50 years.
               Canal


  .0
  .0




                                    Delaware River Disposal Areas



                                                                                                                                      Legend



                                                                                                            Trenton

                                                                                                                                  Existing Disposal Sites
                        Pennsylvania
                                                                                                                                  Reach Delineations

                                                                  Phila elphia

                                                                                                                                             N
                                                                             amden


                                                                                                                                                        E
                                                                                        A



                                                                                                                                             S



                                                                                        B
                                 k,
                               A                                  New Jersey                                                                      9 Miles
                       Tin-                                                                                                      Scale: 1


                                                                                        C







                                                 osey River
                                                                                                                              US Army Corps
                                                                                                                              of Engineers
                                            N
                                                                                                                              Philadelphia District
                                                                                           D


                                                          t .11,50
                                               kR,
                                                                                                                             This map was produced by the
                                                                                                                             U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
                                                     1@lj   q,  :9!tt..
                                                                                                                             P
                                                                                                                                 adelphia District@ PI
                                                                                                                              hil                           9
                                                                                                                             Division Geographic Information
                                                                                                                             System (GIS). Portions of digital
                                                                                                                             data were provided by; NJDEP,
                                                                                        N                                                 and
                                                                                                                             PFN?qD- )T       DELDOT-----
                                                                X
                                                                                    NIA
                                                           wN     W
                                                                                      zi
                                                    "'AS"'N
                                                          g                              Cape Ma
                                                         4ROWW",
                                                                      17



                                                                                       01
              Z:
                                                                                                -V
                                                                                                             ;t
                                                                                                A
                                   @M, IZZ
                                                                                                       1,", Z
                                                               'zi
                                                                                                            Z"R
                                                                          @qn,- %o:,,
                                                                                             4
                                                                             "Al
                                                                                                   mi
                                                                                                               2





                                                                                     tF,
                                                                      Pr


                                                                                                            7 IN
                                                                                       01"
                                                                                                                                 October 1994
                                                                                 R
                                              ... . .. ...


       CA)



                                           Figure 18. Delaware Estuary disposal areas   for federal projects.









                                                                                STATE OF THE ESTUARY


            .D. Water Quality

             Water quality is an important issue in the Delaware Estuary
             because of the heavy demands for drinking water, industrial water
             use, and recreational and commercial fisheries.


             There have been
             dramatic improve-                    12
             rnents    in    water
                                             0    10-
             quality, since the              0)
             1960s,       including               9-
                                             Z    8-
             the return of oxy-              W
                                             0    7-
             genated conditions              >_
                                             X    6-
             during the entire               0
             year.      A major              0
                                             W    4-
             emphasis            on               3-
                                             0
             sewage treatment                (n   2
             has resulted in a               Fn   1-
             decrease     in    the               00         so       16o       i @0      260       2150
             biochemical oxygen                                      DISTANCE (km)
             demand           (from
             bacterial      respira-
             tion)   and      some                           F-- 1968 - 1981 NE 1987
             decreases     in the
             major         nutrient    Figure 19. Dissolved oxygen against distance from the mouth of the
             inputs of nitrogen        Delaware Estuary to Trenton. oxygen data as monthly weighted annual average values.
             and,       especially,    1968 and 1981 data from DR13C. 1987 data from J.H. Sharp (unpublished).
             phosphorus. Fecal
             coliform levels also have dropped significantly, even in smaller
             tributaries. Fecal coliform is a bacteria used as an indicator of
             health risks associated with using water for drinking, swimming,
             or shellfish harvesting. The River is now more alkaline because of
             reduced acid waste.


             In spite of the many improvements, however, water quality is still
             not adequate to support fishable/swimmable classifications in the
             Camden/Philadelphia metropolitan area (DRBC, 1990; Frithsen et
             aL, 1991; Marino et aL, 1991). The Estuary, from River Mile
             108.4, below the mouth of Pennypack Creek, to River Mile 78.8,
             the Pennsylvania and Delaware state line, does not meet federal
             criteria for fishable water; the Estuary, from River Mile 108.4,
             below the mouth of Pennypack Creek, to River Mile 81.8, the
             Commodore Barry Bridge, does not meet federal criteria for
             swimmable water.





                                                                                                             35









                         DRAFT CCMP
               DELAWAR
               ESMARY PROGRM


                 The Delaware River Use Attainability Project (1989) found that
                 wastewater treatment plants in this area would need to be
                 upgraded to meet
                 the fishable criteria.
                 The    Project     also
                 found    that,     until
                 additional      studies              14-
                 concerning          the
                 i rn p a c t      a n d              12-
                 correction           of           0
                                                   CM  10-
                 combined         sewer            E           M
                                                   z
                 overflows (CSOs) in               W  8-
                 the Philadelphia area
                                                   X
                                                   0
                 can be conducted,                 a  6-
                                                   LU
                 uncertainties     exist
                                                   0
                 concerning          the           CO 4-
                                                   (0
                 attainment           of           65
                                                      2-
                 swimmable      waters.                            M
                 CSOs, both illegal                   0
                 dry weather bypass                    65      io      i5      do       95     90     95
                 and wet weather                                             YEAR
                 over-flows, degrade
                 water quality.            Figure 20. Dissolved oxygen concentration at Marcus Hook, 1967 through
                 The    states     have    1993. Data fromDRBC.
                 developed         CSO
                 Control Strategies to comply with the 1989 USEPA National CSO
                 Control Strategy. In 1994, USEPA issued its CSO Control Policy
                 that elaborates on     the National CSO Strategy and expedites
                 compliance with the    Clean Water Act. This Policy provides for a
                 comprehensive approach to ensure that municipalities, permitting
                 authorities, water quality standards authorities, and the public
                 engage in a thorough and coordinated planning effort to achieve
                 cost effective CSO controls that ultimately meet appropriate health
                 and environmental objectives. In order to comply with the CSO
                 Control Policy guidance and the requirements of the Clean Water
                 Act, the three states and several urban areas, in coordination with
                 DRBC, are developing site specific CSO strategies that are in
                 compliance with state CSO strategies (See Action W13).

                 The Delaware Estuary still has one of the highest nutrient inputs
                 of any major estuary in North America; urban wastewater is the
                 major source of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the estuarine
                 system.     Sharp (1993) has shown that, on average, total
                 phosphorus dropped dramatically in the early 1 970s, but has




                 36                                                                           Januarv 1995









                                                                         STATE OF THE ESTUARY



           stayed relatively constant since that time.           Much of the
           phosphorus is lost by geochemical reactions (Lebo and Sharp,
           1993). Ammonium concentrations have been steadily declining,
           with commensurate increases in nitrate concentrations. It appears
           that much of the ammonium has been oxidized to nitrate rather
           than removed from the system, although there has been some
           decrease in total nitrogen (Sharp, 1993). High nutrient levels
           usually provide ideal conditions for eutrophication, causing
           massive blooms dominated by cyanobacteria and diatoms
           (planktonic algae), but these do not usually occur in the Delaware
           Estuary. Rather, there are usually healthy populations of diatoms
           in both the tidal river and in the lower Estuary; the Transition Zone
           has low productivity because of high turbidity and less light
           penetration.




                        Estuaries                   Rivers                    Lakes

                              45%
                                                aD%

                                                                       76%



                   4





                                                               17%
                                     22%                                                3%

                         18%                    1%         2%                        12%
                                                   a%  8%                       1%





                   0 Nonpoint Sources     WCombined Sewer Overflows QNatural Causes
                   551ndustrial Point Sources EgOther/Unknown       EMMunicipal Point Sources



             Figure 21. Sources of pollution causing impairment of U.S. surface waters. Percentages for estuaries
             are based on area, percentage for lakes are based on numbers of lakes, and percentages for rivers are based on miles.
            All percentages are calculated on the basis of the assessed resource. Source: USEPA (1986).


           Roughly 65 percent of all river miles in watersheds draining to
           estuaries are impaired by nonpoint pollutants (USEPA, 1986) and
           45 percent of all pollution impacts to estuarine ecosystems
           nationwide are attributable to nonpoint sources.

           USEPA water quality impairment studies show that, of total
           nonpoint source pollutants in estuaries, 35 percent are nutrients,




                                                                                                   37









                                                   DRAFT CCIVIP
                               DELAWARE
                               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                                     28 percent are pathogens, 17 percent are organic dissolved
                                     oxygen, 7 percent are heavy metals and pesticides, and 5 percent
                                     are sediments (USEPA 305b Water                                                    Quality Reports, 1990).









                                                       Sediments



                                                          Nutrients         L1 I I I      i I iI      I I H I I I II I iII I I I I I I I I I 1111111 11111111111 ii@@
                                                                            M
                                                                                                                                                                                                      E3
                                                       Pathogens            LT[TMM I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


                                                     Organic/DO                                                   LL


                                              Metals/pesticides



                                                              Other         I


                                                                      0                    10                     20                   30                    40                      50

                                                                                                       % of Assessed Impaired Waters


                                     Figure 22. Causes of surface water impairment by NIPS pollution. Source: USEPA (1 990b).


                                     Comprehensive data on nonpoint pollution impacts to surface and
                                     groundwater bodies throughout the Delaware Estuary region are
                                     still largely unavailable. Local watershed studies show that, since
                                     point sources are already subject to stringent regulation, nonpoint
                                     sources have become more significant water quality concerns.

                                     In a study of the Upper Perkiomen watershed, Cahill Associates
                                     (1993) found that water quality in three reservoirs had been
                                     impaired to hyper-eutrophic conditions by phosphorous and
                                     suspended sediments in stormwater from agricultural and
                                     suburban uses. They determined that, although agricultural uses
                                     currently produce 80 percent of the nonpoint source pollution in
                                     the watershed, the conversion of farmland to suburban
                                     subdivisions would be the most likely cause of future nonpoint-
                                     related water quality impairments.






                                     38                                                                                                                                                               Januarv 1995









                                                                      STATE OF THE ESTUARY



           Like the reservoirs in the Upper Perkiomen watershed, Alcyon
           Lake in Gloucester County, New Jersey, is currently polluted to a
           eutrophic state.   It remains threatened primarily by projected
           suburban development (with projected increases in nonpoint
           pollutant loadings of 22 to 52% of total loading). A watershed-
           based stormwater management plan calls for open space areas,
           runoff controls for new development, and forested buffers
           (Gloucester County Planning Department, October 1992).

           Another study, focusing on nonpoint source pollution in the
           Delaware Estuary region, stated that "...decennial gains of up to
           16% in suburban sprawl may represent a 45% increase in
           nonpoint source pollution by the year 2020" (Greeley-Polhemus
           Group, 1994).

           To address water quality degradation problems in the Estuary
           region, the CCMP nonpoint source action plan (see Chapter 111)
           calls.for watershed-based land planning, the implementation of
           Coastal Zone Act Management Measures, riparian corridors, and
           the restoration of urban stream corridors.


           E.    Toxic Substances                                                  Elevated
                                                                                   levels of a
           The Delaware Estuary is impacted by toxic substances, mainly            few toxic
           human-created chemicals which have been introduced to the               substances
           waters. Elevated levels of a few toxic substances have been             have been
           detected in the sediments, the water column, and in the tissues of      detected in
           organisms dependent on the Estuary. Toxic substances include            the
           heavy metals and organic contaminants, such as pesticides and           sediments,
           polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). (See Chapter V1 for a listing of      the water
           pollutants of concern.)   While there are few exceedances of            column, and
           USEPA's water quality     criteria for toxic substances in the          in the tissues
           Delaware Estuary (McNair, 1991), there are concerns about long-         of organisms
           term, chronic impacts.     The highest concentrations of toxic          dependent on
           substances occur in the urban area (McNair, 1991; Costa and             the Estuary.
           Sauer, 1994). There may be some important point sources for
           metals, but the organic contaminants appear to be primarily from
           nonpoint sources. The levels of toxic substances in Delaware
           (Jacobsen et aL, 1989).


           TRACE METALS


           In the Transition Zone, many water column metals are converted
           to particulate form by the action of seawater flocculation (Church




                                                                                              39









                        DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
              USTE-ARYPROd@ FAM


                 et al., 1988). Metal concentrations tend to decline from this zone
                 to the ocean, probably as a result of increasing dilution by
                 seawater and fewer dischargers in the Lower Zone. Zinc and
                 copper have decreased significantly since 1970.          Nickel has
                 increased in the Upper and Transition Zones, and decreased down-
                 bay. Chromium still exceeded water quality criteria sometimes in
                 the late 1980s (McNair, 1991).         Elevated metals in bottom
                 sediments are associated with fine, organic-rich particles,
                 especially near municipalities and in the central area of the Estuary
                 (Church et al., 1988). Dredging activities, and to some degree
                 shipping and boating activities, resuspend sediments and
                 potentially remobilize these metals.

                 Total loadings of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead to the
                 Delaware Estuary are approximately 100, 000 kg/year (110 tons) -
                 A significant portion of these loadings originate from point sources
                 discharging directly into the Estuary; however, nonpoint sources
                 also contribute to the loadings.        Urban runoff contributes
                 significant metals to the Estuary.        Agricultural runoff is a
                 significant source of arsenic to the Estuary because of long-term
                 use of inorganic pesticides. Atmospheric deposition contributes
                 a small proportion of the total loadings of the metals arsenic,
                 chromium, and lead. Urban runoff, point sources, atmospheric
                 deposition, and groundwater all contribute significant amounts of
                 mercury to the Estuary.        The total loading of mercury is
                 approximately 10,000 kg/year (11 tons) (Versar, 1994).

                 ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS


                 There is a trend toward increasing phenols, in all three zones of
                 the Delaware Estuary, and decreasing volatile organic compounds
                 in the Upper Zone (McNair, 199 1). The highest levels of organic
                 toxic substances are associated with the urban areas (Costa and
                 Sauer, 1994). Chlorinated hydrocarbons are of particular concern
                 because they biomagnify in biota. Some of these compounds can
                 be formed as a result of water treatment by chlorination.
                 Historical analytical problems with measuring many toxic organic
                 compounds have made determination of long-term trends difficult;
                 however, recent improvements in analytical techniques should
                 improve our ability to measure contaminants and establish trends.

                 Most contributions of chlorinated pesticides to the Estuary are
                 from agricultural runoff, amounting to approximately 10,000 kg/
                 year (11 tons). Although the use of many of these pesticides is
                 now severely restricted, previous long-term use in agricultural




                 40                                                                        Januarv 1995









                                                                         STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            areas caused contaminants to accumulate in soils that continue to
            erode into the Estuary. Point sources also remain a significant
            source of chlorinated pesticides Wersar, 1994).

            The direct effects of toxic substances on biota, as well as
            accumulation in organisms, are not very well documented, either
            in the Delaware Estuary or elsewhere; however, toxic substances
            have been detected in the tissues of fish and shellfish in the
            Delaware Estuary. Chlorinated organic compounds such as PCBs,
            chlordane, and DDT and its related compounds have been found
            in fish tissue (Belton, et aL, 1982; Gastrich, 1992; DRBC, 1988;            Fish and
            USFWS, 1993), and have resulted in fish consumption advisories              shellfish
            for the entire Delaware Estuary.                                            contamination
                                                                                        and
            FISH ADVISORIES                                                             associated
                                                                                        health risks to
            Fish and shellfish contamination and associated health risks to the         the
            consuming public have been identified among the key                         consuming
                                                                                        public have
            management issues of the Delaware Estuary Program.               Fish       been
            consumption advisories provide information to the public                    identified
            concerning the extent of contamination, the fish species affected,          among the
            the maximum number of fish which should be consumed from the                key
            water body, and ways to reduce health risk through proper                   management
            preparation and cooking techniques. There are several advisories            issues of the
            in place for the Delaware Estuary (See Table 2). For example,               Delaware
            Pennsylvania and New Jersey have a health advisory for channel              Estuary
            catfish, taken from the urban Delaware River, due to PCB                    Program.
            contamination, and Delaware issued an advisory for striped bass
            in June 1994.       However, there are currently no uniform
            procedures among the states for the detection and evaluation of
            fish tissue contamination in the Estuary and no coordinated
            program for informing the public of health risks from consuming
            tainted fish. Consequently, duplication of sampling effort has
            occurred while critical information needs have not been met. The
            result is incomplete and inconsistent advice to the public.

            ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS


            Chlorinated pesticides appear to adversely affect populations of
            birds of prey (raptors) in the Delaware Estuary. Although more
            study is needed, there is evidence that eggshell thinning due to
            toxic substances is continuing to affect the stability of raptor
            populations. Elevated levels of PCBs, DDT and its metabolites,
            and chlordane have been detected in peregrine falcon eggs from
            the Delaware Estuary (Jarman et aL, 1993). Eggshell thinning and



                                                                                                    41




                     go
                     Or DRAFT CCMP
                     DELAWARE
                     ESTUARY PROGRAM



                        Table 2.            Fish Consumption Advisories for Delaware River and Bay


                                                                    ...... ..........
                                            .......... ..... .... .......                          .... .     . ......
                                                                                                             .. ......       ... ..........
                                                                                                                             "Affk.
                                                                                                                                d"J": ...
                                       Aggrid                                                           . .... ..... ........
                                                                . . ............. ..
                                                                                                                                     MO.'
                                                                                                     . .......... .. ........ ......
                                                                                                  . . ......... ... ...... ........

                         ..............
                                                                                                                       .... ......
                                  ...................                                                                   .. . ..                 . .... ......
                                                                                                                                     . ... ..... .
                                                                                                                             .................. ............ .
                                                                                                                           ......... ...........
                                                                                                  hd
                                                     . . . ..............

                            PADER/PADH                 White             Yardley to PCBs,                          Do not eat
                                                       Perch,            PAME                Chlordane
                                                       Channel           Line
                                                       Catfish,
                                                       American
                                                       Eel

                          NJDEP/NJDOH                  Channel           1-276               PCBs,                 Do not eat
                                                       Catfish           Bridge to           Chlordane
                                                                         Birch
                                                                         Creek

                          NJDEP/NJDOH                  American          Statewide           PCBs,                 No more than 1
                                                       Eel                                   DDT,                  meal/week and no
                                                                                             Chlordane             consumption for high
                                                                                                                   risk groups*

                          NJDEP/NJDOH                  Bluefish          Statewide           PCBs,                 No more than 1
                                                       > 24" or                              DDT,                  meal/week and no
                                                       >6 lbs                                Chlordane             consumption for high
                                                                                                                   risk groups*

                          DNREC/                       Striped           DE State            PCBs                  Do not eat
                          DE DHSS                      Bass,             Line to the
                                                       White             C&D
                                                       Perch,            Canal
                                                       Channel
                                                       Catfish,
                                                       White
                                                       Catfish

                          DNREC/                       Striped           C&D                 PCBs                  Adults: no more than
                          DE DHSS                      Bass,             Canal to                                  five 8 oz. meals per
                                                       Channel           Cape                                      year; Children: no more
                                                       Catfish,          Henlopen                                  than three 4 oz. meals
                                                       White                                                       per year
                                                       Catfish           I                 I                   I
                          *Pregnant women, nursing mothers, women of child-bearing age, young children





                        42                                                                                                           Januarv 1995









                                                                         STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            lower reproductive success have been reported for peregrine
            falcons nesting in the Delaware Estuary compared to other areas
            in New Jersey (Steidl et aL, 1991 b).         Osprey reproductive
            success is almost 30 percent lower in the Estuary than along the
            Atlantic coast of New Jersey (Clark, 1991; Steidl et aL, 1991
            a,c). A possible cause for this poor production in the Estuary is
            low hatching rates due to effects of environmental contaminants,
            although losses of eggs and chicks to predators, and poor
            brooding due to food shortages or predator harassment, are also
            suspected (Clark, 1991). In 1992, there were nine bald eagle
            nests in the Delaware Estuary. Of the four nests in Delaware,
            only one produced young; one of New Jersey's five nests failed
            to produce young. This failure rate of 44 percent is one of the
            highest rates of nest failures in the country for bald eagles (Niles
            etaL, 1991).


            DRBC monitoring has detected chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane,
            and toxic metals in the water column in the urban areas of the
            Estuary. Water quality exceedances for lead, copper, mercury,
            arsenic,.chromium, and silver are a concern in the urban section
            of the Estuary. DRBC's November 1990 study found ambient
            water samples, collected under average flow conditions at the
            Delaware Memorial Bridge and between the Wait Whitman and
            Tacony-Palmyra Bridges, to affect the growth of fathead minnows
            (DRBC, 1991).

            Toxic substances are present in the sediments as a result of point
            and nonpoint discharges to the Estuary and atmospheric
            deposition. Contaminated sediments may act as a source of,
            continued contamination of the water and biota.            DDT and
            associated compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
            copper, lead, zinc, chromium, nickel, cadmium, and mercury were
            found in the sediments in the greater Philadelphia area from
            Burlington to the mouth of the Schuylkill River.         Lead, zinc,
            cadmium, pesticides, and some of the PAHs exceeded the
            National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ER-M
            (effects level-median), which is the level at which adverse effects
            are frequently observed in benthic species (DRBC, 1993).

            In a 1994 interpretation of historical data, spatial distributions of
            acute sediment toxicity throughout the Estuary were determined
            and causative associations between chemical conta      minants and
            acute sediment toxicity were identified (Costa and Sauer, 1994).
            In this study, PCBs were found to be far more widespread in
            sediments than previously indicated, and PAHs indicated several



                                                                                                   43









                       DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
              'ES-TURY R-OGRAM


                different oil-related sources in the urban portions of the Estuary.
                Acute sediment toxicity was more widespread than previously
                documented, but this problem was concentrated along
                industrialized portions of the Delaware River. Primary causative
                contaminants appear to be oil-related PAHs, copper, and mercury;
                however, zinc and DDT-related pesticides and PCBs also imparted
                toxicity and were bioavailable to benthic organisms (Costa and
                Sauer, 1994).


                The impacts of toxic substances on the ecology and behavior of
                particular organisms in the Delaware Estuary have been studied to
                a limited extent. There are often synergistic effects among toxic
                compounds, which can be further indirectly affected by other              Further
                stresses on the organisms. More evidence needs to be gathered             characteriza-
                to document amounts and impacts of toxic substances on                    tion of toxic
                estuarine biota, especially those that are harvested for human            substances in
                consumption. This is a difficult problem because many of these            the Estuary is
                compounds are potentially contributed from nonpoint sources.              needed,
                Federal, interstate, and state efforts are underway to better             including
                understand toxic substances, but increased sampling and analysis          studies of
                                                                                          toxic @
                are critical. Further characterization of toxic substances in the         substances at
                Estuary is needed, including studies of toxic substances at lower         lower trophic
                trophic levels and their transfer through the food web.                   levels and
                                                                                          their transfer
                F     Habitat                                                             through the
                                                                                          food web.

                Habitat is the arrangement of food, water, shelter or cover, and
                space suitable to an organism's needs. Habitats may be small
                well-defined areas, such as the nesting and feeding area for a pair
                of ospreys, or they may encompass large regions if a species is
                migratory. Habitat can also be defined by the species that inhabit
                them. For example, oysters create surfaces with their shells for
                other species to live on, and oyster reefs support a diverse fauna
                in the water column and on the bottom. Habitats vary in time,
                temperature, salinity, human impacts, and other defining factors.

                Habitats provide breeding, nesting, staging, and feeding grounds
                for waterfowl, shorebirds, raptors, songbirds, mammals, fish,
                reptiles, and amphibians.      Forested areas and successional
                meadows are crucial to millions of migrating songbirds and to a
                diversity of reptiles and amphibians. Marine and estuarine habitats
                support species from the lowest to the highest trophic levels.
                Nationally, almost 35 percent of all rare and endangered animal
                species are either located in or dependent on wetland habitats,





                44                                                                       Januarv 1995









                                                                          STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            and 90 percent of the species of commercially important fish and
            shellfish either pass their entire lives in estuarine habitats or
            require estuaries as nursery grounds.

            While some species are fairly adaptable and can flourish in a
            variety of habitats, many species have very specific requirements.
            These specific requirements can only be met for all the species in
            the Estuary by maintaining a diverse mix of upland, wetland, and
            deepwater habitats.

            Over the past several decades, the extent and quality of important
            habitats in the Delaware Estuary have, in some cases, improved              Over the past
            and, in others, grown worse. Many improvements are related to               several
            the regulatory and management systems which have improved                   decades,the
            water quality, reduced the rate of tidal wetland changes, restored          extent and
                                                                                        quality of
            or enhanced wetlands values and functions, and encouraged more              important
            sensitive development in coastal areas. Upland habitats have not            habitats in
            fared as well, primarily because of the loss and fragmentation of           the Delaware
            these habitats for development and the lack of federal, state, and          Estuary have,
            regional programs to address this issue.                                    in some

                                                                                        cases,
            OPEN-WATER HABITATS                                                         improved
                                                                                        and,in
            Away from shore, the Delaware Estuary is a patchwork of various             others, grown
            assemblages of species living on/in the bottom, primarily mollusks   '      worse.
            worms, crustaceans, bottom-dwelling fish, and microbial
            decomposers.      In   the   overlying    waters,     phytoplankton,
            crustaceans, larval stages of bottom-dwellers, fish and additional
            microbial decomposers are found. Different bottom types and
            water masses in the Delaware Estuary present different habitats
            and therefore contain different assemblages of species.

            From place to place within the Estuary, the bottom habitats differ
            with respect to such factors as depth, light penetration, and
            inorganic sediment particle size and composition. Sediments vary
            in proportions of gravel, sand and mud, amount of associated
            organic matter, stability of the sediment in the face of currents, as
            well as concentrations of toxic substances 'that have entered the
            Estuary.

            Although muddy patches are found in quiescent regions of the
            Delaware Bay, the relative contribution of mud and organic matter
            to the bottom composition is generally lowest in the Lower Zone,
            where there is more sand and gravelly sand. Mud and organic




                                                                                                   45









                      DRAFT CCMP
             5-E-LAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


               matter increase as one goes upstream (Biggs and Church, 1984).
               Metals and organic toxic substances in these muddy, organic
               sediments are highest in the Transition Zone (Church et aL, 1988;
               Little, 1993; Riedel and Sanders, 1993). While more research is
               needed, it is clear that pollution of these benthic habitats has
               affected the overall health of the associated species and the food
               webs they create. Besides physical displacement, little is known
               regarding the effects of channel dredging on benthic habitats, and
               this remains a research need.


               Although the overlying water is churned and mixed by the
               currents, water masses differ from place to place in the Delaware
               River. The Upper, Transition, and Lower Zones are defined in part
               by differences in water salinity and turbidity (Biggs et aL, 1984;
               DRBC, 1988).      Dissolved nutrients are highest in the upper
               sections of the Delaware River and are generally much lower near
               the mouth of the Estuary (Frake et A, 1984). In addition, the
               water chemistry in urban sections of the Delaware River differs
               from that in nonurban sections; the Upper Zone has more
               waste water-generated nutrients, as well as pollution from
               dissolved metals and organic toxic sub-stances. (Academy of
               Natural Sciences, 1991; McNair, 1991; Gastrich, 1992).

               The bottom and the overlying water, in any region of the relatively
               shallow Delaware Estuary, are coupled in the sense that they time-
               share biological components. Behaviorally controlled nocturnal
               and tidal vertical migrations (Stearns and Dardeau, 1990) provide
               regularly timed vertical shuttling of species between the two
               environments on short time scales (hours). The two environments
               are also coupled through variable physical vectors that induce
               mixing or allow sinking (Palmer, 1984). Also, most of the adults
               living on the bottom have larvae that live in the overlying water
               column. These larvae develop and eventually select specific
               bottom habitats within the Estuary, where they complete their life
               cycles. With the coupling and overlapping food webs between
               these two regions, it is clear that the benthos cannot be altered
               without affecting life in the surrounding water and vice versa.


               SHELLFISH BEDS


               The extent of oyster seed beds in the Delaware Bay remains
               unchanged since the early 1 900s, and there is little evidence that
               water quality changes have affected their productivity. Oyster
               seed beds are limited to specific areas because of salinity,
               currents, and bottom conditions. Declines in oyster landings in




               46                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                                              STATE OF THE ESTUARY



                  the      1930s           and
                  1950s were due to
                  the oyster drill and                                                  J,
                                                                                     Co'lignsey R'"r
                                                                             a-
                  overharvesting;
                  extreme declines
                                                                                                         Maurice River
                  since       the        mid-
                  1 950s are due to
                                                                                                                                        Enlarged Area
                  the MSX parasite,
                  the oyster drill,
                                                                                              @A'
                  and, more recently,                          Oyster Grounds
                                                            - - -Planled Grounds
                  the dermo parasite.
                                                                 Now Jemy Seed Beds
                  The MSX parasite                           4b ead.ro Seed Beds
                  and the oyster drill                       0 Natural Beds
                  are partly control-
                  led by            salinity,
                  with lower salini-                 Figure 23. Oyster grounds. The oyster fishery ranges from the mouth f the Maurice
                  ties         decreasing            River and shoals on the New Jersey side to the Smyrna and Cohansey rivers. Theonatural oyster
                  their impact. Since                beds are in the upper region, in lower salinity waters where predation and disease are at a
                  salinity is a factor               mi"mum,   Here, oystermen use seed beds to set young oysters, or spat, allowing them to grow
                                                     through the first years of life. For the last year or two before harvesting, the oysters are
                  in          controlling            transplanted to the planted grounds, where growing conditions are better. Unfortunately,
                  oyster production,                 predation by oyster drills and the MSX parasite is much grea ter in these lo wer beds, con tributing
                                                     to the fishery's decline. Reproduced from The Delaware Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten
                  depletive           water          Resourc (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Sea Grant College Program, 1988).
                  use       can       affect
                  oyster production.
                  The oyster seed beds and planting grounds
                  have not experienced closures due to
                  contamination, but many beds in tributary                                                                             Oyster
                                                                                                    '25-
                  streams have been closed to direct harvesting.
                  The production of seed oysters on beds in the                                      20-
                  Delaware            Bay       seems          comparable              to
                  production in other systems (Hargreaves and
                                                                                                     10-
                  Kraeuter, 1989; Haskin et aL, 1984). With
                  management, a better understanding of oyster                                        5-
                  diseases,           and         an      understanding                of             ()_ I . I      - I I I I I 1 11
                  requirements for seed production, it is                                                IBM   19M     19201   IW      1960   1980
                  expected that oyster production could recover                                                            Year
                  (Haskin et aL, 1984).                                                        Figure    24.    Oyster landings. The          Delaware
                                                                                               Estuary's oyster fishery landed more than 25 million
                                                                                               pounds of oysters annually during the late 1800s. A
                  WETLANDS                                                                     major fishery continued into the mid- 1900s until a
                                                                                               combination of overfishing and the introduction of the
                                                                                               MSXparasite decimated it. Between 1957 and 1960,
                  The Delaware Estuary is probably best known                                  90-95% of the oysters on the planted grounds were
                  for its wetlands, which provide more than                                    killed by MSX. Reproduced from The Delaware
                  405,000 acres (164,000 hectares) of habitat.                                 Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource (Newark,
                                                                                               DE:    University of Delaware Sea Grant College
                                                                                                         11/1@@


                  More than 126,000 acres (51,000 hectares)                                  1 Program, 1988).
                  of these wetlands have been recognized as



                                                                                                                                                     47




              9 VION
              Be DRAFT CCIVIP
              Z
               ELAWARE
              ESTUARY PRCGRAM


                internationally important. The Delaware River Basin contains an
                estimated 762,000 acres of wetlands, about nine percent of the
                Basin's land surface area (Tiner and Wilen, 1988).

                Wetland losses throughout the watershed have been significant,
                particularly between 1954 and 1974, and particularly associated
                with the Delaware Memorial Bridge. Possibly up to 21 to 24
                percent of the originally existing wetlands of the Estuary region
                have been lost (Tiner, 1985, 1990; Frayer, 1991).             Nontidal
                freshwater and forested wetlands have sustained the greatest
                losses, while tidal marshes have been less affected by
                development and other human activity. Much of the wetland areas
                remaining have been degraded by pollution, invasion of exotic
                species, and expansion of undesirable native species. Estuary
                residents are paying the price of these losses through water
                treatment costs, erosion, and the cost of flood protection and
                control. Losses have also resulted in reduced fish populations and
                reduced available water supplies through lack of groundwater                 Estuary
                retention and increased salinity.                                            residents are
                                                                                             paying the
                Coastal wetlands, in some areas, can withstand modest rates of               price of
                change in sea level, unless their landward movement is obstructed            wetland
                bv development; but even the most conservative predictions for               losses
                                                                                             through water
                sea level rise will almost certainly outpace the ability of many             treatment
                coastal ecosystems to move inland or adapt (Reid and Trexler,                costs,
                1991). Several important beach and marsh complexes are already               erosion, and
                experiencing erosion and excessive inundation and will be                    the cost of
                significantly reduced or lost unless management actions are taken            flood
                (Meredith, 1994).                                                            protection
                                                                                             and control.
                The region's tidal  marshes below the Delaware Memorial Bridge
                have been legally protected from the intense development
                experienced in other coastal areas. However, the marshes have
                been extensively altered in past decades by parallel-grid ditching
                for    mosquito     control,   construction     of     limited-purpose
                impoundments, modifications for waterfowl, salt hay farming, and
                agricultural use. There have been substantial losses of freshwater
                marshes and forested wetland habitat because of conversion to
                agricultural uses or modifications related to agriculture. Extensive
                management efforts are now underway to restore multiple values
                and functions in impounded wetlands, and more environmentally
                compatible mosquito control techniques are also being
                implemented.






                48                                                                          January 1995





                                       Tidal and Nontidal Wetlands















                                                                      DIGITAL DATA
                                                                       UNAVAH-ABLE:






                                                                                                                                   41, %:4
                                                                                                                                             e




                                                                                                                         T4!,
                                                                                                               4.
                                                                                                                           r






                                                                                                        7-





                                                                                          .-4



                             LEGEND
                       PIN Nontidal Wetlands
                             ridal Wetlands                                                                  4--l

                             Open Water



                                                                         A


                                                                                 1k














                 ftqmed by the Dd-- Pay FAuary P-JeM USFM
               UnhaW Tweveme Me=w Rmjectiom Zom 19 NAD 1W
                                Sok: 1:5(40W.
                                 Movember 1994




                                         M012












    4h


                                            Figure 25. Tidal and nontidal wetlands.









                                                                          STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            However, state wetland management interests in this area can
            conflict. For example, the mosquito control technique, known as
            Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM), which is a substitute
            for the use of chemical insecticides, is currently being used
            wherever possible to reduce excessive mosquito populations. The
            creation of ponds and closed ditches, associated with the OMWM
            technique, in previously grid-ditched marshes restores surface
            water pools and pans, benefitting many estuarine fish and wildlife
            species.    However, care must be taken, in using OMWM
            techniques, to not either excessively flood or dewater marsh
            surfaces. This can be harmful to many species, or negatively
            impact threatened and endangered species, such as the Short-
            eared Owl, which depends on higher marsh areas.

            Coastal marshes have been negatively impacted by the aggressive
            encroachment of the common reed (PhragmjFtes austrafis), which
            out-competes native marsh plants. In addition to being a fire
            hazard, Phragmites stands reduce the value of coastal marshes as
            wildlife habitats by decreasing available food, habitat diversity,
            and open water space.        It is estimated that, in the State of
            Delaware, one-third of the tidal wetlands are infested with
            Phragmites (Philipp, 1994).

            In recent decades, planning efforts have focused on the
            preservation of wetlands as open space, and, as a result,
            considerable public open space now exists within the Delaware
            Estuary. Public and state open lands within the region include
            John Hines National Wildlife Refuge (Tinicurn) in Pennsylvania, and
            Bombay Hook and Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuges in
            Delaware, as well as many state wildlife management areas
            bordering the Estuary. In New Jersey, there! is a long corridor of
            public lands along the bay shore from Salem to Cape May County,
            including the recent creation of the Cape May National Wildlife
            Refuge, which currently protects about 2,1335 hectares (7,000
            acres), and has a design target of 6,885 hectares (17,000 acres).
            A similar extensive corridor of protected land exists in Delaware,
            from Port Penn to Lewes, composed of state wildlife areas, federal
            refuges, and lands owned by conservation groups. Current trends
            include the protection of the upland edge of wetlands (borders
            which act as buffers from nonpoint source pollution and other
            impacts to wildlife) and the protection of wildlife habitat by private
            sector organizations, such as The Nature Conservancy.






                                                                                                    51









                        DRAFT CCIVIP
              DELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 BAYSHORE BEACHES AND MUDFLATS


                 Each May and June, the sandy beaches and intertidal mudflats,
                 along the shorelines of the lower Delaware Bay in Delaware and
                 New Jersey, host the second largest population of migrating shore           The sandy
                 birds in North America. These birds including the sernipalmated             beaches and
                 sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, redknot, sanderling, and dunlin stop            intertidal
                 over at areas used by spawning horseshoe crabs, to feast on the             mudflats of
                 crab eggs. Alterations in these areas could have catastrophic               the Delaware
                 impacts on both the horseshoe crabs and the migratory birds                 Estuary host
                 which depend on them.                                                       the second
                                                                                             largest
                                                                                             population of
                 Shorebird concentration  areas are at risk mainly from potential oil        migrating
                 and chemical spills, from alterations to the beach habitat, including       shore birds in
                 scrub/shrub and dune habitats.'and from human disturbance.                  North
                                                                                             America each
                 Shorebird habitat is not limited to the months of May and June      or      May and
                 to Bay beaches. Large numbers of a variety of species use the               June.
                 tidal marshes and intertidal mudflats during all seasons of the
                 year. Wading birds (herons, egrets, and ibis) use the wetlands
                 extensively as well. The Pea Patch Heronry, on the upper Bay, is
                 the largest heronry in the northeastern states.


                 UPLANDS


                 Upland habitats are comparatively unregulated and unprotected.
                 These habitats, particularly forested areas and successional
                 meadows, are being fragmented because they are desirable for
                 development and largely only regulated at the local level. As a
                 result, populations of species dependent on unfragmented uplands
                 have declined drastically. Small patches of forest are of much
                 lower value to nesting forest birds than large tracts. Forested
                 tracts, about 7,000 acres (3.000 hectares) or larger, are needed
                 to ensure that Mid-Atlantic neotropical migrant songbird
                 populations (those which migrate to the new world tropical
                 regions in central and South America, e.g., wood thrush and
                 scarlet tanager) can nest successfully. Species which- depend on
                 large tracts of forest interior during the nesting season cannot
                 "make do" with smaller isolated tracts. To stop the decline of
                 forest-dependent species, large forest preserves of thousands of
                 hectares should be set aside (Robbins et aL, 1989).









                 52                                                                        Januarv 1995









                                                                                                 STATE OF THE ESTUARY


               G. Living Resources

               Living resources, the plants and animals livini i                              d around
                                                                              g in, on, an
               the Delaware Estuary are the component of the system which are
               most likely to be seen and enjoyed by people. Living resources of
               the Estuary range from microscopic plank-ton, to oysters and
               crabs, to minnows and sturgeon, to ducks, and even to humpback
               whales. All naturally occurring species of plants and animals are
               part of the complex ecology of the Estuary and are part of an
               integrated food chain, or more precisely, a food web.

               The species composition of the communities residing in the
               Delaware Estuary is important in the ecological functioning of
               these communities. Most species are not valued for commercial,
               recreational, or aesthetic reasons; but all species are important as
               part of the food web which contributes to the survival and
               production of other species, including economically important
               ones. Some species are referred to as key species in that regard.






                                                                                              MAN
                         ..;P&/*9)'                                                                 Iowa
                               & PRO0116%

                     Marsh
                     Plants                                    PRIMARY                                     TERTIARY
                                                                                                         CONSUMERS
                                                             CONSUMERS            SECONDARY
                                                                                  CONSUMERS
                                        3
                                               Phytopla kton



                                                              Zooplankton,                              Fish and Invertebrates
                                                              Filterleeders    Fish, Invertebrates,
                                                                                 and their Larvae
                                                                                                      <tnfti. Fish
                                                                                 Bacteria,
                                                                                 Protozoa


                                                                                  .......                        Benthic
                                                             DETRITUS FEEDERS AND                              Invertebrates
                                                            DECOMPOSER COMMUNITY




                 Figure 26. A food web. All species ofplants and animals are part of the complex ecology of the Estuary.





                                                                                                                                   53




DRAFT CCMP

DELAWARE
ESTUARY PROGRAM

For the purposes of the Plan, factors to be considered in
determining the ecological importance of species or groups (guilds)
of species are that they:

	Produce significant quantities of organic matter for the food
	web;

	Are food for other resources in the Estuary;

	Significantly control of modify the population levels or
	seasonal dynamics of other plants and animals within the
	Estuary by gazing, predation, or disturbance;

	Control or modify some process (e.g., benthic nutrient
	regeneration) that in turn influences other resources;

	Significantly contribute to commercial or recreational
	landings;

	Are classified as endagered, threatened, or protected by
	federal or state agencies; and

	Are a shared resource with other estuaries or even other
	hemispheres, as in the case of migratory birds.


	Often key species are only found in specialized habitat types, and
the "importantj habitats" listed in this document support many key
Delaware Estuary species. The habitat requirements of key
species are detailed in a companion document to this Plan, the
Priority Species Report on the Delaware Estuary Program.

PLANKTON

Minute floating plants, or phytoplankton, are the dominant source
of organic matter for most of the Delaware Estuary biological
communities. They form the base of the food web. The
phytoplankton in the Estuary are relatively healthy despite high
nutrient concentrations and turbidity. Diatoms remain the
dominant type of phytoplankton in the important winter-spring
bloom period (Marshall 1991). Shifts in phytoplankton species
composition may have a greater impact on the overall trophic











                                                                          STATE OF THE ESTUARY



            structure of the system than changes in phytoplankton
            abundance.


            As expected, the lower bay portion of the Estuary is dominated by
            marine and estuarine forms while freshwater species dominate the
            freshwater tidal upper regions.      Spring blooms dominated by
            diatoms shift to flagellate communities in the summer and fall
            (Marshall, 1991). Phytoplankton biomass; and production are
            spatially and temporally variable and exhibit seasonal cycles similar
            to those in other temperate estuaries (Pennock and Sharp, 1986).
            In the past 10 years, phytoplankton production appears to be
            increasing in the Delaware Estuary, especially in the Lower Zone-
            (Sharp et aL, 1994). Trends are not as clear for the transition or
            tidal river regions.

            The primary consumers of phytoplankton in the Delaware Estuary
            are minute animals, called zooplankton. Copepods dominate the
            zooplankton and may directly consume a high percentage of the
            phytoplankton primary production in the lower Bay (Herman and
            Hargreaves, 1988).

            Marine mysids, small shrimp-like crustaceans, also play an
            important role in the Delaware Estuary food web. While mysids
            are often associated with the bottom, they regularly comprise part
            of the zooplankton. At times they can be very abundant and a
            significant food source for juvenile fish (Herman and Hargreaves,
            1988).


            BENTHIC COMMUNITIES


            The organisms of the bottom-dwelling, or benthic communities,
            are important consumers and provide a link between primary
            producers and higher trophic levels. It has been suggested by
            several studies that the standing stock and diversity of floral and
            faunal benthos in the higher salinity, hydrographically dynamic
            portions of the Delaware Bay may be low compared to other east
            coast estuaries (Hargreaves and Kraeuter, 1989). Pollution does
            not appear to be a major factor in the reduced abundance (Haskin
            et aL, 1984). However, loss of hard substrate habitat from the
            decline in oyster reefs results in highly scoured coarse sand,
            which is unstable for benthic communities.


            The annual production of the healthy blue crab fishery in the
            Delaware Estuary is variable, but no less predictable than in other
            nearby producing areas (Haskin et aL, 1984). Water quality,



                                                                                                   55




DRAFT CCMP

DELAWARE
ESTUARY PROGRAM


except for heat-
related, mid-summer
anoxic (little or no
oygen) condidtions
in tributaries, which
are scattered and
rare, does not ap-
pear to be affecting
these populations
(Hargreaves and
Kraeuter, 1989).

The Delaware Bay
horseshoe crab
population is the
largest in the world
and a key species in
the Estuary. In
addition to providing
food for migrating
shorebirds, the
horseshoe crab is
important economically, as bait and in the manufacture of a
product which is used in medical testing of drugs and surgical
implants.


The Delaware
Estuary is unique in
the region because
its saline portion
(except in the upper
Estuary) lacks
seagrass meadows
(Hargreaves and
Kraeuter, 1989).
They may have
existed at one time,
because eel grass
(Zostera marina)
was once present
in Cape May Harbor
and in the back-
waters of Cape 
May County, but


56                                                                Jaunuary 1995






                                                         STATE OF THE ESTUARY



Brush (1994) found no evidence of Zostera (in the form of seed),
in recent decades, in cores taken througout the Estuary.


Benthic organisms are excellent indicators of the overall ecological
health of the Estuary since they are sensititve to pollution
exposures. Because benthic organisms stay in one place, they are
affected by the pollution at that site over the long-term. They are
a major link in the food chain between primary producers and
higher trophic levels, including fish, shellfish, bird and wildlife.

USEPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) reviewed estuaries in the northeast U.S. and collected
environmental data in the Delaware Estuary from 1990 through
1993. An anyalsisi of the EMAP data (Paul, et al., 1994) indicates
the following benthic community conditions, as defined by the
EMAP benthic index (See Figure 30):

	Much (93% of area) of the tidal river from the vicinity of
	the C&D Canal northward to Trenton, New Jersey, has
	benthic communities classified as either degraded (68% of
	area) or severely degraded (25% of area).

	The Bay's
	(south of C&D
	Canal) benthic
	community is
	gernerally
	healthy, with
	only tow per-
	cent of its area
	classified as
	degraded, and
	none classified
	as severely
	degraded.

For the area of the
tidal river which is
classified as degraded
or severely degraded,
the degraded benthos
appear to be assoc-
iated with the
presence of metals,

                                                                        57




                                      go
                                      Or DRAFT CCMP
                                      UE-LAWARE
                                      ESTUARY PROGRAM





















                                                                                                                                                                                          60


                                                                                                                                                                                          so
                                                                                  Benthic                                                                                                 40
                                                                            Condition                                                                                                     30
                                                                                                                                                                                          20
                                                                                                                                                                                    CL

                                                                                                                                                                                          10
                                                                                                                             egraded

                                                                                                                                                                                            0
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Metals                PAHs             Pestiddes;               PCBS



                                                                             ..........
                                                                                            ..........  ...........
                                                                                          ...........
                                                                                               ...........................................
                                                                                               .................
                                                                                            ........................................                                                   >ER-L Concentration


                                                                                                .....................
                                      Non-degraded                                                                                                                                        60 -

                                                                                                                                                                                          50    -


                                                                                                                                                                                          40    -


                                                                                                                                                                                          30 -


                                                                                                                                                                                          20    -
                                                                                                                                                                                    IL

                                                                                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                                                                                            0         Metals                PAHs              Pesticides               PCBs













                                            Figure 30. Condition of benthic communities, Delaware Estuary, 1990-1993.




                                            58                                                                                                                                                                                                   Januarv 1995









                                                                                             STATE OF THE ESTUARY



               PAHs, pesticides, and PCBs. As shown in Figure 30, a high
               percentage of the area classified as degraded also exceeds the
               concentration level in the bottom sediments of the river at which
               biological effects begin to occur (known as the ER-L) for those
               pollutants. This seems to indicate that metals, PAHs, pesticides,
               and PCBs are affecting the health of the benthos, although it is
               recognized that other factors may be involved.                            Additional
               discussion of the role of metals and organics; can be found in the                              Over 200 fish
               Toxic Substances section of this chapter.                                                       species, both
                                                                                                               residents and
               FISH                                                                                            migrants, use
                                                                                                               the Delaware
               Over    200 fish species, both residents and migrants, use the                                  Estuary.
               Delaware Estuary. The residents include freshwater and salt
               water species, but some of the estuarine residents, such as white
               perch, have a broad range of salinity tolerances. Resident species
               are those that for the most
               part conduct all aspects of
               their life history within the
               confines of the Estuary,                   16000000-
                                                          15000000-
               seldom moving far into the                 14oooooo-
                                                          13000000-
               coastal waters around the                  12000000-
               Estuary mouth. The ocean                   iloooooo-
                                                          10000000
               migrants include both warm               >  9000000-
               and cool water species. A                   8000000
                                                           7000000-
               number are anadromous,                      6000000
               living in ocean waters yet                  5000000
                                                           4000000
               migrating to fresh water to              >  3000000
               breed, such as the herrings              01 2000000
                                                           1000000
               and shad. One species, the                         0               .....
               American             eel,          is              1880      1 00      1920      1940      1960      1980     2000
               catadromous, living in fresh                                                    YEM
               or brackish waters yet
               breeding in the ocean. The
               migrant species have a                   Figure 31. Synthesized estuary-specific American shad harvest.
               strong      affinity     for      an     Source: "An Assessment of Fisheries Landings Records in the Delaware River
               oceanic existence as ad         UltS,    Estuary." Prepared by K.A. Killam and Dr. W.A. Richkus, September 1992.
               but are usually dependent
               on the Estuary as a spawning ground and/or nursery. Some
               oceanic migrants may use the Estuary only as a feeding ground.

               Within the Delaware Estuary there are two primary nursery areas:
               wetlands, including the shallow marsh fringe areas and mudflats,
               and the low salinity areas at the head of the Estuary. This low




                                                                                                                             59




                  QQ
                  Or DRAFT CCMP
                  MELAWARE
                  ESTUARY PROGRAM




                    salinity open-water portion is a region of exceptional value to fish.
                    This region receives fish eggs, larvae, and young from freshwater
                    spawners, semi-anadromous and anadromous fish, estuarine
                    spawners, and even some larvae spawned in the Lower Zone and
                    ocean. The distribution of juvenile fishes within primary nursery
                    areas is related to 'a variety of factors, including temperature,
                    salinity, turbidity, food availability, and predation pressure
                    (O'Herron et aL, 1994).


                    Priority species in the Delaware Estuary include various sharks,
                    skates and rays, shortnose and Atlantic sturgeon, American eel,
                    blueback herring, alewife,
                    American shad, Atlantic
                    menhaden, common carp,
                    various      catfish,       white        1600000-
                                                             1500000-
                    perch,       striped        bass,        1400000-
                    bluefish, scup, weakfish,                1300000-
                                                             12000007
                    spot,     Atlantic      croaker,         1100000-
                                                           UJ
                    black drum, and various                  1000000-
                                                              900000-
                    flounder species (Maiden,              5  800000-
                                                           X
                    1977;       O'Herron et al.,           a  700000-
                                                           El 600000-
                    1994).       Many of these             CO) 500000-
                    fish    are     important        to       400000-
                                                              300000
                    recreational              and/or       'V) 200000
                    commercial fisheries, and                 100000
                    also play an integral role in                  0-1 ... .......
                                                                    1880      1900      1920      1940       1960      1980      2000
                    the       Delaware Estuary                                                    YEAR
                    food web, as consumers
                    of plankton and benthos.               Figure 32. Synthesized estuary-specific weakfish harvest. Source: "An
                                                           Assessment of Fisheries Landings Records in the Delaware River Estuary." Prepared by
                    The      impacts       of     man      K.A. Killarn and Dr. W.A. Richkus, September 1992.
                    (fishing      mortality        and
                    environmental perturbation) are often difficult to discretely identify
                    and sort out from natural factors, but both, in combination or
                    separately, have been responsible for declines in various fish
                    stocks (Daiber, 1988; Frithsen, Killam, and Young, 1992; Kiry,
                    1974; McHugh, 1966; and Scheier and Kiry, 1973). Since many
                    of the commercially and recreationally important species are
                    migratory in nature and spend part of their time outside of the
                    Estuary, overfishing and habitat loss outside of the Estuary also
                    affect population levels.

                    Up until the 1960s, menhaden were the most economically
                    important species in the Estuary, but, today, weakfish hold this




                    60                                                                                           Januarv 1995









                                                                                 STATE OF THE ESTUARY



             position, partly because of their value in recreational fisheries.
             The recently declining trends in total weight landed and average
             size in the recreational fishery are considered indicative of an
             overall decline in the Atlantic weakfish stock (Weakfish Review
             Team, 1990).         Anadromous fish, including American shad,
             Atlantic sturgeon, and the alewife have also declined substantially
             since the 1 9th century, but numbers of shad have particularly
             improved in recent years. Juvenile striped bass numbers have
             also been significantly increasing in the last 10 years. Factors
             that may contribute to these trends are improve-ments in water
             quality (e.g., shad) and restrictions placed on harvest (e.g., striped
             bass).


             Trends in commercial landing records in the last century indicate
             that the prominent upriver fisheries have been replaced by down-
             bay marine and estuarine dependent fisheries, including weakfish,
             summer flounder, spot, bluefish, and menhaden (Price and Beck,
             1988). Fish populations are influenced by climatic and human                        Trends in
             activities,    including     both     recreational     and     commercial           commercial
             overharvesting (Frithsen et aL, 199 1). In the Delaware Estuary,                    landing
             changes in abundance of anadromous species have been                                records in the
             historically linked with a decline of available spawning habitat, due               last century
             to obstructions in the waterways (dams, pollution blocks) which                     indicate that
             prevent access to spawning beds, overall water quality, and                         the prominent
             overfishing. Destruction and alteration of wetland habitats have                    upriver
             decreased available nursery areas for juvenile fish development,                    fisheries have
             and recreational fishing pressure has steadily increased (Price and                 been replaced
             Beck, 1984).         There are at least 31 species which are                        by down-bay
             commercially harvested from the Estuary.               The value of the             marine and
             Delaware Estuary commercial fin fishery was about $1.4 million                      estuarine
             in 1990.                                                                            dependent
                                                                                                 fisheries

             BIRDS


             The Estuary wetlands are an important resource for breeding black
             duck, a declining species which feeds on submerged vegetation
             and invertebrates. Overwintering waterfowl, many which nest in
             prairie potholes and arctic tundra to the far west and north of the
             Estuary, often congregate in large numbers along both shores of
             the lower Bay, where saline water remains ice-free longer than in
             areas to the north.        Among the most prevalent species are
             dabblers such as black duck, mallard, pintall, and green-winged
             teal and divers like red-breasted merganser, ruddy duck, and
             scoters. Tributaries and impoundments are particularly important
             to waterfowl. Snow geese can be locally abundant in salt and



                                                                                                              61




              QQ
              Or DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAW


                brackish marshes, where large flocks can consume all the
                vegetation in certain areas, a condition known as an "eat out."
                Snow geese populations have risen dramatically since the 1 960s,
                while migratory Canada geese numbers have declined in recent
                years. Game species are an important source of recreation and
                food in the Estuary region, and hunting contributes to the
                economy of rural areas.

                Predatory birds occur in most of the Delaware Estuary's ecological
                niches. Northern harriers nest and overwinter in the extensive salt
                marshes of the lower Bay, where they are a hallmark species.
                Red-shouldered hawks and barred owls nest and hunt in the
                region's extensive hardwood swamps, while great horned owls,
                red-tailed hawks, and Cooper's hawks can be found in upland
                forests, forest edges, and woodlots. Osprey, peregrine falcons,
                and bald eagles are all found nesting along the shores of the
                Delaware. Migrating raptor species, 15 regularly occurring hawks
                and eagles, and 4 owl species, appear in both spring and fall along
                both shores of the Delaware Estuary.        In autumn they often
                concentrate in spectacular numbers at the southern tip of the
                Cape May peninsula, an annual event which draws thousands of
                birders to the area. Many of these hawks, particularly falcons,
                head directly over the Bay toward Cape Henlopen, while others
                head northwest along the Jersey bayshore to points where the
                water crossing is narrower. Up to 54 percent of the raptors
                counted at Cape May may subsequently fly around the Bay, and
                use Estuary habitats for roosting and feeding (Sutton et aL, 1991).
                Neotropical migrant landbirds follow this same route as well, and
                Estuary upland forests, particularly the upland edge of the
                wetlands, host large numbers of passerine in fall and spring. In
                addition, many neotropical landbird species nest in the Delaware
                Estuary's varied habitats.

                As mentioned earlier, the lower Delaware River Estuary is a major
                staging area for migrant shorebirds, which arrive in late May,
                many directly from South America, to gorge on the horseshoe crab
                eggs. During feeding, the shorebirds can gain up to 50 percent of
                their body weight in fat. This helps fuel the next leg of their
                migration to the arctic, flights which may include non-stop
                distances as long as 4,827 kilometers (3,000 miles). These birds
                migrate from one seasonally abundant food source to another, and
                large numbers are concentrated at these points.        It has been
                estimated that as many as 70 percent of the North American
                population of red knot uses the Delaware Bay at one time (Clark
                et aL, 1993). This is a remarkable fact, but underscores the bird's




                62                                                                       Januarv 1995



















                                  Copper River-
                                  Bering River
                                    Delta System



                                  C!




                         to
                                  1 r ste                     Aft
                                                                                                                                                                 'undy
                                                                                                                                                            Bay of F
                                                     Cheyenne Bottoms                                                         Cheyenne Bol(onns
                                                                           Delaware Estuary
                                                                                                          SaoFr ancisco Bay

                                 a
                                  ii Frairibis pay




                                                                                  soriname coast
                                                                                                                                                              Suriname Coast
                                                     Bayotpan a                                                                   Bay of Panama




                                                                                                                                    Paracas Peninsula
                                                              racas Peninsula





                                                                                  Lagoa do Peike
                                                                                                                                                              Lagoa'do Poke

                                                                                                                                                                                            Cn
                                                                                                                                                                        lit
                                                                                                               Migration
                          Northward   Migration                                                    Southward
                                                                                                                                                                                            M
                                                                              Tierra do[ Fuegn
                                                                                                                                                          rfi-deffuego

                                                                                                                                                                                            In
               Figure 33. Shorebird       migration   routes. Every Spring shorebirds arrive at the Delaware Estuary from the coasts of Brazil, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego, from
               desert beaches of Chile and Peru, from mud flats in Suriname, Venezuela, and the Guayanas to rest and feed before journeying north to Arctic nesting grounds. Other
               principal North American staging sites are the Copper River Delta in Alaska, Grays Harbor in Washington, Cheyenne Bottoms in Kansas, and the Bay of Fundy in                 M
               Canada. The birds move south for the winter, but wintering ranges vary. For example, the sanderfing's wintering range extends from British Columbia and                      M
                                                                                                                                                                                            Cl)
               Massachusetts to the southernmost tip ofArgentina. Reproduced from The Delaware Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource (Newark, DE: University of
               Delaware Sea Grant College Program, 1988)




               QQ
              Or DRAFT CCIVIP
                      RE
                 ELAWN
               ESTUARY PRMRAM


                 potential vulnerability to oil spills and other environmental
                 disasters.     Another threat to these significant shorebird
                 concentrations might come from the potential overharvesting of
                 horseshoe crabs for crab, lobster, and eel bait.

                 Principal factors contributing to trends in bird populations in the
                 Delaware Estuary include natural fluctuations, hunting pressure
                 throughout their range, habitat alteration and degradation
                 throughout their range, and chemical contamination.               Forest
                 fragmentation and habitat alteration/degradation have been
                 persistent problems associated with development pressures
                 (Frithsen et aL, 1991).          Contamination by organochlorine
                 pesticides, particularly DDT and metabolites such as DDE,
                 continue to influence reproductive ability of some raptor species
                 which have experienced severe historical population declines (Niles
                 et aL, 1991). Nineteenth and early twentieth century market                    Today,
                 gunning led to severe declines in waterfowl and shorebird                      problems
                 numbers.                                                                       associated
                                                                                                with
                 H.     Summary                                                                 d.evelopment,
                                                                                                water supply,
                                                                                                habitat loss,
                 The Delaware Estuary has exhibited a dramatic recovery in water                and the
                 quality, especially in oxygen levels, compared to 20 years ago.                persistence of
                 This is a result of wastewater treatment facility construction and,            toxic
                 in part, the removal of industrial discharges due to mandates of               substances
                 the federal Clean Water Act. However, the "recovery" of the                    continue.
                 Estuary has been far from complete, and problems associated with
                 development, water supply, habitat loss, and the persistence of
                 toxic substances continue. Many potential problems have not
                 been measured adequately due to lack of baseline data (e.g..,
                 habitat/wildlife) or the scientific inability to perform quality testing
                 (e.g., metals and organics).

                 The techniques to routinely measure toxic substances were simply
                 not available 20 years ago; therefore, it is virtually impossible to
                 make comparisons between those measured today with historical
                 levels of toxic substances. For this reason, it is premature to state
                 that the chemical environment of the Delaware Estuary has
                 substantially improved, and the known current levels of toxic
                 substances dictate      that there is still much work to be
                 accomplished. The       improvements in water quality relating to
                 oxygen and nutrients were relatively easy compared to current
                 efforts to lower organic and metal inputs to the Estuary from both





                 64                                                                            January 1995









                                                                               STATE OF THE ESTUARY



             point and nonpoint sources. At this stage in Estuary management,
             additional improvements will require greater efforts.

             The Delaware Estuary represents the edge of many species'
             habitat ranges, creating significant biodiversity; but small changes
             in climate or water temperature during crucial spawning or
             migratory periods may alter recruitment from year-to-year (Price
             and Beck, 1988). The Upper Zone (tidal river) reflects the greatest
             impact of water quality problems, while the Lower Zone is
             relatively unaffected by pollution (Hargreaves and Kraeuter, 1989).

             Water quality problems such as toxic substances in the Upper
             Zone may have a disproportionately large impact on critical life
             history stages of important species (e.g., anadromous fish). In
             addition, the Estuary-wide interactive impacts of multiple cooling
             structures, combined sewer discharges, water diversions, and
             other large scale manipulations of water flow on the food web and
             directly on the survival of fish and shellfish may need to be
             addressed (Hargreaves and Kraeuter, 1989).

             Population growth, and the demand for new housing, shopping
             centers, and places of employment, is projected to continue
             throughout the region between now and the year 2020, with an
             overall projected population increase of 14 percent.              Coastal
             species, habitats, and ecosystems, as well as water supply, are
             under considerable stress from development pressure and are
             becoming less resilient as human population densities increase.                  The increase
                                                                                              in economic
             In comparing current habitat and wildlife status and trends to                   pressures on
             those of the past, known gains in snow geese and striped bass,                   the habitats
             for example, are negatively offset by serious declines in weakfish               ofthe
             and black duck populations. In both declines, cause and effect are               Delaware
             not well -understood and/or not enough information is available to               Estuary
                                                                                              dictates that
             managers. What is known is that while wetlands loss rates have                   remaining
             clearly slowed, uplands are being lost as wildlife habitat and                   uplands,
             wetland buffers at an alarmingly increasing rate. As habitat is lost             wetlands, and
             due to population growth and movement away from urban areas,                     living
             the potential loss of species diversity becomes another issue of                 resources will
             concern, one which applies to the living resources of both the land              require extra
             and the waters of the Estuary.                                                   protection
                                                                                              efforts in the
             The increase in economic pressures on the habitats of the                        future.
             Delaware Estuary dictates that remaining uplands, wetlands, and
             living resources will require extra protection efforts in the future.
             Increased population and development also directly impact water



                                                                                                           65




              QQ
              OF DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                use; increasing water demands have resulted in periodic water
                supply shortages and regional groundwater overdrafts.

                Although the next steps towards the recovery of the Estuary may
                not be as readily identifiable or as easily implemented as those
                accomplished to date, there are clear trends which require action.
                These trends are well documented in the areas of toxic
                substances, habitat and living resources, and land use, and require
                both immediate and long-term coordinated efforts to reverse
                current problems and to continue to aid in the recovery of the
                Estuary. The action plans which follow are based on scientific
                evidence and are an important beginning towards the protection
                of the natural resources of the region and towards the realization
                of a sustainable economy for the residents of the Estuary region-
                one based upon the unique, varied, and valuable living resources
                of the Delaware Estuary.





































                66                                                                       January 1995


		



						                  INTRODUCTION TO ACTION PLANS


                       INTRODUCTION TO ACTION PLANS

The follwoing Action Plans covering Land Management, Water Use Managemnt,
Habitat and Living Resources, Toxics, Education and Involvment, Monitoring and
Regional Information Management Service describe 77 specific actions to address
problems confronting the Delaware Estuary.

These actions were developed over a three year period, in a consensus based effort,
involving task forces to each othe priority areas, hundreds of Management
Conference participants (See Appendix C), and ideas from many sources: from
reactions to our preliminary plan (Preliminary Conservation and Management Plan or
PCMP) in 1992, from people who spoke up at numerous workshop and coferences,
and from people who wrote to us. All ideas were evaluated using the following
Program objectives as a guide:



                      	DELAWARE ESTUARY PROGRAM OBJECTIVES


	To restore population levels of harvestable species of
	finfish and invertebrate species to levels that will
	support sustainable recreational and commercial
	fisheries.

	To restore or maintain populations of birds dependent
	on the Delaware Estuary to levels deemed attainable by
	comprehensive analysis.
	
	To restore or maintain populations of estuarine-
	dependent amphibians, reptiles, and mammals to levels
	deemed attainable by comprehensive analysis of natural
	populations.
	
	To maintain or restore an assemblage of organisms and
	their habitat throughout the Delaware Estuary and tidal
	wetlands that contribute to the ecological diversity,
	stability, productivity, and aesthetic appeal of the
	region.
		
	To preserve acreage and enchance quality of shoreline
	and littoral habitat to sustain a balances natural system.
	To restore and maintain the physical and environmental
	conditions necessary to achieve target levels of
	estuarine species.
	

	                                                                    67






DRAFT CCMP

DELAWARE
ESTUARY PROGRAM


	To restore habitat diversity (e.g., mixture, array and
	pattern of wetland types), values and functions of tidal
	and non-tidal wetlands to levels commonly found in the
	1920s (prior to parallel gird ditching and large scale
	drainage), done in a balanced consideration of today's
	socioeconomic needs.

	To assess air quality impacts on estuarine resources
	and support programs that reduce these impacts.

	To achieve water quality that will maintain and enhance
	estuarine use designations consistent with the Clean
	Water Act.

	To ensure a adequate supply of fresh water to the
	Estuary to maintain habitats, distribution of salinity, and
	human population in 2020.

	To optimize sediment quantity and quality in a manner
	that maintains or enhances a balanced indigenous
	estuarine biota and habitat.
		
	To promote and enhance ample and high quality water-
	bases and associated terrestrial-based recreational
	opportunities with sustained availability for public use.

	To develop programs and actions that will be mutually
	beneficial to both the economy and environment of
	the estuary, by forging a partnership with industry,
	commerce, and local governments in pursuit of
	continued economic vitality of the region,
	while enhancing and preserving its living and natural
	resources.

	To preserve and enhance cultural resources and
	traditions in the estuary region, and promote their
	accessibility to the public.

	To promote pollution prevention technologies and
	strategies that protect estuarine resources (e.g., from
	catastrophic spills, point sources, and nonpoint
	sources).


68                                                             January 1995










                                                             INTRODUCTION TO ACTION PLANS



            The actions were then reviewed by each Delaware Estuary Management Conference
            Committee (the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee, the Local Government
            Committee, the Financial Planning Committee, and the Citizens Advisory Committee)
            and by various stakeholder groups outside of the Management Conference structure
            representing watermen, pleasure boaters, educators, environmental organizations,
            developers, utilities, agriculture, ports, and the petrochemical industry. All comments
            were addressed by the Program's Management Committee and appropriate revisions
            were made. The Policy Committee then authorized the release of this Plan for broad
            public review.

            The proposed actions are listed by title in 'Table 3. In the following chapters, each
            proposed action is described including:

            -JOIC           Rationale for the action and how it will be accomplished;
            .30C            Identification of responsible entities, both lead entity and partners;
            INC             Initiation timeframe: short-term (within two years); mid-term (three to
                            five years); and long-term (,six years or longer);

            .30C            Resource estimate; and
            AC              Measure of success.

            Some of the actions list the Delaware Estuary Council or Delaware Estuary Foundation
            as a responsible entity. The Council and Foundation are part of the proposed post-
            CCMP implementation structure which is described in Chapter XI.























                                                                                                 69




                        QQ
                        er DRAFT CCIVIP
                        5ELAWARE
                        EMARY PROGRAM


                           Table 3.                  Delaware Estuary Program CCIVIP Action Items


                                                                                                       .......... .. .. .. .. .... .. ......... ......
                                                                                                                                                ...........................................................
                                                                          ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............
                                 ............................ ......                                    ........                              .. ....................
                                                                                                              a                                      ............ ..... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... ... ..................
                                                                      ..................*...... :,.*.*."%."%"'."""""'"'@'-'-, .. .. ........ ...........N .......... ........  ...........
                                                                         ............................                                         .......................... ...............................
                                                                      . ................ .
                                         ....                  ........                   A                         M
                                                     ......... .............% ................                                                                            ......
                             ................. .                                       . L    N                                                                           ...............
                                       ............  .......
                                                                                                   M:ANA*      :E . E T
                             ................. .......      ......     ........................  ........
                             ..........I.......             ... ....... .                                                                                                 ............
                                                                                     .: . ...............                                   ........................... .....
                                         ......... .......  ....................                   ..........................
                                  ..............................
                                                                                     ...  .........
                                                                           ........... . .. . . . . . . ......... .
                                         ................. p.'_._                    -                                   ... : - : :... :. -:% ... . ............
                                                                          .......... . ........                          , ... ..... .
                                                                               ....  %. : X                         X
                                                                    .. .......... .......                    ..........:
                                                                                                                             ..........-                                  ............
                                                                          ..............
                               . . ........   .. . .................. . . ................                                                    .:.:: ................
                                                  .......... .................................................. .......... ... . .........
                                                                                                                                                       ..................
                                                                                                                          ...........
                                                                                                                                  .  . .........
                                                                                                    ... ....................
                                                                                                                          I......I.... ..... ..
                                                                                                        .................... ........ .. ... . ......      ..............
                             .................... ............... .....................  .......
                                                            . ..... ........
                                                     ...................................... ......                                                         ....................
                                     6A       W.M",                 .... .........
                               @ A- 0".0      ............ ..................... ..........
                                                                                                            ....... ...
                                                                                                         .......................... ........ . .........             . .. .......

                               ACTION Ll                    Develop a Comprehensive Environmental Policy Plan for the                                                     92
                                                            Delaware Estuary

                               ACTION L2                    Support Watershed-Based Planning                                                                              95

                               ACTION L3                    Support the Implementation of Coastal Zone Act Management                                                     98
                                                            Measures

                               ACTION L4                    Support the Establishment of Riparian Corridor Protection Programs                                            100

                               ACTION L5                    Support the Implementation of Urban Best Management Practices                                                 102

                               ACTION L6                    Identify and Support Greenspace Program Plans to Protect Natural                                              104
                                                            Resource Areas Related to the Estuary

                               ACTION L7                    Support Environmental Agreements among Municipalities and                                                     105
                                                            Counties

                               ACTION L8                    Establish Minimum Standards for County Plans and Require Inter-                                               106
                                                            County Coordination

                               ACTION L9                    Provide Incentives for Increased Municipal Compliance with County                                             107
                                                            Plans

                               ACTION L10                   Expand State and/or Regional Planning and Technical Guidance to                                               109
                                                            Local Governments


                               ACTION Ll 1                  Establish a Land User Planner Circuit Rider                                                                   110

                               ACTION Ll 2                  Expand Municipal Planning Grants Program                                                                      111

                               ACTION         L13           Conduct Training and Workshops                                                                                112

                               ACTION         L14           Establish and/or Increase Support for Mapping/GIS Activities                                                  113

                               ACTION         L15           Develop Sustainable Development Business/industry Incentive                                                   114
                                                            Programs

                               ACTION         L16           Encourage and Support Compact Development as an Element of                                                    11-6
                                                            Comprehensive Planning for Communities

                               ACTION         L17           Develop Policies and Incentives to Encourage Redevelopment in                                                 118
                                                            Previously Developed Areas

                               ACTION         L18           Provide Financial Relief to Municipalities and Counties to Alleviate                                          119
                                                            the Losses due to State Conservation Land









                             70                                                                                                                               January 1995









                                                                                                    INTRODUCTION TO ACTION PLANS




                          ........ .....                                                                                                     ............ .- ........
                      ...........I........                                                   . ........       ..............
                      .......................
                                                                           ............ ...... ...... ............                   .............................-..............
                        .......... ..............                                 ........... ...... .................. .. ...... .......... .... ...............................................
                      .....I ........I........... .....I...I....... .. ..........V
                      .......... ......... ....... ....... ....                                                                      ................  ................ ..........
                         ............................
                               ........... .                                                                      ......... ...............
                                                                                                                   .............
                                                                                                                 ..............
                                                            @@]@:@MTIER:          MANA. EME,
                               ...........                                                          N            ........
                                                                                                    .......................
                      ........... --- ..........                                                                    ...        .... .                     ......
                                                                                                                                        ...........       ..... ..
                      ........... ................ ................... .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... . ......    .....   .. .......         ...... ........ .. .. ... .. ........

                      ACTION W1                  Promote Implementation of Water Conservation Rate                                                    130
                                                 Structures/Conservation            Retrofitting Programs by
                                                 Water/Wastewater Utilities

                      ACTION W2                  Encourage Adoption of Water Conservation Fixture Standards in                                        131
                                                 Pennsylvania

                      ACTION W3                  Conduct Modeling Studies for Tributary Watersheds Experiencing                                       132
                                                 Stream Diminution Problems


                      ACTION         W4          Encourage Water Utilities to Utilize Water Conservation Techniques                                   134
                                                 and Conjunctive Use Methods to Prevent Long-term Lowering of
                                                 Groundwater Levels

                      ACTION         W5          Encourage the Reuse of Wastewater for Nonpotable Purposes                                            135

                      ACTION         W6          Encourage Water and Wastewater Utilities to Conduct Integrated                                       136
                                                 Resource Plans

                      ACTION         W7          Encourage Implementation of the Remaining Provisions of the                                          137
                                                 "Good Faith Agreement" and Support Additional Efforts to Ensure
                                                 Freshwater Flows to the Estuary to Meet Water Supply Needs to
                                                 the Year 2020

                      ACTION W8                  Coordinate Dredging Activities and Priorities and the Management                                     139
                                                 of Dredged Material Within the Region

                      ACTION W9                  Utilize RIMS for Information Management that Facilitates Port                                        142
                                                 Operations and Safety

                      ACTION W10                 Support Private Sector Efforts on Oil Spill Response and Pollution                                   143
                                                 Prevention

                      ACTION W1 1                Develop, Publish, and Implement a Comprehensive Public Access                                        144
                                                 Management Strategy

                      ACTION W1 2                Inventory Available Pump-Out Stations 'and Address Any Identified                                    146
                                                 Deficiencies

                      ACTION W1 3                Develop and Implement Strategies to Achieve the                                                      147
                                                 "Fishable/Swimmable" Goals of the Clean Water Act                                                 I
                                             .. . ........ ....          ..........
                                                                         ..........                                                                         .......
                      ........... I.., .. .......... .............. ..... .. .........                                               ............................... ......
                                                                                                      ...............
                      ........ ........ .. ............                                                                                   ......
                                                                                                                                      .. ...........
                                                                                                                                        ............
                                                                                                              ....                      .................
                                                                                                  'URQ            ......       ...         ..............
                                                                          N     LI  IN   @A@ESO--
                               .....                                                                     .....
                                                    .............
                      . ........ ..
                                                                                                                                                      ...........
                                                           .. ........ ..... .. ..                                                                    .........

                      ACTION H1                  Assure Compliance           with-Existing Interstate Species Management                              172
                                                 Plans and Prepare Plans for Additional Appropriate Species

                      ACTION H2                  Establish a Procedure for Enhancing Compatibility among Species                                      175
                                                 Management Plans

                      ACTION H3                  Develop a Natural Community Classification System to Assist in                                       177
                                                 the Protection of these Communities                                                               I
                      ACTION H4                  Coordinate and Enhance Wetlands Management within the Estuary 1                                      179


                                                                                                                                                             71









                                             DRAFT CCMP
                           DELAWARE
                            ESTUARY PROGRAM




                                   ACTION H5                        Target Habitat Enhancement Opportunities for Present and Future                                                          183
                                                                    Action

                                   ACTION H6                        Develop and Implement an Estuary-wide Policy for the Introduction                                                        188
                                                                    of Exotic Species

                                   ACTION H7                        Implement Measures to Protect Shoreline and Littoral Habitats that                                                       189
                                                                    are Threatened by Sea Level Change

                                   ACTION H8                        Facilitate Coordination among the States to Update and Improve                                                           192
                                                                    Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping for Hazardous Spill
                                                                    Response Information

                                   ACTION H9                        Consider Priority Species in Regulatory Reviews and Environmental                                                        193
                                                                    Impact Statements
                                                                                                                                                           .... . .      ......
                                                                                          ........... ........... ...........
                                                                                  ... .............        ...........                                                          .....                  .......
                                                                                                                                                                                       ..... . .......
                                         ........                   ......  ....                      T.-OXIC
                                       ............................................
                                                                                                                                              .... ....   ....
                                 .........................  .......I........-                                                                       1: X:
                                      ......................................
                                             .............................                                                                                      ...
                                             ................................

                                   ACTION T1                        Implement a Toxics Management Strategy to Assist                                           Environmental                 198
                                                                    Managers in           Developing Regional Prevention and Control Strategies

                                   ACTION T2                        Assist Residents in the Proper Use and Disposal of Chemicals                                                             20.7

                                   ACTION T3                        Develop and Adopt Uniform Water Quality Criteria for Toxic                                                               210
                                                                    Pollutants Which Will Be Used by Regulatory Agencies to Regulate
                                                                    Point and Nonpoint Sources

                                   ACTION T4                        Implement Phased Limits on Toxic Pollutants Using the TMDL                                                               211
                                                                    Concept

                                   ACTION T5                        Identify the Sources of Contaminated Sediments, Examine the                                                              213
                                                                    Processes Through Which these Substances are Transported up
                                                                    the Food Chain, and Identify Control Strategies and Mitigation
                                                                    Alternatives

                                   ACTION T6                        Develop a Uniform Program for Issuing Fish Consumption                                                                   214
                                                                    Advisories
                                                                                                                                         ............ .. ...........................................
                                                                                                                                                                       ........... ........ ..
                                                                               ............
                                                                      ..............  ..............
                                                                         .............  .......
                                                                                                                                                                       ...... .....
                                    ........ . . ....                           ED..UCAT.10.M:,@AN@D@'@l@NV:G.L.V.-EMENT*                   .. ...
                                                          ............. .............                                                      ..... .
                                                                                                                ..........
                                         ..........       .......          .........

                                   ACTION El                        Continue Existing Public Participation Program                                                                           233

                                   ACTION E2                        Hold and Attend Public Meetings and Workshops                                                                            235

                                   ACTION E3                        Continue Holding Annual Events to Raise Pub                                   lic Awareness of the                       236
                                                                    Estuary

                                   ACTION E4                        Develop Educational Initiatives in Support of the Land Management                                                        237
                                                                    Action Plan

                                   ACTION E5                        Develop Educational Initiatives in Support of the Water Use Action                                                       238
                                                                    Plan


                                   AC I N E6                        Develop Educational Initiatives in Support of the Habitat and Living                                                     239
                                                                    Resources Action Plan


                                   ACTION E7                        Develop Educational Initiatives in Support of the Toxics Action Plan                                                     240



                                72                                                                                                                                              January 1995









                                                                                                                       INTRODUCTION TO ACTION PLANS




                          ACTION E8                        Conduct and Publish Public Attitude Surveys                                                                               241

                          ACTION E9                        Determine Priority Educational Messages and                                  Targeted Audiences                           242

                          ACTION            Elo            Promote Ecotourism in the Estuarine Region                                                                                242

                          ACTION            Ell            Encourage use of Citizen Monitoring Activities and Best Available                                                         243
                                                           Technology for Monitoring

                          ACTION            E12            Promote "Hands-On" Educational Ac                             tivities and Volunteer                                      244
                                                           Stewardship Opportunities

                          ACTION            E13            Support Floating Classrooms                                                                                               244

                          ACTION            E14            Develop and Publish Outreach Articles in Trade Magazines and                                                              245
                                                           Journals

                          ACTION            E15            Meet the Demand for Existing and New Publications that will                                                               246
                                                           Increase Public Awareness


                          ACTION            E16            Utilize Electronic Bulletin Boards to Disseminate Information                                                             247

                          ACTION            E17            Establish Estuarine Resource Sections Within Existing Libraries and                                                       248
                                                           Environmental Centers


                          ACTION            E18            Organize and Implement Storm Drain Stenciling Programs                                                                    249

                          ACTION            E19            Urge School Administrators to Incorporate Estuary Education in                                                            249
                                                           Curricula and Establish Challenge Grants

                          ACTION            E20            Develop and Place Permanent Estuary Displays                                                                              250

                          ACTION            E21            Develop a Mascot for the Estuary                                                                                          251

                          ACTION            E22            Establish Delaware Estuary Merit Badge                                                                                    251

                          ACTION            E23            Develop and Place Watershed Signs on                                Roadways and Promote                                  252
                                                           Watershed Education

                        ............ ......
                                                                                        ............
                                                . ... ......... ............................... ...........  ......
                                                                                    ..................                                                          .......
                                                                                                               ........................ ...........
                               ................................... .. ............
                                                                                                                                                             ................
                                                                                   ............
                                                                            ..........................
                             ......................................... ........... ....... .......
                        ................... .... ............................... ........ ........... .........
                               ......................... -: ................. ... .... .... ..                                                               .................. .
                                  .. ...... ...............                                               . ........                                                            ...........
                                   ..........              ............  ........                   ...... .................
                                                                                                                  __ .....................
                                                                                                                    ..........................                               ........

                          ACTION            M 1            Establish an Interim Monitoring Advisory Group                                                                            262

                          ACTION            M2             Establish        a Permanent Monitoring Advisory Committee                                                                262

                          ACTION            M3             Establish the Office of Monitoring and Mapping Coordination                                                               263

                          ACTION            M4             Implement the Minimal Monitoring Program                                                                                  264

                          ACTION            M5             Implement the Expanded Monitoring Program                                                                                 264

                          ACTION            M6             Evaluate and Report Monitoring Information                                                                                265
                                                                                           .................                                             .........
                                                                                                   . . . .... ............
                                                                                                                                                            ....................... ..............
                                                ...................... ..  ........     ........
                        ........................... .............. ................ ...........................................................................................................................................  ...........
                        ...........  .........
                                                        .............................. ..............
                                                     .................................... .. ..........                                      ..................  .............................. ..............
                                                    ...............................................               .. .. .. ..............  .......
                                                                                      .....                                                        .........  .................................... ....................
                                                                      ...........
                                                                                                                                                                               ...........

                          ACTION Rl                        Implement RIMS on a Pilot Scalia for One Year                                                                             269

                          ACTION R2-                       Implement RIMS in Expanded Form                                                                                           270




                                                                                                                                                                                               73




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                             ESTUARY PROGRAM




































































                                  74                                                                                                                                                      January 1995





                                                           LAND MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER III: Land Management Action Plan

















	The Delaware Estuary Program, through this Plan, joins the
	effort to change the land ethic that has guided us for
	generations. This change would result in out taking a
broader view of environmental protection-metaphorically
enlarging the boundaries of our communities-to ensure that our
irreplaceable natural resources are protected for the futre. We         What is
must consider the Estuary as an ecosystem and ourselves as part         needed today
of an Estuary-wide community, motivated by what DeWitt John             to stem
(1993) has called "civic environmentalism," through wich we will        continued
cooperatively address issues that threaten to undermine the             environmental
Estuary's ecological health and the quality of life of the              degradation is
communities that rely on it.                                            a regional
                                                                        approach to
As we consider the protection of the Estuary's ecosystem and            land use.
how to address the problems that affect it, we must focus on its
entire watershed. When we design approaches to protect the
natural resources of the Estuary watershed, it is evident that land
use must figure prominently in our plans. Where we put office
buildings, highways, parking lots, houses, stores, farms, and parks
has important ramifications for water quality and quantity, habitat
for fish, birds, and mammals, and access to the water's edge for
recreation.

Land use traditionally has been a local issue in the Estuary
watershed, and, even at the local level, it is an exceptionally
sensitive issue. What is needed today to conserve natural
resources and protect environmental quality, however, it a regional
approach to land use. We recognize that there are many barriers
and obstacles to such an an approach, but we also recognize that
there are ways to overcome these barriers and obstacles.




                                                                           75










                        DRAFT CCIVIP
              DELAWAR
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 First, we must make people throughout the Estuary watershed-
                 state and local elected officials, individual residents, decision-
                 makers in business and industry, and others-aware that wise
                 planning, innovative technology, and state-of-the-art open space
                 zoning offer an opportunity to rethink conventional practices and
                 address community interests in both conservation and land equity.
                 Next, we must motivate them to make decisions and take action
                 with a regional watershed-wide perspective, imparting to them a
                 broad-based land ethic and a sense of civic environmentalism and
                 demonstrating that environmental protection can have significant
                 fiscal benefits. Finally, we must offer creative solutions, that not
                 only will have a positive effect on environmental protection, but            The
                 also on quality of life in the watershed's communities.                      recommended
                                                                                              actions will
                 This chapter includes 18 actions to promote a regional, watershed            advance the
                 approach to land use by offering support for environmentally-                goal of
                 sound land use practices, filling gaps in existing land use laws and         forging a new
                 regulations, and dramatically changing the way we think about                land ethic
                 land use and protection of the Delaware Estuary. Some of these               that will
                 actions can be undertaken immediately, while others will require             guide the
                                                                                              way we think
                 legislative action and the cultivation of significant levels of public       about and
                 support. All of the recommended actions, however, will advance               treat the
                 the goal of forging a new land ethic that will guide the way we              Delaware
                 think about and treat the Delaware Estuary watershed.                        Estuary
                                                                                              watershed.
                 A. Why Land Use is a Concern of the Estuary
                       Program

                 In the past, cities, towns, and villages in the Delaware Estuary
                 region were compact and densely populated. Examples include
                 Philadelphia, a major city; Haddonfield, a moderate-sized town;
                 and Smyrna, a village. Although these communities have negative
                 effects on the watershed's ecology, they are relatively more
                 efficient and less damaging to the environment than the sprawl
                 development that has occurred in the last several decades, which
                 consumes much more land to accommodate fewer people and,
                 therefore, has more far-reaching effects on both the community
                 and the ecosystem.

                 Specific evidence of these effects include:

                               Most townships and counties have adopted zoning
                               ordinances, principally to set rules for the orderly
                               conversion    of natural     lands into developed
                               properties. Communities who have relied on this



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                           conventional "cookie-cutter" approach to zoning
                           often find that parcel by parcel they become
                           blanketed with "wall to wall development" (Arendt,
                           1994);


                           As land is transformed frorn natural cover to
                           impervious surfaces, increased loadings of pollutant-
                           laden stormwater and reduced absorption and
                           filtration occur.     This in turn affects stream
                           hydrology with more water flowing to streams during
                           storm    events    and   less   water available       for
                           groundwater recharge and maintenance of stream
                           base flows;

                           Low density suburban development requires that
                           people drive everywhere they go, creating highway
                           congestion and air pollution.           Air pollutants
                           eventually end up in the Estuary, falling with rain;

                           With development spread out over large areas, the
                           cost of constructing and maintaining infrastructure,
                           such as highways and sewer systems, is
                           significantly greater than it 'would have been if
                           development had been concentrated (New Jersey
                           Office of State Planning, 1992.);

             2)006         Inefficient land management fragments natural
                           habitat, creating small, less ecologically valuable
                           parcels (Robinson, Yurlina, and Handel, 1994);

                           Natural vistas are impaired;

                           Public access to natural settings, including parks and
                           the    Estuary    waterfront,     is , diminished      by
                           development that does not take open space
                           protection into account (Arendt, 1994); and

                           Valuable agricultural land, which is often the easiest
                           land to develop, is consumed. Important habitat and
                           groundwater recharge areas are lost and, as
                           farmland    is fragmented       and    surrounded      by
                           development, agriculture cannot survive (Smith,
                           1994).








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                                                                                                     WHY DO WE NEED A
                                                                                                     REGIONAL APPROACH TO
                                                                                                     OPEN SPACE IN
                                                                                                     SOUTI]EASTERN
                                                                                                     PENNSYLVANIA?










                                                                                        DEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                        DELAWARE VALLEY, 1930
                              -------------------
                                                                    ......              Source: U. vf Pa., 1970, CPA, 1992




                                                   %           V,



                                                     j@




                                             or




                                                                                        DEVELOPED LAND
                                 4                                                      -DELAWARE VALLEY, 1960
                                 ..............;                                        Source: U. of Pa., 1970, CPA, 1992






                                                                        'vi i,









                                           %


                                     7




                                                                                        DEVELOPED LAND
                                                                                        DELAWARE VALLEY, 1990
                                                                                        Source: NPS, DVRPC, 1991, CPA, 1992
                                                                     1992 Institute Report - 5
                                                         jo@












































                       Figure 34. Why do we need a Regional Approach to Open Space, Toni Seymour, AICP: Regional Institute of the
                       City Parks Association (1992); University of Pennsylvania (11970); The National Park Service and the Delaware Valley Regional
                       Planning Commission (1990).



                       78                                                                                                      January 1995









                                                                               LAND MANAGEMENT


             Continuation of current trends in sprawl development in the future
             does not bode well for the health of the Delaware Estuary, its
             natural resources, or its cities, towns, and villages (See Figure
             34).  But current trends do not have to continue. There are
             creative new approaches to managing growth that have the
             potential to ensure that new development does not undermine our
             efforts to protect our environment. This is what we mean by
             sustainable development.       These approaches, however, are
             relatively untried and need to be.actively promoted if they are to
             change the status quo.

             The Delaware Estuary Program recognizes that -growth and
             development are important to Estuary watershed communities and
             that they are not necessarily incompatible with a "greener vision"
             that conserves those natural lands and special places that give our
             communities their distinctive character. Accordingly, this Plan
             attempts to highlight practical alternatives to conventional zoning,
             wastewater treatment, and municipal-specific decision-making that
             offer an opportunity to:

             304          Link green spaces within and between communities.

             204          Conserve important terrestrial habitat.

             204          Reduce stormwater loadings; by slowing runoff
                          velocities and providing for increased infiltration and
                          natural filtration.


             3004         Increase stream shading.

             9)04         Increase flexibility for wastewater reclamation and
                          reuse.


             304          Reduce maintenance costs.

             204          Reduce infrastructure and engineering costs.

             One example of innovative site planning is depicted in Figure 35.
             This figure compares and contrasts conventional zoning and open
             space zoning for a specific site. Both plans yield the same number
             of units.


             The threats to the Estuary posed by sprawl development, and the
             potential benefits of successfully implementing creative,
             sustainable approaches to growth, are compelling reasons for




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                              A.      A conventional
                                      site plan












                                                                                                                       via










                              The site plan above (A) shows a traditional approach to placement of lots and streets as permitted under
                              conventional zoning ordinances in many Delaware Estuary region municipalities. This approach spreads
                              development over virtually the entire site and requires that infrastructure (streets and sewer lines) be
                              extended to serve this area. Natural systems have been fragmented or destroyed.

                              The site plan below (B) shows a development approach on the same piece of land. It has the same number
                              of house lots, but these cover substantially less area and more open space is protected. This open space is
                              easily accessible to neighborhood residents and offers a system of trails, protects attractive views, and will
                              continue to serve important environmental functions -including the protection of water quality through
                              stream buffers and the provision of an unbroken forest canopy for wildlife. This site plan requires far less
                              infrastructure than the traditional approach- which means   lower costs for construction and maintenance.
                              It also has less impervious surface area-which means that there will be less runoff discharged into the
                              storm sewer system and the adjacent waterways.
                                                                                                       wildflower
                                                                                                        meadow
                              B.      An innovative
                                                                                                                   steep slopes
                                      site plan                                                                     (>20%)

                                                                                                             41


                                                                                           V.
                                                                             woodlands

                                                                                                                                     w
                                                                                                                                       lands
                                                                                                                                      et
                                                                                                               ove






                                                                    knoll with
                                                                                                    Spring
                                                                    white oa
                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                        hydric soils
                                                                                                    -C

                                                                          Common'




                                         Creative site design can protect habitat and water quality without reducing the
                                                                   number of houses built on a site.

                        Figure 35. Creative site design can protect habitat and water quality without reducing the number
                        of houses built on a site. These illustrations are from "Designing Open Space Subdivisions" by Randall Arendt,
                        September, 1994, which is available from the Natural Lands Trust at (610) 353-5587.



                      80                                                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                LAND MANAGEMENT


             treating land use as a major component of this Comprehensive
             Conservation and Management Plan.

             B.    Barriers and Obstacles to Achieving the
                   Delaware Estuary Prograrn's Land Use
                   Goals and Objectives

             Land use issues are inherently a challenge to address because
             they relate to basic questions of individual property rights and the
             effect of government action on those rights. In addition, many
             property owners, such as farmers, rely on equity in their land and
             their ability to realize that equity for retirement income'. Barriers
             and obstacles to achieving the Program's; land use goals and
             objectives, which are discussed throughout this chapter, include:

             304           An estuary watershed that lies in three states, each
                           with its own land use statute. The Delaware Estuary
                           Program does not suggest that land use statutes for
                           all three states should be the same. Instead, our
                           focus is on encouraging similar planning processes in
                           the three states, including state or regional-level
                           planning and a stronger county role in coordinating
                           with municipalities, as proposed in Actions L10, Ll 1,
                           and Ll 2;

             901"          Land use decisionmaking in individual local
                           governments that does not consider regional impacts
                           of development. The Program's response to this
                           situation is to provide incentives for stronger regional
                           planning, as in Actions L7, L8, and Ll 0. We are
                           also seeking to help communities to look beyond
                           their borders to consider the regional implications of
                           the decisions they make, and to think of themselves
                           as a part of the Delaware Estuary watershed, as in
                           L2, L3, and L4;

                           Questions of equity with reo ard to encouraging
                           concentrated development in some places and no
                           development in others. The Program recommends
                           that the issue of equity be addressed at the highest
                           levels of government in Actions Ll and Ll 2;

                           Hesitation on the part of local governments to try
                           innovative approaches to development proposed by
                           developers because of legal and regulatory
                           constraints and a fear of relatively untried



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                               development techniques - which can result in
                               "cookie-cutter" zoning ordinances, which promote
                               traditional sprawl development and are not adapted
                               to an individual municipality's natural resource
                               protection needs.       In addition to incentives for
                               innovative planning, the Program proposes to provide
                               local governments with various forms of technical
                               assistance in Actions L12, L13, and L14;

                               A complex web of laws and regulations,
                               implemented at various levels of government, that
                               can discourage developers from trying new
                               approaches, lead to costly delays in projects and
                               fos ter resen tmen t to ward en vironmen tal pro tec tion
                               efforts, which are viewed as bureaucracy-driven.
                               The    Program     proposes changes         in    specific
                               regulations and practices that seem to hamper
                               approaches to development and growth that lead to
                               sustainable development, detailed in Actions L16,
                               L17, and L18; and

                               A reliance on property taxes in each of the three
                               Estuary states to support local government services,
                               such as schools, which encourages municipal
                               governments to promote development to generate
                               tax ratables and, in so doing, foster suburban
                               spra wl.    Although the Plan does not include a
                               specific recommendation relating to the property tax
                               issue and the pursuit of ratables, this is an issue that
                               the Program will consider in the future.
                                                                                                The Delaware
                 C. Existing Programs and Jurisdiction Over                                     Estuary
                                                                                                Program, to
                       Land Use                                                                 meet its
                                                                                                mandate,
                 The Delaware Estuary Program, to meet its mandate, must                        must consider
                 consider the Estuary, which lies in three states, as a regional                the Estuary
                 resource requiring a regional perspective for protection.                      as a regional
                 Superimposed on the Estuary system, however, is a web of                       resource
                 political boundaries. Today, land use is treated in different ways             requiring a
                 within each of these boundaries. As a result, natural systems,                 regional
                 which rarely are contained completely within one political                     perspective
                 subdivision, are exposed to varying approaches to land use,                    for
                 dictated by a wide range of federal, state, and local laws,                    protection.
                 regulations, and programs.




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            To better understand this jurisdictional wet) and the institutional
            framework for land use management in the region, the Delaware
            Estuary Program conducted two comprehensive inventories:

                   Delaware Estuary Program Land Use Management Inventory
                   and Assessment. The Greeley-Polhemus Group, Inc.; and

                   Delaware Estuary Regulatory Programs Inventory and
                   Assessment. Roy F. Weston, Inc., Oct. 1992.

            The information contained in these reports has been updated and
            consolidated into a comprehensive matrix-format available as a
            companion document to this Plan.

            These inventories have made it clear that the processes for
            regulating land use in the watershed fail to, adequately consider
            ecosystem-wide environmental needs. A prilmary problem is that
            we have approached environmental protection resource by                        The challenge
            resource: specific laws protect wetlands; other laws protect                   that remains
            endangered species; and still other laws protect water quality.                is to convince
            Even these fragmented laws are not integrated into the planning                local
            and zoning ordinances of individual municipalities. The result Is              governments,
            that the current processes for land use management and                         each with
            environmental protection not only fail to look at the relationship             disparate
            between natural systems; they also fail to effectively manage on               interests and
            a resource-specific basis.        The process is fragmented and                needs,that
            encourages additional fragmentation when what is needed is a                   taking a
            unified regional view of resource protection and land use.                     watershed-
                                                                                           wide view of
            The land use component of this Plan advocates making the best                  land use and
            use of existing land use laws and regulations and, where                       resource
            necessary, changing them to facilitate a regional, tri-state                   protection is
            approach to land use and resource protection.                                  in their best
                                                                                           interests.

            The challenge that remains is to convince local governments, each
            with disparate interests and needs, that taking a watershed-wide
            view of land use and resource protection is in their best interests.
            Five years of work by the Delaware Estuary Program show that
            this approach is in their collective best interests.

            The roles of various layers of government with regard to land use
            are described, in brief, below.







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                 THE LOCAL ROLE


                 For the most part, control of land use in the Delaware Estuary
                 watershed is the prerogative of each of the region's 250
                 municipalities, each of which may plan and zone within its own
                 borders. The.authority to do this is given to them by the three
                 states, primarily through their land use statutes: the Municipalities
                 Planning Code (Pennsylvania); the Municipal Land Use Law (New
                 Jersey); and the Land Use Planning Act (Delaware).

                 Despite the fact that they are governed by distinct and unrelated
                 land use statutes, municipalities in, the three states share a
                 common tradition: a heavy emphasis on "home rule." Land use
                 is, in short, a carefully guarded local prerogative in all three states.


                 THE COUNTY ROLE


                 In Pennsylvania, counties have the power to plan under the
                 Municipalities Planning Code and, in the absence of municipal
                 zoning, to zone. There are, however, no unincorporated areas in
                 Pennsylvania's Delaware Estuary watershed counties. County
                 comprehensive plans, which are required, are advisory only.

                 In New Jersey, under the County and Regional Planning Enabling
                 Act, county planning boards have the legal authority to review
                 local applications to ensure that they are consistent with the
                 county's storm water control and transportation plans, and their
                 approval is required for certain development and subdivision
                 applications. As in Pennsylvania, county master plans are not
                 binding on municipalities.

                 In Delaware, county governments play a similarly advisory role in
                 incorporated     areas,    but    have    substantial    authority     in
                 unincorporated areas, where they have the power to plan and
                 zone. Large portions of Kent, New Castle, and Sussex Counties
                 are unincorporated, and development there is guided by the
                 Quality of Life Act, which provides the direction for county land
                 use and development.


                 REGIONAL PLANNING


                 There are no regional planning entities involved in local planning
                 and zoning. The Delaware River Basin Commission, however, has
                 direct control over the extraction and use of water from the
                 Delaware, its tributaries, and the region's aquifers.                The
                 Commission also sets water quality standards and is implementing


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                                                                              LAND MANAGEMENT


            a nonpoint source control program in the special protection water
            areas of the Upper Delaware River Basin.             As such, the
            Commission has the potential to play a significant role in the land
            use decision-making process. To date, it has not played such a
            role, although there are land use implications inherent in many of
            the water use and quality regulatory functions it performs.

            The Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC)
            focuses on the nine-county Philadelphia region in Pennsylvania and
            New Jersey. A bi-state public agency created in 1965, DVRPC
            develops regulatory policy and provides technical support and
            coordination to public and private leaders.        As a federally-
            designated Metropolitan Planning Organization, DVRPC addresses
            a range of development issues related to transportation, land use,
            and the environment. The Intermodal Surface Transportation
            Efficiency Act (ISTEA) transformed DVRPC from an advisory body
            into a stronger implementing agency by giving it a greater role in
            the distribution of federal and state funding to transportation
            projects in the Delaware Valley region.        ISTEA also requires
            DVRPC's transportation planning efforts to integrate land use,
            environmental protection, and transit services.


            THE STATE.ROLE


            The three state governments are involved in day-to-day land use
            issues primarily through their regulatory functions (controlling
            floodplain development and disturbance of wetlands, for example)
            and through related activities of state agencies, particularly
            transportation and environmental protection departments. But the
            states, in all three cases, grant the authority to regulate land use
            through planning and zoning to municipalities (and, in some cases,
            counties) and therefore have the legal power to change the laws
            governing land use.

            In recent years, the most dramatic exercise of this authority in this
            region was the passage of the State Planning Act in New Jersey
            in 1985. Under this Act, a state plan, setting policies and goals
            for land use patterns throughout the state, has been adopted and
            is now being implemented. A primary means of implementing the
            State Plan is requiring state agencies to follow it as, for example,
            they determine where to invest state funds in capital projects.
            Local governments are not compelled to follow the plan, but they
            will be rewarded for doing so.







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                  THE FEDERAL ROLE


                  As with the states, the federal role in land use primarily is
                  regulatory or related to acquisition of land for public uses. The
                  federal government also funds capital projects that have major
                  effects on land use, however, and that have done much to            shape
                  present land use patterns. Examples include the funding             of the
                  interstate highway system and public sewage systems,                which
                  have promoted sprawl, and requirements of ISTEA, related            to the
                  Clean Air Act of 1990, which are likely to encourage more
                  compact, transit-oriented growth.
                                                                                                    The Delaware
                  D. Sustainable Development Through                                                Estuary
                        Watershed-Based Land Use Planning                                           Program
                                                                                                    advocates a
                                                                                                    new approach
                  It is clear that the Delaware Estuary watershed is              a unified         to land use
                  ecosystem, and that the health of one part of the system has a                    regulation:
                  direct effect on the health of the other parts. We know that what                 sustainable
                  we do with the land in the watershed, for exampe, has a major                     development
                  impact on its water and wildlife.                                                 achieved in
                                                                                                    the near-term
                  It is also clear that, although individual land use decisions made in             through
                  municipalities throughout the watershed have incremental,                         watershed-
                  cumulative effects on the entire ecosystem, regulations and laws                  based
                  in the three watershed states fail to comprehensively consider the                planning and,
                  regional effects of local actions.                                                in the long
                                                                                                    term, through
                                                                                                    the
                  Therefore, to promote a    regional  perspective on protection of the             development
                  Estuary, the Delaware Estuary Program advocates a new approach                    and
                  to land use regulation: sustainable development achieved in the                   implement-
                  near-term through watershed-based planning and, in the long                       ation of a
                  term, through the development and implementation of a                             Comprehen-
                  Comprehensive Environmental Policy Plan for the Delaware                          sive
                  Estuary region. All of the actions recommended at the end of this                 Environmental
                  chapter have been designed to build a foundation for these                        Policy Plan
                  approaches to sustainable development in the Delaware Estuary                     forthe
                  watershed.                                                                        Delaware
                                                                                                    Estuary
                  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT                                                           region.

                  The concept of sustainable development offers exciting
                  possibilities for a new vision       of land use and environmental
                  protection in the Delaware Estuary watershed.





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            As defined in Chapter 1, sustainable development is development
            that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the
            ability of future generations to meet their own needs". This
            definition provides a broad framework under which other, more
            specific, definitions and examples may be put into context.

            One of these was articulated in an address delivered to a forum on
            sustainable development convened by the Delaware Estuary
            Program in late 1993. Steven Viederman, executive director of
            the Jesse Smith Noyes Foundation in New, York, expanded the
            Brundtland definition and defined sustainability as:

            A community's control and prudent use ofcapital-afl forms of
            capital, natural capital and cultural capital-to ensure... tha t
            present and future generations can attain a high degree of
            economic security and achieve democracy while maintaining the
            integrity of the ecological systems upon which all life and a#
            production depends.

            We are, however, a long way from achieving sustainability as
            defined by the Brundtland Report or Steven Viederman. Municipal             The challenge
            officials often want to do the right thing for the environment, but         for local
            they are forced to seek development to pay for roads, schools               officials is
            parks, drinking water, sewage treatment, and solid waste                    how to allow
            disposal. While growth and development increase tax revenues,               for needed
            they also create problems, particularly when they follow sprawl             growth
            patterns.   These problems include higher costs for services,               without
            increased amounts of sewage and solid waste, more polluted                  destroying
                                                                                        the qualities
            runoff, energy-inefficient and dependent communities, degraded              that make
            water, and increased risks of flooding.                                     their
                                                                                        communities
            Sprawl development is not sustainable; one primary manifestation            desirable
            of this fact is that it continually pushes development away from            places to live
            itself as it destroys environmental systems and undermines                  and work.
            communities it absorbs and leaves behind. The challenge for local
            officials is how to allow for needed growth without destroying the
            qualities that make their communities desirable places to live and
            work. The answer, which is magnified in effectiveness as it
            moves from the local to the regional, watershed level, lies in the
            principles of sustainable development.

            We have learned that effective, long-terr-ri environmental
            protection cannot be achieved through conventional pollution
            control measures alone, although these are essential. The threat
            of nonpoint source pollution to the Estuary's water quality, for
            example, is evidence of this important fact. We have also learned




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                 that the way we use our land has a direct impact on the
                 environment, and on the quality of life in our cities, towns, and
                 villages. Deteriorating urban cores, disjointed suburban sprawl,
                 polluted air, traffic congestion, and loss of aesthetic quality in the
                 urban and suburban parts of the watershed are daily reminders of
                 this.


                 We need both a clean and healthy environment and vibrant, stable              To have a
                 communities. The trends that have emerged under the traditional               sustainable
                 way of operating over the past several decades indicate that this             society, we
                 is not the direction in which we are moving, however. What is                 must make
                 needed is a dramatic new approach to environmental protection,                structural
                 including a mix of new, clean technologies so that industry is                changesin
                 more efficient and does not undermine environmental quality and,              our modes
                 therefore, quality of life. To have a sustainable society, we must            and methods
                 make structural changes in our modes and methods of production                of production
                                                                                               as well as in
                 as well as in our patterns of consumption-of goods, of water, of              our patterns
                 land.                                                                         of
                                                                                               consumption
                 Creation of truly sustainable communities in the Delaware Estuary             -of goods,
                 watershed will require a comprehensive approach to planning and               of water, of
                 community design, the application of non-traditional growth                   land.
                 management principles, and an effort to shift market forces to
                 protect the Estuary.


                 WATERSHED-BASED LAND PLANNING


                 Watershed-based land planning is an important tool for controlling
                 nonpoint source pollution and storm water runoff and for
                 managing growth from a regional perspective in a way that
                 protects natural resources and promotes compact, traditional
                 communities.


                 Successful watershed-based land planning must take a variety of
                 elements into account. These include the hydrologic cycle, the
                 location and extent of natural resources, carrying capacity and
                 growth limits, intermixed conservation and developed areas,
                 preservation of critical natural areas, and recentralization.

                 There are many existing projects and programs, offered by a
                 panoply of federal, state, county, and local government agencies
                 and the not-for-profit sector, that can be important components of






                 88                                                                           January 1995








                                                                                   LAND MANAGEMENT


             a regional watershed-based land planning effort.                Examples
             include:


               The projects of the Brandywine Conservancy, the Natural Lands
               Trust, the New Jersey Conservation Foundation, the Nature
               Conservancy, and other land trusts and watershed associations,
               which focus on environmental protection through private
               landowner participation in land management programs,
               technical assistance to municipalities on innovative approaches
               to planning and land use, and acquisition of land and
               conservation easements;


               The GreenSpace Alliance, which has brought together a variety
               of    county    and     local   governments       and     not-for-profit
               organizations with the goal of protecting open space and
               promoting envi ron mental ly-so und planning in Southeastern
               Pennsylvania;

               The Burlington County Transfer of Development Rights program
               and the Chester County and Montgomery County open space
               bond programs;

               The State of Delaware's Coastal Heritage Greenway, the State
               of New Jersey's Green Acres Program, and the State of
               Pennsylvania's Keystone Recreation Park and Conservation
               Fund, all of which protect open space for recreation,
               conservation, and natural resource protection; and

               The federal Wild and Scenic River program, which has been
               used on the Maurice River, where,it spawned coordinated land
               use plans in four river townships in Cumberland County.

             Standing alone, each of these efforts is significant. If, however,
             the three Estuary states adopted policies that promote coordinated
             watershed-based       planning     throughout      the    region,    their
             effectiveness would be enhanced dramatically.              One way to
             achieve this end is through the implementation of a
             Comprehensive Environmental Policy Plan for the entire Estuary
             watershed.


             COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PLAN FOR THE
             DELAWARE ESTUARY


             The tradition of local planning and zoning is deeply embedded in
             the Delaware Estuary region, guided by land use statutes in each
             of the three Estuary states. These facts seem to represent an



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                 insurmountable barrier to an Estuary-wide approach to land use
                 and environmental protection, but, in fact, they are not.
                                                                                                Local
                 Local governments and the states, as well as business and                      governments
                 industry, and citizens in all of these jurisdictions, however, all             and the
                 have an interest in protecting their environment.            Forging a         states, as
                 comprehensive policy plan for the Delaware Estuary would not be                well as
                 a matter of undermining long-standing traditions of home rule, but             business and
                                                                                                industry, and
                 rather one of capitalizing on the interest we all have in the most             citizens all
                 effective and efficient approach to environmental protection.                  have an
                                                                                                interestin
                 A regional policy plan would be developed through a consensus-                 protecting
                 building process involving many Estuary region interests and based             their
                 on solid science. It would set out guidelines for environmental                environment.
                 protection, land use, sustainable development, and use of
                 resources for the region which, in turn, would be implemented
                 through the individual state land use laws, environmental statutes
                 and regulations, and county and local zoning ordinances and
                 policies. It would enable local officials-who have demonstrated
                 a commitment to careful use of resources and effective
                 environmental protection policies-to consider the regional impact
                 of the decisions they make.

                 The regional policy plan would be a manifestation of two basic
                 changes wrought by the Delaware Estuary Program: a new land
                 ethic that reflects our awareness that we are "individual members
                 of a community of interdependent parts," and a commitment to
                 civic environmentalism, which reflects the role individuals can play
                 in environmental protection through their daily behavior. The
                 result would be tremendous advances toward the ultimate goal of
                 achieving sustainability.



















                 90                                                                            January 1995









                                                                            LAND MANAGEMENT


                                           Recommendations



           Actions pertaining to Land Management have been grouped into five categories as
            follows:


                    Sustainable Development - to promote and facilitate development that
                    provides housing, jobs, and revenue without destroying the Estuary
                    watershed's natural resources.


                    Watershed-based Land Planning for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control - to
                    support the efforts of the states in achieving Coastal Zone Act and Clean
                    Water Act program objectives to reduce the flow of nonpoint source
                    pollutants, both toxics and nutrients, into the tributaries and mainstern of the
                    Delaware Estuary.

                    Increased Regional Coordination, Planning, and Decision-Making - to provide
                    incentives for regional coordination in planning and infrastructure decision-
                    making.

                    Technical Assistance and Funding -- to provide local governments with the
                    information, data, and means to use tools to achieve envi ro n mental ly-sound
                    planning.

                    Legislative and Regulatory Changes - to promote preservation of natural
                    resources, reduce pollutant emissions, and streamline government processes.























                                                                                                  91






DRAFT CCMP

DELAWARE 
ESTUARY PROGRAM



SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ACTION L1:     Develop a Comprehensive Environmental Policy Plan for
	 	   the Delaware Estuary













		Why: A major objective of the Delaware Estuary Program is to achieve a sustainable
		economy within the watershed of the Delaware River and Bay within one generation,
		or by the year 2020. Current trends of land comsumption, water depletion, pollution
		loading, and depletion of renewable and non-renewable resources will eventually
		exceed the carrying capacity of the environment.

		What and How: A non-traditional
		environmental policy plan which
		focuses on controlling environmental
		problems at their source and
		establishing clear targets and
		timeframes for environmental results
		is needed.

		To initiate this process, the Delaware
		Estuary Program proposes that the
		Governors of Pennsylvania,
		Delaware, and New Jersey convene
		a Delaware Estuary Watershed
		Sustainable Development Summit.
		The Delaware Estuary Foundation
		would seek to develop partnerships
		with groups like the Stockton
		Alliance and other organizations with
		demonstrated leadership in this area.



        92                                                           January 1995







                                                             LAND MANAGEMENT

The organizations would collaborate to organize the goals, obejectives, participants,
and logistics of the Summit.

The purpose of the summit would be to:


							Implicit in this process is a recognition
							that government alone, or a command
							and control approach, cannot achieve
							lasting environmental improvement.
							Accordingly, the plan will lay the
							foundation for an incentive structure
							which encourages and requires, where
							necessary, all sectors of society to make
							decisions that will minimize adverse
							environmental impacts while maximizing
							sustainable economic development.
							Regional leaders from both the private
							and public sectors would be target
							participants.



							It is very important that deliberations
							concerning environmental quality
							objectives and setting measuable
							targets be based on good science, new
							technologies, and the best information
							available. The data compiled and
							studies commissioned by the Program
							should greatly facilitate this process.


							Measure of Success: Consensus on
							broad environmental quality objectives
							by October 1996. Initiation of
							processes to reach pollution reduction
							and sustain-able resource consumption
							targets within specific timeframes.




                                                                               93





             QQ
             OF DRAFT CCIVIP
             5ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                WATERSHED-BASED LAND PLANNING FOR NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
                CONTROL


                This Action Plan is designed to support the efforts of the states in achieving their
                Coastal Zone Act and Clean Water Act program objectives. It proposes to provide
                regional satellite and GIS information to the states to assist them in tributary
                watershed ranking, in the identification of critical areas within watersheds, and with
                watershed-based land planning and storm water management planning. The Action
                Plan also provides for an information clearinghouse for municipalities and landowners
                to learn how they could work cooperatively with county conservation districts,
                agricultural assistance programs, the riverkeeper network, conservancies, and other
                groups.

                The purpose of these actions is to reduce the flow of nonpoint source pollution (NPS),
                both toxics and nutrients, into the tributaries and the mainstern of the Delaware
                Estuary. As point sources (factories and wastewater treatment plants) of these
                pollutants have been better controlled, the importance of controlling nonpoint sources
                has increased.





































                94                                                                     January 1995








                                                                                                                 LAND MANAGEMENT



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                  Why. The states all have programs that focus on                             protecting      water     quality, including
                  impacts from nonpoint sources and stormwater. These programs need support in
                  obtaining and using technical tools and data, using the data and tools for watershed-
                  based planning, and educating agencies and the public on watershed-based planning.


                          ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS


                                                                                                               ............
                                                   ............ ..............               .................                            .................
                                                                                                                                            ..............
                                                                                                                                            .............
                                                                                    .... ......
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                    L2. 1:                      Lead:   Delaware \Estuary Foundation                   Long-term              $16,500 per
                    Identification of           Partners: USEPA, PADER, NJDEP,                                                year plus
                    Land Use/Land               DNREC                                                                         USEPA,
                    Cover Patterns                                                                                            USDA-ASCS,
                                                                                                                              USGS in-kind
                                                                                                                              services


                   ------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
                    L2.2:                       Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                       Mid-term              $16,500 per
                    Identification of           Partners: LISEPA, USDA-ASCS,                                                  year plus
                    Critical Areas              PADER, NJDEP, DNREC                                                           USEPA,
                                                                                                                              USDA,USGS
                                                                                                                              in-kind

                                                                                                                              services
                  -------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------
                    L2.3: Tributary             Lead. PADER, NJDEP, DNREC                               Mid-term              $300,000
                    Watershed                   Partners: Delaware Estuary
                    Ranking                   --Foundation,-USEPA         --------  I ----------------------------------------------
                    L2.4: Reports               Lead. Delaware Estuary Foundation                      Long-term              $16,500 per
                    on                          Partners: PADER, NJDEP, DNREC,                                                year plus
                    Demonstration               USEPA                                                                         state in-kind
                    Projects                                                                                                  services for
                                                                                                                              documenta-
                                                                                                                              tion


                  The Delaware Estuary Foundation should support the states' coastal zone, storm
                  water management, and nonpoint source reduction programs by brokering the
                  acquisition of Landsat Thematic Mapper and air photo data, the use of Geographic
                  Information Systems, and the provision of professional expertise for the identification
                  of regional land use/land cover patterns and critical nonpoint pollutant loading areas,
                  for ranking tributary watersheds, and for the preparation and distribution of reports on
                  demonstration basin projects.



                                                                                                                                                95




              GO
              or DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                The Delaware Estuary Foundation should work with public and private sector
                environmental groups to establish a communications network, through the Regional
                Information Management Service, the Internet USEPA Nonpoint Source Bulletin Board,
                or through some other medium, to promote the exchange of information on data,
                technologies, technical service providers, and funding opportunities. The Delaware
                Estuary Foundation could add value to the tri-state storm water management and
                nonpoint source pollution control process by facilitating the dissemination of
                information.


                Measure of Success: Identification of land use/land cover patterns in tributary
                watersheds (1998-2000). Identification of critical areas on the basis of high current
                or potential nonpoint source pollutant loadings to surface and groundwater bodies
                (1996).    Ranked tributary watersheds based on estimated pollutant loadings,
                development patterns, and other factors (1997). Demonstration watershed projects
                conducted (2000-2005).


                Action L2.11: Support the Identification of Land Use/Land Cover Patterns in the
                               Tributary Watersheds

                What and How. This action calls for the Estuary Foundation to support an ongoing
                process of identifying land uses which individually or cumulatively might cause or
                contribute significantly to the degradation of: 1) coastal waters which fail to attain
                or maintain applicable quality standards or to protect designated uses; or 2) coastal
                waters that are threatened by foreseeable increases in pollutant loadings from new or
                expanding sources.

                Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, (classified by USEPA-Office of Research and
                Development), Orthophoto Quads (prepared by USGS), and other aerial photography,
                such as the low level crop verification imagery used by USDA-ASCS, could be
                acquired by the Delaware Estuary Foundation on behalf of the states for identifying
                and delineating land cover/land use patterns on which to assess potential pollution
                loadings to surface and groundwater bodies in the tributary watersheds.

                Action L2.2: Support the Identification of Critical Areas

                What and How: The Coastal Zone Act calls for a two-tiered management approach
                for the control of nonpoint sources of pollution: 1) the implementation of management
                measures to protect coastal water generally, and 2) the implementation of additional
                measures as a second tier of control for critical coastal areas needing added protection
                against predictable pollution impacts.

                To assist the states in locating nonpoint source pollution-related threats to surface and
                groundwater quality in the Estuary's tributary watersheds, the Delaware Estuary
                Foundation would broker the acquisition of Landsat Thematic Mapper and aerial
                photographic imagery; cartographic, water quality, and other data types; and the use




                96                                                                         January 1995









                                                                               LAND MANAGEMENT


            of GIS systems and nonpoint source pollution loading models to identify and map
            critical coastal areas.


            The states would identify impaired and threatened areas in the Estuary, delineate
            corresponding land uses and critical coastal areas, and confirm where additional
            management measures must be implemented.                There are two approaches for
            delineating critical coastal areas. The first approach involves establishing a strip along
            the shoreline adjacent to the threatened or endangered waters, extending the
            boundaries inland, and imposing special land use controls within the area. The second
            is the ecosystem, or watershed, approach, which involves starting with a segment of
            the shoreline and extending its boundaries inland to encompass an entire watershed
            or other ecologically significant feature of the landscape.

            After identifying the land uses and critical coastal areas, the states would implement
            management measures and monitor them with reference to performance standards.
            Where initial measures fail to meet performance standards, additional management
            measures would be selected from among a broad range of structural and non-
            structural nonpoint source controls to add other layers of protection.

            State coastal nonpoint source pollution control programs would provide assistance to
            local governments and to the public for implementing the additional management
            measures. Such assistance might include developing ordinances and regulations, a
            technical guidance manual, models to predict and assess the effectiveness of
            measures, field training, financial incentives, demonstration projects, and other
            innovations to protect coastal water quality and designated uses.

            Local resident citizens should be involved asearly as possible in the development and
            implementation of the coastal nonpoint source pollution control program. Public
            education should target audiences who are affected or regulated and those who can
            and will assist in planning and implementing the program.

            The states' first tier nonpoint source programs are not expected to come on-line until
            1998 at the earliest. Therefore, the Delaware Estuary Foundation should address the
            second tier objectives proactively by arranging for the acquisition of Landsat Thematic
            Mapper Scenes, Orthophoto Quads, aerial photography, and other data with which to
            identify land uses that degrade or threaten to degrade water quality in coastal areas.
            The identification of critical coastal areas should be accompanied by environmental
            education programs to stimulate better public understanding and cooperation.

            Remote sensing technology could be used to track regional development trends and
            to predict where the more severe water quality degradation impacts will occur. This
            capability will become an important tool for enabling environmental managers to
            allocate limited financial and technical resources to critical areas in priority watersheds
            for prevention and mitigation efforts throughout the Estuary region.





                                                                                                     97








                                 DRAFT CCMP
                    UE-LAWARE
                    TS-TUA-RY -PROGRAM


                        Action L2.3: Rank Tributary Watersheds for Storm Water Management Planning and
                                             Nonpoint Source Pollution Control

                        What and How: States would rank tributary watersheds by comparing current land
                        use patterns, development projections, water quality monitoring data, local residents'
                        willingness to participate in water pollution remediation and prevention activities,
                        nonpoint source pollutant loading estimates, and other factors.

                        By ranking the watersheds, state environmental agencies could allocate resources to
                        water pollution prevention and remediation efforts based on the severity of actual or
                        potential nonpoint source degradation impacts to surface and groundwater bodies.

                        Action L2.4: Prepare and Disseminate Reports on Demonstration Basin Projects

                        WhatandHow. The states would designate demonstration' projects in different basins
                        in the Estuary region. Storm water management and utility planning are being done
                        in the Dover-Silver Lake watershed; the Maurice River watershed was, designated as
                        "Wild and Scenic"; and TMDLs and water-based zoning are important program
                        elements in the Brandywine watershed. These projects demonstrate how particular
                        storm water and nonpoint source pollution control problem's can be addressed.

                        The Estuary Foundation would prepare and disseminate reports about these basin
                        projects to public and private sector environmental groups in the Delaware Estuary and
                        mid-Atlantic region.



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                                                       ... ......... . . ..... ..X@X@X: .... ..
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                                ACTION                         RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                              DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                       NEEDS

                          ACTION L3:                 Lead:     Delaware Estuary Foundation                   Long-term          $50,000 per
                          Implementation             Partners: USEPA, PADER, DNREC,                                             year
                          of CZARA                   NJDEP, Conservation Districts,
                          Management                 USDA, USFS, USFWS
                          Measures                 I                                                       I                  I

                        Why. All three states are now developing their programs to control coastal nonpoint
                        source pollution as required by the Coastal Zone Management Act. They need
                        information on the technologies, sources of expertise, and funding sources to
                                                                                                     0


















                        implement their programs.





                        98                                                                                                          January 1995









                                                                              LAND MANAGEMENT


            What and How: The Delaware Estuary Foundation would support the states' efforts
            to implement management measures and BMPs in watershed-based land planning
            programs emphasizing the critical areas mentioned in L2.2 above. The management
            measures fall in the categories of agriculture, marinas and recreational boating, riparian
            buffers, wetlands, hydromodification, and urban.

            "Management Measures" are defined as: "... economically achievable measures to
            control the addition of pollutants to coastal waters, which reflect the greatest degree
            of pollutant reduction achievable through the application of the best available nonpoint
            source pollution control practices, technologies, processes, siting criteria, operating
            methods, and other criteria." "Measures" are pollution control systems made up of
            site and situ ation-specif ic "Management Practices" which function together to achieve
            the goals of the "Management Measures" (CZARA Section 6217 Guidance).

            County Conservation Districts, USDA-SCS, federal and state Forest Services, state
            environmental agencies, municipalities, and other implementing entities would install
            management measures and practices at tributary watershed sites based on nonpoint
            source pollution impacts to surface and groundwater bodies and other area-specific
            factors.


            The Delaware Estuary Foundation would serve as a clearing house for information on
            technologies, practices, civil engineers, planners, landscape architects, storm water
            specialists, funding sources, data, and other information for the implementing entities.

            Measure of Success: In critical coastal areas in the tributary watersheds where high
            nonpoint source impacts to surface and/or groundwater bodies have been recorded,
            the extensions of the riparian landscape are delineated in GIS to identify sites where
            "treatment trains" of management measures and BMPs will be installed.

            Demonstrable improvements in ground and surface water quality after management
            measures and BMPs are installed in critical coastal areas. In suburban and rural areas,
            the landscape elements associated with the water regimen are protected, in
            intermunicipal watershed-wide comprehensive master plans and zoning ordinances,
            from being over-developed.

















                                                                                                    99




                                          go
                                          Or DRAFT CCMP
                                          DELAWARE
                                          FS-T-UARY PRTG-AAM







                                                                                                     ............
                                                                                                                                           . . .. .. ............ .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ...................
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                                                                                                                                          .. . .......

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                                                                                                                           ............                                                                                                                                            ...................





                                                                 ACTION                                                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                                    DATE                                 RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   NEEDS

                                                     ACTION L4:                                             Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                                                                               Long-term                                 $50,000 per
                                                     Riparian Corridor                                      Partners: DNREC, PADER, NJDEP,                                                                                                                            year plus
                                                     Protection                                             USFWS, NPS, USDA, Conservation                                                                                                                            USFS,USEPA,
                                                     Programs                                               Districts, Watershed associations                                                                                                                         USDA,USGS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      in-kind
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      services


                                                  Why: In rural, developing, and urbanized watersheds, riparian corridors should be
                                                  protected from storm water impacts by forested or vegetated buffers and by
                                                  reconstructed stream banks designed in accordance with surrounding land uses,
                                                  vegetation patterns, topography, severity of pollution impacts on water quality, and
                                                  related factors.


                                                  What and How. A stream protection program could be developed by negotiating with
                                                  and building consensus among engineering, homebuilding, environmental, and other
                                                  groups. The degree to which buffers are established along particular reaches would
                                                  depend on the extent to which they are or would be degraded by pollution impacts.
                                                  Stream protection should be integrated into the overall strategies for water quality
                                                  management in the Estuary region. The revegetation of riparian corridors should be
                                                  based on their soil; hydrologic, geologic, and topographic factors; land use; and other
                                                  factors.


                                                  Buffers can protect streams, their associated wetlands, floodplains, and erodible
                                                  slopes by filtering nutrients and toxics; by reducing erosion and sedimentation; by
                                                  stabilizing streambanks; by infiltrating storm water; by maintaining stream baseflow;
                                                  by providing organic matter for the aquatic food chain; by lowering stream
                                                  temperatures; by providing wildlife habitat; by providing scenic value and recreational
                                                  opportunity; and by minimizing water resources expenditures.

                                                  Whenever possible, riparian corridor restoration planning should be done in association
                                                  with wildlife habitat protection and restoration planning to maximize opportunities for
                                                  linking fragmented interior habitats.

                                                  The overall amount of natural land needed by various species might exist in
                                                                                                                                                                       mitt














                                                  fragmented landscapes, but in divided, isolated patches. Greenways can join smaller
                                                  diverse habitat types, and animals can move among them to utilize their total area, not
                                                  just that of individual patches.


                                                  100                                                                                                                                                                                                                     January 1995









                                                                            LAND MANAGEMENT


           Many species use riparian corridors to move through the landscape.                 Thus,
           establishing greenways in riparian zones is an effective way to protect stream
           networks' wildlife support functions. In addition to these wildlife issues, the greenway
           design process involves such water resources protection and conservation concerns
           as flow moderation, nutrient and sediment filtration, temperature regulation, bank
           stabilization, and food and habitat for aquatic communities.

           The Delaware Estuary Foundation would assist municipalities, conservation districts,
           watershed associations, trusts, conservancies, and other groups involved in riparian
           corridor restoration and protection projects by brokering the acquisition of data and
           arranging for its analysis, by distributing technical information, by linking technology
           and professional consultants to projects, and by locating funding sources.

           Measure of Success: In prioritized watersheds throughout the Estuary region, streams
           which are susceptible to nonpoint source! pollution impacts are mapped. Cost
           estimates for riparian buffer protection projects are prepared.            Projects are
           implemented according to completion schedules organized in terms of protection
           strategies per distance of riparian corridor per time per measurable water quality
           improvement. (The ability of a riparian zone to perform its function will depend heavily
           on the status of upstream vegetation, uses of associated uplands, and the
           successional stages of the riparian zone vegetation.































                                                                                                 101








                                  DRAFT CCIVIP
                    RELAWARE
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM



                         ...................       .........                                                        .........
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                             .............
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                         Wh y.    Runoff from urban areas of the                  Delaware        watershed is a          significant source of
                         water    pollution. While retrofits of existing storm water management practices and
                         restoration of streams and wetlands are not simple tasks, they can provide great
                         benefits.



                                 ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                        NEEDS


                                                                                                                             ......... ........................
                                                                                                        nt.:     0 .0
                                                                                       C.'..' anan                        .......
                                                                                                                                                .. ......  ...
                                                                                                                                              ....... .....
                                                                                                                              . .. ........... .................

                          L5. 1:     Urban           Lead.     Delaware      Estuary Foundation               Long-term            $12,500 per
                          BIVIP Retrofits            Partners: Watershed associations,                                             year
                                                     USEPA, PADER, NJDEP, DNREC,
                                                     Conservation Districts
                         -------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
                          L5.2: New                  Lead. Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Long-term            $12,500 per
                          Urban BIVIP                Partners: USEPA, PADER, NJDEP,                                                year
                          Retrof its                 DNREC, Conservation Districts,
                                                     watershed associations
                         -------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------
                          L5.3: Urban                Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Long-term            $12,500 per
                          Wetlands                   Partners: PADER, NJDEP, DNREC,                                                year
                          Creation and               Conservation Districts, watershed
                         --Restoration     --------  associations,- USEPA          ------------------ ----------------------------------
                          L5.4:                      Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Long-term            $12,500 per
                          Community                  Partners: PADER, NJDEP, DNREC,                                                year
                          Stream                     Conservation Districts, watershed
                          Restoration                associations, USEPA
                          Programs

                         This action calls for retrofits to older BMPs, the adaptation of new BMPs to the built
                         landscape, the creation and restoration of urban wetlands, and the restoration of
                         community streams.

                         Urban BIVIF's are designed to approximate pre-development hydrologic regimes by
                         infiltrating, retaining, or detaining the greater flows of storm water produced by urban
                         development. Urban BIVIF's are a simple solution to a complex problem. Although
                         urban BIVIPs may partially reduce the increased loads of pollutants generated in
                         developed areas, they cannot fully mitigate the wide range of impacts that occur with
                         urbanization. They can never compensate                               for poor watershed master planning,
                                                                                                                                     a oil am kh

























































                         inadequate stream buffer networks, or improper site planning.




                         102                                                                                                        January 1995









                                                                            LAND MANAGEMENT


           As a node on national and regional networks, the Delaware Estuary Foundation would
           assist implementing entities by providing information concerning available technical
           support services from private sector consultants or public sector agencies;
           management measure and BIVIP installation; private and public sector funding sources,
           and other information.


           Measure of Success: Where urban streams and other surface water bodies are subject
           to storm water pollution and other nonpoint source impacts, urban BIVIPs are installed.
           The newly installed BIVIPs are mapped and included in municipal storm water master
           plans and comprehensive plans. Stream water quality improvement is reflected in
           monitoring results.

           Action L5.1: Support Urban BMP Retrofits

           What and How: The Delaware Estuary Foundation would act as a technical
           information and funding broker to support projects that retrofit older urban BIVIPs with
           alternative storm water uses.


           Older BIVIPs offer opportunities for retrofitting at modest cost. Older dry storm water
           ponds, for example, can be converted into wet pond marsh systems.

           Action L5.2: Support Retrofits to New Urban BMPs before Community Stream
                          Protection Strategies are Implemented

           What and How. The Delaware Estuary Foundation would broker the acquisition of
           funds, information, and appropriate technologies to support public agencies' efforts
           to implement urban BIVIP retrofit programs, particularly if it can be demonstrated that
           the proposed urban BIVIPs will improve the amenity value on those public lands. Peat
           sand filters, oil-grit separator inlets, and extended lake\wetland systems are among the
           BIVlPs which could be installed in already developed watersheds.

           Action L5.3- Support the Creation and Restoration of Urban Wetlands

           What and How: Despite regulatory protection, most watersheds have lost and will
           continue to lose large areas of freshwater and tidal wetlands to the development
           process. Since urban storm water runoff degrades wetlands in the same ways that
           it degrades urban stream ecosystems, it is critical to restore and manage urban
           wetlands rather than merely conserve them. It is equally critical to create new urban
           storm water wetland areas to partially substitute for the lost ecological functions of
           the destroyed or degraded wetland ecosystem.

           Action L5.4: Support the Organization of Community Stream Restoration Programs

           What and How: Community residents adopt streams and conduct stream watches;
           plant trees; and report oil spills, sewer overflows, and other pollution problems. For
           stream restoration programs to be successful, communities must be willing to give



                                                                                                 103





                    
                     DRAFT CCMP
                    DELAWARE
                    
                      
                      

                        them the same priority as economic growth and the creation of urban infrastructure.
                        If these conditions are met, it is possible to mitigate the effects of development and
                        maintain quality stream systems for future generations. The Delaware Estuary
                        Foundation would broker the acquisition of information and funding for these
                        programs.


                        INCREASED REGIONAL COORDINATION, PLANNING, AND DECISION-MAKING
                                                   
                        Analysis of the existing land use          The Delaware Estuary Program proposes
                        management framework identifies two        to work with local governments to help
                        key problems:                              them guide growth more wisely, while
                                                                   maintaining economic health.  Local
                        1) Little effective regional planning      governments can use their powerful
                           occurs relative to issues of open       planning and zoning authority to
                           space and water quality; and            encourage land uses that will maintain
                                                                   and improve the environment, while
                        2) Land use decision-making takes          stimulating growth where appropriate.
                           place primarily at the municipal level  The Delaware Estuary Program can help
                           and focuses on municipal concerns;      local governments by providing
                           environmental protection and            coordination, a regional perspective, and
                           regional resource management are        incentives to take a more regional
                           generally a low priority.               approach to planning.

                         ACTION L6:     Identify and Support Greenspace Program Plans to Protect
                                        Natural Resource Areas Related to the Estuary


                                ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                        NEEDS

                           ACTION L6:                 Lead. Delaware Estuary Foundation                     Short-term             $50,000 a
                           Greenspace                 Partners: State and county planning                                          year for 2
                           Program Plans              organizations and conservation                                               years
                                                      organizations, including metropolitan
                                                      planning organizations, and DR13C


                        Why. Greenspace planning programs are not well coordinated regionally. If the
                        Program helps to coordinate and promote greenspace programs, Program goals can
                        be integrated into the greenspace plans and the overall effectiveness of both programs
                        can be enhanced.
                                          

                        What and How. All greenspace programs, both active and proposed, would be
                        inventoried. This information would then be mapped for the watershed and analyzed


                        104                                                                                                         January 1995
 








                                                                                                                LAND MANAGEMENT


                 to compare it with watershed priorities for habitat protection and water quality of the
                 Delaware Estuary. Several existing programs, such as the Greenspace Alliance and
                 the Delaware River Greenway, are already providing a coordinating function. The
                 Delaware Estuary Foundation would work with these organizations to support their
                 work and to integrate Delaware Estuary Program priorities with theirs. Where gaps
                 in greenspace plans are identified, the Delaware Estuary Foundation would provide
                 technical assistance to protect greenspace, including identification of funding sources.
                 This effort should include both acquisition of land for public use and acquisition of
                 easements and other conservation techniques that leave land in private ownership.
                 Other forms of technical assistance would include information on the management of
                 open space and the effects of open space on property values.

                 The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 provides
                 opportunities for incorporating greenspace for bikeways and pedestrian paths into
                 transportation plans.

                 Measure of Success: By 1997, map of existing and proposed greenspace programs
                 and established mechanisms for coordination and technical assistance. Thereafter,
                 protection        of three critical tracts per year.



                                                                                                                      ....................

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                           ACTION                      RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                   NEEDS

                    ACTION L7:                Leads: PADCA, DNREC, NJDEP                              Short-term            $75,000 per
                    Environmental             Partners: Circuit rider, counties,                                            year
                    Agreements                municipalities
                    among
                    Municipalities/
                    Counties


                 Why: Municipalities do not generally consider the impacts of their decisions on other
                 municipalities, nor do they typically share information.

                 What and How: Municipalities should voluntarily work together to protect their shared
                 resources and improve the environment. One way of formalizing this commitment
                 would be to establish an agreement on 1) how to share information and ideas, and 2)
                 actions to revise and update municipal regulations to support common goals.
                 Municipalities and counties could                     use these agreements to implement a watershed
                 planning approach across their boundaries.





                                                                                                                                              105




                     go
                     OF DRAFT CCIVIP
                     DELAWARE
                     PS-T-UARY 0WO-GRAM


                         In carrying out this action, the Delaware Estuary Council would support multi-
                         municipal agreements through:

                         1) evaluating existing state ordinances that allow such agreements,

                         2) supporting modifications if needed, and

                         3) providing technical support through a circuit rider for developing the compacts.

                         Pennsylvania already provides for such agreements; however they are not used often.

                         Measure of Success:             Three agreements in the first year, increasing to 30 agreements
                         in five years.




                                                         ...............
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                                 ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                             DATE                RESOURCE
                                                   I                                                                                   NEEDS
                                                                           .................                 .... .... .... ................. .....
                                              X-;:-X                      ............. .. . ...             ....... .....................
                                                                             .............
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                                                                             XX.,
                                                                                                   .....    .....

                           L8. 1:                     Lead.    Delaware       Estuary Foundation             Short-term         $ 2 5,000 for one
                           Legislation for            Partners: State agencies and                                              year
                           Minimum                    legislatures
                           Standards and
                           Coordination

                         -------------------- ----------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------
                           L .                        Lead: Counties, with state                             Mid-term           $25,000 per year
                           Implementation             oversight
                           of Standards                                                                                                                   I

                         Why. All counties in the watershed have comprehensive or master plans that address
                         some environmental issues, but most of the plans do not address all concerns. They
                         also fail to address watershed issues. This means that municipalities do not have
                         adequate guidance on the regional impacts of their actions.

                         What and How. This action has two goals: 1) establishment of state standards for
                         the environmental elements of county master or comprehensive plans, and 2) state-
                         mandated inter-county coordination to assess the watershed impacts of major
                         projects. This action proposes that each county prepare county plans for water
                         supply, sewage facilities, wetlands protection, storm water quantity and quality,




                         106                                                                                                        January 1995









                                                                                                                LAND MANAGEMENT


                 redevelopment, and open space, according to standards defined by the states.
                 Counties would need financial support for this effort.

                 This action also proposes that counties be required to assess the watershed impact
                 of major facilities. Multi-municipal agreements could be a tool for implementation of
                 this action. It would help to achieve compliance with many of the urban management
                 measures of coastal nonpoint source pollution control plans under development by
                 each state.


                 New legislation would be required in all three states. Delaware would need to include
                 legislation to allow counties to plan for incorporated areas as well as unincorporated
                 areas.


                 Measure of Success:                    Within three years of legislation, three counties in full
                 compliance. Each year thereafter, three additional counties achieve full compliance
                 until all are completed. At least six examples per year                           of inter-county coordination in
                 watershed assessment.



                                    ...............................
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                         ACTION                         RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                 NEEDS

                   ACTION L9:                 Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                      Short-term             $25,000
                   Incentives for             Partners: Circuit rider; state and
                   Increased                  federal planning, transportation,
                   Municipal                  economic development, natural
                   Compliance with            resource agencies; counties;
                   County Plans               municipalities
                 IL

                 Why. Land use planning takes place at the local level. Municipalities have little
                 incentive to consider the regional impacts of their planning decisions.

                 What and How: This action would create additional incentives for municipalities to
                 comply with county comprehensive plans. One way to accomplish this objective is
                 through an expanded role for municipal government input into state actions such as
                 ISTEA planning, economic development, and state land management. This expanded
                 role should be provided only if the planning complies with county or regional plans for
                 natural resource protection as described in Action L8. For example, Federal Economic
                 Development Agency grants would be preferentially granted to communities whose
                 planning and zoning conform to county natural resource plans. Another example is
                 the ISTEA requirements for metropolitan planning, in which maintenance and




                                                                                                                                             107




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             Or DRAFT CCMP
             D-E-LAWARE
             1-STFARY -PHOGRAM


                expansion of transportation infrastructure should be dependent on land use planning
                to reduce highway congestion.

                Development of these incentives would require analysis of where local input would be
                appropriate for planning purposes, and where municipalities would like to be able to
                affect the state planning and funding process. State and federal programs would work
                together to review opportunities for increased municipal influence, and develop
                specific recommendations. Implementation mechanisms would be development of
                internal policies, promulgation of regulations, and possibly an executive order at the
                state level.


                For increased effectiveness in coordination, the Delaware Estuary Program
                recommends that a protocol be established to ensure municipal compliance with
                county environmental plans. This means that municipal comprehensive plans, zoning,
                and subdivision review procedures would be revised to conform to the county plans.
                This would require modification of the state enabling legislation. State funding and
                permits should be dependent on conformance with county plans.

                Measure of Success: State and federal agency agreements established by October
                1996. By October 1997, 10 municipalities with revised comprehensive plans and
                zoning, increasing by 20 municipalities each year.






























                108                                                                    January 1995








                                                                                                                 LAND MANAGEMENT



                                                                                                                        X@XXX
                                                      .............
                                                                                                X


                                                                                     ......................
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                                                                                     .............. .... .. ..                                 . .....





                          ACTION                      RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                                                                                                                                         .................
                                                                                                     ca,     u    n tid L
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                                                                                                                       ... .. .. . . . . .
                                                                                         .. .. ... . ...                        ......

                    Ll 0. 1:                   Lead. Legislator/Governor action                    Short-term                 $100,000 per
                  --Delaware     --------      in PA and DE. New or expanded                                                 year
                                               existing state planning or policy
                    Ll 0.2:                    agencies for implementation
                    Pennsylvania


                  Why: Land use decisions at the local level often fail to consider the regional impacts
                  of development. Also, local governments need information and technical assistance
                  that can only be provided from a state or regional level.

                  Action L10.1: Establish a State Planning Organization (Delaware)

                  Action L10.2: Strengthen State Level Planning or Support Establishment of a Strong
                                         Regional Planning Organization (Pennsylvania)


                  What and How. State and regional planning organizations help to introduce new
                  techniques such as water quality-based land use planning to local governments. The
                  objective of this proposed action is to improve local use of the comprehensive
                  planning, zoning, and subdivision process to meet local and regional needs for open
                  space and clean streams. The states should provide technical guidance on issues
                  such as population and growth targets and find ways to implement state land use
                  policies through existing state programs.

                  Expanded state or regional planning can offer two further benefits. One is the support
                  of local planning by identifying environmental constraints that limit local growth. This
                  can provide the nexus between the environment and planning decisions that has been
                  required in recent court decisions on land use.

                  The second role of state planning is development of policies on how to ensure that the
                  burdens and benefits of development and of protecting the environment are shared
                  fairly among all citizens.

                  The New Jersey State Development and Redevelopment Plan, while not perfect, offers
                  an excellent framework for long range planning, provides targets for counties and local



                                                                                                                                              109




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                     or DRAFT CCIVIIP
                     DELAWAR
                     ESTUARY PROGRAM


                         government planning, and provides incentives for participation. The foundation of the
                         plan is equity for all citizens.                      The Delaware Estuary Program supports full
                         implementation of the New Jersey State Plan.

                         While New Jersey has a structure for state level planning, Delaware needs to establish
                         a structure for state level planning to provide targets, develop policies, and promote
                         regional coordination for local governments. Pennsylvania has recently established a
                         state level "Futures Council" which will focus on economic development.
                         Pennsylvania needs to provide for state level environmental planning or, alternatively,
                         regional planning focused on the Delaware Estuary.

                         Measure of Success: Active state or regional planning organizations focusing on
                         environmental issues in all three states by October 1997.


                         TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND FUNDING


                         In order to effectuate change through the implementation of the CCMP actions, the
                         Delaware Estuary Program will need to identify ways in which it can provide technical
                         assistance and funding to local governments and other local initiatives.                                                    This
                         assistance and funding should be linked to region al/cou nty/watershed plans for
                         protection of natural resources. The following actions are intended to                                          initiate that
                         process.


                                                            ... . .. ........... ..... ..... .......... ....... .......
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                                  ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                         NEEDS

                           ACTION Ll 1:               Leads: PADER or PADCA, DNREC,                          Short-term            $150,000 per
                           Circuit Rider              NJDEP                                                                       year
                                                      Partner: Delaware Estuary Council


                         Why.         Municipalities often lack the expertise and resources to try innovative
                         approaches to land use planning.

                         What and How: This action would provide land use experts to develop innovative
                         solutions to identified community land use planning needs throughout the Estuary.
                         These individuals would actively seek out opportunities to demonstrate new
                         techniques and transfer them to other communities. Some of the information and
                         tools would include:






                         110                                                                                                         January 1995










                                                                                  LAND MANAGEMENT
                                                                         The Circuit Riders would
                                                                         assist in implementing           
                  Comprehensive planning assistance to local             several actions in the
                  governments including developing natural               Land Management Action
                  resource inventories                                   Plan, including L8, L9,
                                                                         L13, and L14.
                  Municipal environmental goals and objectives           Pennsylvania currently
                                                                         has a Circuit Rider
                  Local natural features analysis                        program that provides
                                                                         grants for municipalities
                  Assistance in amending local ordinances                to jointly hire a
                                                                         professional planner,
                  Transfer of development rights                         among other choices.
                  Build-out analysis                                     This program should be
                  Watershed modeling                                     modified to encourage its
                  Regular updates of the Delaware Estuary                use for environmental
                  Status and Trends Study prepared in 1994               concerns and to give
                                                                         priority to communities in
                                                                         the Delaware watershed.
          
                  Measure of Success: Circuit riders in place by October 1996.

                   ACTION L12:        Expand Municipal Planning Grants Program

                          ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                  DATE             RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                   ACTION Ll 2:               Leads: State legislatures would be                      Short-term             Staff:
                   Municipal                  responsible for appropriating                                                  $150,00 per
                   Planning Grants            funding; PADCA, DNREC, and                                                     year
                   Program                    NJDEP would administer.                                                        Grants:
                   Expansion                                                                                                 $360,000 per
                                                                                                                             year


                  Why: One reason why municipalities fail to use innovative planning is that revisions
                  to planning ordinances are costly.

                  What and How. One way to encourage improvements in the municipal planning
                  process is to provide funding for updating municipal comprehensive plans, zoning
                  ordinances, and subdivision regulations. All -three states now provide funding for this
                  purpose.        This action seeks to increase the amount of funding and link it to
                  consistency with county plans as described in Actions L8 and L9. The proposed one
 



                      go
                      Or DRAFT CCIVIP
                      5ELAWARE
                      ESTUARY PROGRAM


                          staff person per state would be needed to oversee the administration of grants and
                          follow up on proper implementation.

                          Measure of Success: Grants to at least 15 additional municipalities per state in 1996.
                          Continuing funding until all municipalities in watershed are updated. Updates repeated
                          on a 5-10 year cycle.


                                            .............                                                           ... ..... ........                             ..........
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                                   ACTION                          RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                     DATE                 RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                    NEEDS

                            ACTION Ll 3:                  Lead: State circuit riders                                  Short-term              10,000 per
                            Training and                  Partrers: Other state and regional                                                  year for
                            Workshops                     agencies                                                                            meeting
                                                                                                                                              supplies


                          Why. Participants in the existing local land use planning process include professional
                          planners, elected officials, and volunteers, all of whom could benefit from continued
                          training and technical assistance.

                          What and How. This action would support frequent training and workshops, planned
                          either as regional or county functions. Workshops should focus on innovative
                          programs, projects, information, and strategies for implementing the CCMP Actions.
                          Examples are as follows:

                          9*o           Offer facilitated workshops to municipalities to help them establish goals and
                                        objectives consistent with the Delaware Estuary Program goals. The formal
                                        statement of goals and objectives provides a sound basis from which to
                                        construct legally defensible ordinances to implement municipal comprehensive
                                        plans.

                          30#4          Establish and provide training for environmental commissions or environmental
                                        advisory councils, which have proven to be effective in improving
                                        consideration of environmental issues in decisions of the planning board.
                                        Once the commissions or councils are established, members need continuing
                                        support to stay current about new information, regulations, and environmental
                                        protection techniques.

                          Environmental commissions exist in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and could be
                          expanded with technical support.                                 Each state should assign responsibility for
                          continuing education and technical support of environmental commissions to an




                          112                                                                                                                   January 1995









                                                                                                                 LAND MANAGEMENT


                   existing agency. In Pennsylvania, the Department of Community Affairs serves some
                   of these functions now, as does the State Planning Office in New Jersey.

                   Measure of Success: Three to four workshops conducted per state per year.
                   Increased effectiveness of environmental commissions.



                                                                      ..... . ....
                                               ............. .........
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                   Why: Municipalities need useful information                           on   environmental hazards and natural
                   resources at an appropriate scale.

                   Measure of Success: Establishment of Pennsylvania GIS by 1997. Incorporation of
                   Program data into state GIS systems.                              Widespread use of GIS data by local
                   governments.



                            ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                 RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                                                                                                                            :XXXX
                        ................ .. .... .......                                               . ................  ........... ........
                        .................... ........ ........ .........
                                                                                         ............... ......... ........
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                    L14.1: PA Pilot               Lead: PADER                                          Short-term             $250,000
                    System
                                  ........       ---------------------------                           -------------        -----------------
                    L14.2: Data                   Leads: PADER, DNREC,               NJDEP             Short-term             Undetermined
                    Interpretation
                                               t ---------------------------------------               t----------------    ------------------
                                                i                                                      i                    i
                    L14.3: Local                i Leads: RIMS, Circuit riders                          Mid-term               Already
                    Government                                                                                                provided for
                    Assistance


                   Action L14.1: Establish a Pilot GIS Systern in Pennsylvania

                   What and How. States can take advantage of economies of scale in collecting data,
                   developing geographic information systems (GIS), and producing maps. New Jersey
                   already has an extensive GIS system that links to county government. Delaware also
                   has a statewide GIS system, but Pennsylvania does not. GIS transfer could be
                   enhanced in Delaware immediately. GIS development in Pennsylvania is limited only
                   by funding and commitment.                        The availability of USEPA-developed land cover
                   information may provide an impetus for further GIS development in Pennsylvania.
                                                                                                       X

























































                                                                                                                                               113




              QQ
             19FDRAFT CCMP
                     RE
               ELAW
              ESTUARY FROGRAM


                 Action L 14.2: Increase State Efforts to Provide Environmental and Other GIS Data to
                                Local Governments


                 What and How: The Delaware Estuary Program has collected information on
                 significant habitat, sources of toxic substances, living resources, population status and
                 trends, and other topics related to the environment. Much of the information is
                 available in digital form. Data from the Program and other sources needs to be
                 interpreted to be useful to local governments. This is an appropriate role for the
                 states. Counties could play an intermediary role. Information should flow from the
                 states to the counties and also from the counties to the states.


                 Action L14.3: Help Counties Access Maps

                 What and How: The RIMS system manager and state circuit riders should focus
                 efforts on helping counties to access maps in the state GIS. Another Program role
                 would be to provide software for watershed modeling.


                                                              ............................
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                      ACTION               RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                DATE         RESOURCE
                                                                                               NEEDS

                  ACTION Ll 5:       Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation     Mid-term        $50,000 for
                  Sustainable                                                              initial review
                  Development                                                              of potential
                  Business/industry                                                        actions
                  Incentive
                  Programs


                 Why.    The participation of business and industry is essential to          implementing
                 sustainable development. Most members of these groups need encouragement to
                 participate.

                 What and How. The concept of sustainable development requires that partnerships
                 be developed among business, industry, government, and environmental interests. In
                 carrying out this proposed action, the Delaware Estuary Foundation would develop a
                 menu of incentive programs to help business and industry meet Delaware Estuary
                 Program goals, e.g., preferred tax breaks, easements, development bonuses, and a
                 pollution prevention advisory service. After the menu of incentive programs has been
                 developed, the Foundation staff should meet with business and industry to identify the
                 next steps.




                 114                                                                       January 1995









                                                 LAND MANAGEMENT


       The purpose is to encourage participation of -the business community in the Delaware
       Estuary Program, increase awareness of business and industry, and improve the
       linkage between environment and economics.

       Measure of Success: Increased awareness within the business community of the
       concepts of sustainable development.















































                                                               115




                     90
                    or DRAFT CCMP
                              RE
                       ELAWN
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM


                        LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CHANGES


                        These actions address specific problems identified by Delaware Estuary Program
                        participants that require action at the state level. They seek to promote preservation
                        of natural resources,               reduce pollutant emissions, and streamline government
                        processes.



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                        Why. Innovative development techniques such as cluster development are difficult to
                        implement because of inflexible regulatory programs, the legal system, and lack of
                        public awareness.

                        Measure of Success: Promulgation of new regulations for utilities within two years.
                        Subsequently, development of regional utilities to manage small wastewater systems,
                        increase use of cluster development in a way that protects open space, and adopt
                        municipal open space ordinances in three municipalities per state per year. Improved
                        maintenance of open space.



                                ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                              DATE                RESOURCE
                                                    I                                                       I                    I     NEEDS
                                                                                  ..........
                                                                         .. ........... ............
                                                                                                ..........
                                                                                                                                               ..............
                                                                     .....................                                                ........ X.: ...............
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                                                                                                                                 .............
                                                         U...
                                                                                                                                                 ...............
                                            ........                 ....           .....                                         .......

                           Ll 6. 1:  Regional       1Leads: PADER, DNREC, NJDEP                             Short-term           1$150,000 for
                           Utilities                                                                                             first year
                        - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -r- - - - - - - - - - - - - -r- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                           L 16.2:                  1Leads: Municipalities, with                            Mid-term             $15,000 per
                           Assignment of             assistance of circuit riders                                                year
                           Maintenance
                           Responsibility
                        --------------------        t-----------------------------------------              t--------------      --------------------
                           L 16.3:                   Leads: Circuit riders, Delaware                        1. Short-term        $10,000per
                           Promotion of              Estuary Foundation staff                                                    year
                           Cluster
                        L@evelopment

                        Compact or cluster development is one solution to the                               problems of suburban sprawl.
                        Under this type of zoning, structures are confined to the most suitable portions of a
                        particular tract, and the remaining land is preserved as open space for groundwater
                        recharge, habitat, or recreation. While this technique offers many benefits, including
                        providing equity for owners of sensitive land, it has shortcomings. Developers who


                        116                                                                                                        January 1995









                                                                            LAND MANAGEMENT


           would like to use the technique often encounter several common barriers, including
           difficulty in obtaining permits for small wastewater treatment systems, problems in
           long-term maintenance of common land, and concerns over liability. Another issue is
           that cluster development, without the balance of a regional open space plan, can lead
           to wall-to-wall cluster developments.

           Action L16.1: Develop Regional Utilities to Manage Small Wastewater Systems for
                           Cluster Developments in Designated Growth Areas

           What and How: This action proposes that each state set standards for small
           wastewater treatment systems, including alternative methods such as spray irrigation.
           The states should also set up a series of regional utilities to manage the individual
           wastewater systems to avoid historic problems of poor maintenance. This would
           require promulgation of new regulations, which could take up to two years.

           Action L16.2: Implement Local Ordinances to Require that Responsibility for
                           Maintenance is Accepted by a Responsible Organization

           What and How: Where cluster developments are developed in accordance with a
           comprehensive or master plan which includes an open space element, the developer
           should be required to identify the organization that will be responsible for maintenance
           of the open space over the long term. The maintaining organization should formally
           accept the responsibility and identify a plan for funding the maintenance activities.
           This could be accomplished by local ordinance changes.

           Action L16.3: Promote the Concept of Cluster Development through Education on
                           New Models, Benefits to Residents, and Water Quality Benefits

           What and How: Developers, home-buyers, and planning agencies often are unfamiliar
           with the benefits of cluster development. They need to be shown the wide variety of
           housing that can be considered cluster development, the economic advantages for
           homeowners, communities, and developers, and the environmental benefits of cluster
           development, such as protected open space and reduced impervious surfaces.
           Appropriate tools would include printed material and workshops.

















                                                                                                117





                                              
                                              DRAFT CCMP
                                              DELAWARE
                                              ESTUARY PROGRAM
 
                                              ACTION L17:    Develop Policies and Incentives to Encourage
                                                             Redevelopment in Previously Developed Areas


                                                        Why. Existing state and federal policies tend to encourage d                                                                                                                                      evelopment in open space
                                                        or agricultural areas, rather than previously developed areas.                                                                                                                                                                This encourages
                                                        fragmentation of farmland and natural areas, and abandonment of urban areas.

                                                        Measure of Success: Conduct forum within two years. Modification of at least six
                                                        funding programs within four years.                                                                                                 Increased number of redevelopment sites.
                                                        Legislative amendments.



                                                                             ACTION                                                      RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                                             DATE                                      RESOURCE
                                                                        ACTION L17:  Policies and Incentives to Encourage Redevelopment in Previously
                                                                                     Developed Areas                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      NEEDS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                                                            17. 1: Tri-State                                                Leads: State planning                                           and                                                Short-term                                     $50,000
                                                            Forum                                                           economic development agencies
                                                                                                                            Partners: State resource agencies,
                                                                                                                            counties
                                                        --------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------- ------------------
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
                                                            17.2:                                                           Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                                                                                  Mid-term                                        Undetermined
                                                            Evaluation of                                                   Partners: State and federal resource
                                                            Regulatory and                                                  and funding agencies
                                                            Funding
                                                            Proqrams


                                                        Action L17.1: Evaluate Existing Policies for Redevelopment

                                                        What and How: This action provides for the development of policies to encourage
                                                        redevelopment and infill in previously developed areas rather than sprawling
                                                        development that affects prime farmland and sensitive habitat areas. This should
                                                        include consideration of reuse of contaminated industrial sites as well as
                                                        redevelopment of existing sites that do not have contamination problems.

                                                        All three states have existing programs that provide varying levels of support for
                                                        redevelopment. The states can learn from each other by jointly reviewing their
                                                        programs and policies. Furthermore, both state and federal agencies can encourage
                                                        redevelopment by reviewing funding and regulatory programs such as Coastal Zone
                                                        Management, Clean Water Act NPDES, Small Business Administration, and enterprise
                                                        zone programs.






                                                        118                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     January 1995
 








                                                                                                                LAND MANAGEMENT


                 Action L17.2: Review Regulatory and Funding Programs for Opportunities to
                                        Encourage Redevelopment

                 What and How.                   States should prepare summaries of existing policies on
                 redevelopment for review by other states. The states would then convene a tri-state
                 meeting, to include local governments, to evaluate existing policies for redevelopment.

                 The states and federal government should review and report on regulatory and funding
                 programs for opportunities to encourage redevelopment through incentives.


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                         ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                 NEEDS

                   ACTION Ll 8:               Leads: State legislatures, state                       Mid-term              $200,000
                   Increase in In-            agencies
                   lieu Payments


                 Why. Local governments in Pennsylvania and New Jersey lose tax revenues when
                 states acquire conservation land within their boundaries, thereby removing it from the
                 tax rolls.


                 What and How: Delaware Estuary Program participants have identified many ways
                 in which the current tax structure promotes development and discourages
                 conservation. One concern is that local governments in Pennsylvania and New Jersey
                 lose tax revenues when states acquire conservation land within their boundaries. This
                 action proposes to increase payments in lieu of taxes to reduce the burden on local
                 governments, where it can be identified that the purchase of conservation lands has
                 a negative impact on the financial stability of the municipality.

                 Measure of Success: Increase in payments. Increased support of conservation by
                 local governments.














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                      ESTUARY PROGRAM


















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                         120                                                                                                               January 1995









                                                                      WATER USE MANAGEMENT

           CHAPTER IV:                 Water Use Management
                                       Action Plan



           T
                   he Delaware Estuary Program has endorsed two goals and
                   several objectives that directly relate to water use
                   management (See Introduction to Action Plans).            The
           waters of the Delaware Estuary are the lifeline to this region.   We        Water
           depend on these waters for food, livelihood, commerce,                      management
           transportation, and recreation. The Estuary waters are also home            is a complex
           to thousands of fishes, birds, plants, and animals.            Water        task involving
           management is a complex task involving numerous regulatory                  numerous
           agencies, each trying to balance use and conservation of a                  regulatory
           specific resource in the public's interest. For proper management    '      agencies,
           many questions need to be answered. Is there adequate water                 each trying to
           supply for the 21st century and beyond? Is the water safe to                balance use
                                                                                       and
           swim in? Where are the public access points along the Estuary               conservation
           and are there enough of them? Can we form partnerships to                   of a specific
           promote the economic growth of ports while protecting the living            resource in
           resources of the Estuary? To begin to address some of these                 the public's
           questions, this chapter provides a summary of issues and                    interest.
           recommendations for three key aspects of water use management:
           water supply, port/navigation activities, and public access and
           recreational activities.


           A. Water Supply

           PROBLEM STATEMENT


           Because of the large demands on the Basin's water resources from
           20 million users, problems exist, including periodic basinwide
           water supply shortages (as described in Chapter 11) and regional
           groundwater overdrafts. The Potomac Rari-tan-Magothy (PRIVI)
           aquifer in the New Jersey Coastal Plain and the Triassic Lowlands
           in southeastern Pennsylvania are the most stressed groundwater
           systems.

           An emerging problem is the depletion of tributary strearnflows
           stemming from expanded water supply development and
           interbasin transfers of wastewater.










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              OF DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 DIMINUTION OF TRIBUTARY STREAMFLOWS


                 Urbanization and expanded water development have profoundly
                 affected the stream environments of tributary watersheds draining
                 to the Delaware Estuary. Large-scale pumping from wells, in
                 conjunction with the export of sewage, has diverted significant
                 quantities of water from their normal path of discharge to surface
                 streams and redistributed this water in both space and time,
                 creating extreme low-flow and no-flow conditions in many former
                 perennial streams and stream segments. This redistribution of
                 water and interbasin transfer of wastewater interferes with
                 instrearn and downstream water uses, adversely affects fisheries
                 and aquatic life, and reduces the capacity of streams to assimilate
                 natural and human related pollutants from point and nonpoint
                 sources.   It also has increased the potential for groundwater
                 contamination through infiltration from groundwater pumping.

                 While stream diminution problems are widespread in the Estuary
                 region, there is very little data documenting the scope of this
                 diminution.   In order to provide such documentation, it is
                 necessary to know the availability of ground and surface water,
                 the points and quantities of withdrawals, and the destination and
                 discharge points of wastewater. Unfortunately these data are not
                 conveniently available, since they are in different databases
                 managed by different water resource agencies. In recognition of
                 this problem, DRBC contracted with the U.S. Geological Survey
                 (USGS) to develop a water management model for the Neshaminy
                 Creek Basin as a pilot program.        The model will calculate
                 withdrawals, discharges, and interbasin transfers, and the relation
                 between withdrawals and availability, including base flows. Once
                 developed, the methodology will be available for use in other
                 tributary watersheds of the Estuary.


                 INCREASING WATER DEMANDS


                 Because of increasing population and development in the Basin,
                 consumptive water use is projected to increase from 344 mgd in
                 1990 to 440 mgd by the year 2020 (See Chapter 11 for further
                 details). Total water withdrawals in the Basin averaged more than
                 7.3 billion gallons per day in 1991, most of which is returned and
                 is available for reuse. Two systems, however, are particularly
                 stressed: the Potomac Raritan-Magothy Aquifer and the Triassic
                 Lowlands.







                 122                                                                     January 1995









                                                                       WATER USE MANAGEMENT


            Potomac Raritan-Magothy (PRM) Aquifer
            The principal source of water supply, historically, for industrial and
            municipal needs in Camden, Gloucester, and Burlington Counties,
            New Jersey has been the FIRM aquifer. In its natural state, the
            aquifer discharged an estimated 50 mgd of fresh water to the
            surface waterways in the three-county area, including the
            Delaware Estuary.       With increased municipal and industrial
            development, withdrawals have exceeded the natural recharge
            from precipitation. Fresh water flows to the Estuary have ceased
            in many areas, and the aquifer is now recharged from the Estuary
            and nearby streams to a significant degree. Based on studies by
            DRBC and USGS, water levels in large parts of the aquifer already
            have been lowered over 90 feet below sea level and at current
            rates are continuing to decline, threatening the safe and
            dependable yield of the aquifer. The aquifer is also threatened by
            the upconing of deeper saltwater and the inlaind movement of the
            saltwater-freshwater transition zone.


            In October 1986, the New Jersey Department of Environmental
            Protection (NJDEP) established Water Supply Critical Area No.2,
            which required water allocation permittees to reduce the amount
            of water they were withdrawing from the FIRM aquifer. In April
            1989, the Appellate Division of the Superior Court of New Jersey
            determined that NJDEP did not have statutory authority to order
            reductions in withdrawals. In January 1993, NJDEP reestablished
            Water Supply Critical Area No. 2. The July 1993 amendments to
            the New Jersey Water Supply Management Act reinforced
            NJDEP's action and provided specific formulas for determining
            base allocations and reductions in groundwater withdrawals for
            water allocation permittees.

            The New Jersey American Water Company is constructing a water
            supply project to provide surface water for customers in
            Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester Counties.            This project,
            known as the Tri-County Water Supply Project, was endorsed by
            NJDEP in its Camden Metropolitan Water SuPply Feasibility Study.
            Water will be taken from the Delaware River, treated, and
            distributed throughout the Tri-County area. The water treatment
            plant is expected to have an initial capacity of 30 mgd.

            In accordance with July 1993 amendments to the Water Supply
            Management Act and NJDEP's directives, the Department is now
            requiring all permittees in the Critical Area to develop an
            alternative water supply plan. The selected ailternative(s) must be
            implemented by September 15, 1995.





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              TPUARY -PROGRAM


                Triassic Lowlands
                The Triassic Lowlands portion of the Piedmont subprovince
                includes the Pennsylvania counties of Bucks and Montgomery and
                portions of Berks, Chester, and Lehigh Counties, as well as parts
                of Hunterdon and Mercer Counties in New Jersey. The 1,140
                square mile area is characterized by its crystalline and sedimentary
                rocks of Triassic age (180-230 million years old) including diabase,
                shale, basalt, and sandstone. Although these rock formations
                contain some good yielding aquifers, they store and transmit
                considerably less water than the Coastal Plain aquifers. Many
                areas overlying the Triassic Lowlands have experienced very rapid
                development since 1950 and have relied almost entirely on
                groundwater.      In recent years, many water purveyors and
                individual homeowners have experienced water shortages because
                of increased water demands and several cycles of sub-normal
                precipitation which resulted in lowered water tables.

                A special regulatory program aimed at controlling the overuse of
                groundwater in the Triassic Lowlands portion of Pennsylvania was
                instituted by DRBC in 1981. The groundwater "protected area"
                comprises all of Montgomery County, 36 municipalities in Bucks
                County, 25 communities in southern and northern Chester County,
                three townships in eastern Berks County, and one in southern
                Lehigh County. All new groundwater withdrawals in the protected
                area that withdraw an average of more than 10,000 gallons per
                day (gpd) are subject to special regulations. Any new or enlarged
                withdrawal, of 10,000 gpd or more, requires a DRBC permit
                before going into operation. Withdrawal applications must include
                a written report by a hydrogeologist on the anticipated effects of
                the proposed withdrawal on existing wells, the flow of perennial
                streams, and groundwater levels; the results of an extended pump
                test and a complete well log; demonstration that the reliable yield
                of the groundwater basin or aquifer will not be exceeded; and
                demonstration that existing surface and groundwater withdrawals
                will not be adversely impacted. Also required are metering of
                water connections and conjunctive use of ground and surface
                water, water conservation, consideration of interconnections with
                adjacent water systems, and a drought emergency plan.

                In August 1989, the Point Pleasant Water Diversion Project
                became operational.       It withdraws surface water from the
                Delaware River for use in Bucks and Montgomery Counties. The
                water supply component of the project, known as Forest Park
                Water, provides significant opportunities for conjunctive use of
                surface and groundwater. However, very few water utilities have
                taken advantage of this additional supply. The region remains


                124                                                                       January 1995









                                                                        WATER USE MANAGEMENT


            overly dependent on the Triassic aquifers, potentially jeopardizing
            long-term supplies.

            B.     Ports and Navigation

            PORT HISTORY


            Port complexes have historically been the anchors for large
            waterside communities, which have flourished around superior
            water routes and trade accessibility. Prior to the development of
            modern transportation technologies, such as air, rail, and highway,
            waterborne transportation was of primary importa.nce for both
            trade and development. Early in America's history, the Delaware
            River inspired the funding and growth of Philadelphia, as a major
            gateway to world markets and cultures.

            VALUE OF THE PORTIREGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS


            The Ports of Philadelphia, Camden, Gloucester City, Salem, and
            Wilmington contribute significantly to the regional economy and
            affect the daily lives of many Estuary residents. Many industrial
            plants are depen-
            dent on the Ports
            for importing and
            e x p o r t i n g
            materials to and
            from the region.
            This movement
            of products adds
            significantly    to
            the      economy.
            Ranked second
            in the Nation in
            total water-borne
            commerce,       the
            Port      complex                               NIL---,
            generates        an
            income of over
            $3 billion and
            180,000 jobs.         Figure 36. Aerial view of a tanker on the Delaware River. (Pholobill
                                  Buchanan)

            I n        1987,
            Philadelphia ranked    first among the mid-Atlantic ports in the
            amount of tonnage handled, and it has consistently been near the
            top. From 1982 to 1992, foreign tonnage moving through the




                                                                                                    125




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              IMF DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWAR
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                Philadelphia Ports increased 37.5 percent, from 47.2 million tons
                to nearly 58 million tons. Also, gains in cargo tonnage have been
                maintained in Philadelphia, not fluctuating as in other ports.

                The Port complex handles more than 63 million tons of
                international cargo annually, including iron and steel, fruits and
                vegetables, paper, wood, lumber and cork, chemicals, cocoa
                products, and meat. It handles more Chilean and Australian beef
                than any other port in the Nation, and it ranks second only to the
                Gulf region in crude oil imports. For example, in 1985, of the
                56,067,266 tons of bulk cargo imported to the complex,
                44,684,839 tons were petroleum products.

                With so much of the regional economy dependent on Port-related
                activities, keeping the shipping channel clear for navigation is a
                vital task. The U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers (USACE) must
                dredge the channel almost continuously. These activities can
                often create engineering and dredged material disposal problems.


                PORT NEEDS


                Port investments and services support regional efforts to compete
                in a global economy. Ports help to maintain the economic stability
                of the region by creating jobs, increasing industrial efficiencies,       Port
                adding to productivity, and providing high level services to the          investments
                region to attract new business and industrial opportunities.              and services
                                                                                          support
                In order to continue these important services and uses, long-term         regional
                Port management is essential. Funding for better facility planning,       efforts to
                improved road access, and improved dredging techniques have               compete in a
                been addressed and supported by the federal government.                   global
                Continued public-private partnerships, which support terminal             economy.
                expansions and rail clearances, are vital to generating the renewal
                of the transportation industry in the region.

                In our support of the transportation industry and its renewed
                growth, we must also consider related environmental impacts in
                the region and the need to move toward a sustainable society.
                Businesses, industry, governments, and citizens are working in
                partnership to find a common ground in order to sustain both our
                economic and environmental futures. These efforts are facilitated
                through cooperative ventures and programs such as Delaware
                Estuary Program.






                126                                                                      January 1995









                                                                         WATER USE MANAGEMENT


             C. Public Access and Recreational Use


             PUBLIC USE OF THE ESTUARY


             The overall theme of the Delaware Estuary Program is "Discover
             its Secrets".    The Estuary region holds a multitude of both
             "treasures" and "secrets" that are available for public use. From
             birding at the Cohansey River, south to Cape May; to lying on the
             beaches at Lewes, Delaware; from boating in the upper reaches
             of the Bay at Mad Horse Creek; to attending cultural events at
             Penns Landing and the Camden Aquarium; to riding or walking
             along the trails at numerous points in the region - the Estuary has
             recreational uses for just about everyone.

             Providing these opportunities through an unrestricted waterfront
             helps to instill a sense of ownership and, in turn, a sense of
             stewardship among citizens.         These attitudes help generate
             support for necessary policies and plans and help to change
             c o n s u m p t i v e
             behaviors that can
             have      detrimental
             impacts     on     the
             Estuary.


             PUBLIC ACCESS

                                                                                                        77,
             Broadly       defined,
             public access to the
             waterfront      means
             the   ability to see
             the water's edge
                                                                        110
             and to be physically
                                                             4
             able to move freely
             to, from, and along
             the  water.       This
             opportunity         to
             explore and      enjoy
             the environment is a
             pivotal factor in an
             improved quality of
             life for the citizens
             of    the      region.    Figure 37. Public access, often in the form of corridors to the water and
                                       along the waterfront, provides an opportunity to learn about the rich
             Quality     of      life  natural and cultural diversity of the area.
              m p r o v e m e n t s






                                                                                                     127




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              IMF DRAFT CCIMIP
              5ELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                include: opportunities for fitness, stress reduction, and spiritual
                renewal; opportunities to foster family and community values and
                public events; and opportunities for economic development
                through tourism and ecotourism.        Conversely, lack of public
                access limits the public's exposure to or use of the Estuary,
                reducing interest in the Estuary and willingness to take action in
                the fostering and care of the Estuary. The issue of security is
                often raised in discussions about public access opportunities.
                Water-dependent commercial activities along the waterfront
                frequently have legitimate concerns about liability and insurance.
                In areas where there is a mixture of water-dependent,
                water-oriented, and adaptive reuse activities, there can be friction
                about public access for these reasons.

                Despite the constraints that can occur along the waterfront, the
                Delaware Estuary, its tributaries, and their associated natural and
                man-made features are resources that can be shared and enjoyed
                by the public in numerous ways. One of the objectives of the
                Delaware Estuary Program is to ensure that sufficient, appropriate,
                and safe waterfront open space and public access areas will be
                reserved and preserved for existing and future public use, and that
                adequate facilities will be   provided to meet the recreational
                demands of the public
                without    impairing     the
                natural resources of the
                region.   Waterfront and
                public access areas should
                be managed and allocated
                judiciously for the enjoy-
                ment of our generation
                and the generations to
                come.


                RECREATIONAL USE


                Closely tied to public
                access is recreational use
                of the Estuary.     Recrea-
                tional activities such as
                walking, boating, swim-        Figure 38. Sailing is one of the favorite pastimes enjoyed by
                ming, fishing, canoeing,       citizens in the region.
                camping, and water skiing
                are just a few of the
                favorite pastimes enjoyed by citizens in the region. The Delaware
                Estuary offers a wide variety of these activities along its banks
                and shores. Public facility areas, such as national, state, county,


                128                                                                       January 1995









                                                                     WATER USE MANAGEMENT


           and municipal parks and greenways, are designed to provide prime
           waterfront locations for recreational activities. Maintaining and
           enhancing these recreational opportunities are vital to the
           restoration efforts for the Estuary. The improvement in Delaware
           Estuary Water quality has dramatically increased recreational
           activities in the region although, as noted in the State of the
           Estuary, Chapter 11, portions of the Estuary do not meet the Clean
           Water Act goals of "fishable/swimmable".             Water quality
           improvements have also provided economic opportunities to
           Estuary communities;         however, proper management of
           recreational activities and increased educational efforts are needed
           to prevent new stresses to the Estuary. Recreational and sporting
           groups are among the most ardent supporters of the Estuary and             Ultimately, an
           sponsor public education and awareness activities on the need for          emphasis on
           protection of the Estuary's natural resources. In addition to these        improving and
           groups, increased management attention from government,                    managing
           businesses, and citizens is needed to address protection issues            recreational
           and to resolve conflicts between recreational uses in some areas.          opportunities
                                                                                      related to the
           Improving recreational access and activities, in the Estuary is an         Estuary can
                                                                                      be a key to
           important step in increasing ownership and stewardship among               its protection.
           area residents and visitors. The union of education, access, and
           recreational use increases public awareness of Estuary resources
           and the need to protect them.         Ultimately, an emphasis on
           improving and managing recreational opportunities related to the
           Estuary can be a key to its protection.


























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                           DRAFT CCMP
                           DELAWARE
                           ESTUARY PROGRAM


                                                                                            Recommendations

                          ACTION W1:    Promote Implementation of Water Conservation Rate
                                        Structures/Conservation Retrofitting Programs by
                                        Water/Wastewater Utilities


                                          ACTION                                  RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                 DATE                       RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                      NEEDS

                                   ACTION Wl:                          Lead. DRBC                                                               Short-term                     $80,000 for
                                   Utility Water                                                                                                                               staff and to
                                   Conservation                                                                                                                                prepare
                                   Rate                                                                                                                                        manuals and
                                   Structures/                                                                                                                                 software
                                      onservation
                                    Retrof itt i ng
                                   Programs


                                Why. Reducing water use through water conservation can delay or eliminate the need
                                for developing new water supplies or enlarging existing supplies. It can lead to a
                                direct reduction in per capita generation of wastewater, thereby enabling sewage
                                treatment plants to process waste from more homes and businesses. It can also
                                eliminate the need for -constructing new plants or expanding existing plants. Water
                                saved during both normal times and drought periods improves a water utility's ability
                                to deal with drought conditions. The financial impacts of water conservation are all
                                positive: savings in capital costs; savings in long-term water and sewer bills; and
                                drought preparedness.

                                What and Ho w.                            DRBC Resolution No. 92-2 requires water utilities seeking
                                Commission approval for a new or expanded water withdrawal to submit a water
                                conservation plan with their applications. Applicants that withdraw an average of one
                                mgd or more are also required to include in the plan 1) an evaluation of the feasibility
                                of implementing a water conservation pricing structure if one has not been adopted
                                and 2) information on the water utility's program to provide information on the
                                availability of water-conserving devices and products. Most water utilities will not be
                                affected by Resolution No.92-2 because it applies only to new and expanded water
                                withdrawals. Also, the regulation does not apply to wastewater utilities.

                                This action would include the preparation of   a technical guidance manual and
                                computer software for water and wastewater utilities seeking to adopt conservation
                                rates. Suitable retrofit manuals already exist. The proposed action would also provide



                                130                                                                                                                                            January 1995
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                                                                                                       WATER USE MANAGEMENT


                   for distributing these manuals and supporting material to over 300 utilities in the
                   Estuary region and conducting follow-up workshops.                                      Implementation of water
                   conservation rate structures and retrofitting programs would occur at the local level
                   by water and wastewater utilities.

                   Measure of Success: Preparation of technical guidance manual. Adoption of water
                   conservation rate structures and retrofitting programs by water and wastewater
                   utilities by 1997.


                                                 ..............................                                                              ............
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                         ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                    ACTION W2:                 Leads: Pennsylvania                                     Short-term            $10,000
                    Water                      municipalities, Commonwealth of
                    Conservation               Pennsylvania
                    Fixture                    Partners: DRBC, Delaware Estuary
                    Standardsin                Foundation
                    Pennsylvania


                   Why. Reducing water use through installation of water conserving plumbing fixtures
                   will provide significant economic and environmental benefits: improved drought
                   preparedness, savings in capital costs, and reduced long-term water and sewer bills
                   (See Action W1).


                   What and How: This action would encourage Pennsylvania municipalities to adopt
                   water conservation ordinances as required by DRBC in Resolution No. 88-2 (Rev.2),
                   and encourage the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to adopt statewide water
                   conservation standards for plumbing fixtures and fittings. The Delaware Estuary
                   Foundation and staff could assist with outreach efforts and technical assistance in
                   rewriting ordinances for municipalities (See Action Ll 1).

                   The DRBC Resolution requires municipalities in the Pennsylvania portion of the Basin
                   to adopt water conservation performance standards for plumbing fixtures and fittings.
                   Municipalities in Delaware and New Jersey were not required to adopt the standards
                   rbecause both states had adopted statewide standards. No statewide standards exist
                   in Pennsylvania. As of October 4, 1994, 1175 out of 230 municipalities in the five
                   Estuary watershed counties had adopted the required local ordinances. Approximately
                   24 percent are not in compliance. For municipalities lacking a plumbing or building
                   inspector, there may be increased enforcement costs.





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                 Measure of Success: Adoption of local water conservation ordinances in five
                 municipalities per year in the Estuary watershed or adoption of statewide standards
                 for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania by December 1995.


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                       ACTION               RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                  DATE         RESOURCE
                                                                                                   NEEDS

                   ACTION W3:         Leads: DRBC, PADER, DNREC,              Short-term     Approximately
                   Modeling           NJDEP                                                  $25,000
                   Studies for                                                               per watershed,
                   Stream                                                                    depending
                   Diminution                                                                upon size and
                    ro ems                                                                   data
                                                                                             requirements


                 Why: This action would lead to an improved understanding of stream diminution
                 problems in the Estuary stemming from water development and interbasin transfers
                 of water and wastewater.


                 What and How: With the completion of the water management model for the
                 Neshaminy Creek Basin, DRBC will have a prototype model for stream diminution that
                 would be transferable to other tributary watersheds. The model allows quick access
                 to groundwater and surface water withdrawal, groundwater availability, wastewater
                 discharge, and interbasin transfer data. It also presents GIS coverages for calculating
                 and displaying drainage areas, geology, and groundwater pumpage zones.

                 The following watersheds have been identified by DRBC as experiencing some stream
                 diminution problems and should be considered for additional modeling studies:

                                Delaware -Christina River, Red Clay Creek, White Clay Creek

                                Pennsylvania -Crum Creek, Darby Creek, Pennypack Creek, Perkiomen
                                Creek, Ridley Creek, Skippack Creek, Wissahickon Creek

                                New Jersey-Big Timber Creek, Cooper River, Little Ease Run, Little
                                Timber Creek, Mantua Creek, Newton Creek, Pennsauken Creek,
                                Scotland Run, Squankum Branch, Woodbury Creek

                 The model is   an important too[ for evaluating the inter-relationships of water quality
                 and quantity for tributary watersheds and evaluating conjunctive water use options.


                 132                                                                           January 1995









                                                                  WATER USE MANAGEMENT


           Results of modeling studies would provide data and information for use by water and
           wastewater utilities and county and municipal planning agencies to fully consider
           sustainable development concerns in future plans and projects. The results of the
           modeling studies would be available for dissemination to interested groups and
           individuals.


           Measure of Success: Initiation of additional modeling studies, with a goal of one or
           more watersheds per year.














































                                                                                            133





                     
                     DRAFT CCMP
                     DELAWARE
                     ESTUARY PROGRAM
                     
                     ACTION W4:    Encourage Water Utilities to Utilize Water Conservation
                                   Techniques and Conjunctive Use Methods to Prevent Long-
                                   term Lowering of Groundwater Levels

                         Why. The Potomac-Raritan-Magothy (PRIVI) aquifer in the New Jersey Coastal                                                 Plain
                         and the Triassic aquifers in southeastern Pennsylvania are the most stressed
                         groundwater systems in the Basin. These systems are characterized by regional
                         groundwater overdrafts. This action would prevent long-term lowering of groundwater
                         levels and protect the safe and dependable yield of the PRIVI and Triassic aquifers for
                         present and future generations.

                         Measure of Success:                   Implementation by water utilities of the recommended
                         alternative sources of supply to supplement their base allocation of the PRIVI by
                         September 15, 1995. Support of DRBC efforts, by the Delaware Estuary Foundation,
                         to disseminate information on water conservation by water utilities. Purchase of
                         additional water needs from surface water sources. Interconnection with surface
                         water supplies.



                                  ACTION                     RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                 RESOURCE

                              ACTION W4: Use of Water Conservation Techniques by Water Utilities

                                                                                                                                        NEEDS
                            W4. 1:                    Leads:     NJDEP, Water utilities,                   Short-term              Approximately
                            Supplements to            Delaware Estuary Foundation                                                  $7,500 for
                            Base                                                                                                   staff,
                            Allocations                                                                                            workshops,
                            from PRIVI                                                                                             material
                            Aquifer

                            W4.2:                     Leads: DRBC, Water utilities,                        Short-term              See W1;
                            Decreased                 Delaware Estuary Foundation                                                  project costs
                            Reliance on                                                                                            (Forest Park
                            Triassic                                                                                               Water)
                             qu ers                                                                                                def rayed
                                                                                                                                   through water
                                                                                                                                   sales


                         The Delaware Estuary Foundation would support and assist water utilities to use water
                         conservation techniques through sponsored workshops and information dissemination.
                         NJDEP and DRBC would continue to encourage water conservation and conjunctive
                         use methods through their ongoing regulatory and technical assistance functions.






                         134                                                                                                        January 1995
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                                                                                                       WATER USE MANAGEMENT


                 Action W4.1                   Encourage Water Utilities Withdrawing from the PRM Aquifer to
                                               Supplement Base Allocations

                 What and How.- In accordance with the July 1993 amendments to the Water Supply
                 Management Act and NJDEP's directives, all affected permittees are required to
                 supplement their base allocation from the FIRM Aquifer through one or more of the
                 following alternatives:

                                     Additional water conservation programs

                                     Purchase of water from the 'Fri-County Water Supply Project, either
                                     directly or through NJDEP's waiter credit transfer program (project costs
                                     for the Tri-County Water Supply Project built by New Jersey American
                                     Water Company will be defrayed through water sales to water utilities).

                                     Purchase of a portion of another water user's base allocation

                 Action W4.2                   Encourage Water Utilities Withdrawing from the Triassic Aquifer
                                               to Reduce their Over-refiance on these Aquifers

                 What and How. Water utilities would be encouraged to reduce their over-reliance on
                 these aquifers by:

                                     Implementing additional water conservation programs

                                     Purchasing water from Forest Park Water or other surface water sources

                                      Improving reliability by conducting conjunctive use of ground and
                                      surface water



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                            ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                             DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                 NEEDS

                    ACTION W5:                      Leads: Water users, golf                           Short-term            Undetermined
                    Wastewater Reuse                courses, industries, commercial
                    for Nonpotable                  enterprises
                    Purposes
                                                                                                                                         -J

                 Why. Because of increasing population and development in the Basin, the demand for
                 water for public supply, commercial, and power generation uses is increasing. Unless



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                             RE
                     ELAM
                    EMARY PROGRAM


                         mitigated through water conservation methods, increasing demands for water will
                         complicate the resolution of water supply problems in the PRIVI and the Triassic
                         Lowlands aquifers.

                         What and How. As another form of water conservation, this action would prevent the
                         long-term lowering of groundwater levels and protect the safe and dependable yield
                         of the PRIVI and Triassic aquifers for present and future generations. The De!aware
                         Estuary Council and Foundation should support efforts underway that promote the
                         reuse of wastewater to reduce future water withdrawal demands. For example, after
                         secondary treatment, wastewater could be used for irrigating golf course fairways,
                         tees, and greens. This common practice of reuse of wastewater saves withdrawing
                         from potable sources of water supply.

                         Measure of Success: Decreased reliance on potable water supplies.


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                                ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                        NEEDS

                           ACTION W6:                 Leads: DR13C, Delaware Estuary                        Mid-term                $20,000
                           Integrated                 Foundation, PADER, DNREC,
                           Resource Plans             NJDEP


                         Why. As a way to alleviate stream diminution, Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) by
                         water and wastewater utilities and counties offers an opportunity for improved
                         coordination of water supply and wastewater planning and facility design.

                         What and How. The lack of coordinated water supply and wastewater planning has
                         led to water quantity problems that must be addressed by federal, regional, and state
                         agencies. One of the most significant problems in the Estuary is the diminution of
                         tributary streams stemming from water supply development and interbasin transfer of
                         wastewater (See Action W3). IRP by water and wastewater utilities and counties
                         offers an opportunity for improved coordination of water supply and wastewater
                         planning and facility design, and the consideration of resource management concerns
                         such as instrearn flow protection. Traditional planning approaches have failed to
                         consider these broader concerns.


                         IRP includes planning methods to identify the most efficient means of achieving goals
                         while considering project impacts on community and environmental management
                         objectives. These planning methods specifically require evaluation of all benefits and



                         136                                                                                                        January 1995









                                                                                                                 WATER USE MANAGEMENT


                     costs, including avoided costs, externalities                           'and life cycle costs. A primary tenet of
                     IRP is that planning should be conducted in an open and participatory process.
                     Accordingly, water and wastewater utilities should include all levels of government in
                     their IRP efforts, rather than limiting these efforts to the affected water and
                     wastewater utilities.


                     In order to encourage the preparation of IRPs by water and wastewater utilities and
                     counties, DRBC, in coordination with the Foundation, should sponsor a two-day
                     workshop to provide hands-on training for the conduct of IRP.                                                       Numerous !RP
                     handbooks are available to assist in IRP development. The American Water Works
                     Association has published Integrated Resource Planning Guidelines (December 1993).
                     In 1995, the AWWA Research Foundation also will publish a Handbook on Integrated
                     Resource Planning. All water and wastewater utilities in the Estuary region would be
                     encouraged to attend.

                     Measure of Success: Conduct two-day workshop for water and wastewater utilities
                     and counties. Preparation and implementation of IRPs by water and wastewater
                     utilities and counties.



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                             ACTION                          RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                      DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                              NEEDS

                       ACTION W7:                   Leads: Delaware Estuary                                      Short-term               $2,500
                        Freshwater                  Foundation, DRBC, states, USACE
                       Flows


                     Why: Preparing for basinwide shortages is crucial to the health of the residents and
                     the natural resources of the Estuary.

                     What and How. The Delaware River Basin experiences, on average, three droughts
                     every ten years. Preparing for basinwide shortages is crucial to the health of the
                     residents and the natural resources of the Estuary. DRBC, as the primary planning and
                     regulatory authority for water supply, has a balanced water supply program. This
                     program includes water conservation, drought management, and supply development.
                     The "Good Faith Agreement" (see p. 27) includes 14 recommendations for a balanced
                     water supply program that addresses these elements. A balanced water supply
                     program would augment freshwater flows to the Estuary; help restore and protect
                     aquatic resources; reduce the threat of saltwater contamination of the PRIVI aquifer;



                                                                                                                                                           137




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             Or DRAFT CCMP
                   RE
               ELAW
             FMARY PROGRAM


               improve public health due to reduced ingestion of sodium and chlorides; and provide
               water to offset present and future consumptive uses and enhance regional water
               supplies. The Delaware Estuary Foundation would periodically evaluate, monitor, and
               support the progress of efforts made toward the provision for freshwater flows.

               Measure of Success: Implementation of a balanced water supply program leading to:
               reduced drought emergencies; increased freshwater flows; safe levels of sodium in
               drinking water; and more reliable water supplies.














































               138                                                                  January 1995










                 ACTION W8:    Coordinate Dredging Activities and Priorities and the
                               Management of Dredged Material Within the Region                                                                                                   WATER USE MANAGEMENT


                 WhV. Port investments and services support not only the regional economy in the
                 three states but also help us compete in a global economy.  Continued port
                 competitiveness is a shared vision among many different community interests. In the
                 past 10 years, imports and exports moving -through the Ports of the Delaware River
                 increased 37.5 percent, from approximately 47 million tons to nearly 58 million tons
                 per year. Recreational use of the River and Bay has also increased over recent years.
                 For safe operation of vessels on the Delaware, dredging is a necessity. Dredging
                 within the Delaware River and Bay removes in excess of six million cubic yards of
                 material annually at a cost of $15 to $18 million.

                 Measure of Success: Predictable standards for the dredging process within the
                 Estuary completed by 2000. Continued access to recreational areas that have silted
                 in over the past years through state sponsored maintenance dredging programs that
                 allow for reassessment of dredging locations and priorities at least every five years.
                 An informed public on the continued maintenance and proposed dredging process in
                 the Estuary. A long-term management plan for the use of dredged material by 2000.



                             ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                  RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                   NEEDS
                     ACTION W8:  Coordinated Dredging Activities and Dredged Material Management
                                                                                                                        ...........
                    W8. 1:                           Leads: USACE, USEPA, marina                         Short-term                $37,500 per
                    Coordinated                      operators and owners, Delaware                                                year
                    Regulatory Process               Estuary Council

                    W8.2: Access to                  Leads: USACE, states, marina                        Short-term                $5,000 per
                    High Use                         and boater associations                                                       year
                    Recreational Areas


                    W8.3: Information                Leads: Delaware Estuary                             Short-term                $25,000 per
                    Exchange on New                  Foundation, USACE                                                             year
                    Dredging Projects

                    W8.4: Dredged                    Leads: Federal, state, and local                    Short-term                $150,000
                    Material                         governments, nongovernment
                    Management Plan                  advocacy groups, Delaware
                                                     Estuary Council








                                                                                                                                              139
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                Action W8.1        Coordinate the Regulatory Process for Maintenance Dredging
                                   among the Three States to Make the Process More Uniform and
                                   Predictable


                What and How: Safe navigation within the Delaware Estuary is assured by periodic
                maintenance dredging which provides access for many types of vessels using the
                waters of the River and Bay complex. This action provides for coordinated regulatory
                decision protocols among the three states to ensure protection of living resources and
                public health, and to make the process more uniform and reliable.

                Action W8.2:       Maintain Access to High Use Recreational Areas

                What and How. Siltation and shoaling of the river bottom affects not only those
                portions of the River and Bay used by commercial ship traffic (and is subject to
                maintenance dredging by USACE and state waterways maintenance offices) but also
                marinas, tributaries, and high use recreation areas used by recreational boaters.
                Currently, opportunities exist to periodically "piggy back" privately sponsored
                maintenance dredging activities on state and federal projects. These are, however,
                deemed insufficient by the pleasure boater community. There is a need for additional
                state sponsored projects to maintain access to recreational areas, but this need must
                be balanced with the need to protect shallow water habitats. The dredging of new
                areas must also be distinguished from boaters' ideas about areas near state maintained
                channels where additional and expanded dredging is desirable. This action proposes
                significant participation by the pleasure boating community in a multi-year
                reassessment and planning process.

                Action W8.3:       Facilitate Information Exchange on New Dredging Projects that
                                   have Regional Impacts

                Wha 't and How.- This action recommends that the Delaware Estuary Foundation serve
                as a forum for disseminating information on new dredging projects, such as the
                Delaware River Main Channel Deepening Project and other such projects that have a
                regional impact to the Estuary. The Regional Information Management Service (See
                Chapter IX) should be used as a vehicle to distribute this information. In order for
                ports to remain competitive, continued maintenance of the main navigation channel
                is necessary. In addition to maintenance, the Delaware River Main Channel Deepening
                Project, from 40 to 45 feet, was authorized by Congress for construction as part of
                the Water Resources Act of 1992. The project is currently in the Pre-Construction
                Phase of development. Continued close coordination with USACE is necessary to
                ensure the protection of living resources. The Delaware Estuary Council should act
                as a facilitator of information within the region on projects, and be used to gather
                feedback from the general public concerning that information.







                140                                                                    January 1995









                                                                     WATER USE MANAGEMENT


            Action W8.4: Develop a Long-term Management Plan for Dredged Material .

            What and How.- Disposal of dredged material, including clean dredged material, is
            becoming more problematic as environmentally preferred disposal sites for this material
            are diminishing. New sites and methods of disposing of dredged material need to be
            identified. Beneficial uses of dredged material may present an opportunity to allow for
            both dredging as well as creation of habitat. This action recommends that the
            Delaware Estuary Council support efforts for the development of a long-term
            management plan that addresses the need for dredged material disposal, beneficial
            use, habitat protection, decommissioning of sites, proper disposal of contaminated
            sediment, and related issues.


            As part of long-term management plan development, the process should:

                          Develop a map of areas that will need continued maintenance dredging
                          and proposed new dredging over the next 20 years and potential
                          dredged material disposal and stockpile sites.

                          Conduct an environmental assessment study, including National
                          Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documentation on the dredged material
                          and dredged material disposal sites, and, if warranted, prepare an
                          Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

                          Identify specific sites where habitat creation is appropriate with dredged
                          material. For example, clean dredged materials should be encouraged for
                          beach restoration/protection of small beaches along the Lower Bay. The
                          importance of these beaches includes both natural and economic values.

                          Develop an agreement among the three states and the federal
                          government on the uses of dredged material that would include an
                          approach to valuing habitats relative to each other. While this would not
                          be a binding decision, it would lay the groundwork for more efficiently
                          deciding what types of habitats are desirable to create in which parts of
                          the Estuary.

            USACE has expressed interest in carrying out restoration activities. Under Section 22
            of the Water Resources Development Act of 1974, there is a program which allows
            for a 50/50 cost share for planning for water resource related problems. Other
            programs exist which may also be utilized, but all require cost sharing.

            Current USACE authorities are specific in requiring a non-federal sponsor to pay for
            any additional costs above that associated with the1east cost option. The non-federal
            sponsor must assume responsibility for the site after construction.







                                                                                                 141




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                                            5ELAWARE
                                            ESTUARY PROGRAM






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                                                                    ACTION                                                         RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                                          DATE                                       RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                                                           ACTION W9:                                              Lead. Delaware Estuary                                                                                             Short-term                                      See RIMS
                                                           Information                                             Foundation                                                                                                                                                          (Chapter IX)
                                                           Management to                                           Partners: Maritime exchange,
                                                           Facilitate Port                                         business and industry, watershed
                                                           Operations                                              organizations, local governments


                                                   Why: There is a need for information to be disseminated from one source. The
                                                   Delaware Estuary                                              Foundation should act as a central network to simplify, clarify,
                                                   coordinate, and communicate information, regulations, complaints, or other requests
                                                   for assistance to citizens.


                                                   What and How:                                                              The Regional Information Management Service (RIMS)
                                                   recommendation (See Actions in Chapter IX) should satisfy and fulfill these
                                                   expectations. In order for this to occur, RIMS must be able to network with and
                                                   through already existing information centers. One opportunity for this coordination to
                                                   occur is through the Maritime Exchange for the Delaware River and Bay (Maritime
                                                   Exchange). For a primary source of information, the Maritime Exchange has already
                                                   established a solid network of private and public port businesses, government
                                                   agencies, and others.

                                                   One of primary missions of the Maritime Exchange has been to promote navigational
                                                   safety throughout the channel. This includes providing such services as relaying
                                                   docking and other instructions to vessel operators, distributing navigation restriction
                                                   and other similar notices throughout the tri-state port community, and working closely
                                                   with the Pilots' Association to promote and improve vessel traffic information
                                                   systems. As part of their effort, the Maritime Exchange maintains and supports the
                                                   Transport Release Automated Cargo Status (TRACS) and the Sensitive Cargo Tracking
                                                   System. In the TRACS system, instantaneous information on cargo release and
                                                   automated system status is provided to receivers, whereas the Sensitive Cargo
                                                   Program coordinates important product profile information to the U.S. Coast Guard,
                                                   again instantaneously on petroleum cargoes transiting the Delaware Estuary.

                                                   The Delaware Estuary Program should promote coordination and partnerships among
                                                   the various information collectors, suppliers, and distributors in order to add value to
                                                   the protection of the Estuary and facilitation of Port operations through RIMS.



                                                   142                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     January 1995









                                                                                                      WATER USE MANAGEMENT


                  Measure of Success: Successful implementation of RIMS. Improved response time
                  to citizen inquiries. Successful partnerships formed within the Delaware Estuary
                  watershed.

                  ACTION W10:    Support Private Sector Efforts on Oil Spill Response and
                                 Pollution Prevention


                          ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                     ACTION W1 0:               Lead: Delaware Estuary                                Mid-term               $ 10,000 plus
                     Private Sector             Foundation                                                                   staff time
                     Efforts on Oil             Partners: DBRC, MSRC, USEPA,
                     Spill Response/            marina and boater associations,
                     Pollution                  local governments, general public
                     Prevention


                  Why. This action would acknowledge and support private sector efforts to minimize
                  the risk of oil spills and identify opportunities for partnerships with the Delaware
                  Estuary Foundation to increase efforts in pollution prevention, such as the Marine Spill
                  Response Corporation and Delaware Bay and River Cooperative.

                  What and How: The Foundation should assist marina owners in identifying funding
                  sources that would allow them to purchase oil recovery and collection booms for the
                  protection of boats within the marina. Pollution prevention measures in marinas would
                  include information on and the implementation of the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution
                  Control Program. In addition, as citizens of the Estuary are often the first to discover
                  hazardous spills, an advisory alert network consisting of primary contacts in the event
                  of a spill should be broadly advertised and be easy and simple to use. In the case of
                  major hazardous discharges, a multi-media alert should be broadcasted via television,
                  radio, newspapers, computer billboards, VHF-FM Marine radio (via USCG), state and
                  local marine police, and other enforcement and protective agencies, that, can quickly
                  implement advisory alerts and bulletins.

                  Measure of Success: Decreased response time and increased attention to and
                  awareness of hazardous discharges to the Estuary. A more knowledgeable public as
                  to who to contact in the event of a hazardous spill. Protection of boats within marinas
                  from a major hazardous spill and implementation of pollution prevention techniques.








                                                                                                                                               143
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                                  DRAFT CCIVIP
                    MLAWARE
                   ESTUARY PROGRAM




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                       Why. Better water quality and a growing coastal population have led to a demand for
                       increased public awareness concerning public access for a variety of recreational uses,
                       including power and non-power boating, swimming, fishing, rowing, canoeing,
                       kayaking, water skiing, etc. This action would lead to the development of a
                       comprehensive inventory of current and projected public access points within the
                       Delaware Estuary, to communicate information to the public, and to provide a base for
                       future planning and facility needs. Increased planning for and development of better
                       public access facilities for the citizenry of the Delaware Estuary watershed is needed.

                       Measure of Success: Development, implementation, and broad distribution of a
                       complete Comprehensive Public Access Resource Document for the Delaware Estuary
                       watershed by 1998.


                                  ACTION                         RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                             DATE                ESOURCE
                                                                                                                                       NEEDS

                                  .............................................................. . .. . . .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .... .. . ...................
                                         ........... ..................                     ...............            ....... ....................................................
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                           W1 1.1: Inventory              Lead: Delaware Estuary                                 Mid-term          $ 7 5,000 to
                           of Public Access               Council/Foundation                                                       $100,000 for
                           Points                         Partners: National Park Service,                                         a one-time
                                                          State coastal zone programs,                                             publication
                                                          counties, municipalities, non-profit
                                                          organizations, recreational
                                                          organizations

                           W1 1.2: Listing of             Lead. Delaware Estuary                                 Mid-term          $100,000
                           Regional Public                Council/Foundation
                           Access                         Partners: National Park Service,
                           Deficiencies and               State coastal zone programs,
                           Concerns                       counties, municipalities, non-profit
                                                          organizations, recreational
                                                          organizations

                           W1 1.3: Public                 Lead. State coastal zone                               Mid-term          $25,000
                           Access                         management programs
                           Management
                           Issues and
                           Appropriate Tools

                           W1 1.4: Funding                Lead: Delaware Estuary Council,                        Mid- to           To be
                           for Future Public              state legislatures                                     long-term         determined
                           Access Facilities



                       144                                                                                                         January 1995








                                                                        WATER USE MANAGEMENT




            Action W1 1. 1:      Develop an Inventory of Public Access Points within the Estuary

            What and How: An inventory would be the first step in the development of a
            Comprehensive Public Access Resource Document. This could be accomplished under
            the Coastal Zone Management Act (Section 309), for projects of special merit. The
            inventory should contain information on access for a variety of recreational users. In
            addition, launching ramps, parking lots for tow vehicles and non-boaters, as' well as
            a listing of pump-out stations should be included in the inventory.

            This activity could be integrated into the Delaware Estuary Program RIMS to allow
            continually updated information to be added.

            Action W1 1.2:       Develop a Prioritized Listing of Regional Public Access Deficiencies
                                 and Concerns


            What and How: This action would set up an analysis of the Public Access Inventory
            and develop a prioritized listing of regional public access deficiencies and concerns.
            The listing should be coordinated with greenways planning and provide for careful
            evaluation of sensitive sites. County master plans should be reviewed as well as
            ongoing regional efforts.

            Action W 11. 3       Identify Managernent-related Issues associated with Public Access
                                 and appropriate Tools for Addressing the Issues

            What and How: This action would identify all management-related issues associated
            with the public access deficiencies in Action W1 1.2 and the appropriate tools for
            addressing these issues, such as land acquisition, zoning, accessway designs, and
            funding sources, to be compiled in a methods manual. This is primarily an effort to
            transfer information from other states and programs. The circuit riders called for in
            Ll 1 could coordinate this effort.


            Action W1 1.4        Establish a Stable Source of Funding for Future Public Access
                                 Facilities


            What and How: This action would establish a stable source of funding for local,
            county, and state agencies for public open space acquisition, facility development or
            redevelopment, and the operation and maintenance of public access facilities.

            Lack of funding could result in the deterioration of existing facilities, as well as failure
            to develop new facilities to meet the needs of a growing coastal population.
            Legislation for a permanent source of funds for acquisition, development, operation,
            and maintenance needs would help meet the goals of the Delaware Estuary Program.





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                     ACTION W12:    Inventory Available Pump-Out Stations and Address Any
                                    Identified Deficiencies


                                ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE              RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                        NEEDS

                           ACTION W1 2:                Leads: PA, NJ, DE, USFWS,                              Short-term            $75,000-
                           Pump-Out                    Delaware Estuary Council, and                                                $100,000
                           Stations                    other nongovernment
                           Inventory                   organizations.


                         Why: This action              would address the need for additional pump-out facilities and
                         encourage their use by the general public

                         What and How. This action would inventory the number of pump-out stations
                         available to boaters in the Estuary for the discharge of onboard sewage (liquid waste).
                         Deficiencies would be identified and addressed through the installation, approval, and
                         operation of pump-out facilities, and encouraging the use of facilities by the general
                         boating public by making them easy, convenient, and free or inexpensive to use.
                         Possible locations for these facilities include fuel docks, marinas, service, and
                         launching      areas. Owners of-older boats would be encouraged to purchase equipment
                         needed to use the pump-out stations. This action would be coordinated with projects
                         proposed       or underway through the Clean Vessel Act.

                         Measure        of Success: Improved water quality conditions due to reduced waste
                         discharge      from boaters directly into the Estuary. Every marina with 50 or more berths
                         available has a pump-out facility installed by the year 2000. Supports implementation
                         of the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program.



















                         146                                                                                                        January 1995
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          WATER USE MANAGEMENT

                                                       ACTION W13:    Develop and Implement Strategies to Achieve the
                                                                      "Fishable/Swimmable" Goals of the Clean Water Act


                                                       Why. Segments of the Estuary are below the goals of the Clean Water Act. One of
                                                       the causes is the existence of CSOs in the urban section of the river. DRBC, USEPA,
                                                       the states, and the four city/urban areas with CSOs are developing a CSO control
                                                       strategy. Models are being used to assess the relationship between wet weather
                                                       events and combined sewer system responses and to predict the effects of operational
                                                       as well as physical changes to the combined sewer systems to mitigate wet weather
                                                       discharges. A significant issue in developing this strategy is the currently used water
                                                       quality model - Dynamic Estuary Model (DEM). As a result of differences between
                                                       predicted values and field data, a full reevaluation of the model was conducted. It has
                                                       been recommended that the DEM model be replaced with a new model that can better
                                                       predict wastewater discharge impacts at low flow conditions and CSO impacts during
                                                       storm conditions. Actions W13.1, W13.2, and W13.3 are recommended to complete
                                                       the strategy. Completion of these actions may eventually allow the water quality
                                                       standard for the urban section of the river to be raised.



                                                                                        ACTION                                                                                     RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                                                                                DATE                                                     RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       NEEDS
                                                                ACTION W13:  Strategies to Achieve "Fishable/Swimmable" Goals of the Clean Water
                                                                Act


                                                                W13.1: DEM                                                                                                    Lead. DRBC                                                                                                                                  Short-term                                                      $375,000
                                                                Model                                                                                                         Partners: USEPA, DNREC,
                                                                Replacement                                                                                                   PADER,NJDEP

                                                                W13.2: Control                                                                                                Lead: DRBC                                                                                                                                  Short-term                                                      $250,000
                                                                Strategies for                                                                                                Partners: USEPA, DNREC,
                                                                Wastewater                                                                                                    PADER, NJDEP, Philadelphia,
                                                                Facilities and CSOs                                                                                           Camden, Wilmington, DELCORA,
                                                                                                                                                                              CCMUA


                                                                W1 3.3: trategy                                                                                               Lead. DRBC                                                                                                                                  Mid-term                                                        $100,000
                                                                Implementation                                                                                                Partners: LISEPA, DNREC,
                                                                                                                                                                              IPADER,NJDEP

                                                       Measure of Success:                                                                                                    Entire reach of Delaware Estuary is 100% fishable/swimmable
                                                       through: replacement of DEM by October 1997; development of wastewater
                                                       facility/CSO control strategy by October 1999; and longer term implementation of
                                                       control strategies.






                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   147
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             go
             Or DRAFT CCMP
             5ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Action W13.1:       Replace DEM Model

               What and How: DRBC is working with the states and USEPA to develop a new water
               quality computer model that will more accurately predict the response of the river to
               discharges in both dry and wet weather conditions. The new model should be
               completed in approximately two years.

               Action W13.2:       Develop Control Strategies for Wastewater Facilities and CSOs

               What and How: The CSO owners, with the assistance of DRBC, are now developing
               strategies for reducing the impacts of wet weather overflows to the river. Control
               measures called for in the strategy would become part of discharge permits for the
               CSOs. The new river model will help in the'development and evaluation of the control
               measures.


               Action W 13.3:      Implement Strategy

               What and How. Once the strategy is developed and the actions become part of
               permits, the CSO owners would implement the necessary physical and operational
               changes to reduce the impacts of the discharges to the Estuary.































               148                                                                    January 1995









                                                                     HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES

             CHAPTER V: Habitat and Living Resources
                                    Action Plan




                   t would be difficult to overstate the importance of the habitat
                   and living resources in the Delaware Estuary. Approximately
                   784,000 acres (317,280 hectares) of wetlands and
                   openwater habitats are available to support the living
             resources of the Estuary. Half a million waterfowl, millions of
             shorebirds (Clark et al., 1993) and songbirds, half a million
             seabirds (Kerlinger, 1994), over 100,000 raptors, plus migrating
             whales, sea turtles, and anadromous fish (DRBFWMC, 1985) all
             use the Estuary's habitats at critical times during their migrations.              Approximate-
             Thousands of more species, many of which are less charismatic                      ly 784,000
             but no less important, do not migrate but live in a variety of                     acres of
             terrestrial, freshwater, brackish, and saltwater habitats year round.              wetlands and
             These living resources and the habitats that they rely upon have                   openwater
             long been recognized as important by local residents who utilize                   habitats are
             them for subsistence, income, and recreation. More recently,                       available to
             many of the wetland habitats have been recognized as being of                      support the
             international importance for shorebirds migrating from South                       living
             America to North America (Ramsar Convention, 1992). The                            resources of
             status and trends of many of the species for which data are                        the Estuary.
             available is presented in the State of the Estuary, Chapter 11.

             The juxtaposition of such biological richness and diversity with the
             intense human uses of the Estuary is one of the factors that
             makes the Delaware Estuary so unique.                  It also makes it
             vulnerable.     A catastrophic spill of toxic substances in the
             Delaware during shorebird migration could impact up to two-thirds
             of the entire western hemisphere population of the red knot, as
             well as the populations of other shorebird species and horseshoe
             crabs. It is important that plans be in place to reduce the effects
             of these incidents (See Action H8).

             The quality of human life is related to the health of the habitats
             around us. Wetlands in particular possess natural functions which
             maintain human and estuarine health.                Flood storage and
             conveyance, barriers to waves and erosion, sediment control,
             pollution control, water supply and quality, nutrient sources for
             fisheries, and food production are some of the benefits.                  In
             addition, recreational activities such as fishing, waterfowl hunting,
             and bird and wildlife observation depend on healthy wetland
             habitats. Upland natural areas, such as forests and fields, provide
             habitat for many more species, recreational opportunities for



                                                                                                          149





                     
                     DRAFT CCMP
                     DELAWARE
                     ESTUARY PROGRAM


                         people, and porous surfaces that absorb and filter runoff. As
                         development in the watershed continues and the percentage of
                         asphalt and other impervious surfaces increases, the remaining
                         natural areas will play a greater role in controlling nonpoint source
                         pollution. All of the Delaware Estuary's habitats provide open
                         space, aesthetic value, education and research opportunities, and
                         even historical and archaeological value to the people living in the
                         watershed.


                         In spite of their importance to a healthy ecosystem and high
                         quality of life for humans, many of the habitats in the Delaware
                         Estuary have been degraded or destroyed. In addition to the
                         issues mentioned in the State of the Estuary Chapter                            11 and in the
                         sections above, Delaware  Estuary habitats have been degraded                      by
                         the following:

                                          Draining of wetlands for agriculture


                                      Parallel grid ditching of tidal wetlands for mosquito control


                                        Poor soil management practices which lead to soil erosion
                                        and sedimentation in streams


                                 Improper use of pesticides and fertilizers


                                    Poorly planned land development


                                Reduced freshwater flow due to water withdrawal


                                      Industrial, urban, and suburban pollution


                                 Dredging and disposal of dredged material



                         150                                                                                                            January 1995
 








                                                              HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES



            These issues are addressed by the action plans throughout this
            document.


            A. Conserving Habitat

            One of the most effective ways of conserving upland and wetland
            habitats, and the species that rely on them, is through acquisition
            by organizations and agencies whose missions include habitat
            protection. Figure 39 illustrates the federal, state, and county
            protected lands. Acquisition, however, is very expensive, works
            in a piecemeal fashion, and is not always welcomed by towns and
            counties that rely on the development of land to produce taxes.
            In all cases, a well thought out master plan that considers
            sustainable development and encourages habitat protection should
            be pursued (See Actions L1, L6, L8, Ll 1, L-1 6).

            The long term habitat needs for 200 species and the most
            significant habitat areas are currently being mapped as a part of
            the Delaware Estuary Program and will be available to help prepare
            updated master plans. Figure 40 is an example of these maps. In
            addition, state Natural Heritage Programs are working towards
            mapping "natural communities" so that the status of these areas
            can be tracked in an effort to maintain bio,diversity (See Action
            1-13).


            There are many opportunities to enhance and conserve habitat and
            living resources on lands that are not held exclusively for that
            purpose. Private citizens can maintain habitats on their own land
            and, in some cases, can get technical and financial assistance
            from programs such as the USFWS Partners for Wildlife program
            or various Soil Conservation Service programs. Owners of land
            containing significant habitat who wish to conserve it may be
            eligible to sell or transfer development rights for a portion of the
            land (See Actions L6, Ll 1, Ll 6). Figure 41 illustrates some of the
            areas that have already been identified for enhancement or are
            being considered for enhancement. Such enhancements could
            also include reforestation and restoration of tidal marsh
            impoundments (See Action H5). Phragmites (common reed), an
            undesirable plant species that has been spreading rapidly in
            Estuary wetlands in the past 40 years, can be targeted by state
            and federal resource agencies for restoration back to more typical
            wetland vegetation.     Figure 42 illustrates the extent of the
            Phragmites in wetlands in the State of Delaware. Similar invasions
            have occurred in New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, in
            Pennsylvania.



                                                                                                151




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                              ELAWN
                           ESTUARY PROGRAM










































































                               .152                                                                                                                                                     January 1995































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                                                                                                                                         Figure 39. Open Space and Prot               ed Areas Map shows federal, s
                                                                                                                                         space, within the Delaware Estuary Progr+'tArea of Concern, for which digital
                                                                                                                                         lands under municipal and private ownership and lands protected through va
                                                                                                                                         developed, in part, from NJDEP Geographic Information System digital data
                                                                                                                                         conjunction with USFWS work, but this secondary product has not been verified
                                                                                                                                         provided data representing protected lands, as of 1992, for Chester, Montgome
                                                                                                                                         Pennsylvania. The Natural Lands Trust, Inc. of Philadelphia Conservationists, I
                                                                                                                                         as of 1992, for Delaware; Delaware Division of Parks and Recreation reviewed
                                                                                                                                         map. Land acquisition is an ongoing process, being carried out by a variety of go
                                                                                                                                         up to date information, it is necessary to contact these organizations directly.





                                Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Habitat


























                                   UGET%M

                                 Mq-Novembw MbiW
                                 Demmber4.prfl FbbiW



















                      Prq)wed by the Delaware Bay Estuary Project, USFM
                   Univenal Tramverse Mercator Projection, Zone 18, NM 1983
                                        SC&: 1:%6000
                                        November 1994




                                                 it,
                                          141-h Mvi





                                                                       Figure 40. Blue Crab ArecIS Map shows             the long term habitat needs of blue crabs (Calfinectes sapidus) derived from
                                                                       USFWS National Wetland Inventory digital data and NOAA bathymetry data. This map was developed, in part, using NJDEP
                                                                       Geographic Information SVstem digital data representing protected lands, as of 1991, in conjunction with USFWS work, but this
       CA                                                              secondarV product has not been verified bV NJDEP and is not state- authorized.
       (31                                                                                                                                                                                                    1






                                               American Shad Restoration Potential
                                                             Lower. Delaware River Watershed
                                                                               I               -A










                                                                                                              L
























                                                                                                                       ooo





























                                                                                     Y







                                                                                            .11              r







                                                                                                 S



                                  Swucture VMShed Old



                                  F1sh passage tastaBed


                                                                                                  N
                                  Fkh passage blodad
                            F*-1
                            FN    strelons                                                      IT,
                            F
                                  Sh,eams widdh could be opened
                            N     up 9 blodage rentoved

                                  Ho Pdorfty Watershed















                        Prepared by the Delaware Bay EWAary Frojeo, USFWS
                     Universal Transverse MerWar Projection, Zone 18, MAD 1983
                                          Sciatic: 1:566,000
                                          November 1994







                                                                        Figure4l. Opportunities for Enhancement Map shows opportunities and priorities for restoring American shad (Alosa
                                                                        sapidissimaj populations using fish passages at dam sites within the Area of Concern based on the report, "A Review and
                                                                        Recommendations Relating to Fishways within the Delaware Basin", August 1985. This map was developed, in part, from NJDEP
                                                                        Geographic Information System digital data. Restoration of American shad will also benefit other fish species, including striped
                                                                        bass.









                                                                                       HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


                                             PHRAGMITE!.3 AREAS
                                                                        in the
                                            STATE OF DELAWARE







                                                                                          LEGEND


                                                                                           PHRAGM[ITES

                                                                                          TIDAL WETLANDS



                                                       el



                                                                                                    N

























                                                                                                           ZP                 DX 1@


                                                                                                        Dyne i.










                 Figure 42. Extent of Phragmites in Wetlands in the State of Delaware Map depicts wetlands in the State of
                 Delaware that are affected by Phrag mites invasion. Source of data is DNREC - Com pre hensive Conservation and M a nagement
                 Plan for Delaware's Tidal Wetlands, 1993.




                                                                                                                                      159




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                State and federal regulatory programs are also viable means of
                conserving habitat and living resources. Many of these are cited
                in the Base Program Inventory (a companion document to this
                Plan) or are discussed in the analysis of regulatory programs in
                this chapter and in the Land Management chapter (Chapter 111).
                Actions for species management plans are presented in Actions
                H1 and H2, and wetlands management in Action H4.

                As discussed in the State of the Estuary (Chapter 11), sea level rise
                could cause loss or a shift in the location of coastal habitats. As
                sea level rises some tidal marshes may undergo increased rates of
                inundation and flooding, while others may appear to migrate
                landward (replacing low lying uplands as these areas are flooded),
                or become infilled with sediments (Philipp 1994). These issues
                need to be taken into account when managing the coastal zone
                (See Action 1-17).

                B.     Analysis of Existing Regulatory Programs for
                       Habitat and Living Resources

                A listing of the major state and federal programs that deal with
                habitat and living resources is available in a companion document
                to this Plan, the Base Program Inventory. This section discusses
                the findings of the Delaware Estuary Program's analysis of
                relevant programs as a basis for proposed actions.

                REGULATORY PROGRAMS


                Tidal wetlands, freshwater wetlands in some areas, riparian zones,
                significant benthic communities (oyster and clam beds),
                submerged aquatic vegetation, and habitats used by rare and
                endangered species have some regulatory protection, which could
                minimize future losses from manmade and natural causes.
                However, many of the existing regu      latory programs are facing
                problems from: 1) inadequate fun     'ding levels; 2) lack of routine
                compliance enforcement; and 3) lack of clear, coordinated
                Estuary-wide resource management strategies (except for those
                issues covered by DRBC, such as flow management, water
                supply, and water quality). Below is a discussion of the regulatory
                programs that are addressed in the action plans.


                WETLANDS


                In some cases, federal and state programs for protecting wetlands
                are not well coordinated between states, nor are they



                160                                                                        January 1995








                                                             HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


           jurisdictionally consistent. New Jersey and Pennsylvania, for
           example, both have freshwater wetlands programs, but only New
           Jersey has encompassed wetland buffers into its permitting
           program.    Delaware has a tidal program, but it has no state
           freshwater wetland law. On the federal side, the Philadelphia
           District of LISACE administers the tidal and nontidal segments of
           the Clean Water Act Section 404 permit program in Pennsylvania
           and Delaware; in New Jersey, USACE also administers the tidal
           portion, but the state administers the nontidal portion with
           oversight from USEPA. At best, these inconsistencies result in a
           diverse approach to wetland protection that may or may not
           enhance the biological resources of the Estuary. At worst, this
           approach results in a fragmentation of wetland resources in.the
           Estuary, with a corresponding decline in wildlife support and water
           quality in the region.       Four reports have been published
           documenting the trends in wetland protection. The three state-
           wide reports, covering Pennsylvania (Tiner 1990), New Jersey
           (Tiner 1 985a), and Delaware (Tiner 19851)), are consistent in
           showing that, since the early 1970s, there has been a dramatic
           reduction in coastal tidal wetiand loss.       However, non-tidal
           wetlands continue to be lost. The most recent report available, for
           Cape May County and vicinity (Tiner and Smith 1993), confirms
           this view and details the losses more precisely, concluding that,
           "From 1984 to 1991, forested wetlands suffered the greatest
           impacts of vegetated wetiand types, largely due to the
           construction of housing developments" (See Figure 43). While it
           is not imperative that the programs be exactly the same, they
           should be coordinated to achieve a common goal. An overall
           management plan needs to be developed that establishes a clear
           wetland protection direction for the various entities within the
           Estuary (See Action 1-14).

           Other problems also need to be addressed. These include the
           continued loss of wetland resources due to unauthorized activities
           and the potential cumulative effects of wetland losses from the
           issuance of nationwide permits for small encroachments,
           particularly Nationwide Permit 26 of Section 404 of the Clean
           Water Act. This USACE issued permit allows for the filling of
           wetlands under one acre in size without requiring the applicant to
           4ndergo the usual predischarge notification procedures.            In
           addition, the federal wetlands program under the Clean Water Act
           is designed to protect water quality and focuses on the removal
           or discharge of material in wet:ands. It does not prevent the
           removal of trees and other vegetation which can have significant
           adverse effects on the wetland. Further, proactive measures to
           simulate planned wetland creation, restoration, and mitigation



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                                162                                                                                                                                               January 1995





                                                                                                                                                                                        Cape M





                                                                                                                                                                               37500


                                                                                                                                                                               37000






                                                                                                                                                                               36000


                                                                                                                                                                               35500


                                                                                                                                                                                        1978    1       1982    1%4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Year

                                                      .... . . .....






                                                                                                                                                                                    %


                                                                                                                                                                                 1194


                                                                                                                                                                                   192


                                                                                                                                                                                 1190
                                                                                                                                   LEGEND
                                                                                                                                                                                 1188


                                                                                                                                                                                        1978    1980    1982    1984
                                                                                                                          M    Palustrine Forested Wetland                                                      Year
                                                                                                                               Palustrine Scrub-Shrub Wedand
                                                                                                                               Pdustnne Exnergent Wetbnd
                                                                                                                               Eshiiam@ Eznergimt Wettand
                                                                                                                                               S%,m
                                                                                                                               Upbnd
                                                                                                                               Fdustfte Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                 1400-
                                                                                                                               W&K








                                                                                                                                                                                 1100


                                                                                                                                                                                        1978,   1980    1982    1984
                                                                                                                   Prepared by the Delaware aq amiary Project, USMS                                             Year
                                                                                                                  Unhvrmd Transverse Metmtor Projection, Zone 18, NAD27
                                                1977.. National  Wetlands    Inventory                                               Sode: 1:167,800
                                                                                                                                     November 1994


                                                                                                                                                                                                                SOUR(









                                                             HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


            efforts must be developed to complement the regulatory programs
            (See Action H4).


            UPLANDS


            As noted in the State of the Estuary, Chapter 11, development
            pressures are intense within the Estuary and may accelerate as
            increasing numbers of people make demands on the remaining
            habitats. Regulation of upland development is generally under the
            purview of local governments and is not controlled by federal or
            state regulation the way wetlands are. As a result, there is little
            regional regulatory perspective for land use in these areas.
            Because of this lack of regional perspective and the fact that they
            are desirable for development, upland habitats, particularly
            forested areas and successional meadows, are being fragmented
            (See Figure 44).       Populations of species dependent on
            unfragmented uplands, such as interior forest dwelling birds and
            certain large mammals, have declined. Future development must
            take place in a fashion that will not further fragment habitat;
            otherwise there will be a continued decrease in the populations of
            many species in the watershed and possibly the number of species
            (See Action Ll).


            NONPOINT SOURCE DEGRADATION


            While habitat degradation, from nonpoint source pollution in the
            Delaware Estuary is an issue and is being addressed to a limited
            extent by Section 319 of the Clean Water Act and Section 6217
            of the Coastal Zone Management Act, the magnitude of the
            problem needs a more rigorous quantitative assessment.
            Additional resources are needed to reduce nonpoint source
            pollution from existing areas and to minimize the creation of new
            sources (See Actions in Chapter 111).


            SPECIES MANAGEMENT PLANS


            Populations of many harvestable species, and species that are
            sensitive to disturbance by humans, are declining in the Delaware
            Estuary (See State of the Estuary, Chapter 11). Many of these
            living resources move freely across state boundaries; thus proper
            management in one jurisdiction can be made more effective by
            coordinating management with other jurisdictions. Individual state
            mandated management plans must be evaluated EstuarV-wide and
            coordinated whenever possible. Even though basin states are now
            required to comply with existing Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
            Commission interstate fisheries management plans as a result of



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                                  166                                                                                                                                                    January 1995





                                                            Large-Tract Forest ReStoration Opportunities
                                                                                                  for Area-Sensitive 'Forest Nesting Birds
                                                      >
                                                                                                                                                                                          J









                                                                                                             'A

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Y


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      d0j
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             441.                          -.4


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             '4,





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           41i






                                                                                                                                                                                             low,





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         0




















                                                                                               e

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    LEGEND
                                                                       e


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     EXISTING AREAS


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 T,,,t,         >3fflQ--h,) A

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     RESTORAnON AREAS


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Nues Tracts


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Woodkind Tracts




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         3000    ha fragment Is the minimum size tImt will retain all
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   species of area sensitive forest birds In the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      MIdAflantic states atobbins et al 1989).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 . .... . ... .... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              .. ... . .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  n@,       egetative clasges are based upon percent -py cover,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ..whereby      FORM               100% - 80% and WOODLAND - 79% - 60%.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Prepared       by the      Delaware Bay EMary Project, USFWS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    tniversal       Transverse       Mercator Projection, Zone 18, MAD 1927
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Scale- 1:473,5M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               o,@@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        November 1994
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ....... .. . .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     "I-I ell,























                         Figure 44. Forested Tract Preservation and Restoration Opportunities Mal). illustrates the potential for integrating living resource needs into regionalplanning and decision
                         support The map portrays opportunities for protecting and restoring large forested tracts suitable for maintaining breeding populations of neotropical migratory passerine birds, based upon U. S.
                         Forest Service's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (A VHRR) satellite data and minimum area requirements as described in "Habitat Area Requirements of Breeding Forest Birds of the
                         Middle Atlantic States," Robbins, et al., 1989. Better vegetative cover data and field checkir7g are necessary before this map can be used in support of land use decision making.








                                                             HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


           the Atlantic Coastal Fishery Management Cooperative Act of
           1993, problems with compliance still exist (See Action Hl).

           A mechanism needs to be established to ensure the compatibility
           of appropriate species management plans, strategies, and
           regulations among the three states and federal agencies that have
           responsibility for habitat in the watershed.        Watershed-wide
           coordination and compatibility of resource management are
           essential for the long-term.    Specific actions that need to be
           addressed in these plans are allocation of consumptive use
           (harvest), habitat protection/enhancement, and human use conflict
           (i.e., human disturbance of shorebirds). Plant management plans
           should be coordinated with animal management plans.                In
           addition, it is important that any differences in implementation
           between compatible state plans be explained to the public so that
           there is not a sense of inequality (See Action H11).

           For some species, Estuary-wi.de plans are not necessary because
           the species do not travel great distances within the Estuary and
           are dependent, primarily, on local habitats and management
           practices. Included in this group are such species and groups as
           terrestrial reptiles and amphibians-and non-migratory gamefish and
           game animals.

           C. Actions to Date


           The Habitat Task Force of the Delaware Estuary Program is
           working towards completing the three actions; for habitat identified
           in the Preliminary Conservation and Management Plan (October
           1992), as the highest priority. These actions are:

                  1)     Identify and publish a consensus list of important
                         species within the Delaware Estuary, including
                         harvestable species, endangered and threatened
                         species, migratory species, indicator species, and
                         ecologically important species;

                  2)     Identify and publish a reference document on habitat
                         requirements for priority species. (This will provide
                         information on the life history of these species, what
                         their habitat requirements are, and what local land
                         use planners can consider to minimize impacts on
                         these species. While this document does not specify
                         what land use planners should do, it does provide
                         scientific information targeted towards this user
                         group); and



                                                                                                169








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                       3)     Provide user-friendly maps and interpretive tools to
                              targeted user groups.         Maps identify where
                              appropriate habitats exist for priority species based
                              on available information.


                The first of these tasks, identifying the key species, was
                accomplished through a series of workshops involving many
                experts from within the watershed. The final list of approximately
                100 species and assemblages can be found in Appendix E and is
                the subject of the Habitat Requirements reference document that
                is expected to be available in mid-1995. The list should be
                considered dynamic and will likely be modified and updated as
                more information is gathered and as our understanding of the
                interactions of the components of the ecosystem grows.

                The third task, the production of the significant habitat maps, is
                currently underway and will be available in mid-1995. Actions
                Ll 0, Ll 1, and Ll 4 discuss technical assistance for municipalities
                to assist them in using these tools.

                D.     Habitat and Living Resources Objectives

                Of the fourteen objectives adopted by the Delaware Estuary
                Program as cited in the Introduction, six are directly related to
                habitat and living resources. These six objectives have been used
                to guide development of the actions listed in this chapter along
                two major themes:

                              To restore and maintain healthy populations of
                              finfishes, invertebrates, birds, amphibians, reptiles,
                              and mammals; and


                              To restore and maintain acreage and quality of the
                              habitats that contribute to the ecological diversity,
                              productivity, and aesthetic appeal of the region.

                The Habitat Task Force used these objectives to develop a set of
                actions that, in the long run, could attain such goals as: achieving
                an average annual spawning population of 750,000 adult
                American shad in the Delaware River and its tributaries or
                restoring wetlands to levels commonly found in the 1 920s, prior
                to parallel grid ditching and large scale draining.







                170                                                                       January 1995









                                                               HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


           STRATEGY FOR HABITAT PROTECTION


           The Delaware Estuary Program will provide coordination among
           the states, federal government, private organizations, business,
           and industry, to protect, enhance, and manage habitat and the
           natural resources that rely on them. Nine actions will address the
           following key areas identified in this chapter and the State of the
           Estuary (Chapter 11):

                         Coordination and integration of species management
                         plans to ensure more comprehensive conservation
                         (1-111 and 1-12);

                          Identification, restoration, and protection of specific
                          habitat areas or types (1-13 and 1-15);
                                                            I

                          Enhancement of planning initiatives for exotic
                          species, sea level rise, and oil spills (1-16, H7, H8);
                          and


                          Enhancement of scope and enforcement of
                          regulatory programs for wetlands and priority species
                          (1-14 and 1-19).

































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                                                                     Recommendations




                                                                                X                               ........
                                                                                                  x

                         ... ..........
                                                                                                              ......... ...
                                         .H                        01
                                  . .. .......
                                                                                                     . ...........-. .......
                           ............
                           . .. .. ....                                                                               x..
                           . ... .. ...... ...
                                                                                                           hv-
                                                        ........  ..........
                                                                                                      X.
                             .............
                           ............. .:@ . ........
                                                                                                      -X
                                 XXX.X.
                                                                      .............                              ......
                                         ..................          ............X.... .......
                                                                       ............  X.:-X.:
                                                                              ........             .......
                                                                     .............
                                                                     ............ .......                                            .....
                                                                  .. . ..... ..
                           ......                                     ....
                                                                   .. ................                                              ..............................  ..............
                                                                                                                                 ...................
                                                                                                                        . . ............. . ........................... .

                         Wh y.    Many living       resources freely          move across jurisdictional                boundaries and would
                         thus benefit from coordinated Estuary-wide management plans. A further discussion
                         of why this is important is presented in the analysis of regulatory programs earlier in
                         this chapter. This action describes what can be done to achieve more effective
                         resource management utilizing existing regulatory programs.

                         Measure of Success: Compliance with existing interstate species management plans
                         (top priority should be on resolving compliance issues with weakfish and bluefish
                         plans). Development of management plans for the priority species listed in Action
                         H1.2. Completion of management plans currently under development.



                                 ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE                 RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                         NEEDS

                                                                           .. .. ...... ........ ................. ......
                                                                                                          ........................ ...........    ...............
                                                                                                              .......   .....                         . .....
                                                                                                                                                  ..........
                                                                                                        .............
                                                             X                                                                       ox.,             X:::::::::
                                                                                                                                                 ............
                                                                                                                x     ................
                                                                                                      .... ...............
                                    'N.H.-T     . .......
                                                              .::p           P. .9   -r         .. ... . ... ....
                                                          . ......   ....
                                                                                                                        .................

                           H1.1:     Existing         Lead:     Delaware Estuary Council                      Plans for 3           $75,000 per
                           Mandated                   Partners: States, NMFS, Mid                             fish species          species
                           Interstate                 Atlantic Fishery Management                             expected to
                           Species                    Council, Atlantic States Marine                         be complete
                           Management                 Fisheries Commission, DE River                          in 1995
                           Plans                      Basin Fish & Wildlife Management
                                                      Cooperative



                         -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
                           H1.2: Species              Lead. Delaware River Basin Fish                         1995 for              $75,000 per
                           for which                  & Wildlife Management                                   high priority         species
                           Interstate                 Cooperative                                             species
                           Management                 Partners: Atlantic States Marine
                           Plans or more              Fisheries Commission, Mid-
                           Enforcement of             Atlantic Fishery Management
                             Xis ing Plans            Council, state management
                           Needed                     agencies, USFWS, NMFS








                         172                                                                                                        January 1995








                                                             HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


           Action H1.1:        Complete all Developing or Pending Mandated Interstate Species
                               Management Plans and Assure Compliance with all New and
                               Existing Plans

           What and How. Species in the Delaware Estuary for which interstate management
           plans are mandated and already exist include: striped bass, weakfish, bluefish,
           American shad, river herring, Atlantic sturgeon, summer flounder, winter flounder,
           spot, croaker, red drum, Spanish mackerel, Atlantic mackerel, butterfish, Loligo squid,
           surfclams, sharks, snow goose, and black duck. Additional plans, including recovery
           plans, are in place for several threatened and endangered species and waterfowl.
           Plans are currently under development for tautog, scup, and sea bass and will be
           completed under the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC).

           The effectiveness of these plans needs to be assessed from a regional perspective.
           Even though basin states are now required to comply with existing ASMFC interstate
           management plans for fishery resources or face a federally imposed moratorium, there
           are still problems with compliance for certain species such as weakfish, Atlantic
           sturgeon, and bluefish. The Delaware Estuary Council should promote compliance
           with, and compatibility and coordination of, these plans by having Council
           representatives from the states mandate compliance within their own agencies and by
           pressuring other states to do so.

           In addition, the "habitat" sections of these species management plans have typically
           not received enough attention in their preparation and utilization, especially the land
           use aspects.

           For inshore fishery plans, the Atlantic Coastal Fishery Management Cooperative Act
           of 1993 should provide the mechanism to facilitate this coordination. Basin states are
           now required to comply with existing ASMFC interstate management plans or face a
           federally imposed moratorium. Other participants include the National Marine Fisheries
           Service (NMFS). For offshore species not covered by this Act, the Mid-Atlantic
           Fishery Management Council should take the lead role.

           Action H1.2:        Develop Memoranda of Understanding with the States and other
                               Appropriate Parties to Develop Estuary-wide Management Plans
                               for Selected Species

           What and How. Many species that would benefit from an Estuary-wide plan are not
           currently addressed. These include plans that are mandated by legislation as well as
           those that are not. Blue crab, white perch, catfish, American eel, eastern oyster,
           Atlantic horseshoe crab, waterfowl, rails, breeding raptors (e.g., bald eagle, osprey,
           Northern harrier, peregrine falcon, marsh raptors), breeding and migratory neotropical
           migrants, woodcock, marine mammals, and marine turtles would be ideal choices for
           future plans because these species readily Move across state jurisdictional borders and
           are affected by the sometimes varying management practices of the areas they utilize.
           Top priorities for 1995 are: white perch; horseshoe crabs; breeding and migrating



                                                                                                173




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               neotropical migrants (songbirds that migrate between North America and tropical areas
               of Central and South America); and shorebirds. White perch are a priority because of
               their importance to both commercial and recreational fisheries. The other three
               species were selected because of the international importance of the Delaware Estuary
               area to them.
























































               174                                                                    January 1995









                                                                      HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES



              .. ........

               A CTION. H2.       Establish -a Procedure for Enhancing Compatfbility. among
                                  Species'Management Plans           . .....               .....


              WhV.-  While many management plans protect or enhance              habitat and call for special
              management practices designed to manage populations of the target species, these
              plans can work to the detriment of non-target species (See State of the Estuary,
              Chapter 11). The objective of this action is to establish a procedure for minimizing
              conflict among management plans and to promote biodiversity and productivity.

              Measure of Success: Identification or establishment of an advisory committee within
              one year which is empowered to review compatibility of management plans and make
              recommendations for change. Establishment by advisory committee of priority plans
              in need of conflict resolution. One workshop conducted per year. Resolution of
              conflicts by committee.



                    ACTION                 RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                    DATE          RESOURCE
                                                                                                   NEEDS

               ACTION H2-      [email protected] Species Management Plans

               H2.1                 Lead: Delaware Estuary Council              Short-term     $12,500
               Identification of    Partners: Additional state and
               Advisory             federal resource agencies not on
               Committee            Council


              -------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------------- ------------------
               H2.2 Estuary-        Lead: Advisory Committee                    Mid-term       $100,000
               wide Priorities      Partners: State resource agencieï¿½,
               and Strategies       USFWS, universities, Audubon
               to Address           Society, TNC, NJ Conservation
               Conflicts            Foundation, Wetlands for the
                                    Americas, Partners in Flight, DE
                                    Nature Society, Sierra Club, Natural
                                    Lands Trust, Ducks Unlimited, Izaak
                                    Walton League, and others as
                                    appropriate

                                    For fishery related issues: ASMFC,
                                    MAFMC, DRBFWMC, NMFS, and
                                    state resource agencies would be
                                    involved













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                 Action H2. 1:       Identify or Establish an Interstate Species Management Plan
                                     Advisory Committee

                 What and How. An interstate advisory committee should be set up to identify and
                 implement Estuary-wide priorities and strategies for addressing conflicts identified for
                 interstate management plans. This committee would function by bringing together the
                 state and federal resource agencies responsible for developing management plans,
                 along with outside experts as needed, to evaluate what needs to be done and how to
                 do it. The Delaware River Basin Fish and Wildlife Management Cooperative has
                 traditionally functioned in this role for fishery issues. If its role cannot be expanded
                 to include non-fishery species, a new interstate advisory committee should be
                 established with representatives from agencies with statutory authority.

                 Action H2.2:        Identify and Prioritize Species Management Plans that are
                                     Potentially in Conflict and Develop More Compatible Protection
                                     and Restoration Strategies

                 What and How. Workshops should be conducted to disseminate information and
                 develop protection/restoration strategies that address the needs of multiple species
                 that have conflicting interstate management plans; the Delaware Bay Shorebird
                 Project approach should be considered a model. As part of this process, Estuary-wide
                 objectives for species management plans would be identified as well as differences in
                 those objectives. Examples of objectives could be: managing acreage of land as a
                 certain habitat type; identifying and maintaining target population levels; and temporal
                 habitat manipulations (controlling water levels, etc.)

                 Groups of species for which management plans have the potential to conflict with
                 each other include: 1) shorebirds, waterfowl, mosquito control, and horseshoe crabs;
                 2) passerines, turkeys, and forest management; 3) migratory woodcocks, migratory
                 passerines, and migratory raptors; and 4) open-water fisheries.

                 An example of how conflicts can be reduced involves the shorebird, waterfowl,
                 mosquito, and horseshoe crab group. Changes can be made in mosquito control
                 methods, the timing of impoundment water level manipulation, and vegetation density
                 to benefit shorebirds without major adverse impacts on the other species. Restrictions
                 have been placed on the timing of horseshoe crab harvest in New Jersey to reduce the
                 disturbance to shorebirds. Snow goose grazing can also be manipulated in some
                 cases to avoid severe depletion of vegetation from large areas. Such feeding replaces
                 the vegetation with mudflats which is good for shorebirds, but causes erosion of the
                 marsh.










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                                                                     HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES



                                                                    -XV
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             Wh y:    Currently, biodiversity     protection   is, focused   mainly    on  the   protection   of
             individual species through state and federal endangered         species programs and species
             management plans. While this is an important approach, there            are many vertebrates,
             invertebrates, fungi, and microbial organisms which play                 a critical role in the
             functioning of the ecosystem that are not directly protected by these programs.

             A major step in sustaining this intricate ecosystem is to describe its components. To
             accomplish this complex task, the landscape needs to be classified, or grouped, into
             similar assemblages of interacting plant and animal populations known as natural
             communities. Protection of the best examples of natural communities works toward
             the conservation of ecological processes and the biotic interactions which are critical
             to sustaining biological diversity. Classification provides a common language which
             facilitates setting priorities, study, and management. Each of the three state Natural
             Heritage Programs has completed a preliminary description of the landscape into broad
             categories.

             However, it is currently difficult to assess the status of natural communities across the
             Delaware Estuary because independent state efforts are not adequately coordinated
             for the development of collective definitions, names, analysis, and data for refining
             and mapping the classification.                                                           I

             Measure of Success: Development of compatible classification descriptions and
             rankings within one year that are based on extensive field inventory and analysis.
             Completed community maps within five years. Adoption of classification system by
             environmental scientists and planners and use of the system to prepare environmental
             reviews, impact statements, and in monitoring plans.


                      ACTION                 RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                  DATE         RESOURCE
                                                                                                    NEEDS

                                                                                                        ........... ... ....
                                                                                                 ...........
                                                                                                 . .. .......
                                                                                -x%'::@:X        .. .....
                         X,
                                                                                                        .....................
                                                                            .. ....... .. .
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                                                                                                            ..........
               H3.1:   Classification    Leads:  State Natural Heritage         Mid-term        $500,C)OO
               Descriptions              Programs and Endangered and
              -----------------------    Non-game Species Programs             ---------------------------------
               H3.2: Mapping of          Partners: National Biological          Mid-term        $475,000
               Community                 Survey, USFWS, The Nature
               Elements                  Conservancy, USEPA, other
               @H3.3: Status and         federal agencies, other state          Short-term    .$192,000
                                         resource agencies
               Ranking of
               Communities






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                Action H3.1         Prepare Classification Descriptions for the Delaware Estuary
                                    Natural Communities


                What and How. Building on the recently completed classification hierarchy of natural
                communities developed for the Delaware Estuary Program and contained in the Habitat
                Requirements Document, this action would develop standards for data collection and
                conduct field inventories and quantitative analyses to refine the existing state
                descriptions of natural communities and rankings.

                Each state Natural Heritage Program has prepared a preliminary classification of natural
                communities. The classification considers such factors as soil character, topography,
                vegetation composition, assemblages of animals or other organisms, and other abiotic
                factors to define a natural community. The Estuary Program recently funded a project
                to cross-reference the state descriptions. Further refinement of this classification is
                required to standardize definitions and descriptions.

                This classification is consistent with the hierarchical system The Nature Conservancy,
                in conjunction with Natural Heritage Programs, is developing for the entire U.S. That
                effort is also being cross-referenced nationally with other major classification systems
                (e.g., Cowardin, SAF Cover types, etc.). By adopting the classification hierarchy and
                data management standards, the Estuary Program would be able to evaluate the
                importance of its natural communities in comparison with those found regionally,
                nationally, and internationally.

                Action H3.2:        Map the Natural Community Elements of the Delaware Estuary

                What and How. This action provides for development of a series of maps which
                delineate the natural communities in the Delaware Estuary. The maps would refine the
                broad categories currently being mapped by the USFWS GAP program. While the GAP
                mapping will provide broad outlines of the natural communities, this information will
                not be detailed enough to assess the importance of a given area or be suitable for
                detailed analysis, such as land use planning, environmental review, or establishing
                priorities (See Monitoring Plan, Chapter Vill).

                Additional mapping efforts presently underway in the states, such as New Jersey's
                Freshwater Wetlands Mapping and Land Use/Land Cover, Delaware's Freshwater
                Wetlands Mapping, and others, are important mapping efforts that may provide
                significant data and could save time and money in completing this task.

                Once the classification system has been developed, an aerial photo series that covers
                the Estuary study area should be identified and evaluated. For those that would
                support the detailed mapping required in this task, photo interpretation keys would be
                developed that could be used with the appropriate photography to identify the natural
                communities defined by the classification system. The interpretation keys would be
                verified through ground truthing. Once verified, the natural community types could
                be delineated for the study area.



                178                                                                      January 1995









                                                                                            HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


                  Action H3.3:                  Determine the Status and Rank of the Natural Communities of the
                                                Delaware Estuary and Provide Information to Assist in the Use of
                                                the Classification and Maps for Decision-making

                  What and How.                 Once the natural communities are classified and mapped, the
                  information would provide decision-makers with a standard set of terms and concepts
                  for describing the landscape. It also Would provide discrete units which can be
                  mapped to assist in land use and management planning for public or private land. The
                  classification could be used to identify ecological communities for environmental
                  reviews and impact statements. The classification could also be used to monitor
                  trends in natural community loss and environmental change.

                  Through the use of the state Natural Heritage Program ranking system, this action
                  would determine the rarity and quality of the natural communities in the Delaware
                  Estuary. This information would be provided to decision-makers for use in establishing
                  protection strategies and management plans.

                  A catalog would be prepared which contains a description of the Delaware Estuary
                  natural communities, the maps, the classification                               system and protocols, and the
                  rankings for use by public and private planners and                              environmental consultants.


                                                                    .............
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                  Why: As discussed                in  the analysis         of  regulatory programs earlier in                  this chapter,
                  wetlands would be better protected if the various state and federal programs designed
                  to protect them were more compatible with each other and comprehensive overall.
                  This action lays out what needs to be done to achieve better regulatory protection of
                  these wetlands.


                  Measure of Success: Establishment of Estuary-wide and state wetlands management
                  plans. Coordination of enforcement programs. Increased flexibility of mitigation
                  banks. Creation of upland buffer zones around wetlands. Restoration and creation
                  of emergent and tidal wetlands.















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                         ACTION                RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                 DATE        RESOURCE NEEDS

                                                                                            ...........
                    X:..
                                       t            og rh                    :ux
                                                                                                                ..........

                     H4. 1: Estuary        Lead: USEPA                            Mid-term      Undetermined
                     Wetlands              Partners: USACE regulatory
                     Management            program, USFWS, NMFS, state
                     Plan                  wetland   agencies

                     H4.2: State           Lead: State wetland resource           Mid-term      $150,000;
                     Wetlands              agencies                                             possible grants
                     Management            Partners: USEPA, NOAA                                from USEPA or
                     Plans                                                                      NOAA Wetlands &
                                                                                                Nonpoint Source
                                                                                                Programs

                     H4.3:                 Lead: USEPA                            Mid-term      Undetermined
                     Coordinated           Partners: USACE, USFWS, state
                     Enforcement           wetland programs
                     Program

                     H4.4: Reduction       Lead: DNREC                            Mid-term      Undetermined
                     of Loss of Non-       Partners: USEPA, USACE,
                     tidal Wetlands        USFWS   for general permits

                     H4.5: Upland          Lead: State wetland agencies           Mid-term      Undetermined
                     Buffer Zones
                   -------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------- -----------------------

                     H4.6:                 Lead. USEPA                            Mid-term      Undetermined
                     Mitigation Banks      Partners: USACE, USFWS,
                                           NMFS,  state wetlan  d programs

                     H4.7: Other           Lead. USEPA                            Mid-term      Undetermined
                     Viable                Partners: USACE, USFWS, Soil
                     Restoration           Conservation Service, state
                     Concepts              wetland programs
                                                                  ----------------------------------------------------
                     H4.8: State           Lead: USEPA                            Long-         Undetermined
                     Administration        Partners: USACE, USFWS, state          term
                     of Section 404        wetland programs
                  p Program             I                                      I             1                        11

                  Action H4. 1:          Develop a Broad Wetlands Management Plan for the Estuary

                  What and How. This action proposes development of a broad wetlands management
                  plan, that sets defined goals and objectives for wetlands protection within the
                  Delaware Estuary, and which is responsive to the variations in federal and state
                  wetland protection programs in the region. The plan should develop both regulatory
                  and nonregulatory objectives for meeting established goals. This broad management
                  plan may include a prescription for identifying priority wetland systems or potential



                  180                                                                                January 1995









                                                              HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES

            wetland enhancement opportunities in the Estuary, as well as a number of regulatory
            and non-regulatory actions that may be available or developed for addressing these
            areas. Regulatory options may include categorical denial of permits in identified
            critical areas; elimination of Nationwide permits in critical areas; targeting of wetland
            restoration or enhancement projects through enforcement related Supplemental
            Environmental Projects (SEPs) or as mitigation for permits issued in other noncritical
            wetlands within the Estuary; or other actions as developed in the plan.

            Procedures for determining suitable wetlands compensation projects to address
            unavoidable wetlands losses must be able to accommodate a wide range of
            compensation options, from in-kind, on-site to out-of-kind, off-site projects. Such
            flexibility in determining appropriate types of compensation, exercised on a case by
            case basis, would maximize cost effectiveness and best address statewide or regional
            wetlands needs. Boundary conditions to hell) determine what types of compensation
            to undertake could be part of state comprehensive wetlands management plans
            (Action H4.2).

            Non-regulatory options may include the development of quarterly project coordination
            meetings, for wetland projects within the Estuary, that would be attended by
            representatives of the various state and federal agencies to address consistency
            questions; public awareness and education activities; and outreach activities with local
            governments and/or developers that may fadlitate a planning process to avoid the use
            of critical wetland areas and/or that reverSE!S fragmentation of habitat corridors.

            Action H4.2:        Develop State Comprehensive Wetlands Management Plans that
                                are Compatible with and Complement the Broad Plan (Action
                                H4. 1)

            What and How:           The USEPA National Wetlands Policy Forum provided
            recommendations for the states for developing comprehensive wetlands plans. In
            1994, the State of Delaware completed a comprehensive conservation and
            management plan for tidal wetlands that meets the intent of those recommendations.
            While there are no enforceable aspects of -the plan, it can be used as guidance to
            structure state policy and create enforceable acts. While the State of Delaware has
            made several attempts to develop a freshwater wetlands management program, it
            currently does not have one. Action H4 lays out options that the state does have for
            freshwater wetlands protection until a full program is developed. The State of New
            Jersey is expected to complete a plan in the Spring of 1995 that will take into account
            both its tidal and non-tidal programs. The State of Pennsylvania should apply for
            grants from NOAA or USEPA to complete a comprehensive plan.

            Action H4.3:        Enhance the Effectiveness of Existing Permit Programs through a
                                Coordinated Enforcement Program

            What and How.      This action would enhance the effectiveness of existing permit
            programs in the Estuary through a coordinated enforcement program that targets



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                sensitive areas and promotes the use of SEPs. Workloads could be distributed among
                the various interests through the use of Interagency Agreements and field level
                Memoranda of Understanding.

                Action H4.4:         Reduce Loss of Non-tidal Wetlands in Critical Areas Less than or
                                     Equal to One Acre

                Whatand'How: This action would reduce loss of non-tidal wetlands in critical areas
                less than or equal to one acre by not issuing water quality certifications for Nationwide
                Permit 26, by requiring predischarge notification and discretionary authority for all
                such projects within the Estuary, or through the development of Regional General
                Permits that address specific areas of concern.

                These methods to reduce wetland loss are currently available and could be
                implemented without a new wetland program.         Pennsylvania and New Jersey have
                utilized the approach of not approving water quality certification for Nationwide Permit
                26. Clean Water Act Section 401 water quality certifications need to be reissued
                every five years. If a blanket certification for Nationwide Permit 26 is not issued or
                waived by Delaware during the next renewal process in 1995, an individual water
                quality certification would need to be acquired, which would increase the workload
                of the state. As an alternative, a Regional General Permit could be developed by the
                Philadelphia District USACE for the Estuary to address certain state level concerns or
                that might exclude or condition certain projects from blanket authorization.

                Action H4.5:         Create Upland Buffer Zones Adjacent to Tidal and Non-tidal
                                     Wetlands


                What and How: This action would create upland buffer zones adjacent to tidal and
                non-tidal wetlands within the Estuary, using New Jersey's model. Such buffer areas
                could be incorporated as part of a mitigation policy for issued permits. These buffers
                could also be mandated via state riparian laws for the purpose of creating floodways.
                Consideration would need to be given to the spacial pattern of relative sea level rise
                when determining where buffers should occur (See Action 1-17).

                Action H4.6:         Develop Potential Sites in Strategic Locations for the Development
                                     of Mitigation Banks

                What and How: Mitigation banking is the restoration, creation, or enhancement of
                wetlands and other aquatic habitats expressly for the purpose of providing
                compensatory mitigation in advance of discharges into wetlands permitted under the
                Section 404 regulatory program.         This technique can be successfully used to
                compensate for the loss of wetlands when no less damaging upland alternative exists
                for the project. However, banks must be located in both tidal and non-tidal areas and
                have designs that incorporate multiple wetland functions to ensure that proper credits
                are being considered in the accounting system.              This action supports the
                establishment of such banks when appropriate. Sites in the mitigation bank could be


                182                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                            HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


                   used to accommodate wetlands compensation projects ranging from in-kind, on-site
                   to out-of-kind, off-site projects.

                   Action H4.7:                 Explore other Viable Mitilgation/Wetiand Restoration Concepts to
                                                Increase Wetland Acreage in the Estuary

                   WhatandHow: This action supports agricultural buffer strips and reconverting farmed
                   wetlands as an effective and inexpensive mitigation alternative. Reconverting farmed
                   wetlands may be an important mitigation tool to explore in light of the recent Dolan
                   Supreme Court decision. The Dolan decision requires application of the new "rough
                   proportionality" test for compensation. Agricultural reconversions are generally much
                   easier and less costly than many other wetland creation options.                                                  Therefore,
                   reconversions will be easier to quantify as roughly proportional in terms of dollar and
                   environmental value cost/benefit proportionalities. It should be noted that the new
                   burden for quantifying these proportionalities now rests with the government rather
                   than the permittee. The agricultural reconversion approach could make the workload
                   on the government more manageable.

                   Action H4.8:                 Encourage States to Administer the Federal Wetland Permit
                                                Program in Non-tidal Areas (Section 404 of the Clean Water Act).

                   What andHow. The State of New Jersey has formally assumed responsibility for the
                   administration of the federal wetland permit program under Section 404 of the Clean
                   Water Act. Although USEPA still has oversight over New Jersey on this issue, the
                   state has more direct control over how its wetlands are managed.

                   The States of Delaware and Pennsylvania should be encouraged to administer this
                   program in the non-tidal areas of their states, provided that 1) legislation is in place
                   that is at least as stringent as the enforcement (Section 309) and permitting (Section
                   404) provisions of the Clean Water Act and 2) adequate personnel and financial
                   resources can be allocated to administer the program. Delaware has expressed
                   interest in the program and has attempted to pass a freshwater wetlands law on
                   several occasions. Continued efforts should be undertaken to assist Delaware with
                   the development of a freshwater wetlands law that is sufficient to permit state
                   assumption. Similar discussions with Pennsylvania officials regarding administration
                   of the Section 404 program should also be initiated.


                                                                                                                    ........ .........           ........
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                   Why.       While    long-term       planning for        habitat     enhancement opportunities                  is essential,
                   many      actions that could be taken                   right now are perhaps not receiving as much
                                                                                                                                  Mi



                   attention as they should and are, therefore, not being accomplished as quickly as may
                   be possible.




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                  The following actions relate to specific sites that would benefit from additional
                  restoration funding and agency focus. H5.1 through H5.3 are specific to wetland
                  enhancement while H5.4 through H5.8 provide for other enhancement opportunities.

                  Measure of Success: See individual sub-actions.


                          ACTION               RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                   DATE          RESOURCE NEEDS

                                         ............................... .................... . ..........
                                                       ................
                                                                                      ............ .... .. ............. ........
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                                            q                                                                     . ..........

                    H 5. 1: Phragmites      Leads: DNREC/DE DFW,           NJ     M*d-term          $150,000 per year
                    Reduction in            DEP/DFGW, PA Game/Fish
                    Tidal Wetlands          Commissions, PADER
                                            Partners: USFWS - NWR
                                            Lands
                  ---------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------
                    H5.2: Salt              Lead. Mosquito control                Long-term         $1 million per year
                    Marsh Mosquito          commissions
                    Control                 Partners: State resource
                                            agencies

                    H5.3: Restoration       Lead: State wetlands                  Short-term        Costs are site
                    of Tidal Wetland        programs                                                specific
                    Impoundments      ------ Partners:-USEPA      ------------------------------------------------------
                    H5.4: Artificial        Lead: DNREC                           Short-term        $200,000 per year
                  --Reefs   ---------------- Partners: NJDEP, USACE        ---------------------------------------------
                    H5.5: Shorebird         Lead: NJDEP, DNREC                    Short-term        $25,000 per year
                    Viewing Areas                                                                   for staff; $20,000
                    and Warden                                                                      for kiosks &
                    Programs   -------------------------------------------------------------        viewing platforms---
                    H5.6: Sand              Leads: Non-profit                     Mid-term          Costs are site
                    Mining Sites            conservation groups,                                    specific
                  ------------------------  USFWS-(Partners in-Wildlife)      -------------------------------------------

                    H5.7: Fish              Lead. Delaware Basin Fish &           To be             Costs are site
                    Passage                 Wildlife Management                   determined        specific; range
                    Restoration             Cooperative                           based on          from $10,000 to
                                            Partners: State and federal           individual        $1 million
                                            regulatory agencies, entities         projects
                                            that own or are responsible
                                            for individual dams


                  ---------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------
                    H5.8: Oyster            Lead: NJ Bureau of Shellfish          Mid-term          $1500 per acre;
                    Reef                                                                            100-1600 acres
                    Enhancement                                                                     per reef,
                                                                                                    depending on
                                                                                                    condition of reef




                  184                                                                                    January 1995









                                                              HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


            Action H5.1:        Reduce Phragmites Cover in Tidal Wetlands

            Whatand'How. A newly proposed initiative that would benefit from Delaware Estuary
            Council support is the reduction of Phragmites cover in tidal wetlands bV 40 percent
            within the next 10 years, permitting revegetation bV Pre-Phragmite emergent
            vegetation (See State of the EstuarV, Chapter 11, for further discussion of Phragmites;
            Figure 42 shows the extent of Phragmites in the State of Delaware). This action
            would use best available management techniques (e.g., two year herbicide/burn
            treatment or water level management) to achieve the reduction goal. In Delaware, the
            existing cost-share program might be modified as follows: treat 2000 acres per Vear;
            increase state funds from $40,000 to $150,000 per Vear; and increase state to private
            cost-share ratio from 50:50 to 75:25 to encourage more private landowner
            participation. While both New JerseV and PennsVIvania are putting some effort in
            controlling Phragmites, a similar aggressive approach should be adopted EstuarV-wide.
            Mitigation funds could be used to support such activities.

            Measure of Success: FortV percent reduction in Phragmites cover in tidal wetlands
            within the next 10 years, permitting revegetation bV pre-Phragmites emergent
            vegetation.

            Action H5.2:        Encourage Environmentally Compatible Methods for Salt Marsh
                                Mosquito Control

            What and How. This action would be accomplished bV using OMWM (Open Marsh
            Water Management) to reduce use of chernical insecticides and to restore surface
            water (e.g., ponds, pannes) in parallel-g rid--d itched marshes.

            Where OMWM is not permitted, or cannot be done, the most environmentalIV-safe but
            still effective insecticides would be used to achieve mosquito control where needed;
            sufficient funds should be provided to purchase the most desirable, products.

            Measure of Success: NinetV-five percent reduction in tidal wetlands acreage that need
            to be spraVed within 25 Vears. In the State of Delaware, 6000 acres of wetlands that
            function as mosquito breeding habitat managed under Open Water Marsh
            Management.

            Action H5.3:        Restore and Enhance Poorly Functioning Tidal Wetland
                                Impoundments

            What and How.       Some tidal impoundments have become all open water/mudflat
            habitat, having lost most of their emergent vegetation due to poor tidal exchanges and
            salt accumulations. Other impoundments have been kept excessiveIV drV, leading to
            conversions from cordgrass wetlands to Phragmites dominated wetlands.

            Diverse emergent vegetation/shallow pool interspersed habitats should be restored to
            enhance the fish and wildlife habitat values of such impoundments. This can be done




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                using flexible water control structures managed under dynamic, multiple-objective
                water management plans.         Note: Impounded salt hay meadows, while having
                restricted tidal exchanges and altered conditions, are not necessarily non-functioning
                units, since they still retain extensive vegetative cover and serve as valuable habitats
                for several species. While restoration of frequent tidal exchanges to some of these
                salt hay meadows can cause desirable conversions of these areas benefitting many
                fish and waterbird species, there will be losses of habitat critical to other species.
                These losses must be considered in terms of a regional restoration strategy.

                Measure of Success: Restoration of 10,000 acres of tidal wetland impoundments
                within 10 years.

                Action H5.4:         Develop Artificial Reefs to Refocus Biological Production in the
                                     Delaware Bay

                What and How: While artificial reefs do not create biological production, they do
                channel the primary production into different, and perhaps more valuable,
                communities.


                The State of Delaware is currently preparing a plan for the development of a system
                of eight artificial reefs in Delaware Bay. These reefs would be low-profile (maximum
                of 5 foot relief) and would be situated where there would be minimal hazard to
                navigation. Current plans are to utilize materials such as concrete culverts as opposed
                to derelict ships. New Jersey is concentrating its reef building efforts in the Atlantic
                Ocean.


                The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission has an Artificial Reef Committee that
                is developing guidance on the proper use of artificial reefs for fishing or fishery habitat
                enhancement. This guidance is generally consistent with NOAA's National Artificial
                Reef Plan of 1984.


                Measure of Success: Implementation of artificial reef development based on State of
                Delaware plan within two years.

                Action H5.5:         Enhance Shorebird Warden Programs to Patrol Beaches and
                                     Reduce Conflicts Between Human Use and Shorebird Feeding and
                                     Resting Areas

                What and How. North America's second largest concentration of migratory shorebirds
                utilizes Delaware Bay beaches for feeding and resting areas in the spring. Human
                disturbance of these areas during the month of May can prevent the shorebirds from
                acquiring sufficient food to successfully complete their migration and breeding. The
                critical stopover time is May 1 through June 15.

                Current efforts at reducing disturbance to shorebirds in New Jersey have not been
                totally successful. Expansion of this program is needed to protect shorebirds at all


                186                                                                        January 1995








                                                              HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


            major beaches. In addition, access to many of the prime nesting areas is through
            private land, and the cooperation of landowners and the community is needed in order
            for the program to be successful.

            The system of viewing platforms should be extended to all major shorebird feeding
            areas to provide comfortable, accessible bird watching while preventing disturbance
            to birds. These platforms would function to keep people from wandering on the beach
            and would be the focal point for educational materials.

            The shorebird warden/educator program should be extended to provide interpretive
            assistance at major viewing areas. Color educational signs should augment each site
            during the migration.

            Measure of Success. Creation of 20 informational kiosks at shorebird viewing areas
            (10 each in New Jersey and Delaware) and 20 viewing platforms within five years.

            Action H5.6:        Restore Sand Mining Sites

            What and How: There are numerous sand mining sites in New Jersey that have
            essentially converted upland areas into openwater lakes with steep sides. These lakes
            could be greatly enhanced as habitat if shallow vegetated areas were created along
            the edges. Most of the sites are privately owned, and any restoration efforts would
            need to be cooperative ventures with the landowner.

            Programs such as the US    FWS Partners for Wildlife could work with landowners to
            provide funding and technical support.

            Measure of Success: Successful restoration of shallow water habitat in one sand
            mining site every two years.

            Action H5.7:        Restore@ Fish Passages

            What and How. According to the Delaware River Basin Fish and Wildlife Management
            Cooperative (DRBFWMC), access to 16 streams in the Delaware Basin, that were
            historically used by American shad for spawning, are impeded by 60 dams.
            Production of shad, as well as other anadromous fish, such as river herring, would be
            greatly enhanced by providing passage facilities so that the fish can get past the
            dams. While each dam needs to be evaluated on a case by case basis, wherever
            possible, anadromous fish passage should be provided to historical spawning streams.
            Techniques and policies for conducting this action should be consistent with the
            DRBFWMC Policy. An example of the techniques would be to require fish passage
            consistent with established guidelines every time a dam comes up for review or
            relicensing. Consideration must be given to possible introduction of undesirable
            species and\or alterations in the aquatic food web as a result of providing fish passage
            (e.g., carp, gizzard shad).





                                                                                                 187





                   
                   DRAFT CCMP
                   DELAWARE
                   ESTUARY PROGRAM


                       The locations of the major blockages are identified in Figure 41. In 1985, the
                       DRBFWMC selected the Schuylkill, Brandywine, and Lehigh Rivers as the priority rivers
                       for shad restoration based on habitat quality and historic use. The Schuylkill and
                       Brandywine are within the Delaware Estuary Program Area of Concern, while the
                       Lehigh enters the Delaware River above Trenton at Easton, Pennsylvania. An example
                       of a site that could greatly improve fish passage for a small investment is the Fairmont
                       Dam on the Schuylkill River. The existing fish ladder needs to be modified by cutting
                       a few notches in it to alter the water flow, thus making it easier for shad and herring
                       to enter.


                       PSE&G has committed to mitigate five of the blockages as part of the Salem cooling
                       tower project. Additional projects should be undertaken as funds become available
                       and as permits come up for review.

                       In general, building permanent fish passageways is very expensive. While site specific
                       estimates are not currently available, costs for individual sites could range from a few
                       thousand dollars to millions of dollars.


                       Measure of Success: Restoration of anadromous fish access to historic spawning
                       grounds in the following priority rivers: Schuylkill, Brandywine, and Lehigh.

                       Action H5.8:                 Enhance Oyster Reefs

                       What and How: Planting of cultch, mainly shell from processed surf clams, has
                       proved to be an effective method of enhancing oyster reefs. This is a widely used
                       technique that is limited only by funding.

                       The current problems with oyster diseases (Dermo and IVISX) need to be resolved
                       before the placement of cultch can be effective in the Lower Bay. Upper Bay beds,
                       where IVISX and Dermo are not as prevalent, would benefit from placement of cultch.

                       Measure of Success: Periodic enhancement of appropriate oyster reefs as identified
                       by state resource agencies.

                       ACTION H6:    Develop and Implement an Estuary-wide Policy for the
                                     Introduction of Exotic Species

                               ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                       NEEDS

                          ACTION H6:                 Lead. Delaware Estuary Council                         Mid-term              $25,000
                          Polic on                   Partners: State resource agencies,
                          Introduction of            USCG (for ballast water issues),
                          Exotic Species             NMFS, USFWS




                       188                                                                                                        January 1995
 








                                                                                            HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


                   Why: Many species that are not native to the Delaware Estuary have the potential to
                   cause tremendous ecological and economic damage, as they have in other east coast
                   watersheds. Some of these "exotic" species have the potential to cause ecological
                   harm by displacing native species or changing the quality of the habitat for other
                   species.

                   Some of these species, such as grass carp, hydrilla, and purple loosestrife, have
                   already been introduced intentionally into -the Delaware. Others, such as the zebra
                   mussel, while not yet in the Estuary, have the potential of being introduced
                   unintentionally via ballast water or other vectors. Nutria, a destructive rodent that
                   was introduced in other regions of the country for the purpose of developing a fur
                   industry, is currently in the Chesapeake area and could spread to the Delaware. In
                   recent years, there have been proposals to introduce additional non-native species for
                   commercial and recreational purposes.                             Examples of these species include the
                   Japanese oyster and Pacific salmon.

                   WhatandHow: This action proposes an Estuary-wide policy, to be developed through
                   a Memorandum of Understanding, to determine when non-native organisms can be
                   introduced and develop safeguards for unwanted, unintentional introductions prior to
                   their taking place. A major aspect of preventing unintentional introductions would
                   involve the proper management of ship ballast discharges in the Estuary. The policy
                   would be fully consistent with the Non-Indigenous Species Act. Exotic species that
                   have already established themselves in the Delaware watershed would be addressed
                   in Actions H1 and H2.


                   Measure of Success: Policy developed and adhered to by all relevant parties by 1998.
                   No unwanted exotic species introduced to the watershed.


                                      ............. ..........                                    ......
                                                            .............                      ... ...
                                                   ...............................
                                                              ............
                                         X                                                                                                      .........
                                                                                                                      4.1         W
                                               MP                                           .......
                                                                                                       N""",       d`:             :,'i j"b
                                           ................... X.: X  XX X.: X.:                                                  . ......... -- ........ ........
                                                                                                                                      ........... I. .......
                                            ......     ........                                                                   ... ..... ..... .........
                   XX  X  XX XX X.: xx :.:: :.. .. .. ... ..
                                      ............ ........
                      .. .... .......   .. ........ .. . ............  @X.X.X.:.X.
                      ..........................
                      X                                                                                               a... W W.F.: ......           .....
                                                                                                                    ..............
                                                                                                                       ...........
                                                             h        on-
                                                 "a"  Ar. e
                                                                                          1i VOTO .. f
                                                                       .......... .                                                              .....
                                                                    .. .. ..................
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                   . . ........................ ......                                                                                           ..... .
                          X
                                                          F...............  .............
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                   Why:     It is accepted in        the scientific community that sea                    level    has been       rising   in   the
                   Delaware Estuary. However, the rate Of future rise is now                               subject to debate (Kraft et
                   al., 1992). As described in the State of the Estuary,                           Chapter 11, a gradual rise in sea
                   level will shift habitats landward. However, if sea level rise occurs faster than new
                   habitats can form, low lying areas within the Estuary will be inundated and lost. A
                   rapid rise in sea level can also flood structures built in low lying areas such as houses,
                   bridges, factories, and wastewater treatment plants.

                   Because of the ramifications of possible rapid sea level rise, each of the three basin
                   states should utilize a concept of "no regrets" management, as adopted by the State
                   of Delaware. The no regrets concept means that certain management actions should
                   be undertaken now that will be environmentally beneficial if sea level does rise faster
                   in the future, but would not causes an undue economic burden if it doesn't rise faster




                                                                                                                                               189




                    9Q
                    or DRAFT CCMP
                    5ELAWARE
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM


                        than the present background rate. Such a concept could be incorporated into the
                        state coastal zone management plans.

                        In order to make more informed decisions when planning for sea level rise, more
                        information is needed. It would be desirable to model what will happen for two rates
                        of sea level rise (base and a faster scenario) to begin looking at potential changes and
                        possible strategies for dealing with sea level rise.



                               ACTION                          RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE              RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                       NEEDS

                        ......                    .......I................I.........................
                                                          .. . .............................
                                                                                              ..............
                                                                                                              ....................... ..... ............. .. ..
                                                                                                              ...............
                             .............  ..........................
                              ..........   ................... .... .......I.........
                         . .............. .............. .............. . .. ...  ................                            .................................................
                        .................... ..............  ....................... ......   . ............ ...................... ...........  ..........................................................
                                                               :.:....................
                                                ..............
                                                                                              Mm
                                                                        B ... . ...... . ..
                        .":AC.T.IQ.N':H7              t on                                                                                        ....... . .
                                                               ......... . ...                     .............  .@@,.J@ n 6-  ...............  ....................................
                        . .......               .....     . ...... .-   ... .,X,            . .. . ........... .        . .............................................................
                        ..............................................................I........ %..%.. .1. ... ...........  .......................%.......  ..........................................................................

                          H7. 1:                      Leads: State coastal zone                             Short-term             $150,000
                          Identification of           management agencies
                          Sea Level                   Partners: NOAA, USACE,
                          Changes and                 academic institutions, NMFS,
                          Mitigation                  USEPA,PSE&G
                          Strategies
                                                  ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------
                          H7.2:                       Leads: State coastal zone                             Mid-term               $50,000
                          Techniques to               management and regulatory
                          Prevent Tidal               programs
                          Wetlands                    Partners: USACE, USEPA, NOAA,
                          Losses                      LISFWS
                        -------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------

                          H7.3:                       Lead: DE Fish & Wildlife                              Mid-term               Costs are site
                          Prevention of               Partners: LISACE, DE Soil and                                                specific
                          Emergent Tidal              Water, NJDEP                                                                 depending on
                          Wetlands Loss                                                                                            technique


                        Action H7.11:                 Identify Potential Habitat Changes Due to Sea Level Rise, Conduct
                                                      Pilot Project, and Develop Mitigation Strategies

                        What and How: This action recommends that the state coastal zone management
                        agencies evaluate estimates of sea level rise based on existing information and then
                        adopt the one that they feel is the most realistic. They should also model which
                        geographic habitats would be affected. Mitigation strategies should be developed to
                        counter these losses. These scenarios would be revisited every five years or in light
                        of newly published data. A pilot project should be conducted in New Jersey in
                        cooperation with PSE&G to evaluate one site.

                        Planning for the rise in sea level should consider options such as property buy-outs or
                        realigning roadways as a cost effective way to deal with flooding. These options
                        would provide opportunities to restore or create wetlands by creating openings in
                        roadways to facilitate free exchange of water and biota.




                        190                                                                                                        January 1995









                                                              HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


            Measure of Success: Adoption of most likely estimate of sea level rise by all three
            state coastal zone programs. Completion of pilot project to evaluate effect of varying
            scenarios of sea level rise on a limited geographic area. Inclusion of sea level rise
            planning in coastal zone management plans.

            Action H7.2:        Assess Regulatory Programs related to Erosion Control and
                                Encourage Innovative Techniques to Prevent Tidal Wetlands Loss

            What and How. This action recommends an assessment of each state's regulatory
            program for its ability to promote or require environmentally sound erosion control
            methods, and its effectiveness, especially in light of sea level rise scenarios. Where
            necessary, this action supports regulatory or statutory changes to ensure such
            methods are used or suitable mitigation requirements are in place. This action also
            recommends that appropriate regulatory agencies be receptive to techniques, other
            than standard engineering strategies,-to prevent tidal wetland losses. These may
            include non-structural methods to achieve shoreline erosion control where needed
            (e.g., vegetation plantings instead of bulkheads). In areas of high erosion rates where
            vegetation plantings won't work, but erosion control is still needed to protect
            developed property, structures would be encouraged that contain some habitat value
            (e.g., rip-rap) instead of flat vertical structures such as bulkheads.

            Measure of Success: Modification of regulatory programs to allow for innovative
            techniques in identified areas.

            Action H7.3:        Consider Measures to Protect Key Emergent Tidal Wetlands

            What and How: As the previous actions and the Monitoring Plan (See Chapter VIII)
            are implemented, it may become clear that: some critically important emergent tidal
            wetlands are being lost (via drowning and conversion to shallow bay bottoms and
            mudflats) faster than they are being replaced. A carefully considered decision to try
            and maintain these emergent tidal wetlands may be needed if we are to maintain a
            close approximation of the current mix, quantity, and spatial arrangement of wetland
            habitats necessary for the living resources of this ecosystem. At that point, the
            Delaware Estuary Council, Monitoring Coordinator and Advisory Committee, states,
            USACE, USFWS, and USEPA should work cooperatively through a committee to
            develop guidelines or other decision support tools for designating specific emergent
            tidal wetlands as "critically important". Sorne techniques that should be considered
            include:


            =>     Use of thin-layer disposal of excavated material over subaqueous bottoms or
                   existing, but deteriorating, emergent tidal wetlands to build up and maintain
                   elevations at suitable heights for their perpetuation (federal permit required).

                   Manage existing impoundments for hydroperiods suitable for the maintenance
                   and perpetuation of emergent tidal wetlands.





                                                                                                191





                    
                    DRAFT CCMP
                    DELAWARE
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM


                                   Create upland buffer zones, where physically possible, to allow further
                                   landward transgression of emergent tidal wetlands.

                                   Create newly impounded wetlands with water management capabilities to be
                                   able to maintain emergent tidal wetlands in areas that would otherwise be
                                   converted by excessive tidal inundation.

                        Measure of Success: Establishment of guidelines for maintaining emergent wetlands
                        using aggressive techniques - if decision is made by the Council to try to counteract
                        the effects of sea level rise.
  
                        ACTION H8:    Facilitate Coordination among the States to Update and
                                      Improve Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping for
                                      Hazardous Spill Response Information


                               ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE              RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                       NEEDS

                           ACTION H8:                Lead. Delaware Estuary Council                         Short-term;           Undetermined
                           Hazardous Spill           Partners: USEPA, NOAA, RPI,                            review on a
                           Response                  USFWS, USCG, MSRC, DBRC,                               periodic
                           Information               USACE, NJDEP, DNREC, PADER,                            basis
                                                     Maritime Exchange of the Delaware
                                                     River & Bay

                        Why. Periodically           updated mapping of sensitive environmental areas that would be
                        affected by oil or hazardous material spills is necessary in order to quickly and
                        efficiently protect these areas in the event of a spill.

                        What and How. This mapping should be comprehensive, seasonally specific, detailed
                        in terms of shoreline and aquatic habitat types, and should be developed in a digital
                        format that can be updated frequently. It is very important that this mapping be
                        consistent in scale and classification across state boundaries throughout the Delaware
                        Estuary tidal watershed as well as along the Atlantic coastlines of New Jersey and
                        Delaware. This will require a commitment of full participation from the three states.

                        Several entities are currently working to develop improved mapping and GIS coverages
                        of seasonally sensitive habitats that can be used for oil spill response and updated on
                        at least an annual basis. NJDEP currently has a sophisticated GIS oil spill model,
                        developed with assistance from NOAA and Environmental Systems Research Institute
                        (ESRI), the makers of Arclnfo GIS software. However, this model is currently lacking
                        living resources and habitat data for Delaware and Pennsylvania. The Delaware Bay
                        and River Cooperative (DBRC) also has an oil spill response scenario model which was




                        192                                                                                                        January 1995
 








                                                                                             HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


                   developed by Applied Science Associates (ASA), Rhode Island. This model has no
                   environmental data.


                   Due to the critical mass of entities developing digital coverages of sensitive habitats,
                   Research Planning, Inc (RP0 and the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) are
                   both interested in "piggy-backing" on these other efforts in order to update and
                   improve the Environmental Sensitivity Index maps, which were originally developed
                   by RPI. The States of Delaware (DNREC) and New Jersey (DEP) and NOAA are also
                   interested in participating in this effort. The updated and improved ESI maps and
                   digital data would also include more detailed shoreline mapping (e.g., type of beach,
                   structures), and roads, marinas, boat ramps, and other information important to oil
                   spill response.

                   There have already been informal meetings between NOAA, RPI, MSRC, USFWS,
                   USEPA, USCG, NJDEP, DNREC, and PADER regarding the need for improved
                   seasonally sensitive habitat mapping and digital data for oil spill response. NOAA has
                   recently decided to fund the updating and digitization of Environmental Sensitivity
                   Index maps. Starting in October, 1994, Research Planning, Inc. will carry out this
                   task, having developed the previous set of ESI maps. All that is needed is a strong
                   commitment from the three states to provide assistance by making existing habitat
                   maps and data available and by reviewing draft ESI maps.

                   Measure of Success:                    Maps available for use by 1996.                            Updates conducted
                   periodically.


                                                                             X. X. ............... .......
                          ..............................                         . ........... ..........
                   ..............                                                                                 .. ....... ..... ..
                   ....... ......                 ................
                                                                                         ..........
                                                                                                                     70. .6
                                                                                                                  ev W . 4
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                                                                                                                      ............
                                                        ...     ........ . .. ....                          ..........I......
                         ..............           . .........
                                                                                                                  ...........................     .......




                           ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                   NEEDS

                      ACTION 1-19:               Lead. Delaware Estuary Council                         Short-term            Undetermined
                      Consideration              Partners: Agencies that perform or
                      of Priority                comment on EISs and regulatory
                      Species in                 reviews, including USEPA, USACE,
                      Regulatory                 NIVIFS, USFWS, state resource
                      Reviews                    agencies


                   Why. Many species are adversely impacted when projects destroy or degrade habitat
                   or are carried out during times of the year when a species is most vulnerable. Most
                   species are not considered in regulatory reviews, such as Clean Water Act Section
                   404 reviews, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) reviews, and water quality
                   certificate reviews, or Environmental Impact Statements, unless they are listed as
                   threatened or endangered, are being considered for such status, or are commercially



                                                                                                                                               193




             QQW-
             Or DRAFT CCIVIP
             UE-LAWARE
             TMMY -PROGRAM


                or recreationally important. A less formal consideration of the priority species for the
                Delaware Estuary, as developed by the Delaware Estuary Program, could prevent more
                species from being added to the threatened or endangered list.

                What and How. Selected priority species identified by the Delaware Estuary Program
                should be considered in future Environmental Impact Statements and regulatory
                reviews. Information on the habitat requirements of these species will be available
                from the Delaware Estuary Program Habitat Requirements Document as well as the
                GIS species mapping. "Consideration" means that those individuals performing
                reviews would take the opportunity afforded to them to make recommendations to
                either avoid impacts to the priority species, or at least minimize them. It does not
                mean that the status of these species is elevated to the point where permits would be
                denied based on impacts to these species.

                One agency would be designated with lead responsibility to draft a Memorandum of
                Understanding. The agreement would include a designation of which species to
                include, a process to change that list, and a process to incorporate the "consideration"
                into review procedures.

                Measure of Success: Selection of an appropriate subset of the Delaware Estuary
                Program Key Species. Establishment of criteria for definition of "consideration".
                Agreement by responsible entities to "consider" key species in their regulatory
                reviews.
































                194                                                                      January 1995









                                                                                               TOXICS

             CHAPTER VI:                Toxics ActiOn Plan



             T
                   oxic substances in the Estuary are a problem (as described
                   in Chapter 11). Toxic substances are! present in the water
                   column, sediments, and organisms in the Estuary. The                   Toxic
                   actions recommended in this chapter are intended to                    substances
             identify and mitigate the adverse effects of these contaminants on           are present in
             living resources, reduce the inputs of toxic substances to the               the water
             Estuary, and improve protection of human health by improving the             column,
             process by which fish consumption advisories are issued.                     sediments,
                                                                                          and
             The Delaware Estuary Program has developed a Preliminary List of             organisms in
             Toxic Pollutants of Concern (Table 4) to focus efforts to mitigate           the Estuary.
             toxic effects in the Estuary. Actions recommended in this chapter
             are intended to identify and reduce these pollutants.

             A. Analysis of Existing Programs

             Coordination among the three states is needed to set priorities to
             control pollution sources. Water quality-based toxic controls for
             the Estuary should be developed and regulatory and permitting
             authorities should be encouraged to use them.

             Dischargers of toxic substances are regulated based on water
             quality criteria. The effectiveness of these criteria should be
             evaluated by monitoring exceedances of the criteria as well as any
             adverse effects that may be related to toxic contamination.

             The New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System,
             Pennsylvania Clean Streams Law, and the Delaware Environmental
             Protection Act integrate the state permit programs for point source
             dischargers and the federal National Pollutant Discharge
             Elimination System (NPDES). DRBC leads an interstate effort to
             meet water quality standards in the Delaware Estuary under the
             Delaware River Basin Compact. Section 303(d) of the Clean
             Water Act of 1987 requires states to identify those waters for
             which existing controls are not stringent enough to meet water
             quality standards and develop Total Maximum Daily Loads
             (TMDLs) for those waters, on a priority basis. A TMDL is the daily
             loading of a pollutant from all sources to a water body, under
             specified conditions, which still assures that, water quality criteria
             are not exceeded.






                                                                                                    195








                       DRAFT CCMP
             UELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                Fish contamination is addressed by various state and federal
                agencies. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is
                responsible for ensuring that all commercial fish and shellfish
                transported across state boundaries are safe for human
                consumption. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is
                responsible for protecting those who fish in National Refuges for
                consumption.       Individual state agencies have the primary
                responsibility for protecting the fishing community (both
                recreational and subsistence) within their states. States fulfill
                their responsibilities through the issuance of fish/shellfish
                advisories.   Because advisories for the Delaware Estuary are
                issued separately by the three states, they are not always
                consistent. Public confidence in the advisories would increase,
                and the protection of public health would improve, if advisories
                were consistent for the Estuary.

                The actions described in this chapter will address the issue of
                coordination among the state, federal, and interstate agencies
                responsible for protection of the Delaware Estuary based on the
                regulatory functions described above.

                B. Recommended Strategy

                The Estuary Program will provide coordination among the states,
                the federal government, DRBC, business and industry, and
                interested citizens to protect the Estuary from toxic contamination
                and to work to mitigate existing contamination. This will be done
                through actions in four areas:

                -OT11-       A toxics management strategy has been developed
                             which will provide a forum for exchange of
                             information on toxic substances in the Delaware
                             Estuary and coordinate efforts to identify, study, and
                             mitigate these pollutants on a Estuary-wide basis.

                             To reduce toxic substances in the Estuary, pollution
                             prevention    and    public awareness actions are
                             recommended.


                             Ongoing regulatory initiatives are supported to develop
                             TIVIDLs for toxic pollutants for the tidal river portion of
                             the Estuary that will assure that the designated uses of
                             the Estuary are achieved.





                196                                                                          January 1995









                                                                                          TOXICS


                        To better protect human health and the health of biota
                        of concern, a systematic and coordinated approach to
                        sampling, analyzing, interpreting, and communicating
                        the results of fish and shellfish contaminant data
                        within the Delaware Estuary is recommended.

















































                                                                                               197









                       DRAFT CCMP
             UE-LAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                                                Recommendations


                TOXIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGY



                                                                .....................
                                                ..............
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                                                                                                        ............
                                                                                                      ................
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                    ....................                                                 ... .............





                     ACTION                RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                  DATE         RESOURCE
                                                                                                 NEEDS

                  ACTION T1:       Lead. DRBC                                 Begin         $50,000
                  Toxics           Partners: States, federal agencies,        January,
                  Management       industry, environmental groups             1995;
                  Strategy                                                    long-term
                                                                              activity


                The proposed Management Strategy is designed to assist regional environmental
                managers and users of estuarine resources in developing appropriate prevention and
                control strategies based on sound technical information. Strategies are needed when
                a toxic substance or group of toxic substances is causing a negative impact or may
                potentially cause an impact on the ecosystem, or could adversely affect human health.
                Coordination is needed among the three states and the federal agencies responsible
                for managing the Estuary to better assess and mitigate adverse affects due to toxic
                contamination.


                The strategy, described by the flow chart (Figure 45), is divided into the following
                components: problem observation, problem identification, source characterization, and
                solution development. The final strategy must be implemented Estuary-wide, and as
                needed on selected tributary basins, by the States of Delaware, New Jersey, and
                Pennsylvania, in order to resolve toxic problems.

                Present regulatory strategies rely upon state water quality criteria and standards to
                protect designated uses and prevent additional degradation of the Estuary. While this
                approach is sound, the extent of available data for each toxic substance varies and
                site-specific factors are generally not considered. In addition, the cumulative effect
                of all toxic substances on the aquatic communities is unknown. Therefore the
                Delaware Estuary Program strategy utilizes observed or predicted exceedances of
                water quality criteria, or observed impairment of viability of populations and
                communities, to initiate the development of specific      control strategies.





                198                                                                         January 1995









                                                                                     TOXICS







                                                             Observed Phenomenon



           F- - - - - - - -Problem             NO
                           Exists


                          YES       --------------   Additional
                                                  Scientific Study


                        Issues are          NO

                                           -----------------
                        well-defined                                          Refer to Estuary
                                                                                   Council



                          YES            NO


                                                               Prioritize Toxics of

                                                                    Concern

                      ausative Agent a
                    TOXIC POLLUTANT


                                                           Characterize Sources and
                                                                    Loadings
                          YES



                       Add to List of                       Develop Specific Control
                                                                    Strategies
                     Toxics of Concern




           ------------------------------------------------- Monitor for Trends and
                                                                  Effectiveness



           Figure 45. Toxics Management Strategy




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               Our understanding of estuarine processes and functions is limited, and yet damage to
               the Estuary may not be easily repaired once it has occurred. Therefore, it is wise to
               take a proactive approach, based on indicators of the health of the Estuary, to support
               management decisions.


               The Flow Chart
               The toxics management flow chart on the preceding page describes a decision-making
               process from problem identification to problem mitigation. Specific elements of the
               flow chart are described below:


                           Observed phenomena
                           An observed or predicted phenomenon can manifest itself in several ways,
                           including but'not limited to the following:

                            =>      Impairment of ecosystem function;

                                    Population or community effects;

                            =>      The known introduction of specific chemicals of concern;

                                    Exceedance,s of regulatory criteria or standards;, or

                                    Trends in specific chemicals in biota, sediment, and water.

                            Problem Exists/issues are Well Defined /Causative Agent a Toxic Pollutant?
                            If a problem exists, a determination must be made about whether the
                            issues are well defined, or if more study is 'needed. If more study is
                            needed, sources of funding must be identified to conduct the studies.
                            When the issues.are well defined, and the weight of scientific evidence
                            indicates that the observed phenomenon was not caused by a toxic
                            substance, the problem will not be handled under this strategy, but must
                            be referred to the appropriate experts. If the causat   ive agent is a toxic
                            substance, then this pollutant must be evaluated to determine if it should
                            be added to the List of Toxics of Concern.


                            Add to  List,of Toxics of Concern
                            A Preliminary List- of Toxics of    Concern has been developed for the
                            Delaware Estuary (Table 4). The criteria and assumptions used in listing
                            these pollutants is at the back of this chapter. A List of Toxics of
                            Concern should be identified as a  major output of the Program and should
                            be reviewed at least every two years, and revised as necessary, to reflect
                            new information. The Toxics Task Force has added zinc and polycyclic
                            aromatic hydrocarbons to the Preliminary List of Toxics of Concern based
                            on new information (Costa and Sauer, 1994).            New data obtained
                            between revisions should be evaluated to determine if toxic substances
                            should be added to, or deleted from, the list. This will lead to the final



               200                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                               TOXICS


                          two parts of this strategy: source characterization and solution
                          development. It is imperative that this list be prioritized in order to best
                          use available resources.


                          Characterization of Sources and Loadings
                          Characterization should include a list of all sources, both point and
                          nonpoint, that could potentially discharge a given toxic substance. Given
                          the resources available, this list should be prioritized based on an
                          estimation of loadings from point and nonpoint sources. While point
                          sources are easier to identify and monitor through permits, the extent of
                          the contribution of nonpoint sources to impairment of water quality
                          should also be evaluated.


                          Develop Specific Control Strategies/Monitor for Trends and Effectiveness
                          The next step in this process is the actual development of solutions to
                          abate the negative impact on the environment. First, specific prevention
                          and control strategies must be developed. For example, these might
                          include new or modified permit limitations for point sources, Best
                          Management Practices for nonpoint sources, remediation of hazardous
                          waste sites, and abatement of combined sewer overflows. These
                          strategies could be applied either basin-wide or to a specific site; the
                          site specific approach could be used to control known or newly identified
                          "hot spots".

                Finally, the ecosystem must be monitored for trends and effectiveness. To
                determine the effectiveness of a prevention or control strategy, the results of the
                new control strategy must be monitored. Ultimately, it is this last step that will
                determine when the health of the ecosystem has been restored to an acceptable
                state.


































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                 Table 4.       Preliminary List of Toxic Pollutants of Concern, Delaware Estuary
                                Program, July 1994



                          Pollutant                         Rationale                          Possible
                                                                                               Sources


                                                      Pest! cides/PCBs/PA H s

                       PCBs                   Current consumption advisories           Nonpoint sources
                                              issued by NJDEP, PADER, and              including Superfund
                                              DNREC (Greene and Miller, 1994).         sites
                                              Sediment contamination (Costa
                                              and Sauer, 1994; EMAP, 1994).

                       PAHs*                  Observed sediment toxicity and           Nonpoint sources
                                              exceedances of NOAA effects              including atmospheric
                                              levels (ER-L and ER-M) (Costa and        deposition
                                              Sauer, 1994; DRBC, 1993; EMAP,
                                              1994).

                       DDT, DDE & DDD         Elevated tissue levels in fish and       Nonpoint sources
                                              birds. Recent data (1990)                (runoff from existing or
                                              collected by DRBC indicates levels       abandoned sites); point
                                              exceeding 10-' risk level. Possible      sources (DDD - 12
                                              exceedance of chronic aquatic life       discharges)
                                              WQC for DDD. Sediment
                                              contamination (EMAP, 1994).

                       Dieldrin               Recent data (1990) collected by          Nonpoint sources
                                              DRBC indicates levels exceeding          including abandoned
                                              10-' risk level                          sites (Cobbs Creek, PA)

                       Chlordane              Current consumption advisories           Nonpoint sources
                                              issued by NJDEP and PADER.
                                              Recent data (1990) collected by
                                              DRBC indicates levels exceeding
                                              10-6 risk level.

                                                             Metals

                       Lead                   Possible exceedance of chronic           Point sources (53
                                              aquatic life WQC. Monitoring data        discharges);
                                              for 1992 indicate exceedances of         Nonpoint sources?
                                              proposed WQC in the lower
                                              Estuary (River Mile 60.6 and
                                              66.0).








                 202                                                                              January 1995









                                                                                                          TOXICS



                        Pollutant                          Rationale                             Possible
                                                                                                 Sources

                    Zinc*                   Elevated levels in shellfish tissue.       Point sources (83
                                            Christina River ambient water              Discharges)
                                            quality criteria exceeded.
                                            Exceedance of ER-M in much of
                                            Estuary (Costa and Sauer, 1994;
                                            DRBC, 1993; EMAP, 1994).


                    Copper                  Possible exceedance of chronic             Point sources (58
                                            aquatic life WQC. Monitoring data          discharges);
                                            for 1992 indicate exceedances of           Nonpoint sources?
                                            proposed WQC in the lower
                                            Estuary (River Mile (30.6, 66.0 and
                                            71.0). Sediment contamination
                                            (EMAP, 1994).

                    Mercury                 Possible exceedance of chronic             Point sources (24
                                            aquatic life WQC, Sediment                 discharges);
                                            contamination (EMAP, 1994).                Nonpoint sources?

                    Arsenic                 Possible exceedance of human               Point sources 0 6
                                            health WQC for carcinogenic                discharges);
                                            effects.                                   Nonpoint sources?

                    Chromium                Possible exceedance of chronic             Point sources (39
                                            aquatic life WQC for hexavalent            discharges);
                                            chromium, but not for trivalent            Nonpoint sources?
                                            chromium. Sediment
                                            contamination (EMAP, 1994).

                    Silver                  Possible exceedance of chronic             Point sources (22
                                            aquatic life WQC,                          discharges);
                                                                                       Nonpoint sources?

                                                        Volatile Organics

                    1,2 Dichloroethane      Possible exceedance of human               Point sources (8
                                            health WQC for carcinogenic                discharges);
                                            effects. Monitoring data for 1990          Nonpoint sources?
                                            indicate exceedances of proposed
                                            WQC between River Mile 71.0
                                            and 107.1.

                    Tetrachloroethene       Possible exceedanCe of human               Point sources (9
                                            health WQC for carcinogenic                discharges);
                                            effects.                                   Nonpoint sources?






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                         Pollutant                      Rationale                       Possible
                                                                                        Sources

                                                        Toxicity

                     Chronic Toxicity      Possible exceedance of chronic       Point sources (51
                                           aquatic life WQC for whole           discharges); Nonpoint
                                           effluent toxicity. Study in          sources?
                                           November 1990 indicated chronic
                                           toxicity of ambient water samples
                                           collected at River Mile 69.0, and
                                           between River Mile 97.5 and



                *PAHs and Zinc were added by the Toxics Task Force based on recent data. The
                original criteria on page 217 were not used to add these substances to the list.




































                204                                                                        January 1995










                                                                                                                                                 TOXICS


                  What and How: A Toxics Advisory Committee would be formed by DRBC to
                  coordinate the proposed Toxics Management Strategy.                                                                            The Toxics Advisory
                  Committee would report, through DRBC, -to the Estuary Council. The Committee
                  would consist of appointed members, including a balance among government, the
                  regulated community, and citizens' groups. Members would be appointed by DRBC's
                  Executive Director based on recommendations of the Commission and the Delaware
                  Estuary Program Policy Committee.

                  The following agencies and organizations would be represented:


                      State of Delaware
                      State of New Jersey
                      State of New York
                      Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
                      USEPA
                      Academic representative
                      EnVironmental/watershed representatives (2)
                      Industry representative
                      Fish and wildlife representative
                      Agriculture representative
                      Public health interest representative

                  In addition, county and local health departments would be represented, as appropriate,
                  and a Delaware Estuary Council representative who is familiar with the Delaware
                  Estuary monitoring program would make regular reports at the meetings. Because
                  such a wide variety of groups must be represented, state and federal agencies should
                  appoint experts in particular areas on a yearly rotating basis (i.e., NJ, nonpoint source;
                  DE, fish and wildlife; PA, water quality). One or two agencies could appoint a
                  representative that would coordinate among the other federal agencies.

                  Meetings would be held twice a year, or as necessary, to discuss any toxics problems
                  or indications of new problems that need
                  to be addressed. The Toxics Advisory
                  Committee would establish procedures that         THE OBSERVED PHENOMENON
                  would be applicable to members and non            WHO WILL MAKE THE OBSERVATIONS?
                  members for presenting information to the             1.  STATE AGENCIES
                  Committee. Meetings will be open to the               2.  FEDERAL AGENCIES
                  public, and citizens will be encouraged to            3.  LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
                  bring their concerns to the committee.                4.  ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS
                                                                        5.  REGULATED COMMUNITY
                  Identify cause or define issues                       6.  ACADEMIA
                  If a problem is identified, a coordinated             7.  RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS
                  effort would be made to find the cause.               8.  CITIZENS
                  After consideration by the Toxics Advisor
                  Committee, recommendations would be      
                  made to DRBC Commissioners and the




                                                                                                                                                 205
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                      DRAFT CCMP
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              ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Estuary Council for more research and/or addition of the pollutant to the list of toxics
               of concern. The Toxics Advisory Committee should also provide the relative priorities
               of concerns brought to the Estuary Council.

               Action to Mitigate the Problem
                          If the causative agent is a toxic substance, the Estuary Council may add it
                          to the List of Toxic Pollutants of Concern and/or coordinate and assist in
                          identifying funds for research to more fully define the problem.

                          The Estuary Council would formally recommend that regulatory agencies
                          characterize sources and loadings and develop specific control strategies.
                          The possible range of control strategies may require legislation, permit
                          modification, and/or further research. If toxic contamination is found, clear
                          communication of the problem to the affected agencies and the public is
                          vital. If the toxic substance is not already part of the Delaware Estuary
                          monitoring plan, the Estuary Council would assure that monitoring for
                          trends and effectiveness of control strategies, either through the regulatory
                          agencies or the Delaware Estuary monitoring program, is implemented.

                          If the causative agent is not a toxic substance, the Toxics Advisory
                          Committee would bring the problem to the attention of the Delaware
                          Estuary Council for referral.

                          The Toxics Advisory Committee should be organized and functional by
                          January 1995. Initial priorities would be to review the Preliminary List of
                          Toxic Pollutants of Concern, the selection criteria for listing toxic
                          substances, and determine if changes are needed. Also the Committee
                          should address nonpoint sources of PCB, DDX, and chlordane
                          contamination.


               Measure of Success: Establish Committee by January 1995. Control strategies in
               place and working for identified problems. Success must be confirmed by monitoring
               results.




















               206                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                                                                        TOXICS


                   POLLUTION PREVENTION, REDUCTION, AND AWARENESS


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                                                        ........  ........
                                                 .................
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                   Why. Unwise use of toxic substances by individual                                   residents of the       Estuary, small
                   businesses, the fishing community, and farmers contribute to the toxic                                     contamination
                   of the Estuary.            This action plan will assist residents in the proper disposal of
                   contaminants and heighten their awareness; of the need to protect the Estuary. The
                   activities support the implementation of pollution reduction and public awareness
                   programs by existing regulatory organizations, environmental advocates, school
                   systems, and public officials. In addition implementation of management measures
                   as required by the Coastal Zone Reauthorization Act Amendments (Section 6217) will
                   reduce nonpoint sources of toxic substances.

                   Measure of Success: Reduction of pesticides in sediment, water, and biota. Increases
                   in quantities of pesticides received by collection programs. Household hazardous
                   waste collecticn program established in each county within five years. Increases in
                   level  of involvement by public.



                             ACTION                          RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE             RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                    NEEDS

                                                                                                             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. . . . . . . . . . .
                          . . . . . .                . . . . . . .                                                                      . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                                        .. . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                     X.:                  . . . . . . .. . .
                                                                                                   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                .....  ........ .
                    X"A'".Q.3                                                                                ..............
                                                           fca                                             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
                                  T2'""'P          chnaim.+.i

                      T2.1: Public                  Lead: Counties                                           Mid-term           $225,000
                      Chemical Usage &              Partners: Conservation Districts,                                           per year
                      Household Toxics              Cooperative Extension, Health
                      Waste                         Departments.
                      Collection
                   ------------------------------------------------------------------                     -------------------------------
                      T2.2: Agricultural            Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Mid-term           1 st year:
                      Pesticide                     Partners: USEPA, States, USDA,                                              $1.15
                      Collection                    Conservation Districts, Cooperative                                         Million;
                      Program                       Extension                                                                   subsequent
                                                                                                                                years will
                                                                                                                                costless




                   ----------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------------- -----------------
                      T2.3: Industrial/             Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Mid-term           $100,000
                      Commercial                    Partners: States, USEPA,
                      Usage                         manufacturers






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                Action T2. 1:       Develop a Public Education Program on Chemical Usage and
                                    Household Toxic Waste Collection


                What and How: The counties, with advice from the Delaware Estuary Foundation, will
                establish programs to educate the public on the environmentally responsible use of
                home chemicals. These programs would include the use of mass media to disseminate
                information to the public; literature on proper disposal of home chemicals, including
                used oil, paints and lacquers, etc. Complete lawn chemical guidance would be
                provided using existing materia Is available from the states, federal agencies, or private
                sources. Information on non-toxic or less toxic substitutes for household chemicals
                would be included. A needs survey of existing programs would be performed by the
                Delaware Estuary Foundation to determine which programs must be expanded and the
                kinds of improvements that need to be made. A successful program that is already
                underway could be used as a model for counties that have not completed the
                development of a program.

                Distribution of materials and educational seminars would be conducted by health
                departments, at their offices or at centralized locations. The Delaware Estuary
                Foundation would solicit volunteers to speak to the public and distribute literature.

                County government agencies would implement this plan. A private contractor, chosen
                by the county government and managed and funded by county government, could
                also implement the plan.

                Action T2.2:        Develop and Implement an Agricultural Pesticide Collection
                                    Program

                What and How. The Delaware Estuary Foundation, working with county or regional
                agricultural agents or state agencies, would create a program to give farmers a legal
                and no-cost option to dispose of old pesticides. An educational and public awareness
                program would be necessary to increase understanding among the farming community
                on the need to minimize the use of pesticides. Pesticide collection could be either at
                a central location or through pickups at each farm.

                The Delaware Estuary Foundation would coordinate this action with appropriate
                agencies, through a staff nonpoint source coordinator.

                Action T2.3:        Develop an Education and Assistance Program for Small Industries
                                    and the Commercial Sector on the Use of Chemicals


                What and How. The Delaware Estuary Foundation would establish a program to
                educate and assist small industry and the commercial sector, including golf courses
                and boat yards, on the responsible use of chemicals. These targeted groups would
                be encouraged to minimize discharges to Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs)
                and be provided with cheap disposal and recycling options, whenever possible. Often,
                smaller industries and the commercial sector do not have access to the education and



                208                                                                        January 1995









                                                                                             TOXICS


             engineering expertise necessary to minimize waste. In the implementation of this
             action, pollution prevention would be stressed. Existing pollution prevention technical
             assistance programs in the three states should be involved in providing assistance to
             businesses that generate wastes containing toxic pollutants of concern.

             Centralized education could occur at seminars put on by the states. The Delaware
             Estuary Foundation would coordinate the program, using a staff nonpoint source
             coordinator and the state pollution prevention technical assistance programs. Some
             states might have p rograms that could be modified to include assistance to generators
             for'proper disposal of waste.

             LIMITING TOXIC POLLUTANT LOADINGS TO THE ESTUARY


             Adverse effects on living resources have been observed in the tidal river portion of the
             Estuary that may be caused by selected toxic substances. Appropriate regulation of
             discharges of these contaminants is necessary where levels exceed water quality
             criteria for the protection of aquatic life and human health or an adverse effect has
             been associated with a specific toxic substance. The Clean Water Act requires a state
             to establish water quality standards applicable to its waters, and identify those waters
             which are not meeting the standards. States must then develop the maximum amount
             of a pollutant that can be discharged to an entire water body, or portion thereof, on
             a daily basis, the Total Maximum Daily Load, or TMDL. This daily loading can be
             further divided and allocated to point sources, nonpoint sources, a reserve capacity
             for future growth, and a margin of safety.

             Actions T3 and T4 embrace and expand upon the current efforts of DRBC, and the
             states bordering the Estuary, to develop policies and procedures to limit the release
             of substances that are toxic to humans and aquatic life from point sources discharging
             to the tidal river. These efforts are nearing completion. Public hearings are planned
             in the spring of 1995 on recommended water quality criteria for toxic pollutants, and
             policies and procedures for establishing TMDLs and wasteload allocations for
             individual point sources (See Recommended Water Quality Criteria for Toxic Pollutants
             for the Delaware River Estuary, and Recommended Implementation Policies and
             Procedures: Phase 1 TMDLs for Toxic POALJtants in the Delaware River Estuary-not
             included in this draft).


             Data on the loadings of toxic substances from nonpoint sources are lacking, so
             existing efforts have focused on loadings from point sources. The Delaware Estuary
             Program is currently involved in identifying and quantifying the loadings of toxic
             substances from nonpoint sources.










                                                                                                  209









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                                                ff
                                                     ELAWARE
                                                 ESTUARY PROGRAM




                                                            .....................................................                                                                                                    ...............................
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                                                                                      ........................        ....... .        .......              ...............          .................                                                            ............                                                                        ...........





                                                                                  ACTION                                                                 RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                                                              DATE                                            RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      NEEDS

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .............
                                                            ..........
                                                                                                                                                                                ...........                                                                                                                         ...........
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ......................               .......
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ............. ... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ................. .
                                                                                                                                                                                      1                                                                        . ....... ........
                                                                                                                                                                                          . ...........                              .....................................
                                                                                                                                                                               .... .................              .. . . .                                                                                   .......................         .............
                                                                                                                                                         ............. ....... ..........                                                                                ..........................................                                      .........................

                                                                        3. 1: Water                                                    Lead:             DRBC                                                                                                                   Short-term                                                 $10,000
                                                                        Quality Criteria
                                                                        for the Tidal
                                                                        River (Zones 2
                                                            --to-5)               ------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        T3.2: State                                                    Leads: DNREC, NJDEP, PADER,                                                                                                              Short-term                                                 $30,000
                                                                        Water Quality                                                  USEPA
                                                                        Regulations

                                                                        T3.3: Water                                                    Lead. DRBC                                                                                                                               Short-term                                                 $75,000
                                                                        Quality Criteria
                                                                        for the Bay
                                                                        (Zone 6)


                                                            What and How. This action has three parts due to the advanced state of development
                                                            of criteria for the tidal river and the use of in-kind services from the governmental
                                                            agencies to perform this task.

                                                            Measure of Success: Decreased levels of toxic substances of concern in water,
                                                            sediment, and fish and shellfish tissue. Water quality criteria and regulations in place
                                                            by 1995 for tidal rivers and by the spring of 1997 for the Bay.


















                                                            210                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            January 1995








                                                                                                                                                     TOXICS




                                                                                                                                     ...... . .

                                      ...... .                                                            ....
                                      ...........                                                                               .......
                                      X
                                                                                                          I,      w..
                                                                                                          .................
                                                                     ........ . .......
                                                                                          . . . . .....
                                       .. . .................    ...                      ..... . ...............
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                                                                                                 . ............. . .
                                                                                                    ......................                                  . ......
                                                                                                    ........ . ... ... ...
                                                                                                                                             ............
                                                                               .... ...  .........                                           ..... ...........
                                                                                                                   X.                                . . ...............
                                                                                                                                                   .........................
                                                                                             ..................                              ..............
                                                               . .. ......... . ..... ........ %..: - ...:
                                                   ..........                    ......... :'.
                                                                                                                         .. ................  .......
                               ..............                                                .. ....
                                      ... . ............
                                          .......................
                                                       ............ .........  .. .......... ..
                       N                                            ..... .                                                        ............
                                                                                             ............................            .......
                                      :X:::X:                                                  ......





                                 ACTION                     RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE                     RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                              NEEDS

                                                                          .......................
                                                                          ........................
                                                                                                          ..............
                                                   ..........
                                                                                                          . ..........
                                                                                                                 ...........
                                                              . .........................
                                                                  U       ...............                 ....... ..........
                                                                 ... .. .........                         ................
                      XX                                            . ...........
                                                                                                                  . . . . ......
                                                                            TIVIDL
                         C                                HT
                                                                                                                          .................. ... . .. . ......  .....

                       T4.1:       Procedures             Lead.       DRBC                                Spring   1995                 $20,000
                       for TMDL Process                   Partners: DNREC, NJDEP,
                       for the Tidal River                PADER,USEPA
                       (Zones      2 to   5)

                       T4.2: Formal                       Lead. DRBC                                      Fall 1995                     @'$i 00,000
                       Adoption of WLAs
                                      ------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------
                       T4.3: Permit                       Leads: DNREC, NJDEP,                            After completion              Undetermined
                       Limits for Toxics                  PADER                                           of T4.2
                       Using WLAs
                                      ------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------

                       T4.4:                              Leads: DNREC, NJDEP,                            Mid-term                      Undetermined
                       Identification of                  PADER
                       Loadings and
                       Estimates from
                       Landfills

                       T4.5: Nonpoint                     Lead. DR13C                                     June 1997                     $275,000
                       Source Loading                     Partners: DNREC, NJDEP,
                       Estimates                          PADER, USDA, USEPA

                       T4.6: Phase 2                                                                      Long-term                     $300,000
                       TMDL (including
                       pollution allotment
                       trading options)


                     --------------------------------------------------                      I-----------------------------------------------
                       T4.7: Formal                       Lead: DRBC                                      Long-term                     $150,000
                       Adoption of WLAs
                       and LAs
                    ------  7  -------------------------------------------                   I-----------------------------------------------
                       T4.8: Permit                       Leads: DNREC, NJDEP,                            Long-term after               Undetermined
                       Limits for Toxics,                 PADER                                           completion of
                       using W As and                                                                     T4.7
                       LAs
                                      TION



                                                      d





















































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                      DRAFT CCMP
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             CSTUARY -PROGRAM


               What and How: This action would result in the establishment of Wasteload
               Allocations (WLAs) for point sources and Load Allocations (LAs) for nonpoint sources.
               This action has eight parts due to the advanced state of development of
               implementation policies and procedures for establishing a TMDL for the tidal river and
               the use of in-kind services from the governmental agencies to perform this task.
               Nonpoint toxic sources from active and closed landfills must be identified, quantified,
               and prioritized for remediation and closure.

               Pollutant Allotment Trading (See T4.6)
               The development of a program that will promote trading of pollutant loads to achieve
               water quality objectives at reduced cost will be explored. The action plan for TMDLs
               must first be implemented. Concurrently, authority for the trading program must be
               established by state agencies, USEPA, and DRBC.            Legislative action may be
               necessary. Dischargers could avoid costly treatment upgrades to their plants by
               paying for less costly alternatives including point and nonpoint source controls. This
               plan could be applied Estuary-wide for both point and nonpoint sources. Nonpoint
               sources include direct discharges from hazardous waste sites and landfills,
               atmospheric deposition, groundwater infiltration, urban storm water runoff, agricultural
               storm water runoff, storm water runoff from industrial sites, and combined sewer
               overflows.



































               212                                                                      January 1995










                                                                                                                                         TOXICS


                     MITIGATING THE IMPACT OF PCBs, CHLORDANE, AND DDXs

                     ACTION T5:    Identify the Sources of Contaminated Sediments, Examine the
                                   Processes Through Which these Substances are Transported up
                                   the Food Chain, and Identify Control Strategies and Mitigation
                                   Alternatives.


                     Why: Sediments serve as both a sink and a source of toxic contaminants. Past and
                     current contamination of the sediments by -,substances such as PCBs, chlorclane, and
                     DDXs (DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD) has resulted in adverse effects on living
                     resources. DDT and its metabolites have been associated with eggshell-thinning in
                     several bird species. Consumption advisories have been in place for channel catfish
                     and white perch in the upper Estuary since 1989 and were recently expanded to
                     include the lower tidal river and Bay for several additional species, including striped
                     bass.


                     Immediate action is required to identify the sources of these contaminants, examine
                     the processes through which they are transported up the food chain, and identify
                     control strategies and mitigation alternatives.

                     Measure of Success: Activities should lead to identification of sources and mitigation
                     when feasible.



                             ACTION                          RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                             DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                    NEEDS
                      ACTION T5:  Mitigating the Impacts of Contaminated Sediments

                      T5. 1:                        Lead: Implementation team (state                     Spring 1995            $75,000
                      Identification of             and federal hazardous waste
                      Major Source                  units)
                      Categories

                      T5.2:                         Lead: Implementation team                            Mid-term               $175,000
                      Recommendations               Partner: Toxic Advisory
                      to Fill Data Gaps            --Committee      -------------------------------------------------------------
                      T5.3:                         Lead: Appropriate agencies                           Long-term              $100,000
                      Identification of
                      Control Strategies
                      and Costs-                                                                                                                   





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                     Action T5. 1:               Identify and Rank Major Source Categories and Sinks of PCBs and
                                                 DDXs


                     What and How. An implementation team would coordinate the efforts of state and
                     federal agencies to identify and characterize the major source categories and sinks of
                     PCBs, DDXs, and chlordane in the Estuary. At a minimum, the team would consider
                     loadings from tributaries, point sources, air, hazardous waste sites, urban and
                     industrial storm water, combined sewer overflows, and in place sediments. This
                     activity may identify additional pollutants that will need to be mitigated (See Action
                     T1).


                     Action T5.2:                Develop Recommendations to Fill Data Gaps

                     What and How: The Toxic Advisory Committee and implementation team would
                     develop recommendations for additional monitoring or other studies to fill data gaps
                     and further delineate the extent of sediment contamination and the bioaccumulation
                     pathways.

                     Action T5.3:                Identify Alternative Strategies and Costs

                     What and How. Appropriate agencies would identify alternative control strategies and
                     associated costs to mitigate the impact of PCBs and DDXs.


                     FISH CONSUMPTION ADVISORIES



                                                                    .............
                                                                 ..................
                                                                . ........................
                     .... ..     .......                            ....... ..                       ......
                                                                                                             -X.
                                                        X.: X.: -X
                                                                          pi     .. .. ...... .
                                                              UA
                                                                      A.W.                                                     .................
                                                                                     ..........
                                                                                                 .. . .................
                                                                                                                  ........... .......
                                                                                     ................ ! -.1
                                                  :.Viso                                    :......
                                                        nes                     ...
                                                                                 . .. .........
                                                                                                                                 ......   .....  .......
                                                                                                                                X.: X.:
                                                                                                   .. ..................
                                           ..........                                             ...  ........... ......      ......



                     Why. Although there are several advisories in place                          for the Delaware Estuary, there
                     are currently no uniform procedures for the detection and evaluation of fish tissue
                     contamination in the Estuary. The states also develop fish advisories independently
                     for the Estuary. There is no coordinated program for informing the public of health
                     risks from consuming tainted fish. The result has been incomplete and inconsistent
                     advice to the public.

                     Efforts should be coordinated to prevent duplication of effort, maximize resources, and
                     provide clear and consistent information to the public. The three states must work
                     together to develop coordinated monitoring programs, uniform test procedures, and
                     consistent fish and shellfish advisories. Local health departments would be kept
                     informed about advisories and assist in dissemination of information. States would
                     have the option of setting more stringent advisories after a minimum level of
                     protection is agreed upon.




                     214                                                                                                   January 1995









                                                                                                                                         TOXICS


                   Measure of Success: All procedures completed by spring 1996. A survey of fish
                   consumption could be conducted to evaluate whether the public is following the
                   advice.



                             ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                              DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                    NEEDS

                                                 ................................I........I....................................... .. ...... .... .................
                                                                                              ................................ . .......
                                                                           ............... ......
                                                                  . . . . ... ....... .........
                                                                                                                                    . . ....... .
                                                                                    ................. .. ..
                                                                                                                       .............
                                                                                   ................... ..... .
                                                                                  ...............................
                                                 ."Ons
                                                                                  .. ............... ........... . ... .
                                                                                                  .............. ..
                                                                       -V                         ........

                      T6. 1:                        Includes      but not limited to:                     Short-term          $17,000
                      Memorandum of                 Leads: DNREC, NJDEP, PADER
                      Understanding                 Partners: NJ Department of
                   -----------------------          Health, PA Department of Health                - ----------------------------------
                      T6.2:  - Committee        __  PA Fish and Boat Commission,                      --Short-term ____$1 00,000            -----
                      T6.3: Written                 DRBC, USEPA, USFWS,                                   Short-term          $200,000
                      Procedures for                FDA
                      Uniform Methods
                   -----------------------                                                             ----------------------------------
                      T6.4: Written                                                                       Short-term          $225,000
                      Procedures for
                      Health Risk
                      Assessments


                   -----------------------                                                              ---------------------------------
                      T6.5: Health Risk                                                                   Long-term           $75,000 per
                      Assessments                                                                                             assessment
                   -----------------------                                                             ----------------------------------
                      T6.6: Risk                                                                          Long-term           Undetermined
                      Management
                      Actions
                     ----------------------                                                             ---------------------------------
                      T6.7: Risk                                                                          Long-term           $5,000/yr
                      Communication
                      Materials



                   Action T6.11: Prepare Memorandum of Understanding

                   What and How. A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) would be prepared to serve
                   as a basis for developing inter- and intra-agency consensus on issues affecting fish
                   consumption advisories in the Estuary. As a model, the MOU developed by the State
                   of Delaware would be considered. The IVIOU would not bind the states to changing
                   present policies, but would include an agreement to coordinate monitoring and work
                   toward more consistent advisories.


                   Action T6.2: Establish Committee


                   What and How: A Committee would be established, composed of representatives
                   from signatory agencies of the MOU. The Committee should include individuals with



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            ESTUARY PROGRAM


              expertise in fisheries, public health, sampling and analytical procedures, pollution
              assessment and control, and risk analysis and communication. The Committee should
              be established concurrent with endorsement of the MOU. The Committee should meet
              quarterly for the first year, and as mutually agreed thereafter.

              Action T6.3: Develop Procedures for Uniform Methods

              What and How. Procedures would be developed for uniform collection and analysis
              methods as agreed upon by the committee. Procedures would be peer reviewed.

              Action T6.4: Develop Uniform Risk Assessment Procedures

              What and How. Procedures would be developed for uniform health risk assessments
              and peer reviewed.


              Action T6.5: Conduct Health Risk Assessments


              What and How: Health risk assessments would be conducted, consistent with
              procedures developed under actions T6.3 and T6.4, and peer reviewed.


              Action T6.6: Recommend Actions


              What and How: Possible risk management actions would be recommended.

              Action T6.7: Coordinate Risk Communications


              WhatandHow. Coordinated risk communication materials would be developed and
              distributed as agreed by the Committee.























              216                                                                   January 1995









                                                                                                TOXICS


                       CRITERIA & ASSUMPTIONS FOR LISTING TOXIC POLLUTANTS


             The following criteria were used to list toxic pollutants of concern:

                1    Fish advisories have been issued or are being considered by any of the states
                     bordering the Estuary for the pollutant listed.

                2.   Studies conducted by DNREC, DRBC, NJDEP or PADER have found tissue
                     levels of the pollutant in resident fish species which exceed the   10-6 risk level,
                     based upon human health criteria proposed by DRBC.

                3.   Concentrations of the pollutant projected, using a far-field water quality model
                     and a hardness value developed by the Commission for the Estuary, exceed
                     the water quality criteria proposed by DRBC and NJDEP and adopted by
                     DNREC and PADER for the protect-ion of aquatic life (chronic effects).

                4.   Monitoring data collected by DR13C indicate an exceedance of proposed
                     criteria.


             The following assumptions were used in determining the toxic pollutants of concern:

                1 .  Water quality criteria proposed by DRBC as well as those adopted by DNREC
                     establish the level of risk at one additional cancer case in every 1,000,000
                     humans exposed for a lifetime (70 years) or 10'. DRBC criteria uses a fish
                     consumption factor of 6.5 grams per day in developing the freshwater criteria
                     and a fish consumption factor of 37 grams per day in developing the marine
                     criteria (applies below the Delaware Memorial Bridge). DNREC marine water
                     quality criteria also assumes a consumption factor of 37 grams per day. Risk
                     levels and acceptable tissue levels of a pollutant (at 10' risk level) are derived
                     using the following formula:



                              Risk Level = 1 - (exp (-Dose x Cancer Potency Factor



                         Dose =  (Tissue Concentration (mglkg) X Fish Consumption Rate)
                                                    Body Weight (70kg)



                2.   Statements regarding exceedances of water quality criteria (WQC) are based
                     upon preliminary model runs with the uncalibrated Delaware Estuary Toxics
                     Model (DELTOX). The model runs for chronic aquatic life criteria assessment
                     used the design conditions of 2500 cfs at Trenton, NJ and 7Q10 values for
                     other tributaries. The model runs for carcinogen criteria assessment used the
                     design conditions of 7260 cfs at Trenton, NJ and harmonic mean flow values



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                         for other tributaries. Field studies to provide data to calibrate and validate the
                         model were completed in the fall of 1992.

                   3.    The criteria proposed by DRBC for metals expresses the criteria as total
                         recoverable metal. Statements regarding exceedances of metals criteria are
                         similarly based upon total recoverable metal. For those metal criteria that are
                         hardness-based, the mean hardness during months when the design flow
                         condition occurs (July - October) was used to calculate the numerical value.

                   4.    Exceedances of acute aquatic life criteria in the near-field were not considered
                         in developing this list.

                   5.    Information on possible sources was derived from the survey of 120
                         discharges from 83 municipal and industrial facilities conducted by DRBC in
                         1990 and 1991. As part of this survey, discharges conducted three priority
                         pollutant scans using the most sensitive analytical methods, and two chronic
                         toxicity tests using both fish and invertebrates over a three month period.


                                F_              RIVER MILE REFERENCES

                                                              LOCATION
                                  RK (RM)*   1

                                     60.6                  Pea Patch Island
                                    (36.0)

                                     66.0                     New Castle
                                    (40.3)

                                     69.0             Delaware Memorial Bridges
                                    (42.1)

                                     71.0                    Cherry Island
                                    (43.3)

                                     97.5           North of Wait Whitman Bridge
                                    (59.5)

                                    107.1               Tacony-Palmyra Bridge
                                ,[email protected])

                   RK - River Kilometer
                   RM - River Mile
                               d
                   as measure    from the mouth of Delaware Bay.






                 218                                                                       January 1995









                                                                  EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


             CHAPTER VIE                Education and
                                        Involvement Action Plan



           0
                   ne of the Delaware Estuary Program's      goals deals directly
                   with the issue of public education and outreach:


                          ................ .......... ...........................................
                                                                     ..... .....  ....


                        .T
                                                                              a......


                                         ............ ..... ........
                                             ...... .....
                                  .0                             ......... .
                        ............ .
                                                                   76:
                        .. ..... ..... .'.. -. A` ". ""'  * - "'F , , " "'
                                                        th
                  . . .........................
                        ..................................
                        ................................ .......................
                                                            ........... ..
                  ..........
                                                                     ...   ..........
                                                              a   ... ..   .... .


             Public   support    i s  needed     to   implement the        CCMP
             recommendations, and this. support     cannot be obtained without
             confronting the lack of public appreciation for the Estuary, the lack
             of knowledge about the interdependence of human and estuarine
             health, and the lack of public involvement in Delaware Estuary
             issues. People living in the Estuary region have strong concerns
             for the environment, but often have little! accurate knowledge
             about the estuarine ecosystem.

             A.     "Delaware Estuary: Discover its Secrets"
             Developing an effective program of outreach and public education            The Delaware
             is a challenging job for a program with a limited budget and an             Estuary
                                                                                         Program
             audience of approximately six million people. It is challenging but         asked the
             it is also essential, since the decisions that we make now will             public to help
             affect the natural heritage that this generation has borrowed from          develop a
             the future.                                                                 plan for the
                                                                                         resources,
             This Plan - the CCMP - has been developed as a blueprint for                rather than
             restoring and protecting the Estuary.       Unlike more traditional         accept one
             planning efforts, the Delaware Estuary Program offered an unusual           prepared by
             opportunity; it asked the public to help develop a plan for the             government
             resource, rather than accept one prepared by government                     agencies.
             agencies.

             People representing a wide variety of interests - business people,
             environmentalists, teachers, planners - have helped to shape this
             Plan. You, the person who cares enough to rea      d this, are the
                                                                   r


                                                                   a


































             person who can make this Plan a reality.




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                 ESTUARY PROGRAM


                    The Delaware Estuary Program has supported an active tri-state
                    public involvement and education program since 1989. Fact
                    sheets, posters, workshops, presentations, and media coverage
                    have been used as ways to get our message across. Public
                    meetings, activities funded by mini-grants, and the establishment
                    of a Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC) have been some of the
                    ways we have sought to achieve public involvement.

                    An important milestone of
                    the program has been the
                    official     recognition         of                                    '@S@NG JL1R RESOURCES
                                                                                                                   D1=
                    Delaware Bay wetlands as                                       P=ST To PROTECT THE ENVIRONMIENT
                    internationally important,
                    also known as the Ramsar
                    Convention.                    The
                    Delaware Bay system Is
                    the       United          States'
                    eleventh Ramsar site, and              P19MM
                    the first Ramsar site to               I
                                                                                     Delmarva
                    include privately owned                I
                    wetlands.                     The
                    international        recognition
                    that     this       designation
                    brings will help focus
                    attention on the Estuary's
                    unique and irreplaceable               Figure 46.    Delmarva Power booth       at Festuary 1993:     A  celebration of
                    resources.                             the Delaware Estuary. Over 3,000 people attended the event at Delaware City and
                                                           Fort Delaware State Park, DE, and Fort Mott State Park, NJ. Delmarva Power helped to
                                                           plan and sponsor Festuary.
                    If you understand the
                    Estuary's water quality
                    problems and possible solutions, you can make informed choices
                    about its protection. But ultimately, if you understand how you fit
                    into the ecosystem, you would make responsible, appropriate
                    lifestyle choices. Information is only one step in an educational
                    continuum involving understanding, awareness, stewardship, new
                    skills, behavioral changes, empowerment, and action.                                The
                    Delaware Estuary's public involvement program sought to
                    maximize our effectiveness and to avoid duplication of other
                    groups' efforts.         We saw our most useful role as providing
                    coordination and filling gaps that we identified in estuarine
                    education.









                    220                                                                                            January 1995









                                                                    EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT

             B. Analysis of Existing Programs

             We began our analysis of existing programs by stating our
             educational priorities. We believe that increased awareness and
             understanding leads to increased      stewardship of    the Estuary's
             resources. The    public  should be   educated    about the following
             priority issues:


                              How individual actions can help or hurt the Estuary

                              The Estuary as a functional unit

                              Use of indigenous plants

                              Harvestable finfish and shellfish

                              Migratory populations, including waterfowl,     songbirds, raptors, and
                              invertebrates

                              Estuarine-dependent mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

                              Wetlands values and functions

                              Biodiversity and ecological balance
                              
                              The benefits of beaches and dunes, and the ecological value of
                              shoreline and littoral habitat

                              The relationship of sediment and dredging to water quality and
                              flooding


                              Land use


                              Toxics


                              Sustainable development



             We then surveyed existing         public education     and outreach
             programs in the three states.        We discovered     that there are
             numerous public and private groups in the watershed area that are
             addressing the issues we deemed important. Many of our CAC
             and Public Participation Task Force (PPTF) members are active in




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               other groups who are doing important environmental work. We
               rely on their valuable input regarding conferences and publications
               that are being planned.        A listing of some of the major
               environmental education organizations in the Delaware Estuary
               region follows:


                  NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:                        STATE INFORMATION SOURCES:

                  Academy of Natural Sciences                    Delaware
                  Concern, Inc.                                  Department of Natural Resources
                  League of Women Voters                           and Environmental Control
                  National Institute for Urban Wildlife          Delaware Cooperative Extension
                  National Wildlife Federation                   Delaware Nature Society
                  The Nature Conservancy                         University of Delaware Marine
                  Sierra Club                                      Communications Office
                  Water Environment Federation                   Soil Conservation Districts

                FEDERAL AGENCIES:                                Pennsylvania
                                                                 Department of Environmental
                U.S. Army Corps of Engineers                       Resources
                U.S. Environmental Protection    Agency          Pennsylvania Alliance for
                U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service                       Environmental Education
                                                                 Pennsylvania Cooperative Extension
                REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:                          Pennsylvania Environmental Council
                                                                 Pennsylvania Fish and Boat
                Delaware Bay Schooner     Project                  Commission
                Delaware Estuary Program                         Soil Conservation Districts
                Delaware River Basin Commission
                Riverkeeper Network/Watershed                   New Jersey
                  Association of the Delaware River             Association of New Jersey
                Water Resources Association of the               Environmental Commissions
                  Delaware River Basin                          Cape May Bird Observatory
                                                                Department of Environmental
                                                                 Protection
                                                                New Jersey Audubon Society
                                                                New Jersey Cooperative Extension
                                                                New Jersey Sea Grant
                                                                New Jersey State Aquarium
                                                                The Wetlands Institute
                                                                Soil Conservation Districts









               222                                                                       January 1995









                                                                  EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


             Once compiled, we analyzed this list and concluded that many of
             these organizations target a specific geographic area, or focus on
             a specific issue. As a regional organization that represents many
             interests throughout the Estuary, the Delaware Estuary Program
             has a unique role as a coordinator of a network of complementary,
             overlapping interests.    We can fill gaps through sharing and
             disseminating information and resources. We are also the only
             organization that promotes the CCMP and its implementation.

             We have devised a public education strategy that provides for
             different levels of involvement. If another group is addressing an
             issue adequately, we will help to promote and publicize its efforts.
             Many of our fact sheets and newsletter articles have spotlighted
             work being done by both organizations and individuals in the
             region.                                                                     The Delaware
                                                                                         Estuary
             If a group needs financial or logistical assistance we will try to          Program
             provide it. We have assisted many such efforts through our mini-            believes that
             grant program. Sometimes a relatively small amount of money is              all citizens
             all that is needed to help an organization to continue its work, or         should have,
             to re-print a valuable publication and make it available to a wider         within driving
             audience. Only as a last resort, if we identify an educational need         distance of
                                                                                         their homes,
             that no one else is addressing, then the Delaware Estuary Program           opportunities
             will undertake the task.                                                    to have
                                                                                         hands-on
             As an example of our strategy, the Delaware Estuary Program                 educational
             sponsored a forum on the Salem nuclear generating station. This             activities
             was successful in part because we had four co-sponsors. We                  relating to the
             later considered sponsoring a similar forum on the main channel             Estuary.
             deepening, but when we learned that another group was planning
             such a forum, we publicized their effort rather than compete with
             them.


             The Delaware Estuary Program believes that all citizens should
             have, within driving distance of their homes, opportunities to have
             hands-on educational activities relating to the Estuary. These
             hands-on    activities include floating classrooms,           outdoor
             classrooms, guided walks, and opportunities for public access.
             The states sponsor many of these interactive programs. Again,
             the Delaware Estuary Program's strategy provides for a variety of
             responses: first we promote existing programs; secondly, we
             seek to influence existing programs to change or broaden their
             focus to incorporate estuarine issues; and -finally, we encourage
             the creation of new programs, when appropriate.






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             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                C. Why an Education and Involvement Strategy
                       is Needed


                Citizens need to better understand how their individual voice is
                crucial and how they can help to influence policy decisions
                affecting the Estuary. They also need facts about the extent to
                which a healthy estuarine area provides recreation and supports
                our industries, and how each Person's individual actions can affect
                the environment. Also, it is necessary to raise general awareness
                about the Estuary itself, as well as create a specific awareness of
                the Delaware Estuary Program.

                There is a lot of information to present. To disseminate these
                messages efficiently, a customized approach to public outreach
                has been designed. The Program seeks to provide the general
                public with an awareness of environmental problems, while
                simultaneously approaching targeted audiences with the specific
                information that the Program feels is important regarding wise use
                and management of their businesses, their farms, their boats, and
                their waterfront property. The main groups are as follows:

                General public.      Citizens will implement the Plan through
                household practices, lifestyle changes, and voting. The ongoing
                program will continue
                to communicate with
                the   general     public,
                both    directly     and
                through the media, to
                act in an environ-
                mentally responsible
                manner and to provide
                political and consumer
                spending support for                    -0,
                Estuary clean-up and
                protection.                       Ji

                Students,      including
                                                         4.
                elementary, second-
                ary, and college levels     i
                will    be      reached
                through      curriculum
                development          and    Figure 47. Norbury's Landing, NJ. Teachers attending an environmental workshop
                                            with the Wetlands Institute on a field trip to observe the spring horseshoe crab/shorebird
                through laws such as        migration on Delaware Bay. (Photo: Bill Buchanan)
                the       Pennsylvania




                224                                                                          January 1995









                                                                   EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


             Environmental Education Act. Signed in June 1993, this Act
             requires that the Departments of Education and Environmental
             Resources develop and implement environ-mental education
             programs. Five percent of monies collected from the Pennsylvania
             Department of Environmental Resources' pollution fines and
             penalties will be deposited into an environmental education fund
             which will be used to support new environmental education
             programs and to provide grants to schools and organizations.

             Targeted user groups. Certain groups need to get specialized
             messages because their actions may have a disproportionate
             impact on a particular resource of the Estuary. These groups need
             to be encouraged to take an active role in implementation of the
             Plan. The outreach tools identified in this Action Plan will be used
             to reach these groups.         Each year, the Delaware Estuary
             Foundation will set priority issues and corresponding target
             audiences (See Action E9).

             Idar            Industries and manufacturing enterprises should be
                             assisted in implementing best management
                             practices and best available technologies which
                             focus on controlling impacts at the source. Such
                             practices can include constructing basins to capture
                             storm water, substituting a more benign raw
                             material for a toxic one, reusing and recycling
                             materials and water, and improving treatment of
                             wastewater.


             Idni-           The way that farmers select and grow crops,
                             manage irrigation, use pesticides and other
                             chemicals, and care for their land can have a
                             significant impact on the Estuary and its watershed
                             and on the future quality and quantity of the water
                             supply.

                             Construction of homes, offices, and large scale
                             developments poses potentially significant problems
                             in land use and impacts to habitat and water
                             quality. Construction can be scheduled to minimize
                             soil erosion. Selection of b'uilding sites, location of
                             septic systems, and installation of trenches, check
                             dams, and filter structures, can all minimize
                             environmental impacts.







                                                                                                    225




             9 VION
             Or DRAFT CCMP
             5ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               ,dMJ-          Waterfront landowners, realtors, home builders,
                              and coastal communities need to be better
                              informed about the benefits of alternative forms of
                              shoreline protection, in replacing bulkheads and
                              protecting eroded shoreline, and the potential
                              effects to their property due to sea level rise.

               Idmil          Just by changing their oil or painting their boats,
                              anglers and boaters can inadvertently pollute the
                              very waters that make boating here so enjoyable.
                              These audiences should receive messages about
                              the careful selection of boat paints, techniques for
                              scraping boat bottoms, discharging tank wastes,
                              and slowing down as they approach the shore.

               mdbr           Aff Delaware Estuary Citizens need to get accurate
                              fish advisory information so they can enjoy eating
                              seafood safely.

               ,dMJ'          Government officials, on all levels, need to better
                              understand    how their     actions    impact the
                              environment and how they can help implement the
                              Delaware Estuary Plan.

               D.    Public Education Activities


               Since   1991, many of the program's activities have been
               conducted by the Pennsylvania Environmental Council (PEC) and
               the Association of New Jersey Environmental Commissions
               (ANJEC). The program has been enhanced and reinforced by
               PEC/ANJEC's individual programs.

               The task force considers these ongoing public education activities
               valuable and worthwhile, and recommends their continuation.

               ldnj@          NEWSLETTER
                              "Estuary News," the program newsletter, is sent
                              quarterly to over 10,000 subscribers. Three to
                              four thousand additional copies of each issue are
                              distributed at locations such as the New Jersey
                              Aquarium and the Cape May Ferry, and at public
                              events.








               226                                                                     January 1995









                                                              EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT



           1111111114-    FACT SHEETS
                          Ten fact sheets have been issued, with over
                          50,000 copies in circulation to libraries, educational
                          institutions, nonprofit groups, and the general
                          public. They summarize research results of the
                          Delaware Estuary Program and provide pertinent
                          information for concerned citizens.


                          PUBLIC ACCESS GUIDE
                          Forty thousand copies of "The Delaware Estuary
                          Public Access Guide" were produced and
                          distributed in cooperation with a regional power
                          utility, whose mention of the guide in its monthly
                          billings resulted in hundreds of phone calls.






                                                          The
                                             Ak           Delaware
                                                          Estuary
                                                          Public
                                                          Access
                                                          Guide










                          Figure 48. The Delaware Estuary Public Access Guide Cover






                                                                                            227




              go
              Or DRAFT CCMP
              5ELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 ,4111111111t    MAP POSTER
                                 A popular poster produced by the U.S. Fish &
                                 Wildlife Service has been widely distributed. It
                                 features a map of the Estuary and photographs of
                                 key species.


                                 SPEAKERS BUREAU/ESTUARY DISPLAYS
                                 PEC/ANJEC staff and many task force members
                                 have made over 100 presentations, speaking about
                                 the Estuary to Rotary and Kiwanis clubs, wildlife
                                 clubs, senate and, congressional subcommittees,
                                 education associations, and university and high
                                 school classes. Traveling displays have been set up
                                 and staffed at a variety of trade shows and
                                 conferences in the area.





                                          P.,
                                   Q







                       J








                 Figure 49. Program booth at the 1994 Delaware River Days at Penn's Landing,
                 Philadelphia, PA. Over 15,000people visited the booth to hear aboutDelaware River and Bay
                 history from Stacey Roth and David Emerson.



                                 MEDIA OUTREACH
                                 The Program's media outreach,. strategy includes
                                 public service announcements, cable and public
                                 television    coverage,       press'    releases,       and
                                 contributions to area n   ewspapers.






                 228                                                                              January 1995









                                                                EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


             ,Abu           "800" TELEPHONE NUMBER
                            Over 5000 people per year call the toll free
                            Program-information telephone line to request
                            publications, to get information about regional
                            events, and to establish a personal connection to
                            the program.


                            CORPORATE OUTREACH
                            The Program's corporate outreach strategy has
                            included contacts with Public Service Electric and
                            Gas, Atlantic Electric, Delmarva Power and Light,
                            and the Campbell Soup Company. These contacts
                            led to articles on the Program in employee
                            newsletters, articles in company newsletters
                            accompanying monthly utility bills, and full funding
                            of the design and production of 40,000 Program
                            bumper stickers.


                            RADIO ANNOUNCEMENTS
                            Radio announcements are produced quarterly
                            through the University of Delaware Sea Grant
                            College

                            SLIDE SHOW VIDEO
                            A seven-minute program video, "Where the River
                            Meets the Sea," was produced.


             MINI-GRANT PROGRAM


             Small projects are funded through the mini-grant program which
             offers individual grants of up to $5000 each. Organizations and
             individuals receive grants to work on projects that increase public
             awareness of the Estuary or increase participation in efforts to          Forty mini-
             address problems. Since its inception in 1991, 40 grants have             grants have
             been awarded for a total of $156,200. Activities funded through           been awarded
             the mini-grant program vary, but all multiply the number of people        since 1991,
             educated about the importance of the Estuary and unify the                for a total of
             organizers and participants in efforts to enhance and protect the         $156,200.
             Estuary and its resources.

             The following are some of the activities funded through mini-
             grants that have been particularly innovative:

             The Friends of Pennypack Park and the Philadelphia Water
             Department received a joint grant to fund a stormwater sewer





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             for DRAFT CCMP
             DELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                pollution prevention pilot project. The project included surveying
                local households, painting stencils on storm drains, and
                distributing door hangers explaining the project..       The second
                survey showed an improvement in public awareness of storm
                water pollution prevention.

                Finn-Tech Industries, and then Limuli Laboratories, have been
                awarded grants to train volunteers and to conduct an annual
                horseshoe crab census.


                The Gloucester City
                (New        Jersey)                         V47M
                C o m m u n i t y
                D e v e I o p m e n t
                Program     held     a
                science   fair    and
                festival   i n  May
                1992, attended by
                over 300 students
                from seven loca                                                                     tn
                schools and 200
                parents, teachers,
                and       interested
                neighbors.        The
                event was held in
                                                                        7
                Proprietors Park, an
                important      public
                access site recently
                established     with    Figure 50. Horseshoe Crab Census, Moore's Beach, NJ. Irv Palmer W and Peter
                Green         Acres     Himchak (R) work on 1994 horseshoe crab census. Palmer is an education specialist at the NJ
                funding   from the      State Aquarium and also helps to bleed horseshoe crabs at Limuli Lab. Himchak is with the
                State      of   New     NJDEP Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. Both volunteered for the census. (Photo: Bill
                Jersey.                 Buchanan)

                The Nature Conservancy in Pennsylvania was awarded a grant for
                its Bristol Marsh Education and Restoration Program.               This
                program focused on improving habitat protection in this rare
                freshwater tidal marsh in an urban and industrial setting.


                ACTION PLAN DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS


                The Delaware Estuary Program identified several local problems
                that could be address  ed quickly through demonstration projects.
                These action plan demonstration projects are designed to get





                230                                                                          January 1995









                                                                EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


            experience in problem identification and solution implementation
            on a small scale, and to provide a basis on which cost and time
            requirements for larger projects and the CCR4P as a whole may be
            based. The projects which were chosen addressed problems
            relating to nonpoint source pollution, local waterway management
            and planning, seafood production, and endangered species habitat.

            One particularly successful project, the Red Clay Creek Project,
            involved the development of best management practices for
            reducing nonpoint source pollution generated by growing
            mushrooms, a major agricultural business in Pennsylvania. The
            Red Clay Creek is a major tributary of the Christina River and is a
            source of drinking water for the city of Wilmington. With a
            $142,000 grant from the program and a $4-7,333 county match,
            the project was able to control runoff with a few relatively simple
            measures.















                                      A
                                A
                              FW0,1 Wr
                                                     g



                                            'z







            Figure 51. An Action Plan Demonstration Project at Red Clay Creek involved the
            development of BMPs for reducing pollution associated with growing mushrooms.


            The success of this project has led to the development of water
            quality management plans for 20 other agricultural operations in
            the watershed. Tours of the three participating farms are given on
            a regular basis, and the success of the best management practices
            has been written about in several newspapers and magazines. Of
            equal importance, the project has significantly improved working
            relationships among county officials and farmers.






                                                                                               231




             QQ
             IMF DRAFT CCMP
             DELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                E.     Public Involvement in the Program

                The CAC represents a broad spectrum of major users and interest
                groups of the Estuary. The membership includes representatives               CAC
                of industry, municipalities, civic associations, and environmental           members
                groups from all three states. As a direct link between the general           keep their
                public and the study managers, the CAC is part of the formal                 constituents
                structure of the Program. CAC members keep their constituents                informed of
                informed of estuarine issues and progress, and, in return, make              estuarine
                the concerns of their members known to the Program staff. They               issues and
                debate, draft, and review the policies that become the framework             progress,
                for the CCMP. The organizations represented in the CAC have a                and, in
                strong voice when acting together to protect and restore the                 return, make
                Estuary.                                                                     the concerns
                                                                                             of their
                Following the release of the Preliminary Conservation and                    members
                Management Plan (PCMP) in 1992, the program made a concerted                 known to the
                effort to explain the issues and receive input from the public.              Program
                                                                                             staff.
                Press releases were mailed, a concise summary of the PCMP was
                distributed, a public comment guide was prepared, a special issue
                of the newsletter was mailed to 9,000 individuals and groups, and
                eight public meetings were organized around the Estuary so that
                individuals would have the opportunity to provide crucial input to
                the process.



























                232                                                                         January 1995









                                                                         EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT

                                               Recommendations


              Proposed actions provide opportunities for public education about the Estuary and
              community involvement, at the individual and organizational levels, in carrying out
              activities. All of the following public education and involvement actions will be used
              to further the goals and objectives of the Delaware Estuary Foundation and the
              Delaware Estuary Council.           These two organizations will use these actions to
              disseminate information on their activities, new research findings, proposed policies,
              how individuals can help to implement CCMP actions, the status of CCMP
              implementation, and to provide information on how individuals can become involved
              in commenting on or participating in developing and implementing Council and
              Foundation plans and activities.

              The philosophy of the Delaware Estuary Program is to build partnerships and focus the
              creative energies and talents of individuals and organizations throughout the region in
              addressing these identified needs. Sustainable development is a major theme of the
              program and will be addressed, as appropriate, in all of the proposed actions. All
              paper products will be printed on recyclable paper and, to the extent possible,
              products will be available electronically and at       resource centers for on-site use.



                                 ... .........


                                                                                                         ...........  ......
                                                                                                           .................

                                                                                              ....... . .
                                             .............. . .                                 . . . .........




                    ACTION               RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                  DATE            RESOURCE
                                                                                                  NEEDS

                 ACTION El:,         Lead. Delaware Estuary                 Short-term       Approximately
                 Existing Public     Foundation w/ advisory                                  $200,000 per
                 Participation       committee input; products to be                         year
                 Program             developed by Foundation or
                                     others

























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             OF DRAFT CCMP
             6EL N"ARL



                What and How: The Delaware Estuary Program initiated a public participation program
                in 1989. The Public Participation Program is described in detail at the beginning of
                this chapter. The following activities will continue to be meaningful after the CCIVIP
                is completed:


                     -.>   "Estuary News" newsletter              <>    Radio actualities (pre-recorded
                     <>    Mailing list maintenance                     public service messages)
                           A speakers bureau                            Corporate outreach
                     <>    Mini-grants                                  Media outreach
                           Updates of slide shows and                   Displays
                           videos                                       Toll-free telephone line
                           Bi-annual reports                      -0@   Fact sheets
                     0-    Updates of existing public                   Existing posters
                           access guide




                The components should not be funded separately; together, they form an integrated
                public education program. The $200,000 per year estimate would include the salary
                of a public participation coordinator who would convene an advisory committee to
                provide input on all public participation activities. Subcontractors may be used to
                complete individual tasks. The States of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
                should commit to funding this item and participating on the advisory committee.
                Federal agencies, local governments, and stakeholder organizations should also be
                involved on the advisory committee. Efforts should be made to enhance existing
                activities with similar purposes before initiating new activities. All activities included
                under this action should be used to reach the targeted audiences identified in Action
                E9.


                Measure of Success:



                                  *   5 to 10% increase in mailing list annually
                                  <>  Requests for 15 to 20 speakers annually
                                  *   Public demand for printed materials
                                  *   100 calls to the toll-free number per month
                                  *   A media story on the Estuary each month
                                  4-  Continued interest in the mini-grant program








                234                                                                        January 1995









                                                                                               EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT




                                                                                                    ......              . .......     .....
                                                                                                                              ..........
                                                                                                           d".W: "'k:*::,h"":,:,:*:$@@@@@..@"%
                                                                            Y ftbA           erings
                                      . ..........
                                 .:A j.
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                          ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                   NEEDS

                     ACTION E2:                  Lead: Delaware Estuary                                Short-term             $500 per
                     Public Meetings             Foundation in partnership with                                               workshop/
                     and Workshops               other organizations                                                          forum


                  What and How. This action recommends continuation of public forums to discuss
                  issues of importance to the Delaware Estuary, attending public meetings and
                  workshops to promote Estuary issues, and sponsoring workshops to educate and train
                  targeted groups on particular issues of interest relating to the Estuary. Public forums
                  would be organized by the Foundation, either independently or in conjunction with
                  other interested parties on an as-needed basis to be determined by the Foundation
                  Board. Foundation staff and volunteers would attend targeted public meetings and
                  workshops sponsored by other organizations, including, but not limited to, town
                  council meetings, conferences, and seminars in order to promote Estuary issues of
                  interest to the audience at each meeting. In addition, three teacher workshops would
                  be sponsored (one in each state) per year by the Foundation, and the Foundation
                  would work with other educational organizations to incorporate Delaware Estuary
                  Program material into existing teacher workshops.

                  Measure of Success: 100 people attended the Salem Nuclear Power Plant mitigation
                  discussion sponsored by Delaware Estuary Program; attendance at future public
                  forums should be similar. Attendance by 20 educators at each educator workshop.
                  Commitment for change by audiences at workshops and forums.





















                                                                                                                                               235









                                                        DRAFT CCIVIP
                                 DELAWARE
                                 ESTUARY PROGRAM




                                                                                                           ............................
                                                                                           ............. :.
                                                                                                                    . .............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ............


                                                                           . . ...... ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ..........
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                                                                                                                                                                   . ........
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                                                                                                                                                                                                            -XX-X-
                                                                                                                                                             .. . ...........                               ..    . .. ..-  .. ....
                                                                                                                                                                             . . . .                        ........ ..
                                                                                                                                                                ............ .:          . ...............
                                                                                                                                                             ... ............. ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ... ..............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ...........
                                                                                                                                                . . . . . ... .....                                                                                        . .........
                                                                                                                                                                .............
                                            X',
                                          X                                                       .. .   .    :.:. ..  .         ...        .......                                 ....... ...                                     .. . . ....... ....




                                                    ACTION                                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                   DATE                                 RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    NEEDS

                                            ACTION E3:                                    Lead: Delaware Estuary                                                                   Short-term                            Approximately
                                            Annual Events                                 Foundation                                                                                                                     $25,000 per
                                                                                          Partners: Appropriate public and                                                                                               year to cover
                                                                                          private entities                                                                                                               event expenses,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         including staff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         time, comfort
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         stations, ferry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         service, trash
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         collection,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         rentals, etc_.1

                                       What and How. Festivals designed to draw people to the waterfront would be
                                       hosted/sponsored annually by the Delaware Estuary Foundation, with the goal of
                                       providing at least one event within an hour's drive from all areas in the Estuary. Each
                                       festival would have an Estuary theme and offer hands-on activities, resource-related
                                       educational materials and displays, and opportunities for involvement and participation.
                                       The Delaware Estuary Program has instituted such an event (Festuary), as has the
                                       University of Delaware (Coast Day), the Delaware Bay Schooner Project (Bay Day),
                                       and Penn's Landing (River Days). The Foundation should continue Festuary and
                                       provide input/assistance as needed for other ongoing events, as well as institute new
                                       events as the need arises.


                                       The Delaware Estuary Foundation should establish a steering committee to plan and
                                       oversee festival activities. The States of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania,
                                       appropriate local governments, site representatives, and other interested groups should
                                       participate on the steering committee, as well as provide displays or presentations at
                                       the event. Corporate sponsors should be sought to offset expenses. The focus of the
                                       event should be primarily educational and should highlight the natural resources and
                                       uses of the Estuary.

                                       Measure of Success: Annual increases in attendance. Increases in participation in
                                       planning and sponsorship of the event from Estuary stakeholders. Increases in media
                                       coverage.









                                       236                                                                                                                                                                                      January 1995









                                                                                               EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT



                                                                                                             .............
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                               N.  - E. -4
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                          ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE              RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                    NEEDS

                     ACTION E4:                 Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Short-term           $2500to
                     Educational                Partners: Appropriate public and                                              print
                     Initiatives in             private entities                                                              materials per
                     Support of the                                                                                           year
                     Land
                     Management
                     Action Plan


                   What and How: This action provides for development and distribution of mini-
                   courses/material for the general public, college-level classes, or professional courses
                   (and workshops for targeted audiences) that explain land use management decision-
                   making processes, management techniques for each of the major cities and all of the
                   counties in the Estuary watershed, and the opportunities for public involvement in
                   these processes, and how local residents can contribute to the control of nonpoint
                   source pollution. The Delaware Estuary Foundation should work with state and local
                   organizations, whenever possible, on the mini-courses to maximize resources and
                   eliminate possible duplication of effort. Existing materials should be evaluated for
                   adaptation and use before new materials are developed.

                   Measure of Success: Attendance of ten individuals at each mini-course. Need to
                   reprint materials annually.























                                                                                                                                              237








                                                                                      DRAFT CCMP
                                                   5-E-LAWARE
                                                    EMARY PROGRAM




                                                                                                                                                                                                   ...............                                                                                                                                        ...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ...... . . . . ... .
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                                                                                                                                                                                     ..........                                  ... .......... .
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  . ...............................................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ...........................................                :.: ..............
                                                                                                                                        .......      ....                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ..............
                                                                                                                                  ..........                                                                                                                                  ............                                                                ......................                  ...............
                                                                                                                   ...... . ..............                                                                                        ..........       .                                                                                         .....        ................       ............................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ....................                                                                    ..........................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ......................................               "*.*,.*, * 1. 1.". 1.*1."1.'1.-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .........................
                                                                                                                                  ...........                                                                                                                                       ..... .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ....             ..........................
                                                                                                                                                               40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .......................                            .....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ..........................              : : :::     ....
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                                                                                 ACTION                                                                 RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                                                                 DATE                                                         RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                NEEDS

                                                                    ACTION E5:                                                              Lead. Delaware Estuary                                                                                                                 Short-term                                                $ 5000 to print
                                                                    Educational                                                             Foundation                                                                                                                                                                                       materials or
                                                                    Initiatives in                                                          Partners: Appropriate public and                                                                                                                                                                 produce public
                                                                    Support of                                                              private entities                                                                                                                                                                                 service
                                                                    Water Use                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                announcements
                                                                    Action Plan                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              annually


                                                            What and How: This action provides for the development and distribution of materials
                                                            and public service announcements for the general public (and workshops for targeted
                                                            audiences) that explain the water budget for the Estuary and its tributaries, water
                                                            quality conditions at primary-contact recreation areas, how boater behavior can affect
                                                            the Estuary, the need and economic benefits of water conservation, the impact of
                                                            stream flow diminution on water supplies and living resources, the value of maritime
                                                            commerce to the region, the potential beneficial uses and impacts of dredged spoils,
                                                            how certain land use practices can impact water quality, and low-impact public use
                                                            of recreational resources. Other activities, such as educational signs at recreational
                                                            areas and boat ramps, should also be considered. The Delaware Estuary Foundation
                                                            should work with state and local organizations, whenever possible, on producing
                                                            materials and workshops to maximize resources and eliminate possible duplication of
                                                            effort. Existing materials should be evaluated for adaptation and use before new
                                                            materials are developed.

                                                            Measure of Success: To satisfy demand, 20,000 Delaware Estuary Program public
                                                            access guides are printed per year. Responses to surveys indicate an increase in use
                                                            of water conservation measures.



















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                                                                  EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT



              A C TION E6.          Develop Educational Mitiatives in Support of the Habitat
                                   and Living Resources Action Plan




                  ACTION             RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                DATE          RESOURCE
                                                                                   i      NEEDS

              ACTION E&          Leads: DNREC, NJDEP, PAIDER         Short-term      Approximately
              Educational        Partners: Appropriate private                       $10,000 per
              Initiatives in     and public educational                              year per state
              Support of the     institutions
              Habitat and
                iving
              Resources
              Action Plan


            What and How: Curricula, mini-courses, portable displays, and activity kits would be
            developed that increase awareness and understanding of:
            Courses should be targeted for school children, grades K-college, educators, and the



              ,dnj- The importance of harvestable finfish and shellfish and their ecological
                       requirements;

              ,maj,    Wetlands values and functions;

              ,dag-    Shoreline values and their protection;

              .,dgor   Watershed-scale approaches to conserving biodiversity; and

              ,dMj-    The Delaware Estuary as a functional unit and how individual actions
                       affect estuarine resources.




            public. Subjects will be identified in Needs Assessments conducted by State Aquatic
            Resources Education Programs. The portable displays and activity kits should be
            available to loan out to environmental educators in each state. Also training and
            in-service programs should be developed for teachers and workshops should be
            conducted for targeted audiences. State agencies should work with state and local
            educational organizations, such as the departments of public instruction, science
            teacher associations, and environmental education associations, whenever possible,
            to ensure coordination with established curricula and to avoid duplication of effort.





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             E@-ELAV.' 1@14 E



               Existing materials should be evaluated for adaptation and use before new materials are
               developed.

               Measure of Success: Attendance by 20 educators at each mini-course and demand
               for additional mini-courses on the items listed above. Ten or more requests to borrow
               displays and activity kits per year.


                 ACTION E7:           Develop Educational Initiatives in Support of the Toxics
                                      Action Plan





                     ACTION              RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                 DATE          RESOURCE
                                                                                              NEEDS

                 ACTION E7:         Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation       Short-term     $2000to
                 Educational        Partners: Appropriate public and                      print material
                 Initiatives in     private entities                                      per year
                 Support of the
                 Toxics Action
                 Plan


               What and How:     Using various educational tools (newsletters, workshops, etc.), the
               Delaware Estuary Foundation should develop and implement a strategy for educating
               the public and targeted audiences on:



                ,dej- The proper use and disposal of household hazardous wastes;

                ,djj-    The proper use and disposal of agricultural pesticides;

                ,dmj-    The proper use and disposal of industrial/commercial hazardous wastes;

                ,dmj-    Any fish consumption advisories in the Estuary;

                ,40X-    Less hazardous and reduced chemical farming practices; and

                ,dbr     Non-toxic or less toxic alternatives to household hazardous substances.



               The Delaware Estuary Foundation should work with state and local organizations,
               whenever possible, on educational materials and programs to maximize resources and





               240                                                                         January 1995









                                                                EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


             eliminate possible duplication of effort. Existing materials should be evaluated for
             adaptation and use before new materials are developed.

             Measure of Success: Reduction of pesticides in sediment, water, and biota. Increases
             in quantities of pesticides received by collection programs. Increases in number and
             frequency of household hazardous waste collection programs in each county.
             Increases in level of involvement by public.



                                                                                    ... ... .. ..
                                                                                  ..... ....
                                                                                    . .........
                                                               A Nji,




                  ACTION           RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES             DATE           RESOURCE
                                                                                     NEEDS

               ACTION E8:        Lead.- Delaware Estuary          Initiate in  Supplies &
               Public Attitude   Foundation                       1995;        materials $5,000
               Surveys                                            every five
                                                                  years
                                                                  thereafter


             What and How: The Delaware Estuary Foundation should publish a public attitude
             survey during 1995 (6th year of program). This will establish a baseline of public
             knowledge about the Estuary.' It will also quantify the public's stated willingness to
             change individual behavior to help improve the Estuary. Eleven thousand surveys
             would be distributed in the newsletter. Another 11,000 surveys should be distributed
             through other vehicles. Every five years thereafter, the Delaware Estuary Foundation
             should repeat the survey to measure attitude changes.

             Measure of Success: An increase in public knowledge and concern for the Estuary as
             indicated by each 5-year survey.





















                                                                                                241




                    QQ
                    Be DRAFT CCIVIP
                    5ELAWARE
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM




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                               ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                        NEEDS

                          ACTION E9:                 Lead. Delaware Estuary Foundation                       Annually               Covered
                          Target                                                                                                    under El
                          Audiences


                       What and How. Each year the Delaware Estuary Foundation will determine which of
                       the Plan's recommendations should be implemented. This decision would lead to a
                       determination of educational messages and targeted audiences.                                                  The priority
                       educational messages would then become the themes of the newsletter, press
                       releases, workshops, and other educational activities described in this chapter. The
                       public education and outreach staff would determine the best methods to get these
                       messages to the targeted audiences.

                       Measure of Success: The measures of success are covered by the other action items.


                                                                                                                                 ..........
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                                                                                                                    ...... .. ..




                               ACTION                     RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                   RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                      NEEDS

                          ACTION E 10:               Lead. Delaware Estuary                             Short-term             Approximately
                          Ecolourism in              Foundation                                                                $ 10,000 per
                          the Estuarine              Partners: Appropriate state and                                           year per state
                          Region                     local entities


                       What and How: Delaware Estuary Foundation staff should work with tourism offices
                       and economic development interests to provide information on ecotourism
                       opportunities and barriers and to include opportunities in tourism advertisements and
                       information packets.

                       Local officials and land owners should be involved in the development of any
                       ecotourism materials that would bring tourists to their areas, to determine which areas
                       should be targeted for tourism and which areas should be preserved for undisturbed
                       habitat.






                       242                                                                                                          January 1995









                                                                  EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


             Measure of Success. Information included in tourism advertisements and information
             packets. Increase in sales and other revenues accruing to local businesses stemming
             from the increase in ecotourism. Development of the infrastructure to meet the needs
             of tourists and construction of visitor centers, marine facilities, and recreational
             facilities.



                                                                      .................
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                  ACTION              RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                 DATE         RESOURCE
                                                                                          NEEDS

               ACTION Ell 1:     Lead: State natural resources          Short-term     $25,000 per
               Citizen           agencies                                              year per state
               Monitoring        Partners: USEPA, DRBC
               Data and Use
               of Best
               Availabl
               Technology


             What and How: The Delaware Estuary Program has identified specific monitoring
             needs and objectives. Citizen monitoring of water quality, species diversity and
             density, and habitat quality should be used wherever possible to fulfill these
             monitoring needs and objectives. Monitoring results (synthesized data, trend analysis)
             would be publicized in the Program newsletter.

             Staff from DNREC, PADER, and NJDEP should work with existing groups who are
             organizing citizen monitoring programs throughout the Estuary, such as the
             Riverkeeper Network, Delaware Stream Watch, Stroud Water Lab, and the Watershed
             Association's monitoring program, and encourage the use of best available technology
             for monitoring activities.

             Measure of Success: Creation of an open exchange among the various citizen
             monitoring programs. Generation of data that is actively used by management
             agencies and improved standardization of methods among citizen monitoring groups.













                                                                                                   243




                   QQ
                   or DRAFT CCIVIP
                   RELAWARE
                   ESTUARY PROGRAM




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                              ACTION                      RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                      NEEDS

                          ACTION El 2:              Lead: Delaware Estuary                                Short-term            Covered under
                          "Hands-On"                Foundation                                                                  El
                          Educational               Partners: Appropriate public and
                          Activities and            private entities
                           olunteer
                          Stewardship
                          Opportunities


                       What and How. Foundation staff should work to incorporate Delaware Estuary
                       information into existing hands-on and volunteer programs, promote participation in
                       existing programs, and encourage development of new programs where none exist.
                       A first step to implementing this recommendation would be to prepare an inventory
                       of existing programs and determine spatial gaps in offerings. Examples of volunteer
                       stewardship opportunities include the horseshoe crab census, river cleanups, and
                       adopt-a-wetland programs.

                       Measure of Success:                    Offering of one or more hands-on activities/volunteer
                       opportunities at locations within 10 miles of all elementary and secondary schools in
                       the estuarine basin.



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                              ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                  DATE             RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                       NEEDS

                          ACTION E 13:              Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Short-term           Covered
                          Floating                  Partners: Appropriate public and                                              under El
                          Classrooms                private entities


                       What and How. There are currently no educational programs that provide individuals
                       with environmental educational opportunities on the Estuary. The Delaware Estuary
                       Foundation should support efforts by other organizations to implement floating
                       classrooms that teach the public and targeted audiences about the Estuary.





                       244                                                                                                        January 1995










                                                                            EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT


               Measures of Success:           Having a floating classroom visit all interested coastal
               communities by May 1996.

               ACTION E14:    Develop and Publish Outreach Articles in Trade Magazines
                              and Journals


                     ACTION                RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                      DATE           RESOURCE
                                                                                                       NEEDS

                 ACTION E 14:         Lead. Delaware Estuary                     Short-term        Covered under
                 Outreach             Foundation                                                   El
                 Articles in          Partners: Appropriate public and
                 Trade                private entities
                 Magazines and
                 Journals

               What and How. This action provides for the development and p                 ublication of articles,
               in appropriate trade publications for targeted audiences, to explain specific
               management practices for reducing Pollution impacts to the Estuary, programs that
               have worked effectively in other states, and emerging estuarine resource issues. The
               Delaware Estuary Foundation should encourage editors of the targeted publications to
               either prepare appropriate articles or to publish articles submitted by the Foundation
               or state/local organizations.

               Measure of Success: Letters to the editors. in response to articles and three articles
               published every year.
























                                                                                                                 245
 









                                             DRAFT CCMP
                                             DELAWARE
                                             ESTUARY PROGRAM

                                             ACTION E15:    Meet the Demand for Existing and New Publications that
                                                            will Increase Public Awareness


                                                                     ACTION                                                           RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                                                  DATE                                     RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             NEEDS

                                                          ACTION El 5:                                                Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                                                                                            Mid-term                                          *See below
                                                          Production of                                               Partners: Appropriate public and
                                                          Public                                                      private entities
                                                          Education
                                                          Products

                                                   What and How. Several publications that would increase public awareness of the
                                                   Delaware Estuary should be produced; for example, an historical and cultural guide
                                                   is a missing and necessary component of the Program, which could provide a different
                                                   approach to reach target audiences. Other items might include: a calendar of
                                                   photographs, paintings, or other artwork that highlights public events and Program
                                                   information; a pamphlet on activities that citizens can undertake to enhance the
                                                   environment; and a poster promoting a positive "vision" of the Estuary.                                                                                                                                                                                                                 All
                                                   publications should be produced in partnerships with appropriate organizations. For
                                                   example, the calendar should be produced in association with regional art leagues.
                                                   Federal, state, and local governments should provide technical advice and information
                                                   on historical and cultural sites in their jurisdiction. No publication should be initiated
                                                   until it is determined that similar publications do not exist.

                                                   * Resource Needs: Approximately $15,000 to develop the cultural and historical
                                                   resources guide and print 20,000 copies; approximately $10,000 to develop the
                                                   "What You Can Do" guide and print 20,000 copies; approximately $30,000 to
                                                   develop and print 10,000 calendars, which could be sold to reduce the cost;
                                                   approximately $15,000 to develop and print 20,000 posters. The publications should
                                                   be funded through donations, except for staff time spent providing technical advice
                                                   on the guide.

                                                   Measure of Success: Demand for the guides and poster requires reprinting every two
                                                   to three years. Demand for the calendar is sufficient to justify an annual printing.
                                                   Increased visits to historical and cultural sites by the public. Federal, state, and local
                                                   governments provide technical advice and information on historical and cultural sites
                                                   in their jurisdiction.









                                                   246                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               January 1995
 









                          ACTION E16:    Utilize Electronic Bulletin Boards to Disseminate Information                                                                                               EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT

                          ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE              RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                     ACTION El 6:               Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation                        Mid-term           Covered by
                     Electronic                                                                                             the RIMS
                     Bulletin Boards                                                                                        Action Plan
                     to Disseminate
                     Information


                  What and How. Electronic bulletin boards are becoming one of the easiest and most
                  cost effective ways of transferring information. Bulletin boards                                       provide a unique
                  access to individuals who might not have other opportunities to obtain information
                  about the Delaware Estuary. The Delaware Estuary Program hopes to establish a
                  Regional Information Management Service that will include an electronic bulletin board
                  (See Chapter IX). The Program should also contact and work with universities to
                  provide access to national and regional bulletin boards such as Internet, DNREC
                  On-Line, the Delaware Division of Public: Health's bulletin board, the Delaware
                  Department of Agriculture bulletin board, the South Jersey Resource Conservation and
                  Development District bulletin board, and the Nonpoint Source Pollution Bulletin Board.
                  Other bulletin boards would be investigated for their suitability. Access is both for the
                  Delaware Estuary Foundation and for other users.

                  Measure of Success: At least 50 requests for information are advertised on the
                  bulletin boards per month.























                                                                                                                                               247
 



                                       QQ
                                       Or DRAFT CCIVIP
                                       UE-LAWARE
                                       ffTUOY -PROMAM






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                                                             ACTION                                                RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                                                              DATE                                      RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       NEEDS

                                                   ACTION El 7:                                          Lead: Delaware Estuary                                                                                 Mid-term                              Approximately
                                                   Estuarine                                             Foundation                                                                                                                                   $30,000 the first
                                                   Resource                                                                                                                                                                                           year & $1,000
                                                   Sections Within                                                                                                                                                                                    thereafter.
                                                   Existing
                                                   Libraries and
                                                   Environmental
                                                   Centers


                                             What and How. The Delaware Estuary Program receives numerous requests for
                                             reports every month. Providing Estuary materials at strategic locations should be more
                                             cost effective than sending the materials out to individuals. Existing facilities should
                                             establish Estuarine Resource Sections to provide the public with information about the
                                             Estuary. The information should include all reports, videos, and other items published
                                             by the Delaware Estuary Program, a bibliography of other available scientific reports
                                             or literary works on the Estuary, and, where they are available, a list of resource
                                             people and a list of speakers. In addition, computer terminals should be available at
                                             the centers to provide access to RIMS and other information networks.

                                             Existing libraries and environmental centers should be contacted to determine if they
                                             would serve as a resources center. The regional community would participate in the
                                             selection of sites. Staff would be responsible for sending all information to the centers
                                             on a periodic basis. Availability of centers would be advertised through newsletters,
                                             public events, and press releases.

                                             Measure of Success: Establishment of six new Estuary Resource Sections. Reports
                                             from the centers that at least 10 people per month are using the materials.














                                             248                                                                                                                                                                                                                    January 1995









                                                                                                 EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT



                                                                       ................                                      ..... ::
                                           ............................                          ........ ....               ..... ....... .........................
                             .......               .......                                                                   ........
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                                                              ................                                       ... ...                ................
                                                                                                                          ................................ ...........




                            ACTION                      RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                     NEEDS

                      ACTION El 8:                 Lead. Local governments/sewer                          Mid-term             Less than
                      Storm Drain                  authorities                                                                 $ 5,000 per
                      Stenciling                   Partners: Environmental groups,                                             municipality
                      Programs                     civic associations                                                          ($10,000 per
                                                                                                                               year)


                   What and How. This action provides for a volunteer program; volunteers would use
                   stencils and spray paint at storm drains to convey the message that the storm drain
                   goes directly to the Estuary.                      Stenciling would be coupled with public service
                   announcements and educational materials that teach the public not to dump oil or
                   other wastes down storm drains.


                   Measure of Success: Implementation and maintenance (re-painting) of programs in
                   two municipalities per year.


                                                            .................. .......                    ..........
                                                                                                    ..........
                                                                                                                                        ..........
                                                                                                                                               ..........
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                                                                                         ................         ...    ...              - ---------




                            ACTION                      RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                   NEEDS

                      ACTION E19:                  Lead: Delaware Estuary                               Mid-term             Approximately
                      Educator                     Foundation                                                                $50,000 per
                      Briefings and                Partners: Appropriate public and                                          year should be
                      Challenge                    private entities                                                          made available
                      Grants for                                                                                             in grants;
                      Schools                                                                                                $25,000 per
                                                                                                                             year to
                                                                                                                             administer the
                                                                                                                             program


                   What and How: The Delaware Estuary Foundation                                      should arrange meetings with
                   school administrators (i.e., school board members and                              superintendents) to urge them
                   to incorporate estuarine education into their school curricula through a whole language
                   approach. A model policy should be prepared for school board consideration, such as
                   the policy on environmental education developed by the Riverton Board of Education.
                   A grant program should be established which provides matching funds to schools that



                                                                                                                                               249










                   DRAFT CCMP
                   DELAWARE
                   ESTUARY PROGRAM


                      adopt.the policy for use in developing whole language curricula, provide Estuary-based
                      environmental education and field trips, and environmental libraries. Availability of
                      grants would be advertised annually and the Foundation would meet with at least 10
                      school districts per year. Whenever possible, this effort would be coordinated with
                      existing organizations that offer similar programs to maximize resources and streamline
                      the application process.

                      Measure of Success: Demand for the grant funds. Adoption of the model policy by
                      three school boards per year.

                       ACTION E20:    Develop and Place Permanent Estuary Displays


                              ACTION                      RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                    NEEDS

                          ACTION E20:               Lead: Delaware Estuary                                 Mid-term           Approximately
                          Permanent                 Foundation                                                                $ 5,000 to
                          Estuary                                                                                             $15,000 per
                          Displays                                                                                            display &
                                                                                                                              $1000 per yr.
                                                                                                                              for display
                                                                                                                              repairs and
                                                                                                                              maintenance


                      What and How: The Delaware Estuary Foundation should place                                          permanent displays
                      in locations around the Estuary that are visible to a large audience, such as ferries, the
                      New Jersey State Aquarium, Penn's Landing, State Parks bordering the Estuary, and
                      visitor centers. The Foundation should negotiate donated space in the various sites
                      identified and develop appropriate displays, with community input.

                      Measure of Success: Establishment of one new display per year.

















                      250                                                                                                         January 1995
 








                                                                   EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT




               A C TION E2 1:       Develop a Mascot for the Estuary




                  ACTION              RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                 DATE         RESOURCE
                                                                                           NEEDS

               ACTION E21:        Lead: Delaware Estuary                Mid-term      Approximately
               Mascot for the     Foundation                                          $5,000 to
               Estuary                                                                $10,000



             What and How.     The Delaware Estuary Foundation, with public      input, should identify
             an appropriate   mascot character for the Estuary, such as a        horseshoe crab or a
             historical figure. A costume should be designed and used            at public events. A
             caricature of the mascot should be used in printed materials.       Volunteers would be
             asked to wear the costume at public events.

             Measure of Success: Positive public response to the mascot.


               A C TION E22:        Establish Delaware Estuary Merit Badge




                  ACTION               RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                 DATE         RESOURCE
                                                                                            NEEDS

               ACTION E22:        Lead: Delaware Estuary Foundation       Mid-term       $ 1,000 per
               Delawar            Partners: Scouting and youth                          badge design
               Estuary Merit      organizations
               Badge                                                    IL_

             What and How: The Delaware Estuary Foundation should work with scouting groups,
             and other youth groups, to establish merit badges for the Delaware Estuary. The merit
             badge should be awarded when an individual has completed an activity that
             demonstrates individual action or responsibility for the health of the Estuary.

             Measure of Success: Adoption of a Delaware Estuary Merit Badge by one scouting
             or youth group per year.










                                                                                                     251





             
             
              DRAFT CCMP
              DELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM

               ACTION E23:    Develop and Place Watershed Signs on Roadways and
                              Promote Watershed Education


                       ACTION               RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES              DATE          RESOURCE
                                                                                              NEEDS

                 ACTION E23:              Lead: Delaware Estuary            Mid-term      $5000to
                 Watershed Signs on       Foundation                                      produce and
                 Roadways and             Partners: Appropriate public                    place signs
                 Watershed Education      and private entities                            per year


               What and How. The Delaware Estuary Foundation should work with             Departments of
               Transportation and other roadway authorities, local governments,           and watershed
               associations to place signs along major roadways that indicate when a traveler is
               entering the Delaware Estuary's (or one of its tributary's) watershed or incorporate the
               Delaware Estuary logo on existing signs. The signs could also include other important
               information, such as the number of people relying on the watershed for drinking water.
               The watershed signs would re-enforce the concept of watershed and instill a sense of
               ownership for individual watersheds.

               Measures of Success: Placement of watershed signs on one major roadway per year
               in the Estuary region.



























               252                                                                        January 1995
 







                                                                                             MONITORING

             CHAPTER Vill:                Monitoring Action Plan



             H
                    istorically, monitoring activities in the Delaware Estuary
                    have been designed to address regulatory needs. Ambient
                    water quality monitoring of the Estuary has provided
             managers with an indirect evaluation of the regulatory compliance
             of municipal and industrial dischargers to the system by assessing
             if water quality standards are being met and designated uses are
             being achieved. A major thrust of living resources monitoring has
             been to evaluate commercial and recreational fisheries and to set
             catch limits.                                                                    The regional
             The regional environmental monitoring plan that has been                         environmental
             developed by the Delaware Estuary Program ad hoc monitoring                      monitoring
                                                                                              plan
             committee will provide information 1) to measure the effectiveness               incorporates
             of implemented action plans, 2) to evaluate the ecological health                ongoing
             of the Estuary, and 3) to enhance our understanding of the                       monitoring
             ecosystem. It incorporates ongoing monitoring activities, with                   activities,
             some modifications, and is intended to be a cooperative effort of                with some
             the three states, the federal government, arid industry. Regional                modifications,
             coordination and integration of ongoing monitoring activities can                and is
             reduce overlap and duplication, increase! efficiencies in data                   intended to
             collection and analyses, improve our ability to compare results                  be a
             between monitoring programs, and provide the Estuary-wide                        cooperative
             perspective needed to effectively manage our estuarine resources.                effort of the
                                                                                              three states,
                                                                                              the federal
             The environmental monitoring plan is focused on the key areas of                 government,
             water quality, toxics, living resources, and habitat/land cover/larid            and industry.
             use. Four goals were developed by the ad hoc committee:

                              To measure current status and trends in indicators
                              of the condition of the Delaware Estuary (and
                              surrounding watershed) on a system-wide basis
                              with known confidence.


                              To obtain information on variables that may
                              influence the condition of the Delaware Estuary and
                              to assess environmental indications of achievement
                              of management goals set by local, state, and
                              federal authorities.


                              To estimate the areal extent of the critical
             011111W          landscapes of the Delaware Estuary system with
                              known confidence.




                                                                                                         253



                   
                   DRAFT CCMP
                   DELAWARE
                   ESTUARY PROGRAM


                                             To evaluate and revise, periodically, the monitoring
                                             plan and action plans to address dynamic
                                             developments in the Delaware Estuary.

                      The ad     hoc committee developed specific monitoring objectives for
                      each of the key areas based on existing conditions in the Estuary,
                      with the intent of detecting direction and magnitude of change
                      from these conditions.                    Existing monitoring programs were
                      evaluated to determine how well they met the defined objectives.
                      Proposed modifications and/or expansions to these existing
                      programs were then developed to achieve the Delaware Estuary
                      Program's monitoring goals and objectives. These include new
                      monitoring activities that would significantly increase knowledge
                      of the system and the ability to evaluate the ecological health of
                      the Estuary. This two-tiered approach (a minimal plan and an
                      expanded plan) for each of the key areas is described below:

                      A. Water Quality Monitoring

                      MINIMAL PLAN                      OBJECTIVES:     WATER QUALITY AND                                               
                                                                        TOXIC SUBSTANCES
                                                                                                                                               
                      For the Estuary proper, DRBC               To measure status and trends in
                      center-of-channel, surface only,           water quality parameters and toxic
                      sampling for water column                  substances which relate to overall
                      chemistry and microbiology is              ecosystem health.  To evaluate
                      considered adequate, if additional         areal extent and trends in
                      stations are added to the 18               parameters that define the habitat
                      stations currently sampled. New            requirements of important aquatic
                      stations should include  one               resources.  Specific criteria of
                      station upstream near Trenton              success for individual parameters
                      and three stations to extend               will evolve over time with
                      sampling to the mouth of the Bay           evaluation of trends.
                      (See Figure 52).  Bi-weekly
                      sampling from March to                     To measure status and trends in
                      November should remain                     water quality parameters and toxic
                      unchanged.    Additional                   substances which relate to impacts
                      parameters should include algal            to public health.  Specific regulatory
                      speciation  and       primary              criteria will guide evaluation of
                      productivity. The cost estimate            these status and trends.
                      for these modifications  is
                      $200,000 per year if the ongoing    In addition to these two objectives, monitoring
                      program is fully funded.  This      should provide estimates of loadings to the
                      center-of -channel  sampling        Estuary based on head-of-tide inputs and effluent
                      should be augmented with 1)         point source input data.
                      continuation of sampling by New
                                                                                                                                                              




                      254                                                                                                                                     January 1995
 








                                                                                                                                                                                 MONITORING





                                                                                                                                                                                   Trenton



                                                                                                                                                                                       Bordentown


                                                                                                                                                  Delaware Filver

                                                                                                                                                                      Burlington


                                                                                                            Schuylkill River


                                                                                           Pennsylvania
                                                                                                                 Philadell hia                Camden

                                                                 Brandywrie Creek


                                                                                              Marcus Hook



                                                                            Wilmington                Penns Grove

                                                                Christina River                                                                      New Jersey



                                                                                         Detaware City
                                                                  Chesapeake and
                                                                  Deli.; are Canal
                                                                            Pon Penn             Sa!em and Hope Creek
                                                                                                 Nuclear Power Slaticris

                                                                                                                                                    Maurice River

                                                                             Smyrna River                             Cohanesy River

                                                                                             oodlanc:
                                                                                           Beach                                   Fonescue
                                                                                         Lelpsic River                                      Bivalve
                                                                                                 110                                                       Moores Beach
                                                                                              Port Mahon



                                                                                                                                [3                                    Reeds Beach
                                                                                            Bowers Beach                         Delaware Bay
                                                                                                       %                                  11
                         *      Water Quality                                                      MurCerksil River                                           Cape May
                                Stations (DR13C)


                          *     Toxics & Water                                                  Mispillian River
                                Quality Stations
                                (DR8C)                                                                    Broadklll River                         Cape Henlopen
                         El     Proposed Water                            Delaware                                                     Lewes
                                Quality Stations
                                under minimal plan
                                                                                                                     @
                                                                                                                       River                      Delaware River      Burlington
                                                                                                                     Iadelphia       Ca @de

                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                      @Iver        @Lewe

                                                                Figure 52. Water Quality and Toxics Monitoring Stations




                                                                                                                                                                                                     255




             QQ
             Or DRAFT CCMP
             5ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Jersey and Delaware in the sub-tributaries of the Lower Estuary
               and shallow nearshore waters and 2) sampling by New Jersey and
               Pennsylvania in the sub-tributaries. Citizen monitoring on sub-
               tributaries is also considered an important component. USGS fall
               line monitoring of the Delaware River at Trenton and the Schuylkill
               River, in cooperation with state or local agencies, is essential for
               loadings estimates for these two major (over 70%) inputs to the
               Estuary.


               EXPANDED PLAN


               The expanded plan adds winter sampling (once monthly in
               December, January, and February) to the DRBC sampling program.
               This addition, which would require a larger ship plus additional
               analyses, would cost an additional $75,000. The expanded plan
               also includes extensive use of satellite imagery for assessing
               changes in physical parameters (e.g., temperature, suspended
               sediment, and chlorophyll distributions) that impact water quality
               and living resources.     The acquisition of data and computer
               analyses would cost approximately $50,000 annually.

               B.     Toxics Monitoring

               Toxics monitoring includes three separate media groups: water
               column, bottom sediments, and biotic tissue. In addition, some
               level of toxicity testing will be done in conjunction with sediment
               and tissue sampling.


               MINIMAL PLAN


               The minimal plan is a continuation of ongoing activities by DRBC,
               the states, NOAA, and FDA. Water column sampling for toxics is
               carried out by DRBC, in conjunction with the water quality
               sampling, at a subset of 10 stations (See Figure 52). Samples are
               analyzed for copper, lead, zinc, and volatile organics. DRIBC also
               samples fish species for metals, chlorinated pesticides, and PCBs
               at five stations. In addition, the states perform toxics analyses of
               fish tissue to develop fish consumption advisories. The NOAA
               mussel watch program provides information on accumulation of
               toxics in shellfish, and occasional sampling of market fish by FDA
               also provides toxics information.








               256                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                                                               MONITORING


                   EXPANDED PLAN

                   The expanded monitoring plan would include water column
                   toxicity testing, sediment sampling of the shallow nearshore areas
                   of the Estuary, and sampling of fish and benthic organisms for
                   toxics accumulation. Although sampling would not necessarily be
                   a single complete annual survey, the cost on an annual basis for
                   periodic (2 to 4 year intervals) sampling would be about
                   $110,000.

                   C.       Living Resources Monitoring

                   The living resources monitoring plan is         OBJECTIVES:      LIVING
                   difficult to design because there has been                       RESOURCES                                                    . ............
                   limited routine monitoring of living
                   resources previously in the Delaware               Estimate relative abundance
                   Estuary and because it is difficult to link        and trends of populations of
                   populations of living resources with results       living resources:
                   of management activities.       However,                Harvestable fish and
                   several major ongoing activities and a                  invertebrates
                   number of small unrelated monitoring                    Bird populations
                   activities can be included in an overall                Amphibians, reptiles and
                   comprehensive monitoring plan;  in                      mammals (selected
                   addition, a new large  element  is                      estuarine-dependent
                   suggested.  Combined, these activities                  reptiles and mammals as
                   could      provide much information to                  well as vernal pool
                   evaluate the status and trends of living                amphibians)
                   resources in the Estuary.
                                                                      Estimate overall ecosystem                                                                  . ................
                   MINIMAL PLAN                                       health in terms of production
                                                                      and diversity.                                              ...........
                   The minimal  monitoring plan would
                   continue  two  ongoing   monitoring
                   activities: the New Jersey and Delaware
                   trawl sampling for demersal fish (See Figure 53) and New Jersey
                   beach seine sampling for fish. These two activities, supplemented
                   with an intended new trawl program by PSE&G, should give
                   adequate monitoring of dernersal fish and fair, but not complete,
                   sampling for pelagic fish. Information on harvests will supplement
                   the fish monitoring. Monitoring of oyster populations, in Delaware
                   and New Jersey, should continue and is sufficient at this time to
                   monitor that resource. The volunteer beach survey of horseshoe
                   crabs needs to continue but be redesigned. The survey, plus
                   counts of horseshoe crabs from fish trawls, will give some
                   information on populations of this resource. Ongoing sampling




                                                                                                                                              257
 



                           9 VION
                           Or DRAFT CCMP
                           5ELAWARE
                           ESTUARY PROGRAM





                                                                                                                                                                                Trenton



                                                                                                                                                                                    Boroentown


                                                                                                                                              Delaware River

                                                                                                                                                                   Burlinglon


                                                                                                       Schuylkill River


                                                                                      Pennsylvania
                                                                                                            Philadel hia                   Camden

                                                           Brandywine Creek


                                                                                         Marcus Hook



                                                                       Wilmington                Penns Grove

                                                          Chrislina River                                                                        New Jersey



                                                                                    Del ware City
                                                             Ches peake and


                                                             Delaware Canal
                                                                       Pori Penn             Salem and Hope Cree     k
                                                                                             Nuclear Power Siallcns

                                                                                                                                                 Maurice River


                                                                                                                  Coha esy River
                                                                        Smyrna River
                                                                                        ocidlana         0-
                                                                                      Beach                 0                 F.r',escue
                                                                                    LelDslc Riv  r      0    *AA                        Bivalve
                                                                                             1147        0        0                                     Moores eacn
                                                                                         Pon: Mahon         0           A

                                                                                                                                                 AAA Reeos Beach
                                                                                        Bowers Beach                         Delaware Bay
                                                                                                                                                       A


                                                                                              Muroerki!l River                                    8 A      Car.%e May



                                                                                           Misplillan River



                                                                                                     Broadkill River                           Cape Henlcpen
                                                                    Delaware                                                      Lewes


                                      DNREC
                               A NJDEP



                                                                              Figure 53. Existing Dernersal Fish Survey Stations



                               258                                                                                                                                                        January 1995









                                                                                                                                 MONITORING


                    activities for bird populations are good, but need a stable funding
                    source and should be expanded. The Natural Heritage Inventory
                    Program provides some information on amphibians in vernal pools
                    and these surveys should continue. Ongoing sampling activities
                    for reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals need to be more
                    carefully examined and evaluated; at a minimum level, populations
                    need to be monitored consistently.

                    A new benthic monitoring program is proposed to assess
                    ecosystem health.                 This would consist of stratified random
                    sampling at approximately 68 stations at 5-year intervals to
                    characterize benthic assemblages (See Figure 54). This sampling
                    could also provide material for the sediment and biota toxics
                    analyses.        The cost estimate for benthic macroinvertebrate
                    monitoring is $50,000 for a complete survey.

                    EXPANDED PLAN


                    Other new monitoring programs for ecologically important species
                    may be proposed in the future, particularly as related to the
                    "priority species" identified by the program.

                    D. Habitat/Land Cover/Land Use Monitoring

                    OBJECTIVES:    HABITAT/LAND COVER/LAND USE

                         Delineate land cover/land use as a baseline using appropriate classification
                         schemes developed on a cooperative basis for specific purposes:

                         = Areal extent and distribution of plant communities and critical habitat
                           for priority species
                         = Growth and development
                         = Population and economic trends

                         Document extent of fragmentation and connectivity of habitat, species
                         composition, and substrate characteristics.

                         Update delineation on a frequency of no more than five year intervals.

                         Document changes in land use and land cover and analyze trends in:

                         = Critical habitat for priority species
                         = Growth and development
                         = Population and economic trends

                                                                                                                                                   259
 



                           go
                           OF DRAFT CCMP
                           RELAWARE
                           ESTUARY PROGRAM



                                                                                                                                 Nesharniny River                      *Trenton

                                                                                                                                                                              Bordenlown

                                                                                                                                          DelawartjIlver
                                                                                                                                                              Burlinglon


                                                                                                   Schuylkill River                                                   Rancocas Creek
                                                                                  Pennsylvania                          0
                                                                                                         Philadelphia                Camden

                                                       Brandywine Creek                      Chester River


                                                                                     Marcus Hook



                                                                 Wilmington                 Penns Grove

                                                      Christina River                                                                      New Jersey



                                                                               Delaware C:ty
                                                        Chesapeake !M-.,
                                                              S@-
                                                        Delaw.. f7l
                                                                  Part Penn            Salem and Hcpe Creek
                                                                                       Nuclear Power S:atlcns

                                                                                                                                           Maur:ce River


                                                                                                             Cona   eS y River
                                                                   SMynra River


                                                                                 Woodland
                                                                                  Beach                                 Fonescue
                                                                               Lelpsic River                    0                  E,va;ve
                                                                                       /0                             0                           Moores BeaVl
                                                                                    Pon Marion            0
                                                                                                                0               0 0 0
                                                                                                                        0                                   Reeds Beach
                                                                                  Bowers Beach               0         Delaware Bay 0
                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                             "i

                                                                                         Murd6rIkl!I River                                          Cape May
                                                                                                                0 0                   0
                                                                                     Misplillan River                            0

                                                                                                Broadkill River                           Cape Henlopen
                                                               Delaware                                                     Lewes




                                                  L

                                                               Figure 54. Benthic Monitoring Stations (Mod. after EMAP), 1991




                               260                                                                                                                                                    January 1995









                                                                                      MONITORING


             Land cover is the primary focus for both habitat evaluation and
             land use determinations. The major monitoring tool to determine
             land cover is large area mapping. Areal photography and satellite
             imagery, supplemented by ground-truth sampling, are proposed.

             MINIMAL PLAN


             The proposed minimal plan for monitoring habitat/land cover/land
             use is to continue ongoing efforts. The cooperative National GAP
             Analysis Project (GAP) will give us a good picture of current land
             cover to examine habitats and see the impact of land use
             practices.   Future similar mapping efforts at intervals not to
             exceed five years would provide the information necessary to
             assess changes. In addition, Delaware Valley Regional Planning
             Commission mapping is a necessary and distinct method for land
             use assessment. This mapping is possibly adequate for the
             Pennsylvania and New Jersey portions of the Estuary, but it
             should be expanded into Delaware as well. Information from the
             Coastal Zone Management Act, Nonpoint Pollution Control
             Program, also provides monitoring data.

             EXPANDED PLAN


             The extensive recent effort of New Jersey to map the entire state,
             using GIS format, provides a more detailed and very valuable land
             cover/habitat evaluation of the New Jersey portion of the Estuary.
             A similar project should be conducted in Pennsylvania and
             Delaware as part of the expanded plan. New Jersey's effort cost
             close to $10 million over five or more years for the entire state;
             the proposed effort for Pennsylvania and Delaware is therefore
             estimated to cost several million dollars over a period of years. In
             addition, a small grants program should be developed through the
             Delaware Estuary Foundation to fund citizen groups to collect
             observational data on habitat and land use. This program would
             cost about $50,000 annually.















                                                                                                 261









                   DRAFT CCMP
                   DELAWARE
                   ESTUARY PROGRAM


                                                                  Recommendations



                       The following activities are recommended to implement the monitoring plan.

                        ACTION M1:    Establish an Interim Monitoring Advisory Group


                             ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                  DATE              RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                      NEEDS

                        ACTION Ml:               Lead:       Delaware Estuary Program                        Short-term          No new
                        Interim                                                                                                  resources
                        Monitoring
                        Advisory
                        Group


                       What and How.                 Starting in January 1995, an interim advisory group will be
                       established to prepare for implementation of the monitoring plan. Membership of this
                       group should include representatives from state and federal agencies, academic
                       institutions, industry, and the general public. The group will be responsible for the
                       final design of the monitoring plan and will have a central role in obtaining
                       commitments from the parties involved in implementing the monitoring plan.

                       Measure of Success: Interim monitoring committee established.

                       ACTION M2:    Establish a Permanent Monitoring Advisory Committee


                              ACTION                       RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                  DATE              RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                      NEEDS

                        ACTION M2:                Lead:       Delaware Estuary Council                       Short-term          See M3
                        Permanent
                        Monitoring
                        Advisory
                        Committee-

                       What and How: By January 1996, a permanent Monitoring Advisory Committee
                       should be established by the Delaware Estuary Council. Members representing a
                       designated list of agencies and organizations would be formally appointed, based on
                       suggestions from the interim Monitoring Advisory Group. The Monitoring Advisory
                       Committee should guide the Cooperative Monitoring and Mapping Program. This
                       Committee should report to the Estuary Council.


                       262                                                                                                        January 1995
 








                                                                                                                               MONITORING


                  Measure of Success: Permanent monitoring advisory committee established.


                          ...............                              .........                                                    .......
                  ................ . .. .........      .............. ................. . .. .........
                  ................                        ....... ............. . . .....  ............%.................
                                               ............ ...............................  ..................... ............................
                                         .. ........
                                         .................
                                       ................................... ..... .. ... .. ..... .. .. ......
                                         .. ..... .. .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. . ..  ................................   ... ...................... .........
                                                                      ........ ... ..  ......I. ...........................
                                                                                     .............................
                                     ................................................... . . . . .. .. ........ ......
                                                   ..........................        ...... 11 ............................
                                                                                                       ..............................
                  .................................................................................................................................. ....... ......



                        ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                  DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                    ACTION M3:               Lead.       Delaware Estuary Foundation                   Short-term            $100,000
                    Office of                                                                                                annually, for
                    Monitoring and                                                                                           salary of
                    Mapping                                                                                                  Coordinator
                    Coordination                                                                                             and operation
                                                                                                                             of


                  What and How: By January 1996, a monitoring office should                                                  be established,
                  supported by a full time Monitoring Coordinator who would work                                           closely with the
                  Monitoring Advisory Committee. The Coordinator would work with the staff of the
                  Regional Information Management Service (RIMS - See Chapter IX), so that
                  monitoring data received are made rapidly available to all interested users. In the first
                  two years, the Coordinator would focus on coordination of monitoring activities within
                  various agencies and quick acquisition of the data from these activities. A major task
                  would be to ensure that compatible and consistent analytical quality assured
                  measurements are made by the various participating agencies. By the third year, the
                  Coordinator's activities would shift toward evaluation and interpretation of the
                  monitoring information. Both the coordination and evaluation of monitoring data
                  would be carried out in close coordination with the Monitoring Advisory Committee.

                  Measure of Success: Monitoring coordinator established and funded.




















                                                                                                                                               263




                       QV6
                       Or DRAFT CCIVIP
                       5ELAWARE
                       ESTUARY PROGRAM




                                                                 ....................                              ...... ........                     ................
                                                                                                                                                          ............
                                                                                         .....                                   .....
                                                                                                                                X          ................
                                                                                                                                                        .............
                                                                                                                                               .. . ....................
                                                                     .............
                           q                                                                                       . . ... .

                                                                                                                                                     ....................
                                                                                                                                          T
                            . . .                    ... .. ..... .. .
                            A.               MW:
                                      .. .. .......... ........... ...... ............. ... ..........
                                       .. . ........ .. ..
                                                                           ... ........ .. .                 ...........
                                                                . ...........
                                                                                                                   ..... ..... .
                           ............... ......
                                                                                ..... .                            ..... ..........
                                                                  ................................ .                                           ...
                               ............ .-                                                                                                                                        I



                                   ACTION                             RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                             DATE                  RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                 NEEDS

                            ACTION M4:                    Lead:          Delaware Estuary Foundation                              Short-term              Continue
                            Minimal                                                                                                                       ongoing
                            Monitoring                                                                                                                    agency
                            Program                                                                                                                       programs (at
                                                                                                                                                          approximately
                                                                                                                                                          $3 million
                                                                                                                                                          annually);
                                                                                                                                                          $250,000 new
                                                                                                                                                          fundi@@@.

                           What and How.                       The minimal monitoring program should incorporate existing
                           monitoring activities, with modifications, as defined in the Delaware Estuary
                           Cooperative Monitoring Report. It is based on collection and evaluation of data by
                           existing agencies and proposes no new independent data collection and analyses
                           activities.            The Monitoring Advisory Committee should develop Memoranda of
                           Understanding (MOUs) with the participating agencies to implement the minimal
                           monitoring program.

                           Measure of Success: Program funded and implemented.


                                              ....................... .......                                                                                        .......... ..
                                                                                                                               ... ........               . .. ....     ......
                                                  ..................
                                                                                 ..................................                                                     .......................
                                              .......................             ......................................
                                                                                                                                                                             ................
                                                                                                                                                        .....                ................
                                                                                                   qv@exi@l QMQ:
                               P-TON "15N'
                                    10 . W                                        ta It
                                                                       ............ ......    X                                                                     . ..........
                                                                       ................                                                                          .. .................................
                                                                                                                           . ...... ........................................ .
                                          ...                                    .......                    ......
                                     ..........                                                                  .............    ...............................
                                          ...........
                                                                                                                   ..........
                                                                                                                   .............. ......
                                                                              ........      X'X .. ..........   ...............
                                                                     ........... .... .... .... ..    ..............I .......




                                  ACTION                              RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                            DATE                  RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                                                 NEEDS

                            ACTION M5:                    Lead.         Delaware Estuary Foundation                               Mid-term               $900,000 per
                            Expanded                                                                                                                     monitoring
                            Monitoring                                                                                                                   cycle (to be
                            Program                                                                                                                      further
                                                                                                                                                         analyzed)


                           What and How. The expanded monitoring plan should                                                    include the items specified in
                           the Delaware Estuary Cooperative Monitoring Report.

                           Measure of Success: Funding secured and expanded                                                    plan implemented.






                           264                                                                                                                             January 1995










                                                                                                                                MONITORING
                        ACTION M6:    Evaluate and Report Monitoring Information

                         ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                                 DATE               RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                  NEEDS

                    ACTION M6:                Lead:        Delaware Estuary Foundation                  Mid-term            Included in M3
                    Monitoring
                    Report


                   What and How: For either the minimal or expanded monitoring plan, there should be
                   regular evaluation of the information derived from synthesis of the monitoring data.
                   An annual summary of the monitoring data in the RIMS would be prepared. Every
                   three to five years (to coincide with timing of CCMP action plans), a more complete
                   report of the annual monitoring information would be produced, with an assessment
                   of status and trends. New preliminary findings would be distributed in Delaware
                   Estuary newsletters as quickly as possible, even prior to annual reports.

                   Measure of Success: Annual monitoring reports prepared.
































                                                                                                                                               265
 



                          9 rw---
                          ev DRAFT CCMP
                          ffELAWARE
                          ESTUARY PROGRAM










































































                               266                                                                                                                                                     January 1995









                                                                                                   RIMS


             CHAPTER IX:              Regional Information
                                      Management Services
                                      Action Plan



             C
                    urrent data management practices are fragmented across
                    the Delaware Estuary, reflecting numerous geographical,
                    political, and organizational divisions of environmental
             responsibility.    Those who seek information outside their
             regulatory channels of communication may succeed, if sufficiently
             persistent, but typically face a difficult task involving numerous
             telephone calls, referrals, and false leads. If data are obtained,
             questions about comparability and quality assurance may become
             hurdles to data use. On the other hand, data providers may be
             overwhelmed by the sheer number of ill-informed callers searching
             for data and therefore be unable to respond efficiently. It is likely
             that much of the environmental data presently collected in the
             Estuary is under-utilized due to lack of convenient access,
             especially the data collected by industrial dischargers or land
             developers. Effective management of the Delaware Estuary in the
             post-CCMP period will increasingly require -timely data access by
             all managers, from municipalities and county governments to state
             and federal agencies.

             To address this need for coordination and access, the Delaware
             Estuary Program Data Management Committee has prepared a
             Regional Information Management Service, or RIMS concept.
             RIMS is a plan designed to address the needs of Estuary managers
             and other users and providers of environmental data by facilitating
             use of existing data sets. (More detailed information about RIMS
             can be found in a companion document to this Plan). Surveys and
             workshops conducted by the Committee revealed that users need
             better tools to locate information, especially when data sources
             span agency or institutional boundaries. To aid in the location of
             such information, RIMS will employ 1) an electronic index
             describing data sets and data providers, 2) a knowledgeable data
             manager who will maintain the data index and respond to
             questions, and 3) an electronic bulletin board for data requests
             and other messages, and for transmission of data in some cases.
             Access to data across the Estuary will be enhanced with toll-free
             long distance phones and Internet connectivity.





                                                                                                     267










             DRAFT CCMP
             DELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Another perceived need of users was better access in terms of
               quality (more user-friendly) and quantity (Internet connectivity and
               toll-free modem lines) to on-line data systems, such as the Ocean
               Data Evaluation System (ODES) and STORET, both USEPA
               sponsored environmental data bases. Other groups are working
               on this problem; if they succeed, then little additional action may
               be needed through RIMS.

               The model for RIMS is illustrated in Figure 55. The Data Depot,
               shown in the diagram, will not be a part of the pilot project
               described in Action R1, but could potentially be a component of
               the long term RIMS project. The function of the Data Depot
               would be to reduce the workload of data providers for frequently
               requested data. The data provider could opt to supply the data
               manager with electronic or hard copies of such data sets so that
               the data manager could distribute them directly.

               Figure 55. RIMS Conceptual Model





               268                                                                       January 1995
 








                                                                                                                                             RIMS



                                                                 Recommendations



                   The following items are recommended in order to implement the RIMS concept:


                           ACTION                        RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES                               DATE                RESOURCE
                                                                                                                                   NEEDS

                      ACTION R1:                 Lead. DRBC                                             Initiated             $46,000 and
                      Pilot RIMS                                                                        November              DRBC
                                                                                                        1994                  resources

                      ACTION R2:                 Lead: Delaware Estuary                                 Initiate              *See below
                      Expanded RIMS              Foundation will determine after                        September
                                                 evaluation of pilot project                            1995



                                                                                            ............ .                                   .....................
                                                                                                 ...... ..... ...........
                                                 ...........                                      ....................
                                                                              .....      ... .....
                        wo       W_
                    -A.                                                                                                                          .........
                              IV    ..
                             ..............                                                                           .....
                   .. . ...................... .. .
                            ...........          ............... ..                                                  .............
                                        .. . . ......                                                  . .......
                                          ....... .......                                                         .........



                   Why. For all the reasons cited above, RIMS would                             be an asset to the management of
                   the Delaware Estuary. However, because of the substantial cost of implementing the
                   Service, a pilot scale project will be carried out and an evaluation will be made as to
                   the future scope of RIMS.

                   What and How. RIMS is currently being tested as a one year pilot scale project
                   through a matched grant to DRBC. Software and hardware will be acquired or
                   developed to set up the bulletin board service, create the data source index, and
                   provide "800" phone access. DRBC will hire a part-time data manager and provide a
                   part-time system operator to set up the system, operate it, and evaluate its
                   effectiveness in coordination with the DELEP Data Management Committee. This
                   evaluation along with the availability of future funding, will determine how RIMS will
                   be implemented in the long term.

                   It is expected that the pilot RIMS will be on-line in early 1995. The DRBC data
                   manager can be contacted at the West Trenton, New Jersey office at 609-883-9500
                   to inquire about access to the Service.

                   Measure of Success: Implementation of the pilot project, including remote access to
                   bulletin board service and the data source index, a data manager who is able to assist
                   users in obtaining access to data, and an overall increase in access to environmental
                   data and information. The final measure of success will be the completion of the
                   evaluation of the overall project with recommendations for future RIMS development.





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                                                                                                                                       ...............................  WWII!             In. IIN0
                                                 .................                                            .......................                                                                       ............         ..........                                              ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .............       .......
                                               .................. ..... .................. .........................................                                                  ...........................      *...'::::::::"::::             ......................................
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                                               A                   ...............                                                                                                                                                  ..........           ..............
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                                                             ............ ........                    ....... __  ............. .......                                                                                            ......................
                                                                     ................                                                                                                                                            . ... .................. .................
                                                                                                                                                       ..... ............... ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ....... . .. ...                              .....................................
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ...............................................




                                               Why. As previously mentioned in this chapter, it is frequently very difficult to find out
                                               about, and then access, environmental data and information from the various agencies
                                               and organizations throughout the Estuary area. RIMS should help solve this problem
                                               by providing information about the data and facilitating access to the data.

                                               What and How. Based on an analysis of the pilot scale RIMS, RIMS should be
                                               implemented in an expanded form with options to grow as dictated by user needs and
                                               available funds. According to the data management report (a companion document
                                               to this Plan), the most cost effective platform for full service RIMS is a UNIX
                                               workstation with the number of modem and Internet ports scaled to anticipated
                                               demand. A full-time manager will be needed to expand and maintain the data index
                                               and to assist the data community.

                                               *Resource Needs: If a full-scale RIMS is implemented as suggested in the data
                                               management report, the initial setup cost would be $220,000, with an annual
                                               maintenance cost of $120,000. These estimates assume that the cost of housing
                                               RIMS will be borne by the partner.

                                               Measure of Success. Increased access to data and information is the objective of this
                                               action, which can be quantified by the number of inquiries to RIMS and the amount
                                               of data that is shared. The long term measure of success is broader acceptance and
                                               use of the available data to support management decisions.
























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                                                                                UNFINISHED AGENDA

            CHAPTER X: The Unfinished Agenda



                  n the early days of the Delaware Estuary Program,
                  Management Conference members recognized that scientific
                  and policy issues would emerge, both during the
                  characterization phase and the development of CCMP action
            plans, that would need to be addressed beyond the six year period
            required to develop this CCMP. It was also anticipated that
            unaddressed issues would be identified during the CCMP public
            review process. The purpose of this Unfinished Agenda is to
            document and explain these remaining issues, which will continue
            to be addressed by the Delaware Estuary Council or Foundation
            after the publication of this first comprehensive Plan.

            Significant gaps have been identified by the Management
            Conference in our scientific understanding of the Estuary and its              Significant
            response to environmental stressors. We lack information on                    gaps have
            certain basic estuarine processes as well as the cumulative                    been
            environmental effects of pollutant loadings on these processes.                identified by
            We recognize that continuing research is needed to provide better              the
            information on the status of currently identified problems, so that            Management
            the benefits of corrective actions can be measured, or new actions             Conference in
            proposed. And, finally, needs for additional research and policy               our scientific
            initiatives emerged over this last year, as we evaluated the likely            understanding
            cumulative result of the actions in this Plan.                                 of the Estuary
                                                                                           and its
            As we work collectively toward our vision of the Delaware                      response to
                                                                                           environmental
            Estuary, we will continue to address the following issues:                     stressors.

            A. Land and Water Use


                     INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


            Many of the Land Management actions (Chapter 111) address the
            need to better coordinate land use planning efforts and utilize
            techniques such as Transfer of Development Rights (TDRs) and
            cluster zoning to protect the Estuary's valuable natural resources.
            However, the Delaware Estuary Program recognizes that these
            techniques, even when used in conjunction with regulatory
            programs, cannot guarantee that land will be developed or
            protected in a sustainable and equitable manner.






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             ff
              ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Land owners face many pressures in their decisions on HOW or IF
               their land will be developed. Land is typically valued for its
               "highest and best use" - which is usually development (i.e.,
               buildings, malls, industry, subdivisions). There are no current
               economic standards by which to monetarily value land for its
               natural resource potential. If land is rendered undevelopable, it
               has little or no economic value to the owner and generates very
               little tax revenue for the host municipality.       From a local
               government perspective, th.is current system is forcing
               communities to compete in attracting more sources of property
               tax revenues. This is known as the "ratable chase", where local
               governments try to attract more people and businesses to sustain
               schools and infrastructure.


               The issue of how to protect natural resource-rich areas without
               denying land owners economic use of their lands or negatively
               affecting the economic stability of a community should be
               addressed. The Delaware Estuary Council should continue to
               explore new ideas and sustainable alternatives for protecting the
               Estuary's resources, while maintaining the economic viability of
               the region. Innovative tools, techniques, and strategies need to
               be formulated and pursued.


                       IMPACTS OF WATER USE


               Growth and development have resulted in increased demands on
               surface and groundwater. We currently do not understand the
               incremental and cumulative impact of water use in the Estuary
               sufficiently well to implement preventative regulatory measures.
               Surface water withdrawal and discharge along the Estuary can
               have subtle, but significant, impacts on estuarine resources,
               ranging from entrainment to toxicity and thermal effects.
               Overdrafts of regional groundwater aquifers can result in salt
               water intrusion to deeper levels.     Groundwater transport of
               pollutants to the Estuary through recharge is also poorly
               understood. Research is crucial to enable regulators to address
               the potential cumulative impacts of water uses on the hydrological
               cycle and estuarine resources. Results would provide guidance in
               the development of a regional environmental policy plan.

                       A BASINWIDE POLICY ON CO-GENERATION PLANTS?


               Various stakeholders have advocated the need for a basin-wide
               policy on co-generation plants, because of the individual and
               cumulative environmental impacts that could potentially result




               272                                                                    January 1995









                                                                           UNFINISHED AGENDA


            from the large number of plants planned for the region. This
            concern is part of a broader question related to the cumulative
            impacts of water withdrawal, discussed above. Potential needs
            include additional information as well as regulatory changes, such
            as uniform and consistent standards for plant siting throughout the
            Estuary region and the formulation of clear standards to determine
            impacts from generating stations.

            ,oat-., AN ESTUARY-WIDE ANTI-DEGRADATION POLICY?

            The anti-degradation policy authorized by the Clean Water Act
            requires each state to develop and implement a program that
            maintains existing instream water uses by maintaining the level of
            water quality necessary to protect those uses. Each state's water
            quality standards must include minimum elements to ensure water
            quality is not lowered or degraded. The Delaware Estuary Council
            should explore the need for a watershed-wide anti-degradation
            policy and implementation procedures.        The development of
            watershed-wide implementation procedures would require that the
            three states agree to an approach to ensure consistent protection
            throughout the Basin. Such an approach could initially focus on
            those substances on the Preliminary List of Toxic Pollutants of
            Concern (see Chapter VI).

            B.    Habitat and Living Resources

                    BIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND ESTUARY-SPECIFIC CRITERIA


            Biological monitoring is integral to the measurement of the total
            ecological health of a waterbody and has become increasingly
            important in regulatory agency programs.            An estuarine
            community bioassessment protocol should be developed, to
            support cost-effective biological monitoring. This protocol should
            be easily interpreted and understood by water quality managers
            and planners.

            Living resources respond not only to water quality perturbations,
            but habitat destruction as well. Ecological integrity is therefore
            measured using a variety of parameters, some of which are
            sensitive to habitat degradation in the specific geographic regions
            for which they were developed.

            Development of Delaware Estuary-specific biological criteria could
            serve a variety of purposes, including the characterization of
            regional biological components, documentation of the existence




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              Or DRAFT CCIVIP
              UE-LAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                and severity of use impairments, support for use attainability
                studies, and evaluation of the effectiveness of control strategies.

                Future monitoring of the Estuary should also include more
                emphasis on biological resources from an ecosystem health
                perspective. Research is needed to provide us with proper tools,
                including biomarkers for this type of assessment.

                        KNOWLEDGE OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON LIVING RESOURCES


                Effective living resource management plans for Delaware Estuary
                species must be developed with consideration of external
                influences on specific populations. Data should be generated on
                the impacts of activities taking place beyond the boundaries of the
                Delaware Estuary. One example of this is the effect of North
                Carolina shrimp fishery by-catch on the coastal weakfish stocks
                that spawn in the lower Delaware Bay. Another example is the
                impact of the loss of South American rain forest habitat on those
                neotropical bird migrants that have summer breeding habitat in the
                Delaware region. These external influences must be known in
                order to develop successful species management plans.

                        OYSTER DISEASE RESEARCH


                Oyster stocks in the Estuary have been decimated by disease. In
                the late 1950s, and again in 1985, the protozoan parasite MSX
                ("multi-nucleated sphere unknown") devastated the stocks.
                Periodic climatic conditions that lowered salinities and suppressed
                IVISX, and the development by natural selection of strains resistant
                to the parasite, sustained the oyster industry until recently.
                However, in the 1 990s, the parasite Perkinsus Marinus, the cause
                of Dermo disease, invaded the Estuary. This parasite was most
                likely introduced through oysters imported from the Chesapeake
                Bay and from the discharge of wastes from plants processing
                oysters in areas where Dermo disease is prolific. IVISX-resistant
                oyster strains are unfortunately not resistant to Dermo. Support
                for research to develop a strain of oysters resistant to both
                diseases is needed to ensure the future of the oyster and oyster
                industry in the Delaware Estuary.










                274                                                                      January 1995









                                                                              UNFINISHED AGENDA


            C. Toxic Substances


                     SEDIMENT CRITERIA


            Currently there are only a few sediment criteria for toxic
            substances.    Additional criteria must be developed for those
            substances, identified in the DELEP list of toxics of concern, that
            are associated with sediments, as well as others as they are
            identified.


            Data on the acute and chronic toxic effects of contaminated
            sediments on the biota, especially benthic communities, of the
            Estuary need to be evaluated and augmented as necessary.

            The effects of the resuspension of contaminated sediments,
            resulting from dredging activities and high river flows, need further
            evaluation.


            -4"r- TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS OF Toxic SUBSTANCES IN CERTAIN
                     FISH SPECIES


            Information is needed on the tissue concentrations of toxic
            substances in fish species that are not currently monitored. Shad,
            for example, has a very high lipid (fat) content and has the
            potential to accumulate high levels of certain contaminants that
            are attracted to fatty substances. Human health risk assessments
            for consumption of these species should be performed. Further
            characterization of toxic substances in lower trophic levels and
            subsequent transfer through the food chain is also needed.

            D. Monitoring

                     AMBIENT ESTUARINE MONITORING


            Extensive effluent monitoring for water quality compliance is
            performed by industrial and municipal dischargers in the tidal river.
            The vast majority of monitoring samples show no violations of
            standards and, often, measured parameters are below limits of
            detection. This monitoring provides little information other than.
            legal compliance. Ambient estuarine monitoring, on the other
            hand, has been more modest and hindered by the lack of financial
            support.    It would be valuable to reduce the intensity of
            compliance monitoring and cooperatively increase ambient status
            and trends monitoring.        There are, however, serious legal
            impediments to any reduction in compliance monitoring.




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             OF DRAFT CCMP
             U
              ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Information is needed on how such impediments can be
               overcome, to continue to provide maximum environmental
               protection through compliance, and yet redirect financial support
               for more effective and comprehensive integrated monitoring.

               E.     Potential Environmental Problems

               _00fr*_ BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CERTAIN POLLUTANTS

               As pointed out in Chapter 11, the Delaware Estuary has one of the
               highest concentrations of nutrients of any major estuary in the
               country.     Major sources of these nutrients are municipal
               discharges in the urban tidal freshwater zone. Elevated nutrient
               concentrations usually result in massive blue-green algal blooms
               in freshwater. However, levels of algal and bacterial production
               are suppressed in the riverine portion of the Estuary, and a study
               of factors that could limit production provided no clear answer as
               to whether or not organic or trace metal toxicity is limiting this
               growth. The waters of the Bay have not exhibited the mahogany
               and brown tides that are characteristic responses to nutrient
               inputs in higher salinities. There are some preliminary indications
               that the nutrients from the Estuary are being translocated to near
               shore coastal ocean waters where increases in algae are noted.
               InfoTmation is needed on the basic estuarine processes which
               control algal and bacterial productivity.

               The actions proposed in this CCMP have the potential to reduce
               toxicity,. especially in the urban area, and may remove the
               apparent block to algal growth. It is important that research and
               monitoring be targeted to define ecosystem responses to these
               strategies, and determine whether future management strategies
               for nutrient removal may be warranted. Uncertainty about the
               biological response to pollutants clearly limits the ability of
               regulatory agencies to predict the environmental benefits of
               management controls or to determine the need for additional
               controls.


               F.     Other Issues of Concern


                        OUTREACH TO UPPER WATERSHED


               Currently the geographic scope of the Delaware Estuary Program
               includes the mainstem and tributaries of the Delaware Estuary to
               the head of tide. Since its inception, the Program has recognized
               the potential for impacts to the Estuary from activities in the upper



               276                                                                        January 1995









                                                                            UNFINISHED AGENDA


            non-tidal portion of the watershed. Concerns continue to be
            expressed about ecosystem resource threats from upstream
            changing land uses, and suburbanization and farming along the
            river, that may be contributing to nonpoint source pollution to the
            Estuary. Information from citizens monitoring and other programs
            should be analyzed to determine the magnitude of these potential
            problems.

            The Delaware Estuary Foundation should develop and implement
            an outreach strategy that fosters interaction and information
            sharing with citizen groups, local governments, and agencies in
            the upper watershed. The potential exists for the Foundation to
            build partnerships with public and private entities that can result
            in the endorsement and implementation of a watershed-wide
            protection approach.






































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                                278                                                                                                                                                     January 1995









                                                                              IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP

              CHAPTER XI: Implementing the CCIVIP


              T
                     he Delaware Estuary Program findings establish a clear
                     basis for long-term regional management that focuses on
                     the region's land, water, and living resources as a
              watershed ecosystem.          The Program also seeks to achieve
              sustainable development by guiding economic growth of the
              region in accordance with the goal of restoring and protecting the
              living resources of the Estuary.          This presents a significant
              challenge not only because it requires reshaping the relationship
              between economics and the environment in the region but also
              because the 6000 square mile area that comprises the Delaware
              Estuary watershed spans two regions of the Environmental                          The Program
              Protection Agency, three states, 22 Counties, and over 500                        has laid the
              municipalities - not to mention a broad array of private                          groundwork
              stakeholder interests.                                                            for an
                                                                                                additional
              The Delaware Estuary Program, through its broad participation                     level of
              network and concerted effort to develop partnerships, is well                     incremental
              positioned to meet this challenge. By focusing attention on areas                 environmental
              of common interest and identifying opportunities to collaborate                   improvements
              and efficiently allocate responsibility, the Program has laid the                 based on
              groundwork for an additional level of incremental environmental                   using non-
              improvements based on using non-regulatory "civic" tools, such                    regulatory
              as economic incentives, technical assistance, and education, along                "civic" tools,
              with regulatory policies.                                                         along with
                                                                                                traditional
              This Plan represents an opportunity to build on the success of the                regulatory
              past by adopting a new approach to environmental protection.                      policies.
              This approach recognizes that government agencies alone cannot
              achieve sustained environmental improvements. The cumulative
              effects of the day-to-day decisions made by millions of people
              who live, work, and play in the Delaware Estuary watershed can
              greatly outweigh the environmental benefits of a particular
              governmental program. We must change the way we think and
              operate individually and collectively. In addition, instead of simply
              controlling problems or mitigating the impacts of our actions on
              the environment, we must work to avoid the problems from the
              start.    Actions included in this Plan irecognize that each
              stakeholder and interest group in the watershed, as well as all
              levels of government, have an opportunity and an obligation to
              contribute to identified solutions.






                                                                                                           279









                       DRAFT CCMP
              BELOW
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                A. Implementation Strategy

                Congress, in crafting the National Estuary Program as part of the
                Clean Water Act, clearly contemplated that the five year
                investment in local consensus building and planning for wise
                conservation and management of estuaries would yield         decades
                of dividends in the form of efficient, integrated action     to solve
                regional problems. "Action" inthis context encompasses       not only
                the specific initiatives outlined in this Plan, but also the creation
                of processes and mechanisms for continued problem            solving,
                deliberation of region-shaping issues, and funding for public
                interest projects consistent with the goals and objectives of the
                Plan. Figure 56 represents examples of existing environmental
                programs that the Delaware Estuary Program will focus toward
                achieving the goals and objectives of the Plan.




                                                      Federal Grants




                         Federal Permits                                          State Grants Funds



                     Shoreline Develop ent
                           Projects                                                 Water Quality
                                                                                      Programs


                       Wetlands Projects


                                                                               Species Protection
                            Monitoring Programs                                    Projects
                                                    Focused Results


                 Figure 56. Focusing existing programs on the CCMP


                As part of its charge to develop an implementation strategy for the
                CCMP, the Program retained the services of a management
                consultant, in 1992, to examine institutional structures that could
                serve as models for the Program and to review actual institutions
                currently operating in this capacity in other estuary-related
                programs around the country. The Program also established an



                280                                                                        January 1995










                                                                                                          IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP


                  Implementation Task Force, in 1993, to further evaluate
                  implementation options. These efforts resulted in a determination
                  that the ultimate organizational structure Must be able to perform
                  nine functions:
                                                                                                                                                  .........-
                  These  functions                     Coordinate recommended activities in the
                  were then used     to                Estuary.
                  evaluate             three
                  o r g a n i z a t i o n a l          Facilitate planning and policy development.
                  models:          charity,
                  t r u s t ,          a n d           Assume a CCMP oversight role.
                  management                 
                  conference. This                     Award grants.
                  involved          explicit
                  consideration             of         Raise funds.
                  the role existing
                  agencies could                       Perform education/outreach.
                  play in performing 
                  specific functions.                  Act as an advocate for the Estuary.
                  For example, the   
                  Management                           Garner public particpation and support.
                  Conference must
                  rely on a  second                    Conduct research/monitor/collect data (provide a
                  entity to act on its                 regional information management service.)
                  behalf in accepting
                  federal grant funds
                  or contracting for work or services, as  the Conference is   not a
                  legal entity and is not eligible to receive grant funds earmarked for
                  the National Estuary Program directly. DRBC currently serves in
                  this capacity as the Program's fiscal agent, accepting and
                  disbursing federal grants and other funds at the direction of the
                  Management Committee.

                  The consultant identified four possible institutional arrangements
                  that could comprise a final organizational structure to facilitate
                  financing and management of the implementation of the CCMP:

                            1 .   One or more public charities.
                            2.    The Management Conference.
                            3.    DRBC or an alternative existing agency.
                            4.    An interstate trust.


                  The final report recommended that the Delaware Estuary Program
                  establish two public charities, one which is governed by the






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 







                      DRAFT CCIVIP
             5ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                Management Conference.        By establishing two charities, the
                Conference is likely to:


                3004         Maximize access to potential revenues.

                304          Maximize coordination of Estuary planning efforts,
                             funding, and implementation activities.

                3004         Provide a vehicle to garner direct public participation
                             and support for the Estuary Program.

                304          Create an institution that can conduct independent
                             oversight of CCMP implementation.

                2)"          Protect the broad representation of the Management
                             Conference in the event it is not continued by
                             Congress.

                Based on this analysis, the Management and Policy Committees
                reached agreement that the post-CCMP Management Conference
                should include three major components: 1) a Delaware Estuary
                Foundation; 2) a Delaware Estuary Council; and 3) an Estuary
                Advisory Committee.

                B. Implementation Structure

                One of the most significant actions proposed in this Plan is to
                continue the Management Conference by creating a new non-
                profit corporation, by restructuring the existing voluntary
                partnership among agencies and Estuary stakeholders, and by
                consolidating the Program advisory committee structure (See
                Figure 57 which depicts a proposed organizational structure).
                Both a Foundation and Council are necessary because government
                officials cannot sit on a non-profit corporation.

                304 THE DELAWARE ESTUARY FOUNDATION

                The main purpose of this group would be to support
                implementation of the Delaware Estuary Comprehensive
                Conservation and Management Plan.            In this capacity, the
                Foundation would act as an advocate for the Estuary and attempt
                to achieve focused results by steering public and private resources
                toward specific management actions.               This would be
                accomplished by periodic coordination with the Delaware Estuary



                282                                                                       January 1995











                                 THE DELAWARE ESTUARY PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE
              @j


              M                  DELAWARE ESTUARY COUNCIL                                                          DELAWARE ESTUARY
              B                                                                                                          FOUNDATION
                                 23 MEMBERS
                                                                                                                   A NONPROFIT 501(C)3,
                                 1. FEDERAL and STATE AGENCY
                                                                                                                         INCORPORATED TO
              0                       REPRESENTATIVES
                                                                                                                         OVERSEE CCMP
                                 IL STAKEHOLDER MEMBERS                                                                  IMPLEMENTATION
                                      OVERLAP WITH
                                                                                                                   UP TO 30 MEMBERS
                                      FOUNDATION                                ESTUARY PUBLIC
                                                                                ADVISORY                           * Stakeholder directed
                                 * Planning and Policy Development              COMMITTEE                          * Raise private funds for
                                 * Resourc Commitment                            Combines current                        implementation
                                                                                functions of CAC, LGC,             * Oversee, monitor, and report
                                                                                and STAC                                 implementation
                                                                                * Annual report card on            * Be an advocate for the estuary
                                                                                Estuary Foundation's
                                 GOVERNMENT RESOURCE                            achievements                       * n1re and supervise Program Director
                                      COMMITTEE                                 * Annual forum for public                and staff.
                                   Federal and State Agency                     input
                                      Resource Commitments                                                                           STAFF
                                   Fed.eral and State Expenditure                                                  Coordinate, revise plans, data
                                      Approval                                                                           clearinghouse, institutional
                                                                                                                         monitoring, annual reports,
                                                                                                                         technical assistance,
                                                                                                                         implementation grants and                             r-
                                                                                                                         contracts, raise funds.                               M
                                                                                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                                                                                               z

                                   Post-CCMP structure.                                                                                                                        C)
                                                                                                                                                                               --q
                                   as of December, 1994                                                                                                                        3:
                                                                                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                                                                                               0


  00




              9 ON
              Or DRAFT CCMP
              RELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                Council, described below, and through raising, accepting, and
                disbursing funds for activities that would lead to the restoration
                and enhancement of the Delaware Estuary.

                To accomplish the goals and objectives embodied in the Plan, the
                Foundation would:


                      1. Assume an oversight role by tracking implementation,
                      monitoring environmental trends and environmental/
                      ecological threats, identifying research and monitoring
                      needs, and highlighting conservation and management
                      opportunities and barriers.

                      2. Serve as an independent fundraising vehicle that can
                      accept federal and state funds and attract research,
                      planning,    and   implementation funds from private
                      foundations, industry, and individuals.

                      3. Provide funding and incentives to protect and enhance
                      the Estuary.

                      4. Facilitate exchange of ideas and information through
                      development of an Estuary-wide information clearinghouse.

                      5. Initiate action to address future issues of import to the
                      Estuary.

                      6. Update the CCMP on a periodic basis in coordination
                      with the Council.


                      7. Promote increased understanding and appreciation of
                      the Delaware Estuary and its tributaries.


                      8. Promote conservation of the natural resources of the
                      Estuary and its tributaries.

                      9.   Contribute to the usefulness of the Estuary and its
                      tributaries for recreational and commercial purposes that are
                      compatible with sustainable use of estuarine resources.

                      10. Sponsor activities and events that contribute to the
                      general welfare of the Estuary and its tributaries.

                A small staff would report to the Foundation. They would be
                responsible for the day-to-day operation of the non-profit
                corporation, including arranging meetings, preparing annual


                284                                                                      January 1995









                                                                    IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP


           reports, raising and disbursing implementation funds, conducting
           public outreach, managing information for public consumption, and
           other related activities. They would also formulate workplans and
           develop budgets in collaboration with the Delaware Estuary
           Council.


           j?004 THE DELAWARE ESTUARY COUNCIL

           The main purpose of this group Would be to facilitate
           collaboration, among public and private stakeholders of the
           Estuary watershed, in directing action and committing resources
           to the long-term health and vitality of the region. In effect, it
           would be a reconstituted Management Conference-a continuing
           voluntary partnership among federal agencies, the three states,
           and Estuary stakeholders- responsible for program implementation
           and development. In this capacity it would focus on planning,
           development of policy, coordination of existing regulatory
           authority, and advising the Foundation.        The Government
           Resource Committee would make coordinated decisions
           concerning federal and state agency resource commitments.

           The Council would act as an important vehicle for implementation
           by:

                  1. Allocating agency resources to implementation tasks.

                  2. Developing Memoranda of Understanding with the
                  responsible federal and state agencies, to include
                  coordination opportunities and procedures for establishing
                  priorities, commitments, budget, and staff.

                  3. Proposing and implementing solutions to major Estuary
                  problems, including but not limited to those authorized by
                  state and federal legislation.

                  4. Encouraging corporations, citizen activists, and grass
                  roots organizations by providing not only a vision and
                  framework for action but also a clear idea of what these
                  groups could do to contribute to protection and
                  enhancement of the Estuary.


                  ESTUARY ADVISORY COMMITTEE


           One of the significant accomplishments of the Program to date is
           the establishment of a broad network of expertise and interest in
           the health of the Estuary. This Committee would maintain that




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                    DELAWARE
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM


                        network and draw from it, as appropriate, in the establishment of
                        "Implementation Teams."

                        Collectively, the Foundation, the Council, and the Estuary
                        Advisory Committee would act as advocates for the Estuary and
                        as vehicles for monitoring progress in achieving Program goals and
                        objectives.

                         IMPLEMENTATION TEAMS

                        The CCMP calls for development of Implementation Teams to
                        implement specific actions, to develop remediation strategies, to
                        further define problems, and other appropriate activities. It is
                        contemplated that the Council and the Foundation would define
                        the mission and membership of such teams and that they would
                        operate for specific periods of time.

                         The Estuary Program as embodied in the Council/Foundation would operate as follows:

                                Each year, the Foundation Program Director would prepare a draft Delaware
                                Estuary Program work plan and budget based on input from the Foundation Board
                                of Directors, the Council representatives, and the Estuary Advisory Committee.

                                The draft Estuary Program work plan and budget would be circulated for review
                                and comment to both the Council and Foundation members.  This would trigger a
                                Council meeting, the purpose of which would be to reach agreement on tasks, the
                                prioritization of tasks, and, perhaps of most import, to identify tasks to be
                                implemented directly with agency resources and those tasks best overseen and
                                administered by the Foundation.

                                The Foundation, based on review and comment by the Council - including
                                decisions concerning federal and state agency resource commitments for a given
                                year-would then develop the Foundation work plan and budget and draft
                                Programmatic Agreements as appropriate.

                                Foundation staff would be responsible for executing the work plan and
                                negotiating the programmatic agreements.

                                Typical tasks to be performed by the Foundation staff include:  day-to-day
                                operation of the non-profit corporation; raising and disbursing implementation
                                funds; conducting public outreach; coordinating monitoring and information
                                management; administering the mini-grant program; securing public/private
                                commitments to implement the Plan; and programmatic monitoring, including
                                preparation of progress reports, evaluations, and Plan updates.

                                Typical tasks to be performed by the agencies based on direction from
                                governmental Council members would be to: implement specific actions;
                                participate on implementation teams created to craft innovative solutions and
                                management schemes for specific problems; and allocate federal assistance
                                program grants and loans to projects consistent with the goals and objectives of
                                the Program.


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                                                                                                        IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP

                  C.        Financing the Delaware Estuary Plan

                  The National Estuary Program provides funding for the
                  development of CCIVIPs under Section 320 of the Clean Water
                  Act, but it does not provide funding for the implementation of the
                  plans. Without a strategy for funding the implementation of its
                  CCIVIP, the Delaware Estuary Program runs the risk of turning this
                  Plan into a shelf document instead of a guide to managing the                                                  The program
                  natural resources of the Delaware Estuary.
                                                                                                                                 decided not
                  The Program decided very early in its deliberations not to propose                                             to propose
                  new general taxes, such as a gas tax, that would be dedicated to                                               new general
                  the implementation of the Delaware Estuary CCMP. In recognition                                              taxes.
                  of the substantial public interest in the Estuary, the Program
                  decided to support implementation through a combination of
                  donations, appropriations, and the focusing of existing resources.
                  In focusing existing resources, the Prograrn does not intend to
                  diminish the funding of any existing program, but rather to focus
                  the available financial and human resources on fulfilling the
                  requirements of priority programs of the Delaware Estuary.

                  This chapter proposes a multi-component financial strategy,
                  including:

                            Creation of the Delaware Estuary Foundation, as described above, which
                            could play a significant role in attracting and receiving funds, such as public
                            grants and contracts, corporate donations, and membership fees;

                            Effective use of current state and federal programs;

                            Steering local and regional private foundation grants to Estuary Program
                            initiatives;

                            Development of public/private partnerships;

                            Establishment of Estuary Program license plates in each of the states;

                            Exploring fees for selected services;

                            Support for federal legislation; and

                            Seeking specific allocations of economic development funds from regional
                            authorities.

                      Costs associated with the Plan are of two types: maintaining the
                      Delaware Estuary Program (in its reconstituted form as the

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                Delaware Estuary Foundation and the Delaware Estuary Council);
                and implementing the actions in the Plan. Each of these is more
                fully explained in Appendix G.

                goo* FUNDING THE DELAWARE ESTUARY COUNCIL

                For the first three years, it is estimated that the Program will
                receive $300,000 from USEPA under Section 320 of the Clean                  The
                Water Act. These funds are designated for administering CCMP                Foundation
                implementation and will be available from October 1995 to                   would have
                September 1998. These funds require a 25 percent non-federal                an annual
                match which should be provided by the States of Delaware,                   operating
                Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Additional sources of revenue, as             budget of
                detailed below, are expected to generate an additional $300,000             approximate-
                to $500,000 per year. This will give the Foundation an annual               ly $600,000
                operating budget of $600,000 to $800,000. As indicated in                   to $800,000.
                Chapter IV, the metropolitan port complex is ranked second in the
                Nation in total waterborne commerce, generating an annual
                income of over $3 billion and 180,000 jobs. In this context, the
                proposed Foundation operating budget represents a .03 percent
                additional investment in the improved health of the Estuary.

                Each year the Foundation would estimate the amount of money
                available for implementation and select priority actions for funding.
                If the Foundation determines that there is an existing public
                agency that is most appropriate to implement a particular action,
                the Foundation would execute a contract with that agency. For
                those CCMP recommendations where no appropriate agency is
                identified for implementation, the Foundation would advertise a
                request for qualifications through the Business Commerce Daily or
                the Foundation's mailing list.

                ,100* REDIRECTION OF CURRENT PROGRAMS

                Funds to implement a variety of environmental programs are
                appropriated by federal and state agencies every year. These
                funds are generally allocated to an issue (i.e., point source
                pollution control, wetlands enhancement, education) and not to a
                specific geographic area. Over 125 federal and state programs
                have been identified that could be used to implement most of the
                Delaware Estuary Program's CCMP recommendations. Some of
                these programs provide funds in the form of grants, loans, or cost-
                sharing, while others provide for technical assistance, information,
                or research on behalf of the requesting party. A matrix that links
                individual CCMP actions to existing programs can be found in the
                Program's Financial Plan, Appendix G.


                288                                                                        January 1995









                                                                           IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP


              The Delaware Estuary Foundation will negotiate with appropriate
              federal and state decision-makers to secure priority funding status
              for CCMP actions within existing programs. As an example, one
              federal program that is not currently being used for resource
              enhancement activities is the State Revolving Fund Program.
              Established by the Water Quality Act Amendments of 1987, this
              program makes capitalization grants available to states that have
              created revolving funds. The purpose of these revolving funds is
              to provide assistance to local communities for water quality
              projects and activities. The primary focus of revolving funds is
              financing local wastewater treatment facilities. However, the Act
              also states that revolving funds can be used to finance the
              implementation of nonpoint source pollution control plans, wetland
              programs, and estuary CCMPs.

              @@04
                     PUBLICIPRIVATE AND PUBLICIPUBLIC PARTNERSHIPS                          Potential fee
                                                                                            for service
              Public/private partnerships are agreements between public and                 programs that
              private entities to work together to meet some environmental                  could be
              need. Examples of such partnerships include the privatization of              implemented
              a public utility, private funding for public programs, joint                  at the local
              public/private funding for a project benefitting both parties, and            government
              allowing the use of public property by'a private interest in                  level:
              exchange for having the private interest provide a public service.            -Aquifer
                                                                                             Protection
              Pubic/public partnerships are agreements between a public agency               Districts
              and a public authority, such as a port or solid waste authority;              -Betterments
              these work in the same way as public/private partnerships.                    -Drainage
                                                                                             Districts
              The Delaware Estuary Program has been successful in establishing              -Flood
              three public/private partnerships to date. One company funded                  Control
              the printing of the Program's bumper sticker and loaned the                    Zone
              Program audio/visual equipment; the Public Service Electric and                Districts
              Gas Company designed and sponsored a series of newspaper                      -Health
              advertisements on behalf of the Program; and the Program and                   Districts
              DRBC jointly funded a project on data management.                             -Storm and
                                                                                             Surface
              >o* FEES FOR SERVICES                                                          Water
                                                                                             Utilities
                                                                                            -Stormwater
              Fees for services can be charged if there is a demand for a service            Utilities
              or if there is an identified group of individuals or organizations that
              are directly responsible for negative impacts on natural resources.
              An example of public demand for a service is the need of a
              neighborhood to have its septic systems pumped out regularly.
              The local government could put together a package deal for the
              neighborhood and tax the residents for the service at a better rate
              than each homeowner could contract for the service individually.




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                A stormwater utility, through which a municipality taxes its
                residents for stormwater control, is another example of a service
                fee. These types of programs can also be funded through general
                obligation and revenue bonds.

                J04 CHANGES TO FEDERAL LAW

                Potential changes to federal laws, such as the Clean Water Act,
                the Coastal Zone Management Act, and the Farm Bill, could
                provide funding for CCMP actions by including provisions for
                CCMP implementation grants and the redirection of penalties.

                S?04 REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

                The Delaware Estuary Foundation and Council should work with
                the Delaware River Port Authority and the Delaware River and Bay
                Authority to support specific projects and direct economic
                development funds in a manner consistent with the goals and
                objectives of the Plan.
                D. Consistency as an Implementation Tool                                    The
                Section 320(b) of the   Clean Water Act allows National Estuary             consistency
                Programs to review all  federal financial assistance programs and           review
                development projects    to determine whether these programs or              process
                projects would be consistent with and further the purposes and              allows the
                                                                                            Delaware
                objectives of the CCMP.       This consistency review provision             Estuary
                ensures that federal actions do not adversely affect CCMP goals,            Program to
                and that they support actions proposed in the CCMP wherever                 influence
                possible.                                                                   federal
                                                                                            actions and,
                The consistency review process allows the Delaware Estuary                  in some
                Program to influence federal actions and, in some cases, to stop            cases, to stop
                federal actions that conflict with the CCMP.                 As an          federal
                implementation mechanism, it could be useful in influencing                 actions that
                planning and work plan development of federal agencies such as              conflict with
                USEPA, USFWS, USDA-SCS, and USDOT.                                          the CCMP.

                The selection of federal programs to be reviewed will depend on
                their association with water quality, habitat, water use, or land
                use problems; whether they provide substantial funding in the
                region; and program or project size.          Programs that could
                implement specific CCMP actions will also be targeted for





                290                                                                       January 1995









                                                                         IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP


             consistency review. The Delaware Estuary Program will seek to
             resolve inconsistencies through negotiation with the federal
             agencies.

             For particularly significant programs, Memoranda of Understanding
             will be developed with the responsible federal agencies, to include
             coordination opportunities; procedures for establishing priorities,
             commitments, budget and staff; and progress reporting.

             After an initial review of applicable programs, the Delaware
             Estuary Program will establish a continuing review process, for
             which two mechanisms are available.          One is based on the
             Executive Order 12372 process, that allows states to comment on
             federal projects. This process is limited in that it does not require
             agencies to comply with the CCMP. The other mechanism is the
             state Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) consistency
             review process. Coastal Zone Management programs in all three
             states include federal consistency review procedures which
             provide powerful authorities to seek amendment of federal
             actions, including a veto authority. However, this authority is only
             available if enforceable CCMP policies are incorporated into the
             CZMP.     In order to incorporate these policies, the Delaware
             Estuary Program will have to complete a detailed comparison of
             CCMP and CZMP policies in each state. The states will then have
             to formally incorporate the enforceable policies. For those CCMP
             actions that cannot be incorporated, the CZMP can simply serve
             as a mechanism for providing comments to federal agencies, much
             like the executive order process.

             The final version of the CCMP will include a detailed plan for
             continued review of federal actions. It is anticipated that the
             Coastal Zone Management Programs will be the primary
             mechanism for reviewing federal activities for consistency, even
             where incorporation is not possible.

             An essential part of implementation is the development of CCMP
             guidance for review agencies and federal agencies that will be
             cooperating in implementing the CCMP.           This guidance will
             describe how the federal agency actions will be evaluated for
             consistency with CCMP goals and action plans.

             E.     Putting the CCMP in Place

             Because of the comprehensive nature of the Plan, success
             depends upon coordinated actions by local, state, and federal
             agencies and other organizations identified for specific activities.



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                 The roles of the major partners in Estuary management under the
                 Plan are summarized below.         At a more specific level, the
                 individual actions within the Plan identify lead agencies and
                 participating partners.


                 THE FEDERAL ROLE


                 '4*4    Participate in and help fund the Delaware Estuary
                 4
                         Foundation.


                 JW#4    Prioritize actions for federal agency operating budgets and
                         grant programs.

                 J"      Develop Memoranda of Understanding between federal
                         and state agencies to better coordinate environmental
                         protection efforts.

                 304     Provide mapping tools and products to facilitate
                         monitoring and cumulative impact assessment.

                 THE STATE ROLE


                 The success of the Plan will depend directly on both active state
                 agency participation in the Estuary Council and the fulfillment of
                 commitments concerning specific initiatives. State roles include:

                 J"      Participate in and help fund the Delaware Estuary
                         Foundation.


                 2"      Prioritize actions for state agency operating budgets and
                         grant programs.

                 200     Develop Memoranda of Understanding between federal
                         agencies and agencies of other states to better coordinate
                         environmental protection efforts.

                 20"     Provide mapping tools and products to facilitate
                         monitoring and cumulative impact assessment.

                 THE REGIONAL ROLE

                 2004    Participate in the Estuary Council and/or Foundation.

                 2"      Prioritize actions for regional agency operating budgets.




                 292                                                                         January 1995








                                                                      IMPLEMENTING THE CCMP

            -!*o*    Receive and spend public money as directed by the
                     Estuary Council/Foundation (DRBC).

            THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ROLE


            There are portions of 22 counties and over 500 municipalities,
            townships, and boroughs in the Delaware Estuary watershed.
            Community involvement is critical to the ultimate success of the
            Plan in achieving a cleaner, healthier, more productive ecosystem.
            Roles of local jurisdictions include:

            9)**     Serve on the Estuary Council and/or Foundation and
                     provide a voice for ongoing management.

            a**      Form compacts and/or agreements with adjacent
                     communities and counties to address environmental issues
                     that are watershed in scope.

            2)04     Incorporate habitat protection provisions into master
                     plans and development ordinances.

            J"       Incorporate "best management" stormwater management
                     practices into master plans and development ordinances.

            204      Provide input and comments on environmental policies.

            THE ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS                                                 Addressing
                                                                                     the
            Stakeholders include civic, conservation, and environmental              challenges of
            organizations, industries, small businesses, the commercial and          sustainable
            recreational fishing community, developers, boaters, and the             development
            public at large. All of these stakeholders will be affected by the       will require
            Plan and share responsibility for its implementation.           The      fundamental
                                                                                     behavioral
            partnership approach to resource protection has been emphasized          changes and
            in the Plan and will be even more important in its implementation.       broad support
            Addressing sustainable development challenges will require               from all
            fundamental behavioral changes and broad support from all                stakeholder
            stakeholder groups. Stakeholder involvement includes:                    groups.

                     Serve on the Estuary Council and/or Foundation and
                     provide a voice for ongoing resource management.

            2@**     Provide input and comments on environmental and
                     economic policies affecting the Estuary.






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                    DRAFT CCMP
                    DELAWARE
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM


                                    Assist with funding, volunteer, and in-kind services to
                                    support implementation.

                                    Assist with public outreach and educational efforts.

                                    Support legislative efforts at the federal, state, and
                                    local levels.

                        F. Summary

                        This Plan - the CCMP - has been developed as a blueprint for
                        restoring and protecting the Estuary. Unlike more traditional
                        planning efforts, the Delaware Estuary Program offered an
                        unusual opportunity: it asked the public for help in developing a
                        plan for the resource, rather than to just accept one prepared by
                        government agencies. People representing a wide variety of
                        interests - business people, environmentalists, teachers,
                        planners - have helped to shape this Plan. You, the person
                        who cares enough to read it and become involved, are the,
                        person who can make this Plan a reality.

                        Make the Program vision a reality and take the pledge ....

                              We the people of the Delaware Estuary watershed recognize its
                              importance, and our linkage to it.  We are committed to do our part to
                              protect and enhance it.  Our primary relationship to the Delaware is one
                              of stewardship.  We know what and where our most sensitive
                              environmental resource are, and we will honor and protect them.  The
                              diversity and abundance of plants and animals throughout the Delaware
                              Estuary are of great importance and value to us.  We support actions
                              to establish a fair and honest balance between the needs of
                              recreational and commercial fisheries and a sustainable fish and
                              shellfish level.  We exhort our local, state, federal, and private entities
                              to develop workable, integrated, regional watershed approaches to
                              protect habitat, ensure good water quality, and manage land use
                              including sound port management and economic development
                              consistent with the environmental needs of the Delaware Estuary.

                        294                                                                                                                January 1995
 







                                                                                   GLOSSARY

                                         APPENIDix A

                                             GLOSSARY


           Anadromous fish: Fish that spend their adult lives in the sea but swim upriver to fresh
           water to breed (striped bass, American shad, river herring, and sturgeon).

           Aquatic environment: The water and land covered by water in lakes, ponds, streams,
           rivers, estuaries, and oceans. .

           Ballast water: Water carried in a ship to provide stability after cargo has been taken
           ashore.


           Benthos: Plants and animals that live on the bottom of aquatic environments.

           Best Management Practice (BMP): A method, activity, maintenance procedure or
           other management practice for reducing the amount of pollution entering a water
           body.

           Biodiversity (Biological diversity): The variety of life and its processes, including the
           variety of living organisms and the genetic differences between them and the
           communities in which they occur.

           Bioconcentration (also food chain amplification, bioaccumulation, biomagnification):
           A process resulting in concentration of persistent, fat-soluble compounds (e.g., PCBs,
           DDT, methyl mercury) in the top carnivores of the food chain.

           Biomarker: A contaminant induced alteration in organisms at the cellular level that can
           be used as an early warning signal for predicting biological effects that may lead to
           decreased survival and reproductive capacity.

           Brackish: Having a salinity between that of fresh and sea water (saltier than fresh, not
           as salty as the sea).

           Catadromous fish: Fish that migrate downstream in the direction of the sea, usually
           to reproduce (American eel).

           Co-generation: The simultaneous production of electricity and useful thermal energy
           from a single power source.

           Combined Sewer Overflow: A pipe that, during storms, discharges untreated
           wastewater from a sewer system that carries both sanitary wastewater and
           stormwater. The overflow occurs because the system does not have the capacity to
           transport and treat the increased flow caused by stormwater runoff.





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               Cyanobacteria: Bacteria (formerly called blue-green algae) that have the photo-
               synthetic metabolism of plants but the cellular structure of bacteria.

               Demersal: Living in the bottom waters of a water body.

               Depletive water use: A use which permanently removes water from a Basin.

               Dermo Wermocystidium (marinum)): A parasitic microorganism (protozoan animal)
               that infects oysters and causes extensive mortalities.

               Diatoms: A class of planktonic one-celled algae with skeletons of silica.

               Diminution: The act or process of diminishing; decrease.

               Dredging: Removing bottom material from a waterway.

               Ecosystem: A natural unit formed by the interaction of a community of organisms
               with its environment.


               Estuary: A coastal water body, with tidal mixing, where fresh water from rivers mixes
               with salt water from the ocean.


               Eutrophication: The process during which a water body becomes highly loaded with
               nutrients, (primarily nitrogen and phosphorous), sometimes causing oxygen depletion
               from unconsurned algal production.

               Flocculation: A process involving the aggregation of fine particles, either suspended
               in or precipitated from a solution.

               Geographic Information Systems (GIS): A computer system that enables one to create
               electronic maps to depict various types of data, such as wetland coverages, toxic
               waste sites, etc.

               Ground truthing: The field checking of sites on the ground to reliably determine
               resource types and conditions. These data are used in relationship to classifications
               made from aerial photography and/or satellite images, to determine classification
               accuracy.


               Impoundment: An area of tidal marsh that has been cut off from tidal inundation
               through the construction of dikes, dams, or other water control structures.

               IVISX parasite (Haplosporidium nelsoni, "Multinucleated sphere X unknown"): A
               spherical, single-celled organism containing many nuclei belonging to a small group of
               spore-forming parasites of invertebrates. MSX is found only in oysters and causes
               extensive mortalities.




               A-2                                                                    January 1995








                                                                                        GLOSSARY


            Neotropical: New World (the Americas) tropics.

            Nonpoint source: An indirect discharge, not from a pipe or other specific source.

            Oyster drill: A predatory snail species that feeds on oysters by boring through their
            shell.


            Passerines: Songbirds.

            Pathogens: Biological agents, such as bacteria and viruses, that cause sickness or
            disease. Common sources in the Delaware Estuary include wastewater treatment
            plants, CSOs, and nonpoint source runoff.

            Pelagic: Living in the open water.

            Phragmites austrafis: A common reed grass, generally considered a pest plant,
            because of its tendency to replace other valuable vegetation by forming dense
            monoculture stands.


            Phytoplankton. Microscopic algae that are freely floating in aquatic systems.

            Raptors: Birds of prey, such as bald eagles, osprey, peregrine falcons.

            Riparian: Along river banks.

            Successional meadows: A large treeless area that is dominated by grasses and small
            woody and non-woody plants.

            Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without
            compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

            Terrestrial: Pertaining to the land and land habitats as opposed to aquatic habitats.

            Transfer of Development Rights (TDRs): A system for voluntary land preservation in
            which the property owner is paid not to develop land.

            Upconing: The situation where a producing well is located ciose enough to saline
            water underlying fresh water and pumped at a rate sufficient to cause the salt water
            to be drawn up into the well in an upward shaped cone or mound.

            Uplands: Terrestrial areas above the influence of tidal waters.

            Wasteload allocation: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is the total amount of a
            oollutant that can be released into a receiving water by all dischargers without causing
            a violation of water quality standards. A wasteload allocation determines how much
            of the total loading each source of the Pollutant will be allowed to discharge.




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               Watershed: A geographic area in which water, sediments, and dissolved materials
               drain to a common water body.

               Water quality standards:    State regulations which outline permissible levels of
               individual pollutants in specific bodies of water.

               Wetland: An ecosystem type, generally occurring between upland and deepwater
               areas, that performs many important functions including: fish and wildlife habitat,
               flood protection, erosion control, water quality maintenance, and recreational
               opportunities.











































               A-4                                                                  January 1995








                                                                                    REFERENCES

                                           APPENDix B

                   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11               STATE OF THE ESTUARY

            Albert, R.C., 1988.      Human Use:      Pollution.   In:   The Delaware Estuary:
                   Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource. Univ. of Delaware Sea Grant College
                   Program, Newark, DE.

            Belton, T.J., B.E. Ruppel, and K. Lockwood, 1982. "PCSs (Aroclor 1254) in Fish
                   Tissues Throughout the State of New Jersey. A Comprehensive Survey". New
                   Jersey Department of Environmentall Protection. Trenton, New Jersey.

            Berger, J., J.W. Sinton and J. Radke, 19914. History of the Human Ecology of the
                   Delaware Estuary. A Report to the Delaware Estuary Program by Expert
                   Information Systems, Inc., 100 pp.

            Biggs R.B. and T.M. Church, 1984. Bottom Sediments. In: J.H. Sharp, (ed.), The
                   Delaware Estuary:    Research Background for Estuarine Management and
                   Development. A Report to the Delaware River and Bay Authority.

            Brush, G., 1994.     Biostratigraphy of the Delaware Estuary.      Final draft report
                   submitted to the Delaware Estuary Program. Department of Geography and
                   Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University.

            Cahill Associates, 1993. "A Report on the Upper Perkiomen Watershed". Sponsored
                   by the Delaware Riverkeeper, Lambertville, New Jersey.

            Chervin, M.B., T.C. Malone and P.J. Neale, 1981. Interactions Between Suspended
                   Organic Matter and Copepoda Grazing in the Plume of the Hudson River.
                   Estuary. Coast. Shelf Sci. 13:169-1;33.

            Church, T.M., J.M. Tramontano, J.R. Scudlark, and S.L. Murray, 1988. Trace Metals
                   in the Waters of the Delaware Estuary, p. 93-115. In: S.K. Majumdar, E.W.
                   Miller, and L.E. Sage, eds., Ecology and Restoration of the Delaware River
                   Basin. Penn. Acad. Sci.


            Clark, K., 1991. Osprey Management in New Jersey, 1989. New Jersey Department
                   of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. Trenton, New
                   Jersey.

            Costa, H.J. and T.C. Sauer, 1994. Distribution of Chemical Contaminants and Acute
                   Toxicity in Delaware Estuary Sediments. Delaware Estuary Report prepared by
                   A.D. Little, Inc.


            Culliton, C., et al, 1990. Fifty Years of Population Change Along the Nation's Coast
                   1960-2010. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.



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                Daiber, F.C., 1988. Fisheries Resources of the Delaware Estuary. In: Mujaudar, E.W.
                       Miller, and L.E. Sage, Eds. Penn. Academy of Sciences. pp. 169-185.

                Daiber, F.C. and C.T. Roman, 1'988. Tidal Marshes, p. 95-113. In: The Delaware
                       Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource. T.L. Bryant, J.R. Pennock (eds.),
                       Univ. of Delaware Sea Grant College Program, 144 pp.

                Day, J.W., Jr., C.A.S. Hall, W.M. Kemp, and A. Yanez-Arancibia, 1989. Estuarine
                       Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 558 pp.

                Delaware River Basin Commission, 1994. "Delaware River and Bay Water Quality
                       Assessment 1992-1993 305b Report".

                Delaware River Basin Commission, 1993. Sediment Contaminants of the Delaware
                       River Estuary. Estuary Toxics Management Program, Delaware River Basin
                       Commission, West Trenton, New Jersey.

                Delaware River Basin Commission, 1991. Ambient Toxicity Study of the Delaware
                       River Estuary, Phase 1. Estuary Toxics Management Program, Delaware River
                       Basin Commission, West Trenton, New Jersey.

                Delaware River Basin Commission, 1988. Fish Health and Contamination Study. DEL
                       USA Project Element 10. Delaware Estuary Use Attainability Project, Delaware
                       River Basin Commission. West Trenton, New Jersey.

                Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, 1994. Status and Trends of the
                       Delaware Estuary Watershed.         Contract work for the Delaware Estuary
                       Program, 44 pp.

                DiLorenzo, I.L., G.R. Marino, G.R. Huang, P. Najarian, T.O., and M.L. Thatcher, 1992.
                       Hydraulic Controls on Delaware Estuary Water Quality.             In:    Hydraulic
                       Engineering, Saving a Threatened Resource - In Search of Solutions. American
                       Society of Civil Engineers, Proc. of the Hydraulic Engineering sessions at Water
                       Forum 1992. Jennings, M.E., and N.G. Bhowmik (Eds.), Baltimore, Maryland.
                       August 2-5, 1992, pp. 151-157.

                Environmental Resources Research Institute, 1994. Land Use and Nonpoint Pollution
                       Study of the Delaware River Basin.

                Ferren, W.R. and A. Schuyler, 1980. Intertidal Vascular Plants of River Systems near
                       Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
                       132:86-120.








                B-2                                                                       January 1995









                                                                                        REFERENCES


            Frake, A.C., J.H. Sharp, S.E. Pike, J.R. Pennock, C.H. Culberson, and W.J. Canzonier,
                   1984. Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Silicon). In: The Delaware Estuary:
                   Research as Background for Estuarine Management and Development (J.H.
                   Sharp, ed.). A report to the Delaware River and Bay Authority.

            Frithsen, J.B., K. Killam, and M. Young, '1991. An Assessment of Key Biological
                   Resources in the Delaware River Estuary.          Report prepared for the EPA
                   Delaware Estuary Program by Versar, Inc.

            Gastrich, M.D., 1992. Characterization Summary and Synthesis Report for the
                   Delaware Estuary Program Preliminary Conservation and Management Plan".
                   New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Trenton, New Jersey.

            Gloucester County Planning Deparment, 1992. Clean Water Works: Watershed
                   Management.

            Goodell, Robert L., 1988. Water Management and Hydrology in the Delaware River
                   Basin.    In:  Ecology and Restoration of the Delaware River Basin, The
                   Pennsylvania Academy of Science.

            Greeley Polhemus Group, Inc., 1994. Land Use Management and Nonpoint Source
                   Control for the Delaware Estuary: The Pennsylvania Demonstration Project.

            Greeley-Polhemus Group, Inc., 1993. Assessment of Selected Delaware Estuary
                   Economic and Natural Resource Values.


            Hargreaves, B.R. and J.N. Kraeuter, 1989. The State of Living Resources in the
                   Delaware Estuary. Document supporting presentation made in October 1989.
                   Delaware Estuary Program Workshop., College of Marine Studies, Univ. of DE,
                   Newark, DE.


            Haskin, H.H., R.A. Lutz, and C.E. Epifanio, 1984. Chapter 13: Benthos (Shellfish).
                   In: Sharp, J.H., ed. The Delaware Estuary: Research as Background for
                   Estuarine Management and Development. Univ. Del. and N.J. Marine Sci.
                   Consort.


            Herman, S.S. and B.R. Hargreaves, 1988.            First Order Estimate of Secondary
                   Productivity in the Delaware Estuary, Chapter 9, p. 148-156 and page 431. In
                   Majumdar, S.K., E.W. Miler, and L.E. Sage (eds.) Ecology and Restoration of
                   the Delaware River Basin. The Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton,
                   Pennsylvania.

            Hires, R.I., G.L. Mellor, L.Y. Oey, and R.W. Garvine, 1984. Circulation of the Estuary.
                   In: The Delaware Estuary: Research as Background for Estuarine Management
                   and NOAA, 1987. Benthic Surveillance Program, National Status and Trends
                   Program. Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 38.



                                                                                                   B-3








                      DRAFT CCIVIP
             RELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Jarman, W.M., et al, 1993. Organochlorines, Including Chlordane Compounds and
                      their Metabolites, in Peregrine Falcon, Prairie Falcon and Clapper Rail Eggs from
                      the U.S.A. Envir. Poll. Vol. 81, pp. 127-136.

               Karish, John F., 1988. Outdoor Recreation along the Delaware River. In: Ecology
                      and Restoration of the Delaware River Basin. The Pennsylvania Academy of
                      Science.


               Kerlinger, Paul and David Wiedner, 1991. The Economics of Birding at Cape May,
                      New Jersey. Human Dimensions in Wildlife newsletter, Cornell University.
                      Volume 8, No. 3.

               Killam, K.A. and W.A. Richkus, 1992. An Assessment of Fisheries Landings Records
                      in the Delaware Estuary.      Prepared for Delaware Estuary Program, U.S.
                      Environmental Protection Agency, by Versar, Inc., Columbia, Maryland. 190pp.

               Kiry, P. K., 1974. An Historical Look at the Water Quality of the Delaware River
                      Estuary to 1973. Contribution #4. Dept. of Limnology, Academy of Natural
                      Sciences of Philadelphia. 76 pp.

               Lebo,  M.E. and J.H. Sharp, 1992. Modeling Phosphorus Cycling in a Well-Mixed
                      Coastal Plain Estuary. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science 35:235-252.

               Maiden, A.L., D.A. Randle, and S.R. Goldman, 1977. Abundance and Distribution of
                      Ichthyoplankton. In: An Ecological Study of the Delaware River in the Vicinity
                      of Artificial Island. Progress Report for January through December, 1976.

               Malone, T.C. and M.B. Chervin, 1979. The Production and Fate of Phytoplankton
                      Size Fractions in the Plume of the Hudson River, New York Bight. Limnol.
                      Oceangr. 24:683-693.

               Marino, G.R., J.L. DiLorenzo, H.S. Litwack, T.O. Najarian, and M.L. Thatcher, 1992.
                      General Water Quality Assessment and Trend Analysis of the Delaware Estuary.
                      Part 1. General Status and Trend Analysis. Report to the Delaware Estuary
                      Program. USEPA, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 217.

               Marshall, H.G., 1992. Assessment of Phytoplankton Species in the Delaware River
                      Estuary. Final Report. Prepared for Delaware River Basin Commission, West
                      Trenton, New Jersey.

               McHugh, J.L., 1966. Management of Estuarine Fisheries. American Fisheries Society
                      Special Publication. 3:133-154.

               McNair, 1991. Status and Trends of Toxic Pollutants in the Delaware Estuary.
                      Division of Environmental Research, Academy of Natural Sciences of
                      Philadelphia. Report 91-14 to the Delaware Estuary Program.


               B-4                                                                      January 1995









                                                                                    REFERENCES


            Meredith, W.H. and D.E. Savekis, 1987. Effects of Open Water Marsh Management
                  (OMWM) on Bird Populations of a Delaware Tidal Marsh, and OMWM's Use in
                  Waterbird Habitat Restoration and Enhancement. In: Waterfowl and Wetlands
                  Symposium. Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
                  and Delaware Coastal Management Program. Dover, DE, p. 199-321.

            Niles, L., K. Clark, and D. Ely, 1991. Breeding Status of Bald Eagles in New Jersey.
                  New Jersey Audubon Society, Vol. 17, No. 1.

            O'Herron, J.C., 11, T. Lloyd, and K. Laidig, 1993. A Survey of Fish in the Delaware
                  Estuary from the Area of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to Trenton. Draft
                  final report prepared for Delaware Estuary Program, Environmental Protection
                  Agency, Region 11.

            Pagano, M. and L. Saint-Jean, 1994. In Situ Metabolic Budget for the Calanoid
                  Copepoda Acartia clausi in a Tropical Brackish Water Lagoon (Ebrie Lagoon,
                  Ivory Coast). Hydrobiologia 272:174-161.

            Palmer, M.A., 1994. Invertebrates Drift: Behavioral Experiments with Intertidal
                  Meiobenthos. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 10:235-253.

            Pennock, J.R. and J. Sharp, 1986. Phytoplankton Production in the Delaware
                  Estuary: Temporal and Spatial Variability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 34:143-155.

            Philipp, 1994. Tidal Wetlands Characterization - Then and Now. Draft report to the
                  Delaware Estuary Program.

            Price, K.S., R.A. Beck, S.M. Tweed, and C.E. Epifanio, 1988. Fisheries, p. 71-93.
                  In: The Delaware Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource. T.L. Bryant,
                  J.R. Pennock (eds.), University of Delaware Sea Grant College Program.

            Riedel, G.F. and J.G. Sanders, 1993. Trace Element Speciation and Behavior in the
                  Tidal Delaware River. Final report to the Delaware Estuary Program. January,
                  1993.


            Sanders, J.G. and G.F. Riedel, 1992. Factors Limiting Primary Production in the
                  Urban Delaware River. Final report. Report No. 92-35. The Academy of
                  Natural Sciences, Benedict, MD.

            Sautour, B. and J. Castel, 1993.       Distribution of Zooplankton Populations in
                  Marennes-Oleron Bay (France), Structure and Grazing Impact of Copepoda
                  Communities. Oceanol. Acta 16:27.9-290.


            Scheier, A. and P. Kiry, 1973. A Discussion of the Effects of Certain Potential
                  Toxicants on Fish and Shellfish in the Upper Delaware Estuary. A report to the
                  National Science Foundation RANN Program. By the Academy of Natural
                  Sciences of Philadelphia. 54 pp.



                                                                                              B-5




              go
             Or DRAFT CCMP
                    RE
               ELAW
             ESIUARY PROGRAM


               Sharp, J., 1994. What Not to Do About Nutrients in the Delaware Estuary. In: K.
                      Dyer, ed., Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries.       Implications from Science to
                      Management. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark.

               Sharp, J., 1988. Trends in Nutrient Concentrations in the Delaware Estuary, pp. 77-
                      92. In: S.K. Majumdar, E.W. Miller, and L.E. Sage (eds.), Ecology and
                      Restoration of the Delaware River Basin.


               Sharp, J.H., L.A. Cifuentes, R.B. Coffin, J.R. Pennock, and K.C. Wong, 1986. The
                      Influence of River Variability on the Circulation, Chemistry and Microbiology of
                      the Delaware Estuary. Estuaries, 9:261-269.

               Sharp, J.H., J.R. Pennock, T.M. Church, J.M. Tramontano, and L.A. Cifuentes, 1984.
                      The Estuarine Interaction of Nutrients, Organics, and Metals: A Case Study in
                      the Delaware Estuary.     I n:  V.S. Kennedy-Ed.     The Estuary as a Filter.
                      Academic Press (Orlando, FL) pp. 241-258.

               Sharp, J.H., C.H. Culberson, and T.M. Church, 1982. The Chemistry of the Delaware
                      Estuary: General Considerations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27:1015-1028.

               Shuster, C.N., 1985. A Contribution to the Population Biology of Horseshoe Crabs,
                      Limulus polyphemus (L.), in Delaware Bay. Estuaries 8(4):363-372.

               Smullen, J.T., J.H. Garvine, R.W. and H.H. Haskin, 1983. River Flow and Salinity.
                      In: The Delaware Estuary: Research as Background for Estuarine Management
                      and Development - A Report to the Delaware River and Bay Authority. J.H.
                      Sharp (ed.), University of Delaware College of Marine Studies and New Jersey
                      Marine Sciences Consortium.


               Stearns, D.E. and M.R. Dardeau, 1990. Nocturnal and Tidal Vertical Migrations of
                      "Benthic" Crustaceans in an Estuarine System with Diurnal Tides. Northeast
                      Gulf Sci. 11:93-104.


               Stearns, D.E., W. Litaker, and G. Rosenberg, 1987. Impacts of Zooplankton Grazing
                      and Excretion on Short-Interval Fluctuations in Chlorophyll and Nitrogen
                      Concentrations in a Well-Mixed Estuary. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 24:305-325.

               Steidl, R.J., C.R. Griffin, and L.J. Niles, 1991A. Differential Reproductive Success of
                      Ospreys in New Jersey. J. Wildlife Management Vol. 55., No. 2, pp. 226-272.

               Steidl, R.J., C.R. Griffin, L.J. Niles, 1991B. Reproductive Success and Eggshell
                      Thinning of a Re-established Peregrine Falcon Population.            J. Wildlife
                      Management Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 294-299.






               B-6                                                                     January 1995








                                                                                                      REFERENCES


              Steidl,  R.J., C.R. Griffin, L.J. Niles, 1991 C. Contaminant Levels of Osprey Eggs and
                       Prey Reflect Regional Differences in Reproductive Success.                       J. Wildlife
                       Management Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 601-608.

              Stein,   M., M. Docherty, R. Jung, and J.P. Myers, 1988. Migratory Shorebirds. In:
                       The Delaware Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource. University of
                       Delaware Sea Grant Program.

              Stepien, J.C., T.C. Malone, and M.B. Chervin, 1981. Copepoda Communities in the
                       Estuary and Coastal Plume of the Hudson River. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.
                       13:185-195.


              Sutton, C., 1988. Wintering Raptors and Waterfowl on the Maurice River. Records
                       of New Jersey Birds 14(32):42-50.

              Sutton, C., C. Schultz, and P. Kerlinger, 1991. Autumn Raptor Migration Along New
                       Jersey's Delaware Bayshore: A Hawk Migration Study at East Point, New
                       Jersey.     I n:   Hawk Migration Studies (Journal of the Hawk Migration
                       Association of North America) 160):58-64.


              Tiner,   R.W., Jr., 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. Cooperative Publication, National
                       Wetlands Inventory Project, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5, Newton
                       Corner, MA and Division of Environmental Control, Delaware Dept. of Natural
                       Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE, 77pp.

              Tiner,   R.W., 1985. Wetlands of New Jersey. National Wetlands Inventory Project,
                       U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5, Newton Corner, MA.

              Tiner,   R.W., J.C. Anderson, and W. Zinni, 11987. Current Status and Recent Trends
                       in Wetlands of the Delaware Estuary, Coastal Zone of Pennsylvania. National
                       Wetlands Inventory Program.              U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5,
                       Newtown Corner, MA.

              Tiner,   Ralph W., Jr. and Bill 0. Wilen, 1988. Wetlands of the Delaware River Basin.
                       In Ecology and Restoration of the Delaware River Basin. The Pennsylvania
                       Academy of Science.

              U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986. 305b Water Quality Reports.

              U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993. Concentrations of Organochlorines and Trace
                       Elements in Fish and Blue Crabs from the Delaware River, Easton to Deepwater.
                       Pennsylvania Field Office Special Project Report 93-5, State College, PA.

              Versar, Inc., 1994. Estimates of Contaminant Inputs to the Delaware Estuary from
                       Nonpoint Sources. Contract draft report to the Delaware Estuary Program.





                                                                                                                  B-7









                     DRAFT CCMP
            RELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Wang, C.S. Johnson, and R.J. Kernehan, 1979. Fishes of the Delaware Estuaries:
                     A Guide to Early Life Histories. EA Communications. Ecological Analysts, Inc.,
                     Towson, MD.


               Weakfish Review Team, 1990. Annual Report on the Status and Trends of the
                     Atlantic Weakfish.


               Wiedner, D.S., P. Kerlinger, D. Sibley, P. Holt, J. Hough, and R. Crossley, 1992.
                     Visible Morning Flight of Neotropical Landbird Migrants at Cape May, New
                     Jersey. The Auk, 109 (3):500-510.











































               B-8                                                                   January 1995









                                                                                   REFERENCES


                    REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER III - LAND MANAGEMENT


           Arendt, Randall, 1994. Designing Open Space Sudivisions, A Practical Step-by-Step
                  Guide. Natural Lands Trust.


           Greely-Polhemus Group, Inc., 1992.       Delaware Estuary Program Inventory and
                  Assessment. For the Delaware Estuary Program.

           John, Dewitt, 1994. Civic Environmentalism: Alternatives to Regulation in States and
                  Communities. CQ Press.


           Leopold, Aldo, 1949. Land Ethic.

           New Jersey State Planning Commission, 1992. Communities of Place, the New
                  Jersey State Development and Redevelopment Plan.

           Robinson, G., M. Yurlina, and S. Handel, 1994. "A Century of Change in the Staten
                  Island Flora: Ecological Correlates of Species Losses and Invasions" . In:
                  Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 121 (2).

           Roy F. Weston, Inc., 1992. Delaware Estuary Regulatory Programs Inventory and
                  Assessment. For the Delaware Estuary Program.

           Smith, Tim, 1993. "Toward Sustainable Farming Communities: Community Planning
                  and Design in Suburbanizing Farming Regions." In: American Institute of
                  Architects On-Line Publication, Washington, D.C.


                                RESOURCES FOR FURTHER READING ON
                            GROWTH MANAGEMENT, LAND USE PLANNING
                                  AND NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION


           Anacostia Restoration Team, 1991. Watershed Restoration Sourcebook. Metropolitan
                  Washington Council of Governments.

           Barkley, Paul, 1973. Economic Growth and Environmental Decay. Harcourt Brace.

           Brandes, Charles, 1973. Methods of Synthesis for Ecological Planning. University of
                  Pennsylvania.

           Cahill Associates, 1989. Stormwater Management in the New Jersey Coastal Zone.
                  For New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.

           Corbett, Michael, 198 1. A Better Place to Live. Rodale Press.







                                                                                             B-9









                     DRAFT CCIVIP
            5ELAWARE
            ESTUARY PROGRAM


              Coughlin, R., J. Denworth, and J. Rogers, 1991. Guiding Growth. Pennsylvania
                     Environmental Council.


              Doppelt, et al., 1993. Entering the Watershed. The Pacific Rivers Council.

              Dunne and Leopold, 1978. Water in Environmental Planning. Freeman.

              Kunstler, James, 1994. The Geography of Nowhere. Touchstone.

              McHale, John, 1970. The Ecological Context. Braziller.

              Ortolano, Leonard, 1981. Environmental Planning and Decision Making. Stanford
                     University.

              Real Estate Research Corporation, 1974.      The Costs of Sprawl. Environmental
                     Protection Agency.

              Schueler, T.R., 1987. Controlling Urban Runoff: A Practical Manual for Planning and
                     Designing Urban Best Management Practices.          Metropolitan Council of
                     Governments.


              USEPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. "Coastal Protection Program".
                     Washington, D.C.





























              B-10                                                                 January 1995









                                                                                      REFERENCES


             REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER V - HABITAT AND LIVING RESOURCES


            Culliton, C. et al., 1990. 50 Years of Population Change along the Nation's Coast
                   1960 - 2010. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

            Delaware Basin Fish and Wildlife Management Cooperative, 1985. A Policy and
                   Recommendations Relating to Fishways Within the Delaware Basin, 37 pp. and
                   Appendix.

            Delaware's Environmental Legacy: Report to the Governor and the People of Delaware.
                   January 1988.

            Ford, R.G. and D. Henne, 1993. The Vulnerability of Migrating Shorebirds to Oil Spills
                   in the Delaware River Estuary. Paper presented at the Shorebird Workshop,
                   New Jersey DEPE, May 1993.

            Frayer, W.E., 1991. Status and Trends of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats in the
                   Coterminous United States, 1 970's to 1 980's. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                   31 pp.

            Kerlinger, P. Delaware Tributary Greenway Project,             1993, and personal
                   communication.


            Kraft, J.C., H. Yi, and M.D. Khalequzzaman, 1992. Geologic and Human Factors in
                   the Decline of the Tidal Saltmarsh Lithosome: The Delaware Estuary and
                   Atlantic Coastal Zone. Sedimentary Geology 80: 232-246.

            McCorkle, R., 1992. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the States of Delaware and
                   New Jersey. Nomination Report to the Convention on Wetlands of International
                   Importance.

            Meredith, W., 1994. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
                   Control. Personal communication.


            Niles, L. Table 2 from presentation at Shorebird Workshop, May 1993.

            Philipp, Kurt, 1994. Tidal Wetlands Characterization - Then and Now. Report
                   prepared for the Delaware Estuary Program by Wetland Research Associates,
                   Inc. 81 pp. and Appendices.

            Reid, W. and M. Trexler, 1991. Drowning the National Heritage: Climate Change and
                   U.S. Coastal Biodiversity. World Resources Institute.

            Robbins, C.S., D.K. Dawson, and B.A. Dowell, 1989. Habitat Area Requirements of
                   Breeding Forest Birds of the Middle Atlantic States. Wildlife Monographs, 103.
                   The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C.




                                                                                              B-1 1




             go
             OF DRAFT CCMP
             RELKAH
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Safina, C. and K. Hinman, 1991. Stemming The Tide: Conservation of Coastal Fish
                      Habitat in the United States. Summary of a National Symposium on Coastal
                      Fish Habitat Conservation, Baltimore, MD, 1991. National Coalition for Marine
                      Conservation.


               Seymour, B., 1994.       Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. Personal
                      communication.


               Tiner, R.W., Jr., 1985a. Wetlands of New Jersey. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
                      National Wetlands Inventory. Newton Corner, MA. 11 7pp.

               Tiner, R.W., Jr., 1985b. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and           Wildlife Service,
                      National Wetlands Inventory, Newton Corner, MA and Delaware Department of
                      Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands Section, Dover, DE.
                      Cooperative publication. 77pp.

               Tiner, R.W., Jr., 1990. Pennsylvania's Wetlands: Current Status and Recent Trends.
                      U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory, Newtown Corner,
                      MA and Bureau of Water Resources Management, Division of Rivers and
                      Wetlands Conservation, Harrisbury, PA. Cooperative publication. 104pp.

               Smith, G.S. and R.W. Tiner, 1993. Status and Trends of Wetlands in Cape May
                      County, New Jersey and Vicinity (1977 to 1991).             U.S. Environmental
                      Protection Agency, Region 11, Marine and Wetlands Branch, New York, NY and
                      U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 5 Ecological Services, Hadley, MA.
                      Cooperative report R-93. 29pp.

               U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990. Emergency Wetlands Resources Act Regional
                      Wetlands Concept Plan, Northeast Region.





















               B-12                                                                     January 1995









                                                                                        REFERENCES


                              REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER V1 - TOXICS


             Albert, Richard C. 1988. "The Historical Context of Water Quality Management for the
                   Delaware Estuary." Estuaries. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 99-107.

             Belton, Thomas J., Bruce E. Ruppel, and Keith Lockwood, 1982. "PCBs (Aroclor
                   1254) in Fish Tissues Throughout the State of New Jersey. A Comprehensive
                   Survey". New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Trenton, New
                   Jersey.                                                                     p

             Clark, K., 199 1. " 1989 Osprey Management in New Jersey. " New Jersey Department
                   of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish, Game, and Wildlife. Trenton, New
                   Jersey.

             Costa, Heldar J. and Thodore C. Sauer, 1994.               "Distributions of Chemical
                   Contaminants and Acute Toxicity in Delaware Estuary Sediments". Delaware
                   Estuary Report prepared by A.D. Little, Inc.

             Delaware River Basin Commission, 1993. Sediment Contaminants of the Delaware
                   River Estuary. Estuary Toxics Management Program, Delaware River Basin
                   Commission. West Trenton, NJ.


             Delaware River Basin Commission, 1991. Ambient Toxicity Study of the Delaware
                   River Estuary, Phase 1. Estuary Toxics Management Program, Delaware River
                   Basin Commission. West Trenton, NJ.

             Delaware River Basin Commission, 1988. Fish Health and Contamination Study. DEL
                   USA Project Element 10. Delaware Estuary Use Attainability Project, Delaware
                   River Basin Commission. West Trenton, New Jersey.

             Gastrich, Mary Downes, 1992. "Characterization Summary and Synthesis Report for
                   the Delaware Estuary Program Preliminary Conservation and Management Plan".
                   New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Trenton, NJ.

             Jarman, W.M, et al., 1993. "Organochlorines, Including Chlordane Compounds and
                   their metabolites, in Peregrine Falcon, Prairie Falcon, and Clapper Rail Eggs from
                   the USA" Envir. Poll. Vol 81, pp. 127-136.

             New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, 1993. Fish and Wildlife Digest Vol.
                   6 No. 4, 5pp.

             Niles, Larry, Cathy Clark, and Douglas Ely, 1991. Breeding Status of Bald Eagles in
                   New Jersey. New Jersey Audubon Society. Vol 17, No.l.








                                                                                                  B-13









                     DRAFT CCIVIP
            RAN
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               NOAA, 1989. A Summary of Data on Tissue Contamination from the first three years
                     (1986-1988) of the Mussel Watch Proeec . National Status and Trends Program.
                     NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 49.


               Paul, J. et al. EMAP Virginian Province Four Year Assessment (1990-1993). EPA
                     Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, R.I. In review October 1994.

               Steidl, Robert J, Curtice R. Griffin, and Lawrence J. Niles, 1991a. "Differential
                     Reproductive Success of Ospreys in New Jersey." J. Wildl. Manage. Vol. 55
                     No. 2 pp. 226-272.

               Steidl, Robert J, Curtice R. Griffin, Lawrence J. Niles, and Kathleen E. Clark, 1991 b.
                     "Reproductive Success and Eggshell Thinning of a Reestablished Peregrine
                     Falcon Population." J. Wildl. Manage. Vol. 55 No. 2, pp. 294-299.

               Steidl, Robert J, Curtice R. Griffin, and Lawrence J. Niles, 1991c. "Contaminant
                     Levels of Osprey Eggs and Prey Reflect Regional Differences in Reproductive
                     Success." J. Wildl. Manage. Vol. 55 No. 4, pp. 601-608.

               US FWS, 1993. "Concentrations of organochlorines and trace elements in fish and
                     Blue Crabs from the Delaware River, Easton to Deepwater". PA Field office
                     Special Project Report 93-5. State College, PA.





























               B-14                                                                   January 1995








                                                             MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE MEMBERS

                                                APPENDIX C

                                  MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE MEMBERS


              POLICY COMMITTEE (AS OF MAY 1994)

              Arthur A. Davis, Secretary, PADER
                     (Represented by Caren Glotfelty, Deputy Secretary for Water Management, PADER)
              Jeanne M. Fox, Regional Administrator, USEPA, Region 11
              Peter H. Kostmayer, Regional Administrator, USEPA, Region III
              Robert C. Shinn, Jr., Commissioner, NJDEP
              Christophe A. G. Tulou, Secretary, DNREC

              MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE


              John Burnes, USACE
              John Campanelli, Co-Chair, CAC
              Neil Christerson, NOAA1OCRM
              Mario Del Vicario, USEPA, Region 11
              Hon. John Adler, Chair, FPC
              Karen Holm, Chair, LGC
              Richard Pepino, USEPA, Region III
              David Pollison, DRBC
              Jonathan H. Sharp, Chair, STAC
              David Stout, USFWS
              James Tabor, PADER
              Robert K. Tucker, NJDEP
              Representative of New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Vacant
              Meghan Wren, Co-Chair, CAC
              Robert J. Zimmerman, DNREC


              CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE


              John H. Balletto, Robert Boot, Delaware River Basin Electric Utilities Group
              John Campanelli (Committee Co-Chair), Susan Carney, National Wildlife Federation Affiliates
              Jay Cooperson, Joe Turner, Sierra Club
              Carl DeMusz, Allan Dechert, Dave Sedlak, New Jersey Association of Realtors
              Charles R. Dutill, Franklin Hartman, Gregory Boyle, New Jersey Water Pollution Control Association
              Lorraine Fleming, Linda Stapleford, Connie Logothetis, Delaware Nature Society
              Heather Dufur, Ivan Ferron, New Jersey Academy of Aquatic Sciences
              Stephen N. Howard, David F. Moore, New Jersey Conservation Foundation
              Andrew W. Johnson, Pete Churchill, Hollister Knowlton, Pennsylvania Environmental Council
              Capt. Bill Lowe, Pilots Association for the Delaware! Bay and River
              Ted Nash, John W. Painter, Lisa Himber, Maritime Exchange for the Delaware River and Bay
              William R. Neil, Richard P. Kane, New Jersey Audubon Society
              Alex Ogden, Delaware Bay Watermen's Association
              William H. Palmer (Committee Vice-Chair), Robert O'Larnic, Water Resources Association of the
                     Delaware River Basin
              Gary Patterson, John Maxwell, Debbie Alford, Petroleum Councils
              Cynthia Poten, Mary Ellen Noble, Tracy Carluccio, Watershed Association of the Delaware River
              Barbara Rich, Judy Blum, Association of New Jersey Envionmental Commissions
              Jeanette Ross, Roberta Ehrenberg, Joyce Johnson, League of Women Voters Interleague Council of
                     the Delaware River Basin




                                                                                                         C-1








                        DRAFT CCMP
              RELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 James P. Scott, John Riley, American Waterworks Association
                 Bruce R. Walton, Shirley Steele, Jane Mitchell, Delaware Farm Bureau
                 Meghan Wren (Committee Co-Chair), Johanna Massey Biggs, Delaware Bay Schooner Project

                 In addition, a variety of individuals and organizations regularly participate in CAC meetings. These
                 include:


                 William D. Angstadt, Delaware/Maryland Agribusiness Association
                 Marjorie A. Crofts, Staff Coordinator for CAC, DNREC
                 Karen S. Day, USFWS
                 Margaret Mints Ogden, Historian
                 Robert Nyman, USEPA Coordinator for CAC, USEPA,   Region 11
                 Dave Pollison, DRBC
                 Charles Rehm, PADER
                 Leah Roedel, Marion C. Stewart, National Recreation and Parks Association
                 Richard Seidel, Delaware Association of Conservation Districts


                 LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE


                 Dela ware


                 New Castle County:
                 Alan Silverman, County Representative
                 Beth Matkins, Local Representative (City of Wilmington)

                 Kent County:
                 Kevin Coyle, County Representative

                 Sussex County:
                 Robert Davis, County Representative
                 Local Representative, Position Vacant

                 New Jersey

                 Burlington County:
                 Cindy Gilman, County Representative
                 Local Representative, Position Vacant

                 Camden County:
                 County Representative, Position Vacant
                 Robert Clark, Local Representative (City of Camden

                 Cape May County:
                 James Smith, County Representative
                 Grover Webber, Local Representative (Cape May)

                 Cumberland County:
                 Jay Laubengeyer, County Representative
                 Mark Shuster, Local Representative (City of Bridgeton)

                 Gloucester County:
                 Rick Westergaard, County Representative
                 William Coughlin, Local Representative (Washington Township)



                 C-2                                                                            January 1995








                                                             MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE MEMBERS


             Mercer County:
             James Ruggieri, County Representative
             Karen Waldron, Local Representative (City of Trenton)

             Salem County:
             Michael Reeves, County Representative
             Local Representative, Position Vacant

             Pennsylvania

             Bucks County:
             Vitor Vicente, County Representative
             Holly Fitzgerald, Local Representative
                    (Bensalem Township)

             Delaware County:
             Karen Holm, County Representative
                    (Committee Chair)
             Bruce Dorbian, Local Representative (Borough of Marcus Hook)

             Philadelphia County:
             Stephanie Craighead,. County Representative
             Mark Brody, Local Representative (City of Philadelphia)


             State Conservation Districts:
             Richard Seidel, Delaware
             Ferdows Ali, New Jersey
             Malcolm Crooks, New Jersey
             Robert E. Francis, Pennsylvania


             Other Members


             U.S. Coast Guard:
             Mark Dougherty

             Advisory Agencies:
             Jeff Featherstone, DRBC
             Barry Seymour, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission


             Committee Staff:
             Mindy Lemoine, USEPA, Region III
             John Hines, PADER
             James Walsh, PADER


             FINANCIAL PLANNING COMMITTEE


             Richard Cook, Institute for Cooperation in Environmental Management, Vice-chair
             Marjorie A. Crofts, Staff for FPC, DNREC
             Andrea Edwards, Office of Senator Lautenberg
             Hon. David H. Ennis, Delaware General Assembly
             Ronald K. Flory, PADER
             Hon. Vencent J. Fumo, Pennsylvania State Senate
             Richard Gore, DRBC
             Steve Karlsen, DNREC
             Mindy Lemoine, Staff Support, USEPA, Region III



                                                                                                         C-3








                         DRAFT CCMP
               5ELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 Stuart McDaniel, AUS Consultants
                 Lynn Broaddus, The Nature Conservancy, Delaware Office
                 William H. Palmer, Water Resources Association of the Delaware River Basin, Chairman
                 Gary Patterson, Delaware Petroleum Council
                 John Flietz, Office of Rep. Weldon
                 Gerald J. Sabol, Office of Sen. Fumo
                 Ronald S. Tuminski, NJDEP


                 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE


                 Kenneth W. Able, Rutgers University Marine Field Station
                 Richard Albert, DRBC
                 Charles App, USEPA, Region III
                 Joseph S. Augustyn, Richard Alaimo Associates
                 Judy Blum, Association of New Jersey Environmental Commissions
                 Mark Botton, Fordham University
                 Gregory Breese, USFWS
                 Kathleen Clark, NJDEP, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife
                 Barbara Conlin, USACE
                 Robert Connell, NJDEP, Division of Water Resources
                 Marjorie Crofts, DNREC
                 Joseph Davis
                 Joseph DiLorenzo, Najarian & Associates, Inc.
                 Eric Evenson, U.S. Geological Survey
                 Lloyd L. Falk
                 Deborah Freeman, USEPA, Region 11
                 Jeffrey Frithsen, Versar, Inc.
                 Mary Downes Gastrich, NJDEP, Division of Science and Research
                 Jeff Gebert, USACE
                 Henry Gunther, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
                 Bruce Halgren, NJDEP Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife
                 Scott Hall, Gloucester Co., Planning Department
                 Susan Halsey, NJDEP, Division of Science and Research
                 Steve Hammell, Delaware Estuary Program Office
                 Bruce R. Hargreaves, Lehigh University (Committee Vice Chair)
                 Harold Haskin, Rutgers University Shellfish Research Lab
                 Stevens Heckscher, Natural Lands Trust
                 Mark Hermanson, Academy of Natural Sciences
                 Ward Hickman, U.S. Geological Survey
                 Margo Hunt, USEPA, Region 11
                 Desmond Kahn, DNREC, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife
                 Susan Kilham, Drexel University (Committee Vice Chair)
                 Robert G. Kissell, Jr., E. 1. Du Pont DeNemours & Co.
                 Vic Klemas, University of Delaware
                 Robert Knecht, University of Delaware
                 John Kraeuter, Rutgers University Shellfish Research Lab
                 Mindy Lemoine, USEPA, Region III
                 Suzanne Lussier, USEPA, Region III
                 Alvin Maiden, Environmental Consulting Services
                 William Meredith, DNREC, Division of Fish and Wildlife
                 Roy Miller, DNREC, Division of Fish and Wildlife
                 James Mumman, NJDEP, Division of Water Resources
                 Howard Neukrug, Philadelphia Water Department



                 C-4                                                                                  January 1995








                                                            MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE MEMBERS


             Mary Ellen Noble, Watershed Association of the Delaware River
             Robert Nyman, USEPA, Region 11
             Marria O'Malley Walsh, USEPA, Region III
             Alex Ogden, Delaware Bay Watermen's Association
             Kurt Philipp, Wetlands Research Associates
             Van Dyke Polhemus, Greeley-Polhemus Group, Inc.
             Cynthia Poten, Delaware Riverkeeper
             Charles Rehm, PADER
             Roy Romano, Philadelphia Water Department
             Robert Ryan, PADER
             Daniel Salvito, PSE&G
             James Sanders, Benedict Lab., Academy of Natural Resources
             Phil Sandine, ELM
             Richard Seidel, DE, Association of Conservation Districts
             Jonathan Sharp, University of Delaware (Committee Chair)
             Edward Simek, ERM, Inc.
             Brad Smith, DNREC, Division of Water Resources
             Jerry M. Smith, University of Delaware
             Leanne Stahl, USEPA Headquarters, Washington, DC
             Donald E. Stearns, Rutgers University
             Frank Steimle, NOAA
             Kenneth Strait, PSE&G
             Clay Surton, Herpetological Associates, Inc.
             Bernard Sweeney, Stroud Water Research Center, Academy of Natural Sciences
             Catherine Taylor, NJDEP, Bureau of Coastal Regulations
             Robert Tudor, Program Coordinator
             Stewart Tweed, NJ Sea Grant Marine Advisory Service, Rutgers University
             James Walsh, PADER
             Gerry Waterfield, RMC Environmental Services, Inc.
             Stephen Weisberg, Versar, Inc.
             Elbert Wells, Soil Conservation Service
             Gregory Westfall, Soil Conservation Service
             Thomas Williams, University of Delaware
             Anne Witt, NJDEP, Division of Science and Research
             Charles Wood, U.S. Geological Survey
             Carmen Zappile, USACE


             CHARA CTERIZA TION SUBCOMMITTEE
             Greg Breese, USFWS
             Barbara Conlin, USACE
             Marjorie Crofts, DNREC
             Tom Fikslin, DRBC
             Rick Greene, DNREC
             Susan Kilham, Drexel University (Subcommittee Chair)
             Alvin Maiden, ECSI
             William Meredith, DNREC
             Robert Nyman, USEPA, Region 11
             Alex Ogden, DBWA
             Van Polhemus, Greeley-Polhemus
             Dan Salvito, PSE&G
             Jonathan Sharp, University of Delaware
             Donald Stearns, Wagner College
             Bob Tudor, DELEP Program Coordinator
             James Walsh, PADER





                                                                                                       C-5









                         DRAFT CCMP
               UELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 Marria O'Malley Walsh, USEPA, Region III
                 Ann Witt/Mary Gastrich, NJDEP


                 DATA MANAGEMENT SUBCOMMITTEE
                 Greg Breese, USFWS
                 Marjorie Crofts, DNREC
                 Joe Davis, Consultant
                 Eric Evenson, USGS
                 Bill Green, Delaware Valley Planning
                 Bruce Hargreaves, Lehigh University
                 Tom Hoff, MAFMC
                 Warren Huff, DRBC
                 Ted Keon, USACE
                 Jay Laubengeyer, Cumberland County
                 Rich McCorkle, USFWS
                 Robert Nyman, USEPA, Region 11
                 David Racca, Water Resources Agency
                 Jonathan Sharp, University of Delaware
                 Harvey Simon, USEPA, Region 11
                 Larry Thornton, NJDEP
                 Rick Truitt, DNREC
                 Bob Tudor, DELEP Coordinator
                 Victor Vincente, Bucks County
                 Marria O'Malley Walsh, USEPA, Region III
                 Jim Walsh, PADER
                 David West, USEPA, Region III


                 MONITORING SUBCOMMITTEE
                 John H. Balletto, PSE&G
                 Scott Bills, USACE
                 Mike Boyer, PADER
                 John Brady, USACE
                 Greg Breese, USFWS
                 D.J. Campbell, Mobil Oil Corp.
                 Kathy Clark, NJDEP
                 Bob Connell, NJDEP
                 Tom Fikslin, DRBC
                 Lisa Gelvin-Innvaer, Aquatic Resources Education Center, DEF&W
                 Rick Greene, DNREC
                 Ward Hickman, USGS
                 Peter Himchack, NJDEP
                 Karen Holm, Delaware Co.
                 Steve Howard, NJ Conservation Foundation
                 Sergio Huerta/Debbie Rouse, DNREC
                 Desmond Kahn, DNREC
                 Charles Kanetsky, USEPA, Region III
                 Sue Kilham, Drexel University
                 Jay Laubengeyer, Cumberland County
                 Alvin Maiden, Environmental Consulting Services, Inc.
                 Rick McCorkle, USFWS
                 Roy Miller, DNREC
                 James E. Mumman, NJDEP
                 Larry Niles, NJDEP
                 Robert Nyman, USEPA, Region 11


                 C-6                                                                                 January 1995








                                                                P64ANAGEMENT CONFERENCE MEMBERS


              John O'Herron
              Harry Otto, DNREC
              Jack Pingree, DNREC
              Dave Pollison, DRBC
              Ralph Powell, Mobil Corp.
              Charles Rehm, PADER
              John P. Ronafalvy, PSE&G
              Daniel Salvito, PSE&G
              Phil Sandine, Environmental Liability Management Inc.
              Barry Seymour, DVRPC
              Frank Steimle, NOAA NMFS
              Fred Stine, Delaware Riverkeepers Network
              Clay Sutton, Herpetological Associates, Inc.
              Larry Thornton, NJDEP
              Jim Walsh, PADER
              Joan Walsh, New Jersey Audubon Society
              Marria O'Malley Walsh, USEPA, Region III
              Paul Webber, DRBC
              Chuck Wood, USGS


              LAND MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE


              Joe Augustyn, Alaimo Associates
              Ron Bednar, PADCA
              Louis Biacchi, PA Homebuilders Association
              John Campanelli, CAC Chair
              Dwayne Clark, Montgomery County Conservation District
              Stephanie Craighead, City of Philadelphia
              Malcolm Crooks, NJ SCS
              Jeff Featherstone, DRBC
              Robert Francis, PA Association of Conservation Districts
              Sue Halsey, NJDEP
              Joanne Harkins, NJ Builders Association
              Karen Holm, DE County
              Steve Howard, New Jersey Conservation Foundation
              Andrew Johnson, PA Environmental Council
              Stephen Kehs, Cumberland County
              Jay Laubengeyer, Cumberland County
              Elaine Logothetis, DNREC
              Beth Matkins, City of Wilmington
              Anthony Mitchell, Waste Trac
              Ted Nash, Maritime Exchange
              Bill Neil, NJ Audubon Society
              Alex Ogden, DBWA
              Bill Palmer, Water Resources Association
              Bill Payne, RDC Institute, Inc.
              Rich Pepino, USEPA, Region III
              Barbara Rich, ANJEC
              Philip Robbins, PADCA
              James Ruggieri, Mercer County
              Richard Seidel, DE Association of Conservation Districts
              Marc Shuster, City of Bridgeton
              Patrick Starr, Greenspace Alliance
              Shirley Steele, DE Farm Bureau
              Scott Sykes, PADCA



                                                                                                             C-7









                         DRAFT CCMP
               RELAWARE
               ESTUARY PROGRAM


                 Bruce Walton, Delaware Farm Bureau
                 Elbert Wells, USDA SCS


                 Task Force Staff:
                 Steve Hammell, Delaware Estuary Program Office
                 John Hines, PADER
                 Mindy Lemoine, USEPA, Region III
                 Jim Walsh, PADER


                 HABITAT TASK FORGE


                 Scot Beck, ECSI Inc.
                 Louis Biacchi, PA Homebuilders Association
                 Mike Boyer, PADER
                 Dan Brauning, PA Game Commission
                 Greg Breese, USFWS
                 Jim Butch, USEPA, Region III
                 Kathy Clark, NJDEP
                 Marjorie Crofts, DNREC
                 Tony Davis, TNC
                 Mario Del Vicario, USEPA, Region 11
                 John Forren, USEPA, Region III
                 Robert Francis, PA SCS
                 Mary Gastrich, NJDEP
                 Sue Halsey, NJDEP
                 Harold Haskins, Rutgers University
                 Anne Heasley, Delaware BioReserve, TNC
                 Stevens Heckscher, Natural Lands Trust
                 Peter Himchak, NJDEP
                 Thomas Hoff, MAFMC
                 Karen Holm, Delaware County
                 Charlie Holsworth
                 Nancy Jones, Delaware River Greenway
                 Mike Kaufman, PA Fish and Boat Commission
                 Steven Kehs, Cumberland County
                 Tom Keon, USACE
                 Fran Koch, PADER
                 Jay Laubengeyer, New Jersey Nature Conservancy
                 Mindy Lemoine, USEPA, Region III
                 Shamus Malone, PADER
                 Kathy McKenna, PADER
                 Linda Mead, Delaware River Greenway
                 Bob Mercer, Silver Lake Nature Center
                 William Meredith, DNREC
                 Roy Miller, DNREC
                 Mark Monaco, NOAA
                 Bill Muir, USEPA, Region III
                 Larry Niles, NJDEP
                 Robert Nyman, USEPA, Region 11
                 John O'Herron
                 Greg Rapowitz, PA Game Commission
                 Charles Rehm, PADER
                 Ann Rhoads, Morris Arboretum




                 C-8                                                                              January 1995








                                                                 MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE MEMBERS


               Leah Roedel, CAC
               Ernie Schyler, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences
               Linda Stapleford, DE Nature Society
               Shirley Steele
               Frank Stemle, NMFS
               Fred Stine, DE Riverkeeper
               David Stout, USFWS (Chairman)
               Ken Strait, PSE&G
               Rick Truit, DNREC
               Bob Tudor, DELEP Coordinator
               John Tunnell, USACE
               John Tyrawski, NJDEP
               Phil Wallis, TNC
               Marria O'Malley Walsh, USEPA, Region III
               Jim Walsh, PADER
               Bruce Walton
               Grover Webber, Cape May County
               Anne Witt, NJDEP


               Toxics TASK FORCE


               Kathy Clark, NJDEP
               Robert Clark, CCMUA
               Barbara Conlin, USACE
               Joe Davis, Green Acres
               Roy Denmark, USEPA, Region III
               Helene Drago, USEPA, Region III
               Lloyd Falk
               Tom Fikslin, DRBC
               Mary Gastrich, NJDEP
               Laura Giese, ENTRIX, Inc.
               Rick Greene, DNREC
               Glenn Hanson, USEPA, Region III
               Jerry Jameson, Bucks County
               Susan Kilham, Drexel University
               Mindy Lemoine, USEPA, Region III
               Rick McCorkle, USFWS
               Robert Nyman, USEPA, Region 11
               Alex Ogden, PBWA
               Bob O'Larnic, Rohm & Hass
               Jerry Pasquale, USACE
               Dave Pollison, DRBC (Chairman)
               Rob Ryan, PADEP
               Dan Salvito, PSE&G
               Richard Scrafford, City of Dover
               Kathleen Stager, USEPA, Region III
               Shirley Steele, Delaware Farm Bureau
               Bob Tudor, DELEP Coordinator
               Marria O'Malley Walsh, USEPA, Region III
               Jim Walsh, PADER
               Bruce Walton, Delaware Farm Bureau
               Elbert Wells, SCS
               Anne Witt, NJDEP






                                                                                                               C-9




              Gra

                      DRAFT CCMP
              5ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                PU13LIC PARTICIPATION TASK FORCE


                Judy Blum, Association of New Jersey Environmental Commissions
                Pete Churchill, Pennsylvania Environmental Council
                Marjorie A. Crofts, DNREC
                Karen S. Day, USFWS
                Joe Farrell, University of Delaware Sea Grant Program
                Ivan Ferron, New Jersey Academy of Aquatic Sciences
                Deborah Freeman, USEPA, Region 11
                John Hines, PADER
                Andrew W. Johnson, Pennsylvania Environmental Council
                Jeanette Ross, League of Women Voters Interleague Council of the Delaware River Basin
                Robert Tudor, Program Coordinator
                James Walsh, PADER
                Meghan Wren, Delaware Bay Schooner Project

                DELAWARE ESTUARY PROGRAM STAFF


                Robert Tudor, Program Coordinator
                Marjorie A. Crofts, DNREC
                Deborah Freeman, USEPA, Region 11
                Mary Downes Gestrich, NJDEP
                Susan Halsey, NJDEP
                John Hines, PADER
                Mindy Lemoine, USEPA, Region III
                Margaret Massiah, USEPA, Region III
                Robert Nyman, USEPA, Region 11
                Doreen Turnbo, DNREC
                James Walsh, PADER
                Marria O'Malley Walsh, USEPA, Region III
                Anne Witt, NJDEP



























                C-10                                                                     January 1995








                                                                          SUPPORTING PRODUCTS


                                             APPENIDix D

                              SUPPORTING PRODUCF'TS FOR THE CCIVIP


                    General Publications                     Fact Sheets:
                                                             "Why Keep Water Clean in the
            Estuary    News:        The      quarterly       Delaware Estuary?"
            newsletter of the Delaware Estuary               "Will a Royal Dog Seafish Still Swim the
            Program. First issue appeared in June            Delaware Estuary?"
            1990.                                            "A Bridge to the Future for the
                                                             Delaware Estuary?"
            The Rising Tide: Bi-monthly newsletter           "Why Conserve Water in the Delaware
            of the Local Governments Committee.              Estuary?"
            First issue, June 1990.                          "Animal Migration in the Delaware
                                                             Estuary"
            Program Directory: The Directory is a            "Non-point Source Pollution in the
            handbook which gives the names,                  Delaware Estuary"
            addresses, and phone numbers of                  "Toxic Contaminants in the Delaware
            people and organizations represented             Estuary"
            on the Delaware Estuary Program's                "The Program to Protect and Preserve
            Policy and Management Committees                 the Delaware Estuary"
            and the Local Government, Scientific             "Birding in the Delaware Estuary"
            and Technical, Citizens, and Financial           "White     and    Red     Clay      Creek
            Planning      Advisory       Committees.         Demonstration Projects in the Delaware
            February 1991 (being revised).                   Estuary"
                                                             "Limulus Spawning Activity on the
            Media Handbook: A brief guide to                 Delaware Bay Shores, May 1991 ".
            preparing and distributing program               "Will We Ever Restore the Delaware
            information and      generating     media        Estuary?"
            coverage. Features a directory of daily
            and weekly newspapers, radio, TV, plus           The Delaware Estuary: Discover Its
            a list of college environmental clubs.           Secrets: A pamphlet explaining the
            September 1991.                                  Speakers Bureau of the Delaware
                                                             Estuary Program and listing possible
            Public Access Guide: A handbook that             topic areas for programs.
            pinpoints access sites in New Jersey,
            Pennsylvania, and Delaware that are              The Delaware Estuary Program Progress
            open to the public. The book contains            Report 1988-1991: Produced by Andy
            a series of 10 maps which indicate the           Johnson, PA Environmental Council and
            locations of public access sites,                Judy Blum, ANJEC. An overview of
            recreational facilities, and historic and        what has been done and an indication
            cultural places of interest.     January         of the tasks that lie ahead for the
            1993.                                            Delaware Estuary Program.




                                                                                                   D-1





             lop DRAFT CCMP
              5-E-LAWARE
             CSRARY -PROMAM


               Delaware Estuary Program Annual                Needs for Information to Ensure the
               Report 1992:      Produced by Andy             Values and Uses Desired for the
               Johnson, PA Environmental Council and          Delaware Estuary in 2020.- By J.R.
               Judy Blum, ANJEC.                              Schubel and William M. Eichbaum,
                                                              Coast Institute of the Marine Sciences
               Delaware Estuary      Program Annual           Research Center, October 1990.
               Report 1993:      Produced by Andy
               Johnson, PA Environmental Council and          Final Report: Delaware Estuary Program
               Judy Blum, ANJEC.                              Land Use Management Inventory and
                                                              Assessment:      By Greeley-Polhemus
                          Audio / Visuals                     Group, Inc., December 1990.

               Crisis in the Delaware Estuary:                The State of the Delaware Estuary:
               Produced by Milner, Fenwick, Inc.              Individual Papers from the October 19,
               1969. A 20 minute video that gives             1989 Workshop, J.H. Sharp (Ed),
               information about the Estuary, its uses        1991.
               and ecology. Pollution problems and
               steps taken to address them are                Inventory and Assessment of Historic
               described.                                     Water Quality Data Sets; Part One:
                                                              Status and Trend Analysis, Part Two:
               The Delaware Estuary: Where the River          Annotated Bibliography: By Najarian
               Meets the Sea:      Produced by Terra          Associates, May 1991.
               Communications, 1992.         A seven
               minute educational video that shows            Status and Trends of Toxic Pollutants in
               the Delaware Estuary in all its beauty         the Delaware Estuary: By Division of
               through myriad still life slides.    The       Environmental Research, Academy of
               many resources and problems of the             Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, May
               Estuary are discussed as are the               1991.
               Delaware Estuary Program and          the
               goals     of    the      Comprehensive         An Assessment of Key Biological
               Conservation and Management Plan.              Resources in the Delaware River
                                                              Estuary and Appendices: By Versar,
               Local Actions Regional Impacts: The            Inc., June 1991.
               Effects of Local Decisions on the
               Delaware Estuary:        Produced by           Habitat Status and Trends in the
               DVRPC/Terra Communications, 1992        '      Delaware Estuary: By Dynamac Corp.,
               A nine minute video describes the role         September 1991.
               of   local  governments      and    their
               involvement in the Delaware Estuary            Characterization     Summary         and
               watershed.                                     Synthesis Report for the Delaware
                                                              Estuary       Program        Preliminary
               Scientific / Technical Information             Conservation and Management Plan:
                                                              By Mary Downes Gastrich, New Jersey
               Recommendations for a Research                 Department of Environmental Protection
               Program Responsive to Management               and Energy, January 1992.



               D-2                                                                     January 1995








                                                                      SUPPORTING PRODUCTS



           Nonpoint Source Pollution Control             Cumberland County, Delaware Estuary
           Phase I Strategy for Future Land Use in       Study,     VOL            Land      Use
           the Delaware Estuary: By Greeley-             Recommendations:        By Board of
           Polhemus Group, Inc., June 1992.              Chosen Freeholders, October 1992,
                                                         W.A. Richkus, Versar, Inc.
           Delaware Estuary Monitoring Programs
           Inventory and Assessment: Roy F.              Assessment of Phytoplankton Species
           Weston, Inc., July 1992.                      in the Delaware River Estuary: By H.G.
                                                         Marshall, Old Dominion University,
           History and Forecasts of Commodities          November 1992.
           and Vessel Traffic; Report of Task One
           of    Comprehensive      Analysis     of      Red/White Clay Creek Demonstration
           Transport: By Jack Faucett Associates,        Projects: Chester County Conservation
           July 1992.                                    District, November 1992.

           An Assessment of Fisheries Landings           Factors Limiting Primary Production in
           Records in the Delaware Estuary: By           the Urban Delaware River. By J.G.
           K.A. Killam and W.A. Richkus, Versar,         Sanders and G.F. Riedel, the Academy
           Inc., September 1992.                         of Natural Sciences, Benedict Estuarine
                                                         Laboratory, December 1992.
           Projected Hazardous      Spills in the
           Delaware River and Delaware Bay With          Trace Element Speciation and Behavior
           and Without Channel Deepening: Report         in the Tidal Delaware River: By G.F.
           of Task Three of Comprehensive                Riedel and J.G. Sanders, the Academy
           Analysis of Transport.- By Jack Faucett       of Natural Sciences, Benedict Estuarine
           Associates, October 1992.                     Research Laboratory, January 1993.

           Clean    Water    Works,      Watershed       Assessment of Selected Delaware
           Management Plan, Gloucester County,           Estuary    Economic     and      Natural
           NJ, Planning Department. By Greeley-          Resources Values:         By Greeley-
           Polhemus Group, Inc., October 1992.           Polhemus Group, Inc., January 1993.

           Clean Water Works, Water Resources            Effects of Historic Dredging Activities
           Activity Guide, Grades K-12:          By      and Water Diversions on the Tidal
           Gloucester, NJ Board of Chosen                Regime and Salinity Distribution of the
           Freeholders, October 1992.                    Delaware Estuary: Najarian Associates,
                                                         February 1993.
           Delaware Estuary Regulatory Programs
           Inventory and Assessment.       Roy F.        Projected    Vessel Casualties and
           Weston, Inc., October 1992.                   Hazardous Spills in the Delaware River
                                                         and Delaware Bay, 1990-2010.- By
           Cumberland County, Delaware Estuary           Jack Faucett Associates, April 1993.
           Study, VoL /, Rare, Threatened and
           Endangered Species: By Herpetological         Survey of Benthos: Delaware Estuary:
           Associates, Inc., October 1992.               From the Area of the C&D Canal
                                                         through Philadelphia and Trenton: By


                                                                                             D-3




             GO
             Or DRAFT CCMP
             D-ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Environmental Consulting Services,           Fish Consumption Patterns of Delaware
               Inc., December 1993.                         Recreational Fishermen and Their
                                                            Households:    By David C. Cox &
               A Survey of Fish in the Delaware             Associates, April 13, 1994. DELEP
               Estuary from the Area of the                 Report #94-07.
               Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to
               Trenton: By John C. O'Herron, Thomas         Distributions of Chemical Contaminants
               Lloyd and Kim Laidig, March 1, 1994.         and Acute Toxicity in Delaware Estuary
               DELEP Report #94-01.                         Sediments: By Arthur D. Little, Inc.,
                                                            June 4, 1994. DELEP Report #94-08.
               Regional Information Management
               Service, (RIMS) Data Management Plan:        Delaware Estuary Program Regional
               By American Management Systems,              Monitoring Plan and Appendices, 2
               Inc., May 1994. DELEP Report #94-02.         Vols.: by Tetra Tech, Inc., September
                                                            1994. DELEP Report #94-09.
               History of the Human Ecology of the
               Delaware Estuary. By Jonathan Berger,
               John Walter Sinton, John Radke, April
               27, 1994. DELEP Report #94-03.

               Land Use and Nonpoint Pollution Study
               of the Delaware River Basin: By Penn
               State    Environmental       Resources
               Research   Institute,  March     1994.
               DELEP Report #94-04.

               Land Use Management and NPS Control
               for the Delaware Estuary:          The
               Pennsylvania Project: By the Greeley-
               Polhemus Group, June 1994. DELEP
               Report #94-05.

               Pennsylvania Demonstration Project:
               Guidance     for   Voluntary      Local
               Government Orientation of NPS Control
               Protecting Local Streams and the
               Delaware Estuary:        By Greeley-
               Polhemus Group, Inc., June 1994.
               DELEP Report #94-05A.


               Status and Trends of    the Delaware
               Estuary Watershed: By    the Delaware
               Valley Regional Planning Commission,
               June 1994. DELEP Report #94-06.





               D-4                                                                  January 1995








                                                                 PRIORITY SPECIES LIST

                                       APPENDix E

                               DELAWARE ESTUARY PROGRAM
                                    PRIORITY SPECIES LIST


           AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES


           Jellyfish
           Copepods
           Small Decapods
           Saltmarsh Invertebrates
           Soft (mud/sand) Bottom Oligohaline/Fresh Community
           Soft (mud/sand) Bottom Polyhaline Community
           Hard Bottom Polyhaline Community
           American Oyster
           Mysid Shrimp
           Horseshoe Crab
           Blue Crab
           Dragonflies
           Saltmarsh Mosquito


           FISH


           American Shad
           River Herrings
           Marine Forage Fish
           Freshwater Marsh Killifishes
           Brackish Marsh Killifishes
           Drums
           Structure Oriented Fishes
           Catfishes
           Carp
           Minnows
           Sunfish, Centrarchids and Esocides
           Sturgeons
           American Eel
           Atlantic Menhaden
           Weakfish
           Sharks, Skates, and Rays
           Perch
           Striped Bass
           Flounder
           Bluefish
           Important Biomass Fish





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             IMF DRAFT CCMP
              5-E-LAWARE
              @TUARYPROGPAM


               HERPTILES


               Diamondback Terrapin
               Vernal Pond Breeders
               Marsh Turtles
               Sea Turtles


               BIRDS


               Migratory and Non-tidal Pond Shorebirds
               Willet
               Northern Harrier
               Short-eared Owl
               Barn Owl
               Bald Eagle
               Osprey
               Herons and Egrets
               American Black Duck
               Northern Pintail, Mallard, Green-winged Teal
               Snow and Canada Geese
               Sea/Bay Ducks
               Swamp/Forest Nesters
               Laughing Gull
               Marsh Wren and Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrow
               Saltmarsh Sparrows
               Rails
               American Woodcock
               Migratory Passerines
               Migratory Raptors
               Bitterns


               MAMMALS


               River Otter
               Muskrat
               Bats
               Marsh Rice Rat
               Meadow Vole
               Marine Mammals
               Beaver
               White-tail Deer


               PLANT COMM UNITIES/HABITATS


               Natural Communities




               E-2                                                                         January 1995








                                                                                   ACTION PLAN INDEX

                                                APPENDix F

                                   INDEX TO ACTION PLAN KEY WORDS


                                             .. .............                             .............
                                                                                                     . . .....

                                                                                 ...    .......
                                       L       anage m -ent,
                                                              .1p ...............
                                                             la
                                                              . . .. .. .... id:
                         ....................
                        .. ................
                                                                       ........................       ........ ......
              Nonpoint Source Pollution             ACTION L2 (p.95); ACTION 1-2.2 (p.96); ACTION
                                                    L2.3 (p.98); ACTION 1-2.4 (p.98); ACTION L3
                                                    (p.98); ACTION L4 (p. 100); ACTION L8 (p. 106)



              Geographic Information System (GIS)                 ACTION Ll (p.92); ACTION 1-2.2
                                                                  (p.96); ACTION L3 (p.98); ACTION
                                                                  L14 (p.1 13); ACTION L14.1 (p.1 13);
                                                                  ACTION L14.2 (p.1 14); ACTION
                                                                  L 14.3 (p. 114)



              Sustainable Development               ACTION Ll    (p.92); ACTION L 15 (p. 114)



              Incentives        ACTION 1-2.2 (p.96); ACTION L6 (p. 104); ACTION L9 (p. 107); ACTION
                                Ll 0.2 (p. 109); ACTION Ll 7 (p. 118); ACTION Ll 7.2 (p. 119)



              Open Space               ACTION L6 (p.104); ACTION LB (p.106); ACTION L10.2
                                       (P.109); ACTION L16 (p.1 16); ACTION 1-16.2 (p.1 17); ACTION
                                       1-16.3 (p.117); ACTION L17 (p.1 18)



              Redevelopment            ACTION L8 (p.106);ACTION 1-10.2 (p.109); ACTION L17
                                       (p.1 18); ACTION 1-17.1 (p.1 18); ACTION 1-17.2 (p.1 19)



              Pollution Prevention                  ACTION Ll (p.92); ACTION 1-2.3 (p.98); ACTION
                                                    Ll 5 (p. 114)

              Stormwater             FACTION L2 (p.95)





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                                   DRAFT CCIVIP
                   5ELAWARE
                    ESTUARY PROGRAM                                                                           k



                         Watershed              ACTION Ll (p.92); ACTION L2 (p.95); ACTION L2.1 (p.96); ACTION
                                                L2.2 (p.96); ACTION L2.3 (p.98); ACTION L2.4 (p.98); ACTION L3
                                                (p.98); ACTION L4 (p. 100); ACTION L5 (p. 102); ACTION L5.2 (p. 103);
                                                ACTION L5.3 (p. 103); ACTION L6 (p. 104); ACTION L7 (p. 105);
                                                ACTION L8 (p. 106); ACTION L 10 (p. 109); ACTION Ll 0.2 (p. 109);
                                                ACTION L 11 (p. 110); ACTION Ll 2 (p. 111); ACTION L 14.2 (p. 114)


                         6217 1 ACTION L3 (p.98)

                         Riparian Corridor               I ACTION L4 (p. 100)


                         Retrofit               ACTION L5 (p. 102); ACTION L5.1 (p. 103); ACTION L5.2 (p. 103)



                         Greenspace             ACTION L6 (p.104)



                         Technical Assistance                                ACTION L6 (p. 104); ACTION Ll 0 (p. 109); ACTION
                                                                             L 10.2 (p. 109); ACTION Ll 3 (p. 112)






                                      ..............                                                                                   .........
                                                           ................... ............                          ..............          ......................
                                                                                                                                  ...........................................
                                                                                                                  or
                                                                                                                                            .............
                                    .... .. .                                                        -@i. ii@@ :iev                 .......
                                                                  ::S**,:: @': a a 9                  '' X    -W   .::d'':
                         ..........  ......                                   ...................
                                                   :..... ... Ater                                                                        ...
                         ....................
                         ....................
                                   :                             U
                            .............                        :-:. ,
                                                      ............... .... ....... . .....                                               ......... .............
                                .....  .....................  ...................
                                           ..................................
                                   .............
                                   ..............                             . . ....                           ....... .              ...................................
                                                                 ....... ......
                         Aquifer                ACTION W4 (p. 134); ACTION W4.1 (p. 135); ACTION W4.2 (p. 135);
                                                ACTION W5 (p. 135); ACTION W7 (p. 137)


                         Conjunctive Use                 I ACTION W4 (p. 134); ACTION W4.2 (p. 135)


                         Dredging               ACTION W8 (p.139); ACTION W8.1 (p.140); ACTION W8.2 (p.140);
                                                ACTION W8.3 (p. 140); ACTION W8.4 (p. 141)



                         Integrated Resource Plans (IRPs)                                  ACTION W6 (p.136)



                         Navigation             ACTION W8.1 (p. 140); ACTION W8.3 (p. 140); ACTION W9 (p. 142)






                         F-2                                                                                                       January 1995








                                                                                  ACTION PLAN INDEX
               Pollution Prevention               T-ACTION W10 (p.143)


               Ports            ACTION W8 (p. 139); ACTI   ON W8.3 (p. 140); ACTION W9 (p. 142)



               Public Access           ACTION W1 1 (p.144); ACTION W1 1.1 (p.145); ACTION W1 1.2
                                       (p. 145); ACTION W 11.3 (p. 145); ACTION W 11.4 (p. 145)



               Pump Out Stations       ACTION W1 1.1 (p.14-5)



               Recreation       ACTION W8.2 (p.140)



               RIMS             ACTION W9 (p. 142); ACTION W1 1. 1 (p. 145)



               Stream Diminution       ACTION W3 (p. 132); ACTION W6 (p. 136)



               Utilities        ACTION W1 (p.130); ACTION W3 (p.132); ACTION W4 (p.134);
                                ACTION W4.1 (p. 135); ACTION W4.2 (p. 135); ACTION W6 (p. 136);
                                ACTION W7 (p. 137)



               Water Conservation                ACTION W1 (p. 130); ACTION W2 (p. 13 1); ACTION
                                                 W4 (p. 134); ACTION W4.1 (p. 135); ACTION W4.2
                                                 (p. 135); ACTION W5 (p. 135); ACTION W7 (p. 137)



               Water Supply            ACTION W4.1 (p. 135); ACTION W5 (p. 135); ACTION W6
                                       (p. 136); ACTION W7 (p. 137)






               ............ ..............
                  ................                                  ................ ............
               ......                                                 or                                ......
               ...............
                  . . ...........
                                                                           .............
                                                              .. .......... .......
                                                                       .. ...................
               Anadromous Fish         ACTION H5.7 (p.187)



               Artificial Reefs        ACTION H5.4 (p.186)






                                                                                                        F-3




              9Q
              Or DRAFT CCIVIP
              5ELAWARE
              ESTUARY PROGRAM
                  Biodiversity -1 ACTION H2 (p. 175); ACTION H3 (p. 177)


                  Buffer Zones             ACTION H4 (p. 179); ACTION H4.5 (p. 182); ACTION H7.3
                                           (p. 19 1)



                  Classification           ACTION H3 (p. 177); ACTION H3.1 (p. 178); ACTION H3.3
                                           (p. 179); ACTION H8 (p. 192)


                  Environmental Impact Statements            IACTION H9 (p.193)


                  Exotic Species           ACTION H6 (p. 188)



                  Fish Passage             ACTION H5.7 (p.187)



                  Hazardous Spill Response              ACTION H8 (p. 192)



                  Impoundments             ACTION H5.3 (p.185); ACTION H7.3 (p.191)



                  Mitigation Banks         ACTION H4 (p. 179); ACTION H4.6 (p. 182)



                  Natural Communities                ACTION H3 (p. 177); ACTION H3.1 (p. 178); ACTION
                                                     H3.2 (p. 178); ACTION H3.3 (p. 179)



                  Oyster Reefs             ACTION H5.8 (p.188)



                  Phragmites               ACTION H5.1 (p.185); ACTION H5.3 (p.185)



                  Priority Species         ACTION H1 (p.172); ACTION H9 (p.193)








                 F-4                                                                             January 1995








                                                                                                                   ACTION PLAN INDEX


                     Regulatory Reviews                            ACTION H9 (p.193)



                     Sea Level Rise                   ACTION H4.5 (p. 182); ACTION H7 (p. 189); ACTION H7.1
                                                      (p. 190); ACTION H7.2 (p. 19 1)



                     Shorebird              ACTION H 1.2 (p. 173); ACTI ON H2.2 (p. 176); ACTION H5.5 (p. 186)



                     Species Management Plans                            ACTION H 1 (p. 172); ACTION H 1. 1 (p. 173);
                                                                         ACTION H2 (p. 175); ACTION H2.2 (p. 176);
                                                                        ACTION H3 (p. 177)



                     Wetlands               ACTION H3.2 (p. 178); ACTION H4 (p. 179); ACTION H4.1 (p. 180);
                                            ACTION H4.2 (p.181); ACTION H4.4 (p.182); ACTION H4.5 (p.182);
                                            ACTION H4.6 (p. 182); ACTION H4.7 (p. 183); ACTION H4.8 (p. 183);
                                            ACTION H5.1 (p.185); ACTION H5.3 (p.185); ACTION H7.2 (p.191);
                                            ACTION H7.3 (p.191)






                                                                                        .....................................  ....................
                                                         ....................
                       . ...... .. . .         ................. .........
                                            :::::  ............                                                           .. ......
                                         ............  ..........
                                                .......... .. ......
                                                                                                                            .............
                         . . .. . .. .. . .............. .
                                                                                                                             .. ........ ...........
                           . ........ . .....I........
                             ........... . .............                                                         . .... .         . . .....
                                ...............                    . ..... ....      ............
                                     .. ..... ...
                                                                                                                                              ............
                     . ... .......                                                     ......... . .                    x-,: ........ . ..... ..
                     Chlordane              ACTION T1 (p.198); ACTION T5 (p.213); ACTION T5.1 (p.214)



                     DDX                    ACTION T1 (p.198); ACTION T5 (p.213); ACTION T5.1 (p.214);
                                            ACTION T5.3 (p.214)



                     Disposal               ACTION T2 (p.207); ACTION T2.1 (p.208); ACTION T2.3 (p.208)



                     Food Chain                       ACTION T5 (p.213)



                     Fish Advisories                  ACTION T6 (p.214); ACTION T6.7 (p.216)



                     Landfills              ACTION T4 (p.21 1)








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                 Metals            A TION T1 (p. 198); ACTION T6 (p.214)



                 Mitigation        ACTION T1 (p. 198); ACTION T5 (p.213)


                 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)            IACTION T1 (p. 198)


                 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)                 ACTION T1 (p. 198); ACTION T5 (p.213);
                                                                  ACTION T5.1 (p.214); ACTION T5.3
                                                                  (p.214)


                 Pesticides -- FACTION T1 (p.198); ACTION T2 (p.207); ACTION T2.2 (p.208)


                 Pollutant Loadings                     ACTION T2.3 (p.208)


                 Pollution Allotment Trading                IACTION T4 (p.21 1)


                 Pollution Prevention                   ACTION T2 (p.207); ACTION T2.3 (p.208)



                 Risk Assessment          ACTION T6 (p.214); ACTION T6.4 (p.216); ACTION T6.5
                                          (p.216)



                 Risk Communication                     ACTION T6 (p.214); ACTION T6.7 (p.216)



                 Sediments            TION T5 (p.213); ACTION T5.1 (p.214)



                 Volatile Organics        ACTION T1 (p. 198)



                 Water Quality Criteria                 ACTION T 1 (p. 198); ACTION T2.3 (p.208);
                                                        ACTION T3 (p.210); ACTION T6.7 (P.216)






                F-6                                                                            January 1995








                                                                                                                  ACTION PLAN INDEX


                                        . ......                      .............                          ............................ . . ........
                                                                               .. ...... ....
                                                                                  .. . .....
                                                                                                        ..........                     ........
                                                                                   ..........
                                                                                        . . ...............               . . ............ ......
                                                                 .......     ....
                         ....................
                           ...........                                       vw
                                            ..............a:         4.... hiob V. .    Ch
                    .......................... ..........I....................
                                                                     . .........
                                                                     :         . .........
                         ........       ...                                       X.... ..           ...............
                      ......... .. . ........ - .             . ........ .                      . . .....
                    Curricula               ACTION E6 (p.239); ACTION El 9 (p.249)



                    Ecotourism              ACTION E10 (p.242)

                    Electronic Bulletin Boards                   FACTION E113 (p.247)


                    Events                  ACTION E3 (p.236); ACTION El 5 (p.246); ACTION El 7 (p.248);
                                            ACTION E21 (p.251)



                    Hands-On Activities                              ACTION E3 (p.236)



                    Mascot                  ACTION E21 (p.251)



                    Monitoring                        ACTION Ell (p.243)



                    Printed Materials                 ACTION El (p.233); ACTION E21 (p.251)



                    Public Participation Program                         ACTION El (p.233)



                    Surveys                 ACTION E5 (p.238); ACTION E8 (p.241)



                    Targeted Audiences                               ACTION El (p.233); ACTION E4 (p.237); ACTION E5
                                                                     (p.238); ACTION E6 (p.239); ACTION E7 (p.240);
                                                                     ACTION E9 (p.242); ACTION El 3 (p.244); ACTION
                                                                     E14 (p.245)



                    Teachers                ACTION E6 (p.239)



                    Workshops                         ACTION E2 (p.235); ACTION E4 (p.237); ACTION E5 (p.238);
                                                      ACTION E6 (p.239); ACTION E7 (p.240); ACTION E9 (p.242)





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                      EMARY PROGRAM






























































                                                                                                                                                                                               i







                                                                                                                                                                                               @'t,

















                         F-8                                                                                                                         January 1995









                                                                             FINANCIAL PLANNING

                                             APPENDix G

                     FINANCIAL PLANNING FOR THE DELEP COMPREHENSIVE
                               CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT PLAN


            1. INTRODUCTION

            A. Why a Financial Plan

            The National Estuary Program provides funding for the development of Comprehensive
            Conservation and Management Plans (CCMPs) under Section 320 of the Clean Water
            Act, but does not provide funding for the implementation of the plans. Without a
            strategy for funding the implementation of the Delaware Estuary Program's CCMP, it
            runs the risk of turning into a shelf-document instead of a guide to managing the
            natural resources of the Delaware Estuary.

            The Delaware Estuary Financial Plan contains two necessary components: a fund-
            raising organization (Section 11) and options for funding individual CCMP
            recommendations (Sections III-VII). The fund-raising organization, called the Delaware
            Estuary Foundation, is necessary to ensure that the plan maintains a high profile in the
            public arena. However, the Delaware Estuary Foundation will not be able to fund all
            of the CCMP's recommendations. On the same note, funding for individual CCMP
            recommendations may not be pursued unless an organization has been designated to
            conduct that function.


            The options for funding individual CCMP recommendations include a number of
            components: redirection of current state and federal programs; local and regional
            private foundations; public/private partnerships; fees for services; federal legislation;
            and economic development funds from regional authorities.                Each of these
            components is explained in this Appendix.

            B. Financial Planning Committee

            The Financial Planning Committee was established by the Delaware Estuary Program
            in October 1990 for the purpose of proposing financing plans for the implementation
            of the Program's CCMP. A list of Financial Planning Committee members is contained
            in Appendix C. The Financial Planning Committee prepared this Appendix of the
            CCMP.

            C. Overview of Financing Options Not Considered

            Very early in its deliberations, the Financial Planning Committee decided not to
            propose new general taxes, such as a gas tax, that would be dedicated to the
            implementation of the Delaware Estuary CCMP. The Committee felt that the citizens



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                      DRAFT CCMP
             RELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               of the three states bordering the Delaware Estuary were already under a significant tax
               burden which should not be increased. More importantly, the Committee felt that
               there was both substantial interest in the estuary to support the implementation of the
               CCMP through a combination of donations, appropriations, and focusing existing
               resources on the Delaware Estuary. The latter option is not intended to diminish the
               funding of any existing program but to focus the financial and human resources
               available to fulfill the requirements of the priority programs of the Delaware Estuary
               (see Section 111).


               Although general taxes were not considered, user fees are considered an option for
               implementing certain CCMP recommendations. All proposed user fees are intended
               to be paid only by those who require the service and the funds will only be used to
               provide the service.

               11. DELAWARE ESTUARY FOUNDATION

               A. Description

               The Delaware Estuary Foundation is an incorporated public charity whose function is
               to promote and coordinate the implementation of the Delaware Estuary Comprehensive
               Conservation and Management Plan. The Foundation will be governed by a board
               composed of representatives from user groups of the Delaware Estuary. For a
               complete description of the Delaware Estuary Foundation, see Chapter XI,
               Implementing the CCMP.

               B. How it is Funded

               For the first three years it is estimated that the Foundation will receive $300,000 from
               the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 320 of the Water Quality Act
               Amendments of 1987.          These funds are designated for administering CCMP
               implementation and will be available from October 1995 to September 1998.

               It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the States of
               Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania appropriate $300,000 to the Delaware
               Estuary Foundation and maintain a state coordinator position for fiscal years 1996
               through 1998.

               The CCMP implementation grants available from the U.S. Environmental Protection
               Agency require a twenty-five percent non-federal match. There is no requirement that
               this match come from the states or that the match be cash. In order to fund the basic
               administrative costs of the Delaware Estuary Foundation, the States of Delaware, New
               Jersey, and Pennsylvania should commit to providing $100,000 in cash each for fiscal
               year 1996, 1997, and 1998 to the Delaware Estuary Foundation and assign one staff
               position to coordinate state activities with the Foundation. The staff position will be
               an additional cost to the states ranging anywhere from $50,000 to $100,000



               G-2                                                                       January 1995









                                                                              FINANCIAL PLANNING


             depending on pay scales, benefit packages, and overhead costs. The source of these
             funds should be left up to the individual states. The Foundation and the states should
             evaluate the need to continue this support for additional years. The combination of
             Section 320 funds and state appropriations will give the Foundation an annual
             operating budget of $600,000.

             It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that hiring a
             Development Director be a priority for the Delaware Estuary Foundation.

             The Delaware Estuary Foundation will be using its operating budget to hire staff,
             including an Executive Director and an Administrative Assistant. Although both of
             these positions will be involved in fund-raising, it is important for the Foundation to
             dedicate a full-time position to fund-raising in its formative years to ensure the success
             of the organization. This position, called a Development Director, should be added to
             the Foundation staff in 1995. The Development Director would be responsible for
             implementing the financial strategies identified in this chapter to support the activities
             of the Delaware Estuary Foundation. The Development Director would also be
             responsible for developing proposals and negotiating agreements to fund the
             implementation of individual CCMP recommendations. The proposals would be
             submitted to federal, regional, and state agency programs, identified in Section III of
             this chapter, and corporations and private foundations. These proposals could be
             submitted by the Delaware Estuary Council or any organization approved by the
             Council. The Development Director would also assist in negotiations to establish
             partnerships (see Section IV), negotiate with the Delaware River and Bay Authority for
             Economic Development Project funding (See Section VII), work with the states and
             Congress for the redirection of penalties (see Section VI), and assist local governments
             in establishing fees for services (see Section V).

             It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware River
             and Bay Authority and the Delaware River Port Authority form a partnership with the
             Foundation for the purpose of implementing the Delaware Estuary Comprehensive
             Conservation and Management Plan. The partnership should involve either an annual
             donation to the Foundation or the implementation of one or more CCMP
             recommendations on an annual basis.


             The Executive Director and the Development Director should work with the Delaware
             River and Bay Authority, the Delaware River Port Authority, and the three state
             General Assemblies to determine the feasibility of having the two agencies provide
             financial support to the Delaware Estuary Foundation. In addition, the Delaware
             Estuary Foundation should work with these and other public and private entities to
             implement specific CCMP recommendations. See Section IV for further details.









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               It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the States of
               Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey issue a Delaware Estuary License Plate,
               proceeds of which would be dedicated to the Delaware Estuary Foundation.

               The States of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania should issue a Delaware
               Estuary License Plate, the proceeds of which would go to the Delaware Estuary
               Foundation. The Delaware Estuary License Plate should be offered to motorists in the
               State of Delaware; Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester Counties in
               Pennsylvania; and Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, Mercer,
               and Salem Counties in New Jersey. The cost of these plates would equal the cost to
               produce and issue them plus a $20 donation for the Council. The portion of the fee
               that covers production and issuance costs would go the appropriate state agency.
               Individuals who purchased the plates would be able to declare the donation portion
               as a tax exemption. The states may also consider placing a $500 fee for the first one
               hundred plate numbers, $475 of which would go to the Delaware Estuary Foundation
               and would be tax-exempt. The proceeds from license plate sales could be substituted
               for an equal portion of a state's annual appropriation to the Foundation.

               It is estimated that one percent of the population would purchase Delaware Estuary
               license plates. Using the one percent estimate, funds raised through the license plate
               program would generate $140,000 in Delaware, $350,440 in New Jersey, and
               $534,860 in Pennsylvania.

               It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the States of
               Delaware and New Jersey and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania work with local
               legislators to incorporate support of the Delaware Estuary Foundation into
               development opportunities as appropriate.

               The States of Delaware and New Jersey and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
               actively promote the location of new industries into their respective states. When new
               development opportunities have a direct relation to the Delaware Estuary, the states
               should encourage the principals of the project to support the Delaware Estuary
               Foundation. Support could take the form of donations, implementation of individual
               Management Plan recommendations, allocation of display space to the Foundation,
               merchandising partnerships, use of Delaware Estuary themes in advertisements, and
               any other activities considered beneficial to the Delaware Estuary as determined by
               the Delaware Estuary Foundation and the development principals.

               It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware
               Estuary Foundation be formed as a membership organization.

               The Delaware Estuary Program currently has over 13,000 individuals on its mailing list.
               The Financial Planning Committee estimates that 20 percent of the Delaware Estuary
               Program's mailing list would be willing to pay a $20 annual membership fee, resulting
               in $52,000 in receipts.




               G-4                                                                      January 1995









                                                                             FINANCIAL PLANNING


             It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware
             Estuary Foundation should actively solicit corporate memberships and donations from
             regional corporations.

             The Foundation's Development Director should actively solicit corporate donations.
             These donations should come through annual corporate membership fees and/or
             one-time donations. Corporate membership fees should be set in a range from $1,000
             for small businesses to $10,000 for large corporations. The funds raised from
             corporate membership fees would be allocated at the direction of the Foundation's
             Board of Directors.    One-time donations would be targeted by the contributing
             corporation to individual activities that the Foundation wants to conduct and may be
             in the form of cash, services, or supplies/materials. The Financial Planning Committee
             has identified over 190 corporations that are either considered one of the major
             employers in the Delaware Estuary region or have a permit to discharge into the
             Delaware Estuary or one of its tributaries. If each of these companies gave a minimum
             donation of $1,000 per year, $190,000 per year could be raised for the Foundation.
             This is a reasonable target figure as some corporations will not donate while others
             will donate more than the minimum.


             It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware
             Estuary Foundation enter into merchandising partnerships with regional manufacturers
             for the purpose of raising both funds and awareness.

             In addition to requesting membership fees and one-time donations to the Foundation,
             the Foundation's Development Director should encourage merchandising partnerships
             with regional manufacturers. These partnerships would involve having a portion of the
             sales in general or of specific items donated to the Foundation.          Examples of
             merchandising partnerships are credit cards that donate a portion of all sales to the
             Foundation, banks that donate a set amount: for every check written by its customers
             (which was done for the Puget Sound by the Puget Sound Bank), and the
             Anheuser-Busch beer stein that was offered for sale in the Chesapeake Bay region.
             The stein featured a scene from the Chesapeake Bay and $1 from the sale of each
             stein was contributed to the Chesapeake Bay Trust with a guarantee of a minimum of
             $13,000. The Foundation should attempt to execute merchandising partnership
             agreements that would net at least $10,000 each.

             It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware
             Estuary Foundation conduct fund-raising events for the purpose of raising both funds
             and awareness.


             The Foundation should conduct at least four fund-raising events per year with the goal
             of raising $40,000 annually. Ideas for fund-raisers include, but are not limited to,
             athletic competitions, sponsored walks (i.e., Walk for Water), ferry cruises, festivals,
             silent auctions, estuary dinners, and tournaments (i.e., golf, fishing).





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               It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware
               Estuary Foundation sell Delaware Estuary merchandise for the purpose of raising both
               funds and awareness.


               The Foundation should develop and sell Delaware Estuary merchandise, such as a
               Delaware Estuary print and associated stamp (similar to waterfowl stamps), t- shirts,
               baseball caps, pens, note pads, bumper stickers, calendars, mugs, etc.                  The
               Foundation should attempt to raise $5,000 to $10,000 annually through the sale of
               merchandise. Receipts from merchandise sales would be increased if the Foundation's
               Development Director can arrange for the donation of the merchandise and/or the
               printing.

               It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware
               Estuary Program actively solicit funding for the implementation of individual CCIVIP
               recommendations from private foundations.

               Private foundations may also be a source of project specific funding for the
               Foundation. There are 250 private foundations which support environmental programs
               listed in the "Environmental Grantmaking Foundations 1992 Directory" and the
               Financial Planning Committee has identified 81 foundations that have a particular
               interest in funding activities in the Delaware Estuary region.            Although many
               foundations will not fund general administrative and operating expenses, the
               Foundation could apply for foundation funding to conduct educational programs and
               public events; print brochures, guides, and reports; and support demonstration
               projects, construction, and research projects. The Foundation should solicit private
               foundation funding both for its own projects and on behalf of a third party whose
               proposal the Foundation supports.

               The Foundation may also benefit from two additional sources of funds that cannot be
               used to estimate future income: endowments and court directed penalties. Both of
               these sources of funds would most likely be rare and may have limitations on their
               use. Endowments would come from individuals or their estates that support the
               activities of the Foundation.       Penalties would result from a fine placed on an
               organization by local, state, or federal regulators for a pollution event. Generally, fines
               levied against violators go back to the government that levied the fine. However, it
               is becoming more common to have all or a portion of the fine given to a third party
               either by the regulatory agency or under an agreement between the regulatory agency
               and the violator. The Delaware Estuary Foundation will not have standing to bring suit
               against another party for violations of environmental statutes.

               C. What it Will Fund and How

               The Delaware Estuary Foundation should keep its administrative expenses to
               $450,000 per year. Approximately $300,000 should be used for salaries and




               G-6                                                                         January 1995









                                                                               FINANCIAL PLANNING


             expenses and $150,000 for public education and involvement activities (see Education
             and Involvement, Chapter VII).

             Any funds available through the Delaware Estuary Foundation in excess of $450,000
             should be used to fund the implementation of the Comprehensive Conservation and
             Management Plan. Each year the Foundation should estimate the amount available for
             CCMP implementation and select recommendations for funding priority. The Council
             may determine that its staff is best suited to implement a recommendation and can
             appropriate additional funds to its administrative expenses for this purpose. If the
             Foundation determines that there is an existing public agency that is most appropriate
             to implement a particular recommendation, the Foundation should execute a
             Memorandum of Understanding with that agency. For those CCMP recommendations
             where no appropriate agency is identified for implementation, the Foundation should
             advertise a request for qualifications through the Business Commerce Daily and the
             Foundation's mailing list. A contract to implement the recommendation (s) should be
             executed with the most qualified and cost effective applicant(s). The Foundation
             should not consider funding unsolicited proposals or actions that are not recommended
             by the CCMP or in revisions to the CCMP.

             D. What Needs to be Done to Establish the Delaware Estuary
                    Foundation


             It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Delaware
             Estuary Foundation be established and the Foundation's Program Director hired by 30
             May 1995.

             Setting up a public charity involves fulfilling both state and federal legal requirements.
             Each of these requirements is described in "Recommendations for an Institutional
             Framework for the Financial Management and Implementation of the Delaware Estuary
             Program's CCMP" (September 1993) by Apogee Research, Inc. In summary, these
             requirements are:

             ï¿½ Select a Corporate Name
             ï¿½ Draft the Bylaws and Certificate of Incorporation
                    -   Provisions for the initial appointment of the Board of Directors and the
                        future manner of their selection
                    -   Provisions for revision of bylaws and/or certificate of incorporation
                    -   A statement of purpose for the corporation
                    -   Provisions for the fate of the corporation's assets in the event of dissolution
                    -   Provisions for membership by private citizens, and voting rights of members
                    -   Provisions for avoiding conflicts of interest by Board members who are
                        representatives from regulatory agencies
             ï¿½ Retain  a Registered Agency in Delaware, if Necessary
             ï¿½ File Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State
             ï¿½ Register to Do Business in Pennsylvania and New Jersey




                                                                                                     G-7




             go
             Or DRAFT CCIVIP
             5ELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


               ï¿½ Register to Solicit for Charitable Contributions in Pennsylvania and New Jersey
               ï¿½ Submit IRS Form 1023 with Accompanying Documentation

               In addition to the legal requirements, office space will have to be found, supplies and
               equipment purchased, and Foundation staff hired.

               111. REDIRECTION OF CURRENT PROGRAMS


               Funds to implement a variety of environmental programs is appropriated by federal and
               state agencies and other organizations every year. These funds are generally allocated
               to an issue (i.e., point source pollution control, wetlands enhancement, education) and
               not to a specific geographic area. Over 140 programs have been identified that could
               be used to implement most of the Delaware Estuary Program's Comprehensive
               Conservation and Management Plan recommendations. Some of these programs
               provide funds in the form of grants, loans, or cost-sharing, while others provide
               technical assistance, information, or conduct research on behalf of the requesting
               party. The matrix (Table 1) links individual CCMP recommendations to existing
               programs.


               It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that all state and federal
               agencies give special consideration to funding the implementation of CCIVIP
               recommendations under all programs listed on Table 1. In addition, consistency with
               the CCMP should be made a requirement for all projects subject to the State Clearing
               House process.

               Special consideration status for funding CCMP recommendations through existing
               programs should be negotiated by the Delaware Estuary Foundation. State agencies
               can assign program priorities to its administrators. Federal agencies can do the same
               and make implementation of CCMP recommendations a requirement under their
               various grant programs. In most cases, the funds generated through these programs
               will be allocated from the administering agency directly to the agency/organization that
               will implement the appropriate CCMP recommendations. In these cases, the funds will
               not be passed through the Delaware Estuary Foundation.

















               G-8                                                                      January 1995









                                                                            FINANCIAL PLANNING


            Table 1. Existing funding sources matrix.



                   AGENCY/PROGRAM                    RELATED CCMP RECOMMENDATIONS



              COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA PROGRAMS

              Environmental Education Fund      T2, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, E13, E19


              Keystone Recreation, Park &       L4, L6, L. 18, W 11. 1 -4, H 5, H 7, E 3, E4, E 5, E 6,
              Conservation Fund $               E7, E20, E22

              PennSERVE @                       L1, L4, L.5, L17.1 T2.1-2, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6,
                                                E7, El 1, El 2, El 3, El 6, El 8, El 9, E22

              PENNVEST                          L3, L5, U 0, Ll 6. 1, W4. 1, W5, W7, W1 2, T5.3

              Wild Resource Conservation        L14, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, E2, E6,
              Fund $                            El 2, El 5, El 6, El 7

              DHHS/PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PROGRAMS

              Public Health Assessments &       T6.4, T6.5, T6.6
              Related Site-Specific Biological
              Testing @

              Surveillance of the               T6.4, T6.5, T6.6
              Relationship Between
              Hazardous Substances @

              DOC/EDA PROGRAMS

              Economic Development, Public Ll 7. 1, W1, W4, T5.3
              Works, Development Facilities


              DOC/NOAA PROGRAMS

              Coastal Ocean Program             L14, H8
              Mapping Effort +

              Coastal Wetlands Inventory +      L2.1, L2.2, L14.2, H3.2, H8

              Coastal Zone Management           All Action Items
              Program @

              Cumulative Effects of Multiple    T4.4-8, T5.1-3, T6.3-6
              Stressors on Coastal
              Ecosystems @                     I


                                                                                                 G-9




             QQ
            Or DRAFT CCMP
                   RE
              ELAWE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM



                Electronic Information Services L2.1, L2.2, L14.2, H3.2, H8


                Financial Assistance for Ocean T1, T4.4-5, T5.1-3, T6.5-6, M4, M5, M6
                Resources Conservation &
                Assessment Program @

                Fisheries Development &          H1.1, H1.2, H3.3, H5.4, H5.7, H8, T6.5, T6.6,
                Utilization Research &           T6.7
                Development Program @

                GeoCoast +                       L2.1, L2.2, 1-14.2, H3.2, H8, R2

                Marine Fish Habitat              H5, H7, W8.4
                Restoration & Creation
                Program +

                National Estuarine Inventory     L14, H8


                National Estuarine Research      H5, H7, E4, M5, M6
                Reserve System @
                NOS Partnership Proposals @      L1, L2.1-4, L3, L4, L5.1-4, Ll 4.2-3, Ll 1,
                                                 W8.1-4, H1.1-2, H3.1-3, H4.1-8, H5.1-8,    H 6,
                                                 H7.1-3, T4.4-5, T5.1-2, T6.3-7, R2, M3, M4,
                                                 M5, M6

                Sea Grant Support                W8. 1, W8.3, W8.4, W 10, W 11. 1-3, W 12,
                                                 W13.1-2, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8,
                                                 T4.5, T5. 1, T6.3-7, E2, E6, E7, E8, E 10, E 11,
                                                 E12, E15, E16, E13, E18, E14

                Strategic Environmental          1-2.1-2, L14.2, W3, W8.3, W8.4, H3.1-3, H8,
                Assessments +                    T1, T4.4, T4.5, T5.1-2, T6.5, M3, M6

                DOD PROGRAMS

                Legacy Resource Management       L2, L3, L4,L5, L6, L14, W10, H1, H2, H3, H4,
                Program @                        H5,H6,H7,H8,H9

                DOI/BLM PROGRAMS

                Wildlife Challenge Cost Share    H3, H5, H8, L14


                DOI/FWS PROGRAMS

                Anadromous Fish                    3, H5
                Conservation @




                G-10                                                                 January 1995









                                                                        FINANCIAL PLANNING


             Aquatic Resources Education      E2, E6, E12


             Bay/Estuary Program +            L4, L5, L7, Ll 3, Ll 4, W8.3, W8.4, Wl 0, H 1,
                                              H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, Tl, T6.1-7,
                                              E2, E6, E7, Ell, E12, E15, E13, E20, E14,
                                              E22, M4, M5, M6, R2

             Biomonitoring of                 T5.3, T6.5, M4, M5, M6
             Environmental Status &
             Trends +

             Challenge Cost Share  Program    1-6, H5


             Coastal Wetlands Planning        1-6, H5
             Protection and Restoration @

             Conservation Law                 H4.3
             Enforcement Training &
             Assistance +

             Endangered Species               L6, Hl, H2, H3, H4, H5, H8, E6, E12
             Conservation @

             Environmental Contaminants       T4.4, T5.1, T6.5


             Fish & Wildlife Management       Hl, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H8, T5, T6.5
             Assistance +

             Migratory Bird Conservation      L6
             Fund $

             National Coastal Wetlands        1-4, 1-6, VV8.4, H4, H5, H7, E4, E6
             Conservation Grants @

             National Wetlands Inventory      1-14, H3, H8


             National Wetlands Research       1-2.1-2, 1-14.2, H3.2, H8, R2, M3
             Center +

             North American Wetlands          L6, 1-14.4, H5.3, H7.2
             Conservation Act @

             Partners for Wildlife - Private  1-4, L6, IH5, H7
             Lan s nitiative @ +

             Pumpout Grant Program @          W12, T2.3, E2, E4, E7





                                                                                          G-1 1









                    DRAFT CCMP
            NE-LAWARE
            ESTUARY PROGRAM


               Sport Fish Restoration @         L4, L6, W1 1.1, W1 1.2, W1 1.4, 1-11, H2, H4,
                                                H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, T6, E2, E6, E14, E22

               Wildlife Research Information    H3, T5.1-3, T6.5


               Wildlife Restoration @           L4, L6, W8.2, W1 1.4, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6,
                                               IH7, H8, T6.5
               DOI/NPS PROGRAMS

               Land & Water Conservation        L6
               Fund @

               National Natural Landmarks
               Program +

               National Wild & Scenic Rivers    L4, L5.4
               Program +

               Rivers, Trails & Conservation    L4, L5.4, L6, W1 1.4
               Program +

               Urban Park and Recreation        L6, W 16.2
               Recovery Program $

               Wetlands Goals and Guidelines    L6, H5, E6, E12, E22, M4, M5, M6
               @+

               DOI/USGS PROGRAMS

               Federal State Cooperative        W3, T1, M4, M5
               Program +
               Geologic Division +              L2.1-2, L14.2, H3.2, H8, R2, M3

               National Mapping Program +       L2.1-2, L14.3, H3.2, H8, W8.4, R2, M3

               National Water Information       L14, W3, W5, E5, R2
               System +

               National Water Quality           T1, M4, M51. M6
               Assessment Program +

               National Water Resources         W3, T4.4, T5.2-3, T6.5, M4, M5, M6
               Research Program @

               Water Data Program +             W3

               Water Research Institute         L2, L3, W3, W5, W6, W10, T4.4, T5.3, T6.5,
               Program @                        M4, M5, M6




               G-12                                                                 January 1995









                                                                         FINANCIAL PLANNING


             DOT PROGRAMS

             Development & Promotion of       W9, W10
             Ports & Intermodal
             Transportation @ +

             Oil Pollution Research and       W9, W10, H8, T5.2-4
             Development Program @ +

             DUCKS UNLIMITED

             Habitat USA +                    H5

             Matching Aid to Restore          L6, H5, H7
             States Habitat @*

             Habitat Inventory and            L14, H3, H5
             Evaluation +

             EPA PROGRAMS

             Advanced Identification of       L14, H8
             Natural Areas, Section 404 +

             Assessment & Watershed           L2, L3, L7, Ll 0, Ll 1, Ll 4, W3, H4, T4.4
             Protection Support @

             Brownfields Economic             Ll 7.1-2
             Redevelopment Initiative @

             Clean Lakes Program, Section     L2, L3, L4, L5, Ll 4, H5, El 1, El 8, E23, T5.2-4
             314 @

             CSO Abatement Projects @         T5.4, W 13.2-3

             Environmental Justice Small      L1, L4, L-5.1-4, L6, Ll 2, Ll 3, Ll 4.2, Ll 4.3,
             Grants @                         Ll 7.1-2, W5, W1 1.3-4, W1 2, W1 3.1, T2.1,
                                              T2.3, T4.4-5, T6.7, E2, E4, E5, E7, E 11, El 2,
                                              El 6, El 7, Ell 8, El 9, E20, E23, R2, M6

             Environmental Monitoring &       L14, H8, T1, T4.4, T5.3, T6.5, M4, M5, M6
             Assessment Program +

             Environmental Technology         T2.3, T5.3, R2
             Initiative * +

             Hazardous Substance              L17
             Response Trust Fund
             (Superfund) @                                                                      I





                                                                                            G-13









                     DRAFT CCIVIP
            5ELAWARE
            ESTUARY PROrRAM


                National Estuary Program @       L7, Ll 0, Ll 1, Ll 3, Ll 6, Ll 7, W1, W2, W4,
                                                 W5, W6, W7, W8, W9, W 10, W 11, W 13.1-2,
                                                 W14, H1, H2, H4, H6, H9, H10, T1, T3.1-3,
                                                 T4.1-7, T5.1-4, T6.1-7, All Education
                                                 Recommendations

                National Environmental           L2, Ll 3, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, El 1, El 3, El 4,
                Education Act @                  E16, E17, E18, E19, E22, E23

                National Pollutant Discharge     L2, L3, L5, T2.3, T3.1-3, T4.1-7
                Elimination System Related
                Grants $

                Near Coastal Waters @            L3, L4, L5.1-4, W3, W5, W6, W8.1-4, H4.1-8,
                                                 H5.1-8, H7.1-3, T1, T3.1-3, T4.1-8, T5.1-3,
                                                 T6.3-7, R2, M4, M5, M6

                Nonpoint Source                  L2, L3, L5, L 13, W 17, T2, T4.4, T5.4, T6.6,
                Implementation, Section 319      E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, E12, E18, E14, E22


                Pesticide Programs $             T2.1-2, T5.4, T6.6-7, E7

                Pollution Prevention Incentives  W5, T2.1-3, E5, E7
                for States @

                State Public Water System        W 1, W2, W4. 1, W4.2, W6, W7
                Supervision @

                Strategic Environmental          W5, H5, H7, H9, T2, T5.4, T6, M5, M6
                Research & Development
                Program @

                Wastewater Operator Training     T2.3
                Program, Section 104(g)(1) @

                Water Pollution Control          L7, L8.1-2, L10, L14, W5, W8, H9, T1, T2.1-3,
                Section 106 @                    T3.1-3, T4.1-8, T5.1-4, T6.1-7, E 11, E 18, M3,
                                                 M4, M5, M6

                Water Quality Cooperative        L2, L3, L4, L5, L7, L9, L 11, L 14, W 10, H 3, H4,
                Agreements, Section              H5, H7, H8, H9, T3.1-3, T4.1-8, T5.1-4
                104(b)(3) @

                Water Quality Management         L2,L7, L10, W5, W10, H4, H8, H9, T4.1-8,
                Planning, Section 604(b) {old    T5.1-4
                205(j)l @

                Wetlands Protection Program      H4
              1@


              G-14                                                                   January 1995









                                                                         FINANCIAL PLANNING


             NORTH'AMERICAN                   L6, H5
             WETLANDS CONSERVATION
             COUNCIL @*

             STATE OF DELAWARE PROGRAMS

             Aglands Preservation &           L6
             Conservation Easement
             Program $

             Conservation Cost Share          L3, L4, L5, H5
             Program *

             Delaware Land and Water          L4, L6, W 16, H 5
             Conservation Trust Fund $

             Delaware State Arts Council $    E15

             Duck Stamp Program $             L5.3, 1-11.1-2, H2.2, H3.1-3, H4.1-7, H5.1,
                                              H5.3, H7.1-3, H8

             First State Resource             Ll, L2, L3, Ll 1, Ll 3, Ll 6.1-2, T2.1-3, E2, E3,
             Conservation & Development       E6, Ell, E12, E16, E17, E15, E13, E18, E20,
             Council $ +                      E23

             State Revolving Fund-#           L3, L5, L 16. 1, W5, W 11. 4, W 12, H 5, H 7,
                                             1T2.1-2, T5.5
             STATE OF NEW JERSEY PROGRAMS

             Environmental Endowment for      Ll, L2.2, L2.3, L4.1-4, L5, L6, L8.1-2, L13,
             New Jersey @                     L14.2, L16.3, L17.1, W8.1-4, W12, W13.1-3,
                                              H3.1-3, IH4.1-7, H5.1-8, H7.1-3, H8, Tl,
                                              T2.1-3, T4.5, T5.1-2, T6.5-7, T4.4, All
                                              Education Recommendations

             Municipal Stormwater             L2, L3, L5, L14, T5.4
             Management & Combined
             Sewer Overflow Abatement
             Assistance Fund

             National and Community           Ll, L4, L5, L17.1, T2.1-2, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6,
             Service @                        E7, Ell, E16, E18, E19, E22, R2

             New Jersey Green Acres    $      L4, L6, Wl 1.4, H5
             New Jersey Green Trust @#        L4, L6, Wl 1.4, H5

              ew Jersey State Council on      E15
             the Arts $






                                                                                           G-15




             QQ
             Or DRAFT CCMP
             UE-LAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM



                New Jersey Wastewater             L 16. 1, W5, T5.3
                Treatment Fund

                New Jersey Wastewater             L 16. 1, W5, T5.3
                Treatment Trust #

                New Jersey Waterfowl              L4, L6, 1-11, H2, H3, H4, H5, H7, H8, E6
                Stamps $

                Open Space Preservation Bond      L4, L6, W1 1.4,  H5
                Act of 1989 $

                Water Supply Rehabilitation       W1, W4
                Loans #

                Water Supply Replacement
                Loans #                          I
                USACE PROGRAMS

                Aquatic Plant Control +           H5

                Beach Erosion Control +           H7

                Environmental Initiatives         H5, H7
                Program *

                Flood Control Projects +          L2, L3

                Flood Plain Management            L2, L3
                Services +

                Navigation  Projects +            W8.1-2

                Planning Assistance to States     L2, L3, L5, W5


                Snagging and Clearing for         H5
                Flood Control +

                Special Area Management           L4, L5.1-4, H4.4-5, H5.1-8, H7.3
                Plans

                Wetlands Research Program +       L5.1-3, 1-2.1-2, H4.1-2, H4.6, H5.3, H7.2

                USDA/ASCS PROGRAMS

                Agricultural Conservation         L2, L3, L4, H5, H7, T2.2
                Program $

                Conservation Reserve Program      L4
                $                                                                                    @1



                G-16                                                                   January 1995









                                                                        FINANCIAL PLANNING


             Rural Clean Water  Program $     L2, L3, T2.2

             Water Bank Program $ +           H5

             Water Quality Incentives         L2, L3, L4, H5, H7, T2.2, T5.3
             Program $

             Water Quality Special Projects   L2, L3, L4, H5, T2.2, T5.2-3


             Wetlands Reserve Program $       H5

             USDA/FrnHA PROGRAMS

             Emergency Community Water        W4. 1, W4.2, W7
             Assistance Grant @

             Distance Learning & Medical      L14.3, E:16, R2
             Link Grants @

             Primary Loan Service Program     L6, H5, H7
             (Conservation Easement
             Program) #

             Resource Conservation and        L2, L3, 1-4, L5, W4.1, W1 1.4, H5, T2.2, T5.3
             Development Loans #

             Technical Assistance &           W4.1, W4.2, W5, W6, W7
             Training Grants @

             Soil and Water Loans             L2, L3, 1-4

             Solid Waste Management           T2. 1, T4. 4
             Grants @

             Water & Waste Disposal           L1 6.1 W4. 1, W4.2, W5
             Systems for Rural
             Communities @#

             Watershed Protection & Flood     W4. 1, W4.2
             Prevention Loans #              I
             USDA/FS PROGRAMS

             Challenge Cost-Share Program


             Cooperative Forestry             L4, H5
             Assistance @

             Forest Legacy Program $          L4, L6





                                                                                          G-17









                     DRAFT CCMP
            5-E-LAWARE
            EMARY PROGRAM



               Forest Stewardship Program        L4, L6


               Forestry Research @

               Stewardship Incentives            L4, L6, H5, H7
               Program *

               Urban and Community               L4, H7, E4, E6
               Forestry @ +                     I
               USDA/SCS PROGRAMS

               Farm*A*System +                   L2, L3, T2.2, T4.4, T5.4, M4, M5, M6

               Resource Conservation and         L2, L3, L5, L6, W5
               Development Program @ +

               Snow Survey & Water Supply        W3
               Forecasting +

               Soil Survey +                     L14, H3

               Soil & Water Conservation +       L3, L4, L5.1-4, W5, H4.5, T2.2, T4.5

               Watershed Protection & Flood

               Prevention Act (PL 83-566)        L2, L3, L4, L5, L7, W5, H5, H7, T2.2, T5.2-3



              KEY:   @ Grant Programs
                       Loan Programs
                       Cost Share Programs
                     + Technical Assistance, Informational Services or Research Assistance
                     $ Direct Payments

              One federal program that is not currently being used to its maximum potential is the
              State Revolving Fund Program. Established by the Water Quality Act Amendments
              of 1987, this program makes capitalization grants to states to create revolving funds.
              The purpose of these revolving funds is to provide financial assistance to local
              communities for water quality projects and activities. The primary focus of revolving
              funds is financing local wastewater treatment facilities. The Act also states that
              revolving funds can be used to finance the implementation of nonpoint source plans,
              wetland programs, and estuary Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plans.

              Any project or activity included in a CCMP that has been approved by the appropriate
              Governor(s) and the USEPA Administrator is eligible for assistance under the State
              Revolving Fund Program.       These could include wetlands and living resources
              restoration, nonpoint source control programs, and construction of capital facilities



              G-18                                                                    January 1995









                                                                               FINANCIAL PLANNING


             such as treatment plants or stormwater retention basins. Other types of clean-up
             projects, those that are capital intensive with a user base to support payments, are
             well suited to State Revolving Fund financing.

             In order for projects to be funded using the State Revolving Fund Program, they must
             be included on the states' Project Priority List (PPL). The PPL is a list of all the
             projects eligible for State Revolving Fund funding. This list is typically revised every
             five years and requires a public hearing. From the PPL, an Intended Use Plan (IUP) is
             generated. The IUP describes how much money the state has and how it will be
             spent.

             It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the States of
             Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania should revise the criteria for eligible activities
             under their state revolving funds to include eligibility for all activities included in the
             Delaware Estuary's Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan.

             The state revolving funds in the three states are: State Revolving Fund (Delaware),
             New Jersey Wastewater Treatment Fund and Trust (New Jersey), and PENNVEST
             (Pennsylvania). The Delaware fund does finance nonpoint source control project and
             PENNVEST finances stormwater control projects in addition to wastewater treatment
             facilities. However, none of the three states' funds include the implementation of
             Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plans as eligible activities for financial
             assistance.


             IV. PUBLIC/PRIVATE AND PUBLIC/PUBLIC PARTNERSHIPS

             Public/private partnerships are agreements between public and private entities to work
             together to meet some environmental need. Examples of such partnerships include
             the privatization of a public utility, private funding for public programs, joint
             public/private funding for a project benefiting both parties, and allowing the use of
             public property by a private interest in exchange for having the private interest provide
             a public service. Public/public partnerships are agreements between a public agency
             and a public authority, such as a port or solid waste authority, and work in the same
             way as public/private partnerships.

             The Delaware Estuary Program has been successful in establishing three public/private
             partnerships to date. One company funded the printing of the Program's bumper
             sticker and loaned the Program audio/visual equipment; the Public Service Electric and
             Gas Company designed and sponsored a series of newspaper advertisements on
             behalf of the Program; and radio station WSTW and the Public Service Electric and
             Gas Company sponsored the Delaware Estuary Program tent at the 1994 Delaware
             River Days event. The Program has not established any public/public partnerships.

             The Delaware Estuary Foundation, the states, local governments, and other
             organizations interested in implementing CCIVIP recommendations should actively
             pursue public/private and public/public partnerships to implement CCIVIP




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                     DRAFT CCIVIP
            UELAWARE
            ESTUARY PROGRAM


              recommendations. The Delaware Estuary Foundation may assist in negotiations of
              partnerships in which it will not be a party. The CCMP recommendations that would
              lend themselves to public/private or public/public partnerships are:

                     Ll     Develop a Comprehensive Environmental Policy Plan for the Delaware
                            Estuary
                     L2     Support Watershed-Based Planning
                     L4     Support the Establishment of Riparian Corridor Protection Programs
                     L6     Identify and Support Greenspace Program Plans to Protect Natural
                            Resource Areas Related to the Estuary
                     Lll    Establish a Land Use Planner Circuit Rider
                     Ll 7.1 Tri-State Redevelopment Forum

                     W3     Conduct Modeling Studies for Tributary Watersheds Experiencing
                            Stream Diminution Problems
                     W5     Encourage the Reuse of Wastewater for Nonpotable Purposes
                     W8.2   Maintain Access to High Use Recreational Areas
                     W8.4   Develop a Long Term Management Plan for Dredged Material
                     W9     Utilize RIMS for Information Management That Facilitate Port Operations
                     W10    Support Private Sector Efforts in Oil Spill Response and Pollution
                            Prevention


                     H5     Target Habitat Enhancement Opportunities for Present and Future Action
                     H7     Implement Measures to Protect Shoreline and Littoral Habitats that are
                            Threatened by Sea Level Change
                     H8     Facilitate Coordination among the States to Update and Improve
                            Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping for Hazardous Spill Response
                            Information


                     Tl     Implement a Toxics Management Strategy
                     T2.1   Public Education on Chemical Usage and Household Toxics Waste
                            Collection
                     T2.2   Implement Agricultural Pesticide Collection Program
                     T2.3   Develop Education Program for Small Industries on Usage of Chemicals

                     El     Continue Existing Public Participation Program
                     E2     Hold and Attend Public Meetings and Workshops
                     E3     Continue Holding Annual Events
                     E4     Support of Land Use Action Plan
                     E5     Support of the Water Use Action Plan
                     E6     Support of Habitat Action Plan
                     E7     Support of Toxics Action Plan
                     E8     Conduct and Publish Public Attitude Surveys
                     E10    Promote Ecotourism
                     Ell    Encourage Citizen Monitoring
                     E12    Promote "Hands-On" Activities



              G-20                                                                   January 1995









                                                                             FINANCIAL PLANNING


                    E13    Support Floating Classrooms;
                    E14    Develop and Publish Outreach Articles
                    E15    Meet Demand for Existing and New Publications
                    E16    Utilize Electronic Bulletin Boards
                    E17    Establish Estuary Resource Sections
                    E18    Implement Storm Drain Stenciling
                    E19    Incorporate Estuarine Education in Curricula/Support Challenge Grants
                    E20    Develop and Place Permanent Displays
                    E21    Develop an Estuary Mascot
                    E22    Establish Delaware Estuary Merit Badge
                    E23    Develop and Place Watershed Signs

                    R2     Implement Expanded Regional Information Management Service

                    M3     Establish Office of Monitoring and Mapping
                    M4     Implement Minimal Monitoring Plan
                    M5     Implement Expanded Monitoring Plan
                    M6     Evaluate and Report Monitoring Information

             V. FEES FOR SERVICES


             Fees for services can be charged if there is; a public demand for a service or if there
             is an identified group of individuals or organizations that are directly responsible for
             negative impacts on natural resources. Fees for services should only be implemented
             by age ncies that have statutory taxing authority. An example of public demand for
             a service includes a need of a neighborhood to have its septic systems pumped out
             regularly. The local government can put together a package deal for the neighborhood
             and tax the residents for the service at a better rate than each homeowner can
             contract for the service individually. A stormwater utility, where a municipality taxes
             its residents for stormwater control, is an example of the latter type of service fee.
             These types of programs can also be funded through general obligation and revenue
             bonds.


             The following is a list of fee for services programs that can be implemented at the
             local government level:

                    Aquifer Protection Districts - Main purpose is protection of subterranean water
                    from pollution. Funds may be used for activities such as water protection
                    planning, construction of stormwater facilities, monitoring and inspection of on-
                    site septic systems, and implementation of groundwater management plans.

                    Betterments - A betterment is a project specific charge levied against individuals
                    who receive some benefit from a public improvement separate from any benefit
                    received by the community as a whole. Because betterments are project
                    specific, they are limited to capital projects. Revenue sources include general
                    obligation bonds to pay for the improvement and betterment revenue to cover




                                                                                                  G-21




             go
             lop DRAFT CCMP
             DE-LAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                      the debt service. Betterment revenue is generally assessed and collected after
                      the project has been completed.

                      Drainage Districts - This provides the authority to undertake stormwater
                      management, including quantity and quality control. Revenue sources include
                      special assessments and special assessment bonds.

                      Flood Control Zone Districts - Although mainly designed to control stormwater
                      quality, flood control districts can also be used to address water quality issues.
                      Revenue sources include special assessments, fees for service, tax revenues,
                      and general obligation bonds.

                      Health Districts - The main use for funds raised by health district permit fees is
                      the operation of on-site system maintenance and operation programs. Permit
                      fees would be the revenue source.


                      Impact Fees - Funds can be used to cover the increase of public capital costs
                      for new development, including sewer and water extensions, stormwater
                      management improvements, and open space maintenance. Fee assessments
                      would be the revenue source.


                      Lake Management Districts - Funds can be used for improvement and
                      maintenance of lakes. Can include on-site system maintenance programs,
                      stormwater management programs and other water quality protection activities,
                      such as agricultural waste control. Revenue sources include rates and charges,
                      revenue bonds, and special assessments.

                      SewerlWater Districts - Can be used to fund construction, maintenance and
                      operation of sewers, including on-site septic systems. This authorizes districts
                      to become involved in any activity that improves water quality, including on-site
                      system maintenance, nonpoint pollution control and wetlands preservation and
                      restoration. Revenue sources include rates and charges, general obligation
                      bonds, revenue bonds, and special assessments.

                      Shellfish Protection Districts - The purpose of these districts is to address
                      nonpoint pollution threats to water quality and shellfish resources. Should
                      include any element needed to deal with the pollution threat, including
                      stormwater management, on-site system monitoring, inspection and repair,
                      animal grazing and manure management, and education and public involvement
                      activities. Revenue sources include rates and charges, tax revenues, and
                      inspection fees.

                      Stormwater Utilities - Funds raised by stormwater utilities can be used for
                      comprehensive stormwater management and on-site system maintenance and
                      inspection programs. Revenue sources include rates and charges, general
                      obligation bonds, revenue bonds, fines and penalties, and special assessments.


                G-22                                                                     January 1995









                                                                             FINANCIAL PLANNING


            The CCMP recommendations that would lend themselves to fees for services are:


                   L5        Implement Urban Best Management Practices
                   Ll 6.1    Regional Utilities for Small Wastewater Systems

                   W8.2      Maintain Access to High Use Recreational Areas
                   W9        Use RIMS for Information Management That Facilitate Port Operations
                   W1 1.4    Establish a Stable Source of Funding for Future Public Access Facilities
                   W12       Inventory Available Pump-Out Stations and Address Any Identified
                             Deficiencies
                   W1 3.3    Implement CSO Control Strategy

                   T2.1      Public Education on Chemical Usage and Household Toxics Waste
                             Collection
                   T2.2      Implement Agricultural Pesticide Collection Program
                   T2.3      Develop Education Program for Small Industries on Usage of Chemicals

                   E13       Support Floating Classrooms
                   E16       Utilize Electronic Bulletin Boards to Disseminate Information


                   R2.       Implement Expanded RIMS

            V1. CHANGES TO CLEAU WATER ACT

            A. CCIVIP Implementation Grants

            It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the Congressional
            delegation for the Delaware Estuary region should sponsor legislation that would
            provide grants to support CCMP implementation.

            Section 320 of the Water Quality Act Amendments of 1987 only allows the
            Environmental Protection Agency to make grants for the 'development of
            Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plans for national estuaries. EPA does
            not have the authority to make grants to CCMP implementors after the plan is
            finished. The Clean Water Act should be amended to allow EPA grants to cover
            administrative costs of CCMP implementation.

            B. Redirection of Penalties Collected by EPA

            It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that all penalties
            collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for violations of the Clean
            Water Act that impact a national estuary be applied to the implementation of the
            respective estuary's Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan.

            Currently, most penalties collected for Clean Water Act violations are deposited in the
            U.S. general treasury, except for rare cases where special provisions are included in



                                                                                                 G-23









                      DRAFT CCMP



                the settlement papers. The Financial Planning Committee contends that if a nationally
                recognized estuary is damaged by a Clean Water Act violation, then it is in the
                national interest to use any penalties collected as a result of said violation to restore,
                preserve, and protect the estuary.

                Re-assigning penalties from Clean Water Act violations from the federal treasury to
                national estuaries would allow the federal government to help ensure their investment
                in these estuaries without adding a new line item in the federal budget. The federal
                government is currently ex0ending substantial funds and personnel resources on
                developing CCIVIPs for the 21 national estuaries. The cooperative working relationship
                that has been developed through the National Estuary Program between federal
                agencies and the people who live in national estuary basins is a unique relationship.
                It would seem even more important to maintain that relationship as the CCIVIP is being
                implemented than it was during CCIVIP development. Applying penalty receipts to
                CCIVIP implementation would be one way of maintaining the federal partnership
                without applying undue pressure on the federal budget. Receipts from penalties are
                not included in budget projections, therefore the allocation of these funds to a national
                estuary would not impact the federal budget.

                C. Redirection of Penalties Collected by Delaware, New
                      Jersey, and Pennsylvania

                It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that a portion of the
                penalties collected by the States of Delaware and New Jersey and the Commonwealth
                of Pennsylvania for violations of the Clean Water Act that impact the Delaware
                Estuary be applied to the implementation of the Comprehensive Conservation and
                Management Plan for the Delaware Estuary.

                Currently, all penalties collected for Clean Water Act violations by the three states are
                not specifically dedicated to improving the water body that was damaged during the
                violation. In Delaware [and New Jersey], these funds are allocated at the discretion
                of the Secretary of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control,
                while New Jersey requires that these funds be used for clean water enforcement
                activities and grants to counties. In Pennsylvania, all Clean Water Act fines are placed
                in the Clean Water Fund that is administered by the Secretary of the Department of
                Environmental Resources and can only be used for water-related projects. The
                Financial Planning Committee contends that if a nationally recognized estuary is
                damaged by a Clean Water Act violation, then it is in the national interest to use a
                portion of any penalties collected as a result of said violation to restore, preserve, and
                prote ct the estuary. In special cases where the violation has interstate impacts or
                results in a large or . re-occurring penalty, the states involved should consider
                establishing an environmental trust that is administered by the states for the purpose
                of supporting the implementation of the CCIVIP and the administrative costs of CCIVIP
                implementation.




                G-24                                                                       January 1995









                                                                            FINANCIAL PLANNING


            Dedicating a portion of the penalties collected by the states from Clean Water Act
            violations to the Delaware Estuary would allow the state governments to help ensure
            their investment in the Delaware Estuary. The Governors of the three states signed
            an agreement to implement the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan
            for the Delaware Estuary. All three states; already dedicate environmental penalties
            to environmental projects. The further limitation of a portion of Clean Water Act
            penalties to the Delaware Estuary would reinforce the commitment made by the
            Governors and help to foster continued trkstate coordination in the future management
            of the Delaware Estuary.

            It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that violators of the
            Clean Water Act in the Delaware Estuary be encouraged to make a donation to the
            Delaware Estuary Foundation in lieu of a portion of the assessed penalty.

            An alternative to having states dedicate a portion of all Clean Water Act penalties for
            violations in the Delaware Estuary is to have the violating party make a donation to
            the Delaware Estuary Foundation in lieu of a portion of the penalty. Because the
            States are members of the Delaware Estuary Foundation, they will be actively involved
            in the allocation of the funds by the Foundation. Making a donation directly to the
            Foundation will also avoid the need for the state to expend administrative resources
            in handling the funds. The administrative expenses related to contracting, grants
            management, and accounting would fall on the Foundation.

            VII. DELAWARE RIVER AND BAY AUTHORITY'S ECONOMIC
                   DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS,

            The Delaware River and Bay Authority was established by the States of Delaware and
            New Jersey to provide river and bay crossings between the two states. The Authority
            built and maintains the Delaware Memorial Bridge and the ferry service between Cape
            May, New Jersey, and Lewes, Delaware. In the late 1980s, the Authority reported
            that its receipts exceeded the cost of maintaining the river crossings and suggested
            that legislation be enacted to allow the Authority to use its funds for purposes other
            than river crossings. The State of New Jersey and the State of Delaware amended
            the Delaware-New Jersey Compact by empowering the Delaware River and Bay
            Authority to provide funding for commerce facilities and developments provided that
            such projects are in compliance with environmental laws.

            As defined in the Compact:

            "Commerce facility or development" means any structure or facility adapted for public
            use or any development for a public purpose within each of the States party hereto
            in connection with recreational and commercial fishery development, recreational
            marina development, aquaculture (marine farming), shoreline preservation and
            development (including wetlands and open-lands acquisition, active recreational and
            park development, beach restoration and development, dredge spoil disposal and
            port-oriented development), foreign trade zone site development, manufacturing and



                                                                                               G-25









                      DRAFT CCIVIP
             DELAWARE
             ESTUARY PROGRAM


                industrial facilities, and other facilities of commerce which, in the judgment of the
                Authority, are required for the sound economic development of the area.

                The Delaware River and Bay Authority has further limited the use of these funds in the
                following manner:

                      Limit transportation investments to projects that earn enough money to break
                      even on operating costs, cover debt payments, and produce jobs.
                      Require at least 50 jobs for every $500,000 invested in "commerce"
                      development projects not directly tied to transportation.
                      Cap nontransportation commerce investment at 20 percent of the authority's
                      net general fund balance.

                Based on the above definition and DRBA imposed limitations:

                It is the recommendation of the Financial Planning Committee that the States of
                Delaware and New Jersey should request that the Authority fund the following CCIVIP
                recommendations:


                      L6        Identify and Support Greenspace Program Plans to Protect Natural
                                Areas Related to the Estuary

                      W9        Utilize RIMS for Information Management That Facilitate Port
                                Operations
                      W10       Support Private Sector Efforts in Oil Spill Response and Pollution
                                Prevention


                      W1 1.4    Establish a Stable Source of Funding for Future Public Access Facilities
                      W12       Inventory Available Pump-Out Stations and Address Any Identified
                                Deficiencies


                      H5        Target Habitat Enhancement Opportunities for Present and Future
                                Action
                      H7        Implement Measures to Protect Shoreline and Littoral Habitats that are
                                Threatened by Sea Level Change


                      E10       Promote Ecotourism
                      E12       Promote "Hands-On" Activities
                      E13       Support Floating Classrooms
                      E20       Develop and Place Permanent Displays
                      E23       Develop and Place Watershed Signs








                G-26                                                                     January 1995









                                                                        FINANCIAL PLANNING


            Vill. SUMMARY


            The Delaware Estuary Financial Plan includes twenty-one different funding options.
            The thirteen options identified to support the Delaware Estuary Foundation have a
            potential of raising $900,000 annually for the first 3 years plus an unidentifiable
            amount raised from license plate sales, 'partnerships with regional authorities,
            development opportunities, merchandising' partnerships, private foundations,
            endowments, and court directed penalties. One,lor more funding options have been
            identified for each of the CCMP's recommendations. Redirection of current programs
            can fund the implementation of 138 (100%) of the CCMP's recommendations,
            partnerships 46 (33%), fees for services 13 (9%), and DRBA's Economic Development
            Projects 12 (8%). CCMP implementation grants and the redirection of penalties
            collected by EPA and the states will provide further funds. Some of the CCMP's
            recommendations may also be implemented through reallocation of staff time at
            various federal, state, and local agencies while still others may be completed by
            volunteers working with the Delaware Estuary Foundation and other nonprofit
            organizations.

            Although funding the implementation of the CCMP according to this plan will require
            extensive coordination among several players and may require 10 + years before each
            CCMP recommendation is funded, this plan will implement the CCMP without
            requesting that a new general tax be applied to all the residents of the Delaware
            Estuary region.
































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                                                                              GAYLORD No. 2333                                  PRINTED IN U.S.A.






























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