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Attachment lo A GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION 0 F THE COASTAL BLUFFS 0 F ERIE COUNTY., PA, PAUL D. KNUTH WILLIAM BURT MARK FLOOD WILLIAM NAGEL COASTAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATESi INC. 40JL LAKE ERIE INSTITUTE FOR MARINE SCIENCEA ERIE, PA. and THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT SEPT. 1983 QE 6012 G46 '1983 (-Property of CSC Library ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All field work was accomplished with CRA staff. The diligence of Bill Burt., Mark Flood, and Bill Nagel is apprec- iated. Assistance in the field was provided by Janice Burt and Becky Zaliznock. The report was prepared with design assistance, editorial comments, and compilation assitance of Martha Knuth. Flight assistance was provided by Erie Airways, Inc. with expert pilot services provided by their staff. The comDuter work was carried out under the guidance of David Harbula and the Computer Center at Edinboro University. The encouragement and guidance of the Coastal Zone Man- agement Office, Mr. James Tabor and Mr. Shamus Malone, is apprec Lated. IL NOTE The report is divided into two parts because of the volume of informatio n submitted for each site. The first part of the report includes the introduction and a summary evaluation. Also included is a summary of recession data including the volumetric losses over the period. The second section (Appendix) contains aerial photographs, ground level photographs, offshore photographs of each site for each year. Also included is information per- taining to bathymetry and a process matrix. I I I I SECTION A I INTRODUCTION I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PURPOSE OF THE REPORT The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Coastal Zone Management Branch is committed to providing infor- mation to the shore property owners in Erie County. Such informa- tion should include an evaluation of the shoreline with respect to geology and physiography. Given the proper information, the Coastal Zone Management staff rpay assist the owner in improving land management with respect to all parameters present on a parti- cular site or on a particular reach. This report provides base line information on selected sites. KETHODOLOGY In any suTvey of the characteristics of a given set of varia- bles, three choices are open to the investigator. 1) Random Survey The procedure would involve a random selection of control points based on ease of access to the site. The set of supplemental sites included as a part of this report were chosen in this manner. Disadvantages include the inability to perceive the physical interactions taking place along more remote reaches of the shore and the lose of physiographic information that might shed light on the changing character of the shoreline. 2) Problem-Oriented Survey Since major concern is expressed most often in areas where shore losses or bluff recession is most active, the temptation is great to investigate those areas exclusively. A-clouded view of shore processes is generally the result of such a survey. There is a tendency to extrapolate information gained by this method to reaches where-it may not apply. 3) Fixed Grid Analysis This method involves making a determination of what might constitute the best grid to adequately sariple the characteristics required for proper analysis. Information pertaining to bluff characteristics was the goal of the study. Recession and erosion analysis was a highly desired addition to our understanding of shoreline phenomena. A disadvantage of this methodology is that some sites falling within a grid may provide certain constraints to investigation. These constraints include: difficulty of access., vegetation ob- scured slopes, slopes covered by eroded material from above, or reluctance of the property owner to permit access to field inves- tigators. The above was chosen as the framework for the site inves- tigations. A one kilometer grid'system was agreed upon as an interval that could best provide extrapolation of information between sites. Some discretion was used to deviate from the grid within a tolerance of 100 meters to overcome for the constraints listed above. In several cases, there was no way such constraints could be overcome by shifting the site within tolerances. Investigations of those sites were incomplete or they were abandoned entirely. Those points (Sites 34-43) falling on the shoreline of Presque Isle Bay were not considered. These sites could provide no in- formation useful to an examination of the effects of oDen lake conditions on the shoreline of Erie County. With few exceptions, this shoreline does not experience erosional or recessional losses. Similarly, Presque Isle peninsula was excluded from the study. Heavil'y studied by the Army Corps of Engineers, little 'purpose could be served by repetition. The main goal was infor- mation on bluff characteristics; such features are absent on Presque Isle. PROCEDURES Each site was located on topographic maps, aerial photographs and tax maps. The owner of each property containing a control point was notified of the project and permission t.o conduct a site inves- tigation solicited. In most cases, permission was obtained. There were. some exceptions. For example, the Cowell property (Site 51) was excluded because of the owner's general contempt for such investigations. Since this property covers more than one kilo- meter of shore, no accomodation could be made for shifting the point. Each site was visited initially to Plac&-a-large floures- cent marker and subsequently to conduct a pre-study of the existing conditions. The marker was critical to aerial and boat reconnaissance to enable the site to be identified from the air and from offshore. An aerial reconnaissance was flown and a color 35mm photo was secured. The phctos were uncontrolled, taken from the open window of a Cessna 172 with a hand-held 35mm camera with a 55mm 6 lens. The photos were deliberately under-exposed by I to 1 f stop to compensate for scattered light. The phot ographs are a part of the report. A reconnaissance was made by boat to secure a view of the bluffs from lakeward. Such a record is invaluable-in providing a base line of information -for ccnditions existing at each site. These photographs accompany the aerial photographs as a permanent record in this report. Location of Sites Beginning one kilometer from the Ohio-Pennsylvania border sites for bluff recession analysis were successively located one kilometer (shoreline distance) apart. The sites extend eastward to the neck of Presque Isle, across the neck to the south shore of Presque Isle Pay, and thence eastward to the Pennsylvania- New York border. At each site a representative point was establish- ed within fifty feet of the map location. Crest Profiles From the survey point, defined by triangulation from two ref- erences (trees or man-made structures), a segment of crest was selected. The length of the crest line vas a function of visibility from the survey pcint and representativeness of bluff structure. The crest line was never less than twenty-five feet in length. A plane table and alidade were positioned above the survey point and horizontal distances to the crest were determined by reading stadia inter- vals on a range pole held at random intervals along the crest line. Bluff Profiles Along the crest line a point was selected from which a pro- file of the bluff face would be determined. From this point a rope was stretched taut to the toe of the bluff where the bluff was concave or linear and point to point in those instances where the bluff was convex. At five foot intervals along the rope vertical distances to the bluff face were measured. Slope angle was obtained from an Abney level and the bluff height determined by the sine function of this angle. Stratigraphy and Physiography While traversing the bluff face observations were made of stratigraphy, stratigraphic breaks, types of weathering, erosion, mass wasting, vegetative cover, ground water, and human impact. Stratigraphic picks were made on the basis of direct ob- servation. It is strongly urged that a fraction analysis be made of the units. This information will complete the preliminary geo- technical investigation. The sand fraction, important for beach nourishment, is the most critical. The fraction analysis used in Section C is a generalized analysis performed on bluff materials (D'Appolonia, 1978). Supplemental Sites To provide information on areas between grid coordinates, several sites were visited. Thirty sites for which previous direct measurements had been taken were re-measured. Such points are areas where bluff recession is a continuing problem. The recession line diagrams for these sites were submitted with the 1982 draft of this report. The recession rate information gained from the re-measurement is included in Section C. Re-survey The initial investigation on the primary sits began in the summer of 1981. During that field season the sites were visited several times. Observations continued until late fall. The information gained during that first field effort became the baseline for subsequent investigation. All aspects of the original investigation were repeated in 1982 and again in 1983. As a result of the comprehensive measurements taken over this time period, a clearer picture emerges of the processes of recessional retreat in a variety of stratigraphic sequences. The character of this retreat and the erosion accompanying such retreat is reviewed in the site summary section of this report. 9 OFFSHORE BATHYMETRY A series of bottom profiles were obtained using a re- cording sonar device at each designated control point. The traverse was made shore normal over a distance of 400 yards to an average depth of twenty feet for the reach west of Presque Isle and thirty feet for the reach east of Presque Isle. The graphs obtained were transferred to a 111 equals 1501 grid scale using proportional dividers. The profile .lines between picks were smoothed. Shore markers at all grid points vere used to coordinate the exact position of the beginning of the profile line. The line was run at a 900 angle to the shore to maximize the accuracy of the line with respect to perceiving the influences of shore processes. The boat was operated at 1500 rpm's to maintain constant speed. At the estimated end of-each run, a range finder measuring device was used to fix the position of the boat as to distance offshore. In most cases, the profile 'line was carried beyond the 400 yards to insure a complete profile. The extra information was recorded as part of the total profile. In some cases, the run was extended further than normal to search for changes in the offshore pattern. Many of the profiles exhibited the norrral pattern of scour and bar formation expected in near shore areas as the bottom is worked and reworked by wave condiltl-ions. (@See Figure 1) Deviations from the ncrm are due in part to bedrock exposure be- own Poofiflk-A - Noma# 1144111 tell" failiol ottato at ...... vtofft W4001 ACC RITIOm $11"s Tito alit of loft,. 44cel A, ACCRETION Altar 1141ps get, *aV4 'ScOoft A CCRCT CCRETION t4Wit A Figure I low the surface, the presence of shore structures, sediment deficiencies, or an abundance of sediment due to stream load- ing or excessive beach/bluff erosion. An'explanation of each profile is found in the relevant site section of the report. The bathymetry was repeated in the 1982 field season. The results were disappointing. While some changes were not- iced, they were not valid with respect to the methodology employed. Close control, of the type necessary to Dick up minor changes in bar configuration, orientation, and location,, are not possible except with sophisticated equiprrent including that necessary for accurate positioning. Such a methodology is expensive and beyond the scope of time and dollars available for this study. %, 4,- 16 AZ Ts@ fib- -4k, 13 REGIONAL GEOLOGY Physiography The Erie County shoreline is located in the Eastern Lake section of the Central Lowland Province. The region is north and west of the Appalachian Plateau. The escarpment marking the division between these Provinces is visible from most areas of the coastal zone. The surface of the lowland drains north to Lake Erielocally controlled by glacial deposits. The physiography and topography have been shaped by the geologic factors of structure, bedrock strata and Pleistocene glaciation. Bedrock The bedrock exposures at the base of the bluffs in the reach east of Presque Isle and locally west of Presque Isle are of the Canadaway Formation, Middle Upper Devonian in age. The rocks are variously described as: Alternating brown shales and sandstones; includes "Portage" Formation of northwestern Pennsylvania (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1960). Undifferentiated shales. This group underlie s the Quaternary deposits. They consist of poorly differentiated sequences of interbedded shales, claystones, siltstones and sandstones (D'Appolonia, 1978). Upper Devonian shales with interbedded siltstones ... comprise the cliffs bordering Lake Erie. More resistant siltstone beds ... contribute large quantities of siltstone gravel to the neighboring beaches. The shale is easily weathered by comparison and does not,persist in transport (Clemens,1976). 14 The bedrock exposures along the base of the bluff are important in three ways. First, in areas of sand def iciency, precluding beach development, these exposures present a high initial wall to wave energy. The downward deflection of this energy removes sediment from nearshore and deposits it in forms further offshore. (See Bathymetric Discussions, Section B). Sediment that might be available under other conditions is thus denied to the longshore transport system exacerbating sand deficits. S-econd, as noted previously (Clemens, 1976), the eroding bedrock is an important source of supply of siltstone gravels. In addition, exposures of bedrock in the zone of breaking waves promotes "plucking" which p@roduces shingles from a few centimeters to one meter in size. The capability of the transport system to carry those shingles great distances is seen in the amount of shingles on Presque Isle Beaches several kilometers downdrift of the nearest bedrock expo- sures. More massive than sand, these materials tend to remain in the nearshore providing material for beach building as they weather. Third, linear joints in the shales exposed to storm' waves expand by hydraulic force to produce the incised or cuspate forms seen in the reach east of Presque Isle. On a larger scale, these incisions produce headland-cove combinations allowing pocket beaches to form in the sheltered areas. In most ca,ses, t4ese are the only beaches forming along the reach fron the City of Erie to Six Mile Cieek. Glacial History Continental glaciation produced several ice sheet advances into Northwestern Pennsylvania. During each advance, materials 15 were transported from the northeast and deposited locally. These deposits cons ist mainly of glacial tills, an unsorted, unst-ratified heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel and boulders. The tills on the bluffs of Erie County are typically fine-grained, reflecting the,shale bedrock and lake sediment sources over which the glaciers had passed. The tills overlie the Devonian shales which were eroded prior to the deposition of the till producing an irregular surface and intermittent exposures along the shore. There are two distinct till units (an upper and a lower) found in Erie County. After the retreat of the last glacier, a series of proglacial lakes developed in the Erie Basin. As a result, there are widespread iacustrine deposits and beach (strand) deposits over much of the lake plain and exposed on the bluff face in many locations. The lacustrine deposits are not continuous along the shore. Major strand deposits have been mapped by various researchers. Those.exposed on the bluff face are associated with proglacial Lake Warren. The characteristics of these strand deposits are discussed below. Quaternary Units The following units may be seen at various locations. Some or all may be present in any one section. The general listing is from oldest to youngest. A discussion of each follows the listing. 1) Glacial Till.- clays and silts with associated coarser fragments, resulting from sediment- depos-i- tion of Wisconsin-age glacier and containing localized pockets of glacio-lacustrine deposits formed by deposits in small lakes or ponds 2) Lacustrine Deposits- thinly interbedded clayey silts and silty clays of proglacial lakes 3) Strand Deposits- two general units (sand and gravels and sands and silty sands) associated with previous shorelines of proglacial lakes 4) Alluvial Deposits- s andy silts and clays with variable amounts of sand and gravel and minor pockets of organic soil (resulting from deposition by creeks and streams in the area) o Glacial Till Deposits Previous glaciation over the area has resulted in the deposition of two tills, the upper and the lower, lying one upon the other, typically with the absence of a distinct separating horizon. Uppermost exposures of the upper till, lying beneath the topsoil and lacus- trine materials, are sometimes thinly stratified, consisting of laminae of irregular thicknesses, resembling lacustrine silts and clays, but containing fine gravel and being stiffer than the lacus- -urine materials. This pseudo-stratified material may be an abla- tion till phenomenon or may have resulted from water-laid depostion of ice-rafted till. The upper till material consists of stiff to very stiff, well 17 bonded yellow brown to gray clayey silt to silty clay with trace amounts of coarse to fine sand, gravel and shale fragments. The lower till is quite similar in description consisting of very stiff to hard, extremely well bonded, gray clayey silt to silty clay with little coarse to fine sand, gravel and shale fragments and occasional small cobbles and boulders. The lower till is characterizzd as follows: 1) it contains a small amount of coarse to medium, sand in a clayey matrix and contains fine gravel and shale fragments. 2) It has a dense appearance and is resistant to gouging by knife or rock hammer. 3) It has prominent vertical relief jointing. 4) It has only a trace of coarse to medium sand, and very few gravel-sized fragments. In outcrops where both till's are preIsent, the jointing in the lower till can be used to differentiate t he lower and upper members. 0 Lacustrine Deposits The proglacial lakes provided a means for deposition of thinly interbedded clayey silt and silty clay. These deposits are found over much of the reach but- are discontinuous. There are many areas where they approach ten mete-rs in thickness while in others they are absent entirely. 0 Strand Deposits Strand deposits are bodies of silty sand, sand and sand and gravel that represent the shorelines of proglacial lakes. These 18 ancient shorelines manifest themselves as continuous and semi- continuous rildges of low elevation. Beach ridges representing the Lake Warren shoreline are low (less than 5.5 meters) and consist of a sand and gravel core, flanked by a band of stratified fine sand. As recession has truncated these deposits, they have become exposed more or less randomly over the study reach. The strand deposits consist of two general categories. The coarse strand deposits are generally loose to medium compact, yellow brown to grayish brown, stratified sands and gravels with trace amounts of silt and occasionally small cobbles. The fine- grained strand depostis consist of loose to dense, brown to gray, thinly stratified fine sands, with trace amounts of medium sand and silt with occasional lenses and pockets of fine sand with traces of fine gravel. 0 Alluvial Deposits (Colluvium) Alluvial materials are a mixture of the components of all units produced as a result of stream deposition or mass wasting. They produce fill features in concave portions of the bluff and can occur as forms at the base. In several of the sites investi- gated, the stratitraphic sequence was obscured by an accumulation of these sediments. Typically, these deposits consist of loose to medium dense, dark brown intermixed silty clay to clayey silt with variable amounts of sand and gravel. In many cases, a vegetative cover has lent organics to the makeup of these deposits. 19 0 Fill Material Devel6pment of the shore zone has led to the deposition of fill at the top of the bluffs to bring sites to desired grade. In many cases, the fill appears,to be related to the locally occurring constituents of the bluff. They are, of course, reworked by the process of excavation and fill. In other cases, the fill is of unknown origins, transported from off site. From D'Appolonia, 1978 20 A REPRESENTATIVE SECTION ALONG THE WESTERN STUDY AREA IN THE VICINITY OF RUDD ROAD IN SPRINGFIELD TOWN- SHIP REVEALS ""HE VARIABLE THICKNESSES OF THE VARIOUS BEDS. MISSING FROM THIS PARTICULAR SECTION ARE THE LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS SEENELSEWHERE. U f f C r e *,- 1-1s notch t Strand deposit Upper till Unjointed lower till Jointed lower till Wave cut lower till Beach F.: 4gure 2 U 21 SELECTED REFERENCES SECTION A (1960) Geologic Map of Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of PennsylvaniT -Department of Environmi@n-tal Resources, Topographic and Geologic Survey (Scale 1:250,000), Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 2) (1978) Geotechnical Investigations: Greenfield Project, D'Appalonia Associates, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 3) Clemens, Robert H., (1976) Selected Environmental Criteria for the Design of Artificial E-tructures on the Southeast More of Lake Erie, Technical Report No. 8-CRD, Coastal Research Division, Department of Geology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. M I I SECTION B I I SUMMARY I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I m The sites selected for study under the three year program were determined by fixed grid. (See Introduction). Given this methodology, it was sometimes difficult to choose actual profile lines representative of general slope conditions over any areal extent. It was frustrating to be contained within narrow para- meters while upshore or downshore was a bluff face that was easier to measure, that provided a better "face" for stratigraphic description or was active and thus able to provide some change data. In some cases, the profile site was stable over the three year period while the bluffs on either side were failing. The problem is, of course, not new to shoreline study. We knew at the outset that the methodology would have certain limitations. It is hoped that, on average, the site determina- tions were made in such a way as to provide a cleare'r picture of the @,Yariable conditions that exist on the bluffs. As stated in previous reports, there is no average bluff. Recession rates can be averaged over time for a particular site. A rate can be determined and measured in ft./yr., in./yr. or m./yr. However a particular bluff having a rate of 1 ft./yr.' may be stable for '45 years only to have 25 feet of recession in one year. Stratigraphically, we find that bluffs vary in material composition thickness and that response to groundwater flows may vary over a matter of a few yards. It would be irresponsible to extrapolate any observations for the bluffs more than a mere few yards. It is, therefore, difficult to say with any conviction that any erosional or recessional phenomena ongoing at a particular site will persist in either time or space. It is possible though to compile information about the interactions of bluff slope, material, development impacts and the like and produce a reasonable assessment of a particular situation. It would be possible for the trained observer to view a site, compare it with others he has seen and make an estimate as to the future of the site with at least some credi- bility. Following, in two parts, is a summary of bluff conditions in Erie County based on observations over a three year period. For some sites the observation has been over a period of ten years. We should acknowledge at this point that, with the compilation of data over this time, we are just beginning to understand some of the phenomena particular to these bluffs. The first part of the summary consists of an overview of the bluffs of Erie County and how they behave under a variety of conditions and variables. A classification system emerges as a result of this exercise. The second part looks at each site placing it within the classification scheme and discusses some of the exceptions and deviations from the norm. Part 1 General Classification Scheme There are a number of ways to categorize bluffs facing open water. The Corps of Engineers classes bluffs according to a combination of height and erodibility. A particular shoreline might then be classed as "high bluff erodible". This system is fine for a general coastal inventory, but falls far short of adequately describing the actual character of any bluff. For example, the Western part of the Erie County Coastal Zone is classed as high bluff erodible, just that; no sub-category. We know that, while generally this is true, there are some bluffs in that reach that have been stable for years and some areas where there is no bluff at all. The purpose of this study was, of course, to refine our knowledge or conditions to a point where a finer determination could be made. The parameters considered in the classification were as follows: Height (low,medium,high) Slope (low angle,moderate angle,high angle) Slope geometry(linear, concave, convex, compound) Stratigraphy Beach (none, narrow, mode?ate, broad) Human impact Erosion at toe (rate) Erosion of face (rate) Recession Missing from the above classification is time. in any geomorphic classification system some consideration for time should be made. The inclusion of ime in a geomorphic classi- fication of the bluffs is fruitless however. For example, we know that geomorphic change of the bluffs may be due to action at the base (wave-induced erosion) or by groundwater sapping at the crest, or by a combination of the above. Since wave erosion is largely a function of water levels and since water levels change over time in an unpredictable manner, to say that a bluff will continue to do what it's now doing is pointless. Similarly, recession at the crest may be due to failure of the upper layers (ground water). We know that the amount and the direction of ground water flow can vary at any time. To establish that a particular bluff crest will continue to respond over time in the same manner is equally pointless. The bluffs are then classed according to what they are doing now; frozen in time. If water levels change, erosion may abate or accelerate. If such is the case, the bluff may then be thrown into a different category; perfectly permissable. If the bluffs are not static, why should a scheme to classify them be static? Classification Scheme The classification scheme will be composed of three parameters. The first place will categorize stability based on observation as follows: A- Stable B- Stable Crest, Unstable Toe C- Stable Toe, Unstable Crest D- Overall Instability The second place categorizes the bluffs as to height as follows: a- Low (to 201) b- Medium (to 401) c- High (over 401) The third place categorizes the bluff as to shape as follows: 1- Linear, high angle 11- Linear, low angle I)- Convex 3- Concave 4- Compound Examples of the above include: 1) Linear, high angle CLASSIFICATION OF SITES 1 Dbl 44 Abl 2 Dal 45 Ab3 3 Dc4 46 Ab3 4 Dc4 47 Cb4 5 Bell 48 Ca4 6 Dbl' 49 Cc4 7 Dal 50 Ac3 8 Acll 51 N.D. 9 Dc4 52 Aa2 10 Dc4 53 Ca2 11 Dc4 54 Dc4 12 Dc4 55 Bc4 13 Dc4 56- Acl' 14 Db4 57 Del' 15 Bc4 58 Cc4 16 Del' 59 Dc4 17 Aal 60 Dc4 is Dc4 61 Dc4 19 Dc4 62 Dc4 20 Dc4 63 Dc4 21 Dc4 64 Dc4 22 Dc4 65 Db4 23 Aal 66 Abl 24 Dal 67 Ac4 25 Cc4 68 Db4 26 Aa 69 Db2 27 Cc4 70 Cb3 28 Bc4 71 Abl 29 Bc4 72 Aal 30 Dcl 73 Bal 31 Dc4 32 Bell 33 Bc4 KEY TO SYMBOLS VEGETATION RED STRATIGRAPHIC BOUNDARY FILL BLUE STRAND 1982 LACUSTRINE COLLUVIUM 1977 RECESSION RATE CONTROL POINTS .......... ... UPPER TILL 1975 UNDIFFERENTIATED TILL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC LCWER TILL BEDROCK BFACH ALIDADE STATION P SPRING 1982 FIG 3 P ------- FALL 1962 sr.?Err C= t4- 00 C, > 01 0 V 7,47c A@HTABULXk CO- =--ROAD 1W i ERIE CQ 01-1 Oil A 'o 01-3 I 'E D 001-4 ;r SJO (JUNC. U.S. 19) 25 Aoll. ch C. 8011301 43 544 2713011 545 1001 - - ---- 00 4, 3 4 '0' L A K E E R T E 01 APPROXIMA 7E MEAN LAHE ELE VA TION 57@ 0 Id, N. y 0 M if 6- 4 < 3 20, 0 2 0 kkI 190 __j .@f 650 640 4648 Si" .1 Kv_ %1@1` 111-0 66;' 0 660 70 4 610 poAV CIO 0 LY -4f) f 7 12 C) 0 6 10 0 7 OA 0 All it cli 6 PC lien Ao A 'amp C -- 3 / 1A0 Yale RoA 4,5 0 A. 708 7 650, C Y ot, (EAST SPRINGFIELb) 547 548 251 49 4961 IV NW iEti) 1.2 All, CONNEAUT, MM) #I Al/. ROAD CL Ht.@avy duty. Unimproved 0 PUNW.W[VANIA f 1.01CAlION c- mmmmm mmm m moms FAIRVIEW, PA, N4200--W80150@5 1957 '30"i Is 120 01? 14 16 0 JA M 7 140 T &0 pg . . . . . . . . . . ell A @ake City Oil TPAt z FAIRVIEW, PA. N4200- W8015/7.5 1957 22 10 7m 14 -A\663 13 OD 20 0 7 OD 19 0 N rc 700 . . . .... ... ........ ... ........ 1 7-@ z Tl\ tD V I m Ul It r v-, 0 -3 9 6", % Iie -4 009 0 0 009-5 .00 -4. > 0 t SWANVILLE 3.5 mi. i--- VERNONDALE 2.9 MN., ERIE NUNC. U.S. 19) to m ERIE (CIVIC CENTER) 10 Mi. (SWANVILLD A 0 496B )I Sw co SWANVILLE, PA. N4200-W8007.5/7.5 1957 30 17 LD A, Q r 29 0 2 2800 t!- M h Manchester 16 ur u T A 27 Beach ENO& A 26 600 V -nondale et 739 @p X 0 W;1e, ji Gravel p rg,- 250 low" ''M M7 mw@ SWANVILLE, PA. Presque Isle N4200-W8007.5/7.5 1957 /,//pRESQUE ISLE STATE PARK 0 "Rums Sia 0 Ile 1% NU, N 40 Waidameer Park .,zi Acade 14 V 18 Dri V, . I I The 7 01! )o v- n ka,#41 h rv Y, -1 h 9 6,U XF 6QO ? 'J 44 r4BG 0- 3 - ----------- 74.0 Ua V 'b I-.-;, Light ERIE NORTH, PA. N/2 FR(E 15'GUADRANGLE 35 N4207.5-W8000/5xlO .34 1957 13 fs 45 30 E 0,, 48 27 3 23 z5 f annond 22 14 25 23 47 4 2 20 t 7 14 CA 20 16 a rance Pa(k 13 lf.Club Oil 7. 460 20 "Lx\ r W R@ IV 0, 17 6 45 School Light 'A R' "K t4 An e d I RZ 7 7 5 NA ,14 0 C,ib v 4 (i 47 0 .0t 011- (@4rk in V V,l V Z:A-, z M - @vsi /%T - -C n 'o R v %0 'Jallit: @ C!'N @ 6 I JARBORCREEK, PA. N-42W.')-W -/952.5/ -1.5 1960 25 A 55 66H 54 24 53 52 665 23 0 gs@. r ' 014 16 0 oil Na Our Lody n7eres 66, @A ell thive-f(I 50 22,ff'@ 650 mole 7D C% 17 c ul % Lt co 0 16 5 (D-6-4 4i Ir 17-2 MF-Mr-a-V IT 3 zn V, NORTH EAST 3.5 ml.;j '4@ NORTH EAST 2,31 Mi. Rhol -- y,IV. y9.8 Mt. NEW YORK S7ATE 4.ff.C 6,5 Aff. NORTH EAST, PA.-N. Y. NE/4 NORTli EAST 15' QUADRANGLE N4 207.5-W7945/8.9 X 7.5 1960 15, 30 67 Orchard 0 Mach. Yl W, I If @l R71 66 :::11 Freeport 1. IM Vt, 29 Hill 65 If M 64 :k 20 0 6 63 -art V. Will. @V. t A.NN' .......... kl N IF I T11. AM fill. 487 19-4 Lj -OnN ............ ............ .... ....... .... 10 ..:;; 1. iii@ "'. , f 020-1 0 HiiJ ............ -2 020 ...... .... .......... ........... L71 . . .. . ..... rrl ;q MA, Z MR. rn ERlr A-U Q > U) CH TAU U< SP CD > C) -.1. -All z > . ... .... C) > > 'goo RIPLEY 2.4 Ml.\4, 0.2 mi. ro iN-rcRc#-iAf4sE 6) (RIPLEY) WESMELD 10 mi. SuFFALC 66 mi. 0. 5 tot. rO WrERCHANGE 61 DUNKORK 27. lvf@ I I I I I SECTION C I RECESSION RATE DATA AND VOLUMETRIC LOSS DATA I I I I I I I I I I I I I I m EXTLANATION OF TABLE ONE (1975 Cont. Pt.) As a part of field work conducted in 1974-715, twenty- three sites were selected based on representative character- istics. The sites were randomly selected based on 1) ease of access, -0) type of bluff, and 3) presence of accelerated recession and/or erosion. The sites were remeasured in 1982 and again in 1983 as an uncontracted addition to the current worh. Additional in- formation about recession losses was the anticipated goal. The location of each site is shown on the topographic index map accornanying S-3ection B and is shown by The sites are. num- bered consectutively west to east. T ABLE I 1975 CONTROL POINTS Average/Yr. Site 1975 1982 1983 Loss n=Syr. (in ft) 1 320 306 301 19 2.380 2 240 329 329 11 1.3100 3 198 i9s 198 0 0 4 81 81 8 1,000 6 53 52 4-5.3 7.7 0.960 7 58.2 47 47 11.2 1.400 8 87 82 79.5 7.5 0.940 9 so 70 70 10 1.250 10 157 1.54 147 10 1.050 11 25 25 25 0 0 12 70 - 64 c- 0.750 13 146 146 146 0 0 14 72.5 66.5 63 9.5 i.i9o 15 67 - 64 3 0.380 16 - - - - - 17 172 170 1-70 2 0.250 13 19 20 147 147 147 0 0 21 23.5 - 1-6 1.5 0.940 22 104 - - - - 0-3 82 - EXPLANATION OF TABLE 2 (1977 Cont. Pts.) In 1977, working on a small grant, data was obtained for thirty-two selected sites. These sites were selected in the same manner as for the 1.975 control points (See Figure 1). In some cases, these points were a. duplication of the 175 markers. The sites were remeasured, where warranted, in 1982. and again in 1983 as a rrjeans of providing additional information on recession losses. The locations of the sites are shown on the series of topo- grapliic map indexes accomanying Section B and are shown-by TABLE 2 1977 CONTROL POINTS Average/Yr. Site 1977 1982 1983 Loss n=6yr. (in feet) (marker gone) 2 3 62.3 52 48 14.3 2.380 4 00.6 75.9 73.2 19.4 3.320 5 134 ill 96 38 6.330 6 7 49.2 49 47.5 1.7 0.1290 8 9 63@5 - 52.1 11.4 1.890 10 72.3 70 67 5.6 0.880 11 49 41- 41 8 1.330 12 164.6 - - - - 1.3 113.1 - 113 0 0 14 - - - - - 15 81.46 - - - - 16 33.65 33.6 - 0 0 17 91.23 91 91 .2 0.040 18 114.7 108.5 106 8.7 1.450 19 41 - - - - 20 C-0 54 54 6 1.000 21 71.75 - - -02 17.7 47 47 7 0.110 23 124.75 1.16 116 8,8 1.460 24 47.6 36 34 1.3.6 2.270 25 87.6 - 811.6 0 0 26 58.5 58.5 [email protected] 0 0 27 79.4 59 59 00 3.300 28 46.4 - 46 .3 0.060 29 34.4 32 32 2.4 0.-100 30 60 46 ? 48 1.2 2.000 31 or) - 84.8 7.3 1.210 3n 58.5 - - - EXPLANATION OF TABLE 3" (1982-83 Cont. Pt.) Table 3 displays the data obtained since the spring of 1982. The averages taken are for a two year period and for a one and one-half year period. The one and one-half year period is more proper given the time span between measurements. Despite, the brief time involved, some sites showed consider- able loss while, expectedly, most sites showed little measureable loss during the period. The table does not list the sites for which there was no recession. The location of the sites is shown as on the index maps in Section B. TABLE 3 1982-83 CONTROL POINTS Site S 182 F 182 1983 Loss Average/yr Average/yr n=2 n=1.5 (in feet) 1 52 45 45 7 3.50 4.67 2 41 41 40 1 0.50 0.67 3 29 29 26 3 1.50 2.00 4 50 49 46 4 2.00 2.67 6 54 54 53 1 0.50 0.67 7 104 103 101@5 2.5 1.1215 1.67 1.0 33 29 29 4 2.00 2.67 1.3 65 65 62 3 1.50 2.00 14 50 49 48 2 1.00 1.30 1.8 80 80 79 1 0.50 0.67 19 41. 38 33 8 4.00 5.33 21 74 72 70 4 2.00 2.67 22 51. 51 50 1 0.50 0.67 25 49 49 47 2 1.00 1.30 31 51 51 49 2 1.00 1.30 47 55 55 53 2 1.00 1.30 53 42 41 40 2 1.00 1.30 58 38 38 3-1 1 0.50 0.67 EiPLANATION OF FIGURE 4 (1975 Photo. Points) The data portrayed an Figure 4 is from the photo- grammetric analysis made for the 1974 Shoreline Flooding and Erosion study. The data was obtained by MICROGAUGE measurement of scale-corrected aerial photographs. The technique was new at the time, and, subject to some criticism. The sub- sequent data from direct nieasurerient indicates that the reLiability factor for the method is quite high. The sites are located on the index maps in Section B as 0 TABLE 1975 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC CONTROL POINTS Site ft/yr m/yr --Site-# - ft/yr m/yr 01 1 1.567 .478 10 5 1.900 .579 01 2 2.1 '13 .6,50 10 6 .725 .221 01 3 1.075 .328 (U 11 1 .125 .038 101 4 1.375 .419 0 L_ 11 2 .808 .246 101 5 1.917 .584 U ol I . qko .46q 11 3 2.583 .787 4 1 .183 .361 i 01 7 1 . 5c'12 F,5 12 1 .483 .147 101 8 1.442 02 1 3.033 q24 02 2 1.725 .526 .170 02 3 1.4o8 .429 12. .267 .081 02 4 2.050 .625 12 4 .2o8 .063 CL 13 1 .242 .074 02 5 1.908 .582 13 2 .358 .112 02 6 .402 .150 02 7 .375 .114 13 3 .500 .152 13 4 .600 f"3 02 8 .617 .188 113 5 3.025 .932 03 1 1.4-67 .447 03 2. .842 .2@7 i14 1 .367 .112 03 3 1 .575 80 11, -, 03 4 3.425 1 . o 14 @ IL .217 o66 1 14 3 .742 .226 C) @ 1 .22 5 061@ 14 4 1.017 .310 04 2 .800 .244 14 5 .656 .353 05 1 3.067 .935 14 6 .083 .025 15 7 .875 .267 05 2 3.858 1.176 15 2 ..442 .135 06 1 4.391 1 .-23e 15 3 .467 .142 06 2 .242 4 15 4 .508 .155 06 3 1.025 .312 06 4 1 .208 .362 15 5 .367 .112 06 5 1 .058 322 .417 .127 .167 .051 16 2 .242 . OV 4 ! 07 1 16 3 .433 .132 07 2 2.642 .8r;I 0-17 3 1 pq2 (07 0 - 16 4 1.633 7 4 .567 .173 0, r- op 1 .541 6 5 .-C .290 I . 425 .434 0 2 2 .333 .101 17 2 17 3 cl 7 .157 06 .425 .112 08 .150 .046 18 1 1.108 .338 3: IS 2 .492 - 150 09 1 .267 .081 1 Qu3 .433 .132 Ln 113 4 .158 .048, 09 2 .425 .130 0 _q 3 2 0 8 c, 12 1 .375 .114 1 19 2 .65@ .201 og 4 .325 .305 G,-, r, 15 3 .633 .193 .250 0 119 4 1(.7 Oql 10 1 o .16-7 .051 1 10 2 .7411 .226 120 2 1.177 5 3 8 10 2.458 .749 10 2.275 TABLE 5 RECESSION RATE SUMMARY (in, ft. per yr.) n=37yr. n=Syr. n=6vr. n=2yr. n=1.5y-r. 1938- 1982- 1982- 1975 1975 1977 1983 1983 1.075 .827 1.351 .505 .671 Average Loss (n=89) (n=17) n=22) (n=51 (n=51) /yr. All. Sites 874 .827 .883 Loss /yr.; Anom. (n'=82) (n=17) (U=1-9) (n=50) (n=50) Removed 1-075 1.082 1.118 1.276 1.700 Loss /yr.; Stable -(n=89) (n=--13) (n=15 (n=17) (n=17) Sites Removed TABLE 6 RECESSION'RATE SUMMARY BY T014NSHIF m/yr ft/yr n (4) Springfield Township (1) 1938-1974 .1140 r-1 23 (2) 1975-1982 .290 95 5 (3) 1977-1082 .560 1.84 4 Girard Township 1938-1974 .380 1.25 14 1975-1982 .370 1.21 4 1977-1982 .400 1.37 4 Fairview Towi-ship - 1938-1974 .360 1.18 1975-1082 .060 .20 2 1977-1982 1.250 4.1o 1 Millcreek Townshlip 1538-1974 .330 1.08 7 1 975-1082 .152 .50 i 1977-1982 .180 -59 2 Lawrence Park Township 1938-1974 .220 .72 8 1975-1982 .274 1977-1982 .336 1.40 1 Harborcreek Towrshic 1938-1074 .160 .52 14 10,75-19'82 C)qI .30 1 1977-1982 .310 1.02 North East Townshfp .250 .82 14 '7 1977-1982 1-71 6 TABLE 6 (cont) (1) Based on photogrammetric analysis of 1938 ASCS imagery and 1074 special coverage imagery and reported in a previous report (Knuth and Crowe, 1974). (2) Based on measurements taken by survey technique from control points estab- lished incidental to previous recession studies (Knuth and Crowe, 1974). (3) Based on measurements taken by survey technique from control points estab- lished as part of ongoing recession studies. (4) n equals number of control points providing average loss per year. TABLE 7 METERS F C A T E R(TRAY. OF RECESSION RATES 0 0 0 C) 0 ao 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12@ Z. 0 00 .3 0 0 0 GIRAMO FAIOtV!gv Ml@LCREXX @P .AR80RCREEX 404THEAST EAST @OUM" -wmTT --'--7R'eU7!CN OF -"'VE'RAGE RECEEEICN RATES eY 7@WNSHOP P4 I I I I VOLUMETRIC LOSS DIGITIZING PROGRAM ROUTINE AND DATA I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I m AREA/DISTANCE INSTRUCTIONS This program will compute the distance of any drawn line and the area/perimeter of any closed figure. The p-rog-2am, requires the input of the scale of the drawing or map. This is required of the program prior to the start of the drawing. Almost all maps provide a scale. An example is shown below. 0 10 2 C. 1-10 40 50 60 MILES This scale is input to the computer by placing the @.-ersawriter pointer at one end of the scale on the map(for example, 0 above) when requested and then placing the pointer at the other end of the scale (for example 50 above) when reauested. Finally, the scale's length and the units (for example, 50 miles) is input when requested. If wishing to use a true size drawing, input a true size scale as follows. Using a rulera line exactly siN inches is drawn on a blank sheet of paper. The versawriter pointer is positioned at one end of the drawn line and then at the other end of the line as directed by the program. Then 6 inches is input when requested. In general, input the longest scale possible. The longer the scale, the better the accuracy of the area/distance calculation. This rrode is automatically entered at the beginning of the program. At any time during the program, a new "scale'! may by specified by typing "I" (Initialization" After specifying the scale of the dr aw4ng, the screen will display "enter mode" and a flashing cuirscr. The position of the flashing cursor is indicative of the position of the versawriter pointer on the drawing board. Position the versawriter pointer at the beginning of the map or drawing. Then press"D" to begin draving. Move the versawriter pointer as desired. The current distance covered will be continually displayed. At any time, the drawing may be stopped by pressing the space bar. Press "D" to continue drawing. If this new point is not the same point as the last point plotted when the space bar was pressed, a line will be immediately drawn from the last point to this new point. This function is very useful for drawing straight lin6s. 1'ihen a-figure has been closed (the current pointer position returns to the beginning) just press "A" and the area and perimeter of the figure will be displayed. M "A" may be pressed even if the figure is not closed. The program wi-11"close" the figure by plotting a straight line from the current position to the starting point. This line may be rerroved by pressing"D". Drawing may now be continued. Other commands available are: *Erase (E) clears the screen and zeroes the distance and area counters. *List (L) displays the available cor-r1rands. Entering this mode does not destroy the drawing. The space bar is pressed to return to it. *Help (H) - displays these instructions. *Quit (Q) - the approved method of exiting this program. AREA/DISTANCE PROGRAM Copyright 1979 IGG CPLL LI:X=FEEK (L.'@.) + PLLii (L.71) -@; @-56:Y=FELii (L4) KI 10 @- IT F At;,S (A - AL) < i Ti4L.N AZAL l0ru 1@ AbS (Y - YL) < I THL,',--Y=YL,--- I I 1171X - IL 41 S") / + 1):Yzl'l YL Sh) + 1):AL@X:YL,:Y:lET,, @Cv 1b3L4:A6=- 16-'6c:A7=646u6 L 3 5 li N 1 2 6 19 0 C 6 1 7 t:: L7- 6 7 1 @;o -17 6 c %j LD 351 u 11 zz : k@2- 6 @; H.C"L%,Fz 37tj 17 1 Z 'v 1 L 16 0 L 3-7 7- ET = Q 38U LLZIL3@ 3liU FL'rE Z1-'-7pZG9:P0KL @3.jfb@;kLT= @:,-)C.@LL= I 4 0 U " T, I 4C. 0------ I C FT=i@:uCT.'l_-;S-c0 1 I P L L T x Y.S 1 TL Y L (AS A@@) Y@, YL)) (Y-@ I a S X Yo I uL UX6 N T P I T : P k T k 1 T T L T L c I t4. I I T h L S U k L Ui L 1 1 T L t@ ETL-k 16 5 C@ @J S L 16 t,;, 3, )c . @: iA'.* I A T X , Y I V v Z L 1 A T Y IF IL= THL,-, lilo@-, L @, = A H L, i =L,- H 7 @@ @@ -Z -.0 P L U T A S C L 17 C C'-'T L 5 0 E u- C',' T L TE S T Z' 0 0 t-L!' ***%;- DR.@W 2 G IF FTzNI; THLN Z C 0 L.@ A Y',' Y X X Y S Z Y 2 C F T Cc, 3 m I N T P I TPR i, T . P 1'. T P C @. 2 1 N T P 1 K VOU 1 S T A,'. C Z 0 -I @-PLL T X Y b i 1 L J- H L T T L Y c'.; 1=,,L + SP A A Ac i Y Y Y L L + X Y X ULj E CL'@' ::jL' V T 7 C L L 7 1 T LL 7 Y,-- zY L zo E r- r, T H - 3 L; I) L T 70 f. L FC LtI L L 7 S L@ L, i U Ni TL L iNi@j T H,,(. F 1 1 T i f,T P T. F L C. LPT LJ L 1 LSS PL L E f r@ L 1 L) AY- X1X y 1.pj@T T7 L T L F 1l-T P L T@L L T T?ii t@ i L; 7t 1 G 2 E 2 1; xy it X t-'- T Z A 2 Y 1TP T* 1 T-- Z T 1 L L i 9 7 T I P. 7 H T N b L P L; M U oN IT PLEASE" PR 60 T:029 "0 LT l!" I j r, L; E C i Y 31 El. -@i T 3540 IF QQ > N5 THEN 5500 3550 GOTC3510 3700 PEM ***LRASE(E)*:;** 3720 FT=() 3740 O1=0:UL=0:AR.=0*.AL=0 3745 XS=0:YS=Q;XB=0:Yb=0 3850 GOTU3500 - 4000 IF PEEK (71=0 THEN HGR!PRINl"6L04b MACHINE ROUlINL-l" 4010 IF FEL.K-@ THE:N 4065 4050. SPELD= 100: 4065 GGSUG 5000- 40fa7 PUKE 798 4066 IF AS ="H" THEN PRINT'*RUN HELP'& 4070 GOTL2800 500C TEXT 5001@ POKL.A6, 5005 CALL - 936* 50V@ PkINT 5010 PRINT" v* 4REA/01STAINCE 5013 PRINT:Pt@INTII A VERSAwkITER APPLICATION PkLGkAHol 5015 PRINT" [email protected]* @SEE L.- li,w. BAUMAN" 51, 0 Z 0PRINT: 5030 PRINT LOPYRIGRT 1979 VERSA COMPUTING INC." 5C40 PRINT 5C45 SPEED= 255 5050 PRINT"CLMMANDS ARE:":PRINT 5060 PRINT'll I.Ni.-T.IALIZE" .... ...... 5010 Pk 1 N T "E @ I A SE 5060 PRINT"D START DRAWING" 5090 PRINT"A CGH.PUTL AREA" 5091 PRINT"T TRANSFER TO DISK" 5092 PRINT'*R RECALL FRUM QISK" 5093, PRINT"N START AT NEw PCINT" -U .25 P41t.T"L LIST OF CEPMANDS" 5097 ZF FELK (7).=8 THEN 5099 5098 PRINT*4H HELP-INSTRUCTIGNS" _10 9 9 RR I N T `Q QUIT SESSION" 51UO PRINT"SPACE BAR STC-P DRAWINW# 5106 IF FELK (7)=8 THEN lRlNT:PR.'NT:u0T05li0 51Q7 PRTNT" PRESS *Hl Fnk hGkF HELP":PkINT 511i@ INVERSE:PRINT" PRESS SPACE LAR TO CONTINUE" 5-11Z NURMAL:HTA8 17!6ET Al SL (AS) +--128 5114 IF AS ="Q'* THEN CALL 936:LLIT07000 512,0 HTAb J:VTAB 24 --U2? El-hE - lS3Q4,Q%PQKF-- 5130 HCOLOR= 3 5140 RETURN 5500 FDA ****Oa Loo,,Up**** 5510 PUKE A6,N3 55ZO IF THEN 26OC:i@Efi (1) -5 5 -4. Q- I F @j@-ZZ;4 2 THFN 3 S il 0 _- P F M I '@E 5-560 IF (@Q=W3 JHEN Z700:REM 40 5560 IF QQ=W4 THEN 3700:kEM ( E 5AGO TF-QQ=WS THFN-2QQQ!jJFh ID) 5620 IF ,, Ql = W 6 THEN 1500:REM ( A ) 5650 IF QQ=W6 THEN 7000:kEM tQ) -5 @5 La 0 IF ;Q=212 JHEN 8000:(T) 5670 IF i;Q=210 THEN 9000 . (R) 566C IF QQ=206 THEN 1000 : (N GGLOSQU REM DE AULT*4 7000 PRINT :PRINT :PRINT :PRINT :PRINTllA@jILiSll:PPINT:PR.7&NT :PRV,4T'*RUN VE;SAWRITER' 6000 PRINT:PkINT:PRINT:IlPUT"SAll L PICTURE c5Y WHAT NAME (RTN CANCELS)";A's 8QQ5 IF AS ="*' THEN 270G 6010 PRIhV*B-<AVE'b;AS;." oA 12000,L5 2000" 8OZO GOT02700 9000 P INT:PRlNToPR'INTwTbPUT-*RECALL wFAT PICTURE NAME? (RET CANCELS)":A$ 9005 IF AS ="'* THEN 47GO 9C10 PRINT**BLCAD'*;A$ 9020 GUTU270C Copyright 1979. Notes on Volumetric Loss Data 1. Positive readings occur when material from above or from the side of the measured line is depositied on the bluff face. Wasting of the strand may, for example deposit material on any of the horizons below giving the impression that the bluff is "growing". Eventually, such material will continue down the bluff face and be eroded by waves and currents. 2. Recent sediments weathered from any of the horizons-tend to "fluff". Therefore, the cubic foot gain at the base is out of proportion with the cubic foot loss at the crest. The volumetric loss is for the measured line only. In many cases, losses to either side o@ the line were extreme. These losses are not reflected in the volumetric. data. (See Section A) 4. In all cases, the loss was computed over the length of the bluff -race and over a width of one foot at the profile line. VOLUMETRIC LOSS (ft3 (1982 - 1983) Site STRAND LACUS, TILL I TILL II BEDROCK COLLUVIUM 9c,,.8r, 55.28 46.39 2 1.90 7.52 7.25 9.56 3 3.32 35.34 37.60 115.22 4 10.36 63.45 51.02 112.75 6 14.11 20.39 93.74 7 4.03 12.09 1.81 10 7.49 161.61 +19.76 13 6.90 1-8.10 90.00 0 14 42.5 - - 19.95 1.8 18.84 +74.31 +2715.81 - 73.98 1-9 73.47 215.16 183.712. 67.14 20 5.20 1.11.84 315.02) 21 119.36 86.99 1.70.46 22 16.00 1.48.38 1-29.91 24 8.21 28 +24.61 30 36.25 +71.04 33 20.30 62.91 47 11.14 1.9.71 49 + 8.05 53 10.59 54 16.86 62,20 1-13.23 35.79 55 +1.20.94 69 5.83 35.36 70 -3,50 34A4 r-"Mrt7--nt r)f commorce C@@z.,.3tal S'crviccs Center Library 2234 South Hobson Avenue Chdr1caton, BC 294OS-2413 3 6668 14101 7048