[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
Bedrock Shoreline Surveys of the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island in Michigan's Upper Peninsula Art. prepared by Dennis Albert, Ecologist, MNFI Patrick Comer, Ecologist, MNFI David Cuthrell, Asst. Zoologist, MNFI Michael Penskar, Botanist, MNFI Mary Rabe, Zoologist, MNFI Carol Reschke, Ecologist, NY Heritage Program Michigan Natural Features Inventory 5th Floor Mason Building, Box 30444 Lansing, MI 48909-7944 for Land and Water Management Division 4 "6V (CZM Grant 94D-0.07) Completed December 31, 1994 ft"'WO, owl ABSTRACT Bedrock is exposed along large portions of the shoreline of the Great Lakes, especially in the Upper Peninsula, where it supports significant biological diversity and provides incomparable scenic beauty. Increasingly the large portions of the Great Lakes shoreline are becoming inaccessible to the public as a result of residential development. In this study we inventoried portions of the coastal bedrock, both in response to extreme development pressure and because of the significant biological diversity that characterizes much of the coastal bedrock. This report summarizes the results of 1994 inventories along the Lake Superior shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula and the Lake Huron shoreline of Drummond Island. Differences in bedrock result in strikingly different shorelines with equally distinctive floras and faunas. In this survey, we have concentrated on the bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, with surveys of the volcanic bedrock (Portage Lake Volcanics, Copper Harbor Conglomerate), Freda Sandstone, and Nonesuch Shale, and the Silurian- and Ordovician-aged dolomite of Drummond Island. Basic characteristics of these bedrock types are described within the report. While most of our sampling was conducted in one natural community, bedrock beach, sampling was also conducted on bedrock glade, cobble beach, and bedrock cliffs. The greatest diversity of rare plants occurs on bedrock beach, but bedrock glade also contains many rare plant species. Diversity was much lower on cobble beach and bedrock cliffs. It is expected that faunal diversity will be highest on bedrock beach and glade. The entire shorelines of both the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island were photo- interpreted in preparation for the field surveys. Aerial reconnaissance was conducted to further evaluate sites arid to photograph portions of the shoreline. Sampling of the vegetation of bedrock beach sites followed to collect data for the improvement of MNFI's community classification. Surveys of rare species viere also conducted, with intensive inventory of rare plants on both the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island, and preliminary inventory of insects on Drummond Island. The surveys resulted in the discovery of many new sites for both rare plants and high quality bedrock beach, Several new bedrock glades were discovered, which added to our understanding of this under-studied plant community. Identification of insect specimens from the surveys is ongoing. The surveys demonstrated the urgency for conservation action on the bedrock shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Portions of four high-priority sites have been platted by the owner, Lake Superior Land Company, within the last two years, including Sevenmile Point, Silver Island, Devil's Washtub and Horseshoe Harbor. Sevenmile Point, Devil's Washtub, and portions of Horseshoe Harbor are the highest priority sites for conservation action. The southeastern end of the Keweenavi Peninsula is now much more accessible than in the past because of recent road improvements by Lake Superior Land Company, signaling that residential development is also likely in the near future for portions of five other survey sites: High Rock North, Keweenaw Point, Keystone Bay, Fish Cove, and Bete Grise-Bear Bluff. All of these are large, intact sites that could be pursued as state or federal wilderness areas. Several other Keweenaw sites have intact shorelines with some residential develDpment and multiple ownerships. These are important sites, but do not require CIO immediate purSUit. They include Dans Point, Norland Trust, and Agate Harbor-Lake Glazon. A significant site on the Freda Sandstone cliffs is Portage Lake Ship Canal West. Of the several high quality bedrock shoreline sites on Drummond Island, acquisition is already complete or beirg pursued by either The Nature Conservancy or the Michigan Nature Association. \-J) Two important acquisitions being pursued are Chippewa Point and Grand Marais Lake at the northern end of Maxton Plains. Other important sites for future acquisition on the south shore of the island include Huron Bay and Seamans Point, but these are under less imminent threat than Keweenaw Peninsula sites. Pursuit of ecologically significant Great Lakes coastal tracts should be among the highest priorities of conservation organizations within the Great Lakes region. Immediate pursuit of rapidly disappearing, high quality coastal tracts is critical. ii Acknowledgments We would like to thank the Coastal Zone Management Program of the Land and Water Management Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, and The Nature Conservancy for providing funding for this study. Special thanks go to Theodore J. Bornhorst, professor of geology at Michigan Technological University, who invited D. Albert to attend the field trip of the Keweenaw Peninsula which was part of the 40th annual meeting of the Institute on Lake Superior Geology. He also provided access to both published and manuscript maps of the bedrock exposures of Ontonagon, Houghton, and Keweenaw Counties; these maps proved invaluable for this study. Dr. Allan M. Johnson of Michigan Tech also provided invaluable references on the paleozoic bedrock of Drummond Island. Dr. Ted Cline of Photair provided equally invaluable assistance by flying, photographing, and videographing the shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Carol Reschke, whose Master's thesis describes the vegetation of the conglomerate shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula, assisted us with the sampling of vegetation on the Keweenaw, providing us with many insights. We also enjoyed the hospitality of her family's cottage during our fieldwork. Thanks also go to Kathy Schneider of the New York Heritage Program, for allowing Carol Reschke to work in Michigan; hopefully her flexibility will prove to be of benefit to both programs. Dennis Sotala provided us with information on best routes to survey sites, and provided us with a history of past survey work on parts of the peninsula. Several entomologists provided identifications of insects, including G. M. Fauske of North Dakota State University for Lepidoptera. and Orthoptera, K.G.A. Hamilton of Agriculture Canada for the Cicadellidae in part, P.K. Lago of the University of Mississippi for the Scarabaeidae, D.A. Rider of North Dakota State University for the Pentatomidae, E.G. Riley of Texas A&M University for the Chrysomelidae, M.D. Schwartz of Agriculture Canada for the Miridae, D.F. Schweitzer of the Eastern Regional office of The Nature Conservancy for the Papaipema, and S.W. Wilson of Central Missouri State University for the Fulgoroidea. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ......................................................... I BEDROCK TYPES ...................................................... 1 Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula . .................................... 1 Bedrock of Drummond Island .......................................... 6 VEGETATION ........................................................ 7 Natural Communities of the Keweenaw Peninsula ............................ 7 Bedrock Beach ................................................. 7 Bedrock Glade .................................................. 7 Cobble Beach .................................................. 8 Cliff .......................................................... 8 Natural Communities of Drummond Island . ................................ 8 INSECT SURVEYS .................................................... 8 METHODS ............................... ...... 19 BEDROCK CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING ................................. 19 PHOTO INTERPRETATION ............................................... 19 AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE ............................................. 19 VEGETATION SAMPLING ............................................... 19 INSECT SURVEY METHODS ............................................ 20 RESULTS OF 1994 FIELD SEASON .................... ..................... 21 SUMMARIES OF KEWEENAW PENINSULA BEDROCK SURVEY SITES .............. 21 1. Rockhouse Point-Graveraet River ...................................... 21 2. Freda-Redridge ................................................... 21 3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West ........................................ 21 4. Sevenmile Point . ................................................. 29 5. Fivemile Point-Eagle River ........................................... 30 6. Cat Harbor-Eagle Harbor ............................................ 31 7. Eagle Harbor-Grand Marais Harbor . ................................... 31 8. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor-Bailey Creek ........................... 31 9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon 10. Dans Point . ..................................................... 33 11. Devil's Washtub . ................................................. 34 12. Porters Island .................................................... 36 13. Fort Wilkins State Park . ............................................ 37 14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust ................................ 37 15. Horseshoe Harbor ................................................. 37 16. High Rock North .................................................. 38 17. Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay-Keystone Bay . .......................... 38 18. Keystone Point . .................................................. 39 19. Fish Cove ....................................................... 39 20. Bete Grise-Bear Bluff ............................................... 39 SUMMARIES OF DRUMMOND ISLAND BEDROCK SITES ........................ 40 1. Maxton Plains West ................................................ 40 2. Chippewa Point . ................................................. 40 3. Grand Marais Lake (Maxton Plains North) ................................ 40 4. Poe Point-Raynolds Bay . ........................................... 47 5. Maxton Plains Middle . ............................................. 47 6. Raynolds Point ................................................... 47 iv 7. Maxton Plains East . ..... 47 8. Marble Head ........... ... 48 9. Bass Cove-Little Shelter Bay . ........................................ 48 10. Big Shoal Cove ................................................... 48 11. Seamans Cove ................................................... 49 12. Warners Cove .................................................... 50 13. Huron Bay . ..................................................... 50 SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA .......... 51 Copper Harbor Conglomerate . ........................................ 51 Portage Lake Volcanics ............................................... 51 Freda Sandstone . ................................................. 53 SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE DOLOMITE OF DRUMMOND ISLAND . 53 COMPARISON OF THE BEDROCK FLORAS OF THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA AND DRUMMOND ISLAND ............................................... 53 PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF DRUMMOND ISLAND INSECT SURVEYS .............. 54 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 55 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................... 56 LIST OF APPENDICES ................. 57 1. Maps of Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites ............................... 58 11. Maps of Drummond Island Bedrock Sites ................................. 75 111. Vascular Flora of Copper Harbor Conglomerate ............................. 85 IV. Bedrock Insect Study Locations ........................................ 91 V. 1994 Insect Collections from Alvar ....................................... 92 LIST OF FIGURES: 1. Bedrock history of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Bornhorst and Rose 1994) ......... 2 2. Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Reed and Daniels 1987) ................ 3 3. Bedrock of Drummond Island (modified from Reed and Daniels [1987]) ............. 5 4. Major bedrock sites on the Keweenaw Peninsula . ................ 22 5. Major areas of bedrock shoreline, exposed dolomite pavement (alvar) ,or cliffs ....... 41 6. Major bedrock sites on Drummond Island .................................. 42 7. Cross-section diagrams showing the variability in shoreline width and topography. 52 LIST OF TABLES: 1 -A. Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites ....................... 23 1 -B. Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites ....................... 25 2. Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites .................. 26 3-A. Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites .......................... 43 3-B. Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites .......................... 44 4. Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Drummond Island Bedrock Sites ............. 45 LIST OF PLATES: 1. Copper Harbor Conglomerate ............................................ 9 2. Plants characteristic of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate and Portage Lake Volcanics. . 11 3. Basaltic lavas of the Keweenaw Peninsula .................................. 13 4. Rhyolite and Freda Sandstone of the Keweenaw Peninsula . .................... 15 5. Engadine Dolomite of Drummond Island and associated rare plants ............... 17 v INTRODUCTION Bedrock is exposed along large portions of the shoreline of the Great Lakes, especially in the Upper Peninsula. Rugged bedrock shoreline provides some of the most beautiful views of the Great Lakes. Recreational activities along the coast are many, but increasingly the shores of the Great Lakes are being locked up from public access by private residential development. In this study we inventoried portions of the coastal bedrock, both in response to extreme development pressure and because of the significant biological diversity that characterizes much of the coastal bedrock. This report summarizes the results of 1994 inventories along the Lake Superior shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula and the Lake Huron and Potagannissing Bay shoreline of Drummond Island. Plates 1-5 illustrate the major bedrock types sampled during this study and also include several of the special plants associated with basaltic and dolomitic bedrock. Photos are also included in the site summary for many of the significant survey sites. BEDROCK TYPES Differences in bedrock result in strikingly different shorelines with equally distinctive floras and faunas. For this reason, bedrock surveys concentrated on sections of shoreline with distinctively different bedrock types. In this, the first year of a three-year survey, we have concentrated on the bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, with surveys of the volcanic bedrock and portions of the Freda Sandstone and Nonesuch Shale, and the dolomite of Drummond Island. Basic characteristics of these bedrock types are described below. Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, as all of the western Upper Peninsula, consists Of older Precambrian bedrock of the Canadian Shield. The bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula was deposited during the Late Precambrian, a period of extensive surface volcanic activity. The Keweenaw Peninsula is on the margin of the Lake Superior segment of the Midcontinent rift system, which extends northeasterly from Kansas to Lake Superior and then southeasterly through lower Michigan (Figure 1, from Bornhorst and Rose 1994). The rift beneath Lake Superior is filled with thick deposits of volcanic rock, on which were deposited thick layers of clastic sedimentary rocks. The mass of the thick Keweenawan rocks, which reach 25 krn in thickness, caused the Lake Superior Syncline to sag farther, forming a structural basin which Lake Superior now occupies. The layers of basalt and interbedded conglomerates and other sediments tilted as the syncline sagged; these layers now dip downward toward the northwest at an average angle of about 40 degrees from horizontal. The Keweenawan rock consists of about 400 distinct lava flows or"traps" with 20 to 30 interbedded conglomerate and sandstone layers (Dorr and Eschman 1984). Above these lavas are the thick Outer Conglomerate (Copper Harbor Conglomerate), and above the conglomerate, the Nonesuch Shale and Freda Sandstone. The thick volcanic rocks in the rift include about 10 km of Portage Lake Volcanics (Figure 2). The Portage Lake Volcanics of the Keweenaw Peninsula erupted on land over a 2 to 3 million year period, about 1095 million years ago. The thick lava flows of the Portage Lake Volcanics are basaltic type lava that wefe deposited from vents toward the southeast (Dorr and Eschman 1984). The Portage Lake Volcanics consists of more than 200 basaltic lava flows with total exposed thickness of 2500 to 5200 m on the Keweenaw Peninsula (Bornhorst and Rose 1994). The lava beds appear to have originated from fissures and cracks in the surface of the downwarped area of the Lake Superior Syncline (now the center of Lake Superior), and then flowed outward toward the margins of the basin. Interbedded with the lava beds are thin layers of conglomerate, consisting of pebbles and cobbles deposited from the margins of the basin by streams (White 1960). Thick deposits of rift-filfing clastic sedimentary rocks overlie the volcanic rocks (Figure 1). These sedimentary rocks were deposited during a period of reduced volcanic activity, during which Rift-flanking clastic sediments Rift-fffiing clastic sediments Rift-Ming basalts and Hou minor sediments 470 Major native copper deposits Wbite Pine ' 'FP 0 40 Pre-Keweenawan f 9()o 890 rocKs 880 Figure 1. Bedrock history of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Bornhorst and Rose 1994). 2 Z ERA SYSTEM SERIFS GROUP UNIT MAPPED MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC Keweentnvan Upper Jacobsvillc Sandstonc Kowcenawan Freda Formation Nonesuch Formation Middlc Copper Harbor Conglomerate Keweenavan Oak Bluff Formation .0 Portage Lake Volcanics Siemens Creek Formation Kevecriawan LOWER PROTEROZOIC JI Intrusive N Quinnesec Formation 7. Paint River Paint River Group Riverton Iron Formation Dunn Creek Formation Baragat Badwater Greenstone Michigamme Formation Bijiki Iron Formation Goodrich Quartzite Amasa Formation Hemlock Formation Mcnonlince & Chucolay Menominee & Chocolay groups Menominee Emperor Volcanic Complex Negaunce iron Formation Vulcan Iron Formation Ironwood Iron Formation Siamo State & Ajiblk Quartzite Palms Formation Chocolay Group Randvillc Dolomite ARCHEAN Me to 0 10 Ultramaric F=r-T=r-F=r-T=I Mdes 10 10 0 Granitic & Gneissic TR@@ Kildmelers I Volcanic & Sedimentary Figure 2. Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Reed and Daniels 1987). the rift basin continued to subside. Up to 8 km of clastic sedimentary rocks occur beneath Lake Superior, with maximum exposure of 6 km on the Keweenaw Peninsula and other nearby portions of Michigan's Upper Peninsula along Lake Superior. The distinctive clastic bedrocks exposed on the Keweenaw Peninsula include, in order of deposition, the red-colored conglomerates of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate, the thin gray to black Nonesuch Shale, the fine red-colored Freda Sandstone, and the red-colordd Jacobsville Sandstone (Figure 2). The first three are rift-filling sedimentary rocks, whereas the Jacobsville Sandstone is from a later rift-flanking sedimentary period, and is restricted to the southeastern shore of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The sediments were eroded from the highlands in the southeast, into the rift to the northwest. The more erosion-resistant basalts and conglomerates in the middle part of the Keweenawan Series form the long, high, central plateau of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The Copper Harbor Conglomerate, which also includes lava flows, forms the broad bedrock shoreline of the north half of the Keweenaw Peninsula, from west of Eagle River to near High Rock Bay at the far eastern point of the peninsula, whereas the Portage Lake Volcanics, consisting primarily of dense basaltic lavas, forms the narrower bedrock of the southern shoreline of the Keweenaw, east from Lac La Belle to High Rock Bay. Nonesuch Shale is limited primarily to small exposures along the shoreline between Eagle Harbor and the Portage Shipping Channel. Nonesuch Shale is a succession of siltstones, shales, carbonate laminates, and sandstones (Bornhorst and Rose 1994). Three assemblages are recognized, a marginal lacustrine assemblage consisting of a sandflat-mudflat complex, a lacustrine assemblage that ranged from oxic in shallow areas to anoxic in deeper areas, and a lacustrine to fluvial assemblage. The maximum thickness is 215 m, but on the Lake Superior shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula, exposures are generally quite thin and localized. These exposures are subject to too much wave action to support a distinctive plant community. Most of the exposures viewed during this survey were surrounded by pebble and cobble beach and supported almost no plants. Freda Sandstone forms low cliffs from south of the Portage Shipping Channel to a few miles southwest of the small copper mining town of Freda. These cliffs reach to 60 feet in height, with smooth sculpted surfaces of fine, oxidized red and reduced blue-green sandstone. The Freda Sandstone is a cyclic succession of iron red sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone overlying and grading into Nonesuch Shale (Bornhorst and Rose 1994). Primarily fluvial in origin, Freda Sandstone deposits are over 3700 m thick. Basaltic lavas (basalt) consist of relatively heavy, dark, finely crystalline rock rich in iron- bearing minerals. Basalt's fine texture is the result of rapid cooling. The basalts occur in subaerial lava flow averaging 10 to 20 m in thickness, but range from 1 to 450 m thick (Paces 1988, White 1960, referenced in Bornhorst and Rose 1994). At the surface of the lava flows, cooling occurred quickly and bubbles of enclosed gas were entrapped, forming small cavities called vesicles. Vesicular lava or vesicular basaft are the terms applied to rocks in which cavities are numerous. The rocks in which these cavities are later filled with secondary minerals such as calcite or copper are termed amygdaloidal basaft or lava. The hydrothermal fluids that flow through the vesicular lavas and between the lava flows introduce a wide variety of secondary minerals. Locally felsic domes of reddish rhyolite occur within the Portage Lake Volcanics; along the southeastern shore of the Keweenaw Peninsula, midway between Keweenaw Point at the east end of the peninsula, and Lac La Belle to the west. Rhyolite is a fine-grained, light-colored (reddish) rock low in iron and magnesium-bearing minerals. There are only three exposures of rhyolite along the shoreline, Fish Cove Knob, Fish Cove Dike less than a kilometer to the west, and Bare Hill 5 to 6 kilometers farther west. These rhyolite exposures are highly resistant to erosion and typically form a steep, rugged shoreline (Bornhorst and Rose 1994). Our biological exploration in 1994, which did not include faunal surveys, was restricted to the Portage Lake Volcanics, Copper Harbor Conglomerate, Nonesuch Shale, and Freda Sandstone. No large, vegetated exposures of Nonesuch Shale were found. 4 ERA SYSIWII I SERIES I GROUP UNIT,%JAPPFI) T-C 71,111-1 PALEOZOIC Berea Sandstone Bedford Shale Berea Sandstone & Bed ford Shale Ell,,,wrh Shale Chaulauquan Antrim Shale Eri.n Traverse Traverse Group Bell Shale Dundee Limestone Ul.,tcrian Ucin)it River Detroit River Group U Syl,aniu Sandstone M c a kinac Breccia Doi Diane Formation Garden Island Formation Silurian Cayugan Bass Islands Bass Islands* Group Manitoulin Drifin,nit, Burnt BluffGroup Salina Salina Group Burni Bluff Group Cattol Head Shale Saint Ignace Dolomite Point 3ux Chencs Shale Manistique Group Manistique Niallaran Engadine Engadine Group z Group lanisticitic Manistique Group W Burnt Bluff Burnt BluffGroup LTI I, t, Engadine Group Aleundriin Cataract Caltot Head Shale Manitoulin Dolornite -,R,@,04 7 it Ordovician Cincinnatian Richanond Queenston Shale Engad ne Group N (@v-4 Big Hill Dolomite Stoninglon Formation Utica ShalcNIcinber Colling%vood ShalcMember Muhavvkian Trenton 1rcuton Gr,.p Black River Gn)up Prairie do C .1 Prairie du Chien Group Curnbrian St. C10i"n 1,akcSujwfior I Trernpealeat; R,rn:aiio" Munising Farina ion Inferred Contact 10 lo miles p--q i Fault 10 0 10 Kilometers Figure 3. Bedrock of Drummond Island (modified from Reed and Daniels [1987]). Bedrock of Drummond Island. The surface bedrock deposits of Drummond Island are from the Ordovician and Silurian Periods (Figure 3, from Reed and Daniels, 1987), during which marine waters covered the MichiganBasin. The Michigan Basin includes all of the Lower Peninsula and the eastern half of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Ordovician and Silurian Periods were characterized by extensive, shallow seas. The Ordovician bedrock of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan consisted of a broad range of sedimentary bedrock, including nearshore deposits of sandstone and shale and marine deposits of limestone and dolomite (Dorr and Eschman 1984). During the Silurian Period, the waters covering much of the state were deep enough that only chemical precipitates were deposited in much of the basin. At the shallower margins of the basin reefs formed. Extensive reefs formed during the Middle Silurian; these reefs form the resistant Niagaran escarpment along the northern shore of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, of which Drummond Island is part. Most of Drummond Island consists of Silurian dolomite (Recent geological terminology uses the term dolostone to describe the rock, reserving the term dolomite for the mineral.), but older Ordovician bedrock, the Queenston Shale of the Richmond Group, is exposed in the northern quarter of the island. Although the Ordovician bedrock in the north is considered part of the Queenston Shale, all of the exposures consist of dolomite or limestone. Ehlers (1973), who extensively studied the Paleozoic bedrock of the Upper Peninsula, clarifies that although the type location of Queenston Shale in Ontario consists of thick deposits of red shale, rocks deposited during the same time period on Drummond Island are dolomite. At the north end of the island, shelves of bedrock, which appear to be sandy limestone or dolomite, extend out into the North Channel. Along the north shore there are also low cliffs of coral-rich dolomite, which forms blocky, cobble beach where it has been eroded by storm waves. Ehlers describes sandy dolomites with silicified corals, bryozoa, brachiopods, and other marine organisms from south of Raynolds Point. Similar dolomite cliffs and cobble beack of angular dolomitic rock fragments occur near Poe Point, about 3 miles to the northwest. On Drummond Island the Silurian bedrock consists of a narrow band of Alexandrian Series (Early Silurian) bedrock in the north, with a broad band of Niagaran Series dolomites forming the southern two-thirds of the island (Figure 3). The Niagaran Series in Michigan consists almost entirely of limestone and dolomite; there is almost no shale or other bedrock types included (Ehlers 1973). The thickness of the Niagaran beds is between 820 and 936 feet to the west near St. Ignace. The Niagaran bedrock has a very gentle dip of 40 to 60 feet per mile toward the southern peninsula of Michigan, the center of the Michigan Basin. The Niagaran Series is well represented on Drummond Island. An escarpment of the Manistique and Burnt Bluff strata of the Niagaran Series crosses Drummond Island from Drummond village to Marble Head and Engadine dolomite forms a pavement which is exposed along long sections of the south shore of Drummond Island. Engadine dolomite is extensively mined on the west end of Drummond Island. On Huron Bay, low shelves of dolomite form the shoreline, but elsewhere along the south shore, exposures of bedrock are generally quite flat. Weathering has left a pocked surface on the exposed dolomite along the shore. A veneer of locally derived dolomite cobbles of varying thickness occurs along large stretches of the shoreline. The dolomite of Drummond Island is not uniform in character. Some of it consists of massive, fossil-rich reef formation, while other rock is thinly-bedded, with few or no fossils. Ehlers (1973) credits the rarity of fossils to shallow conditions, possibly with frequent exposures of the bottom to air. He also comments that deep water reefs, also common in northern Michigan, can be low in faunal diversity. Surveys of plant communities and plants were conducted along the south shore of Drummond Island on Engadine dolomite, and on dolomitic portions of the Queenston Shale formation at the northern end of the island. Insect surveys were conducted on Maxton Plains, at the north end of Drummond Island, at four sites along the south shore of Drummond Island, and at Dudley Bay on the mainland I (Appendix IV). 6 VEGETATION Natural Communities of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Bedrock Beach. The most complete study of the vegetation of the bedrock beaches of the Keweenaw Peninsula was conducted on the Copper Harbor Conglomerate between Agate Harbor and Copper Harbor by Reschke (1985). Reschke found that there were several factors that determined the vegetation of the bedrock shoreline. Distance from the lake had the strongest correlation with species composition. Wave action and ice scour were strongest near the lakeshore, greatly reducing the diversity of plant species present. Farther above the lake, there were other distinct vegetation zones with greater floristic diversity. Reschke identified four floral assemblages: (1) low-wet rocks, (2) intermediate-moist rocks, (3) intermediate-dry rocks, and (4) high-dry rocks. Two additional assemblages were observed in the field but not adequately sampled to be identified in analyses; these are protected low-wet crevices and perched meadow assemblages. The low-wet assemblage is found close to the lake, where there is a high proportion of bare rock. This assemblage has the largest proportion of mosses, a low proportion of lichens, and a low proportion of herbs, which are restricted to narrow crevices in the rock. The lichens and mosses found on the low-wet rocks appear to be adapted to these conditions, and are much more common here than on higher-drier bedrock. The intermediate-moist assemblage is best characterized by a larger proportion of herbs and a slightly higher proportion of woody taxa. There is decrease in cover and frequency of lichens, especially crustose, loose foliose, and fruticose lichens. The intermediate-dry assemblage is characterized by high proportions of crustose and appressed lichens, which cover from 50 to 90 percent of the rock surface. The lichen assemblage is similar to that of the high-dry rock assemblage, but contains few loose foliose and fruticose lichens. Mosses and vascular plants are not distinctive in this assemblage. The high-dry assemblage is rich in species. Lichens form a nearly continuous cover on the rocks, with high diversity of all lichen types, with more loose foliose and fruticose lichens than in any other assemblage. Bryophytes, herbs, and woody plants are all well represented within this assemblage. The assemblage of species found at the edges of seasonal rock-pools (perched meadows) is dominated by tuft-forming grasses and sedges, but can also contain other herbs and woody plants found in the other shoreline assemblages. One of the most important points made by Reschke (1985) was the importance of lichens and bryophytes on the bedrock shore. In Reschke's data set, there were 53 lichens, 28 bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), and 45 vascular plant species. Based on frequency there were 56% lichens, 22% bryophytes, and 22% vascular plant species. No in-depth studies had been conducted on the bedrock shoreline of the Portage Lake Volcanics, which are dominant along the shoreline between High Rock Point at the east end of the Keweenaw Peninsula, and the town of Bete Grise, located about fifteen miles to the southwest. A large rhyolite knob is located along the shoreline within this stretch of Portage Lake Volcanics. BedrockGlade. Another natural community that occurs between the open bedrock beach and the forests found farther inland is the bedrock glade. The bedrock glade consists of open, thin-soiled plant communities dominated by scattered, open-grown trees, scattered shrubs or shrub thickets, and a partial turf of grasses and sedges. There are typically exposed areas of bedrock within the glades. There have been no detailed studies of the glades on the Keweenaw Peninsula, and sampling of the glades was limited in the first year of this study. As the study progressed, it became evident that the glade was a characteristic zone of the shoreline vegetation, especially on the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. Previously glades and balds had been described only from the high, exposed ridges, as on Brockway Mountain. Glades were also encountered on the rhyolite of the Portage Lake 7 Volcanics. At present, insufficient data has been collected to adequately describe and compare the glades. Cobble Beach. Cobble beaches occupy a large portion of the shoreline between bedrock exposures. On the north side of the Keweenaw Peninsula, cobble beaches occupy only a small percentage of the shoreline, whereas at the eastern and southeastern end of the peninsula, where the basalts of the Portage Lake Volcanics are exposed, cobble beach is much more prevalent than bedrock beach in many areas. There is typically no vegetation on the steep cobble beaches, so little time will be spent discussing the beaches in this study. It should be noted, however, that the agates and beautifully polished lava pebbles of these cobble beaches (for which the Keweenaw Peninsula is famous) can stop even the most determined botanical explorers dead in their tracks. Cliff. Freda Sandstone occurs almost exclusively as steep cliffs along the shoreline. These cliffs were some of the most visually appealing coastal features visited, but they are very low in botanical diversity. At some sites it will be worth pursuing further botanical, and possibly insect and mollusc surveys, of the cedar swamps and seeps at the summit of the cliffs. Natural Communities of Drummond Island. All of the natural communities described for the Keweenaw Peninsula also occur on the bedrock shoreline of Drummond Island. These include bedrock beach, bedrock glade, cobble beach, and cliff. No major studies have been done in Michigan on these natural communities along dolomite shorelines. The results of this study of these natural communities on dolomite will be briefly discussed in the Summary Section of this report. A more complete discussion will occur in 1996 following completion of inventory of remaining dolomite shoreline in Michigan. INSECT SURVEYS Bedrock and cobble shorelines of the Great Lakes contain many important, significant, and endemic plant species. These plants have the potential to support unique assemblages of invertebrates, especially habitat-restricted specialists. Little is known about the insect fauna of alvar regions and even less is known about alvar insects in Michigan. The only published paper is a study of grasshopper communities of limestone glades in Missouri (Bergmann 1983). In addition to our study, there are two ongoing research projects in Michigan dealing with insects of alvar regions (S. Stephenson, pers. comm.; K. Hamilton, pers. comm.). A primary goal of this study is to qualitatively describe the insect community for distinct vegetative associations on a variety of bedrock types. 8 Plate 1. Copper Harbor Conglomerate. Plate 1 a. West of Horseshoe Harbor, Keweenaw Co. The Copper Harbor Conglomerate, which also includes thin lava flows, forms the broad bedrock shoreline of the north half of the Keweenaw Peninsula, from Eagle Harbor in the west to near High Rock Bay at the far eastern point of the peninsula. Beds of the conglomerate tilt steeply toward the Northwest into Lake Superior at an average angle of about 40 degrees from horizontal. Less resistant beds of lava and conglomerate were eroded by glacial ice and wave action, leaving many small islands of more resistant conglomerate trending parallel to the shoreline. Plate 1 b. Copper Harbor Conglomerate. A close-up of the conglomerate shows pebbles and cobbles in a matrix of sand, cemented by both calcium carbonate (white) and iron oxide. The clasts of the conglomerate consist primarily of rhyolite, but also includes basalt, lava, sandstone, and shale. The numerous cracks and depressions of the conglomerate provide habitat for plant species adapted to the stressful conditions of the bedrock shoreline of Lake Superior. Plate 1c. Vegetation of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The typical vegetation zones of the conglomerate are seen, beginning with bare rock in the wave splash zone along the lake. Usually 3-6 feet above the lake lichens, mosses, and occasionally herbaceous plants begin to occupy protected crevices and depressions. These plants must tolerate storm waves, abrasion by ice, and desiccation. Lichens are typically crustose or closely-appressed foliose. Higher above the lake, where the bedrock is still exposed to some storms and ice abrasion, loose foliose and fruticose lichens (the light areas in the foreground) become more numerous, as do herbs. Scattered shrubs and trees also appear in protected crevices; these have krummholz or flagged form resulting from ice abrasion. In the background, beyond the extent of annual ice accumulation, mature trees can be seen. Plate 1d. Pebble and cobble beaches occupy the embayments between many of the bedrock points. The cobbles are largely derived from the local Copper Harbor Conglomerate and include volcanic clasts along with sandstone and shale. Rhyolite is often the dominant rock-type in the conglomerate. Plate le. Krummholz on Copper Harbor Conglomerate, Porter's Island. This 10-inch diameter northern white-cedar, located about 60 feet inland behind a narrow protective island is only 2 to 3 feet tall; trees seldom survive to become larger than 2 to 3 inches in diamete; because of the destructive ice abrasion. The sturdy roots of this cedar are anchored in a wide crack, which have provided some protection from ice abrasion. 9 a Plate 1 Ah VA v-1 4 L!%i 4-.-0 -wig! vr gap- A* rL 4k Q b 10 Plate 2. Rare plant species characteristic of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate and Portage Lake Volcanics. Plate 2a. Narrow spikes of white flowered alpine bistort (Polygonum viviparum, state threatened) growing among moist mosses on amygdaloid lava of the Portage Lake Volcanics near Keweenaw Point. The plant has also been found growing beneath alder at Horseshoe Harbor and is much more common on the north shore of Lake Superior and on Isle Royale. The arrow points to a bulblet, a form of vegetative reproduction. Plate 2b. Pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis, state threatened) is typically found growing in moist seeps near the upper edge of the open bedrock. The plant is occasionally found growing among shrubs farther inland, where the bedrock is covered with an almost complete turf of sedges and grasses. Plate 2c. Pearlwort (Sagina nodosa, state threatened) growing in a crack in lava bedrock; it also grows on conglomerate. Plate 2d. Calypso (Calypso bulbosa, state threatened). This plant is characteristic of the open conifer forests near the shoreline, rather than the open bedrock. It has been found in large colonies on Isle Royale, but is otherwise typically found as scattered plants. It is also found growing in open conifer forests on limestone and dolomite, as on Drummond Island. Plate 2. ko ow @W@ iorr__@ P, 4 J4 tj --me PAL +4 @f jo Ai 12 Plate 3. Basaltic lavas of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Plate 3a. Closeup of basalt (Sevenmile Point). Basaltic lavas consist of relatively heavy, dark, finely crystalline rock rich in iron-bearing minerals. Basalt's fine texture is the result of rapid cooling. Note veins of intrusive bedrock. The Portage Lake Volcanics, consisting primarily of dense basaltic lavas such as these, form the narrower bedrock along the southern shoreline of the Keweenaw, east from Lac La Belle to High Rock Bay. Plate 3b. Basalt surrounded by cobble beach at Sevenmile Point. Plant colonization on the basalt is generally poor for two reasons; there are few cracks for plants to establish in and the bedrock exposures are generally smaller and lower, resulting in extreme ice abrasion and wave activity. At Sevenmile Point, there are a few small wetlands occupying shallow pools in the bedrock. Plate 3c. Vesicular lava or vesicular basalt are the terms applied to the lavas that cooled most quickly, entrapping bubbles of gas. In cases where these cavities are later filled with minerals such as calcite or copper, the resulting rocks are termed amygdaloidal basalt or lava. In this basalt, the reddish mineral in the cavities is largely laumontite. Vesicular lavas (basalts) often contain enough open cavities and cracks to support plants. 13 Plate 3. ilk 0;6 14 Plate 4. Rhyolite and Freda Sandstone of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Plate 4a. Fish Cove Knob is a rugged intrusive body of rhyolite near the south eastern end of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Rhyolite is a fine-grained, light-colored (reddish) rock low in iron and magnesium-bearing minerals. There are only three exposures of rhyolite along the shoreline: Fish Cove Knob, Fish Cove Dike less than a mile to the west, and Bare Hill 3 to 4 miles farther west. Both Fish Cove Knob and Fish Cove Dike form steep, rugged shoreline. Wave action appears to be exceptionally severe along this shoreline. Open glades dominated by conifers grow several meters above the lake, as seen in this photo. Plate 4b. Detail of the rhyolitic bedrock at Fish Cove. The rugged cliff face contains few large cracks or crevices occupied by plants, except for crustose lichens at the tops of the Cliffs. Plate 4c. Close-up of Freda Sandstone. Freda Sandstone ranges in texture from very fine sandstone to siltstone. The red portions of the stone are oxidized, whereas the gray areas are reduced. Dark stamp sands from the mines at Redridge arid Freda cover the flat shelf of sandstone at the base of the cliff. Plate 4d. Wave-cut cliffs of Freda Sandstone. Less than a half mile south of the western end of the Portage River Shipping Channel are several miles of shoreline cliffs, 20 to 40 feet high. Near the town of Redridge, farther to the south, the cliffs are up to 60 feet high. South of the town of Freda the cliffs continue for several miles, but become much lower. Few plants are found growing on the faces of the cliffs, probably because of both intense wave and ice action. 15 Plate 4. tr mw 105 -I A f, -@,jf IV ""NEW Fir @g lk A ZS7; ir Ar. oak& 16 Plate 5. Engadine Dolomite of Drummond Island and associated rare plants. Plate 5a. Engadine Dolomite west of Bass Cove, Drummond island. The dolomite formed in reefs within a shallow sea. The dip of the bedrock is very gentle, 40 to 60 feet per mile (approximately 1 percent slope) toward the south. There is a broad expanse of bedrock along the shoreline that supports little or no plants, the results of both severe wave action and ice abrasion. Vegetation within the wave splash or ice abrasion zones is often restricted to cracks or crevices in the bedrock. Shrubs and trees dominate! the landscape farther inland, where storm waves are infrequent and abrasion by ice is minimal or absent. Plate 5b. Shoreline of Engadine Dolomite at Bass Cove, Drummond Island. Near the shoreline where ice scour and wave action are intense, vegetation is restricted to the cracks in the pavement. Along the south shore of Drummond Island, these cracks are often dominated by two rare sedges, Carex scirpoidea (state threatened) and C. richardsonii (state special concern). The dolomite surface is pocked by small dissolution cavities. In the background, where active ice scour or wave action is minimal, is a shrub zone, with an open forest of conifers beyond. Plate 5c. Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris, state special concern) is locally common in pools on dolomite bedrock and marly coastal sediments. This plant is also locally common at the edges of pools on Copper Harbor Conglomerate on the Keweenaw Peninsula. It is the only rare plant observed on the Freda Sandstone, where it was localized on seepy cliffs. The pH of all of these bedrock types, dolomite, volcanic conglomerates, and the Freda Sandstone is roughly circumneutral. Plate 5d. Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillfi, C2 federal candidate, state special concern) is found growing in the open shrub and open conifer forest (glade) near the shoreline of Drummond Island. As this photograph demonstrates, a thin, but almost continuous turf often covers the limestone or dolomite bedrock beneath the conifer forest. 17 Plate 5. lw@ rK -A h Mir ;7A, 18 METHODS BEDROCK CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING Bedrock classification was based on existing geological studies. For the Keweenaw Peninsula, these include 7.5 minute geological maps published by USGS for portions of the Lake Superior shoreline, and also maps from Bornhorst and Rose (1994) and Reed and Daniels (1987). For Drummond Island, these include publications by Ehlers (1973), Ehlers and Kesling (1957), and Reed and Daniels (1987). At the northern end on Drummond Island, Reed and Daniels' (1987) treatment of the late Ordovician and early Silurian Periods was used. PHOTO INTERPRETATION The entire shorelines of both the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island were photo interpreted, using black-and-white and color aerial photography available from the Michigan DNR, Land and Water Management Division. Photos of both areas were available at the scale of 1 "=500' or 1"= approximately 780', excellent scales for mapping coastal bedrock. The width of bedrock shoreline was determined from these detailed aerial photos. Although bedrock shoreline could be easily mapped, cliffs were more difficult to recognize and were verified with a reconnaissance flight. AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE Aerial reconnaissance was planned for early summer, but equipment problems resulted in delayed surveys, which were finally conducted in early autumn. Field work demonstrated that photo interpretation had been adequate for most survey sites, and that the flights were most useful to interpret areas where cliffs were suspected. The flights also provided excellent oblique photographs to document the extent and quality of the sites. Oblique photos provide a more ecologically interpretable view of the shoreline landscape than does vertical photography. Flights need to be well- planned to get optimal photos of cliff sites. Cliffs in shadow are difficult to photograph! Videography allows complete coverage of the shoreline, and may be effective for demonstrating the level of shoreline development. VEGETATION SAMPLING Intensive sampling was initiated on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Sampling was conducted from late Juneto late September along transects perpendicular to the shoreline, beginning atthe shoreline and continuing into the forest zone. A transect was drawn, showing the slope, type of bedrock, moisture conditions, and approximate coverage value for physiognomic classes of vegetation. Random samples were then taken for each zone of vegetation, using a half meter by half meter sampling frame. Cover class values were recorded for each plant species encountered and ecological variables were described within the sampling frame. Point sampling was done for the overstory of the forest or glade zone, and the presence of shrub and herb species was recorded. One 5m x 5m plot was sampled to describe the bedrock bald at Fish Point. This sampling approach did not prove effective for the dolomite shoreline of Drummond Island, as many species were not encountered in the sampling frames, thus underestimating floristic diversity, or requiring too much sampling time. Sampling was modified; a meter tape was extended perpendicular to the shoreline and each vegetation zone was identified. A len-meter wide section of each zone was then sampled, and the presence and rough abundance value for each vascular plant S.pecies was noted. Point sampling was conducted in the forest or glade, and presence was recorded for shrubs and herbs that were encountered. 19 The data collected during the 1994 field season will undergo preliminary analysis prior to the 1995 field season, in an attempt to determine the most appropriate approach for future sampling. A 1995 alvar project may allow us to do more intensive sampling of the alvar and bedrock beach on Drummond Island. INSECT SURVEY METHODS Field work was conducted during August and September 1994at nine sites in Mackinac and Chippewa Counties, Michigan (Appendix IV). Highest quality areas were selected for preliminary work. Results will be used to focus additional work in 1995. Insects were collected with aerial and sweep nets. Light trapping, a method used to document the occurrence of nocturnal insects, was utilized at two sites. Approximately half of the time at each site was spent making a general collection of species present, while the remainder of the time was spent focusing on state listed species including Prosapia ignipectus (Homoptera: Cercopidae), Papaipema awcame (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Phyciodes batesh (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). The target groups included Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and katydids), and Homoptera (leafhoppers, spittlebugs, planthoppers, and treehoppers), because these groups contain many habitat-restricted species. Species that could be identified in the field were recorded and released. Species that requiredfurther studyfor accurate identification were collected and prepared following standard insect collection techniques. Insects were identified to genus or species using published references, or were sent to experts. The experts we consulted were G.M. Fauske (North Dakota State University, for the Lepidoptera and Orthoptera); K.G.A. Hamilton (Agriculture Canada, for the Cicadellidae in part); P.K. Lago (University of Mississippi, for the Scarabaeidae); D.A. Rider (North Dakota State University, for the Pentatomidae); E.G. Riley (Texas A&M University, for the Chrysomelidae); M.D. Schwartz (Agriculture Canada, for the Miridae); D.F. Schweitzer (Eastern Regional office of The Nature Conservancy, for the Papaipema); and S.W. Wilson (Central Missouri State University, for the Fulgoroidea). 20 RESULTS OF 1994 FIELD SEASON SUMMARIES OF KEWEENAW PENINSULA BEDROCK SURVEY SITES The bedrock portions of the Keweenaw Peninsula have been divided into several major sites (Figure 4). These proposed sites were delineated on the basis of bedrock type, recognizable natural boundaries, changes in ownership or management pattern along the shore, or historic site boundaries. More detailed maps of each site are shown in Appendix 1; each map is referenced by both the site name and the ordinal number proceeding it in the following brief site descriptions. Information is provided on each of these sites in a summary table (Table 1). The summary table includes site name and number, location (Township and Range), bedrock types along the shoreline, geological classification of the bedrock (from Reed and Daniels 1987), the number of special plants, land ownership, length and rank of bedrock beach, width of bedrock, length and height of cliffs, length of cobble beach, and acres and rank of bedrock glade. Special plant occurrences are summarized in Table 2. No special animals were noted during shoreline surveys. 1. Rockhouse Point-Graveraet River. No field survey was conducted at this site; this site is scheduled for a 1995 field survey. The site was identified on the basis of existing geological maps and confirmed by a late season reconnaissance flight. Cliffs and low bedrock outcrops were almost continuous for several miles, but were quite low, probably less than 20 feet high. There are no homes along this stretch of coast, however, the forests on the adjacent uplands have all been recently logged. 2. Freda-Redridge. The cliffs, 30 to 60 feet high, are the highest Freda Sandstone exposures in the state, and are similar to those of Plates 4c and 4d. These cliffs, although low in plant diversity, are quite beautiful, with a pattern of bluish-gray and red on their wave-sculpted face. The summit of the cliffs is dominated by northern hardwood forests. Based on surveys at the Portage Lake Shipping Canal site, it is unlikely that many rare plants will be encountered along the cliffs; the steep cliffs provide little habitat for plants. Scattered homes have been built at the summit of the cliffs between Freda and Beacon Hill and house construction is beginning east of Beacon Hill. Only partial surveys were conducted for this site; a small area of cliffs on the east edge of Freda was surveyed, as was an area just west of Redridge. Steep cliffs made access to this site difficult, requiring further survey by wading or canoeing the coast when weather conditions permit. 3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West. Although the cliffs are only 20 to 40 feet high, they are the most ecologically intact area of Freda Sandstone (see Plates 4c and 4e). There are almost no houses on the two mile stretch of cliffs, and the seepage-rich slopes above the cliffs are dominated by old-growth cedar swamp. Second- growth northern hardwoods forest dominates the broad upland ridge above the cliffs; much of the logging is quite recent. The only special plant found was butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), which was quite localized on the moist, upper edge of the cliffs. Some portions of the cliffs are loose shale splitting along bedding planes, while others are compact and highly-sculpted. At the base of the cliffs is a broad shelf, typically covered by two to four feet of water, thus allowing several miles of shoreline to be surveyed by wading. A veneer of stamp sand, carried by currents from the mining operations at Freda and Redridge, covers the base of this shelf, adding to the striking beauty of the shoreline. Further surveys for rare plants should concentrate on the cedar swamps above the cliffs, and would probably be best conducted in late spring and early summer. These surveys would likely be productive, but will be quite time-consuming, as seepages and deep organic soils are characteristic of the steeply-sloped conifer swamps, as are numerous areas of large, wind-thrown northern white- cedar. 21 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 5 10! 17 0 19 A Freda Formation 1 Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River 2 4 2. Freda - Redridge Ship Canal West 3. Portage Lake Copper Harbor Conglomerate 4. Sevenmile Point 01 5. Fivernile Point - Eagle River 6. Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor 7. K) 8. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor - Bailey Creek 9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park - Lake Glazon 10. Dans Point 11. Devil's Washtub .4, 12. Porters Island 0 13. Fort Wilkins State Park Norland Trust 14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse 15. Horseshoe Harbor 16. High Rock North .0-K, Portage Lake Volcanics 17. Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay - Keystone Bay 18. Keystone Point r 19. Fish Cove 20. Bete Gris - Bear Bluff owl" 47 to 0 10 =r-p=r- Wes Figure 4. Major bedrock sites on the Keweenaw Peninsula. to 0 10 Kildmelers Table 1-A Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites Site Data Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Site' Township/ Bedrock b Bedrock of T & E Ownership Levelof td Range Type Classification Plants I- I Developmen 1. Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River T54-55N R36W P(C) U 2. Freda - Redridge T55N R35-36W sandstone, Freda P(S) M siltstone Formation 3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West T56N R34-35W 1 P(L) U 4. Sevenmile Point T57N R32-33W VB, B 0 P(C) U, P 5. Fivemile Point - Eagle River T58N R32W C, VB, B 6 P(C), P(S) M-H 6, Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor T58-59N R30-31W VB, B 11 P(S) M-H 7. Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor T59N R30W VB,B 12 P(S) M 8. Silver Is.: Grand Marais Harbor-Bailey Cr, T59N R30W VB, 6 8 P(S), P(L) L-M 9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon T59N R29-30W C Copper 9 P(S) M-H 10. Dans Point T59N R29W C Harbor 4 P(S), MNA, Mi U-M 11. Devil's Washtub T59N R28-29W C Conglomerate 5 P(C) U, P 12. Porters Island T59N R28W C, VB I Ml U 13. Fort Wilkins State Park T59N R28W C, VB, B 5 Mi U-M 14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust T59N R28W C 4 P(L), Mi M 15, Horseshoe Harbor T59N R27-28W C 8 TNC, P(C,L) U, P 16. High Rock North T58-59N R27W C, VB, B 7 P(L,S), MI U 17. Keweenaw Pt.: High Rock-Keystone Bays T58N R27W VB, B 5 P(L,C), MI U 18. Keystone Point T58N R27-28W VB, B Portage 2 P(L,C) U Lake 19. Fish Cove T58N R28W VB, B, R Voicanics 6 P(C), MNA U 20, Bete Grise - Bear Bluff T58N R28-29W VB, B 6 P(C,L), MNA U 23 Table 1 -A (cont.) Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites 'For site maps see Appendix 1. bBedrock codes are as follows: VB vesicular basalt; B basalt; C conglomerate; R rhyoiite. cOwnership is listed in order of acreage owned. Ownership codes are as follows: MI State of Michigan; US Federal; TNC The Nature Conservancy; MNA Michigan Nature Association; P(C) Private, corporate; P(L) Private, large tracts; P(S) Private, small tracts. dDevelopment codes are as follows: U = undeveloped or sparse; P = platted for development; M = moderate development; H = heavy development. 24 M, M = = M M = = Table I-B Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites Site Data Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Beach Bedrock Bedrock Cliffs, Cobble Beach Bedrock Glade Bedrock Site Length (ml)/Rank Width Length (ml) (acres)/Rank (ft) Length (ml) FHeight (ft) 1. Rockhouse Pt. - Graveraet River 3.5 <30 2. Freda - Redridge 1.5-2.0 30-60 3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West 2.0 20-40 4. Sevenmile Point 0.5/6 30-45 0.5 5. Fivemile Point - Eagle River 1.5/BC 30-60 6. Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor 1.5+/BC 30-60 0.8+ 7. Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor 1.5/BC 20-150 <0.5 B. Silver Is.: Gr, Marais Harbor-Bailey Cr. 3.0+/B 10-240 <0.5 40/B 9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon 3.5+/BC 60-240 <05 1 OO/BC 10. Dans Point 2Z/A 80-180 <05 240/AB 1 1. Devil's Washtub 1.5/A 30-150 <0.25 200/A 12. Porters Island OAAB 30-120 0.5-0.75 13. Fort Wilkins State Park 1.0/BC 30-90 0.6-0.7 14, Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust 1.2/13 60-120 <0.25 15. Horseshoe Harbor 4.0/A 30-120 0.8 200/AD 16, High Rock North 0.7/13 30-60 2.2-2.5 17. Keweenaw Pt.: High Rock-Keystone Bays 1.0+/B 10-40 2.5-3.0 18. Keystone Point 1.0+/B 20-60 0.5 19. Fish Cove 1.4+/A 10-150 0.4-0.6 80/AB 20, Bete Grise - Bear Bluff 2.8+/A 10-60 0.5 >50 1.0-1.2 -A 25 Table 2 Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites Site Numbero Species Freda Portage Lake Sandstone Copper Harbor Conglomerate Volcanics 2 3 6 7 8 9 10.1. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 is@ 19c 20 Aflium schoenoprasum Amica cordiformis Aster modestus Braya humifis Cafamagrostis facustris C. stricta Calypso bulbosa Carex media C. rossii C. pallescens C. scirpoidea Castilleja septentrionalis 0 0 0 0 0 q re 0 Ceanothus sanguineus Clematis occidentafis Crataegus douglasii Cypripedfurn arietinum Danthonia intermedia Draba arabisans 26 IM M M M Table 2 (cont.) Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites Site Number" Species Freda Portage Lake Sandstone Copper Harbor Conglomerate Volcanics 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 17 18 1 9b 1 9c 20 Drosera anglica Dryopteris expansa Elymus glaucus Empetrum nigrum Listera auriculata Pamassia palustris Phleum alpinum Pinguicula vulgaris 9 0 t v Polygonum viviparum Potentilla pensylvanica Pterospera andromedea Sagina nodosa Senecio indecorus Solidago decumbens Stellaria longipes Trisetum sp icatum 0 0 0 Vaccinium cespitosum 0 27 Table 2 (cont.) Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites 'Keweenaw site names are as follows: Freda Formation 1 . Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River 2. Freda - Redridge 3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West Copper Harbor Conglomerate 4. Sevenmile Point 5. Fivemile Point - Eagle River 6. Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor 7. Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor 8. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor - Bailey Creek 9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park - Lake Glazon 10. Dans Point 11. Devil's Washtub 12. Porters Island 13. Fort Wilkins State Park 14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse - Norland Trust 15. Horseshoe Harbor 16. High Rock North Portage Lake Volcanics 17. Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay - Keystone Bay 18. Keystone Point 19. Fish Cove 20. Bete Grise - Bear Bluff bSite 19 (Fish Cove), species occurrences on lava. rSite 19 (Fish Cove), species occurrences on rhyolite. 28 7w Ak _Z7 W-W. Portage Lake Shipping Canal West: Cliffs of Freda Sandstone. The combination of restricted exposure of this bedrock type, high scenic value, and ecological intactness of the adjacent cedar swamp, make this a site worthy of acquisition or protection through conservation easement. This should be an easily accomplished project, as there are few ownerships and the owner of the largest properties has already expressed an interest in protecting the shoreline. 4. Sevenmile Point. The rugged shoreline south of Sevenmile Point, part of the Lake Shore Traps (resistant basaltic lava flows), is one of the most scenic stretches of undeveloped shoreline remaining on the Keweenaw Peninsula, but it is almost devoid of vegetation on the bedrock shore. No special plants were found on this shoreline. The fine-grained basalt and vesicular basalt that characterize this shoreline do not rise far above Lake Superior, and therefore offer few protected sites for plant establishment. A few of the larger bedrock exposures support localized turfs of sedge and grass, with clumps of small balsam fir and white spruce. Locally, depressions in the basalt contain shallow pools bordered by sedges, rushes, and other aquatic plants. Between the bedrock exposures are broad expanses of steeply-sloping cobble beach, some Of the most popular agate beaches on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Behind these steep-sloped beaches is second-growth forest of white spruce and balsam fir, and east of this narrow upland forest are Mud Lake and Seven Mile Creek. Limited inventory was conducted within these wetlands; the northern portion was a shrubby wet meadow. There is justification for further study of this large wetland complex. The entire tract is owned by the Lake Superior Land Company, which has recently built a new road from the north to Sevenmile Point. Lake Superior Land has platted both the sandy embayment north of Sevenmile Point and the gravel shoreline south of Sevenmile Point. Based on field surveys, acquisition is recommended for the gravel beach south of Sevenmile Point, as well as the bedrock 29 portions of Severimile Point, located in T57N R33W Section 1 and N2 of Section 12, and T57N R32W W2 of Section 6, with some acquisition of the sandy shoreline in the E2 of Section 6 for buffer. AL A A_ !45 '01 - 7. RM Sevenmile Point: Rugged Lake Shore Traps surrounded by cobble beach. 5. Fivernile Point-Eagle River. South of Eagle River, Copper Harbor Conglomerate forms a narrow bedrock beach for more than a mile, but farther south the shoreline is mostly sand dune, with isolated exposures of bedrock west of Silver Creek, and a broad exposure of Copper Harbor Conglomerate at Fivemile Point. A thin lava flow occurs within the Copper Harbor Conglomerate at Fivemile Point. All of the special plants are found on the narrow strip of conglomerate just south of Eagle River, where the bedrock is only 30 to 60 feet wide. Special plants found on the shoreline included pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis), butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), and bulrush sedge (Carex scirpoidea) (Table 2). Shoreline development is almost complete between Eagle River and Fivemile Point, with the exception of the bedrock section of the shoreline in Section 24, which is owned by Lake Superior Land Company. This section of shoreline is relatively low priority for acquisition, because of heavy development and because the shoreline is narrow and short (1 mile), compared with other exposures of Copper Harbor Conglomerate. 30 6. Cat Harbor-Eagle Harbor. The Lake Shore Traps, resistant basaltic lava flows, are exposed between Cat and Eagle Harbors. The exposed bedrock shoreline is relatively narrow, typically between thirty and sixty feet wide, but it supports occurrences of wild chives (Allium schoenoprasum), wild oat-grass (Danthonia intermedia), pearlwort (Sagina nodosa), reclining goldenrod (Solidago decumbens), and downy oat- grass (Trisetum spicatum). Six other special plants are known from this stretch of coastline, making this one of the sites richest in rare plant species, but most are wetland plants found in the large wetlands south of the shoreline (Table 2). There are regularly spaced residences along the entire shoreline between Cat and Eagle Harbors, greatly limiting the potential for effective shoreline conservation, unless it were pursued through a registry program. The wetland south of M26, called "The Marshes", appears to have been degraded by hydrologic changes resulting from the highway. The status of the special plants of this wetland is not known; a search for these species in the late 1980s was not successful. 7. Eagle Harbor-Grand Marais Harbor. The mile and a half of shoreline between Eagle and Grand Marais Harbors is a thirty to sixty foot wide exposure of resistant basaltic lava flows (the Lake Shore Traps), with maximum bedrock exposures of 150 feet. This stretch of shoreline supports the largest number of special plants recorded on the Keweenaw Peninsula, reflecting the presence of both diverse bedrock and wetland habitat (Table 2). Many of the special plants are northern wetland species found in the large wetland to the south, known locally as "Cedar Swamp". Potential for effective bedrock shoreline conservation is limited, as houses are scattered along the entire mile and a half of shoreline. At both the eastern and western ends of the expanse houses are farther apart, possibly allowing for some shoreline protection through a registry program. S. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor-Bailey Creek. Much of the bedrock shoreline, which consists of resistant basaltic lava flows (the Lake Shore Traps), is very narrow, but west of the Silver River exposures are up to 240 feet wide, and open bedrock glade extends another 300 feet in from the shoreline. West of the Silver River mouth there are several islands formed of resistant traprock; the largest, Silver Island, is almost a quarter mile long. There are eight special plants known from this section of shoreline, primarily species characteristic of the bedrock shore, but also including species of the bedrock glade and conifer forests (Table 2). Special plants of the shoreline are known from both the islands and mainland. This site is ranked B because of both the large number of special plants and the relatively large area of undeveloped shoreline. The Lake Superior Land Company property north of Lake Bailey has been recently platted and several homes are under construction in the western three quarters of Section 34. The eastern quarter of Section 34 and the western half of Section 35 have also been platted, but there has been little development of this subdivision. Conservation action on this site should probably concentrate on these undeveloped portions of Section 34 and 35, including Silver Island. 31 Silver Island: Broad bedrock shoreline and bedrock glade west of the Silver River. 9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon. The northern peninsula at Agate Harbor and the Lake Superior shoreline north of Lake Glazon consist of one of the broadest exposures of Copper Harbor Conglomerate on the Keweenaw Peninsula, reaching 250 feet in width and regularly greater than eighty feet wide. The southern peninsula, between North and South Bay, and the south shoreline consist of much narrower exposures of basaltic lava flows (the Lake Shore Traps). A broad zone of open bedrock glade, dominated by white pine, red pine, balsam fir, red oak, and several species of shrub occurs just inland from the open bedrock shoreline on much of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. Our understanding of glade on the Keweenaw is incomplete; the glade appears to be an integral part of the shoreline ecosystem, stretching along much of the shoreline on the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The nine special plants of this section of shoreline are found growing on both the bedrock shoreline and glade (Table 2). The combination of both high quality bedrock shoreline and glade should make this an important site for shoreline conservation, but this task will be difficult because of the large number of residences located on the peninsulas. Most of these houses are located within the glade, right at the edge of the bedrock shoreline. Most of the owners value the beauty of the shoreline, and many know of the rare plants found on the shore, possibly allowing for the development of a successful registry program. Education of landowners will probably be needed to get protection or ecologically 32 -C -C 7a E 0 'n c 0 N a) CL C) WC ca Ca > -0 0 (1) 0 C a) CL C) m a) m 00 C: C (D 0 -M M cu a) 2 a) r4 >@ (n CO EL -0 C: CD 0 CU @o v 4- N 0 C: (1) 0 CU 46 Cn (V c c cc 0 U) -0 E Ml c 0 (V C: a) =3 - &n V- 0) 7 CU (D 0 M a) (z U) 70 a) c 0) ca - " = E E U) C,,j -9 c>:, r -2 0 0 -0 Z 70 kkk cu C a) (D m V 0 &- > 7C) (1) a) c 20 o M 0 C) 0 4) 0 CL) -0 C\l -0 cn :3 C: (D CO U) w 0 Qo Q) 0 03 C: U) (D (D Cn (D 3: E > E cu cn C: (D _0 C 0 _0 0 L! Ir w CD cri C: w (n -0 a) 0 several residences south of the road, there are very few north of the road along the beach. Several homes and undeveloped parcels were on the market during 1994 field surveys. Pursuit of these parcels and conservation easements could provide the opportunity to develop a meaningful preserve that would be easily accessible to the public. rim Dans Point: Resistant bed rock forms numerous small islands j -ust'off shore. The site contains many shallow pools, some of which support butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris). 11. Devil's Washtub. West of Copper Harbor, there is a mile and a half of bedrock shoreline that is separated from highway M-26 by nearly a half mile. This stretch of broad bedrock shoreline has long been known as Devil's Washtub because of a large pool in the bedrock that is connected to Lake Superior. The beach of Copper Harbor Conglomerate is up to 150 feet wide and contains many pools and small off-shore islands. A broad glade dominated by white pine, red pine, and shrubs parallels the shoreline. Seepages flow from the forest and glade onto the bedrock, creating abundant habitat for pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis) and butterwort. Four special plants are known from the bedrock shoreline and one, heart-leaved arnica (Amica cordiformis), is known from the glade (Table 2). Insect surveys are recommended for the glade. This A-ranked site is a priority site for acquisition, as it is well buffered from the highway, supports both high-quality bedrock beach and glade, and presently has been only minimally developed, having a single home at the west end of the tract. Most of the site is owned by Lake Superior Land Company, which platted the land for development in 1994. The site is used by local residents and visitors for hiking, with access from the Copper Harbor marina, which can be seen in the center of the accompanying aerial photo of the site. 34 Devil's Washtub: A broad bedrock beach with many pools and small off-shore islands characterizes this site. The town of Copper Harbor can be seen in the background. 95W 49 Devil's Washtub: Crustose lichens cover the broad bedrock beach above the wave-splash zone. Farther inland, open-grown white pine and red pine dominate the glade. 35 12. Porters Island. This half-mile long island, which provides protection to Copper Harbor from storms out of the north, is part of Fort Wilkins State Park. The northern shoreline is basaltic lava at the west end, with conglomerate to the east; almost the entire south shore is cobble. There are several small islands off the east end of Porters Island. The island supports conifer-dominated forest for its entire length. The bedrock beach of the island is of excellent quality, as is the conifer forest. There is also a small area of shrubby glade at the southeast end of the island. Only one rare plant, wild oat-grass (Danthonia intermedia), is known from the island, and no further species were found during the 1994 field surveys (Table 2). The flora on the bedrock was similar to that seen on other areas of Copper Harbor Conglomerate; a broad zone of crustose and fruticose lichens covered the drier rock above the wave splash zone, with scattered herbaceous plants, shrubs, and small trees. One of the largest and most picturesque northern white-cedars able to survive the severe ice-scour of the Keweenaw coast was seen growing in a crack in the conglomerate (Plate 1 e). A portable dock and an improved trail have been proposed by the park to allow better access to the island. This proposal would also allow tour boats to bring park visitors to the island, much as tours are provided to the Copper Harbor Lighthouse. Based on the small size of the island and the sensitivity of the lichen cover to foot traffic, it is not recommended that regular boat tours visit the island. The present levels of visitation resulting from canoe and motor boat access to the cobbly south shoreline have not caused apparent destruction to the vegetation of either the forest or the bedrock shoreline, in strong contrast with the degraded condition of the bedrock shoreline surrounding the lighthouse, which has resulted from heavy visitation. MOW- . . . . . . . . . . Porters Island: Porters Island with the town of Copper Harbor in the right background and Fort Wilkins State Park to the left. 36 13. Fort Wilkins State Park. The southern and eastern shoreline of the embayment at Copper Harbor are part of Fort Wilkins State Park. The bedrock shore is relatively steep and narrow basaltic lava, except near the Copper Harbor lighthouse, where the conglomerate beach is broader. Five special plants are known from the shoreline of the park (Table 2). The vegetation along the southern shore does not appear to have been greatly effected by park visitation, but the shrubby vegetation around the lighthouse contains numerous foot trails. There is an informative interpretative trail on the bedrock shoreline around the lighthouse. Rather than build an additional dock and interpretive trail on Porters Island, I would suggest further improvements to this existing trail. Present management at the park is adequate to maintain the vegetation of the remainder of the bedrock shoreline. 14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust. The conglomerate bedrock shoreline of this site is similar to that of Horseshoe Harbor to the east, but there are scattered homes along the shoreline of this site, whereas Horseshoe Harbor has no residential development. The bedrock glade of this site has also been degraded with numerous trails and driveways. The bedrock shoreline has not been significantly degraded by residential development and four special plants are found either on the bedrock or in the adjacent conifer forest (Table 2). A large vein of calcite cuts across the conglomerate about 0.5 miles east of the lighthouse. There are also several small, steeply sloped cobble beaches along the shoreline. Since the landowners are all part of a neighborhood association, it might be possible to pursue an effective program of landowner contacts or conservation easements. At least one of the landowners is in regular communication with The Nature Conservancy. 15. Horseshoe Harbor. This section of the Lake Superior shoreline has the largest coastal nature preserve on the Keweenaw Peninsula, The Nature Conservancy's Horseshoe Harbor Preserve, which stretches across one and a half miles of shoreline. The broadest part of this shoreline, approximately 120 feet wide, occurs within the preserve. This broad and scenic section of shoreline has extremely steep, narrow islands and broad cobble beaches. Algal stromatolites are also common on the preserve. The bedrock beach continues to be broad and steep to the west of the preserve, in the western half of Section 35. To the east of the preserve, in Sections 31 and 32 of T59N R27W, the bedrock is not as wide, but it is very steep, and contains the full range vegetation zones typically found on broader expanses of bedrock, including a narrow zone of bedrock glade. Farther east, a narrow beach of lava bedrock alternating with cobble beach becomes more common. Bedrock glade is well expressed at the west end of the tract, throughout Section 35. Little biological survey has been conducted in this large glade and in the large wetlands farther to the south. Eight special plants are known from the preserve (Table 2). Three new special plants were found in 1994, black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasit) in Section 35, and pearlwort (Sagina nodosa), and stitchwort (Stellaria longipes) in Section 32. Habitat for special plants and animals includes both dry and wet (seepy) bedrock beach, bedrock pools, bedrock glade, and conifer forest. This is one of the top two sites for further acquisition, with potential for site expansion both to the east and west. Acquisition of tracts owned by Lake Superior Land Company in Section 35 (T59N R28W) and Section 31 (T59N R27\A1) has been pursued in the past by The Nature Conservancy, but is even more urgent now, as Lake Superior Land Company has recently platted their lands in Section 35. The private lands in Section 32 (T59N R27W) were among the most diverse and beautiful shoreline visited in 1994 (see accompanying photo). 37 J11 4L --Nod Horseshoe Harbor: All of Section 32 is characterized by steep shoreline of conglomerate bedrock, backed by a narrow bedrock glade dominated by shrubs and conifers. 16. High Rock North. This three mile section of shoreline consisted largely of cobble beach, with isolated, narrow bedrock exposures of both basalt and conglomerate. Although the bedrock is narrow, seven special plants are known from the shoreline and adjacent conifer forests (Table 2). There has been no development of this shoreline, but there are over 20 ownership parcels, both small and large, including ownership by Lake Superior Land Company. High Rock Point is owned by the University of Michigan. The combination of no development and several special plants makes this a priority for acquisition, but much less urgent than either Horseshoe Harbor, the Devil's Washtub, or Sevenmile Point. 17. Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay-Keystone Bay. This site is similar to High Rock North, consisting largely of broad embayments of cobble beach between narrow bedrock points. The typical bedrock of these points is the basaltic lavas of the Portage Lake Volcanics. Five special plants are known from this section of shoreline (Table 2), but they are restricted to very small populations on restricted bedrock habitat. Alpine bistort (Polygonum viviparum), known from only one other mainland site (Horseshoe Harbor), is found locally on seepages north of Keweenaw Point. 38 This shoreline is remote and undeveloped, providing extensive, intact coastal ecosystems, but only limited rare plant habitat. Inventory for rare fauna has not yet been conducted. It is probably best pursued as part of a State Land Trust or Federal Wilderness project, where remoteness and ecological intactness are important criteria. 18. Keystone Point. This site is one of the shortest segments of bedrock shoreline, consisting of about a mile of bedrock beach, with another half mile of cobble beach. The shoreline is narrow, often less than 30 feet wide; in many places trees grow to the shoreline edge and there is a 10 to 15 foot high cliff of lava. On such a rugged shoreline, habitat for shoreline plants is restricted. Only one rare shoreline plant species was encountered, downy oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum). Another rare species, dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium cespitosum), was found as scattered plants along the open shoreline trail. Dwarf bilberry is the host plant for state-threatened northern blue butterfly (Lycaeides idas nabokovi). As with the Keweenaw Point tract discussed above, it is remote and undeveloped. This tract, along with the Keweenaw Point, Bete Grise-Bear Bluff, and portions of the Fish Cove tract could all be part of a large Land Trust or Wilderness project. 19. Fish Cove. The Fish Cove site includes the only coastal areas of rhyolite in Michigan, as well as long, narrow exposures of basalt. The rhyolite knob, which is less than a quarter mile across, forms steep bedrock escarpments, stacks, and glade (Plates 4a and 4b). There are other glades farther inland, both east and west of the Montreal River. Both the rhyolite and basalt are part of the Portage Lake Voicanics, the dominant bedrock along the southeastern shore of the Keweenaw Peninsula. About one quarter of the two mile long site is cobble beach, which is concentrated west of Fish Point. Six special plants are known from this section of shoreline (Table 2), making it the richest site for special plants on the southeastern Keweenaw Peninsula bedrock shoreline. Only one species occupies the rhyolite, downy oat-grass (Triseturn spicatum). Most remaining species are found on coastal basaltic bedrock, but only occupy small microsites above the wave-impact and ice-scour zones. Most of the rhyolite knob is within the Michigan Nature Association's (MNA) Gunn Preserve, but the remainder of this site is owned by the Lake Superior Land Company. It is worth pursuing acquisition of the upper and lower falls of the Montreal River and the nearby glades, all located in the eastern half of Section 27 and the southwestern quarter of Section 26. 20. Bete Grise-Bear Bluff. The shoreline between Bete Grise and Bear Bluff is rugged, narrow basaltic lava, broken by many embayments of cobble. The exposed bedrock shoreline is very narrow, often forming low escarpments, with forest growing to the lake edge. A total of six special plants are known from the shoreline or nearby rocky habitat (Table 2); the narrow shoreline does not provide large areas of habitat for any of these. This is the only coastal site for mountain timothy (Phieum aipinum), an alpine grass. There are large expanses of cliff within a quarter mile of the shore. Rare plants on these cliffs and exposed knobs include small blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia parviflora) and expanded woodfern (Dryopteris expansa). Most of the lands along this shoreline are commercial forest lands, owner both by Lake Superior Land or Escanaba Paper Companies. The Michigan Nature Association also owns a 160 acre preserve at Bear Bluff, but this parcel does not include shoreline. Acquisition of this site would probably be best pursued as part of a large State Land Trust or Federal Wilderness project. 39 SUMMARIES OF DRUMMOND ISLAND BEDROCK SITES Areas with large amounts of exposed bedrock have been mapped (Figure 5) and the bedrock shoreline and adjacent inland exposures of bedrock on Drummond Island have been divided into several major sites (Figure 6). As on the Keweenaw Peninsula, these proposed sites were delineated on the basis of bedrock type, recognizable natural boundaries, changes in ownership or management pattern along the shore, or on historical site boundaries. More detailed maps of each site are shown in Appendix 11; each map is referenced by both the site name and the ordinal number proceeding it in the following brief site descriptions. Each site is also described in a summary table (Table 3), which includes site name and number, location (Township and Range), bedrock types along the shoreline, geological classification or mapping of the bedrock (from Reed and Daniels 1987), the number of special plants, land ownership, length and rank of bedrock beach, width of bedrock, length and height of cliffs, length of cobble beach, and acres and rank of bedrock glade. Special plant occurrences are summarized in Table 4. No special animals were noted on survey sites. 1. Maxton Plains West. Maxton Plains is the largest and best known area of limestone and dolomite pavement (alvar) in Michigan. Traditionally the plains have been arbitrarily broken into the West, Middle, and East Maxton Plains. The plains is located on the Queenston Shale Group at the northern end of Drummond Island. Although Queenston Shale consists of thick deposits of red shale farther east in Ontario and New York, only limestone and dolomite bedrock characterize the group on Drummond Island. Whereas the alvar at this site is quite extensive and of high quality, the bedrock shoreline is narrow, disturbed by vehicle traffic, and covered by cobbles in many areas. Seven special plants are known from the alvar and small inclusions of glade within the alvar (Table 4). Bedrock glade is scattered throughout the alvar, but the occurrences are too small to rank. Most of the site is owned and managed either by the State of Michigan or The Nature Conservancy. There is a possibility of acquiring some of the small ownerships in Section 32. 2. Chippewa Point. The Chippewa Point site is the smallest site recognized on Drummond Island, with a short exposure of bedrock beach backed by approximately 50 acres of alvar. No field visit was conducted at the site, but it is expected that most of the species found at Maxton Plains West and Grand Marais Lake to the east will also be found here. On the aerial photos several large cracks can be seen in the dolomite bedrock, and the photo signature of the alvar is similar to that of the nearby alvar sites. The site has a single owner, who also owns a portion of the Grand Marais Lake bedrock beach and alvar site. Acquisition of this site is a high priority for The Nature Conservancy and the owner has already been contacted. 3. Grand Marais Lake (Maxton Plains North). This site contains some of the least degraded bedrock shoreline and alvar in the state. The bedrock is exposed along the shores of Grand Marais Lake, and gradually grades into alvar farther from the shoreline. Along the shore, dolomite is exposed, and vegetation occupies the cracks and some of the moist pavement. Spike-rush (Eleocharis rostellata) is the common dominant on the moist pavement, and this species is often surrounded by a thin film of precipitated calcium carbonate. Farther inland vegetation cover becomes complete, forming a shallow turf dominated by sedges and grasses. Along the North Channel shoreline to the north, is steep cobble beach; the cobbles are angular, fossil-rich dolomite, probably derived from the cliffs near Poe Point to the east. Bedrock glade occurs near the North Channel shoreline and scattered throughout the alvar. Glade occurrences are too small to rank individually. 40 POE POINT CHIPPEW POINT r O-50"S MAY PT, d... AIR 25 Roln0`14" RAYNOLOS . 29 LAXt '27 26 8.1 POINT BRUCE --30 IT POINT __33 will@ C. PA. a-, PT 2 a 'S Uorr C1. 1- M.n". SECO.O. C..P V, I 10 11 '12 a 9 .0 n 17 17 To A Poo: N T 3 IMS SE@31ONE PT. POINT 20 20 23 24 TO DRUMMON n 41 4 STURGEON 23 0-2@'dl 7- ...... POINT BLACK ROCK T,Ip Sch-I, D R POINT 0"";0'0 30 a 26 S d WpOll". 27 1'3 0 Lak, rAIRSAMA Kum POINT S r Lqued O.u-0.0 I f---, -4,;- N D PIGEON PT. D.M. -_' @v The opt s,r r K ";@ 0"36 .13 Z 3, 0 o. 3IT 1; \3 3- mct 3 33 'ARK C@ - @ 4 'Mal, L S b 0 L Jun U1. 4 9 3 21 2 8-1 11 . . 0 .11 '@, 4 'i I" BARBED C." J, 4 TICK 0 10 LOAC L. k Afflf IT a TO 12 a To 1.12 1 IN wOni, 1-:', 0 @ , A IT *Alt r5 '0' 'k /Soorfro. L. cw Ott C. N 15 'yelm Is AUPDO ASON OAr L.At 3 18 3 U., 4,11 or .....I MEADE t3LAND 22 sle I CREAM CANOE StAMAN'l 5.014 20\ 1 21' C17Y P POINT POINT I, Pin, I TRAY RSC C POINT SC-O. SAS 'L POINT .-@30 R. 5 E. Z29 I-C PC SMELTER ISLAND '2G I AR.CK 0 T IT @2 Figure 5. Major areas of bedrock shoreline, exposed dolomite pavement (alvar), .Queenston Shale 1. Maxton Plains West 2. Chippewa Point 3. Grand Marais Lake 4. Poe Point 5. Maxton Plains Middle 6. Raynolds Point 7. Maxton Plains East 4 Manistique Group (Dolomite) 6 8. Marble Head Engadine Group (Dolomite) Queehston Sh I 9. Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay a e 10. Big Shoal Cove 11. Seamans Point 12, Warners Cove Manitoulin Dolonii(e 13. Huron Bay Burnt Bluff Gro Cabot Head Shale UP M-,@;.4. 4 g, Manistique Group 8 k.41 NEI.' K-I...., well, KM' A -'-A t, VW 12 9 Figure 6. Major bedrock sites on Drummond Island. Table 3-A Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites Site Data Drummond Island Bedrock Site' Township/ Bedrock Bedrock of T & E Ownershipb Levelof Range Type Classification Plants Developmento 1. Maxton Plains West T43N R6E Dolomite 7 Ml, TNC, P(S) U, M 2. Chippewa Point T43N R6E Dolomite 1 P(L) U 3. Grand Marais Lake T43N R6E Dolomite 7 TNC, Ml, P(L) U 4. Poe Pt. - Raynolds Bay T43N R6-7E Dolomite Queenston 1 TNC, Ml, P(L) U Shale 5. Maxton Plains Middle T43N R6E Dolomite 7 M 1, P (L) U 6. Raynolds Point T43N R7E Limestone 0 P(L) U 7. Maxton Plains East T43N R6-7E Dolomite 2 Ml, P(L) U 8. Marble Head T41-42N R8E Dolomite Manistique 3 ml U Group 9. Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay T41N R7E Dolomite 6 Ml, P(L) U 10. Big Shoal Cove T41 N R6-7E Dolomite 9 P(S), MNA U, M 11. Seamans Point T41N R6E Dolomite Engadine 6 Ml, P(L) U Group 12. Warners Cove I T41N R6E Dolomite 2 Ml, P(L) U T41 N R5-6E Dolomi U, M 13. Huron Bay te 10 P(C), Mi "For site maps see Appendix 11. bOwnership is listed in order of acreage owned. Ownership codes are as follows: Ml State of Michigan P(C) Private, corporate US Federal P(L) Private, large tracts TNC The Nature Conservancy P(S) Private, small tracts MNA Michigan Nature Association cDevelopment codes are as follows: U = undeveloped or sparse; M = moderate development; H = heavy development. 43 Table 3-B Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites Site Data Drummond Island Bedrock Site Bedrock Beach: Bedrock Cliff Length bble Beach' Alvar: Bedrock Gladeb Length (ml)/Rank Width (ft) (mi) ength (mi) Acres/Rank (acres) I @ Coll 1. Maxton Plains West 0.2/ 50-100 0.3 600/A 0 2. Chippewa Point 0.1/ 50-100 0.3 50/ 0 3. Grand Marais Lake 1.5/A 200-300 -- 1.3 200/A 0 4. Poe Pt. - Raynolds Bay 0.8+/ < 50 > 1.0 2.0 -- 5. Maxton Plains Middle -- -- -- 0.3 BOO/A 0 6. Raynolds Point 1.0/ < 50 0.4 -- 7. Maxton Plains East o,2/ - -- 0 1 000/BC 0 8. Marble Head -- 0.8 -- -- 9. Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay 1.8/A 150-200 -- 5.0 200/AB 10. Big Shoal Cove 0.8/6 50-100 2.0+ 0 11. Seamans Point 0.8/A 50-150 1.0 50/B 0 12. Warners Cove 0.2/C 50-100 2.0+ 0 2-0/A 200-300 2.0+ a 13. Huron Bay 0 = present, no acreage calculated. b 0 = present, no acreage calculated. 44 Table 4 Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Drummond Island Bedrock Sites Site Number' Species Manistique Queenston Shale Group Engadine Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 2 =:1 0 Asplenium ruta-muraria Astragalus neglectus Calypso bulbosa Carex concinna C. fichardsonii 0 C. scirpoidea 0 Cirsium hiffli 0 Cypripedium arietinum Eleocharis compressa Geum triflorum Gymnocarpium robertianum Iris lacustris Pellaea atropurpurea Piperia unalascensis 0 0 0 0 9 Poa alpina Pterospora andromedea Scutellaria parvula 0 45 Table 4 (cont.) Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Drummond Island Bedrock Sites Site Number" Species Manistlque Queenston Shale Group Engadine Group 1 1 2 .3 1 4 -5 -16 1- 7 --8 9 -10-1-11 1 12 13 Solidago houghtonii Sporobolus heterolepis Stellaria longipes 0 Trichostema brachiatum Trisetum spicatum 'Drummond Island site names are as follows: Queenston Shale (primarily Dolomite in Michigan) 1 Maxton Plains West 2. Chippewa Point 3. Grand Marais Lake 4. Poe Point - Raynolds Bay 5. Maxton Plains Middle 6. Raynolds Point 7. Maxton Plains East Manistique Group (Dolomite) 8. Marble Head Engadine Group (Dolomite) 9. Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay 10. Big Shoal Cove 11. Seamans Point 12. Warners Cove 13. Huron Bay 46 Botanical inventory has been much less intensive than on the Maxton Plains alvar to the south, but seven special plant species have been found (Table 4). A rare moss, Scorpidium turgescens, is known from this site. It is likely that small skull-cap (Scutellaria parvula) and false pennyroyal (Trichostema brachiatum) will also be found. This site is already partially owned by both the State of Michigan and The Nature Conservancy. The Conservancy is presently pursuing acquisition of the remaining large private parcel west of Grand Marais Lake. 4. Poe Point-Raynolds Bay. The shoreline of North Channel between Poe Point and Raynolds Bay consists of alternating segments of steep cobble beach and narrow dolomite pavement, which extends another 50 to 100 feet into the bay as a shelf just beneath the water surface. Behind the cobble beach are low, coral-rich dolomite cliffs surrounded both above and below by a dense band of northern white-cedars. Only one special plant, calypso (Calypso bulbosa), is known from the base of the cliffs, but the habitat looks appropriate for several special plants, including ram's head lady's-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum), Alaska orchid (Piperia unalascensis), and several ferns. Large portions of the shoreline are owned by both the State of Michigan and The Nature Conservancy. Remaining private ownership consists of a single large parcel. Acquisition of this parcel is less important than acquisition of the remaining Grand Marais Lake (Maxton Plains North) parcels. 5. Maxton Plains Middle. There is no exposed bedrock shoreline south of Maxton Plains Middle; the shoreline consists of a marly cobble beach. This portion of Maxton Plains supports high quality alvar. Small inclusions of bedrock glade occur throughout, but these are too small to map or rank. Seven special plants are known from the alvar (Table 4); most are shared with the Maxton Plains West and Grand Marais Lake sites. Almost the entire Middle Plains is owned and managed by the State of Michigan, but there are a few small private parcels at the southern edge of the alvar. Acquisition of these parcels should be pursued to limit residential and recreational development of the Maxton Plains. 6. Raynolds Point. The shoreline of Raynolds Point and to the southwest is narrow (less than fifty feet wide) dolomite or limestone pavement, which extends as a shallow shelf up to 100 feet into the North Channel. The regular blocks of pavement can be easily seen in the shallow water with aerial photos. A narrow cobble beach occurs along the upper edge of the pavement along the east shore of the point. No surveys for special plants have been conducted along the shoreline. The pavement is narrow and plant communities are probably not well developed because of both wave activity and ice scour. There may also be low cliffs of limestone or dolomite above the pavement, much like portions of the Poe Point-Raynolds Bay shoreline. This site contains three large private parcels; there is no state or Conservancy ownership. The site should be surveyed in 1995. 7. Ma)don Plains East. Maxton Plains East consists of extensive areas of alvar, with a narrow stretch of exposed bedrock and cobble along the shoreline. Maxton Plains East is the most degraded part of the Maxton Plains, having been intensively grazed by sheep. Only two special plants are known from 47 this section of the plains (Table 4). Furt her botanical survey may beJustified, but was not conducted in 1994. Some surveys were conducted in 1992, but did not result in any new special plant occurrences. Much of this alvar site is already owned by the State of Michigan; the remainder is in large privately-owned tracts used as hunt clubs. These private tracts should be considered for acquisition by the state if they become available, but probably do not warrant active pursuit by conservation organizations. The state-owned alvar may become a candidate for restoration in the future, but there have been no alvar restoration projects to date. S. Marble Head. , The cliffs along the shoreline are well-known features to botanists. These cliffs support three special plants, two of which are ferns (Table 4). The cliffs are part of the Manistique Group, characterized as dolomite. The cliffs are quite remote and are most easily visited by small boat. The upland route is impassible in most vehicles. Based on aerial photo interpretation, it appears that there are several smaller inland escarpments and some areas of bedrock glade that deserve botanical and zoological exploration. An attempt will be made to conduct these surveys during the 1995 field season. The entire tract is owned and managed by the State of Michigan. Most of Marble Head is forested, either with trembling aspen or northern hardwoods. It is likely that these forest stands will periodically be harvested by the Forest Management Division of the Michigan DNR. For this reason it is important to identify any significant bedrock glades and associated special plant occurrences. 9. Bass Cove-Little Shelter Bay. This seven-mile stretch of shoreline consists primarily of pristine dolomite pavement along the west shore of Bass Cove and along the east shore of Little Shelter Bay (Plate 5a and 5b); it is one of the highest quality dolomite beaches in the state. Farther to the east, and on much of Shelter Island, cobble shoreline is prevalent. The dolomite pavement is locally 250 feet wide. On Bass Cove, the pavement gradually grades into high-quality bedrock glade, dominated by small northern white-cedar, balsam fir, and tamarack. Only a small portion of the glade was explored, but photo interpretation indicates that the glade was approximately 200 acres in area. The AB rank for the glade is tentative, based only on the small portion of the glade visited in 1994. Six special plants were found during a mid-summer survey (Fable 4); it is likely that additional species would be encountered in a late spring survey of the bedrock beach and glade. Two special sedges, Carex scirpoidea and C. richardsonfi, were widespread on the bedrock shoreline, and two additional species, Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillfi) and Alaska orchid (Piperia unalascensis), were common within the open glade. The other two species were much more localized. The highest quality bedrock pavement and all of the bedrock glade is located on State of Michigan property. The remaining shoreline on both Drummond Island and Shelter Island is mostly cobble beeach under large private ownership. The private ownerships should be pursued for acquisition, either by the state or a conservation organization, but they are less important than the private ownerships at Seamans Point and Huron Bay. 10. Big Shoal Cove. This is one of the shorter expanses of high quality bedrock beach along the south shore of Drummond Island. There are three distinct sections of dolomite pavement; the largest, in Section 18, has been acquired by the Michigan Nature Association. Although the MNA preserve 48 is relatively small, it contains nine special plants, making it one of the richest sites on Drummond Island for special plants. Insect surveys were conducted during the summer and early autumn of 1994, but the results of these surveys have not yet been finalized. Residential development and road building have degraded the remaining dolomite pavement. There are no other tracts on the bay to recommend for acquisition. 11. Seamans Cove. This site contains four distinct segments of broad, high-quality dolomite pavement separated by cobble beach. There are also 50 acres of alvar (13-ranked), that extends from the shoreline inland for more than a quarter mile. The dolomite pavement averages approximately 100 feet in width. The open pavement gradually grades into a narrow bedrock glade, which contains Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillit), dwarf lake iris (iris lacustris), and Alaska orchid (Piperia unalascensis)-. Special plants common on the pavement are the sedges Carex richardsonii and C. scirpoidea. Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonfi) was also found at the site. It is likely that additional special plants will be found if an early plant survey is conducted. Insect surveys were conducted during the summer and early autumn of 1994. Further surveys of insects and snails may also be conducted at this site as part of a newly initiated international alvar survey. The State of Michigan owns the shoreline in the eastern quarter of Section 21 and the western half of Section 15, where considerable dolomite pavement and the alvar are located. The western three quarters of Section 21 are owned by George and Eleanor Seaman. This ecologically significant parcel should be pursued either for acquisition or conservation easement. A @LA 54 _@; @7*06_ r ;.A,:i Afft& gin Seamans Point: Broad dolomite pavement at Seamans Point shows typical zonation seen on the southern shore of Drummond Island. The pavement is almost devoid of vegetation in the wave-splash zone. Farther inland, in the ice-scour zone, sedges and other herbaceous vegetation occupy cracks in the pavement. A shrub-dominated zone grades into a narrow zone of open forested glade. 49 12. Warners Cove. Warners Cove was previously recognized as a bedrock beach in MNFI's database. Dolomite pavement in the cove is restricted to less than a quarter mile of shoreline, with no known special plants. Most of the embayment is cobble beach. Only two special plants are known from the northern-most part of the bay, Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillii) and a sedge (Carex scirpoidea). The site is assigned a rank of C on the basis of the low diversity of special plants and the small size of the dolomite pavement. Further late spring and early summer plant surveys might result in additional special plants, but might not justify increasing the rank of the bedrock shoreline. Large portions of the shoreline are owned by the State of Michigan. Remaining private parcels are large. Acquisition.of these parcels is probably lower priority than parcels at both Seamans Point and Huron Bay. 13. Huron Bay. Huron Bay has the largest expanse of broad dolomite beach on Drummond Island, and probably for the entire state. The site also has more special plants (10 species) than any other site on Drummond Island (Table 4). The dolomite pavement extends as far as 2000 feet inland and averages 200 to 300 feet wide along the eastern side of the bay. The dolomite along portions of the shoreline are much steeper than is typical on Drummond Island (see photo below), but on most of the shoreline the pavement is quite flat, with less than one percent slope. The special plants of the site include all of the typical special plants of the dolomite shoreline, but also contain glade species and two rare ferns. The only Drummond Island occurrence for downy oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum), a special plant characteristic of the conglomerate bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, is found at Huron Bay. - 2_7@_ 4" A W Aw AL Huron Bay: Whereas most of Huron Bay has flat dolomite pavement similar to that along Seamans Point and Bass Cove, this portion of the shoreline has a relatively steep escarpment, backed by an open conifer-dominated glade. The northern white-cedars have been grazed to 5 or 6 feet above the ground by white-tail deer. 50 SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The flora and zonation of the conglomerate bedrock beach was described in detail by Reschke (1985). In our study, we could not adequately sample the lichen and bryophyte floras, and instead concentrated on the vascular plant flora. Carol Reschke assisted us with the sampling and familiarized us with many of the more common lichens and bryophytes. The bedrock flora between Agate Harbor and Copper Harbor, as described by Reschke (1985), was similar to that encountered across the entire length of the conglomerate. Appendix III contains the list of species found by Reschke during her 1985 studies. The general zonation described by Reschke was also consistently present along the entire length of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The low-wet zone, where wave action was most severe, always had low diversity and a high percentage of bare rock. The intermediate-dry and - moist zones, where ice scour was still prevalent, was typically dominated by appressed and crustose lichens, with scattered vascular plants. The high-dry rocks, above the level of extreme wave activity and ice scour, had increased cover and diversity. Finally, where there were depressions and pools protected from wave action and ice scour, the pool flora described by Reschke was encountered. Different bedrock configurations, as depicted by Reschke (1985), result in local differences in floristic composition (Figure 7). In some of the broader shorelines, all of the described vegetation zones may be present. In contrast, on some of the steeper, narrower shoreline cross- sections, only the low-wet, intermediate-moist, and intermediate-dry associations might occur. During field surveys, numerous new occurrences of special plants were found. Most of the occurrences were of species already known from the conglomerate of the Keweenaw peninsula. Among the most commonly encountered species were pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis), butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), pearlwort (Sagina nodosa), and downy oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum). Stitchwort (Stellaria longipes) was newly discovered on the conglomerate. Bedrock glades were encountered along much of the shoreline on conglomerate; this zone was quite variable in width, from only a few feet to more than a thousand feet. Shrubs were common in this zone, including shadbush (Amelanchier sanguinea), low shadbush (A. spicata), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera), juniper (Juniperus communis), creeping juniper (J. horizontalis), twining honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica), sweet gale (Myrica gale), ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), dwarf raspberry (Rubus pubescens), buffalo berry (Shepherdia canadensis), mountain ash (Sorbus decora), snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). Common trees included balsam fir (Abies balsamea), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), red pine (Pinus resinosa), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Portage Lake VoIcanics. The vascular plant flora of the basalt and vesicular basalt of the Portage Lake Volcanics was very similar to that of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The major difference was that the basalt shoreline was generally much narrower than the conglomerate shoreline. As a result, there was often no zone of bedrock above the wave-splash zone. The basalts typically had many fewer cracks for plants to root in. Special plants encountered on the basalts include Ross' sedge (Carex rossfi), pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis), alpine bistort (Polygonum viviparum), stitchwort (Stellaria longipes), downy oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum), and dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium cbspitosum). 51 south north e Superior f 4-41-1 Figure 7. Cross-section diagrams showing the variability in shoreline width and topography from three sample sites. Vertical lines arising from the rock surface indicate the extent of the area sampled. Diagonal dashed lines indicate approximate dip of bedding planes in the conglomerate rock. Horizontal scale indicates distance in meters. Diagram and text from Reschke (1985). 52 Freda Sandstone. The vascular plant flora of the Freda Sandstone was quite localized and depauperate, as the entire cliff face appears to be subject to severe wave activity. Further survey of the Freda- Redridge and Rockhouse Point-Graveraet River sites may provide more floristic information. Only one special plant, butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), was found on the moist, seepy upper cliffs at the Portage Lake Ship Canal West site. SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE DOLOMITE OF DRUMMOND ISLAND Sampling of the dolomite beaches of Drummond Island indicate that some of the same zones identified on the conglomerate beaches of Keweenaw Peninsula occur on the dolomite. Although the shoreline is quite flat, with slopes of about 1 degree (as compared to 40 degrees on the Copper Harbor Conglomerate), there is still a distinct wave-splash zone, where there is almost no vegetation, and an ice-scour zone, where vegetation is restricted to cracks in the bedrock. Farther inland, where ice scour is probably less severe, the vegetation in the cracks becomes more diverse, and includes shrubs and small trees. Finally, there was an open glade zone that graded into closed-canopy forest. At Bass Cove, on the south shore of Drummond Island, the wave-splash zone was 2-3 meters wide and had about 1 percent plant cover of mosses and herbs, the ice-scour (and probably storm wave) zone was 15 meters wide and had 10 percent cover of herbs and scattered shrubs in cracks, a third herb-shrub zone above wave and ice action had 40 percent cover of shrubs, herbs, and mosses, and the glade zone had an open canopy of scattered trees with almost 100 percent cover of shrubs, herbs, and mosses. The vegetation data collected during 1994 has not been completely analyzed, so discussion of the flora will concentrate only on special plants. The most common special plants of the alvar, dolomite shoreline, and glades are, in order of number of occurrences: bulrush sedge (Carex scirpoidea) (8), Hill's thistle (Cirsium hilffi) (7), Alaska orchid (Piperia unalascensis) (7), calypso (Calypso bulbosa) (5), Richardson's sedge (Carex richardsonii) (5), flattened spike-rush (Eleocharis compressa) (5), and prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) (5). Calypso bulbosa and Carex richardsonii are probably more prevalent than these data suggest, but are most easily recognized in late spring or early summer, before this project was initiated. The most common special plant species on the exposed shoreline were Carex scirpoidea and C. richardsonii. Cirsium hillfi, Piperia unalascensis, and Calypso bulbosa were the most common species in the glades, while Eleocharis compressa, and Sporobolus heterolepis were most common on the more inland areas of alvar. COMPARISON OF THE BEDROCK FLORAS OF THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA AND DRUMMOND ISLAND The special plant occurrences of the shorelines of the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island were compared. Of the 51 special plant species known from these shorelines, 35 are known from the Keweenaw Peninsula and 22 are known from Drummond Island, with only 6 shared species (12 percent). Of the shared species, only one (Calypso bulbosa) has several occurrences on both, with five records from Drummond Island and six from the Keweenaw. Bulrush sedge (Carex scirpoidea) is more frequent on Drummond Island (8 vs. 1), and downy oat- grass (Trisetum spicatum) is more frequent on the Keweenaw (15 vs. 1). The other shared species, ram's head lady's-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum), pine-drops (Pterospora andromedea), and stitchwort (Stellaria longipes), have four or less occurrences on both the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island. 53 The flora of the Keweenaw Peninsula is recognized to have both western (Marquis and Voss 1981) and arctic-alpine phytogeographic affinities (Given and Soper 1981). The alvar and bedrock shoreline of Drummond Island has both arctic and mid-western grassland affinities. During the spring of 1995, the data from sampling plots will be compared for the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island. It is expected that there! may be more shared common species than rare species, as many of the shrubs and trees are shared. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF DRUMMOND ISLAND INSECT SURVEYS In addition to the species identified by MNFI staff, results were received from G. M. Fauske and D. A. Rider for the Lepidoptera (including the Papaipema) and the Pentatomidae. From three orders (Hemiptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera), a total of 72 species were recorded from three alvar study areas (Appendix V). Fifty-two species were recorded from the Maxton Plain sites, 31 species from South Drummond Island sites, and 10 species from the Dudley Bay sites. Differences in the number of species at these sites most likely are attributed to sampling intensity. For instance, Dudley Bay was visited twice but on one of those occassions it was overcast and quite cool, which is not optimal insect collecting weather. In addition, nocturnal light-trapping was not conducted at Dudley Bay in 1994. Ught-trapping will be conducted there in 1995 so that we can better compare results between sites. The majority of the species collected are common, wide-ranging insects, however, four genera of leafhoppers (Flexamia, Graminefla, Laevicephaius, and Chlorotettix) merit special mention. These genera contain species that are very local and restricted to prairie habitats. The leafhopper, Flexamia delongi, may have been collected from Maxton Plains and the south shore of Drummond Island; final identification of these specimens has not yet been made. Elsewhere, this species is reported only from high quality prairies and alvar communities in Ontario and northern Illinois, is extremely local in occurrence, and appears to be associated with little bluestern (Andropogon scoparius) (Hamilton 1990). When insect identifications are completed, information on listed species will be added to MNFl Biological and Conservation Database and will become available for management and project review activities. 54 RECOMMENDATIONS For the 1995 field surveys, it is recommended that insect and mollusc surveys be conducted on the bedrock glades of both Drummond Island and the Keweenaw Peninsula. Surveys for the northern blue butterfly (Lycaeides idas nabokovl) are recommended near the Keweenaw shoreline at Keystone Point and Fish Cove, where dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium cespitosum) was found. Recommendations for site protection and acquisition were made within the Summary Section for each site. In this section of the report only brief recommendations will be made, with an attempt to provide an overview of the survey sites. As we conducted our surveys, it was obvious that there is a limited window of opportunity for protecting Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. This window was clearly demonstrated when an outdated topographic map was taken into the field and compared with present conditions. The 1950s map failed to show several miles of coastal roads, which were now completely lined with homes, mostly dating from the 1960s and early 1970s. It was further demonstrated by visits to three Lake Superior sites in Alger County, where over five miles of recently developed sites, with new roads and electrical hook-ups were encountered. On the Keweenaw the story was the same: five recently platted sites, two with over a mile and a half of new roads and electrical hook-ups, the others in the process of being surveyed. Our window for conservation action along the Great Lakes cannot be measured in years, but rather, in months. The greatest urgency for action is on the Keweenaw Peninsula, where Lake Superior Land Company is platting its accessible coastal lands for residential development. Accessible is a relative term, as modern road construction equipment allows for rapid development of sites that appear quite inaccessible. Many of Lake Superior Land Companies' remaining undeveloped lands at the tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula are presently being logged, and the access road is now adequate for 2-wheel drive vehicles. Within a year much of the shoreline along the southeastern tip of the peninsula could be developable. Probablythe most important sites to pursue onthe Keweenaw Peninsulaare Devil'sWashtub, immediately southwest of Copper Harbor, followed by the western edge and center of the Horseshoe Harbor site (W2 of Section 35 and center of Section 31), and Sevenmile Point, with priorities in roughly that order. Sevenmile Point is ecologically significant, with extensive wetlands along its inland margin, and is recreationally and inspirationally very important. The Wescoat parcel within the Horseshoe Bay site is of exceptional quality and should be doggedly pursued. Most of the other sites on the north side of the peninsula contain numerous small ownerships that could be pursued with a more relaxed, long-term program of acquisition and conservation easement. The southeastern shoreline (including Keweenaw Point, Keystone Point, Fish Cove, and Bete Grise-Bear Bluff) is ecologically significant; it provides expansive wetlands and upland forest for large mammals and northern songbirds, but the size of the project is imposing. Ownership is almost entirely private. Most of the difficult projects on Drummond Island have already been completed or initiated. Important contacts have already been initiated on Chippewa Point and Grand Marais Lake, extending the Maxton Plains preserve northward. Both Seamans Point and Huron Bay are important projects to pursue, but there does not appear to be extreme urgency on either project. Much of the Huron Point property is owned by Drummond Dolomite, Inc., whose long-term goal for the site is likely mining. This shoreline parcel could provide an opportunity to improve the company's corporate image; it might be a much easier project than first impressions indicate. Pursuit of ecologically significant Great Lakes coastal tracts should be among the highest priorities of conservation organizations within the Great Lakes region. Immediate pursuit of rapidly disappearing, high quality coastal tracts is critical. 55 LI TERATURE CITED Bergman, D.J. 1983. Ecology of grasshopper communities of Ozark cedar glades. Master of Arts Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia. Bornhorst, T. J., and W. 1. Rose. 1994. Self-guided geological field trip to the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. Proceedings of the Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Volume 40, part 2. 185 pp. Dorr, J. A., Jr., and D. F. Eschman. 1984. Geology of Michigan. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 470 pp. Ehlers, G. M. 1973. Stratigraphy of the Niagaran Series of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. Museum of Paleontology, Papers on Paleontology, No. 3. University of Michigan. 200 pp. Ehlers, G. M. and R. V. Kesling. 1957. Silurian Rocks of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. Michigan Geological Society. 63 pp. + 2 maps. Given, D. R., and J. H. Soper. 1981. THe Arctic-Alpine element of the vascular flora at Lake Superior. NatI. Mus. Canada Publ. Bot. 10. 70 pp. Hamilton, K.G.A. Pers. comm. Biological Resources Division, GLBRR, Agriculture Canada, CEF Ottawa KlA OC6 Canada. Hamilton, K.G.A. 1990. Grasslands of Ontario and surrounding areas. Athropods of Canadian Grasslands Newsletter 5. Marquis, R. J., and E. G. Voss. 1981. Distributions of some western North American plants disjunct in the Great Lakes region. Mich. Bot. 20: 53-82. Reschke, C. 1985. Vegetation of the Conglomerate rock shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Northern Michigan. Ms. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 118 pp. Reed, R. C. and J. D. Daniels . 1987. Bedrock Geology of Northern Michigan. State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division. 1 map (1:500,000). Stephenson, S. Pers. comm. Department of Botany, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. White, W. S. 1960. The Keweenawan lavas of Lake Superior, an example of flood basalts. American Journal of Science, Bradley, v. 258-A, pp. 367-74. 56 I I APPENDICES I 'I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 57 1 I I I I i I .1 I I APPENDIX I' 11 Maps of Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites I I I i I 11 . . I 1 58 I Keweenaw Site 1. Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River. ROCKHOUSE POINT/GRAVERAET RIVER QUADRANGLES MICHIGAN x 610 -72,@,-"u't-F 4 'i it It 53 @@684 01 00 it- hk -10 9 it 608 it f 774 7 729 Cliff It 678 66 it It/' It [ J9, it 10 5 SCALE 1:24 000 0 1000 o 1000 2000 3000 4GOO 5000 6000 7000 .5 0 KILOMETR Ro6khouse o1ht 611 x 826 BEACON HILL, MICH 4S N4707.5-W8845/7.5 w. ack o if -------------- Cliff 42 x 808 Ste id SCALE 1:24 000 0 2 8 -------- 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 600 .5 0 ?lei. VW V- v r Q;1- v 0,361 R. 36 W. 1362 (GRAVERAmi RIVERA IVOLA 11M1. 47'301 R. 35 W. 1365 0 INTERIOR-4E61-0 Keweenaw Site 2. Freda - Redridge. 19 30@ ro #11603 OSKAR, MICH. Cliff NW/4 HOUGHTON 15'GUADRANGLE h "700 778 (3) 1900, D. 713 .0 0 777 - ------ 003 Z' 829 Tear Lake 845 SCALE 1:24 000 0 1 MILE 1000 0 1@00@0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET 0 1 KILOMETRE ZEE] 5 ';@z 174 sw@ a@ T I C (-@Q-mur/ Keweenaw Site 3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West. MICHIGAN AHMEEK QUADRANGLE 7%-MINUTE SERIES 3`78 IV NE 1395 3961 88* 2 1392.. 1931251 1650 000 FEET 4 32 Sevenmile Bedrock Beach !@v 97 v Point 714 tAal- c-5 rd tp 6 Al 639 620 T4 ;i:k T ow, & W. W lu 0 0 h 860, 0 -4LL 7,C 7 8 9 ly 12 SCALE 1:24000 0 1 MILE 1000 0 1000 2000 3DOO 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET 1 5 0 1 KILOMETER IT L @80 a:::7 4 @,- j 11 f R 2 B , I Keweenaw Site 4. Sevenmile Point. m1m $mum m m-mm wasomm, "WAm om"m MICHIGAN (KEWEENAW COUNTY) PHOENIX QUADRANGLE 'o 0) 2 Fivemile Point 7. ;49 _-n SAND HI s AL 1: 6 0. 0 I ODO 0 1 OOD 2000 30DO 4000 5000 6ODD 700o F 0 1 KILOMETER 10561 Ir Bedrock Beach A-J Keweenaw Site 5. Fivemile Point - Eagle River. 35 33@ C7 + MICHIGAN 620 U (KEWEENAW COUNTY) 1/64 EAGLE HARBOR QUADRANGLE B P1 E Bedrock Beach Cat Harbor L: 4' 642 4- z @zk -3 -,v, P2.41 IIIf wi. 5- _41 62 4 622 4- 26 0 -!L A, TAke, _AL 4, LL. ej 0 -no SCALE 1:24000 -0- 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 no -8 -w-6 17@f Keweenaw Site 6. Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor im Am am mm so Am, IM = 0m, aW EAGLE HARBOR\iDELAWARE QUADRANGLES MICH IGA'N-KEWEENAW CO. 70 IWO- C6,r @"swr ran Grv@ Marais rb(IT A -PPOT-W 4 1 fla @--H.arbor 604,ki ,Lp,:Ramp -,k, 26 c) Fst 110,,rboIr a B L a e a -rA1 63 All k ALE 1:24 000 '00 2 0 U. 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 00 Keweenaw Site 7. Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor. m Keweenaw Site 8. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor - Bailey Creek. 0 U P DELAWARE \LAKE MEDORA Q m Bedrock Beach MICHIGAN-KEWE Glade Maio 29 Y 64o ow 0 NXTO-r t h av "0,( As@ate POint BaV Agcl" fj 0 S 0 U t 00 Esr Par 100 .,70, 700 70 -41Z 7 0 '@@67@0 7 SCALE 1:24000 0 1 mi 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET F -------------I I 1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER Keweenaw Site 9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park - Lake Glazo m,fam Wow 1111111111100 W m mom m mmmm m IM a LAKE MEDORA QU MICHIGAN-KEWEE Dans Point 0 L State a 28 7 -26 -71 675 udd-Lake @00 -7 7 f, 7-ff I100 33- C -L-950 rAhV- 0 00 e 93 -G- G- 93 SCALE 1:24000 0 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 r .5 0 Keweenaw Site 10. Dans Point, Bedrock Glade SZ59 LAKE MEDORA QUADRANGLE MICHIGAN--KEWEENAW CO. 25 . ................ . . . . Porters I + CoPper Boat Ramp 3: P arbor JL 32- J. "f--Pt-WHkins-%ate Parkj R,631 -wA-- / . ", ..@ Za/ceplanny flooe - wo, 5257 600 Or 703 T. 59 N T 58 N j 27'30" V -P EWEENAW COUNr K Lake 1 *6 Manga-e f SCALE 1:24000 0 1 MILE 1000 0 1000 2000 30DO 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET 1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER Keweenaw Site 11. Devil's Washtub. Bedrock Beach Keweenaw Site 12. Porters Island. Glade 68 5259 LAKE MEDORA QUADRANGLE MICHJGAN-KEWEENAW CO. 14 5258.'.- Copper Harbo Lighthouse CoPper Harb,, :Z0 1 131 w 620 z Q. Iake "y Q. . - 603 0 FORT A' Is 525-7 644 k .e Panny Hooe 6RO 7, T. 59 N. T. 58 N. 27'30" zo goo 5256 cz=::) 0 (@D 0 SCALE 1:24000 0 1 MILE 1000 0 1=2:1 2;;r 3000 4000 5000 6000 70C)O FEET 3==@ 1 .5 0 -11LOMETER Bedrock Beach Glade Keweenaw Site 13. Fort Wilkins State Park. Keweenaw Site 14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse - Norland Trust. 69 E S U, p -4ppR0X'MArEvf EAN I A .ME EL EVA rION i502 0 Ha r 6 or FORT WILKIN MICHIGAN-KE NJ 7y 04 700- -*70 re 90) < Bedrock Beach 90 Glade O@, SCALE 1:24 000 0 2 Keweenaw Site 15. Horseshoe Harbor. 1000 0 1 2 30DO 4000 50 ..0 P=:I EF= C) @5 0 C4 z MANlTOU ISLAND QUADRANGLE MICHIGAN-KEWEENAW CO. 9 z @c -",\It Bedrock Beach f 52@3 671 La e '7 L 15 G -/tA N jolt Cr lZbL, t. 52@2- ez T. 58 N.. 25' 4 1 22 SCALE 1:24 000 ... .. 0 1 MILE 2.. 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 sooo 6000 7000 FEET 1 .5 0 1 KILOMURE 640 stone Bay 521 Y-e .:J; 2 @-vo-l Keweenaw Poin t Keweenaw Site 16. High Rock North. Keweenaw Site 17. Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay - Keystone Bay. 71 FORT WILKINS QUADRANGLE MICHIGAN--KEWEENAW CO. lcp- 0 > 5251 0 00 0 62' ay 7 S250 1 ::,z 5 lb < 6.40 29 25 62 5249 @.qne Poinv ey: qi, '13 SCALE 1:24 000 0 1 MILE 1000 0 000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET .5 0 1 KILOMETRE Flu Bedrock Beach Keweenaw Site 18. Keystone Point. 72 FORT WILKINSTUA" MICHIGAN-KEWEENAIA xe/ 68,9 1 C7, -100 7-8 V <3 Do, 666 u dk" 0 Lai, In 00 CD 70 25 -70U' 00 0 x 0 Fish C O&e Bedrock Beach 3 Glade SCALE 1:24 000 0 2 -- 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 0 1000 2000 1 .5 0 Keweenaw Site 19. Fish Cove. LAKE MEDORA\FORT WILKINS QUADRANGL MICHIGAN-KEWEENAW CO. 1000 00 117 0 ? 119 25 0 28 -620 0 -00 . .... ... :@@Me-e-e-ei@ SCALE 1:24 000 0 1 MILE -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET KILOMETRE 0 A Y - - m ELF APPR@XIMATE MEAN LAXE VATION 602 Keweenaw Site 20. Bete Grise - Bear Bluff. mm''m.mm w,mmmm owm= ow m m I. I I I I I I I I I Appendix If Maps of Drummond Island Bedrock Sites I I I I I I I I 1 75 DRUM MOND,.MICH. -ON [email protected] Chippewa 00 9 Pol t .90 ";'a 9 3 qu 5 90- 90 Hay Point s2 29 600 Z: -_7 30 N_ 600 v _77 -Vo' A Bruce point j 0 0, ft -4 31 Tr ....... 34 J90- 0-0 5 0 Alvar/Bedrock Beach SCALE 1:24000 1 1 MILE e 3000 4000 50DO 6000 7000 FEET 1000 0 1000 20DO I KILOMETER T @,2- IN 1 .5 0 Drummond Site 1. Maxton Plains West. Drummond Site 2. Chippewa Point. Drummond Site 3. Grand Marais Lake. Drummond Site 5. Maxto n Plains Middle. DRUMMOND,MICH.-ONT. DRUMMOND SE, MICH.-ONT. N4600-WS337.5/'7.5 N4600-WS330/7.5 Bedrock Beach and Cliff Alvar 2 -5 Q (air, 26-- 30 S90 '0 Vo *Rayno Bay 3 Al 601 6 0 6 P SCALE 1:24 WO 1 MILE 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Swo 6000 7000 FEET 0 I KILOMErER Drummond Site 4. Poe Point - Raynolds Bay. Drummond Site 5. Maxton Plains Middle. Drummond Site 7. Maxton Plains East. 77 DRUMMOND SE, MICH.-ONT. N4600-WB330/7.5 1964 aynolds Poin 58 -Raynok4.S Eay 3 jo 43N 607 T42N v 2.1 09 C, 011, ,1977 5 A 596,1 I r SCALE 1:240M 0 1 MILE T - Z@@ I 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50DO 6000 700D FEET 1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER Drummond Site 6. Raynolds Point. Bedrock Beach and Cliff Drummond Site 7. Maxton Plains East. Q--) Alvar 78 MARBLE HEAD QUADRANGLE MICHIGAN- ONTARIO 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) 304 305 1 540000 FEET 83*30' 640000 46'00' 26'. FEET 7 Sitgreaves Bay -Soo 0 36- 687 x, T' 44 J -1095 Z@ Hiad"I 65 4,\ x666 6 674@1" Z/ \-7- r\ 10 4@ 2) .0 ;@01 61 /1 r 'I L K 7 SCALE 3:240W 1000 0 7 1000 2 0 1 MILE 2 .5 0 1 KILOMETER Cliff Drumm ond Site 8. Marble Head. 79 -,U 77 ..fell 7 "A 10 @k- T S\@T Tj --y U-@& -,N qL A '@@,637 77- A 0 21 20 vel Pit /ja a SS CL 600 pine M 596 11 -4 9 ? e, 0 Lon int Bedrock Beach SCALE 1:24000 Glade 0 1 MILE 1000 0 1000 2000 30DO 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET 1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER - MICHIGAN- ONTARIO Drummond Site 9. Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay. 80 .04 j 7 3 0 jt CY 40 20 JI vel Pit a 26 L pi'Ae 96 9 J, i 0 Bedrock Beach --c Long Point SCALE 1:24 ow I MILE 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 OX0 7WO FEET .5 0 1 KILOMETER MARBLE HEAD QUADRANGLE MIGHIGAN-ONTARIO Drummond Site 10. Big Shoal Cove. 81 41 1645 8 718- 50 0 @597 z % 160-3 L Vanio 0 Lake 596 600 600 Al 6-00 14' J j Canoe 0 582 600 K Lake 0 600 ?0 1 6 35 30 00 x CID 8 x 27 point, 10 i"s point'- Searnans 20 / ''I LE 20 MEADE ISLAND QUADRANG 13 MICHIGAN -CHIPPEWA CO. canoe/P t *1 4 -24 BedroCk BeaCh kt 10, Alvar REEF 68 68 SCALE 1:24000 1 MILE 0 3000 4000 5000 6000 70DO FEEr 000 I KILOmET ;K 1000 ER Drummond Site S*earnans Poin .t. 82 x`U IN U \S G-0/ N 7 81/ r, 'r Pats Lake _4 597 WIS Vanio ;If Lake 0 V" / 3 10 8* IV Canoe Lake ----------- w1w Ln 06. 1595 171 19 60C) 86x 29 20 /0 20 Can e f5o--i'i t W2. 4 Bedrock Beach 16 T averse. Pp n. r t SCALE 1:24000 1 MILE 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 70DO FEET 1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER MEADEISLAND QUADRANGLE MICHIGAN -CHIPPEWA CO. Drummond Site 12. Warners Cove. 83 6a3 CO -,qz NIB __' 7 12 .0 v Biileys L@ake GCO _ft, '5-9 % 13 it Ujjw H U R 0 V B A 1,5-95 641 24 19 1, Bedrock Beach 600 2 40' SCALE 1:2@'000' 0 1 MILE 7 1000 0 000 2000 30DO 4000 5000 600D 7000 FEET '@_'.am City Pol.nt .5 0 1 VJLOMETER WHITNEY BAY, MICH. MEADE ISLAND QUADRANGLE N4552.5-WS345/7.5 MICHIGAN -CHIPPEWA CO. Drummond Site 13. Huron Bay. 84 Appendix III Vascular Flora of Copper Harbor Conglomerate (from Reschke 1985). 85 HERBS FERNS & FERN ALLIES Athyrium filix-femina (L.)Roth., lady fern Cystopteris fragilis (L.)Bernh., fragile fern Equisetum arvense L., common horsetail Polypodium vulgare L., polypody Selaginella rupestris (L.)Spring., rock spike-moss GRAMINOIDS Agropyron trachycaulum (Link.)Malte, slender wheat-grass P = 3.3% Agr stis gigantea Roth., giant redtop P = 0.6% Agrostis hyemalis (Walter)BSP var. tenuis (Tuck.)("leason, ticklegrass P = 4.7% Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.)Beauv., blue-joint grass Carex buxbaumii Wahl., sedge included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9% Carex castanea Wahl., sedge included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9% Carex crawei Dewey, sedge included in "Carex spp.*' P = 6.9% Carex cryptolepis Mack., sedge Carex garberi-Fern., sedge Carex gynandra Schw., sedge Carex rostrata Stokes, sedge Carex umbellata Willd.) sedge included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9% Carex viridulE Michx., sedge included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9% Danthonia spicata.(L.)Beauv., poverty grass P = 11.4% Deschampsia cespitosa (L.)Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.)Lindm., tufted hairgrass, P = 12.5% Eleocharis elliptica Kunth., spike rush Elymus glaucus Buckley, wild rye Festuca saximontana Rydb., northern fescue P = 7.2% Juncus dudleyi Wieg., rush Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.)Trin., muhly grass Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx., rice grass P = 0.6% Oryzopsis pungens (Sprengl.)Hitchc., slender rice grass P = 1.7% Phleum pratense L., timothy - P = 0.6% Poa compressa L., Canada bluegrass P = 10.0% 86 Scirpus cespitosus L., tufted clubrush This species was observed only at Horseshoe Harbor (east of Copper Harbor. This species has a distribution that is probably circumpolar. It is common in low arctic and subarctic regions, and it occurs less frequently in the western and eastern mountains of North America, as well as in boreal regions of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This is a characteristic species of arctic and alpine tundra. (Given and Soper 1981; Voss 1972; Gleason and Cronquist 1963) Scirpus cyperinus (L.)Kunth. var. brachypodus (Feru.)Gilly, wool grass Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.)Fern., alpine cotton-grass Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.)Pers., false asphodel Trisetum. melicoides (Michx.)Scribner, false oat grass Trisetum, spicatum (L.)Richter, spiked false oat grass P = 0.6% The specimens I collected are probably var. molle (Michx.)Beal. The species has a circumboreal distribution. It is widespread and common in high arctic, mid-arctic, and low arctic regions, and occurs less frequently in subarctic regions, the western and eastern mountains of North America, and boreal regions of Manitoba, the Great Lakes and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Its range extends from Greenland to Alaska and southward; it has also been reported from Mexico and southern South America. (Given and Soper 1981; Gleason and Cronquist 1963) FORBS Achillea millefolium L., common yarrow P = 8.1% Antennaria neglecta Greene, pussy toes Arabis lyrata L., rockcress F ';;- 1 -.4 / Artemisia campestris L., wormwood P = 61.7% Aster ptarmicoides (Nees)T.& G., stiff aster P = 19.4% Braya humilis (C.A.Meyer)Robinson (identity uncertain) Campa la rotundifolia L., harebell P = 29.2% Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl., northern paintbrush P = 1.4% This arctic-alpine species is common in the low arctic, and occurs less frequently in subarctic regions, the mountains of New England, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has also been reported from the western U.S. and Canada, extending from South Dakota to Alberta, and south to Colorado and Utah. (Given and Soper 1981; Gleason and Cronquist 1963) Comandra umbellata (L.)Nutt., false toadflax Cornus canadensis L., bunchberry Epilobium angusT-ifolium L., firexeed 87 Fragaria virginiana.Duchesue, wild strawberry P = 8.3% Habenaria hyperborea (L.)R.Br., tall northern bog orchid Habenaria psychodes (L.)Spreng., purple fringed orchid Haleiii-adeflexa (Sm.)Griseb., spurred gentian Hieracium canadense Michx., Canada hawkweed included in "Hieracium spp." P = 11.4% Hieracium pratanse Tausch., hawkweed included in "Hieracium spp." P = 11.4% Hypericum perforatum L., St. John's-wort P = 2.8% Iris versicolor L., wild iris Lathyrus maritimus (L.)Bigel., beach pea Lilium philadelphicum. L. var. andinum (Nutt.)Ker., wood lily Lobelia kalmii L., Kalm's lobelia Maianthemum canadense Desf., Canada mayflower Melampyrum lineare Desr., cow-wheat P = 0.6% Pinguicula vulgaris L., butterwort This species has an amphiatlantic, but almost circumpolar distribution. It is common in low arctic and subarctic regions, and occurs less frequently in North America in the western mountains, the eastern mountains, and in boreal regions of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Guire and Voss 1963; Given and Soper 1981) Polygala pauciflora Willd., fringed polygala Potentilla arguta Pursh., tall cinquefoil P = 0.8% Potentilla tridentata Ait., three-toothed cinquefoil P = 20.0% Prenanthes racemosa Michx., swamp rattlenake-root Primula mistassinica Michx.,.bird's-eye primrose This species is common in subarctic regions of North America, extending across the continent from Labrador to Alaska, and occurring less frequently southward along the shores of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, with several inland localities in the southern portion of its range. (Guire and Voss 1963; Given and Soper 1981) Prunella vulgaris L., heal-all Sanicula marilandica L., black snakeroot Sedum acre L., mossy stonecrop Senecio pauperculus Michx., ragwort Sisyrinc@iu@ montanum Greene, blue-eyed grass P = 1.4% Solidago sp., goldenrod (unidentified) P = 3.6% Solidago spathulata DC. ssp. randii (Porter)Cronq. var. racemosa (Greene)Cronq., Rand's goldenrod P = 38.1% 88 Taraxacum officianale Weber, dandelion P = 0.6% Trifolium prateqnse L., red clover P = 1.4% Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., cranberry This species was observed only at Horseshoe Harbor (east of Copper Harbor). Vicia americana Muhl., American vetch P = 1.1% Viola adunca Sm.,, violet included in "Viola adunca/conspersa" P = 18.1% Viola conspersa Reichenb., violet included in "Viola adunca/consersa". P = 18.1% Viola nephrophylla Greene, northern bog violet P = 20.3% Waldsteqinia fragarioides (Michx.)Tratt., barren strawberry WOODY PLANTS SHRUBS Alnus crispa (Ait.)Pursh, green alder Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh)DC., shadbush included in "Amelanchier spp" P = 1.1% Amelanchier spicata (Lam.)K.Koch, low shadbush included in "Amelanchier spp." P = 1.1% Arctostaphlos uva-ursi (L.)Spreng., bearberry P = 3.9% Ceanothus ovatus Desf., redroot Cornus stolonifera Michx., red-osier dogwood Diervilla lonicera Mill., bush-honeysuckle Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh, old-field juniper Juniperus horizontalis Moench., creeping juniper Lonicera dioica L., twining honeysuckle Lonicera villosa (Michx.)R.& S., fly honeysuckle Myrica gale L., sweet gale Physocarpus opulifolius (L.)Maxim., ninebark P = 5.8% Potentilla fruticosa L., shrubby cinquefoil P = 0.6% Prunus pumila L., sand cherry Prunus virginiana L., choke cherry Rosa acicularis Lindl., prickly rose included in "Rosa spp." P = 5.3% Rubus parviflorus Nutt., thimbleberry Rubus pubescens Raf., dwarf raspberry P = 0.6% Salix bebbiana. Sarg., Bebb's willow Salix humilis Marsh., willow 89 Shepherdia canadensis (L.)Nutt., buffalo berry P = 3.3% Sorbus decora (Sarg.)Schneid., mountain ash Symphoricarpos albus (L.)Blake, snowberry Vaccinium 7n-gustifolium Ait., low blueberry P = 1.4% TREES Abies balsamea (L.)Mill., balsam fir Betula papyrifera Marsh, paper birch T;-Icea glauca (Moench.)Voss, white spruce P = 2.5% Pinus banksiana Lamb., jack pine Pinus resinosa Ait., red pine Populus balsamifera L., balsam poplar P 1.1% Populus tremuloides Michx., quaking aspen P 1.1% Thuja occidentalis L., northern white cedar P 1.7% 90 Appendix IV Bedrock Insect Study Locations 1. Dudley Bay (Mackinac County): A. T41 N R2E Sec: 3 SENE (Coastal Bedrock)* B. T41 N R2E Sec: 3 SWNE (Prairie Fen) 11. Maxton Plains (Chippewa County): A. T43N R6E Sec: 32 SE & NE (Alvar Grassland) B. T43N R6E Sec: 34 SE (Alvar Grassland) C. T43N R6E Sec: 35 SW (Alvar Grassland) 111. South Drummond Island (Chippewa County): A. T41 N R5E Sec: 13 NW (Coastal Bedrock) B. T41 N R5E Sec: 12 SE (Coastal Bedrock) C. T41N WE Sec: 19 NW (Coastal Bedrock) D. T41 N R6E Sec: 21 NE (Coastal Bedrock) 91 Appendix V 1994 Insect Collections from Alvar DB=Dudley Bay, MP=Maxton Plains, SD=South Drummond Island Sites SPECIES DB MP SD HEMIPTERA Family Pentatomidae Homaemus aenifrons (Say) X Eurygaster aitemata (Say) X Mormidea lugens (F.) X Chlorochroa persimilus Horvath X Neottiglossa undata (Say) X HOMOPTERA Family Cercopida Clastoptera obtusa (Say) X X Clastoptera saintcyri Provancher X Neophilaenus fineatus (Linnaeus) X X Philaenarchys bifineata (Say) X Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) X X X Family Cicadellidae Acertagalfia sp. X X Ampficephalus inimicus X Athysanus argentatus F. X X X Balanocerus provancheri (Van Duzee) X Baiclutha sp. X Chlorotettix sp. X X X Cicadula subcupraea X Cidadula smithi (Van Duzee) X Coliadonus eburatus (Van Duzee) X Doratura stylata (Boh.) X Elymana sp. X Empoa latifasciata Christ X Fitchana vitellina (Fitch) X X 92 Appendix V (cont.) SPECIES DB MP SD *Flexamia sp. x x *Graminelia sp. x Helochara communis Fitch X x Idiodonus morsei (Osborn) x x Latalus sp. x x *Laevicephalus sp. x x x Limotettix sp. x Macropsis quadrimaculata (Fitch) x Macrosteles sp. x x x Neokolla hieroglyphica (Say) x Paraphlepsius sp. x Scaphytopius sp. x Verdanus evansi (Ashm.) x Family Dictyopharidae Scolopes sulcipes (Say) x Family Issidae Bruchomorpha occulata Newman x Family Membracidae Campylenchia latipes x x LEPIDOPTERA Family Lassiocampidae Tolype velleda (Stoll) x Tolype laricis (Fitch) x Family Notodontidae Clostera albosigma Fitch x Gluphisia tentriogniqs Walker x Family Arctiidae Grammia virguncula (W. Kirby) x Family Noctuidae Faronta diffusa (Walker) x 93 SPECIES DB MP SD Leucania multiffinea Walker x Plusia contexta Grote x Syngrapha epigaea (Grote) x Syngrapha rectangula (Kirby) x Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) x Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) x Catocala reficta Walker x x Catocala concurnbens Walker x Catocala unijuga Walker x x Catocala semirelicta Grote x Ochropleura plecta (Linnaeus) x Xestia smithii (Snellen) x Enargia decolor (Walker) x Enargia infurnata (Grote) x Nedra ramosula (Guenee) x Helotropha reniformis (Grote) x Sunira bicoiorago (Guenee) x Litholornia napaea (Morrison) x Ofigia bridghami (Grote & Robinson) x Amphipoea prob. interoceana x Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) x Papaiperna harrisii (Grote) x Papaiperna ptersii Bird x Family Geometridae Ennornos magnaria Guenee x Cingifiqa catenarqia (Drury) x Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenee) x 94 NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR L113RARY 3 6668 14111609 7