[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                     Bedrock Shoreline Surveys of the Keweenaw Peninsula and
                             Drummond Island in Michigan's Upper Peninsula









                                                                       Art.
























                                                        prepared by

                                               Dennis Albert, Ecologist, MNFI
                                               Patrick Comer, Ecologist, MNFI
                                            David Cuthrell, Asst. Zoologist, MNFI
                                              Michael Penskar, Botanist, MNFI
                                                Mary Rabe, Zoologist, MNFI
                                       Carol Reschke, Ecologist, NY Heritage Program

                                            Michigan Natural Features Inventory
                                            5th Floor Mason Building, Box 30444
                                                  Lansing, MI 48909-7944

                                                            for

                                           Land and Water Management Division
                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                  "6V
                                                   (CZM Grant 94D-0.07)
                                               Completed December 31, 1994

                                                                                                    ft"'WO, owl











                                                               ABSTRACT


                        Bedrock is exposed along large portions of the shoreline of the Great Lakes, especially in the
                Upper Peninsula, where it supports significant biological diversity and provides incomparable scenic
                beauty. Increasingly the large portions of the Great Lakes shoreline are becoming inaccessible to
                the public as a result of residential development. In this study we inventoried portions of the coastal
                bedrock, both in response to extreme development pressure and because of the significant biological
                diversity that characterizes much of the coastal bedrock. This report summarizes the results of 1994
                inventories along the Lake Superior shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula and the Lake Huron
                shoreline of Drummond Island.
                        Differences in bedrock result in strikingly different shorelines with equally distinctive floras and
                faunas. In this survey, we have concentrated on the bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, with
                surveys of the volcanic bedrock (Portage Lake Volcanics, Copper Harbor Conglomerate), Freda
                Sandstone, and Nonesuch Shale, and the Silurian- and Ordovician-aged dolomite of Drummond
                Island. Basic characteristics of these bedrock types are described within the report.
                        While most of our sampling was conducted in one natural community, bedrock beach,
                sampling was also conducted on bedrock glade, cobble beach, and bedrock cliffs. The greatest
                diversity of rare plants occurs on bedrock beach, but bedrock glade also contains many rare plant
                species. Diversity was much lower on cobble beach and bedrock cliffs. It is expected that faunal
                diversity will be highest on bedrock beach and glade.
                        The entire shorelines of both the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island were photo-
                interpreted in preparation for the field surveys. Aerial reconnaissance was conducted to further
                evaluate sites arid to photograph portions of the shoreline. Sampling of the vegetation of bedrock
                beach sites followed to collect data for the improvement of MNFI's community classification. Surveys
                of rare species viere also conducted, with intensive inventory of rare plants on both the Keweenaw
                Peninsula and Drummond Island, and preliminary inventory of insects on Drummond Island.
                        The surveys resulted in the discovery of many new sites for both rare plants and high quality
                bedrock beach, Several new bedrock glades were discovered, which added to our understanding
                of this under-studied plant community. Identification of insect specimens from the surveys is ongoing.
                        The surveys demonstrated the urgency for conservation action on the bedrock shoreline
                of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Portions of four high-priority sites have been platted by the owner,
                Lake Superior Land Company, within the last two years, including Sevenmile Point, Silver Island,
                Devil's Washtub and Horseshoe Harbor. Sevenmile Point, Devil's Washtub, and portions of
                Horseshoe Harbor are the highest priority sites for conservation action. The southeastern end
                of the Keweenavi Peninsula is now much more accessible than in the past because of recent road
                improvements by Lake Superior Land Company, signaling that residential development is also likely
                in the near future for portions of five other survey sites: High Rock North, Keweenaw Point, Keystone
                Bay, Fish Cove, and Bete Grise-Bear Bluff. All of these are large, intact sites that could be pursued
                as state or federal wilderness areas. Several other Keweenaw sites have intact shorelines with some
                residential develDpment and multiple ownerships. These are important sites, but do not require
         CIO    immediate purSUit. They include Dans Point, Norland Trust, and Agate Harbor-Lake Glazon. A
                significant site on the Freda Sandstone cliffs is Portage Lake Ship Canal West.
                        Of the several high quality bedrock shoreline sites on Drummond Island, acquisition is already
                complete or beirg pursued by either The Nature Conservancy or the Michigan Nature Association.
        \-J)    Two important acquisitions being pursued are Chippewa Point and Grand Marais Lake at the northern
                end of Maxton Plains. Other important sites for future acquisition on the south shore of the island
                include Huron Bay and Seamans Point, but these are under less imminent threat than Keweenaw
                Peninsula sites.
                        Pursuit of ecologically significant Great Lakes coastal tracts should be among the highest
                priorities of conservation organizations within the Great Lakes region. Immediate pursuit of rapidly
                disappearing, high quality coastal tracts is critical.


                                                                      ii










                                                        Acknowledgments

                       We would like to thank the Coastal Zone Management Program of the Land and Water
               Management Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, and The Nature Conservancy for
               providing funding for this study. Special thanks go to Theodore J. Bornhorst, professor of geology
               at Michigan Technological University, who invited D. Albert to attend the field trip of the Keweenaw
               Peninsula which was part of the 40th annual meeting of the Institute on Lake Superior Geology. He
               also provided access to both published and manuscript maps of the bedrock exposures of
               Ontonagon, Houghton, and Keweenaw Counties; these maps proved invaluable for this study. Dr.
               Allan M. Johnson of Michigan Tech also provided invaluable references on the paleozoic bedrock of
               Drummond Island. Dr. Ted Cline of Photair provided equally invaluable assistance by flying,
               photographing, and videographing the shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Carol Reschke, whose
               Master's thesis describes the vegetation of the conglomerate shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula,
               assisted us with the sampling of vegetation on the Keweenaw, providing us with many insights. We
               also enjoyed the hospitality of her family's cottage during our fieldwork. Thanks also go to Kathy
               Schneider of the New York Heritage Program, for allowing Carol Reschke to work in Michigan;
               hopefully her flexibility will prove to be of benefit to both programs. Dennis Sotala provided us with
               information on best routes to survey sites, and provided us with a history of past survey work on parts
               of the peninsula. Several entomologists provided identifications of insects, including G. M. Fauske
               of North Dakota State University for Lepidoptera. and Orthoptera, K.G.A. Hamilton of Agriculture
               Canada for the Cicadellidae in part, P.K. Lago of the University of Mississippi for the Scarabaeidae,
               D.A. Rider of North Dakota State University for the Pentatomidae, E.G. Riley of Texas A&M University
               for the Chrysomelidae, M.D. Schwartz of Agriculture Canada for the Miridae, D.F. Schweitzer of the
               Eastern Regional office of The Nature Conservancy for the Papaipema, and S.W. Wilson of Central
               Missouri State University for the Fulgoroidea.











                                                          Table of Contents

                 INTRODUCTION       .........................................................                          I
                     BEDROCK TYPES        ......................................................                       1
                         Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula     . ....................................                  1
                         Bedrock of Drummond Island      ..........................................                    6
                     VEGETATION      ........................................................                          7
                         Natural Communities of the Keweenaw Peninsula      ............................               7
                            Bedrock Beach      .................................................                       7
                            Bedrock Glade     ..................................................                       7
                            Cobble Beach      ..................................................                       8
                            Cliff  ..........................................................                          8
                         Natural Communities of Drummond Island     . ................................                 8
                     INSECT SURVEYS        ....................................................                        8

                METHODS      ...............................                                               ......   19
                     BEDROCK CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING             .................................               19
                     PHOTO INTERPRETATION         ...............................................                   19
                     AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE         .............................................                    19
                     VEGETATION SAMPLING        ...............................................                     19
                     INSECT SURVEY METHODS           ............................................                   20

                RESULTS OF 1994 FIELD SEASON          .................... .....................                    21
                     SUMMARIES OF KEWEENAW PENINSULA BEDROCK SURVEY SITES                      ..............       21
                       1. Rockhouse Point-Graveraet River    ......................................                 21
                       2. Freda-Redridge   ...................................................                      21
                       3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West    ........................................                  21
                       4. Sevenmile Point . .................................................                       29
                       5. Fivemile Point-Eagle River  ...........................................                   30
                       6. Cat Harbor-Eagle Harbor   ............................................                    31
                       7. Eagle Harbor-Grand Marais Harbor   . ...................................                  31
                       8. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor-Bailey Creek   ...........................             31
                       9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon
                     10. Dans Point  . .....................................................                        33
                     11. Devil's Washtub  . .................................................                       34
                     12. Porters Island ....................................................                        36
                     13. Fort Wilkins State Park . ............................................                     37
                     14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust     ................................                37
                     15. Horseshoe Harbor   .................................................                       37
                     16. High Rock North   ..................................................                       38
                     17. Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay-Keystone Bay       . ..........................              38
                     18. Keystone Point  . ..................................................                       39
                     19. Fish Cove  .......................................................                         39
                     20. Bete Grise-Bear Bluff  ...............................................                     39
                     SUMMARIES OF DRUMMOND ISLAND BEDROCK SITES                 ........................            40
                       1. Maxton Plains West  ................................................                      40
                       2. Chippewa Point . .................................................                        40
                       3. Grand Marais Lake (Maxton Plains North)   ................................                40
                       4. Poe Point-Raynolds Bay  . ...........................................                     47
                       5. Maxton Plains Middle . .............................................                      47
                       6. Raynolds Point  ...................................................                       47


                                                                   iv











                      7. Maxton Plains East  . .....                                                                47
                      8. Marble Head   ...........                                                             ...  48
                      9. Bass Cove-Little Shelter Bay . ........................................                    48
                      10. Big Shoal Cove ...................................................                        48
                      11. Seamans Cove   ...................................................                        49
                      12. Warners Cove  ....................................................                        50
                      13. Huron Bay . .....................................................                         50
                   SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA                          ..........     51
                       Copper Harbor Conglomerate     . ........................................                    51
                       Portage Lake Volcanics    ...............................................                    51
                       Freda Sandstone   . .................................................                        53
                   SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE DOLOMITE OF DRUMMOND ISLAND .                              53
                   COMPARISON OF THE BEDROCK FLORAS OF THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA AND
                       DRUMMOND ISLAND          ...............................................                     53
                   PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF DRUMMOND ISLAND INSECT SURVEYS                       ..............       54


               RECOMMENDATIONS           ....................................................                       55


               LITERATURE CITED        .....................................................                        56


               LIST OF APPENDICES        .................                                                          57
                  1. Maps of Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites          ...............................              58
                 11. Maps of Drummond Island Bedrock Sites          .................................               75
                 111. Vascular Flora of Copper Harbor Conglomerate        .............................             85
                 IV. Bedrock Insect Study Locations       ........................................                  91
                 V. 1994 Insect Collections from Alvar     .......................................                  92


               LIST OF FIGURES:
                 1.   Bedrock history of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Bornhorst and Rose 1994)         .........     2
                 2.   Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Reed and Daniels 1987)          ................       3
                 3.   Bedrock of Drummond Island (modified from Reed and Daniels [1987])         .............       5
                 4.   Major bedrock sites on the Keweenaw Peninsula      . ................                         22
                 5.   Major areas of bedrock shoreline, exposed dolomite pavement (alvar)      ,or cliffs  .......  41
                 6.   Major bedrock sites on Drummond Island      ..................................                42
                 7.   Cross-section diagrams showing the variability in shoreline width and topography.             52

               LIST OF TABLES:
               1 -A.  Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites           .......................           23
               1 -B.  Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites           .......................           25
                 2.   Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites           ..................         26
               3-A.   Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites          ..........................            43
               3-B.   Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites          ..........................            44
                 4.   Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Drummond Island Bedrock Sites           .............       45

               LIST OF PLATES:
                 1. Copper Harbor Conglomerate       ............................................                    9
                 2. Plants characteristic of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate and Portage Lake Volcanics. .           11
                 3.   Basaltic lavas of the Keweenaw Peninsula    ..................................                13
                 4.   Rhyolite and Freda Sandstone of the Keweenaw Peninsula       . ....................           15
                 5.   Engadine Dolomite of Drummond Island and associated rare plants        ...............        17



                                                                  v











                                                              INTRODUCTION

                          Bedrock is exposed along large portions of the shoreline of the Great Lakes, especially in the
                 Upper Peninsula. Rugged bedrock shoreline provides some of the most beautiful views of the Great
                 Lakes. Recreational activities along the coast are many, but increasingly the shores of the Great
                 Lakes are being locked up from public access by private residential development. In this study we
                 inventoried portions of the coastal bedrock, both in response to extreme development pressure and
                 because of the significant biological diversity that characterizes much of the coastal bedrock. This
                 report summarizes the results of 1994 inventories along the Lake Superior shoreline of the Keweenaw
                 Peninsula and the Lake Huron and Potagannissing Bay shoreline of Drummond Island.
                          Plates 1-5 illustrate the major bedrock types sampled during this study and also include
                 several of the special plants associated with basaltic and dolomitic bedrock. Photos are also included
                 in the site summary for many of the significant survey sites.

                 BEDROCK TYPES


                          Differences in bedrock result in strikingly different shorelines with equally distinctive floras and
                 faunas. For this reason, bedrock surveys concentrated on sections of shoreline with distinctively
                 different bedrock types. In this, the first year of a three-year survey, we have concentrated on the
                 bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, with surveys of the volcanic bedrock and portions of the Freda
                 Sandstone and Nonesuch Shale, and the dolomite of Drummond Island. Basic characteristics of
                 these bedrock types are described below.

                 Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula.
                          The bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, as all of the western Upper Peninsula, consists Of
                 older Precambrian bedrock of the Canadian Shield. The bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula was
                 deposited during the Late Precambrian, a period of extensive surface volcanic activity. The
                 Keweenaw Peninsula is on the margin of the Lake Superior segment of the Midcontinent rift system,
                 which extends northeasterly from Kansas to Lake Superior and then southeasterly through lower
                 Michigan (Figure 1, from Bornhorst and Rose 1994). The rift beneath Lake Superior is filled with thick
                 deposits of volcanic rock, on which were deposited thick layers of clastic sedimentary rocks.
                          The mass of the thick Keweenawan rocks, which reach 25 krn in thickness, caused the Lake
                 Superior Syncline to sag farther, forming a structural basin which Lake Superior now occupies. The
                 layers of basalt and interbedded conglomerates and other sediments tilted as the syncline sagged;
                 these layers now dip downward toward the northwest at an average angle of about 40 degrees from
                 horizontal. The Keweenawan rock consists of about 400 distinct lava flows or"traps" with 20 to 30
                 interbedded conglomerate and sandstone layers (Dorr and Eschman 1984). Above these lavas are
                 the thick Outer Conglomerate (Copper Harbor Conglomerate), and above the conglomerate, the
                 Nonesuch Shale and Freda Sandstone.
                          The thick volcanic rocks in the rift include about 10 km of Portage Lake Volcanics (Figure 2).
                 The Portage Lake Volcanics of the Keweenaw Peninsula erupted on land over a 2 to 3 million year
                 period, about 1095 million years ago. The thick lava flows of the Portage Lake Volcanics are basaltic
                 type lava that wefe deposited from vents toward the southeast (Dorr and Eschman 1984). The
                 Portage Lake Volcanics consists of more than 200 basaltic lava flows with total exposed thickness of
                 2500 to 5200 m on the Keweenaw Peninsula (Bornhorst and Rose 1994). The lava beds appear to
                 have originated from fissures and cracks in the surface of the downwarped area of the Lake Superior
                 Syncline (now the center of Lake Superior), and then flowed outward toward the margins of the basin.
                 Interbedded with the lava beds are thin layers of conglomerate, consisting of pebbles and cobbles
                 deposited from the margins of the basin by streams (White 1960).
                          Thick deposits of rift-filfing clastic sedimentary rocks overlie the volcanic rocks (Figure 1).
                 These sedimentary rocks were deposited during a period of reduced volcanic activity, during which

















                           Rift-flanking clastic sediments

                           Rift-fffiing clastic sediments
                           Rift-Ming basalts and                Hou
                               minor sediments
                                                                                                    470
                           Major native copper
                               deposits
                                            Wbite Pine           ' 'FP
                                                                                   0               40



                                                                        Pre-Keweenawan
                            f 9()o                              890             rocKs             880









              Figure 1.     Bedrock history of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Bornhorst and Rose 1994).


                                                            2


















                                                                         Z


                                                                                                                                                                     ERA       SYSTEM             SERIFS             GROUP                 UNIT MAPPED
                                                                                                                                                                     MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC

                                                                                                                                                                              Keweentnvan           Upper                                  Jacobsvillc Sandstonc
                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kowcenawan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Freda Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Nonesuch Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    Middlc                          Copper Harbor Conglomerate
                                                                                                                                                                                                 Keweenavan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Oak Bluff Formation
                                                            .0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Portage Lake Volcanics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Siemens Creek Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kevecriawan

                                                                                                                                                                     LOWER PROTEROZOIC
                                                                JI
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Intrusive
                                                                                            N

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Quinnesec Formation
                                       7.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Paint River            Paint River Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Riverton Iron Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Dunn Creek Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Baragat              Badwater Greenstone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Michigamme Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Bijiki Iron Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Goodrich Quartzite

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Amasa Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Hemlock Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Mcnonlince & Chucolay           Menominee & Chocolay groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Menominee              Emperor Volcanic Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Negaunce iron Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Vulcan Iron Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Ironwood Iron Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Siamo State & Ajiblk Quartzite
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Palms Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Chocolay Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Randvillc Dolomite

                                                                                                                                                                     ARCHEAN
                                                                                                                                  Me
                                     to
                                                                     0                             10                                                                                                                                         Ultramaric
                                       F=r-T=r-F=r-T=I
                                                                                                      Mdes

                                                                                                10
                                                         10                  0                                                                                                                                                             Granitic & Gneissic
                                                                         TR@@ Kildmelers                                                    I                                                                                              Volcanic & Sedimentary

                                                                            Figure 2.               Bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula (from Reed and Daniels 1987).










               the rift basin continued to subside. Up to 8 km of clastic sedimentary rocks occur beneath Lake
               Superior, with maximum exposure of 6 km on the Keweenaw Peninsula and other nearby portions
               of Michigan's Upper Peninsula along Lake Superior.
                       The distinctive clastic bedrocks exposed on the Keweenaw Peninsula include, in order of
               deposition, the red-colored conglomerates of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate, the thin gray to black
               Nonesuch Shale, the fine red-colored Freda Sandstone, and the red-colordd Jacobsville Sandstone
               (Figure 2). The first three are rift-filling sedimentary rocks, whereas the Jacobsville Sandstone is from
               a later rift-flanking sedimentary period, and is restricted to the southeastern shore of the Keweenaw
               Peninsula. The sediments were eroded from the highlands in the southeast, into the rift to the
               northwest.
                       The more erosion-resistant basalts and conglomerates in the middle part of the Keweenawan
               Series form the long, high, central plateau of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The Copper Harbor
               Conglomerate, which also includes lava flows, forms the broad bedrock shoreline of the north half
               of the Keweenaw Peninsula, from west of Eagle River to near High Rock Bay at the far eastern point
               of the peninsula, whereas the Portage Lake Volcanics, consisting primarily of dense basaltic lavas,
               forms the narrower bedrock of the southern shoreline of the Keweenaw, east from Lac La Belle to
               High Rock Bay.
                       Nonesuch Shale is limited primarily to small exposures along the shoreline between Eagle
               Harbor and the Portage Shipping Channel. Nonesuch Shale is a succession of siltstones, shales,
               carbonate laminates, and sandstones (Bornhorst and Rose 1994). Three assemblages are
               recognized, a marginal lacustrine assemblage consisting of a sandflat-mudflat complex, a lacustrine
               assemblage that ranged from oxic in shallow areas to anoxic in deeper areas, and a lacustrine to
               fluvial assemblage. The maximum thickness is 215 m, but on the Lake Superior shoreline of the
               Keweenaw Peninsula, exposures are generally quite thin and localized. These exposures are subject
               to too much wave action to support a distinctive plant community. Most of the exposures viewed
               during this survey were surrounded by pebble and cobble beach and supported almost no plants.
                       Freda Sandstone forms low cliffs from south of the Portage Shipping Channel to a few miles
               southwest of the small copper mining town of Freda. These cliffs reach to 60 feet in height, with
               smooth sculpted surfaces of fine, oxidized red and reduced blue-green sandstone. The Freda
               Sandstone is a cyclic succession of iron red sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone overlying and
               grading into Nonesuch Shale (Bornhorst and Rose 1994). Primarily fluvial in origin, Freda Sandstone
               deposits are over 3700 m thick.
                       Basaltic lavas (basalt) consist of relatively heavy, dark, finely crystalline rock rich in iron-
               bearing minerals. Basalt's fine texture is the result of rapid cooling. The basalts occur in subaerial
               lava flow averaging 10 to 20 m in thickness, but range from 1 to 450 m thick (Paces 1988, White
               1960, referenced in Bornhorst and Rose 1994). At the surface of the lava flows, cooling occurred
               quickly and bubbles of enclosed gas were entrapped, forming small cavities called vesicles. Vesicular
               lava or vesicular basaft are the terms applied to rocks in which cavities are numerous. The rocks in
               which these cavities are later filled with secondary minerals such as calcite or copper are termed
               amygdaloidal basaft or lava. The hydrothermal fluids that flow through the vesicular lavas and
               between the lava flows introduce a wide variety of secondary minerals.
                       Locally felsic domes of reddish rhyolite occur within the Portage Lake Volcanics; along the
               southeastern shore of the Keweenaw Peninsula, midway between Keweenaw Point at the east end
               of the peninsula, and Lac La Belle to the west. Rhyolite is a fine-grained, light-colored (reddish) rock
               low in iron and magnesium-bearing minerals. There are only three exposures of rhyolite along the
               shoreline, Fish Cove Knob, Fish Cove Dike less than a kilometer to the west, and Bare Hill 5 to 6
               kilometers farther west. These rhyolite exposures are highly resistant to erosion and typically form
               a steep, rugged shoreline (Bornhorst and Rose 1994).
                       Our biological exploration in 1994, which did not include faunal surveys, was restricted to the
               Portage Lake Volcanics, Copper Harbor Conglomerate, Nonesuch Shale, and Freda Sandstone. No
               large, vegetated exposures of Nonesuch Shale were found.


                                                                  4






                                                                                                                                                                                             ERA          SYSIWII        I     SERIES        I      GROUP                      UNIT,%JAPPFI)         T-C 71,111-1
                                                                                                                                                                                            PALEOZOIC

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Berea Sandstone

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Bedford Shale

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Berea Sandstone & Bed ford Shale

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Ell,,,wrh Shale

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Chaulauquan                                      Antrim Shale

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Eri.n              Traverse                   Traverse Group

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Bell Shale

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Dundee Limestone

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Ul.,tcrian        Ucin)it River                 Detroit River Group

                                                                                               U
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Syl,aniu Sandstone

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               M
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               c
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               a kinac Breccia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Doi Diane Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Garden Island Formation


                                                                                                                                                                                                           Silurian            Cayugan            Bass Islands                 Bass Islands* Group
                                                                                                                                                           Manitoulin Drifin,nit,
                                                               Burnt BluffGroup                                                                                                                                                                       Salina                   Salina Group
                                                                                                                            Burni Bluff Group                 Cattol Head Shale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Saint Ignace Dolomite

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Point 3ux Chencs Shale
                                                                                                   Manistique Group
                                                              Manistique                                                                                                                                                       Niallaran            Engadine                   Engadine Group
                                                  z             Group                                                                                                                                                                                lanisticitic              Manistique Group

                                                                            W                                                                                                                                                                     Burnt Bluff                  Burnt BluffGroup
                    LTI                                 I,  t,                                                 Engadine Group                                                                                                 Aleundriin             Cataract                  Caltot Head Shale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Manitoulin Dolornite
                                                                                                                                                     -,R,@,04 7     it
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Ordovician           Cincinnatian          Richanond                  Queenston Shale
                                                Engad ne Group                                                                                        N (@v-4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Big Hill Dolomite

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Stoninglon Formation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Utica ShalcNIcinber

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Colling%vood ShalcMember

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Muhavvkian             Trenton                   1rcuton Gr,.p

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Black River Gn)up
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Prairie do C  .1               Prairie du Chien Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                          Curnbrian           St. C10i"n         1,akcSujwfior I               Trernpealeat; R,rn:aiio"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Munising Farina ion

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Inferred Contact
                                         10                                                                                                                                      lo miles
                                           p--q                                                                                                                                    i                                                                                              Fault
                                                                                     10                                         0                                        10 Kilometers


                                                          Figure 3.                                Bedrock of Drummond Island (modified from Reed and Daniels [1987]).












              Bedrock of Drummond Island.
                      The surface bedrock deposits of Drummond Island are from the Ordovician and Silurian
              Periods (Figure 3, from Reed and Daniels, 1987), during which marine waters covered the
              MichiganBasin. The Michigan Basin includes all of the Lower Peninsula and the eastern half of the
              Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Ordovician and Silurian Periods were characterized by extensive,
              shallow seas. The Ordovician bedrock of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan consisted of a broad
              range of sedimentary bedrock, including nearshore deposits of sandstone and shale and marine
              deposits of limestone and dolomite (Dorr and Eschman 1984). During the Silurian Period, the waters
              covering much of the state were deep enough that only chemical precipitates were deposited in much
              of the basin. At the shallower margins of the basin reefs formed. Extensive reefs formed during the
              Middle Silurian; these reefs form the resistant Niagaran escarpment along the northern shore of Lake
              Michigan and Lake Huron, of which Drummond Island is part.
                      Most of Drummond Island consists of Silurian dolomite (Recent geological terminology uses
              the term dolostone to describe the rock, reserving the term dolomite for the mineral.), but older
              Ordovician bedrock, the Queenston Shale of the Richmond Group, is exposed in the northern
              quarter of the island.
              Although the Ordovician bedrock in the north is considered part of the Queenston Shale, all of the
              exposures consist of dolomite or limestone. Ehlers (1973), who extensively studied the Paleozoic
              bedrock of the Upper Peninsula, clarifies that although the type location of Queenston Shale in
              Ontario consists of thick deposits of red shale, rocks deposited during the same time period on
              Drummond Island are dolomite. At the north end of the island, shelves of bedrock, which appear to
              be sandy limestone or dolomite, extend out into the North Channel. Along the north shore there are
              also low cliffs of coral-rich dolomite, which forms blocky, cobble beach where it has been eroded by
              storm waves. Ehlers describes sandy dolomites with silicified corals, bryozoa, brachiopods, and other
              marine organisms from south of Raynolds Point. Similar dolomite cliffs and cobble beack of angular
              dolomitic rock fragments occur near Poe Point, about 3 miles to the northwest.
                      On Drummond Island the Silurian bedrock consists of a narrow band of Alexandrian Series
              (Early Silurian) bedrock in the north, with a broad band of Niagaran Series dolomites forming the
              southern two-thirds of the island (Figure 3). The Niagaran Series in Michigan consists almost entirely
              of limestone and dolomite; there is almost no shale or other bedrock types included (Ehlers 1973).
              The thickness of the Niagaran beds is between 820 and 936 feet to the west near St. Ignace. The
              Niagaran bedrock has a very gentle dip of 40 to 60 feet per mile toward the southern peninsula of
              Michigan, the center of the Michigan Basin.
                      The Niagaran Series is well represented on Drummond Island. An escarpment of the
              Manistique and Burnt Bluff strata of the Niagaran Series crosses Drummond Island from Drummond
              village to Marble Head and Engadine dolomite forms a pavement which is exposed along long
              sections of the south shore of Drummond Island. Engadine dolomite is extensively mined on the west
              end of Drummond Island. On Huron Bay, low shelves of dolomite form the shoreline, but elsewhere
              along the south shore, exposures of bedrock are generally quite flat. Weathering has left a pocked
              surface on the exposed dolomite along the shore. A veneer of locally derived dolomite cobbles of
              varying thickness occurs along large stretches of the shoreline.
                      The dolomite of Drummond Island is not uniform in character. Some of it consists of massive,
              fossil-rich reef formation, while other rock is thinly-bedded, with few or no fossils. Ehlers (1973)
              credits the rarity of fossils to shallow conditions, possibly with frequent exposures of the bottom to
              air. He also comments that deep water reefs, also common in northern Michigan, can be low in
              faunal diversity.
                      Surveys of plant communities and plants were conducted along the south shore of Drummond
              Island on Engadine dolomite, and on dolomitic portions of the Queenston Shale formation at the
              northern end of the island. Insect surveys were conducted on Maxton Plains, at the north end of
              Drummond Island, at four sites along the south shore of Drummond Island, and at Dudley Bay on the
              mainland I (Appendix IV).


                                                                 6











                VEGETATION


                Natural Communities of the Keweenaw Peninsula.
                        Bedrock Beach. The most complete study of the vegetation of the bedrock beaches of the
                Keweenaw Peninsula was conducted on the Copper Harbor Conglomerate between Agate Harbor and
                Copper Harbor by Reschke (1985). Reschke found that there were several factors that determined
                the vegetation of the bedrock shoreline. Distance from the lake had the strongest correlation with
                species composition. Wave action and ice scour were strongest near the lakeshore, greatly reducing
                the diversity of plant species present. Farther above the lake, there were other distinct vegetation
                zones with greater floristic diversity. Reschke identified four floral assemblages: (1) low-wet rocks,
                (2) intermediate-moist rocks, (3) intermediate-dry rocks, and (4) high-dry rocks. Two additional
                assemblages were observed in the field but not adequately sampled to be identified in analyses;
                these are protected low-wet crevices and perched meadow assemblages.
                        The low-wet assemblage is found close to the lake, where there is a high proportion of bare
                rock. This assemblage has the largest proportion of mosses, a low proportion of lichens, and a low
                proportion of herbs, which are restricted to narrow crevices in the rock. The lichens and mosses
                found on the low-wet rocks appear to be adapted to these conditions, and are much more common
                here than on higher-drier bedrock.
                        The intermediate-moist assemblage is best characterized by a larger proportion of herbs and
                a slightly higher proportion of woody taxa. There is decrease in cover and frequency of lichens,
                especially crustose, loose foliose, and fruticose lichens.
                        The intermediate-dry assemblage is characterized by high proportions of crustose and
                appressed lichens, which cover from 50 to 90 percent of the rock surface. The lichen assemblage
                is similar to that of the high-dry rock assemblage, but contains few loose foliose and fruticose lichens.
                Mosses and vascular plants are not distinctive in this assemblage.
                        The high-dry assemblage is rich in species. Lichens form a nearly continuous cover on the
                rocks, with high diversity of all lichen types, with more loose foliose and fruticose lichens than in any
                other assemblage. Bryophytes, herbs, and woody plants are all well represented within this
                assemblage.
                        The assemblage of species found at the edges of seasonal rock-pools (perched meadows)
                is dominated by tuft-forming grasses and sedges, but can also contain other herbs and woody plants
                found in the other shoreline assemblages.
                        One of the most important points made by Reschke (1985) was the importance of lichens and
                bryophytes on the bedrock shore. In Reschke's data set, there were 53 lichens, 28 bryophytes
                (mosses and liverworts), and 45 vascular plant species. Based on frequency there were 56% lichens,
                22% bryophytes, and 22% vascular plant species.
                        No in-depth studies had been conducted on the bedrock shoreline of the Portage Lake
                Volcanics, which are dominant along the shoreline between High Rock Point at the east end of the
                Keweenaw Peninsula, and the town of Bete Grise, located about fifteen miles to the southwest. A
                large rhyolite knob is located along the shoreline within this stretch of Portage Lake Volcanics.

                        BedrockGlade. Another natural community that occurs between the open bedrock beach and
                the forests found farther inland is the bedrock glade. The bedrock glade consists of open, thin-soiled
                plant communities dominated by scattered, open-grown trees, scattered shrubs or shrub thickets, and
                a partial turf of grasses and sedges. There are typically exposed areas of bedrock within the glades.
                There have been no detailed studies of the glades on the Keweenaw Peninsula, and sampling of the
                glades was limited in the first year of this study. As the study progressed, it became evident that the
                glade was a characteristic zone of the shoreline vegetation, especially on the Copper Harbor
                Conglomerate. Previously glades and balds had been described only from the high, exposed ridges,
                as on Brockway Mountain. Glades were also encountered on the rhyolite of the Portage Lake



                                                                   7










                Volcanics. At present, insufficient data has been collected to adequately describe and compare the
                glades. Cobble Beach. Cobble beaches occupy a large portion of the shoreline between bedrock
                exposures. On the north side of the Keweenaw Peninsula, cobble beaches occupy only a small
                percentage of the shoreline, whereas at the eastern and southeastern end of the peninsula, where
                the basalts of the Portage Lake Volcanics are exposed, cobble beach is much more prevalent than
                bedrock beach in many areas. There is typically no vegetation on the steep cobble beaches, so little
                time will be spent discussing the beaches in this study. It should be noted, however, that the agates
                and beautifully polished lava pebbles of these cobble beaches (for which the Keweenaw Peninsula
                is famous) can stop even the most determined botanical explorers dead in their tracks.

                        Cliff. Freda Sandstone occurs almost exclusively as steep cliffs along the shoreline. These
                cliffs were some of the most visually appealing coastal features visited, but they are very low in
                botanical diversity. At some sites it will be worth pursuing further botanical, and possibly insect and
                mollusc surveys, of the cedar swamps and seeps at the summit of the cliffs.

                Natural Communities of Drummond Island.
                        All of the natural communities described for the Keweenaw Peninsula also occur on the
                bedrock shoreline of Drummond Island. These include bedrock beach, bedrock glade, cobble beach,
                and cliff. No major studies have been done in Michigan on these natural communities along dolomite
                shorelines. The results of this study of these natural communities on dolomite will be briefly
                discussed in the Summary Section of this report. A more complete discussion will occur in 1996
                following completion of inventory of remaining dolomite shoreline in Michigan.

                INSECT SURVEYS


                        Bedrock and cobble shorelines of the Great Lakes contain many important, significant, and
                endemic plant species. These plants have the potential to support unique assemblages of
                invertebrates, especially habitat-restricted specialists. Little is known about the insect fauna of alvar
                regions and even less is known about alvar insects in Michigan. The only published paper is a study
                of grasshopper communities of limestone glades in Missouri (Bergmann 1983). In addition to our
                study, there are two ongoing research projects in Michigan dealing with insects of alvar regions (S.
                Stephenson, pers. comm.; K. Hamilton, pers. comm.). A primary goal of this study is to qualitatively
                describe the insect community for distinct vegetative associations on a variety of bedrock types.


















                                                                    8










                Plate 1. Copper Harbor Conglomerate.

                        Plate 1 a. West of Horseshoe Harbor, Keweenaw Co. The Copper Harbor Conglomerate,
                        which also includes thin lava flows, forms the broad bedrock shoreline of the north half of the
                        Keweenaw Peninsula, from Eagle Harbor in the west to near High Rock Bay at the far eastern
                        point of the peninsula. Beds of the conglomerate tilt steeply toward the Northwest into Lake
                        Superior at an average angle of about 40 degrees from horizontal. Less resistant beds of lava
                        and conglomerate were eroded by glacial ice and wave action, leaving many small islands
                        of more resistant conglomerate trending parallel to the shoreline.

                        Plate 1 b. Copper Harbor Conglomerate. A close-up of the conglomerate shows pebbles and
                        cobbles in a matrix of sand, cemented by both calcium carbonate (white) and iron oxide. The
                        clasts of the conglomerate consist primarily of rhyolite, but also includes basalt, lava,
                        sandstone, and shale. The numerous cracks and depressions of the conglomerate provide
                        habitat for plant species adapted to the stressful conditions of the bedrock shoreline of Lake
                        Superior.

                        Plate 1c. Vegetation of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The typical vegetation zones of
                        the conglomerate are seen, beginning with bare rock in the wave splash zone along the lake.
                        Usually 3-6 feet above the lake lichens, mosses, and occasionally herbaceous plants begin
                        to occupy protected crevices and depressions. These plants must tolerate storm waves,
                        abrasion by ice, and desiccation. Lichens are typically crustose or closely-appressed foliose.
                        Higher above the lake, where the bedrock is still exposed to some storms and ice abrasion,
                        loose foliose and fruticose lichens (the light areas in the foreground) become more numerous,
                        as do herbs. Scattered shrubs and trees also appear in protected crevices; these have
                        krummholz or flagged form resulting from ice abrasion. In the background, beyond the extent
                        of annual ice accumulation, mature trees can be seen.

                        Plate 1d. Pebble and cobble beaches occupy the embayments between many of the
                        bedrock points. The cobbles are largely derived from the local Copper Harbor Conglomerate
                        and include volcanic clasts along with sandstone and shale. Rhyolite is often the dominant
                        rock-type in the conglomerate.

                        Plate le. Krummholz on Copper Harbor Conglomerate, Porter's Island. This 10-inch
                        diameter northern white-cedar, located about 60 feet inland behind a narrow protective island
                        is only 2 to 3 feet tall; trees seldom survive to become larger than 2 to 3 inches in diamete;
                        because of the destructive ice abrasion. The sturdy roots of this cedar are anchored in a wide
                        crack, which have provided some protection from ice abrasion.















                                                                  9






                                                                        a                    Plate 1

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                                                              10










                  Plate 2. Rare plant species characteristic of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate and Portage Lake
                  Volcanics.


                          Plate 2a. Narrow spikes of white flowered alpine bistort (Polygonum viviparum, state
                          threatened) growing among moist mosses on amygdaloid lava of the Portage Lake Volcanics
                          near Keweenaw Point. The plant has also been found growing beneath alder at Horseshoe
                          Harbor and is much more common on the north shore of Lake Superior and on Isle Royale.
                          The arrow points to a bulblet, a form of vegetative reproduction.

                          Plate 2b. Pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis, state threatened) is typically found
                          growing in moist seeps near the upper edge of the open bedrock. The plant is occasionally
                          found growing among shrubs farther inland, where the bedrock is covered with an almost
                          complete turf of sedges and grasses.

                          Plate 2c. Pearlwort (Sagina nodosa, state threatened) growing in a crack in lava bedrock; it
                          also grows on conglomerate.

                          Plate 2d. Calypso (Calypso bulbosa, state threatened). This plant is characteristic of the
                          open conifer forests near the shoreline, rather than the open bedrock. It has been found in
                          large colonies on Isle Royale, but is otherwise typically found as scattered plants. It is also
                          found growing in open conifer forests on limestone and dolomite, as on Drummond Island.





                                                                           Plate 2.







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                                                                               12











                 Plate 3. Basaltic lavas of the Keweenaw Peninsula.

                         Plate 3a. Closeup of basalt (Sevenmile Point). Basaltic lavas consist of relatively heavy,
                         dark, finely crystalline rock rich in iron-bearing minerals. Basalt's fine texture is the result of
                         rapid cooling. Note veins of intrusive bedrock. The Portage Lake Volcanics, consisting
                         primarily of dense basaltic lavas such as these, form the narrower bedrock along the southern
                         shoreline of the Keweenaw, east from Lac La Belle to High Rock Bay.

                         Plate 3b. Basalt surrounded by cobble beach at Sevenmile Point. Plant colonization on the
                         basalt is generally poor for two reasons; there are few cracks for plants to establish in and
                         the bedrock exposures are generally smaller and lower, resulting in extreme ice abrasion and
                         wave activity. At Sevenmile Point, there are a few small wetlands occupying shallow pools
                         in the bedrock.


                         Plate 3c. Vesicular lava or vesicular basalt are the terms applied to the lavas that cooled most
                         quickly, entrapping bubbles of gas. In cases where these cavities are later filled with minerals
                         such as calcite or copper, the resulting rocks are termed amygdaloidal basalt or lava. In this
                         basalt, the reddish mineral in the cavities is largely laumontite. Vesicular lavas (basalts) often
                         contain enough open cavities and cracks to support plants.


































                                                                      13





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                                                          14










                Plate 4. Rhyolite and Freda Sandstone of the Keweenaw Peninsula.

                        Plate 4a. Fish Cove Knob is a rugged intrusive body of rhyolite near the south eastern end
                        of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Rhyolite is a fine-grained, light-colored (reddish) rock low in iron
                        and magnesium-bearing minerals. There are only three exposures of rhyolite along the
                        shoreline: Fish Cove Knob, Fish Cove Dike less than a mile to the west, and Bare Hill 3 to 4
                        miles farther west. Both Fish Cove Knob and Fish Cove Dike form steep, rugged shoreline.
                        Wave action appears to be exceptionally severe along this shoreline. Open glades dominated
                        by conifers grow several meters above the lake, as seen in this photo.

                        Plate 4b. Detail of the rhyolitic bedrock at Fish Cove. The rugged cliff face contains few
                        large cracks or crevices occupied by plants, except for crustose lichens at the tops of the
                        Cliffs.


                        Plate 4c. Close-up of Freda Sandstone. Freda Sandstone ranges in texture from very fine
                        sandstone to siltstone. The red portions of the stone are oxidized, whereas the gray areas
                        are reduced. Dark stamp sands from the mines at Redridge arid Freda cover the flat shelf of
                        sandstone at the base of the cliff.


                        Plate 4d. Wave-cut cliffs of Freda Sandstone. Less than a half mile south of the western end
                        of the Portage River Shipping Channel are several miles of shoreline cliffs, 20 to 40 feet high.
                        Near the town of Redridge, farther to the south, the cliffs are up to 60 feet high. South of the
                        town of Freda the cliffs continue for several miles, but become much lower. Few plants are
                        found growing on the faces of the cliffs, probably because of both intense wave and ice
                        action.





































                                                                   15





                                                                                    Plate 4.






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                                                                                      16









                 Plate 5. Engadine Dolomite of Drummond Island and associated rare plants.

                         Plate 5a. Engadine Dolomite west of Bass Cove, Drummond island. The dolomite formed
                         in reefs within a shallow sea. The dip of the bedrock is very gentle, 40 to 60 feet per mile
                         (approximately 1 percent slope) toward the south. There is a broad expanse of bedrock
                         along the shoreline that supports little or no plants, the results of both severe wave action and
                         ice abrasion. Vegetation within the wave splash or ice abrasion zones is often restricted to
                         cracks or crevices in the bedrock. Shrubs and trees dominate! the landscape farther inland,
                         where storm waves are infrequent and abrasion by ice is minimal or absent.

                         Plate 5b. Shoreline of Engadine Dolomite at Bass Cove, Drummond Island. Near the
                         shoreline where ice scour and wave action are intense, vegetation is restricted to the cracks
                         in the pavement. Along the south shore of Drummond Island, these cracks are often
                         dominated by two rare sedges, Carex scirpoidea (state threatened) and C. richardsonii (state
                         special concern). The dolomite surface is pocked by small dissolution cavities. In the
                         background, where active ice scour or wave action is minimal, is a shrub zone, with an open
                         forest of conifers beyond.

                         Plate 5c. Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris, state special concern) is locally common in pools
                         on dolomite bedrock and marly coastal sediments. This plant is also locally common at the
                         edges of pools on Copper Harbor Conglomerate on the Keweenaw Peninsula. It is the only
                         rare plant observed on the Freda Sandstone, where it was localized on seepy cliffs. The pH
                         of all of these bedrock types, dolomite, volcanic conglomerates, and the Freda Sandstone is
                         roughly circumneutral.

                         Plate 5d. Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillfi, C2 federal candidate, state special concern) is found
                         growing in the open shrub and open conifer forest (glade) near the shoreline of Drummond
                         Island. As this photograph demonstrates, a thin, but almost continuous turf often covers the
                         limestone or dolomite bedrock beneath the conifer forest.
































                                                                    17








                                                                                                                                                                                              Plate 5.


































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                                                                                                                 18












                                                            METHODS


               BEDROCK CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING


                       Bedrock classification was based on existing geological studies. For the Keweenaw
               Peninsula, these include 7.5 minute geological maps published by USGS for portions of the Lake
               Superior shoreline, and also maps from Bornhorst and Rose (1994) and Reed and Daniels (1987).
               For Drummond Island, these include publications by Ehlers (1973), Ehlers and Kesling (1957), and
               Reed and Daniels (1987). At the northern end on Drummond Island, Reed and Daniels' (1987)
               treatment of the late Ordovician and early Silurian Periods was used.

               PHOTO INTERPRETATION


                       The entire shorelines of both the Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island were photo
               interpreted, using black-and-white and color aerial photography available from the Michigan DNR,
               Land and Water Management Division. Photos of both areas were available at the scale of 1 "=500'
               or 1"= approximately 780', excellent scales for mapping coastal bedrock. The width of bedrock
               shoreline was determined from these detailed aerial photos. Although bedrock shoreline could be
               easily mapped, cliffs were more difficult to recognize and were verified with a reconnaissance flight.

               AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE


                       Aerial reconnaissance was planned for early summer, but equipment problems resulted in
               delayed surveys, which were finally conducted in early autumn. Field work demonstrated that photo
               interpretation had been adequate for most survey sites, and that the flights were most useful to
               interpret areas where cliffs were suspected. The flights also provided excellent oblique photographs
               to document the extent and quality of the sites. Oblique photos provide a more ecologically
               interpretable view of the shoreline landscape than does vertical photography. Flights need to be well-
               planned to get optimal photos of cliff sites. Cliffs in shadow are difficult to photograph! Videography
               allows complete coverage of the shoreline, and may be effective for demonstrating the level of
               shoreline development.

               VEGETATION SAMPLING


                       Intensive sampling was initiated on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Sampling was conducted from
               late Juneto late September along transects perpendicular to the shoreline, beginning atthe shoreline
               and continuing into the forest zone. A transect was drawn, showing the slope, type of bedrock,
               moisture conditions, and approximate coverage value for physiognomic classes of vegetation.
               Random samples were then taken for each zone of vegetation, using a half meter by half meter
               sampling frame. Cover class values were recorded for each plant species encountered and
               ecological variables were described within the sampling frame. Point sampling was done for the
               overstory of the forest or glade zone, and the presence of shrub and herb species was recorded.
               One 5m x 5m plot was sampled to describe the bedrock bald at Fish Point.
                       This sampling approach did not prove effective for the dolomite shoreline of Drummond
               Island, as many species were not encountered in the sampling frames, thus underestimating floristic
               diversity, or requiring too much sampling time. Sampling was modified; a meter tape was extended
               perpendicular to the shoreline and each vegetation zone was identified. A len-meter wide section of
               each zone was then sampled, and the presence and rough abundance value for each vascular plant
               S.pecies was noted. Point sampling was conducted in the forest or glade, and presence was recorded
               for shrubs and herbs that were encountered.




                                                                 19









                        The data collected during the 1994 field season will undergo preliminary analysis prior to the
                1995 field season, in an attempt to determine the most appropriate approach for future sampling.
                A 1995 alvar project may allow us to do more intensive sampling of the alvar and bedrock beach on
                Drummond Island.


                INSECT SURVEY METHODS


                        Field work was conducted during August and September 1994at nine sites in Mackinac and
                Chippewa Counties, Michigan (Appendix IV). Highest quality areas were selected for preliminary
                work. Results will be used to focus additional work in 1995. Insects were collected with aerial and
                sweep nets. Light trapping, a method used to document the occurrence of nocturnal insects, was
                utilized at two sites. Approximately half of the time at each site was spent making a general collection
                of species present, while the remainder of the time was spent focusing on state listed species
                including Prosapia ignipectus (Homoptera: Cercopidae), Papaipema awcame (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),
                and Phyciodes batesh (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). The target groups included Odonata (dragonflies
                and damselflies), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and katydids), and Homoptera (leafhoppers, spittlebugs,
                planthoppers, and treehoppers), because these groups contain many habitat-restricted species.
                        Species that could be identified in the field were recorded and released. Species that
                requiredfurther studyfor accurate identification were collected and prepared following standard insect
                collection techniques. Insects were identified to genus or species using published references, or were
                sent to experts. The experts we consulted were G.M. Fauske (North Dakota State University, for the
                Lepidoptera and Orthoptera); K.G.A. Hamilton (Agriculture Canada, for the Cicadellidae in part); P.K.
                Lago (University of Mississippi, for the Scarabaeidae); D.A. Rider (North Dakota State University, for
                the Pentatomidae); E.G. Riley (Texas A&M University, for the Chrysomelidae); M.D. Schwartz
                (Agriculture Canada, for the Miridae); D.F. Schweitzer (Eastern Regional office of The Nature
                Conservancy, for the Papaipema); and S.W. Wilson (Central Missouri State University, for the
                Fulgoroidea).



























                                                                   20












                                                RESULTS OF 1994 FIELD SEASON


               SUMMARIES OF KEWEENAW PENINSULA BEDROCK SURVEY SITES


                        The bedrock portions of the Keweenaw Peninsula have been divided into several major sites
               (Figure 4). These proposed sites were delineated on the basis of bedrock type, recognizable natural
               boundaries, changes in ownership or management pattern along the shore, or historic site
               boundaries. More detailed maps of each site are shown in Appendix 1; each map is referenced by
               both the site name and the ordinal number proceeding it in the following brief site descriptions.
               Information is provided on each of these sites in a summary table (Table 1). The summary table
               includes site name and number, location (Township and Range), bedrock types along the shoreline,
               geological classification of the bedrock (from Reed and Daniels 1987), the number of special plants,
               land ownership, length and rank of bedrock beach, width of bedrock, length and height of cliffs,
               length of cobble beach, and acres and rank of bedrock glade. Special plant occurrences are
               summarized in Table 2. No special animals were noted during shoreline surveys.

               1. Rockhouse Point-Graveraet River.
                        No field survey was conducted at this site; this site is scheduled for a 1995 field survey. The
               site was identified on the basis of existing geological maps and confirmed by a late season
               reconnaissance flight. Cliffs and low bedrock outcrops were almost continuous for several miles, but
               were quite low, probably less than 20 feet high. There are no homes along this stretch of coast,
               however, the forests on the adjacent uplands have all been recently logged.

               2. Freda-Redridge.
                        The cliffs, 30 to 60 feet high, are the highest Freda Sandstone exposures in the state, and are
               similar to those of Plates 4c and 4d. These cliffs, although low in plant diversity, are quite beautiful,
               with a pattern of bluish-gray and red on their wave-sculpted face.
                        The summit of the cliffs is dominated by northern hardwood forests. Based on surveys at the
               Portage Lake Shipping Canal site, it is unlikely that many rare plants will be encountered along the
               cliffs; the steep cliffs provide little habitat for plants. Scattered homes have been built at the summit
               of the cliffs between Freda and Beacon Hill and house construction is beginning east of Beacon Hill.
                        Only partial surveys were conducted for this site; a small area of cliffs on the east edge of
               Freda was surveyed, as was an area just west of Redridge. Steep cliffs made access to this site
               difficult, requiring further survey by wading or canoeing the coast when weather conditions permit.

               3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West.
                        Although the cliffs are only 20 to 40 feet high, they are the most ecologically intact area of
               Freda Sandstone (see Plates 4c and 4e). There are almost no houses on the two mile stretch of cliffs,
               and the seepage-rich slopes above the cliffs are dominated by old-growth cedar swamp. Second-
               growth northern hardwoods forest dominates the broad upland ridge above the cliffs; much of the
               logging is quite recent. The only special plant found was butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), which was
               quite localized on the moist, upper edge of the cliffs. Some portions of the cliffs are loose shale
               splitting along bedding planes, while others are compact and highly-sculpted. At the base of the cliffs
               is a broad shelf, typically covered by two to four feet of water, thus allowing several miles of shoreline
               to be surveyed by wading. A veneer of stamp sand, carried by currents from the mining operations
               at Freda and Redridge, covers the base of this shelf, adding to the striking beauty of the shoreline.
                        Further surveys for rare plants should concentrate on the cedar swamps above the cliffs, and
               would probably be best conducted in late spring and early summer. These surveys would likely be
               productive, but will be quite time-consuming, as seepages and deep organic soils are characteristic
               of the steeply-sloped conifer swamps, as are numerous areas of large, wind-thrown northern white-
               cedar.



                                                                   21





                                                     7 8   9  10 11 12  14 15
                                                                               16
                                            5
                                              10!
                                                                                 17

                                                                        0
                                                                          19



                                         A                           Freda Formation
                                                                        1  Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River
                        2        4
                                                                        2. Freda - Redridge
                                                                                       Ship Canal West
                                                                        3. Portage Lake

                                                                     Copper Harbor Conglomerate
                                                                        4. Sevenmile Point
                                        01
                                                                        5. Fivernile Point - Eagle River
                                                                        6. Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor
                                                                           Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor
                                                                        7.
       K)                                                               8. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor - Bailey Creek
                                                                        9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park - Lake Glazon
                                                                      10.  Dans Point
                                                                      11.  Devil's Washtub
            .4,                                                       12.  Porters Island
                                                         0
                                                                      13.  Fort Wilkins State Park
                                                                                                 Norland Trust
                                                                      14.  Copper Harbor Lighthouse
                                                                      15.  Horseshoe Harbor
                                                                      16.  High Rock North
    .0-K,

                                                                     Portage Lake Volcanics
                                                                      17.  Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay - Keystone Bay
                                                                      18.  Keystone Point
                  r
                                                                      19.  Fish Cove
                                                                      20.  Bete Gris - Bear Bluff
                                                           owl"


                                        47
            to           0            10
                =r-p=r-                Wes               Figure 4. Major bedrock sites on the Keweenaw Peninsula.
                    to      0       10
                                      Kildmelers










                                                                                                      Table 1-A
                                                                      Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites


                                                                                                                                   Site Data
                                   Keweenaw Peninsula
                                        Bedrock Site'                              Township/             Bedrock   b       Bedrock             of T & E        Ownership              Levelof     td
                                                                                     Range                 Type         Classification        Plants       I-                   I Developmen
                       1. Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River                   T54-55N R36W                                                                   P(C)                         U
                       2. Freda - Redridge                                    T55N R35-36W              sandstone,          Freda                            P(S)                         M
                                                                                                         siltstone        Formation
                       3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West                        T56N R34-35W                                                         1         P(L)                         U
                       4. Sevenmile Point                                     T57N R32-33W                 VB, B                                   0         P(C)                        U, P
                       5. Fivemile Point - Eagle River                        T58N R32W                  C, VB, B                                  6         P(C), P(S)                  M-H
                       6, Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor                           T58-59N R30-31W              VB, B                                   11        P(S)                        M-H
                       7. Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor                  T59N R30W                    VB,B                                    12        P(S)                         M
                       8. Silver Is.: Grand Marais Harbor-Bailey Cr,          T59N R30W                    VB, 6                                   8         P(S), P(L)                  L-M
                       9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon                T59N    R29-30W                C             Copper                  9         P(S)                        M-H
                       10. Dans Point                                         T59N R29W                      C              Harbor                 4         P(S), MNA, Mi               U-M
                       11. Devil's Washtub                                    T59N R28-29W                   C          Conglomerate               5         P(C)                        U, P
                       12. Porters Island                                     T59N R28W                    C, VB                                   I         Ml                           U

                       13. Fort Wilkins State Park                            T59N R28W                  C, VB, B                                  5         Mi                          U-M
                       14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust             T59N R28W                      C                                     4         P(L), Mi                     M
                       15, Horseshoe Harbor                                   T59N R27-28W                   C                                     8         TNC, P(C,L)                 U, P
                       16. High Rock North                                    T58-59N R27W               C, VB, B                                  7         P(L,S), MI                   U
                       17. Keweenaw Pt.: High Rock-Keystone Bays              T58N R27W                    VB, B                                   5         P(L,C), MI                   U
                       18. Keystone Point                                     T58N R27-28W                 VB, B           Portage                 2         P(L,C)                       U
                                                                                                                             Lake
                       19. Fish Cove                                          T58N R28W                  VB, B, R         Voicanics                6         P(C), MNA                    U
                       20, Bete Grise - Bear Bluff                            T58N R28-29W                 VB, B                                   6         P(C,L), MNA                  U



                                                                                                           23










                                                                                    Table 1 -A (cont.)
                                                               Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites


                       'For site maps see Appendix 1.

                       bBedrock codes are as follows:


                                VB     vesicular basalt;
                                B      basalt;
                                C      conglomerate;
                                R      rhyoiite.

                       cOwnership is listed in order of acreage owned. Ownership codes are as follows:

                                MI       State of Michigan;
                                US       Federal;
                                TNC      The Nature Conservancy;
                                MNA      Michigan Nature Association;
                                P(C)     Private, corporate;
                                P(L)     Private, large tracts;
                                P(S)     Private, small tracts.

                       dDevelopment codes are as follows:

                                U = undeveloped or sparse;
                                P = platted for development;
                                M = moderate development;
                                H = heavy development.












                                                                                             24


                                                                                             M, M = = M M = =











                                                                                                 Table I-B
                                                                    Summary Data for Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites


                                                                                                                             Site Data
                                 Keweenaw Peninsula                        Bedrock Beach         Bedrock              Bedrock Cliffs,              Cobble Beach         Bedrock Glade
                                      Bedrock Site                        Length (ml)/Rank         Width                                            Length (ml)          (acres)/Rank
                                                                                                     (ft)       Length (ml) FHeight (ft)
                     1. Rockhouse Pt. - Graveraet River                                                              3.5               <30

                     2. Freda - Redridge                                                                           1.5-2.0            30-60

                     3. Portage Lake Ship Canal West                                                                 2.0              20-40

                     4. Sevenmile Point                                            0.5/6           30-45                                                  0.5

                     5. Fivemile Point - Eagle River                               1.5/BC          30-60

                     6. Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor                                  1.5+/BC         30-60                                                0.8+

                     7. Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor                         1.5/BC          20-150                                               <0.5

                     B. Silver Is.: Gr, Marais Harbor-Bailey Cr.                   3.0+/B          10-240                                               <0.5                  40/B

                     9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon                       3.5+/BC         60-240                                               <05                  1 OO/BC

                     10. Dans Point                                                2Z/A            80-180                                               <05                  240/AB

                     1 1. Devil's Washtub                                          1.5/A           30-150                                               <0.25                200/A

                     12. Porters Island                                            OAAB            30-120                                               0.5-0.75

                     13. Fort Wilkins State Park                                   1.0/BC          30-90                                                0.6-0.7

                     14, Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust                    1.2/13          60-120                                               <0.25
                     15. Horseshoe Harbor                                          4.0/A           30-120                                                 0.8                200/AD

                     16, High Rock North                                           0.7/13          30-60                                                2.2-2.5

                     17. Keweenaw Pt.: High Rock-Keystone Bays                     1.0+/B          10-40                                                2.5-3.0

                     18. Keystone Point                                            1.0+/B          20-60                                                  0.5

                     19. Fish Cove                                                 1.4+/A          10-150                                               0.4-0.6              80/AB
                     20, Bete Grise - Bear Bluff                                   2.8+/A          10-60             0.5               >50              1.0-1.2                     -A

                                                                                                      25











                                                                            Table 2
                                                Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites

                                                                                      Site Numbero
                       Species              Freda                                                                               Portage Lake
                                          Sandstone                       Copper Harbor Conglomerate                              Volcanics
                                              2    3               6    7    8     9    10.1. 11  12   13    14   15   16   17   18  is@  19c  20
                Aflium schoenoprasum

                Amica cordiformis

                Aster modestus

                Braya humifis

                Cafamagrostis facustris

                C. stricta

                Calypso bulbosa

                Carex media

                C. rossii

                C. pallescens

                C. scirpoidea
                Castilleja septentrionalis                                   0    0    0     0                    0    q re          0
                Ceanothus sanguineus

                Clematis occidentafis

                Crataegus douglasii

                Cypripedfurn arietinum

                Danthonia intermedia

                Draba arabisans



                                                                               26



                                                                               IM M M M









                                                                          Table 2 (cont.)
                                                  Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites


                                                                                        Site Number"
                        Species              Freda                                                                                 Portage Lake
                                          Sandstone                         Copper Harbor Conglomerate                              Volcanics

                                          1    2    3               6     7    8    9    10    11   12    13   14   1         17    18  1 9b 1 9c 20

                Drosera anglica

                Dryopteris expansa

                Elymus glaucus

                Empetrum nigrum

                Listera auriculata

                Pamassia palustris

                Phleum alpinum

                Pinguicula vulgaris                                                                            9    0
                                                                                                        t    v
                Polygonum viviparum

                Potentilla pensylvanica

                Pterospera andromedea

                Sagina nodosa

                Senecio indecorus

                Solidago decumbens

                Stellaria longipes

                Trisetum sp
                          icatum                                                               0          0                              0

                Vaccinium cespitosum                                                                                                     0



                                                                                 27









                                                                         Table 2 (cont.)
                                                 Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Keweenaw Bedrock Sites


                           'Keweenaw site names are as follows:


                                   Freda Formation
                                    1 .  Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River
                                    2.   Freda - Redridge
                                    3.   Portage Lake Ship Canal West

                                   Copper Harbor Conglomerate
                                    4.   Sevenmile Point
                                    5.   Fivemile Point - Eagle River
                                    6.   Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor
                                    7.   Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor
                                    8.   Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor - Bailey Creek
                                    9.   Agate Harbor: Esrey Park - Lake Glazon
                                   10.   Dans Point
                                   11.   Devil's Washtub
                                   12.   Porters Island
                                   13.   Fort Wilkins State Park
                                   14.   Copper Harbor Lighthouse - Norland Trust
                                   15.   Horseshoe Harbor
                                   16.   High Rock North

                                   Portage Lake Volcanics
                                   17.   Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay - Keystone Bay
                                   18.   Keystone Point
                                   19.   Fish Cove
                                   20.   Bete Grise - Bear Bluff




                            bSite 19 (Fish Cove), species occurrences on lava.

                           rSite 19 (Fish Cove), species occurrences on rhyolite.



                                                                               28











                   7w

                           Ak









                                                          _Z7


                                                                                           W-W.














                               Portage Lake Shipping Canal West: Cliffs of Freda Sandstone.

                      The combination of restricted exposure of this bedrock type, high scenic value, and ecological
              intactness of the adjacent cedar swamp, make this a site worthy of acquisition or protection through
              conservation easement. This should be an easily accomplished project, as there are few ownerships
              and the owner of the largest properties has already expressed an interest in protecting the shoreline.



              4. Sevenmile Point.
                      The rugged shoreline south of Sevenmile Point, part of the Lake Shore Traps (resistant
              basaltic lava flows), is one of the most scenic stretches of undeveloped shoreline remaining on the
              Keweenaw Peninsula, but it is almost devoid of vegetation on the bedrock shore. No special plants
              were found on this shoreline. The fine-grained basalt and vesicular basalt that characterize this
              shoreline do not rise far above Lake Superior, and therefore offer few protected sites for plant
              establishment. A few of the larger bedrock exposures support localized turfs of sedge and grass, with
              clumps of small balsam fir and white spruce. Locally, depressions in the basalt contain shallow pools
              bordered by sedges, rushes, and other aquatic plants.
                      Between the bedrock exposures are broad expanses of steeply-sloping cobble beach, some
              Of the most popular agate beaches on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Behind these steep-sloped beaches
              is second-growth forest of white spruce and balsam fir, and east of this narrow upland forest are Mud
              Lake and Seven Mile Creek. Limited inventory was conducted within these wetlands; the northern
              portion was a shrubby wet meadow. There is justification for further study of this large wetland
              complex.
                      The entire tract is owned by the Lake Superior Land Company, which has recently built a new
              road from the north to Sevenmile Point. Lake Superior Land has platted both the sandy embayment
              north of Sevenmile Point and the gravel shoreline south of Sevenmile Point. Based on field surveys,
              acquisition is recommended for the gravel beach south of Sevenmile Point, as well as the bedrock



                                                                29










                 portions of Severimile Point, located in T57N R33W Section 1 and N2 of Section 12, and T57N R32W
                 W2 of Section 6, with some acquisition of the sandy shoreline in the E2 of Section 6 for buffer.








                                                                                  AL





                                                                                                               A A_





            !45                                                                      '01 -















                                                                                                            7.
            RM

                           Sevenmile Point: Rugged Lake Shore Traps surrounded by cobble beach.


                5. Fivernile Point-Eagle River.
                        South of Eagle River, Copper Harbor Conglomerate forms a narrow bedrock beach for more
                than a mile, but farther south the shoreline is mostly sand dune, with isolated exposures of bedrock
                west of Silver Creek, and a broad exposure of Copper Harbor Conglomerate at Fivemile Point. A thin
                lava flow occurs within the Copper Harbor Conglomerate at Fivemile Point. All of the special plants
                are found on the narrow strip of conglomerate just south of Eagle River, where the bedrock is only
                30 to 60 feet wide. Special plants found on the shoreline included pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja
                septentrionalis), butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), and bulrush sedge (Carex scirpoidea) (Table 2).
                        Shoreline development is almost complete between Eagle River and Fivemile Point, with the
                exception of the bedrock section of the shoreline in Section 24, which is owned by Lake Superior
                Land Company. This section of shoreline is relatively low priority for acquisition, because of heavy
                development and because the shoreline is narrow and short (1 mile), compared with other exposures
                of Copper Harbor Conglomerate.






                                                                 30










               6. Cat Harbor-Eagle Harbor.
                       The Lake Shore Traps, resistant basaltic lava flows, are exposed between Cat and Eagle
               Harbors. The exposed bedrock shoreline is relatively narrow, typically between thirty and sixty feet
               wide, but it supports occurrences of wild chives (Allium schoenoprasum), wild oat-grass (Danthonia
               intermedia), pearlwort (Sagina nodosa), reclining goldenrod (Solidago decumbens), and downy oat-
               grass (Trisetum spicatum). Six other special plants are known from this stretch of coastline, making
               this one of the sites richest in rare plant species, but most are wetland plants found in the large
               wetlands south of the shoreline (Table 2).
                       There are regularly spaced residences along the entire shoreline between Cat and Eagle
               Harbors, greatly limiting the potential for effective shoreline conservation, unless it were pursued
               through a registry program. The wetland south of M26, called "The Marshes", appears to have been
               degraded by hydrologic changes resulting from the highway. The status of the special plants of this
               wetland is not known; a search for these species in the late 1980s was not successful.


               7. Eagle Harbor-Grand Marais Harbor.
                       The mile and a half of shoreline between Eagle and Grand Marais Harbors is a thirty to sixty
               foot wide exposure of resistant basaltic lava flows (the Lake Shore Traps), with maximum bedrock
               exposures of 150 feet. This stretch of shoreline supports the largest number of special plants
               recorded on the Keweenaw Peninsula, reflecting the presence of both diverse bedrock and wetland
               habitat (Table 2). Many of the special plants are northern wetland species found in the large wetland
               to the south, known locally as "Cedar Swamp".
                       Potential for effective bedrock shoreline conservation is limited, as houses are scattered along
               the entire mile and a half of shoreline. At both the eastern and western ends of the expanse houses
               are farther apart, possibly allowing for some shoreline protection through a registry program.


               S. Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor-Bailey Creek.
                       Much of the bedrock shoreline, which consists of resistant basaltic lava flows (the Lake Shore
               Traps), is very narrow, but west of the Silver River exposures are up to 240 feet wide, and open
               bedrock glade extends another 300 feet in from the shoreline. West of the Silver River mouth there
               are several islands formed of resistant traprock; the largest, Silver Island, is almost a quarter mile
               long. There are eight special plants known from this section of shoreline, primarily species
               characteristic of the bedrock shore, but also including species of the bedrock glade and conifer
               forests (Table 2). Special plants of the shoreline are known from both the islands and mainland.
                       This site is ranked B because of both the large number of special plants and the relatively
               large area of undeveloped shoreline. The Lake Superior Land Company property north of Lake Bailey
               has been recently platted and several homes are under construction in the western three quarters of
               Section 34. The eastern quarter of Section 34 and the western half of Section 35 have also been
               platted, but there has been little development of this subdivision. Conservation action on this site
               should probably concentrate on these undeveloped portions of Section 34 and 35, including Silver
               Island.















                                                                 31







































                     Silver Island: Broad bedrock shoreline and       bedrock glade west of the Silver River.


                9. Agate Harbor: Esrey Park-Lake Glazon.
                       The northern peninsula at Agate Harbor and the Lake Superior shoreline north of Lake Glazon
                consist of one of the broadest exposures of Copper Harbor Conglomerate on the Keweenaw
                Peninsula, reaching 250 feet in width and regularly greater than eighty feet wide. The southern
                peninsula, between North and South Bay, and the south shoreline consist of much narrower
                exposures of basaltic lava flows (the Lake Shore Traps). A broad zone of open bedrock glade,
                dominated by white pine, red pine, balsam fir, red oak, and several species of shrub occurs just
                inland from the open bedrock shoreline on much of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. Our
                understanding of glade on the Keweenaw is incomplete; the glade appears to be an integral part of
                the shoreline ecosystem, stretching along much of the shoreline on the Copper Harbor Conglomerate.
                The nine special plants of this section of shoreline are found growing on both the bedrock shoreline
                and glade (Table 2).
                       The combination of both high quality bedrock shoreline and glade should make this an
                important site for shoreline conservation, but this task will be difficult because of the large number
                of residences located on the peninsulas. Most of these houses are located within the glade, right at
                the edge of the bedrock shoreline. Most of the owners value the beauty of the shoreline, and many
                know of the rare plants found on the shore, possibly allowing for the development of a successful
                registry program. Education of landowners will probably be needed to get protection or ecologically


                                                                 32















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                 several residences south of the road, there are very few north of the road along the beach. Several
                 homes and undeveloped parcels were on the market during 1994 field surveys. Pursuit of these
                 parcels and conservation easements could provide the opportunity to develop a meaningful preserve
                 that would be easily accessible to the public.







                                                                                                              rim










                 Dans Point: Resistant bed   rock forms numerous small islands j     -ust'off shore. The site contains
                 many shallow pools, some of which support butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris).


                 11. Devil's Washtub.
                        West of Copper Harbor, there is a mile and a half of bedrock shoreline that is separated from
                 highway M-26 by nearly a half mile. This stretch of broad bedrock shoreline has long been known
                 as Devil's Washtub because of a large pool in the bedrock that is connected to Lake Superior. The
                 beach of Copper Harbor Conglomerate is up to 150 feet wide and contains many pools and small
                 off-shore islands. A broad glade dominated by white pine, red pine, and shrubs parallels the
                 shoreline. Seepages flow from the forest and glade onto the bedrock, creating abundant habitat for
                 pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis) and butterwort.
                        Four special plants are known from the bedrock shoreline and one, heart-leaved arnica (Amica
                 cordiformis), is known from the glade (Table 2). Insect surveys are recommended for the glade.
                       This A-ranked site is a priority site for acquisition, as it is well buffered from the highway,
                 supports both high-quality bedrock beach and glade, and presently has been only minimally
                 developed, having a single home at the west end of the tract. Most of the site is owned by Lake
                 Superior Land Company, which platted the land for development in 1994. The site is used by local
                 residents and visitors for hiking, with access from the Copper Harbor marina, which can be seen in
                 the center of the accompanying aerial photo of the site.




                                                                  34

































             Devil's Washtub: A broad bedrock beach with many pools and       small off-shore islands
             characterizes this site. The town of Copper Harbor can be seen in the background.











                                                         95W







                                  49




             Devil's Washtub: Crustose lichens cover the broad bedrock beach above the wave-splash zone.
             Farther inland, open-grown white pine and red pine dominate the glade.


                                                        35











                12. Porters Island.
                         This half-mile long island, which provides protection to Copper Harbor from storms out of the
                north, is part of Fort Wilkins State Park. The northern shoreline is basaltic lava at the west end, with
                conglomerate to the east; almost the entire south shore is cobble. There are several small islands
                off the east end of Porters Island. The island supports conifer-dominated forest for its entire length.
                         The bedrock beach of the island is of excellent quality, as is the conifer forest. There is also
                a small area of shrubby glade at the southeast end of the island. Only one rare plant, wild oat-grass
                (Danthonia intermedia), is known from the island, and no further species were found during the 1994
                field surveys (Table 2). The flora on the bedrock was similar to that seen on other areas of Copper
                Harbor Conglomerate; a broad zone of crustose and fruticose lichens covered the drier rock above
                the wave splash zone, with scattered herbaceous plants, shrubs, and small trees. One of the largest
                and most picturesque northern white-cedars able to survive the severe ice-scour of the Keweenaw
                coast was seen growing in a crack in the conglomerate (Plate 1 e).
                         A portable dock and an improved trail have been proposed by the park to allow better access
                to the island. This proposal would also allow tour boats to bring park visitors to the island, much as
                tours are provided to the Copper Harbor Lighthouse. Based on the small size of the island and the
                sensitivity of the lichen cover to foot traffic, it is not recommended that regular boat tours visit the
                island. The present levels of visitation resulting from canoe and motor boat access to the cobbly
                south shoreline have not caused apparent destruction to the vegetation of either the forest or the
                bedrock shoreline, in strong contrast with the degraded condition of the bedrock shoreline
                surrounding the lighthouse, which has resulted from heavy visitation.






                     MOW-











                     . . . . . . . . . .















                Porters Island: Porters Island with the town of Copper Harbor in the right background and Fort
                Wilkins State Park to the left.







                                                                   36











               13. Fort Wilkins State Park.
                       The southern and eastern shoreline of the embayment at Copper Harbor are part of Fort
               Wilkins State Park. The bedrock shore is relatively steep and narrow basaltic lava, except near the
               Copper Harbor lighthouse, where the conglomerate beach is broader. Five special plants are known
               from the shoreline of the park (Table 2). The vegetation along the southern shore does not appear
               to have been greatly effected by park visitation, but the shrubby vegetation around the lighthouse
               contains numerous foot trails. There is an informative interpretative trail on the bedrock shoreline
               around the lighthouse. Rather than build an additional dock and interpretive trail on Porters Island,
               I would suggest further improvements to this existing trail. Present management at the park is
               adequate to maintain the vegetation of the remainder of the bedrock shoreline.


               14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse-Norland Trust.
                       The conglomerate bedrock shoreline of this site is similar to that of Horseshoe Harbor to the
               east, but there are scattered homes along the shoreline of this site, whereas Horseshoe Harbor has
               no residential development. The bedrock glade of this site has also been degraded with numerous
               trails and driveways. The bedrock shoreline has not been significantly degraded by residential
               development and four special plants are found either on the bedrock or in the adjacent conifer forest
               (Table 2).
                       A large vein of calcite cuts across the conglomerate about 0.5 miles east of the lighthouse.
               There are also several small, steeply sloped cobble beaches along the shoreline.
                       Since the landowners are all part of a neighborhood association, it might be possible to
               pursue an effective program of landowner contacts or conservation easements. At least one of the
               landowners is in regular communication with The Nature Conservancy.



               15. Horseshoe Harbor.
                       This section of the Lake Superior shoreline has the largest coastal nature preserve on the
               Keweenaw Peninsula, The Nature Conservancy's Horseshoe Harbor Preserve, which stretches across
               one and a half miles of shoreline. The broadest part of this shoreline, approximately 120 feet wide,
               occurs within the preserve. This broad and scenic section of shoreline has extremely steep, narrow
               islands and broad cobble beaches. Algal stromatolites are also common on the preserve. The
               bedrock beach continues to be broad and steep to the west of the preserve, in the western half of
               Section 35. To the east of the preserve, in Sections 31 and 32 of T59N R27W, the bedrock is not as
               wide, but it is very steep, and contains the full range vegetation zones typically found on broader
               expanses of bedrock, including a narrow zone of bedrock glade. Farther east, a narrow beach of lava
               bedrock alternating with cobble beach becomes more common. Bedrock glade is well expressed
               at the west end of the tract, throughout Section 35. Little biological survey has been conducted in
               this large glade and in the large wetlands farther to the south.
                       Eight special plants are known from the preserve (Table 2). Three new special plants were
               found in 1994, black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasit) in Section 35, and pearlwort (Sagina nodosa),
               and stitchwort (Stellaria longipes) in Section 32. Habitat for special plants and animals includes both
               dry and wet (seepy) bedrock beach, bedrock pools, bedrock glade, and conifer forest.
                       This is one of the top two sites for further acquisition, with potential for site expansion both
               to the east and west. Acquisition of tracts owned by Lake Superior Land Company in Section 35
               (T59N R28W) and Section 31 (T59N R27\A1) has been pursued in the past by The Nature
               Conservancy, but is even more urgent now, as Lake Superior Land Company has recently platted
               their lands in Section 35. The private lands in Section 32 (T59N R27W) were among the most diverse
               and beautiful shoreline visited in 1994 (see accompanying photo).




                                                                  37











                                                                                                                    J11



                                                                                              4L













                     --Nod



















               Horseshoe Harbor: All      of Section  32 is  characterized by steep    shoreline of conglomerate
               bedrock, backed by a narrow bedrock glade dominated by shrubs and conifers.


               16. High Rock North.
                       This three mile section of shoreline consisted largely of cobble beach, with isolated, narrow
               bedrock exposures of both basalt and conglomerate. Although the bedrock is narrow, seven special
               plants are known from the shoreline and adjacent conifer forests (Table 2).
                       There has been no development of this shoreline, but there are over 20 ownership parcels,
               both small and large, including ownership by Lake Superior Land Company. High Rock Point is
               owned by the University of Michigan. The combination of no development and several special plants
               makes this a priority for acquisition, but much less urgent than either Horseshoe Harbor, the Devil's
               Washtub, or Sevenmile Point.


               17. Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay-Keystone Bay.
                      This site is similar to High Rock North, consisting largely of broad embayments of cobble
               beach between narrow bedrock points. The typical bedrock of these points is the basaltic lavas of
               the Portage Lake Volcanics. Five special plants are known from this section of shoreline (Table 2),
               but they are restricted to very small populations on restricted bedrock habitat. Alpine bistort
               (Polygonum viviparum), known from only one other mainland site (Horseshoe Harbor), is found locally
               on seepages north of Keweenaw Point.


                                                                38










                       This shoreline is remote and undeveloped, providing extensive, intact coastal ecosystems, but
               only limited rare plant habitat. Inventory for rare fauna has not yet been conducted. It is probably
               best pursued as part of a State Land Trust or Federal Wilderness project, where remoteness and
               ecological intactness are important criteria.


               18. Keystone Point.
                       This site is one of the shortest segments of bedrock shoreline, consisting of about a mile of
               bedrock beach, with another half mile of cobble beach. The shoreline is narrow, often less than 30
               feet wide; in many places trees grow to the shoreline edge and there is a 10 to 15 foot high cliff of
               lava. On such a rugged shoreline, habitat for shoreline plants is restricted. Only one rare shoreline
               plant species was encountered, downy oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum). Another rare species, dwarf
               bilberry (Vaccinium cespitosum), was found as scattered plants along the open shoreline trail. Dwarf
               bilberry is the host plant for state-threatened northern blue butterfly (Lycaeides idas nabokovi).
                       As with the Keweenaw Point tract discussed above, it is remote and undeveloped. This tract,
               along with the Keweenaw Point, Bete Grise-Bear Bluff, and portions of the Fish Cove tract could all
               be part of a large Land Trust or Wilderness project.



               19. Fish Cove.
                       The Fish Cove site includes the only coastal areas of rhyolite in Michigan, as well as long,
               narrow exposures of basalt. The rhyolite knob, which is less than a quarter mile across, forms steep
               bedrock escarpments, stacks, and glade (Plates 4a and 4b). There are other glades farther inland,
               both east and west of the Montreal River. Both the rhyolite and basalt are part of the Portage Lake
               Voicanics, the dominant bedrock along the southeastern shore of the Keweenaw Peninsula. About
               one quarter of the two mile long site is cobble beach, which is concentrated west of Fish Point.
                       Six special plants are known from this section of shoreline (Table 2), making it the richest site
               for special plants on the southeastern Keweenaw Peninsula bedrock shoreline. Only one species
               occupies the rhyolite, downy oat-grass (Triseturn spicatum). Most remaining species are found on
               coastal basaltic bedrock, but only occupy small microsites above the wave-impact and ice-scour
               zones.
                       Most of the rhyolite knob is within the Michigan Nature Association's (MNA) Gunn Preserve,
               but the remainder of this site is owned by the Lake Superior Land Company. It is worth pursuing
               acquisition of the upper and lower falls of the Montreal River and the nearby glades, all located in the
               eastern half of Section 27 and the southwestern quarter of Section 26.



               20. Bete Grise-Bear Bluff.
                       The shoreline between Bete Grise and Bear Bluff is rugged, narrow basaltic lava, broken by
               many embayments of cobble. The exposed bedrock shoreline is very narrow, often forming low
               escarpments, with forest growing to the lake edge. A total of six special plants are known from the
               shoreline or nearby rocky habitat (Table 2); the narrow shoreline does not provide large areas of
               habitat for any of these. This is the only coastal site for mountain timothy (Phieum aipinum), an alpine
               grass.  There are large expanses of cliff within a quarter mile of the shore. Rare plants on these cliffs
               and exposed knobs include small blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia parviflora) and expanded woodfern
               (Dryopteris expansa).
                       Most of the lands along this shoreline are commercial forest lands, owner both by Lake
               Superior Land or Escanaba Paper Companies. The Michigan Nature Association also owns a 160
               acre preserve at Bear Bluff, but this parcel does not include shoreline. Acquisition of this site would
               probably be best pursued as part of a large State Land Trust or Federal Wilderness project.


                                                                  39











                SUMMARIES OF DRUMMOND ISLAND BEDROCK SITES

                        Areas with large amounts of exposed bedrock have been mapped (Figure 5) and the bedrock
                shoreline and adjacent inland exposures of bedrock on Drummond Island have been divided into
                several major sites (Figure 6). As on the Keweenaw Peninsula, these proposed sites were delineated
                on the basis of bedrock type, recognizable natural boundaries, changes in ownership or management
                pattern along the shore, or on historical site boundaries. More detailed maps of each site are shown
                in Appendix 11; each map is referenced by both the site name and the ordinal number proceeding
                it in the following brief site descriptions. Each site is also described in a summary table (Table 3),
                which includes site name and number, location (Township and Range), bedrock types along the
                shoreline, geological classification or mapping of the bedrock (from Reed and Daniels 1987), the
                number of special plants, land ownership, length and rank of bedrock beach, width of bedrock, length
                and height of cliffs, length of cobble beach, and acres and rank of bedrock glade. Special plant
                occurrences are summarized in Table 4. No special animals were noted on survey sites.

                1. Maxton Plains West.
                        Maxton Plains is the largest and best known area of limestone and dolomite pavement (alvar)
                in Michigan. Traditionally the plains have been arbitrarily broken into the West, Middle, and East
                Maxton Plains. The plains is located on the Queenston Shale Group at the northern end of
                Drummond Island. Although Queenston Shale consists of thick deposits of red shale farther east in
                Ontario and New York, only limestone and dolomite bedrock characterize the group on Drummond
                Island. Whereas the alvar at this site is quite extensive and of high quality, the bedrock shoreline is
                narrow, disturbed by vehicle traffic, and covered by cobbles in many areas.
                        Seven special plants are known from the alvar and small inclusions of glade within the alvar
                (Table 4). Bedrock glade is scattered throughout the alvar, but the occurrences are too small to rank.
                        Most of the site is owned and managed either by the State of Michigan or The Nature
                Conservancy. There is a possibility of acquiring some of the small ownerships in Section 32.


                2. Chippewa Point.
                        The Chippewa Point site is the smallest site recognized on Drummond Island, with a short
                exposure of bedrock beach backed by approximately 50 acres of alvar. No field visit was conducted
                at the site, but it is expected that most of the species found at Maxton Plains West and Grand Marais
                Lake to the east will also be found here. On the aerial photos several large cracks can be seen in
                the dolomite bedrock, and the photo signature of the alvar is similar to that of the nearby alvar sites.
                        The site has a single owner, who also owns a portion of the Grand Marais Lake bedrock
                beach and alvar site. Acquisition of this site is a high priority for The Nature Conservancy and the
                owner has already been contacted.


                3. Grand Marais Lake (Maxton Plains North).
                        This site contains some of the least degraded bedrock shoreline and alvar in the state. The
                bedrock is exposed along the shores of Grand Marais Lake, and gradually grades into alvar farther
                from the shoreline. Along the shore, dolomite is exposed, and vegetation occupies the cracks and
                some of the moist pavement. Spike-rush (Eleocharis rostellata) is the common dominant on the moist
                pavement, and this species is often surrounded by a thin film of precipitated calcium carbonate.
                Farther inland vegetation cover becomes complete, forming a shallow turf dominated by sedges and
                grasses. Along the North Channel shoreline to the north, is steep cobble beach; the cobbles are
                angular, fossil-rich dolomite, probably derived from the cliffs near Poe Point to the east. Bedrock
                glade occurs near the North Channel shoreline and scattered throughout the alvar.                  Glade
                occurrences are too small to rank individually.


                                                                  40













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                                                                                     Figure 5.                             Major areas of bedrock shoreline, exposed                                                                       dolomite pavement (alvar),









                       .Queenston Shale
                          1.  Maxton Plains West
                          2.  Chippewa Point
                          3.  Grand Marais Lake
                          4.  Poe Point
                          5.  Maxton Plains Middle
                          6.  Raynolds Point
                          7.  Maxton Plains East                                            4
                       Manistique Group (Dolomite)
                                                                                                         6
                          8.  Marble Head
                       Engadine Group (Dolomite)                                         Queehston Sh I
                          9.  Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay                                       a e
                       10.    Big Shoal Cove
                       11.    Seamans Point
                       12,    Warners Cove
                                                                                                                       Manitoulin Dolonii(e
                       13.    Huron Bay
                                                                                            Burnt Bluff Gro             Cabot Head Shale
                                                                                                        UP
                                                                                             M-,@;.4. 4
                                                                                                          g,

                                                                                  Manistique Group
                                                                                                                                      8





                                                               k.41


                                                                              NEI.'                                       K-I....,
                                                                                                                well,
                                                                                                                  KM'
                                                                                                        A -'-A t,
                                                                              VW

                                                                         12


                                                                                                                    9


                                                   Figure 6. Major bedrock sites on Drummond Island.








                                                                                                  Table 3-A
                                                            Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites

                                                                                                                           Site Data
                                  Drummond Island
                                    Bedrock Site'                     Township/            Bedrock             Bedrock                of T & E           Ownershipb              Levelof
                                                                         Range               Type           Classification            Plants                                 Developmento

                          1. Maxton Plains West                     T43N R6E               Dolomite                                        7           Ml, TNC, P(S)               U, M

                          2. Chippewa Point                         T43N R6E               Dolomite                                        1           P(L)                         U

                          3. Grand Marais Lake                      T43N R6E               Dolomite                                        7           TNC, Ml, P(L)                U
                          4. Poe Pt. - Raynolds Bay                 T43N R6-7E             Dolomite           Queenston                    1           TNC, Ml, P(L)                U
                                                                                                                  Shale
                          5. Maxton Plains Middle                   T43N R6E               Dolomite                                        7           M 1, P (L)                   U

                          6. Raynolds Point                         T43N R7E               Limestone                                       0           P(L)                         U

                          7. Maxton Plains East                     T43N R6-7E             Dolomite                                        2           Ml, P(L)                     U

                          8. Marble Head                            T41-42N R8E            Dolomite           Manistique                   3           ml                           U
                                                                                                                  Group

                          9. Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay         T41N R7E               Dolomite                                        6           Ml, P(L)                     U

                          10. Big Shoal Cove                        T41 N R6-7E            Dolomite                                        9           P(S), MNA                  U, M
                          11. Seamans Point                         T41N R6E               Dolomite            Engadine                    6           Ml, P(L)                     U
                                                                                                                  Group
                          12. Warners Cove                       I  T41N R6E               Dolomite                                        2           Ml, P(L)                     U

                                                                    T41 N R5-6E            Dolomi                                                                                  U, M
                          13. Huron Bay                                                           te                                       10          P(C), Mi

                             "For site maps see Appendix 11.

                             bOwnership is listed in order of acreage owned. Ownership codes are as follows:
                                       Ml      State of Michigan                         P(C)     Private, corporate
                                       US      Federal                                   P(L)     Private, large tracts
                                       TNC     The Nature Conservancy                    P(S)     Private, small tracts
                                       MNA     Michigan Nature Association

                             cDevelopment codes are as follows: U = undeveloped or sparse; M = moderate development; H = heavy development.


                                                                                                          43











                                                                                                         Table 3-B
                                                                          Summary Data for Drummond Island Bedrock Sites


                                                                                                                                 Site Data
                                   Drummond Island
                                      Bedrock Site                      Bedrock Beach:               Bedrock          Cliff Length           bble Beach'            Alvar:         Bedrock Gladeb
                                                                       Length (ml)/Rank            Width (ft)               (mi)             ength (mi)         Acres/Rank              (acres)
                                                                                                                   I                  @ Coll
                           1. Maxton Plains West                               0.2/                  50-100                                        0.3              600/A                  0

                           2. Chippewa Point                                   0.1/                  50-100                                        0.3               50/                   0

                           3. Grand Marais Lake                                1.5/A                 200-300                  --                   1.3              200/A                  0

                           4.  Poe Pt. - Raynolds Bay                          0.8+/                  < 50                 >  1.0                  2.0                                     --

                           5. Maxton Plains Middle                             --                        --                   --                   0.3              BOO/A                  0

                           6.  Raynolds Point                                  1.0/                   < 50                                         0.4                                     --

                           7.  Maxton Plains East                              o,2/                      -                    --                 0                1 000/BC                 0

                           8.  Marble Head                                                               --                   0.8                  --                                      --

                           9.  Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay                  1.8/A                 150-200                  --                   5.0                                  200/AB

                           10. Big Shoal Cove                                  0.8/6                 50-100                                        2.0+                                    0

                           11. Seamans Point                                   0.8/A                 50-150                                        1.0              50/B                   0

                           12. Warners Cove                                    0.2/C                 50-100                                        2.0+                                    0

                                                                               2-0/A                 200-300                                       2.0+                                    a
                           13. Huron Bay



                               0 = present, no acreage calculated.

                             b 0   = present, no acreage calculated.







                                                                                                               44










                                                                                         Table 4
                                                    Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Drummond Island Bedrock Sites


                                                                                                       Site Number'
                                        Species                                                                 Manistique
                                                                             Queenston Shale                       Group             Engadine Group

                                                                1      2      3      4      5      6      7          8          9            1 1     1 2
                                                                                                                             =:1 0

                              Asplenium ruta-muraria

                              Astragalus neglectus

                              Calypso bulbosa

                              Carex concinna

                              C. fichardsonii                                                                                                              0

                              C. scirpoidea                                                                                                                0

                              Cirsium hiffli                                                                                                               0

                              Cypripedium arietinum

                              Eleocharis compressa

                              Geum triflorum

                              Gymnocarpium robertianum

                              Iris lacustris

                              Pellaea atropurpurea

                              Piperia unalascensis              0                                                               0      0      0            9

                              Poa alpina

                              Pterospora andromedea

                              Scutellaria parvula                                           0



                                                                                            45









                                                                              Table 4 (cont.)
                                                Rare Plant Species Occurrences on Drummond Island Bedrock Sites


                                                                                                Site Number"

                                      Species                                                           Manistlque
                                                                       Queenston Shale                    Group             Engadine Group
                                                        1 1       2     .3  1  4    -5  -16    1-  7        --8        9    -10-1-11   1  12    13
                            Solidago houghtonii

                            Sporobolus heterolepis

                            Stellaria longipes                                                                        0

                            Trichostema brachiatum

                            Trisetum spicatum


                      'Drummond Island site names are as follows:

                               Queenston Shale (primarily Dolomite in Michigan)
                                      1       Maxton Plains West
                                      2.      Chippewa Point
                                      3.      Grand Marais Lake
                                      4.      Poe Point - Raynolds Bay
                                      5.      Maxton Plains Middle
                                      6.      Raynolds Point
                                      7.      Maxton Plains East

                               Manistique Group (Dolomite)
                                      8.      Marble Head


                               Engadine Group (Dolomite)
                                      9.      Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay
                                      10.     Big Shoal Cove
                                      11.     Seamans Point
                                      12.     Warners Cove
                                      13.     Huron Bay



                                                                                     46










                       Botanical inventory has been much less intensive than on the Maxton Plains alvar to the
               south, but seven special plant species have been found (Table 4). A rare moss, Scorpidium
               turgescens, is known from this site. It is likely that small skull-cap (Scutellaria parvula) and false
               pennyroyal (Trichostema brachiatum) will also be found.
                       This site is already partially owned by both the State of Michigan and The Nature
               Conservancy. The Conservancy is presently pursuing acquisition of the remaining large private
               parcel west of Grand Marais Lake.


               4. Poe Point-Raynolds Bay.
                       The shoreline of North Channel between Poe Point and Raynolds Bay consists of
               alternating segments of steep cobble beach and narrow dolomite pavement, which extends
               another 50 to 100 feet into the bay as a shelf just beneath the water surface. Behind the cobble
               beach are low, coral-rich dolomite cliffs surrounded both above and below by a dense band of
               northern white-cedars. Only one special plant, calypso (Calypso bulbosa), is known from the base
               of the cliffs, but the habitat looks appropriate for several special plants, including ram's head
               lady's-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum), Alaska orchid (Piperia unalascensis), and several ferns.
                       Large portions of the shoreline are owned by both the State of Michigan and The Nature
               Conservancy. Remaining private ownership consists of a single large parcel. Acquisition of this
               parcel is less important than acquisition of the remaining Grand Marais Lake (Maxton Plains North)
               parcels.



               5. Maxton Plains Middle.
                       There is no exposed bedrock shoreline south of Maxton Plains Middle; the shoreline
               consists of a marly cobble beach. This portion of Maxton Plains supports high quality alvar.
               Small inclusions of bedrock glade occur throughout, but these are too small to map or rank.
               Seven special plants are known from the alvar (Table 4); most are shared with the Maxton Plains
               West and Grand Marais Lake sites.
                       Almost the entire Middle Plains is owned and managed by the State of Michigan, but there
               are a few small private parcels at the southern edge of the alvar. Acquisition of these parcels
               should be pursued to limit residential and recreational development of the Maxton Plains.


               6. Raynolds Point.
                       The shoreline of Raynolds Point and to the southwest is narrow (less than fifty feet wide)
               dolomite or limestone pavement, which extends as a shallow shelf up to 100 feet into the North
               Channel. The regular blocks of pavement can be easily seen in the shallow water with aerial
               photos. A narrow cobble beach occurs along the upper edge of the pavement along the east
               shore of the point. No surveys for special plants have been conducted along the shoreline. The
               pavement is narrow and plant communities are probably not well developed because of both
               wave activity and ice scour. There may also be low cliffs of limestone or dolomite above the
               pavement, much like portions of the Poe Point-Raynolds Bay shoreline.
                       This site contains three large private parcels; there is no state or Conservancy ownership.
               The site should be surveyed in 1995.



               7. Ma)don Plains East.
                       Maxton Plains East consists of extensive areas of alvar, with a narrow stretch of exposed
               bedrock and cobble along the shoreline. Maxton Plains East is the most degraded part of the
               Maxton Plains, having been intensively grazed by sheep. Only two special plants are known from


                                                                 47









                this section of the plains (Table 4). Furt her botanical survey may beJustified, but was not
                conducted in 1994. Some surveys were conducted in 1992, but did not result in any new special
                plant occurrences.
                        Much of this alvar site is already owned by the State of Michigan; the remainder is in large
                privately-owned tracts used as hunt clubs. These private tracts should be considered for
                acquisition by the state if they become available, but probably do not warrant active pursuit by
                conservation organizations. The state-owned alvar may become a candidate for restoration in the
                future, but there have been no alvar restoration projects to date.


                S. Marble Head.
                     , The cliffs along the shoreline are well-known features to botanists. These cliffs support
                three special plants, two of which are ferns (Table 4). The cliffs are part of the Manistique Group,
                characterized as dolomite. The cliffs are quite remote and are most easily visited by small boat.
                The upland route is impassible in most vehicles. Based on aerial photo interpretation, it appears
                that there are several smaller inland escarpments and some areas of bedrock glade that deserve
                botanical and zoological exploration. An attempt will be made to conduct these surveys during
                the 1995 field season.
                        The entire tract is owned and managed by the State of Michigan. Most of Marble Head is
                forested, either with trembling aspen or northern hardwoods. It is likely that these forest stands
                will periodically be harvested by the Forest Management Division of the Michigan DNR. For this
                reason it is important to identify any significant bedrock glades and associated special plant
                occurrences.



                9. Bass Cove-Little Shelter Bay.
                        This seven-mile stretch of shoreline consists primarily of pristine dolomite pavement along
                the west shore of Bass Cove and along the east shore of Little Shelter Bay (Plate 5a and 5b); it is
                one of the highest quality dolomite beaches in the state. Farther to the east, and on much of
                Shelter Island, cobble shoreline is prevalent. The dolomite pavement is locally 250 feet wide. On
                Bass Cove, the pavement gradually grades into high-quality bedrock glade, dominated by small
                northern white-cedar, balsam fir, and tamarack. Only a small portion of the glade was explored,
                but photo interpretation indicates that the glade was approximately 200 acres in area. The AB
                rank for the glade is tentative, based only on the small portion of the glade visited in 1994.
                        Six special plants were found during a mid-summer survey (Fable 4); it is likely that
                additional species would be encountered in a late spring survey of the bedrock beach and glade.
                Two special sedges, Carex scirpoidea and C. richardsonfi, were widespread on the bedrock
                shoreline, and two additional species, Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillfi) and Alaska orchid (Piperia
                unalascensis), were common within the open glade. The other two species were much more
                localized.
                        The highest quality bedrock pavement and all of the bedrock glade is located on State of
                Michigan property. The remaining shoreline on both Drummond Island and Shelter Island is
                mostly cobble beeach under large private ownership. The private ownerships should be pursued
                for acquisition, either by the state or a conservation organization, but they are less important than
                the private ownerships at Seamans Point and Huron Bay.


                10. Big Shoal Cove.
                        This is one of the shorter expanses of high quality bedrock beach along the south shore
                of Drummond Island. There are three distinct sections of dolomite pavement; the largest, in
                Section 18, has been acquired by the Michigan Nature Association. Although the MNA preserve


                                                                 48










              is relatively small, it contains nine special plants, making it one of the richest sites on Drummond
              Island for special plants. Insect surveys were conducted during the summer and early autumn of
              1994, but the results of these surveys have not yet been finalized.
                      Residential development and road building have degraded the remaining dolomite
              pavement. There are no other tracts on the bay to recommend for acquisition.



              11. Seamans Cove.
                     This site contains four distinct segments of broad, high-quality dolomite pavement
              separated by cobble beach. There are also 50 acres of alvar (13-ranked), that extends from the
              shoreline inland for more than a quarter mile. The dolomite pavement averages approximately
              100 feet in width. The open pavement gradually grades into a narrow bedrock glade, which
              contains Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillit), dwarf lake iris (iris lacustris), and Alaska orchid (Piperia
              unalascensis)-. Special plants common on the pavement are the sedges Carex richardsonii and C.
              scirpoidea. Houghton's goldenrod (Solidago houghtonfi) was also found at the site. It is likely
              that additional special plants will be found if an early plant survey is conducted. Insect surveys
              were conducted during the summer and early autumn of 1994. Further surveys of insects and
              snails may also be conducted at this site as part of a newly initiated international alvar survey.
                      The State of Michigan owns the shoreline in the eastern quarter of Section 21 and the
              western half of Section 15, where considerable dolomite pavement and the alvar are located. The
              western three quarters of Section 21 are owned by George and Eleanor Seaman. This
              ecologically significant parcel should be pursued either for acquisition or conservation easement.




                                               A         @LA



                                                                                                  54



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                                                  Afft&
                                                  gin

              Seamans Point:   Broad dolomite pavement at Seamans Point shows typical zonation seen on
              the southern shore of Drummond Island. The pavement is almost devoid of vegetation in the
              wave-splash zone. Farther inland, in the ice-scour zone, sedges and other herbaceous
              vegetation occupy cracks in the pavement. A shrub-dominated zone grades into a narrow
              zone of open forested glade.


                                                            49












               12. Warners Cove.
                       Warners Cove was previously recognized as a bedrock beach in MNFI's database.
               Dolomite pavement in the cove is restricted to less than a quarter mile of shoreline, with no known
               special plants. Most of the embayment is cobble beach. Only two special plants are known from
               the northern-most part of the bay, Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillii) and a sedge (Carex scirpoidea). The
               site is assigned a rank of C on the basis of the low diversity of special plants and the small size of
               the dolomite pavement. Further late spring and early summer plant surveys might result in
               additional special plants, but might not justify increasing the rank of the bedrock shoreline.
                       Large portions of the shoreline are owned by the State of Michigan. Remaining private
               parcels are large. Acquisition.of these parcels is probably lower priority than parcels at both
               Seamans Point and Huron Bay.

               13. Huron Bay.
                       Huron Bay has the largest expanse of broad dolomite beach on Drummond Island, and
               probably for the entire state. The site also has more special plants (10 species) than any other
               site on Drummond Island (Table 4). The dolomite pavement extends as far as 2000 feet inland
               and averages 200 to 300 feet wide along the eastern side of the bay. The dolomite along portions
               of the shoreline are much steeper than is typical on Drummond Island (see photo below), but on
               most of the shoreline the pavement is quite flat, with less than one percent slope.
                       The special plants of the site include all of the typical special plants of the dolomite
               shoreline, but also contain glade species and two rare ferns. The only Drummond Island
               occurrence for downy oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum), a special plant characteristic of the
               conglomerate bedrock of the Keweenaw Peninsula, is found at Huron Bay.






                       - 2_7@_



                                                                4"










                           A
                                                            W
                      Aw   AL

               Huron Bay:   Whereas most of Huron Bay has flat dolomite pavement similar to that along
               Seamans Point and Bass Cove, this portion of the shoreline has a relatively steep
               escarpment, backed by an open conifer-dominated glade. The northern white-cedars have
               been grazed to 5 or 6 feet above the ground by white-tail deer.


                                                                50










              SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA

              Copper Harbor Conglomerate.
                      The flora and zonation of the conglomerate bedrock beach was described in detail by
              Reschke (1985). In our study, we could not adequately sample the lichen and bryophyte floras,
              and instead concentrated on the vascular plant flora. Carol Reschke assisted us with the
              sampling and familiarized us with many of the more common lichens and bryophytes. The
              bedrock flora between Agate Harbor and Copper Harbor, as described by Reschke (1985), was
              similar to that encountered across the entire length of the conglomerate. Appendix III contains the
              list of species found by Reschke during her 1985 studies.
                      The general zonation described by Reschke was also consistently present along the entire
              length of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The low-wet zone, where wave action was most
              severe, always had low diversity and a high percentage of bare rock. The intermediate-dry and -
              moist zones, where ice scour was still prevalent, was typically dominated by appressed and
              crustose lichens, with scattered vascular plants. The high-dry rocks, above the level of extreme
              wave activity and ice scour, had increased cover and diversity. Finally, where there were
              depressions and pools protected from wave action and ice scour, the pool flora described by
              Reschke was encountered.
                      Different bedrock configurations, as depicted by Reschke (1985), result in local differences
              in floristic composition (Figure 7). In some of the broader shorelines, all of the described
              vegetation zones may be present. In contrast, on some of the steeper, narrower shoreline cross-
              sections, only the low-wet, intermediate-moist, and intermediate-dry associations might occur.
                      During field surveys, numerous new occurrences of special plants were found. Most of
              the occurrences were of species already known from the conglomerate of the Keweenaw
              peninsula. Among the most commonly encountered species were pale Indian paintbrush
              (Castilleja septentrionalis), butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), pearlwort (Sagina nodosa), and downy
              oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum). Stitchwort (Stellaria longipes) was newly discovered on the
              conglomerate.
                      Bedrock glades were encountered along much of the shoreline on conglomerate; this
              zone was quite variable in width, from only a few feet to more than a thousand feet. Shrubs were
              common in this zone, including shadbush (Amelanchier sanguinea), low shadbush (A. spicata),
              bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera), juniper (Juniperus
              communis), creeping juniper (J. horizontalis), twining honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica), sweet gale
              (Myrica gale), ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), dwarf raspberry
              (Rubus pubescens), buffalo berry (Shepherdia canadensis), mountain ash (Sorbus decora),
              snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). Common trees
              included balsam fir (Abies balsamea), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), jack pine (Pinus banksiana),
              red pine (Pinus resinosa), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), quaking aspen (Populus
              tremuloides), and northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis).


              Portage Lake VoIcanics.
                      The vascular plant flora of the basalt and vesicular basalt of the Portage Lake Volcanics
              was very similar to that of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate. The major difference was that the
              basalt shoreline was generally much narrower than the conglomerate shoreline. As a result, there
              was often no zone of bedrock above the wave-splash zone. The basalts typically had many fewer
              cracks for plants to root in. Special plants encountered on the basalts include Ross' sedge (Carex
              rossfi), pale Indian paintbrush (Castilleja septentrionalis), alpine bistort (Polygonum viviparum),
              stitchwort (Stellaria longipes), downy oat-grass (Trisetum spicatum), and dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium
              cbspitosum).



                                                              51
























                            south                                                          north


                                                                                      e Superior














                                          f   4-41-1


























              Figure 7. Cross-section diagrams showing the variability in shoreline width and topography from
              three sample sites. Vertical lines arising from the rock surface indicate the extent of the area
              sampled. Diagonal dashed lines indicate approximate dip of bedding planes in the conglomerate
              rock. Horizontal scale indicates distance in meters. Diagram and text from Reschke (1985).



                                                             52











              Freda Sandstone.
                      The vascular plant flora of the Freda Sandstone was quite localized and depauperate, as
              the entire cliff face appears to be subject to severe wave activity. Further survey of the Freda-
              Redridge and Rockhouse Point-Graveraet River sites may provide more floristic information. Only
              one special plant, butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), was found on the moist, seepy upper cliffs at
              the Portage Lake Ship Canal West site.



              SUMMARY OF VEGETATION SAMPLING ON THE DOLOMITE OF DRUMMOND ISLAND


                      Sampling of the dolomite beaches of Drummond Island indicate that some of the same
              zones identified on the conglomerate beaches of Keweenaw Peninsula occur on the dolomite.
              Although the shoreline is quite flat, with slopes of about 1 degree (as compared to 40 degrees on
              the Copper Harbor Conglomerate), there is still a distinct wave-splash zone, where there is almost
              no vegetation, and an ice-scour zone, where vegetation is restricted to cracks in the bedrock.
              Farther inland, where ice scour is probably less severe, the vegetation in the cracks becomes
              more diverse, and includes shrubs and small trees. Finally, there was an open glade zone that
              graded into closed-canopy forest. At Bass Cove, on the south shore of Drummond Island, the
              wave-splash zone was 2-3 meters wide and had about 1 percent plant cover of mosses and
              herbs, the ice-scour (and probably storm wave) zone was 15 meters wide and had 10 percent
              cover of herbs and scattered shrubs in cracks, a third herb-shrub zone above wave and ice action
              had 40 percent cover of shrubs, herbs, and mosses, and the glade zone had an open canopy of
              scattered trees with almost 100 percent cover of shrubs, herbs, and mosses.
                      The vegetation data collected during 1994 has not been completely analyzed, so
              discussion of the flora will concentrate only on special plants. The most common special plants
              of the alvar, dolomite shoreline, and glades are, in order of number of occurrences: bulrush sedge
              (Carex scirpoidea) (8), Hill's thistle (Cirsium hilffi) (7), Alaska orchid (Piperia unalascensis) (7),
              calypso (Calypso bulbosa) (5), Richardson's sedge (Carex richardsonii) (5), flattened spike-rush
              (Eleocharis compressa) (5), and prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) (5). Calypso bulbosa
              and Carex richardsonii are probably more prevalent than these data suggest, but are most easily
              recognized in late spring or early summer, before this project was initiated. The most common
              special plant species on the exposed shoreline were Carex scirpoidea and C. richardsonii.
              Cirsium hillfi, Piperia unalascensis, and Calypso bulbosa were the most common species in the
              glades, while Eleocharis compressa, and Sporobolus heterolepis were most common on the more
              inland areas of alvar.



              COMPARISON OF THE BEDROCK FLORAS OF THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA AND
              DRUMMOND ISLAND


                      The special plant occurrences of the shorelines of the Keweenaw Peninsula and
              Drummond Island were compared. Of the 51 special plant species known from these shorelines,
              35 are known from the Keweenaw Peninsula and 22 are known from Drummond Island, with only
              6 shared species (12 percent). Of the shared species, only one (Calypso bulbosa) has several
              occurrences on both, with five records from Drummond Island and six from the Keweenaw.
              Bulrush sedge (Carex scirpoidea) is more frequent on Drummond Island (8 vs. 1), and downy oat-
              grass (Trisetum spicatum) is more frequent on the Keweenaw (15 vs. 1). The other shared
              species, ram's head lady's-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum), pine-drops (Pterospora andromedea),
              and stitchwort (Stellaria longipes), have four or less occurrences on both the Keweenaw Peninsula
              and Drummond Island.




                                                              53









                        The flora of the Keweenaw Peninsula is recognized to have both western (Marquis and
                Voss 1981) and arctic-alpine phytogeographic affinities (Given and Soper 1981). The alvar and
                bedrock shoreline of Drummond Island has both arctic and mid-western grassland affinities.
                        During the spring of 1995, the data from sampling plots will be compared for the
                Keweenaw Peninsula and Drummond Island. It is expected that there! may be more shared
                common species than rare species, as many of the shrubs and trees are shared.


                PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF DRUMMOND ISLAND INSECT SURVEYS


                        In addition to the species identified by MNFI staff, results were received from G. M.
                Fauske and D. A. Rider for the Lepidoptera (including the Papaipema) and the Pentatomidae.
                From three orders (Hemiptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera), a total of 72 species were recorded
                from three alvar study areas (Appendix V). Fifty-two species were recorded from the Maxton Plain
                sites, 31 species from South Drummond Island sites, and 10 species from the Dudley Bay sites.
                Differences in the number of species at these sites most likely are attributed to sampling intensity.
                For instance, Dudley Bay was visited twice but on one of those occassions it was overcast and
                quite cool, which is not optimal insect collecting weather. In addition, nocturnal light-trapping was
                not conducted at Dudley Bay in 1994. Ught-trapping will be conducted there in 1995 so that we
                can better compare results between sites.
                       The majority of the species collected are common, wide-ranging insects, however, four
                genera of leafhoppers (Flexamia, Graminefla, Laevicephaius, and Chlorotettix) merit special
                mention. These genera contain species that are very local and restricted to prairie habitats. The
                leafhopper, Flexamia delongi, may have been collected from Maxton Plains and the south shore of
                Drummond Island; final identification of these specimens has not yet been made. Elsewhere, this
                species is reported only from high quality prairies and alvar communities in Ontario and northern
                Illinois, is extremely local in occurrence, and appears to be associated with little bluestern
                (Andropogon scoparius) (Hamilton 1990). When insect identifications are completed, information
                on listed species will be added to MNFl Biological and Conservation Database and will become
                available for management and project review activities.
























                                                                54












                                                        RECOMMENDATIONS


                        For the 1995 field surveys, it is recommended that insect and mollusc surveys be conducted
               on the bedrock glades of both Drummond Island and the Keweenaw Peninsula. Surveys for the
               northern blue butterfly (Lycaeides idas nabokovl) are recommended near the Keweenaw shoreline at
               Keystone Point and Fish Cove, where dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium cespitosum) was found.

                        Recommendations for site protection and acquisition were made within the Summary Section
               for each site. In this section of the report only brief recommendations will be made, with an attempt
               to provide an overview of the survey sites. As we conducted our surveys, it was obvious that there
               is a limited window of opportunity for protecting Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. This window was
               clearly demonstrated when an outdated topographic map was taken into the field and compared with
               present conditions. The 1950s map failed to show several miles of coastal roads, which were now
               completely lined with homes, mostly dating from the 1960s and early 1970s. It was further
               demonstrated by visits to three Lake Superior sites in Alger County, where over five miles of recently
               developed sites, with new roads and electrical hook-ups were encountered. On the Keweenaw the
               story was the same: five recently platted sites, two with over a mile and a half of new roads and
               electrical hook-ups, the others in the process of being surveyed. Our window for conservation
               action along the Great Lakes cannot be measured in years, but rather, in months.
                        The greatest urgency for action is on the Keweenaw Peninsula, where Lake Superior Land
               Company is platting its accessible coastal lands for residential development. Accessible is a relative
               term, as modern road construction equipment allows for rapid development of sites that appear quite
               inaccessible. Many of Lake Superior Land Companies' remaining undeveloped lands at the tip of the
               Keweenaw Peninsula are presently being logged, and the access road is now adequate for 2-wheel
               drive vehicles. Within a year much of the shoreline along the southeastern tip of the peninsula could
               be developable.
                        Probablythe most important sites to pursue onthe Keweenaw Peninsulaare Devil'sWashtub,
               immediately southwest of Copper Harbor, followed by the western edge and center of the Horseshoe
               Harbor site (W2 of Section 35 and center of Section 31), and Sevenmile Point, with priorities in
               roughly that order. Sevenmile Point is ecologically significant, with extensive wetlands along its inland
               margin, and is recreationally and inspirationally very important. The Wescoat parcel within the
               Horseshoe Bay site is of exceptional quality and should be doggedly pursued. Most of the other sites
               on the north side of the peninsula contain numerous small ownerships that could be pursued with
               a more relaxed, long-term program of acquisition and conservation easement.
                        The southeastern shoreline (including Keweenaw Point, Keystone Point, Fish Cove, and Bete
               Grise-Bear Bluff) is ecologically significant; it provides expansive wetlands and upland forest for large
               mammals and northern songbirds, but the size of the project is imposing. Ownership is almost
               entirely private.
                        Most of the difficult projects on Drummond Island have already been completed or initiated.
               Important contacts have already been initiated on Chippewa Point and Grand Marais Lake, extending
               the Maxton Plains preserve northward. Both Seamans Point and Huron Bay are important projects
               to pursue, but there does not appear to be extreme urgency on either project. Much of the Huron
               Point property is owned by Drummond Dolomite, Inc., whose long-term goal for the site is likely
               mining. This shoreline parcel could provide an opportunity to improve the company's corporate
               image; it might be a much easier project than first impressions indicate.
                        Pursuit of ecologically significant Great Lakes coastal tracts should be among the
               highest priorities of conservation organizations within the Great Lakes region. Immediate
               pursuit of rapidly disappearing, high quality coastal tracts is critical.





                                                                   55











                                                         LI TERATURE CITED

                Bergman, D.J. 1983. Ecology of grasshopper communities of Ozark cedar glades. Master of Arts
                Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia.

                Bornhorst, T. J., and W. 1. Rose. 1994. Self-guided geological field trip to the Keweenaw Peninsula,
                Michigan. Proceedings of the Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Volume 40, part 2. 185 pp.

                Dorr, J. A., Jr., and D. F. Eschman. 1984. Geology of Michigan. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
                470 pp.

                Ehlers, G. M. 1973. Stratigraphy of the Niagaran Series of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan.
                Museum of Paleontology, Papers on Paleontology, No. 3. University of Michigan. 200 pp.

                Ehlers, G. M. and R. V. Kesling. 1957. Silurian Rocks of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan.
                Michigan Geological Society. 63 pp. + 2 maps.

                Given, D. R., and J. H. Soper. 1981. THe Arctic-Alpine element of the vascular flora at Lake Superior.
                NatI. Mus. Canada Publ. Bot. 10. 70 pp.

                Hamilton, K.G.A. Pers. comm. Biological Resources Division, GLBRR, Agriculture Canada, CEF
                Ottawa KlA OC6 Canada.


                Hamilton, K.G.A. 1990. Grasslands of Ontario and surrounding areas. Athropods of Canadian
                Grasslands Newsletter 5.

                Marquis, R. J., and E. G. Voss. 1981. Distributions of some western North American plants disjunct
                in the Great Lakes region. Mich. Bot. 20: 53-82.

                Reschke, C. 1985. Vegetation of the Conglomerate rock shoreline of the Keweenaw Peninsula,
                Northern Michigan. Ms. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 118 pp.

                Reed, R. C. and J. D. Daniels . 1987. Bedrock Geology of Northern Michigan. State of Michigan
                Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division. 1 map (1:500,000).

                Stephenson, S. Pers. comm. Department of Botany, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
                Michigan.

                White, W. S. 1960. The Keweenawan lavas of Lake Superior, an example of flood basalts. American
                Journal of Science, Bradley, v. 258-A, pp. 367-74.













                                                                 56



 I
 I                                     APPENDICES
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                                           57
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                                                                                                   I
                                               APPENDIX I'                                         11
                                 Maps of Keweenaw Peninsula Bedrock Sites
                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                   i
                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                   11
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                                                  58
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                                        Keweenaw Site 1.                          Rockhouse Point - Graveraet River.


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                                                                                                                                                                                 MICHIGAN
                                                                                                                                                             AHMEEK QUADRANGLE
                                                                                                                                                                          7%-MINUTE SERIES
                                                                                                                                      3`78 IV NE                           1395                              3961 88* 2
                                                          1392..                            1931251            1650 000 FEET                                                                                             4
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                                                                                           639
                                                                620       T4
                                                                           ;i:k T ow,    &                                                                    W.
                                                                                               W
                                                                                                                lu




                                                                0 0                                                                                                                                             h



                                                                                                                                                                                           860,
                                                    0
                                                  -4LL
                                                                                                                         7,C

                                                                                                       7                                                       8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                     ly
                                                       12
                                                                                                                            SCALE     1:24000
                                                                                                                                      0                                                          1 MILE

                                                                                        1000       0         1000       2000          3DOO     4000       5000        6000       7000 FEET

                                                                                                1                  5                  0                                    1 KILOMETER

                                                                                  IT    L             @80
                                                                                  a:::7         4                               @,-                j
                                                                                 11           f                                 R 2 B   ,       I


                                                                                                        Keweenaw Site 4.                              Sevenmile Point.




          m1m $mum m m-mm wasomm, "WAm om"m


























                                                                                                                                         MICHIGAN
                                                                                                                               (KEWEENAW COUNTY)
                                                                                                                     PHOENIX QUADRANGLE




                                                                                                                                                                                                    'o





                 0)




                                                                                                                                                                                                        2

                      Fivemile Point 7.
                                                                                                                                                                                   ;49    _-n
                     SAND HI
                                                                                                                                                          s  AL    1:     6
                                                                                                                                                                   0.
                                                                     0
                                                                                                                       I ODO       0        1 OOD     2000       30DO       4000       5000      6ODD       700o F

                                                                                                                                                                   0                                  1 KILOMETER


                                                                                                                                                                             10561
                                                                                                                                                                       Ir
                                                                                                             Bedrock Beach


                                                                        A-J
                                                                                             Keweenaw Site 5.                           Fivemile Point - Eagle River.
                                                                                                                                               35
                                 33@




                                                               C7










                                                                   +
                                                      MICHIGAN                                                    620   U
                                              (KEWEENAW COUNTY)                                                                         1/64
                                EAGLE         HARBOR QUADRANGLE                              B                                           P1 E
                                             Bedrock Beach                        Cat Harbor      L:  4'                    642 4-
                                                                                    z @zk
                                                                                                                                                 -3
                                                                                -,v,                                         P2.41         IIIf
                                                          wi. 5-                                      _41
                                                                                           62                               4
                                                     622
                                                                                                        4-
                                                      26                                                                        0          -!L

                                                                                                           A,
                                                                      TAke,

                                                                                          _AL




                                                                                             4,





                                                                        LL.


          ej                                            0                                                         -no     SCALE 1:24000
                                                                                                                                 -0-
                                                                                               1000     0       1000    2000    3000     4000



                                                   no
                                                                                                      -8
                                                                                                   -w-6    17@f

                                                              Keweenaw Site 6.                  Cat Harbor - Eagle Harbor




                                   im Am                        am mm so Am, IM = 0m, aW








                                 EAGLE HARBOR\iDELAWARE QUADRANGLES
                                                                               MICH IGA'N-KEWEENAW CO.





                                                                                                                                         70
                                      IWO-                                                  C6,r
                                                                                         @"swr
                                                                    ran        Grv@
                                                                Marais                   rb(IT
                                                                                                                    A
           -PPOT-W 4 1                                                                fla
                                                               @--H.arbor

                                 604,ki
              ,Lp,:Ramp                   -,k,
                                                                                         26
                                                           c) Fst
         110,,rboIr                                                                                                                                        a
                                                                                                                                                        B
                                                                                                                        L a     e
                                       a
                   -rA1



                                                 63
      All


   k                                                                                                                                                       ALE 1:24 000
                                                                                                '00                                  2                           0
                                                            U.
                                                                                                                    1000         0        1000       2000      3000       4000


                                           00

                      Keweenaw Site 7.                          Eagle Harbor - Grand Marais Harbor.                                                                        m
                      Keweenaw Site 8.                         Silver Island: Grand Marais Harbor - Bailey Creek.











                                                                                                                                        0
                                                  U                 P
                                                                                                                                                 DELAWARE \LAKE MEDORA Q
                                       m                    Bedrock Beach                                                                                                                                 MICHIGAN-KEWE

                                                            Glade                                                                                     Maio                                                                 29

                                                                                                                                                 Y                                                             64o

                                                                                          ow
                                                                                  0                                           NXTO-r t h av

                                                                    "0,(
                                                                               As@ate POint                                                                 BaV
                                        Agcl"              fj                       0                                              S 0 U t                                                                  00

                                                         Esr    Par




                                                                                                                                                    100
                                                                                                                          .,70,
                                                                            700


                                              70
                                                                                                                                                          -41Z
                                                                                                                                                  7
                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                            '@@67@0
                                                                                                                                        7


                                                                                                                                                          SCALE         1:24000
                                                                                                                                                                        0                                                                          1 mi

                                                                                                           1000            0            1000          2000          3000           4000          5000           6000          7000 FEET
                                                                                                                                                                                                    F -------------I            I
                                                                                                                        1                     .5                        0                                             1 KILOMETER


                                                                                         Keweenaw Site 9.                                          Agate Harbor: Esrey Park - Lake Glazo



                                                                                             m,fam                                                                            Wow 1111111111100 W



                                                            m mom m mmmm m IM a







                                                                                                                                                 LAKE MEDORA QU
                                                                                                                                                          MICHIGAN-KEWEE
                                                                       Dans Point




                                                                                                                                                                               0 L
                                                                                                                                          State a
                           28                                        7                                                                     -26
                                                                               -71                                                                      675
                                                                                                                                                                udd-Lake




                                                                               @00
                                                                                             -7


                           7
                                             f,               7-ff
                                                                                                                                                        I100
                           33-

                                            C

                           -L-950                                      rAhV-
                                                                  0



                                                                                                                              00


                                     e
                                                                                                                                                                    93
                                                                                                                                      -G-
                                                                              G-                                                                                     93

                                                                                                                                                        SCALE     1:24000
                                                                                                                                                                  0

                                                                                                                   1000        0         1000        2000      3000       4000       5000

                                         r
                                                                                                                                              .5                  0


                                                        Keweenaw Site 10.                          Dans Point,                                                                   Bedrock


                                                                                                                                                                                 Glade



























                                                                                                                                                                          SZ59



                                                                                               LAKE MEDORA QUADRANGLE
                                                                                                        MICHIGAN--KEWEENAW CO.

                          25                                   . ................ . . . .                                             Porters I
                                                                                                            +


                                                                                                                       CoPper
                                                                                                     Boat Ramp




                                                                                                                                                                          3:
                                                                                                                                                  P        arbor

                                                                                                                                                                          JL
                                                                                                                                   32-    J.
                                                                                                                                          "f--Pt-WHkins-%ate Parkj R,631
                                                                -wA--
                                                                                                               /   .                   ",  ..@ Za/ceplanny       flooe    -
                                               wo,                                                                                                                        5257


                                                                                                   600


                                                                                                                                                         Or 703
                                                                                                                                                                          T. 59 N
                                                                                                                                                                          T 58 N
                                                                   j                                                                                                      27'30"
                                                                                         V
                                                                                               -P
                                                                           EWEENAW COUNr             K
                                                                                                                                                 Lake          1          *6
                                                                                                                                             Manga-e
                                                       f
                                                                                   SCALE 1:24000
                                                                                            0                                                     1 MILE

                                                  1000       0        1000      2000      30DO      4000       5000      6000      7000 FEET

                                                           1               .5               0                                1 KILOMETER







                                           Keweenaw Site 11. Devil's Washtub.                                                                  Bedrock Beach

                                           Keweenaw Site 12. Porters Island.                                                                   Glade





                                                                                           68



















                                                     5259



                                                                                                   LAKE MEDORA QUADRANGLE
                                                                                                                MICHJGAN-KEWEENAW CO.


                                                                                                                                                                          14
                                                     5258.'.-                             Copper Harbo
                                                                                              Lighthouse


                                                                               CoPper                     Harb,,
                                                     :Z0
                                                                                                                                 1   131

                                                       w                       620
                                                     z Q.                                                                                                                          Iake "y
                                                       Q.                                .                                -                                                               603
                                                       0      FORT

                                                                                            A' Is


                                                     525-7                                                                                                                                  644
                                                                                                      k  .e         Panny                  Hooe
                                                                                                                     6RO



                                                                                                                                            7,


                                              T. 59 N.
                                              T. 58 N.
                                              27'30"              zo                    goo


                                                     5256                              cz=::)          0              (@D
                                                                                            0



                                                                                                                      SCALE 1:24000
                                                                                                                                   0                                                                                1 MILE
                                                                    1000             0             1=2:1          2;;r           3000           4000           5000            6000           70C)O FEET
                                                                                                                                   3==@
                                                                                  1                       .5                       0                                                   -11LOMETER


                                                                 Bedrock Beach


                                                                 Glade


                                              Keweenaw Site 13. Fort Wilkins State Park.
                                              Keweenaw Site 14. Copper Harbor Lighthouse - Norland Trust.


                                                                                                                             69



              E                       S            U,         p

                              -4ppR0X'MArEvf
                                              EAN I A .ME EL EVA rION i502                                     0








                                     Ha r 6 or




                                                                                                                                  FORT WILKIN
                                                                                                                                            MICHIGAN-KE
                                                                                                    NJ



                                                     7y

                                                                                                              04



                            700-
                                             -*70

   re                                                                         90)



                                                              <


                                                                                                                          Bedrock       Beach

                                     90                                                                                   Glade


                                                              O@,


                                                                                                                                      SCALE 1:24 000
                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                     2
                Keweenaw Site 15.                     Horseshoe         Harbor.                        1000       0       1         2        30DO      4000      50 ..0
                                                                                                         P=:I EF=
                                                                                         C)                                   @5               0


















                                     C4


                                     z
                                                                                                            MANlTOU ISLAND QUADRANGLE
                                                                                                                         MICHIGAN-KEWEENAW CO.









                                                                   9
                                     z @c -",\It
                                                                                                                                                         Bedrock Beach





                                            f


                                     52@3



                                                                  671
                                                                                                                        La e

                                                                                                                                   '7 L
                                                                                                                     15

                                                       G                      -/tA            N
                                               jolt
                                                      Cr
                                                                                                                                     lZbL, t.
                                     52@2-
                                                  ez


                                T. 58 N..


                                     25'                    4






                                                                                       1                             22
                                                                            SCALE     1:24 000                                                     ... ..
                                                                                      0                                              1 MILE
                                                        2..
                                         1000        0        1000       2000      3000       4000       sooo      6000       7000 FEET

                                                   1               .5                 0                                 1 KILOMURE







                                                                                          640
                                                    stone     Bay
                                     521        Y-e    .:J;                                                            2          @-vo-l Keweenaw Poin                t
                                     Keweenaw Site 16.                       High Rock North.

                                     Keweenaw Site 17.                       Keweenaw Point: High Rock Bay - Keystone Bay.

                                                                                                     71












                                                                                            FORT WILKINS QUADRANGLE
                                                                                                       MICHIGAN--KEWEENAW CO.
                                                       lcp-                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                                                                      >

                                                                                                                                                                           5251


                                                                                                                                            0
                          00                                                                   0



                                                                                                                                                                  62'

                                                                                                                                      ay


                                                                                                                  7


                                                                                                                                                                          S250
                                                       1
                                                       ::,z
                                                         5

                                                                                                                                                      lb
                                                                                                              <


                       6.40

                                                                                                                         29

                     25


                                                                                            62
                                                                                                                                                                          5249
                                                                                                                  @.qne    Poinv
                                                                                                               ey:


                                                                       qi,
                                   '13
                                                                                         SCALE     1:24 000
                                                                                                   0                                                        1 MILE

                                                    1000         0          000       2000       3000       4000       5000      6000       7000  FEET

                                                                                .5                 0                                  1 KILOMETRE
                                                                                                                                                                        Flu


                                                                        Bedrock Beach




                                                         Keweenaw Site                    18.       Keystone Point.





                                                                                          72



                                                                                                                                           FORT WILKINSTUA"
                                                                                                                                                     MICHIGAN-KEWEENAIA
                                                             xe/

                                                                                                     68,9                                        1



                                                                                                                                             C7,


                                                                                                                        -100
                                                                   7-8                V
                                                                                                                               <3    Do,
                                                                                                                                                                              666

                                                                                        u                                                                                                        dk"


                                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                        Lai,



                                                                                                                                                    In                                         00
                                                                                                              CD


                                                                                                               70
                                                                                                                                                                                             25
                                                     -70U'
                  00
                                                                                                            0





                                                                                                              x
                                                                                                                                                         0


                                                                                                  Fish
                                                                                                               C
                                                                                                                  O&e
                                                              Bedrock Beach
                                                                                                                                                                     3

                                                              Glade
                                                                                                                                                    SCALE 1:24 000
                                                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                                2
                                                                                                              --                                             3000       4000        5000           0
                                                                                                               1000         0         1000        2000
                                                                                                                         1                 .5                  0


                                                                                                       Keweenaw Site 19. Fish Cove.







                                                                         LAKE MEDORA\FORT WILKINS QUADRANGL
                                                                                                            MICHIGAN-KEWEENAW CO.



                          1000                                                                             00













                                                                                                                   117
  0
    ?
                                                                                                                            119



                                                      25                                                 0



                                             28
                                                                                   -620
                                                        0


                                         -00


    . .... ...
   :@@Me-e-e-ei@
                                                                                                    SCALE 1:24 000
                                                                                                            0                                       1 MILE
                                                                   -1000            0      1000    2000   3000    4000   5000    6000    7000 FEET
                                                                                                                                      KILOMETRE
                                                                                                            0
                                                    A Y                            -   -                                                            m


                                                                                                             ELF
                                                                                       APPR@XIMATE MEAN LAXE    VATION 602
                                                                     Keweenaw Site 20. Bete Grise - Bear Bluff.




      mm''m.mm w,mmmm owm= ow m m



 I.
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I                                                Appendix If
                                    Maps of Drummond Island Bedrock Sites
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 1                                                   75









                                                                                                                                 DRUM MOND,.MICH. -ON
                                                                                                                                        [email protected]


                                  Chippewa         00                                                                                         9
                                      Pol t

                                                                                      .90
                                                                                                         ";'a
                                                                        9
                                                                        3                                                              qu

                                                    5
                                                      90-
                                                     90


                          Hay Point

                             s2                                      29                                                                      600
                                                                                                                Z:            -_7
                                            30
                                                                                          N_
                                                                                                        600
                                                v                                              _77                                                           -Vo'
                                                                                                                        A
              Bruce
               point
                                       j
                                           0
                                               0,
                                    ft


             -4                           31




                                                             Tr

                                      .......                                                                                                            34
                                                                                        J90-                            0-0
                                                                                                                                                               5
                                                                                                                                   0
                                      Alvar/Bedrock Beach
                                                                             SCALE 1:24000                     1               1 MILE e

                                                                                   3000    4000    50DO    6000    7000 FEET
                                                   1000      0     1000    20DO                               I KILOMETER                                    T @,2- IN
                                                          1            .5           0

                             Drummond Site 1.                Maxton Plains West.

                             Drummond Site 2.                Chippewa Point.

                             Drummond Site 3.                Grand Marais Lake.                  Drummond Site 5. Maxto                  n Plains Middle.









                                      DRUMMOND,MICH.-ONT.                                             DRUMMOND SE, MICH.-ONT.
                                                 N4600-WS337.5/'7.5                                                  N4600-WS330/7.5

                                                                                                                                      Bedrock Beach and Cliff


                                                                                                                                      Alvar
                                                                                      2



                  -5 Q




                                                                                                                           (air,
                                    26--


                                                                                                                                                      30
                                                                                                                                                     S90




                  '0
                      Vo                                                                                                                                              *Rayno
                                                                                                                                                                           Bay









                                                                                      3




                                                                                                                             Al
                          601                                                  6
                                                                                                                                           0


                                                                                                       6


                                                                                                                                                                        P




                                                                                    SCALE     1:24 WO
                                                                                                                                                        1 MILE

                                                1000        0          1000      2000       3000       4000       Swo        6000       7000 FEET

                                                                                             0
                                                                                                                                  I KILOMErER

                           Drummond Site                     4.        Poe Point - Raynolds Bay.
                           Drummond Site 5.                            Maxton Plains Middle.
                           Drummond Site 7.                            Maxton Plains East.


                                                                                                    77










                                                                            DRUMMOND SE, MICH.-ONT.
                                                                                        N4600-WB330/7.5


                                                                                                1964




                                                                             aynolds Poin



                                                                                     58


                                                 -Raynok4.S
                                                     Eay










                                                                                     3




                                                                                                                       jo






                                                                                                  43N
                                                                            607                  T42N



                                                             v
                                                                                                          2.1
                                                                            09                        C,
                                                                                                       011,
                                                                                    ,1977

                                                                                      5
                                                                                      A                            596,1



                                                                                                          I r




                                                                          SCALE 1:240M
                                                                                  0                                             1 MILE
                                                          T    -         Z@@                                                                               I
                                             1000      0       1000    2000     3000     4000     50DO     6000    700D FEET

                                                     1             .5            0                            1 KILOMETER


                   Drummond Site 6.                  Raynolds Point.                                       Bedrock Beach and Cliff

                   Drummond Site 7.                  Maxton Plains East.
                                                                                               Q--)        Alvar


                                                                              78










                       MARBLE HEAD QUADRANGLE
                             MICHIGAN- ONTARIO
                      7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
          304              305         1 540000 FEET 83*30'
                                                    640000            46'00'
                      26'.
                                                    FEET
                 7
                                            Sitgreaves Bay


                      -Soo






                                                       0

                                                 36-




                                                                                 687 x,






                                                                                T' 44
                                                               J

                                                   -1095


                                              Z@
                                                                              Hiad"I

                                                                       65
                                                               4,\


                                                             x666
                                                                      6
                                      674@1"
                     Z/
                         \-7-  r\

                                                          10
                                                    4@
        2)
                         .0    ;@01
                                        61 /1

        r   'I
                                   L
                                   K
                                     7


                                       SCALE 3:240W
                     1000  0 7  1000  2     0                         1 MILE
                          2       .5        0               1 KILOMETER


                                      Cliff


                               Drumm  ond Site 8. Marble Head.




                                             79







                                                                                                                                     -,U
                             77






                                                                                                                    ..fell


                                              7
                                                                                        "A
                                                                                           10
                                                                                                        @k- T                                                          S\@T
                         Tj --y       U-@&                   -,N                                                                                                                         qL

                                                                                                                                                A

                                                                                                                                                  '@@,637



                                                                                                                                                              77-
                                                                                                                                                       A

                                           0







                                                                                                 21
                                            20




                     vel Pit                           /ja
                                                           a                                                   SS
                                                                                                             CL      600


                        pine                                                                                                                                           M
                                596                                      11



                                                               -4
                                             9
                                                                                  ?



                                                                                                                                                                         e,








                                                            0
                                                    Lon      int
                                                                                                                                                               Bedrock        Beach


                                                               SCALE 1:24000                                                                                   Glade
                                                                        0                                                       1 MILE

                            1000        0        1000       2000       30DO      4000       5000      6000       7000 FEET

                                      1               .5                0                                  1 KILOMETER
                                      -                                                                                                   MICHIGAN- ONTARIO



                                                       Drummond Site 9. Bass Cove - Little Shelter Bay.




                                                                                                     80








                                             .04



                           j

                                                                                                                         7
                                  3






                                                          0

                                     jt










                     CY

                            40
                                                                                                                        20
                                            JI




                                                                                                    vel Pit                        a


                           26

                                                                                                 L     pi'Ae 96


                                                                                                                         9


                                          J, i






                                                  0
                                                                             Bedrock      Beach
                                            --c                                                                                Long Point


                                                                                       SCALE 1:24 ow
                                                                                                                                                 I MILE

                                                                    0      1000     2000      3000     4000     5000      OX0      7WO FEET
                                                                                .5             0                              1 KILOMETER


                                                                                   MARBLE HEAD QUADRANGLE
                                                                                             MIGHIGAN-ONTARIO


                                                          Drummond Site 10. Big Shoal Cove.




                                                                                   81

















                                                                                               41

                                                                                                                                        1645
  8                                                                           718-
                                                                                                                    50                             0


           @597                                                                                                                     z
                                                                                                                                                                  %
                                                              160-3


                                                                                                                                          L
      Vanio
                                                                                                                                               0
       Lake
         596                                                                                                                                      600
                                                       600
                                                                                                                                              Al
                                6-00                                                                                                                                14'
                                                                                                                                         J
                             j



      Canoe
                                                                          0                                                 582                  600
 K      Lake          0                                                                                               600


                                                                                                                                                                 ?0  1


                                                                      6                                                               35                           30
                                                                      00

                                                                           x
                                                    CID


             8 x

                                                                             27
                                                                        point,
                     10                                               i"s point'-
                                                             Searnans
   20                                                                  /     ''I                                                                 LE
                                       20                                                     MEADE          ISLAND         QUADRANG                         13
                                                                                                     MICHIGAN -CHIPPEWA CO.
       canoe/P      t       *1             4
                                                                                                                                                          -24
                                                BedroCk        BeaCh

   kt
                    10,
                                                 Alvar                                                                      REEF
                                                                                                68                                                 68
                                                                        SCALE   1:24000                                               1 MILE
                                                                                0
                                                                              3000       4000      5000      6000       70DO FEEr
                                                                      000
                                                                                                                  I KILOmET
                                      ;K                  1000                                                             ER


                                                   Drummond Site                           S*earnans Poin             .t.


                                                                                             82









                                                                                                      x`U IN U \S G-0/ N
                                                                          7                                             81/                    r,    'r
                                                               Pats          Lake



                                         _4
                                                                                                                                   597





                                                                                      WIS
                                                                                                                            Vanio
                                                                                                                                                          ;If
                                                                                                                             Lake



                                                                        0
                                                       V" /
                             3
                                                                           10
                                                                  8*                                               IV

                                                                                                                           Canoe
                                                                                                                            Lake



                                                                                              -----------


                             w1w
                             Ln                                                       06.

                               1595
                                            171  19
                                                                                                                 60C)
                                                                                                                                 86x

                                                                           29                                        20                  /0

                                                                                                                                                            20
                                                                                                                          Can    e f5o--i'i t
                                                                                            W2.                                                                 4
                                                 Bedrock Beach

                                                                                      16
                                                                                                      T
                                                                                                       averse.  Pp n.
                                                                                                      r              t
                                                                                  SCALE      1:24000
                                                                                                                                                       1 MILE

                                             1000         0         1000       2000       3000        4000      5000         6000      70DO FEET

                                                       1                 .5                 0                                    1 KILOMETER


                                                                                              MEADEISLAND                      QUADRANGLE
                                                                                                      MICHIGAN -CHIPPEWA CO.



                                                                  Drummond Site 12. Warners Cove.




                                                                                                      83























                                                                                                                                                         6a3




                                                                                                                 CO


               -,qz
                            NIB __'
             7



                                                                                                                      12
             .0
                                          v                                                                                  Biileys L@ake





                                                                                                      GCO                                                           _ft,


                                                                                                  '5-9





                                                                                                                                                                           %





                                                                                                                      13






                                                 it                                                                                                  Ujjw
                                                              H U R 0 V            B A

                                                                                                                                                       1,5-95
                                         641                                                                                              24                            19
                                        1,
                                                                                     Bedrock Beach

                          600
                2
                                  40'
                                                                                               SCALE    1:2@'000'
                                                                                                        0                                                     1 MILE
                                                                            7

                                                            1000        0         000      2000       30DO      4000       5000      600D      7000 FEET
              '@_'.am City
                     Pol.nt                                                           .5                0                                 1 VJLOMETER


                                                      WHITNEY BAY, MICH.                                                    MEADE ISLAND QUADRANGLE
                                                            N4552.5-WS345/7.5                                                      MICHIGAN -CHIPPEWA CO.




                                                                        Drummond Site 13. Huron Bay.



                                                                                                 84



































                                                   Appendix III

                                   Vascular Flora of Copper Harbor Conglomerate
                                               (from Reschke 1985).


























                                                        85













                 HERBS


                 FERNS & FERN ALLIES
                 Athyrium filix-femina (L.)Roth., lady fern
                 Cystopteris fragilis (L.)Bernh., fragile fern
                 Equisetum arvense L., common horsetail
                 Polypodium vulgare L., polypody
                 Selaginella rupestris (L.)Spring., rock spike-moss

                 GRAMINOIDS
                 Agropyron trachycaulum (Link.)Malte, slender wheat-grass
                      P = 3.3%
                 Agr stis gigantea Roth., giant redtop
                      P = 0.6%
                 Agrostis hyemalis (Walter)BSP var. tenuis (Tuck.)("leason, ticklegrass
                      P = 4.7%
                 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.)Beauv., blue-joint grass
                 Carex buxbaumii Wahl., sedge
                      included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9%
                 Carex castanea Wahl., sedge
                      included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9%
                 Carex crawei Dewey, sedge
                      included in "Carex spp.*' P = 6.9%
                 Carex cryptolepis Mack., sedge
                 Carex garberi-Fern., sedge
                 Carex gynandra Schw., sedge
                 Carex rostrata Stokes, sedge
                 Carex umbellata Willd.) sedge
                      included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9%
                 Carex viridulE Michx., sedge
                      included in "Carex spp." P = 6.9%
                 Danthonia spicata.(L.)Beauv., poverty grass
                      P = 11.4%
                 Deschampsia cespitosa (L.)Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.)Lindm., tufted
                      hairgrass, P = 12.5%
                 Eleocharis elliptica Kunth., spike rush
                 Elymus glaucus Buckley, wild rye
                 Festuca saximontana Rydb., northern fescue
                      P = 7.2%
                 Juncus dudleyi Wieg., rush
                 Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.)Trin., muhly grass
                 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx., rice grass
                      P = 0.6%
                 Oryzopsis pungens (Sprengl.)Hitchc., slender rice grass
                      P = 1.7%
                 Phleum pratense L., timothy
                  -   P = 0.6%
                 Poa compressa L., Canada bluegrass
                      P = 10.0%






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               Scirpus cespitosus L., tufted clubrush
                     This species was observed only at Horseshoe Harbor (east of Copper
                     Harbor. This species has a distribution that is probably
                     circumpolar. It is common in low arctic and subarctic regions,
                     and it occurs less frequently in the western and eastern mountains
                     of North America, as well as in boreal regions of Saskatchewan,
                     Manitoba, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This is
                     a characteristic species of arctic and alpine tundra. (Given and
                     Soper 1981; Voss 1972; Gleason and Cronquist 1963)
               Scirpus cyperinus (L.)Kunth. var. brachypodus (Feru.)Gilly, wool grass
               Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.)Fern., alpine cotton-grass
               Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.)Pers., false asphodel
               Trisetum. melicoides (Michx.)Scribner, false oat grass
               Trisetum, spicatum (L.)Richter, spiked false oat grass
                     P = 0.6%
                     The specimens I collected are probably var. molle (Michx.)Beal.
                     The species has a circumboreal distribution. It is widespread and
                     common in high arctic, mid-arctic, and low arctic regions, and
                     occurs less frequently in subarctic regions, the western and
                     eastern mountains of North America, and boreal regions of
                     Manitoba, the Great Lakes and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Its range
                     extends from Greenland to Alaska and southward; it has also been
                     reported from Mexico and southern South America. (Given and Soper
                     1981; Gleason and Cronquist 1963)

               FORBS
               Achillea millefolium L., common yarrow
                     P = 8.1%
               Antennaria neglecta Greene, pussy toes
               Arabis lyrata L., rockcress
                     F ';;- 1 -.4 /
               Artemisia campestris L., wormwood
                     P = 61.7%
               Aster ptarmicoides (Nees)T.& G., stiff aster
                     P = 19.4%
               Braya humilis (C.A.Meyer)Robinson (identity uncertain)
               Campa la rotundifolia L., harebell
                     P = 29.2%
               Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl., northern paintbrush
                     P = 1.4%
                     This arctic-alpine species is common in the low arctic, and occurs
                     less frequently in subarctic regions, the mountains of New
                     England, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has also been reported
                     from the western U.S. and Canada, extending from South Dakota to
                     Alberta, and south to Colorado and Utah. (Given and Soper 1981;
                     Gleason and Cronquist 1963)
               Comandra umbellata (L.)Nutt., false toadflax
               Cornus canadensis L., bunchberry
               Epilobium angusT-ifolium L., firexeed




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                Fragaria virginiana.Duchesue, wild strawberry
                     P = 8.3%
                Habenaria hyperborea (L.)R.Br., tall northern bog orchid
                Habenaria psychodes (L.)Spreng., purple fringed orchid
                Haleiii-adeflexa (Sm.)Griseb., spurred gentian
                Hieracium canadense Michx., Canada hawkweed
                     included in "Hieracium spp." P = 11.4%
                Hieracium pratanse Tausch., hawkweed
                     included in "Hieracium spp." P  = 11.4%
                Hypericum perforatum L., St. John's-wort
                     P = 2.8%
                Iris versicolor L., wild iris
                Lathyrus maritimus (L.)Bigel., beach pea
                Lilium philadelphicum. L. var. andinum (Nutt.)Ker., wood lily
                Lobelia kalmii L., Kalm's lobelia
                Maianthemum canadense Desf., Canada mayflower
                Melampyrum lineare Desr., cow-wheat
                     P = 0.6%
                Pinguicula vulgaris L., butterwort
                     This species has an amphiatlantic, but almost circumpolar
                     distribution. It is common in low arctic and subarctic regions,
                     and occurs less frequently in North America in the western
                     mountains, the eastern mountains, and in boreal regions of
                     Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of
                     St. Lawrence. (Guire and Voss 1963; Given and Soper 1981)
                Polygala pauciflora Willd., fringed polygala
                Potentilla arguta Pursh., tall cinquefoil
                     P = 0.8%
                Potentilla tridentata Ait., three-toothed cinquefoil
                     P = 20.0%
                Prenanthes racemosa Michx., swamp rattlenake-root
                Primula mistassinica Michx.,.bird's-eye primrose
                     This species is common in subarctic regions of North America,
                     extending across the continent from Labrador to Alaska, and
                     occurring less frequently southward along the shores of Lakes
                     Superior, Michigan, and Huron, with several inland localities in
                     the southern portion of its range.  (Guire and Voss 1963; Given
                     and Soper 1981)
                Prunella vulgaris L., heal-all
                Sanicula marilandica L., black snakeroot
                Sedum acre L., mossy stonecrop
                Senecio pauperculus Michx., ragwort
                Sisyrinc@iu@ montanum Greene, blue-eyed grass
                     P = 1.4%
                Solidago sp., goldenrod (unidentified)
                     P = 3.6%
                Solidago spathulata DC. ssp. randii (Porter)Cronq. var. racemosa
                     (Greene)Cronq., Rand's goldenrod
                     P = 38.1%







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              Taraxacum officianale Weber, dandelion
                   P = 0.6%
              Trifolium prateqnse L., red clover
                   P = 1.4%
              Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., cranberry
                   This species was observed only at Horseshoe Harbor (east of Copper
                   Harbor).
              Vicia americana Muhl., American vetch
                   P = 1.1%
              Viola adunca Sm.,, violet
                   included in "Viola adunca/conspersa" P = 18.1%
              Viola conspersa Reichenb., violet
                   included in "Viola adunca/consersa". P = 18.1%
              Viola nephrophylla Greene, northern bog violet
                   P = 20.3%
              Waldsteqinia fragarioides (Michx.)Tratt., barren strawberry



              WOODY PLANTS


              SHRUBS
              Alnus crispa (Ait.)Pursh, green alder
              Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh)DC., shadbush
                   included in "Amelanchier spp" P = 1.1%
              Amelanchier spicata (Lam.)K.Koch, low shadbush
                   included in "Amelanchier spp." P = 1.1%
              Arctostaphlos  uva-ursi (L.)Spreng., bearberry
                   P = 3.9%
              Ceanothus ovatus Desf., redroot
              Cornus stolonifera Michx., red-osier dogwood
              Diervilla lonicera Mill., bush-honeysuckle
              Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh, old-field juniper
              Juniperus horizontalis Moench., creeping juniper
              Lonicera dioica L., twining honeysuckle
              Lonicera villosa (Michx.)R.& S., fly honeysuckle
              Myrica gale L., sweet gale
              Physocarpus opulifolius (L.)Maxim., ninebark
                   P = 5.8%
              Potentilla fruticosa L., shrubby cinquefoil
                   P = 0.6%
              Prunus pumila L., sand cherry
              Prunus virginiana L., choke cherry
              Rosa acicularis Lindl., prickly rose
                   included in "Rosa spp." P = 5.3%
              Rubus parviflorus Nutt., thimbleberry
              Rubus pubescens Raf., dwarf raspberry
                   P = 0.6%
              Salix bebbiana. Sarg., Bebb's willow
              Salix humilis Marsh., willow






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                  Shepherdia canadensis (L.)Nutt., buffalo berry
                        P = 3.3%
                  Sorbus decora (Sarg.)Schneid., mountain ash
                  Symphoricarpos albus (L.)Blake, snowberry
                  Vaccinium 7n-gustifolium Ait., low blueberry
                        P = 1.4%


                  TREES
                  Abies balsamea (L.)Mill., balsam fir
                  Betula papyrifera Marsh, paper birch
                  T;-Icea glauca (Moench.)Voss, white spruce
                        P = 2.5%
                  Pinus banksiana Lamb., jack pine
                  Pinus resinosa Ait., red pine
                  Populus balsamifera L., balsam poplar
                        P   1.1%
                  Populus tremuloides Michx., quaking aspen
                        P   1.1%
                  Thuja occidentalis L., northern white cedar
                        P   1.7%














































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                                                     Appendix IV

                                           Bedrock Insect Study Locations


             1. Dudley Bay (Mackinac County):
                     A. T41 N R2E Sec: 3 SENE (Coastal Bedrock)*
                     B. T41 N R2E Sec: 3 SWNE (Prairie Fen)

             11. Maxton Plains (Chippewa County):
                     A. T43N R6E Sec: 32 SE & NE (Alvar Grassland)
                     B. T43N R6E Sec: 34 SE (Alvar Grassland)
                     C. T43N R6E Sec: 35 SW (Alvar Grassland)

             111. South Drummond Island (Chippewa County):
                     A. T41 N R5E Sec: 13 NW (Coastal Bedrock)
                     B. T41 N R5E Sec: 12 SE (Coastal Bedrock)
                     C. T41N WE Sec: 19 NW (Coastal Bedrock)
                     D. T41 N R6E Sec: 21 NE (Coastal Bedrock)


































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                                                                 Appendix V
                                                    1994 Insect Collections from Alvar


                   DB=Dudley Bay, MP=Maxton Plains, SD=South Drummond Island Sites


                   SPECIES                                                        DB            MP              SD

                   HEMIPTERA

                   Family Pentatomidae

                   Homaemus aenifrons      (Say)                                                 X
                   Eurygaster aitemata (Say)                                                     X
                   Mormidea lugens (F.)                                                          X
                   Chlorochroa persimilus Horvath                                                X
                   Neottiglossa undata (Say)                                                     X

                   HOMOPTERA

                   Family Cercopida

                   Clastoptera obtusa (Say)                                       X                              X
                   Clastoptera saintcyri Provancher                                              X
                   Neophilaenus fineatus (Linnaeus)                               X              X
                   Philaenarchys bifineata (Say)                                                 X
                   Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus)                                  X              X               X
                   Family Cicadellidae
                   Acertagalfia sp.                                                              X               X
                   Ampficephalus inimicus                                                                        X
                   Athysanus argentatus F.                                        X              X               X
                   Balanocerus provancheri (Van Duzee)                                           X
                   Baiclutha sp.                                                                 X
                   Chlorotettix sp.                                              X              X               X
                   Cicadula subcupraea X
                   Cidadula smithi (Van Duzee)                                                   X
                   Coliadonus eburatus (Van Duzee)                                                               X
                   Doratura stylata (Boh.)                                                       X
                   Elymana sp.                                                    X
                   Empoa latifasciata Christ                                                    X
                   Fitchana vitellina (Fitch)                                                   X               X


                                                                      92
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                  Appendix V (cont.)

                  SPECIES                                                        DB             MP              SD

                  *Flexamia sp.                                                                 x               x
                  *Graminelia sp.                                                               x
                  Helochara communis Fitch                                       X                             x
                  Idiodonus morsei (Osborn)                                                     x               x
                  Latalus sp.                                                    x              x
                  *Laevicephalus sp.                                            x              x               x
                  Limotettix sp.                                                                x

                  Macropsis quadrimaculata (Fitch)                                              x
                  Macrosteles sp.                                                x              x               x
                  Neokolla hieroglyphica (Say)                                                  x
                  Paraphlepsius sp.                                                                             x
                  Scaphytopius sp.                                                              x
                  Verdanus evansi (Ashm.)                                                       x

                  Family Dictyopharidae

                  Scolopes sulcipes (Say)                                                      x

                  Family Issidae

                  Bruchomorpha occulata Newman                                                 x

                  Family Membracidae

                  Campylenchia latipes                                                         x               x

                  LEPIDOPTERA

                  Family Lassiocampidae

                  Tolype velleda (Stoll)                                                                        x
                  Tolype laricis (Fitch)                                                                        x
                  Family Notodontidae

                  Clostera albosigma Fitch                                                      x
                  Gluphisia tentriogniqs Walker                                                 x

                  Family Arctiidae

                  Grammia virguncula (W. Kirby)                                                 x

                  Family Noctuidae

                  Faronta diffusa (Walker)                                                      x


                                                                     93
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                  SPECIES                                                      DB            MP             SD

                  Leucania multiffinea Walker                                                x

                  Plusia contexta Grote                                                      x

                  Syngrapha epigaea (Grote)                                                  x
                  Syngrapha rectangula (Kirby)                                               x
                  Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby)                                                x
                  Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)                                                           x

                  Catocala reficta Walker                                                    x              x

                  Catocala concurnbens Walker                                                x

                  Catocala unijuga Walker                                                    x              x

                  Catocala semirelicta Grote                                                 x

                  Ochropleura plecta (Linnaeus)                                              x
                  Xestia smithii (Snellen)                                                   x
                  Enargia decolor (Walker)                                                                  x
                  Enargia infurnata (Grote)                                                  x
                  Nedra ramosula (Guenee)                                                    x
                  Helotropha reniformis (Grote)                                                             x
                  Sunira bicoiorago (Guenee)                                                                x
                  Litholornia napaea (Morrison)                                                             x
                  Ofigia bridghami (Grote & Robinson)                                                       x
                  Amphipoea prob. interoceana                                                x
                  Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)                                                        x
                  Papaiperna harrisii (Grote)                                                               x
                  Papaiperna ptersii Bird                                                                   x

                  Family Geometridae
                  Ennornos magnaria Guenee                                                                  x
                  Cingifiqa catenarqia (Drury)                                                                x
                  Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenee)                                                             x








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                                                                                                                              NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR L113RARY



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