Dune type inventory and barrier dune classification study of Michigan's Lake Michigan shore

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

DU!NE TYPE INVENTORY

BARRIER DUNE
CLASSflAOATJON $TUDY

LAKE MICOHM SHORE

Report
Of
Investigation
LOW-RELIEF BARRIER INLAND BOUNDARY
EPHEMERAL DUNE OF THE
23 BARRIER DUNE
DUNE FORMATION BATIO N

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Geological Survey Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources

Geological Survey Division

Report of Investigation 23

DUNE TYPE INVENTORY AND BARRIER DUNE
CLASSIFICATION STUDY
of
MICHIGAN'S LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE

U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COAST AL SERVICES CENTER
MU4 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHAMLSTON, SC 29405-2413

by
William R. Buckler

Lansing, Michigan

1979

NN4

STATE OF MICHIGAN
Governor
William G. Milliken

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Director
Howard A. Tanner

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION
Chief and State Geologist
Arthur E. Slaughter

NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION
Hilary F. Snell, CHAIRMAN, Grand Rapids
Jacob A. Hoefer, East Lansing
Carl T. Johnson, Cadillac
E. M. Laitala, Hancock
Harry H. Whiteley, Rogers City
(Mrs.) Joan L. Wolfe, Belmont
Charles G. Younglove, Allen Park
John M. Robertson, Executive Assistant

Published by authority of State of Michigan
Compiled Laws of 1970 section 321.6

On deposit in many libraries in Michigan
and other selected locations
ISSN - 0543 -8497

Copies of this and other DNR Geological Survey Division publications
are available from:

Information Services Center
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Box 30028
Lansing, Michigan 48909

PREFACE

The "Dune Type Inventory and Barrier Dune Classification Study", as
mandated under the "Sand Dune Protection and Management Act" (Act No.
222, P.A. 1976), was contracted to the Remote Sensing Project, Michigan
State University in November, 1 978. The purpose of the study was to develop
a dune-type classification system to be used as baseline information in the
sand dune mining permit decision-making process.

The information developed for dune-type classification was to be utilized
in making a recommendation to the Department of Natural Resources to
further define and identify "barrier dunes". The barrier dune as defined by the
Sand Dune Protection and Management Act is "the first landward sand dune
formation along the shoreline of a Great Lake or a sand dune formation
designated by the Department."

The recommendations as identified in this report were, for the most part,
accepted by the Natural Resources Commission as Guidelines (pursuant to the
Administrative Procedures Act) and are included herein as an Appendix.
Barrier dune formations (defined and referenced within the statute) have a
special significance and therefore careful evaluation must be made of any
proposed sand dune mining projects within barrier dunes.

In addition, the information developed in this report was used to delineate
each dune type and barrier dune on black and white aerial imagery and U.S.
topographic maps. The imagery and maps are available for public inspection
at the Geological Survey Division Lansing office.

R. Thomas Segall
Geologist-in-Charge
Reclamation and Mining Control Unit
Geological Survey Division

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page Figures

4 Figure 1. Contractual high priority sand dune areas.

6 Figure 2. Dune morphology classification of the Lake Michigan shore.

8 Figure 3. Diagram of an idealized parabolic dune.

8 Figure 4. Diagram of en echelon and overlapping parabolic dunes.

9 Figure 5. High-relief parabolic dunes, Hoffmaster State Park.

9 Figure 6. High-relief parabolic dunes and low-relief marginal sand apron, Warren Dunes State Park.

10 Figure 7. Low-relief linear dune ridge parallel to the shoreline, Hoffmaster State Park.

10 Figure 8. Moderate-relief linear dune ridge, Ludington State Park.

10 Figure 9. Narrow low-relief dune terrace parallel to the shoreline.

II Figure 10. Diagram of a dune platform.

12 Figure 11. Low-relief dune platform parallel to the shoreline.

II Figure 12. Diagram of domal dunes.

12 Figure 13. Moderate-relief domal dune, undergoing shoreline erosion.

12 Figure 14. Low- to moderate-relief complex dune field and high-relief parabolic dunes, Ludington
State Park.
12 Figure 15. Low-relief marginal sand apron.

13 Figure 16. Inter-dune lowland, Warren Dunes State Park.

13 Figure 17. Inter-dune lowland.

13 Figure 1I& Perched dunes, Sleeping Bear National Lakeshore.

14 Figure 19. Perched dunes, Empire Bluffs.

14 Figure 20. Diagram of an overriding dune.

15 Figure 21. Diagram of dune assemblages with arcuate orientations within the Platte Lake
Embayment, Benzie County.

18 Figure 22. Diagram illustrating one type (parabolic) of barrier dune formation, its inland boundary
and a low-relief ephemeral dune adjacent to its lakeward margin.

Is Figure 23. Overlay on a topographic map base showing the outline of various dune assemblages.

Page Tables

3 Table 1. Boundary limits of the contractual high priority Sand Dune Areas (SDA).

5 Table 2. Tague's (1946) main dune types for the Grand Marais Embayment, Berrien County.

7 Table 3. Code for the dune morphology classification of the Lake Michigan shore.

17 Table 4. Major stages of Glacial Lake Michigan.

19 Table 5. Land cover/use categories used in the DNR-RSP Michigan lakeshore dune type inventory
and barrier dune classification and the sand dune mining monitoring studies.

Page CONTENTS
iii PREFACE
v ILLUSTRATIONS
I ABSTRACT
I INTRODUCTION
I Acknowledgments
2 PROJECT SCOPE AND PURPOSE
2 PROJECT STUDY AREAS
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
3 COASTAL AND SHOREZONE DUNE CLASSIFICATION
6 THE DUNE MORPHOLOGY CLASSIFICATION OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN
SHORE
7 Dune Forms
7 Parabolic Dunes
9 Linear Dune Ridges
9 Dune Terrace
10 Dune Platform
10 Domal Dune
10 Complex Dune Field
12 Dune Flat
1 2 Marginal Sand Apron
12 Interdune Lowland
13 Relation of the Dune Form to the Underlying Formation
13 Nonelevated Position
13 Perched Position
13 Overriding Position
1 4 Relative Relief of the Surface Expression
15 Orientation of the Dune Form
15 Arrangement of the Dune Form within the Assemblage
15 Underlying and/or Associated Landforms
15 Boundaries and Identification of Dune Types
16 Interpretation Problems
16 THE BARRIER DUNE
18 LAND COVER/USE
la PRODUCTS PROVIDED TO THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
18 Photo Overlays
20 Map Overlays
20 BIBLIOGRAPHY
29 APPENDICES
I IMAGERY USED
II LAND COVER/USE CLASSIFICATION
III BARRIER DUNES GUIDELINES ADOPTED BY THE NATURAL
RESOURCES COMMISSION
V

conditions under which they formed no longer exist;
once destroyed, these dunes are not likely ever to
DUNE TYPE INVENTORY AND BARRIER DUNE regain their present significant size and extent.
CLASSIFICATION STUDY of
MICHIGAN'S LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE Nonetheless, the shorezone dunes are being
by destroyed. Loss due to storm wave erosion and
associated processes is natural and has been going
William R. Buckler on since, and even occurred during, their
formation. It will be thousands of years, however,
ABSTRACT before the major dunes are consumed by waves. A
more rapid loss along some lakeshore segments is
This study has developed a dune morphology due to extraction for foundry core and molding
classification for the shorezone of Lake Michigan, sands, and glass making, as well as other uses.
and other Great Lakes adjacent to Michigan. The Sand mining along Michigan's western shore dates
scheme is based on dune form, relative relief, back to the last century and for much of this time
orientation, arrangement and the relationship of has been a center of controversy. Severe
the dune form to the underlying formation. Dune restrictions have been placed on the use of most
assemblages were identified and mapped according coastal dune areas in other states and in European
to this classification in seven priority sand dune countries. In Michigan, however, the dunes have
areas along Lake Michigan. mostly been under local government control which
has proven to be largely ineffective in regulating
Dune forms identified and described in this mining operations.
report include parabolic dunes, linear dune ridges,
dune terraces, dune platforms, domal dunes, Following concerted efforts by numerous
complex dune fields, dune flats, marginal sand individuals, organizations and units of government
aprons, and interdune lowlands, to preserve the present quality of the state's dunal
topography, the Sand Dune Protection and
Identification of barrier dunes cannot be Management Act (Act No. 222, P.A. 1976; M.C.L.
accommodated in the classification scheme 281.651-281.664) was passed in 1976. This act
because dune types vary along the shore, and provides authority to the Michigan Department of
therefore, so does the form of the barrier dune. Natural Resources (DNR) to undertake specified
Consequently, the designation of the barrier dune steps to ensure the wise use and protection of
assemblage is generally assigned to the dune Michigan's sand dunes within two miles of the
assemblage whose forms display the greatest ordinary high water mark along all of its Great
relative relief within the officially designated sand Lakes shorelines. The Act also stipulates that the
dune areas; this assemblage is adjacent to the Department is to make or cause to be made several
beach or to the ephemeral low-relief dunes which types of comprehensive studies and inventories
are adjacent to the upper beach zone. relating to the dunes and their values for
environmental, recreational and industrial
INTRODUCTION purposes. This document is a report of a study
authorized under the provisions of the Sand Dune
The sand dunes along the shorezone of Management and Protection Act and contracted
Michigan's Great Lakes are among the youngest between the Geological Survey Division of the
geomorphic features in the state. Most are related DNR and the Remote Sensing Project (RSP) at
to shoreline positions of higher glacial lakes during Michigan State University.
the last 1 3,000 years, although some are associated
with the modern lakes. The largest dunes found Acknowledgments. Special thanks are
today formed approximately 3,000 to 4,000 years expressed to Professor Dieter Brunnschweiler for
ago at the time and during waning of the his critical comments during development of the
Nippissing lake stage. Water level of Lake dune classification and for his input to the initial
Nipissing was 25 feet higher than present Lake RSP study proposal to the DNR. Appreciation is
Michigan. The dunes have undergone considerable extended to Ger Schultink for coordinating various
change since then. Because of favorable projects under contract with the DNR and for
conditions, nowhere were they better developed flying the photo missions. Valerie Stipe provided
than on the eastern and southern shores of Lake the line sketches, which were the basis for the
Michigan. These dunes are somewhat unique and final figures drawn by Donald R. Raymond. Other
collectively probably represent the largest Michigan Geological Survey Division personnel
accumulation of sand dunes along any fresh water were instrumental in helping to bring this report to
body in the world. They are valued by many as an publication. Jon Roethele and Mike Chapman were
aesthetically pleasing backdrop to the lakeshore, most helpful and cooperative as liaison with the
for the ecological communities which they support Survey. Final editing was accomplished by Beverly
and for the recreational potential they provide. L. Champion; layout, graphics and word processing
The environmental (climatic and geomorphic) were coordinated by Steven E. Wilson; and final
manuscript typing was done by Lois J. DeClaire.

In North America the list of important
PROJECT SCOPE AND PURPOSE contributions is meager. Inland dunes have been
studied more than coastal dunes. Contributions by
The specific objectives of this study are: H.T.U. Smith (1940, 1949, 1951, 1965), Melton
(1940), Hack (1941) and Cooper (1935, 1938) are
1. To develop a classification system by which noted. Coastal dunes in particular have been
the various coastal dune types of the State, neglected, although they cover a great extent of
especially those of Lake Michigan, can be defined shoreline and in many places are imposing. The
on the basis of morphology. dunes along the west coast of the U.S. have been
studied best (Cooper, 1958, 1967); but little has yet
2. To inventory all dune types within been published on the dunes along the Atlantic and
designated high priority areas along the Lake Gulf coasts.
Michigan shore.
Although the sand dunes along Lake Michigan
3. To identify and designate "barrier dunes" shores cover extensive area, relatively little
within the designated high priority areas. scientific research, especially in the last several
decades, has been published regarding them. Early
4. To inventory land cover/use within the emphasis was placed on the ecological relationship
designated high priority areas (in connection with between vegetation and dunes. Cowles (1899)
another DNR - RSP study). contributed the first major study, a classic dealing
primarily with the dunes of northwestern Indiana.
This study has been coordinated with two other Waterman (1917, 1919, 1922a, 1922b, 1926) and
projects under contract to Michigan State Fuller (1912, 191 8) centered their attention
University. The Remote Sensing Project involves principally on Michigan. Cressey (1928) provided
research aimed at developing procedures to another early classic in his attempt to explain the
inventory and monitor sand dune mining activities, origin of the lakeshore dunes. In the late 1920's,
whereas the Department of Resource Development 1930's and into the 1940's, I. D. Scott (1920, 1927,
is assessing the effects and impacts of "barrier 1930, 1934, 1938, 1939, 1942; Scott and Dow, 1936)
dunes" in the sand dune areas upon aesthetic, concentrated extensive field research on the origin
environmental, economic, industrial and and evolution of Michigan's shoreline dunes.
agricultural interests. Considering the great amount of work he
accomplished, very little was actually published.
His field notebooks are available at the Michigan
PROJECT STUDY AREAS Geological Survey, as is an unfinished and
incomplete manuscript dealing with his research.
The study was conducted within seven high Several of his students centered their research on
priority areas consisting of nine shoreline segments specific areas along the shore (Tague, 1946; Colver,
along Michigan's Lake Michigan shoreline. The 1946; Dow, 1937;Stevenson, 1931).
boundaries of the segments designated under this
contract largely coincide with those more recently The Sleeping Bear dunes attracted the attention
determined by the DNR for the Series I Designated of many workers (Thompson, 1967; Gillis and
Sand Dune Areas (Michigan Department of Natural Bakeman, 1963; National Park Service, 1961;
Resources, 1978). Each segment herein has been Johnson, 1957; Martin, 1942; Dow, 1937, 1940;
given the same code letter as listed in the DNR - Waterman, 1922b, 1926), whereas Evans (1936,
RSP contract; and the segments are not in 1937) was interested in the origin of the coastal
sequence along the shore (Figure 1; Table 1) lakes of western Michigan. Since Olson's 1958
series of three articles on dune development,
LITERATURE REVIEW however, there has been no publication of major
significance on the geologic aspects of Lake
Literature on sand dunes is extensive, but all Michigan shoreline dunes.
except a small part has been published in Europe.
Most of the important contributions on coastal Several less technical references are available
dunes have come from Germany, Denmark, Holland (Kelley, 1971; Dorr and Eschman, 1970) as are
and Belgium, although some are from Australia, numerous references on coastal marine dunes in
New Zealand, Argentina and Peru. In relation to general (Davies, 1973; King, 1972; Bird, 1969;
desert dunes, the main studies have been conducted Zenkovich, 1967; Steers, 1964; Gresswell, 1957).
in the Sahara, with the western part favored by Kelley (1962) compiled a map of the sand dunes of
French investigators and the eastern by British. Michigan; dunes were mapped along Lake Michigan
Bagnold's (1941) comprehensive work on the physics by Hand (1970), Gifford and Humphrys (1966),
of blown sand, based on experiments and long field Powers (1958), Humphrys, Horner and Rogers
experience in Egypt and Libya, is 'he most notable (1958), Martin (1955) and Leverett and Taylor
contribution in its field. (1915). Additional references are cited in the
bibliography.

1967; Davies, 1973; and others). Some are based on
COASTAL AND SHOREZONE dune genesis, others on dune morphology, and still
DUNE CLASSIFICATION others on a combination of the two. Nevertheless,
none are particularly appropriate to the shorezone
A comprehensive scheme of classifying all dune forms of the Great Lakes, and more
types of coastal and shorezone dune forms is not specifically, Lake Michigan. All classifications
yet available, to the author's knowledge, in the were based on marine conditions and not on the
geomorphic literature. Likely, this is because the special circumstances related to the Great Lakes.
forms of dunes and their evolution are subject to The majority of the dunes of the Lake Michigan
great variability in relation to local environmental shorezone were formed at the time and during
conditions. Overall classification schemes waning of higher glacial lake levels; eolian sand
developed for desert or continental dunes (Bagnold, accumulation was favored because abundant source
1941; Melton, 1940; Hack, 1941; Smith, 1965; material (from eroding unconsolidated Pleistocene
McKee, et al, 1977; and others) are not applicable and Recent sediments), a predominantly westerly
to dunes formed under marine or lakeshore wind flow, a semi-arid climate and a potential
conditions. Numerous coastal dune classifications depositional zone prevailed.
have been devised (Briquet, 1923; van Dieren, 1934;
Steers, 1946; Smith, 1954, 1960; Cooper, 1958,
Table 1).

High Priority Sand Dune Area Northern Limit/Southern Limit

Al a Lincoln-Lake-Chikaming SDA North Line-Sec 9 - T5S, RI9W/
(R 281.401)b South Line-Sec. 9 - T75, R20W

A2 South Haven-Covert-Hagar North Line-Sec. 21 - TIS, RI7W/
SDA (R 281.402) South Line-Sec. 16 - T3S, RI8W

B Golden-Benona-Claybanks SDA North Line-Sec. 4 - TI 5N, R 18W/
(R 281.405) South Line-Sec. 8 - T13N, RI8W

C Summit-Pentwater SDAC North Line-Sec. 23 - TI 7N, RI8W/
South Line-Sec. 27- TI6N, RI8W

D Grant-Hamlin-Pere Marquette Magoon Creek, north of South Line-
SDA (R 281.406) Sec. 28 - T21N, RI7W/
South Line-Sec. 9 - T18N, RI8W

E Hendricks-Moran SDA West Line-Sec. 8 - T42N, R7W/
(R 281.407) East Line-Sec. 23 - T41 N, R5W

Fl Fruitland SDAc Centerline-Sec. II - TIIN, R18W/
East Line-Sec. 25 - TIIN, RI8W

F2 Laketon-Fruitport-Spring Lake- S 1/16 Line-Sec. 7 - TI ON, R 1 8W/
Grand Haven SDA (R 281.404) South Line-Sec. 21 - T7N, RI6W

G Grand Haven-Port Sheldon SDAC North Line-Sec. 28 - T7N, R16W/
Centerline-Sec. 28- T6N, RI6W

a These code letters refer to the priority sand dune areas as listed in the initial DNR-RSP
contract and are used informally to identify the areas.
b These names and rule numbers refer to the legally designated sand dune areas of Series I as
promulgated under authority of the Sand Dune Protection and Management Act (Act No.
222, P.A. 1976); in accordance with the Administrative Procedures Act (Act No. 306, P.A.
1969 as amended).
c These are priority sand dune areas listed in the initial DNR-RSP contract which are not
legally designated Series I sand dune areas; they will be included in the Series II areas.

Table 1. Boundary limits of the contractual high priority Sand Dune Areas (SDA).

rlendricks-Moran
SDA (R 281.407)

/ Manistee County
Grant-Hamlin-Pere D__
Marquette SDA (R281.406) D Mason County
Summit-Pentwater SDAC I
Golden-Benona- Claybanks-- _- -Oceana County
SDA (R 281.405) 1- e
Fruitland SDA Fl \ Muskegon County
Laketon- Fruitport-Spring F2 ..,r
Lake-Grand Haven _GK-.jOttawa County
SDA (R281.404) /___
Grand Haven-Port Sheldon SDA --Allegan County

South Haven-Covert - A I
Hagar SDA (R281.402) 2l / --Van Buren County

Lincoln-Lake-Chikaming . / i.
SDA (R281.401) -,AlL/ -Berrien County

Figure 1. Contractual high priority sand dune areas.

Cressey (1928) recognized two characteristic FOREDUNE
dune types at the southern end of Lake Michigan:
Foredune ridges are the first dunes to become
The foredune is essentially a ridge parallel to established along a shore. These dunes are a
the shore and built just beyond the reach of few feet landward from and parallel to the
the highest waves. Its linear character is due shore and are almost universally present except
in part to the influence of the lake winds, in where they have been destroyed by wind or
part to the belt of vegetation which springs water. They are relatively low and seldom
up beyond the beach margin, and largely to attain a height of more than 30 feet above their
the supply of sand. Blowout dunes are base. The windward slopes of foredune ridges
commonly developed along the shore by the are rather gentle, usually not over 15 degrees.
action of the wind in scouring out through the The lee slopes are somewhat steeper as a rule
established dunes a passage which later is than the windward slopes, but only occasionally
widened, deepened, and extended inland. At do they approach the angle of repose of dry
their maximum development their windward sand. The crest of the foredune as a whole is
slopes resemble large amphitheaters. (p. 38). relatively uniform and even, but in places the
crests are rounded and somewhat irregular and
In a study of the Grand Marais Embayment of locally knobby. The characteristic vegetation
Berrien County, Tague (1946) classified dunes as on foredunes is various dune grasses such as
being primary or secondary: calamovilfa and ammophila, and shrubs such as
red osier, willows, poplars, and sand cherries.
The sole representative of the primary dune
is the foredune ridge. Secondary dunes are DUNE RIDGE
represented by such forms as dune ridges,
parabolic dunes and longitudinal dunes which Foredune ridges may blow out due to the
are modifications of the original primary removal of protective vegetation by fires,
form. (p. 25). lumbering, building of roads or by wave cutting
during high water periods. Where cut by waves
His description of each dune form is listed in Table the sand in the dune assumes a slope of the
2. natural angle of repose and the bare exposed
sand is blown up over the ridge locally, thus
Fuller (1918) recognized perched dunes on the starting blow-outs through the ridge at various
islands in the northern part of Lake Michigan and places. Wherever the vegetation cover is
on the adjacent mainland. These dunes broken, by whatever cause, the sand is subject
to wind blow. A series of small blow-outs along
...are developed upon substrata elevated a foredune ridge develops a sinuous form which
some distance above the beach. They may is called a "dune ridge."
have been formed either by a wind eddy at
the top of a short cliff, or have travelled PARABOLIC DUNES
inland from the beach over higher land. The
term also applies to dunes formed on an old Parabolic dunes, which derive their name from
beach which from the subsidence of the lake their shape like a parabola, are probably the
level finds itself much above the level of most characteristic and most frequently
existing waters. (p. 111-112; also see Dow, observed dunes in coastal regions. The
1937;Bergquist, 1936;Waterman, 1922, 1926). windward (concave) side of the parabolic dune
faces the shore. These dunes are central
Although various shoreline segments have been extensions of the blow-outs in dune ridges and
investigated in detail and dune types designated in develop in height and breadth from repeated
these studies, a complete inventory of eolian blowing and by addition of sand from the shore.
deposits along the Lake Michigan shore has not They may attain a height of over 250 feet
been made. An objective of this study was to above the lake and a length of approximately
devise a dune classification based on morphology one mile. The two arms of the parabolic dune
remain attached to the source of sand as
development progresses.

LONGITUDINAL DUNES

A ridge lying parallel to the direction of the
Table 2. Tague's (1946) main dune types for the prevailing wind is called a longitudinal dune.
Grand Marais Embayment, Berrien Longitudinal dunes are developed by a complete
County. blowing through of the landward crest of an
-* apex or saddle dune and the formation of a gap
known as a wind rift or transection. Thus the
apex or saddle dune is divided into a pair of
longitudinal dunes.
5

which is appropriate for the Lake Michigan and THE DUNE MORPHOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
other Great Lakes shorelines. Some of the OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE
terminology expressed by earlier researchers is not
applicable in the proposed new classification. For The suggested classification of dune types along
example, there are three recognizable dune forms the shore of Lake Michigan (Figure 2) is based on
which are commonly accepted as foredunes. dune form, relative relief, orientation,
Tague's (1946) use of the term longitudinal dune is arrangement, and the relationship of the dune
inappropriate as it is generally restricted to a assemblage to the underlying formation. The
desert type. Dunes may be perched but the term scheme is objective in that it relies on morphologic
gives no indication as to their form and and geometric patterns which can be interpreted
stratigraphic relation to the underlying non-dune from aerial imagery at a scale of 1:20,000 and
formation. The proposed scheme attempts to larger. The classification is not meant to express
eliminate such ambiguous or conflicting dune genesis.
terminology.

RELATION OF ORIENTATION OF UNDERLYING AND/
DUNE FORM TO| DUNE FORM RELATIVE RELIEF DUNE FORM WITH ARRANGEMENT OR ASSOCIATED
SUBSTRATUM OF DUNE FORM RESPECT TO PRESENT OF DUNE FORM
FORMATION SHORELINE LANDFORMS

HIGH PARALLSinguPARALLEL
-PARABOLIC DUNE Moderote Normal
Low Aruate REPETITIVE
Irregular

PARALLEL
rHIgh SINGULAR
-LINEAR DUNE RIDGE iModerate - Normal _ [_ NR
LLOW ARCUATE REPET/TIVE
Irregular

High PARALLEL SINGULAR
-DUNE TERRACE Moderate Normal
LOW Arcuale Repetitive

~~LLOWs A~~ -Arcua~ Repetitive
~NON-ELEVATED- u -oIrregular

-Dune Plotfrm Moratf Normal Singula r
Arapll~lve

OVERRIDING -
PERCIHED _HIGH rslngular
-Domol Dune MODERATE l
Low L Repetitive

High
-COMPLEX DUNE FIELD 4Moderate
LLOW

-DUNE FLAT

Lacustrine
uHitwsh PLAIN
-MARGINAL SAND APRON Moderate END OR RECESSIONAL
L MORAINE
LOW TILL PLAIN

Locustrine
rOutw:sah PLAIN
Alluvial
-Inter-Dune Lowland END OR RECESSIONAL
LTILL PLAIN

Figure 2. Dune morphology classification of the Lake Michigan shore. Dune forms and correlated
characteristics which are more common or dominant are indicated by capitization.

Nine different dune forms are recognized in
this classification1. Each assemblage of these
forms may be expressed as having high, moderate, First Letter (Dune Form)
or low relative relief. With respect to the present A Marginal Sand Apron
shoreline, parallel, perpendicular, arcuate or C Complex Dune Field
irregularly oriented forms are possible. And within D Domal Dune
each area a single or multiple number of individual F Dune Flat
dune forms of the same type may be designated. L Inter-Dune Lowland
Dune assemblages may be nonelevated, or they P Parabolic Dune
may be perched on top of, or override a steep slope PL Dune Platform
of a nondune formation. Each characteristic under R Linear Dune Ridge
the various classification headings has a distinct T Dune Terrace
alphabetic notation (Table 3). The dune type or
assemblage may then be identified by a series of Second Letter (Relative Relief)
alphabetic symbols. For instance, a single dune I low (0-20')
ridge of approximately nine feet in height adjacent m moderate (20'-80')
and parallel to the upper reach of the beach may h high (80'+)
be identified as Rips (dune Ridge, low relative
relief, parallel to the shore, a singular Third Letter (Orientation)
arrangement). A complex dune field with relative a arcuate
relief of approximately 48' perched on top of a i irregular
nondune formation whose surface is 120' above n normal (perpendicular)
Lake Michigan is indicated by Cm/700' (Lake p parallel
Michigan is assumed to be at an elevation of 580'
above sea level; therefore, the surface of the Fourth Letter (Arrangement)
nondune formation, being 120' above the lake, r repetitive (multiple)
stands at 700' above sea level). The scheme is s singular
designed to be somewhat flexible and can
accomodate a wide variety of dune types which Relation of dune form to substratum formation
may be encountered along the Lake Michigan and Xxxxa non-elevated
other Great Lakes shorezones. Xxxxb perched

Dune Forms Xxxx/c overriding

Parabolic Dunes a Non-elevated dunes are represented by only
the four (or less) code letters.
Individual parabolic dunes have ground plans
which are bow-, U- or hairpin-shaped (Figures 3 b Perched dunes are represented by the four
through 6, 17). They generally have sharply (or less) letter code over a horizontal bar
defined limbs that increase in height inland, and below which is the height above sea level of
are oriented perpendicularly to somewhat the surface of the underlying non-dune
obliquely relative to the shoreline. The concave, formation (the Lake Michigan surface is
or open, side of the dune faces the shore and approximately 580' above mean sea level).
exhibits a relatively gentle slope, steepening
somewhat near the crest and apex. The slope of c Overriding dunes are represented by the
the convex, or inland, portion is characteristically four (or less) letter code followed by a slash.
steep and descends abruptly from the crest at the
angle of repose. It is not uncommon to find other
types of low- to moderate-relief dunes between the Table 3. Code for the dune morphology
limbs of, or between individual, parabolic dunes. classification of the Lake Michigan
shore.
I The classification was developed specifically
for this project study. Because Act 222 defines a
"sand dune area" more broadly than is generally
accepted in the geologic and geomorphic
literature, several minor modifications of the Widths typical of parabolic dunes are up to
classification would be needed before it could one-quarter of a mile, with'lengths in some cases
stand alone. For example, a dune flat was greater than one-half mile; heights may be more
incorporated into the scheme to cover certain than 150 feet. Generally, the highest relief of
features designated under the Act as "sand dune these dunes is at the apex, although within an
areas" but which are, genetically, lacustrine and assemblage the apexes are not necessarily
not eolian sand deposits. accordant. Blowouts are frequently found between

�,,
'r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ,,: .. ,�

���~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ " ~" ;;;;~j, . ~".."~ / '�
:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~�

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~�i.,~ ?.... , . . . . , ,,

~~~--

Figure 3. Diagram of an idealized parabolic dune.

�----' -;Y�-F~~

Figure 4. Diagram of en e~~~~~~~~chlnadoeapigarbicues

the limbs and on the open concave slope. These
dunes are typically grouped into an assemblage
which trends PARALLEL to the shore; the
individual forms, though, are often arranged en
echelon (Figure 4) and not uncommonly overlap. In
some cases, the trend of the dune assemblage takes
on a broadly ARCUATE outline. Commonly, two
generations of parabolic dunes may be found
adjacent to each other. The shoreward group tends
to be higher, more compact, and to display
better-defined individual forms. The inland group
generally is lower in overall height and the
individual forms are somewhat more dispersed and
less distinctive. Sometimes only portions of their
"ideal" form are evident and their overall pattern
occasionally resembles rather sinuous irregular
ridge topography2; en echelon arrangement Figure 5. High-relief parabolic dunes,
seldom exists. Because of shoreline erosion, it is Hoffmaster State Park (Section 36, T9
not unusual to encounter numerous examples where N, RI7W and Section 1, T8N, RI7W;
only remnants of parabolic dunes remain. Muskegon-Oceana County line).

Linear Dune Ridges

Linear dune ridges are elongated sand
ridges whose overall trend is PARALLEL,
ARCUATE, or, in rare cases, NORMAL
(perpendicular) to the present shoreline. Some,
especially those associated with older, higher,
glacial lakes, have an IRREGULAR trend with
respect to the present shore (Figures 7 & 8). The
parallel and arcuate varieties are frequently
asymmetrical in cross profile, with a gentler slope
lakeward and a steeper slope on the inland side.
However, this may not hold true if the lakeward
slope is adjacent to the shoreline and is undergoing
wave erosion. The normal and irregular varieties
are typically more symmetrical, with the former Figure 6. High-relief parabolic dunes (center
type generally crested and the latter displaying a ground) and low-relief marginal sand
more arching convex topographic expression. apron (background), Warren Dunes
Linear ridges may be found as single features or in State Park (Section 26, T6S, R20W;
multiples (repetitive) with intervening swales, the Berrien County).
latter varying in width. In plan view the ridge may
vary from rather straight to somewhat sinuous and
in longitudinal profile the crest may not be Not uncommonly, the end segments of the dune
accordant. The crests may be sharp or rather ridges have subdued elevations and are somewhat
rounded. In places they may be breached, often broadened. Adjacent ridges are not necessarily of
due to natural blowouts or artificial leveling. the same elevation and local relief between crests
Where small blowouts exist, the crest line may and adjacent swales need not be similar. The toe
mimic a "parabolic trend" for a short distance of the dune on opposite sides of a single ridge crest
(although, because of its small nature and limited may or may not be at the same elevation. The
extent, it is not classified as a parabolic dune). low-relief arcuate type and some low ridges
associated with older, higher, glacial lakeshores
may represent beach ridges of lacustrine sand and
gravel, veneered by eolian sand.

2 It is thought by most researchers that Dune Terrace
parabolic dunes are derived from repeated
blowouts in dune ridges; "the central extensions of A dune terrace almost always follows a
the blowouts...develop in height, length and distinctly linear shoreline trend maintained over an
breadth from repeated blowing and by addition of appreciable distance. It is bounded on one side by
sand from the shores" (Tague, 1946). a higher bluff slope (for example, that of another
dune form, a moraine or another terrace) and on
the opposite side by lower relief topography

Figure 9. Narrow low-relief dune terrace
parallel to the shoreline (South Line,
Figure 7. Low-relief linear dune ridge parallel Section 22, T16N, R18W; Oceana
to the shoreline, Hoffmaster State County).
Park (Section 36, T9N, R 17W;
Muskegon County).

Dune Platform

A dune platform is typically somewhat linear
shoreline-trending with a rather level or slightly
hummocky surface, elevated above the adjacent
shoreward and landward areas (Figures 10, 11).
Slopes rising from the adjoining lower areas to the
platform surface may be gentle or, if undergoing
wave erosion, rather abrupt. These dunes generally
trend PARALLEL to the shoreline; occasionally,
however, they may display a broad ARCUATE
outline with respect to the present shore. In rare
cases, the trend may be irregular or normal to the
Figure 8. Moderate-relief linear dune ridge, shoreline. A typical dune platform is located at or
Ludington State Park (Sections 6 & 7, near the upper limit of the beach and is separated
TI9N, RI8W; Mason County). from higher landward topography by a narrow
furrow or swale.

Domal Dune
(Figure 9). In profile, the majority of the dune
surface is more or less level, but may display some A domal dune displays a circular or subcircular
hummocky relief. The slope rising from the lower plan view and a hemispheric (domal) or conical
elevation (generally the beach) to the terrace (peaked) profile; occasionally, it will be
surface may be gentle to rather abrupt, especially multi-peaked (Figures 12, 13).
if undergoing wave erosion. The terrace is almost
always elevated less than 25 feet, and typically Complex Dune Field
less than 15 feet, above the lower level. If more
than one terrace is present, the topography will A complex dune field is an area of nonoriented
have a step-like profile. These dunes are generally dunes, generally of a hummocky, chaotic nature
PARALLEL to the present shoreline; occasionally, (Figure 14). Slopes vary from gentle to steep.
however, they may display a broad ARCUATE Local relief may be rugged, varying abruptly from
outline. Dune terraces are typically located at or hillock to depression, or it may assume an
near the upper reaches of the beach. Sometimes, a undulating appearance. The hillocks need not have
terrace of somewhat IRREGULAR outline and accordant elevations and some of the depressions
limited extent may be found associated with the may reach the substratum on which the dune field
margin of another dune type. For example, a rests; and sometimes the depressions are ponded.
terrace-like configuration may exist on the inland Locations classified as complex may be transition
boundary of a parabolic dune area, overlooking the zones, either areally or evolutionary, between two
shoreward facing margin of a lower-relief complex different dune types.
dune area.

Figure 1I0. Diagram of a dune platform.

Figure 12. Diagram of domal dunes.

Dune Flat

A dune flat is an accumulation form which
displays few distinct relief features; its surface is
essentially smooth and horizontal or gently
sloping. This classification is largely applied to
extensive sandy deposits of ldcustrine origin which
the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
may designate as a "sand dune area."

Marginal Sand Apron

The transitional zone along the landward
margin of the sand dune area is designated as a
marginal sand apron (Figures 15, 6). Dune sand
Figure 11. Low-relief dune platform parallel to may only veneer the surface and may or may not
the shoreline (NW 1/4, Section 8, T25, be continuous. Typically, local relief is determined
iRI7W; Palisades Park, Van Buren by the underlying formation and not by the dune
County). sand itself. In some cases, however, isolated dune
types, often low rounded ridges, may be found on
the sand apron. Small deflation hollows or
excavation pits may pocket the surface in limited
portions. It is generally difficult to delineate the
landward boundary of this apron; likewise, the
exact thickness of dune sand seldom can be
interpreted from aerial imagery.

Figure 13. Moderate-relief domal dune,
undergoing shoreline erosion
(Centerline, Section 10, T3S, RI8W;
Berrien County).

Figure 15. Low-relief marginal sand apron
(foreground and center ground). This
view is toward the west and
higher-relief dune forms (Section 5,
T8N, R I6W; Ottawa County).

Interdune Lowland

Interdune lowlands may exist either between
two or more distinct dune assemblages or within a
single dune type area (Figures 16, 17). Their
surfaces are relatively flat to gently undulating
and may contain small isolated low-relief hillocks,
Figure 1 4. Low- to moderate-relief complex dune ridges or depressions. Dune sand may or may not
field (foreground) and high-relief cover the surface; where it does, even though the
parabolic dunes (background), lowland surface is appreciably lower than the
Ludington State Park (Sections 28 & surrounding dunal topography, it may be distinctly
29, T19N, R I8W; Mason County). elevated above the foundation upon which it rests.
Furthermore, small borrow pits may pocket the
surface of the lowland.
12

time the dune was formed, and which has not
L %oj?/-_-,j~ . ... ~.~,~:,. rundergone significant uplift due to crustal rebound
1' ~-� ~ ','2-' following deglaciation. This substratum may
iatWarren exhibit a gently rising incline away from the
-,; )) 25shoreline. Essentially, nonelevated dunes include
25.
0 26. BM-0 3;PE M 2',, , all dune types not recognized as perched or
- overriding. In some cases, it is difficult to
.? -- .. ,; s ' ' A distinguish between the three varieties based on
.'-.-/ a> ,. ! //, i / aerial-photo interpretation. In places where
, at-: .. , ; extensive wave erosion has cut back into the gently
v'/ ""> ~-a .. " ? inclined substratum on which the dunes formed, it
J.' is not uncommon to find nondune sediments, often
'-- '' lacustrine sand and gravel, exposed near the upper
'i ?im c ' , _7 _. beach surface. If this exposed substratum material
-- A - _is only a few feet in thickness, the dune
-'"- .. .. --' ,;-7| // X assemblage is still classified as nonelevated.
' , 4 - ".-~ , -. 'X i- - -D However, where an appreciable thickness of
...... // nondune sediment is' recognized, the dune
assemblage is classified as perched, even though no
Figure 16. Inter-dune lowland, Warren Dunes crustal uplift has occurred. Where mass-wasting
State Park, as seen on a portion of the of the overlying dune sand obscures the nondune
Bridgman 1:24,000-Scale Topographic basal material, these perched dunes may
Map. inadvertently be classified as nonelevated.

Perched Position

Perched dunes are situated on the upper surface
of a nondune formation adjacent to, but elevated
appreciably above, the PRESENT lake level
(Figures 18, 19). The underlying nondune formation
may rise to several hundred feet above the lake
level. Perched dunes may take on the same forms
as nonelevated dunes.

Figure 17. Inter-dune lowland (Centerline, Figure 18. Perched dunes, Sleeping Bear National
Section 25, T2S, R18W; Van Buren Lakeshore (T29N, R15W; Leelanau
County). County).

Overriding Position
Relation of the Dune Form
to the Underlying Formation Overriding dunes are dunes which are
encroaching upon relatively steeply sloping
Nonelevated Position nondune formations, beginning more or less at
present lake level, but rising distinctly above it
Nonelevated dunes occur on a substratum base (Figure 20). They may be thought of as being
which is either near present lake level or at a level
closely corresponding to the water elevation at the
13

APPENDIX III

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION
GUIDELINES: DESIGNATED BARRIER DUNES LYING
WITHIN DESIGNATED SAND DUNE AREAS

Adopted by the Natural Resources Commission on December 8, 1978 in
accordance with the Sand Dune Protection and Management Act (Act No. 222,
P.A. 1976) and the Administrative Procedures Act (Act No. 306, P.A. 1969, as
amended).

I. Statement of Purpose: To delineate and illustrate the inland boundary of barrier dune
formations within designated sand dune areas. The designation of a barrier dune does not restrict or
regulate any person, organization, unit of government or other entity in any manner. Its relevance is in the
following statutory language contained within the Sand Dune Protection and Management Act (Sec. 8(3)):
"in granting a permit, if the Department allows for the removal of all or a
portion of the barrier dune pursuant to the act, it shall submit to the
commission written reasons for permitting the removal."

II. Relationship of the Guideline to the Provision of the Authorizing
Legislation: The Sand Dune Protection and Management Act authorizes the Department ,to regulate
sand dune mining activities within designated sand dune areas. The designation of a sand dune area is
accomplished through the promulgation of administrative rules in accordance with the Administrative
Procedures Act.

The Statutory Definition of a Barrier Dune Is: "The first landward sand dune
formation along a shoreline of a Great Lake or a sand dune formation
designated by the Department of Natural Resources." Therefore, a barrier
dune formation may be an integral portion of a designated sand dune area. The Department has
identified, through indepth research efforts, criteria which shall be applied in determining the specific
location of barrier dune formations and their boundary limitations within specific sand dune areas. This
delineation shall be applicable to the review of those proposed sand dune mining activities within a
barrier dune complex.

Ill. Criteria of Barrier Dune Boundary Determination:
A. A barrier dune is a relatively permanent feature.
B. The inland boundary of a barrier dune formation is that landward boundary line at the most landward
base of the first sand dune formation from the great Lake Shoreline which displays the greatest
relative relief within a designated sand dune area.
C. The shoreland boundary is that boundary line at the most shoreward base of the first sand dune
formation from the Great Lake Shoreline that is not ephemeral (temporary) in nature.
D. The boundary of a barrier dune shall be easily recognized and delineated on aerial photographs
(stereo-paired aerial imagery).
E. A barrier dune is a landform (geomorphic feature) whose relief and location restrict and impede
interaction between the Great Lakes shoreline and inland oriented activities. Barrier Dunes frequently
exhibit recognizable aesthetic values.

APPENDIX II 18 Cemeteries:
This number was used, rather than that of
LAND COVER/USE CLASSIFICATION the Michigan System (194), so it would not
used in the Lakeshore be confused with the recreation category.
Dune Type Inventory and Barrier Dune
Classification and Sand Dune Mining 19 Recreation:
Monitoring Studies This category included such uses as golf
courses, parks, boat docks, etc.

In broad terms, the classification system used 191 Public.
in this study was modeled after the Michigan Land
Cover/Use Classification System adopted by the 192 Private.
Land Resource Programs Division, Michigan
Department of Natural Resources. However, 21 Cultivated cropland and permanent pasture:
where that system was deemed incompatible with No notable changes.
the objectives of the sand dune study, or where
different kinds of information were required, it 22 Specialty crops:
was modified. Most changes involved redefinition Essentially no changes were made in this
of, or additions to, categories in Level III of that category, but Christmas tree farms were
system and they are summarized below. For a specifically included.
complete description of other categories, refer to
the document cited above. 31 Herbaceous groundcover:
No notable changes.
Category Descriptions
32 Shrub groundcover:
I I Residential: No notable changes.
Housing density was considered to be an
important factor in assessing 41 Deciduous forest:
environmental conditions and was No notable changes.
therefore mapped.
42 Coniferous forest:
Ill Medium and high density: No notable changes.
This category comprised tracts with
a density exceeding one dwelling unit 43 Mixed forest:
per acre and usually denotes well No notable changes.
built-up regions. Also included,
however, were linear areas--"strip 44 Dune grasses:
development"--along roads where Discontinuous grassy cover on dunes
houses exist immediately adjacent to and/or blow-outs was mapped in this
each other on both sides of the street. category. The classification indicates a
stable enough environment, at least
11 2 Low density: recently, to allow growth of the grasses.
Dwelling units with a density of less
than one per acre and "strip 5 Water:
development" not meeting the No further breakdown of this category
medium and high density criteria was mapped. Thus, it includes lakes,
were classified as low density. It rivers, ponds, etc.
should be noted that not all dwellings
were mapped. If dwelling density 61 Forested wetlands:
was diffuse, the area was mapped P o orly drained areas with a tree cover,
according to predominant cover either deciduous or coniferous, were
type. For example, farm steads were mapped in this category.
usually mapped as agricultural land.
62 Non-forested wetlands:
12 Commercial, services and institutional: Included were brush swamps and/or
No notable changes. marshes.

13 Industrial: 63 Vegetated open water:
No notable changes. This category includes stagnant water
covered by vegetation such as lily pads,
14 Transportation, communication and utilities: algae, etc.
No notable changes.
72 Beaches:
1 7 Extractive, open-pit mine: No notable changes.
This category includes only sand and/or
gravel, operations. The status of these 73 Sand other than beaches:
mines (active or inactive) was not mapped No notable changes, but it should be
initially. Based on that: noted that blow-outs along the shore of
Lake Michigan are specifically included in
1 71 will refer to active sites. this category.

172 will refer to inactive sites. 75 Transitional areas:
No notable changes.

APPENDIX I 1). Grant-Hamlin-Pere Marquette Sand Dune Area
(R 281.406)
IMAGERY USED
in the Land Cover/Use Source: Department of Transportation,
Mapping Phase of the State of Michigan
Lakeshore Dune Type Inventory Photogrammetry Division
and Barrier Dune Classification Box 30050
and the Sand Dune Mining Lansing, Michigan 48909
Monitoring Studies (by Priority Area)
Type: CIR positive transparencies

Al. Lincoln-Lake-Chikaming Sand Dune Area Scale: approx. 1:32,000
(R 281.401)
Date: 7-11-73
Source: Southwest Michigan Regional
Planning Commission
2907 Division Street E. Hendricks-Moran Sand Dune Area (R 281.407)
St. Joseph, Michigan 49085
Source: Department of Transportation,
Type: CIR positive transparencies State of Michigan
Photogrammetry Division
Scale: approx. 1:36,000 (see above)

Date: 6-3-77 Type: CIR positive transparencies

A2. South Haven-Covert-Hagar Sand Dune Area Scale: approx. 1:32,000
(R 281.402)
Date: 6-13-73
Source: NASA/Remote Sensing Project,
Michigan State University
201 UPLA Building Fl. Fruitland Sand Dune Area
East Lansing, Michigan 48823
Source: Western Michigan Shoreline
Type: CIR positive transparencies Regional Development Commission
(see above)
Scale: approx. 1:32,000
Type: CIR positive transparencies
Date: 6-1-74
Scale: approx. 1:32,000

B. Golden-Benona-Claybanks Sand Dune Area Date: 10-4-75
(R 281.405)

Source: Western Michigan Shoreline F2. Laketon-Fruitport-Spring Lake-Grand Haven
Regional Development Commission Sand Dune Area (R 281.404)
Torrent House
315 West Webster Source: Western Michigan Shoreline
Muskegon, Michigan 48440 Regional Development Commission
(see above)
Type: CIR positive transparencies
Type: CIR positive transparencies
Scale: approx. 1:32,000
Scale: approx. 1:32,000
Date: 10-4-75
Date: 10-4-75

C. Summit-Pentwater Sand Dune Area
G. Grand Haven-Port Sheldon Sand Dune Area
Source: Western Michigan Shoreline
Regional Development Commission Source: Western Michigan Shoreline
(see above) and Regional Development Commission
Western Michigan Regional Planning (see above)
Commission
1102 Peoples Building Type: CIR positive transparencies
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506
Scale: approx. 1:32,000
Type: CIR positive transparencies
Date: 10-4-75
Scale: approx. 1:32,000

Date: 10-4-75

7 Terasmae, 3. and R. J. Mott, 1959, 3 , 1922a,
NOTES ON SAND DUNES NEAR DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT
PRESCOTT, ONTARIO, COMMUNITIES ON A SAND RIDGE
Revue Canadienne de Geographie 13(3-4), REGION IN MICHIGAN,
p. 135-141. Botanical Gazette 74(1), p. 1-31.

1 Terwilliger, F. W., 1954 1, 3
THE GLACIAL GEOLOGY AND GROUND , 1922b,
WATER RESOURCES OF VAN BUREN FORESTS AND DUNES FROM POINT
COUNTY, MICHIGAN, BETSIE TO SLEEPING BEAR, BENZIE AND
Michigan Geological Survey LEELANAU COUNTIES, MICHIGAN,
Publication 48, pt. 1, 95 p. Northwestern University: Evanston,
Illinois, 20 p.
3 Thompson, P. W., 1967,
VEGETATION AND COMMON PLANTS OF 1, 3
SLEEPING BEAR, , 1926,
Cranbrook Institute of Science Bulletin ECOLOGY OF GLEN LAKE AND
no. 52, 47 p. SLEEPING BEAR REGION,
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and
3, 5 Letters Papers 6, p. 351-376.
Urban and Environmental Studies Institute,
1977, 11, 13
KITCHEL DUNE PRESERVE--FEASIBILITY Wright, R. and W. Ritchie, 1975
STUDY, THE SURVEY AND
Grand Valley State College, Allendale, PHOTO-INTERPRETATION OF THE
Michigan, 67 p. SANDS OF FORVIE, ABERDEENSI-IRE,
O'Dell Memorial Monograph no. 4,
4 Van Denack, J. M., 1961, Department of Geography, University of
AN ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE Aberdeen: Scotland, 13 p.
SAND DUNE COMPLEX IN POINT BEACH
STATE PARK, TWO RIVERS, WISCONSIN, 8, 9
Botanical Gazette 122(3), p. 155-174. Zenkovich, V. P., 1967,
AEOLIAN PROCESSES ON SEA COASTS,
9 Van Dieren, J. W., 1934, in; PROCESSES OF COASTAL
ORGANOGENE DUNENBILDUNG EINE DEVELOPMENT,
GEOMORPHOLOGISCHE ANALYSE DER Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd,
DUNENLANDSCHAFT DER Limited, p. 586-617.
WEST-FREESISCHEN ANSEL
TERSCHELINY MIT
PFLANZENSOZIOLOGISCHEN
METHODEN,
Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 304 p.

10 Verstappen, H. T., 1972,
ON DUNE TYPES, FAMILIES AND
SEQUENCES IN AREAS OF
UNIDIRECTIONAL WINDS,
Gottinger Geographische Abhandlungen
60, p. 341-362.

1, 13
Verway, D. I., and Grier, W., 1977,
MICHIGAN STATISTICAL ABSTRACTS,
Michigan State University: East Lansing,
Michigan.

3 Waterman, W. G., 1917,
ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN
DUNES: CRYSTAL LAKE BAR REGION,
Report of the Michigan Academy of
Science 19, p. 197-208.

3 , 1919,
DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT SYSTEMS
UNDER DUNE CONDITIONS,
Botanical Gazette 68(1), p.22-53.

I , 1939,
METHODS OF CORRELATION OF SAND 8, 9, 11
DUNES OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN , 1954,
(Abstract), COASTAL DUNES,
Geological Society of America Bulletin First Coastal Geography Conference,
50(12), p. 2008-2009. Office of Naval Research, Geography
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I , 1942,
THE DUNES OF LAKE MICHIGAN AND 8, 9
CORRELATED PROBLEMS, , 1960,
44th Annual Report, Michigan Academy PHYSIOGRAPHY AND
of Science, Arts and Letters, p. 53-61. PHOTO-INTERPRETATION OF COASTAL
SAND DUNES,
, no date, Final Report, Contract no. Nonr-2242(00),
UNFINISHED AND INCOMPLETE STUDY Office of Naval Research, Geography
ON SAND DUNES ALONG LAKE Branch, 26 p.
MICHIGAN,
Unpublished manuscript in files of 10 , 1965,
Michigan Geological Survey, Department DUNE MORPHOLOGY AND
of Natural Resources. CHRONOLOGY IN CENTRAL AND
WESTERN NEBRASKA,
, and K. W. Dow, 1936, Journal of Geology 73(4), p. 557-578.
DUNES OF THE HERRING LAKE
EMBAYMENT, MICHIGAN. 1, 8, 9
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Smith, R. A., 1914,
Letters Papers 22, p. 437-450. NON-METALLIC MINERALS, In; MINERAL
RESOURCES OF MICHIGAN, R. C. Allen
6 Shannon, C. W., 1911, (Compiler),
THE SAND AREAS OF INDIANA, Michigan Geological Survey. Publication
Indiana Academy of Science Proceedings 16, Geological Ser. 13, p. 88-89.
(of 191 1), p. 197-210.
1, 8, 9
10 Smith, H. T. U., 1940a, Squire, G. R.. 1972,
GEOLOGIC STUDIES IN SOUTHWESTERN A FIELD GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGY OF
KANSAS, SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN,
State Geological Survey of Kansas Western Michigan University, Department
Bulletin No. 34, 212 p. of Geology Publication ES-I: Kalamazoo,
Mic higan.
2, 9
, 1940b, 5 Stace, A. W., 1939,
DUNE FORM AND WIND DIRECTION MICHIGAN'S MiYSTIC DUNES,
ALONG THE SOUTHERN SHORE OF LAKE Ann Arbor News, July 12-August 17
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Geological Society of America Bulletin
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Steers, 3. A., 1946,
11 , 1941, THE COASTLINE OF ENGLAND AND
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Journal of Geomorphology 4(3),
p. 171-205; Photogrammetric Engineering 1, 7
8(2), p. 129-155. Stevenson, E. G., 1931,
THE DUNES OF THE MANISTIQUE AREA,
10 , 1949, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF PLEISTOCENE Letters Papers 14, p. 475-485.
CLIMATIC CHANGES IN
NON-GLACIATED AREAS: EOLIAN 4 Stomps, T. J., 1915,
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12 Otvos, E. G., 1970, 1 Russell, I. C., 1904,
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MEXICO, HURON AND MICHIGAN,
Geological Society of America Michigan Geological Survey Annual
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Parkins, A. E., 1926, 7 Ruthven, A. G., 1911,
THE SAND DUNES OF LAKE MICHIGAN, A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SAND
Tennessee Academy of Science Journal DUNE REGION ON THE SOUTH SHORE
1(3), p. 12, 15. OF SAGINAW BAY, MICHIGAN,
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey
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Pettijohn, F. J., P. E. Potter and R. Siever,
1972, 2 Salisbury, R. D. and W. C. Alden, 1920,
SAND AND SANDSTONE, THE GEOGRAPHY OF CHICAGO AND ITS
New York, New York: Springer-Verlag. ENVIRONS,
Geographic Society of Chicago
1,2,9,13 Bulletin No. 1.
Powers, W. E., 1958,
GEOMlORPHOLOGY OF THE LAKE 2 Sander, P., 1969,
MICHIGAN SHORELINE, KENOSHA SAND DUNES,
Final Report of Contract No. Wisconsin Academy Review 16(3), p. 2-6.
Nonr-1228(07), Project No. NR387-015,
Geography Branch, Earth Science 6 Schantz, O. M. 1919,
Division, Office of Naval Research, INDIANA'S UNRIVALLED SAND DUNES,
United States Department of the Navy, National Geographic Magazine 35,
103 p. p. 430-441.

1,9 12 Schwartz, M. L., (Editor), 1973,
Price, W. A., 1950, BARRIER ISLANDS,
SAND DUNES OF LAKE MICHIGAN AND Benchmark Papers in Geology, v. 9.
DUNE TERMINOLOGY, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden,
Geographical Review 40(3), p. 470-472. Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., 451 p.

5 Reber, L. B., 1928, 1, 7
VANISHED VILLAGES OF BERRIEN Scott, 1. D., 1920,
COUNTY, INLAND LAKES OF MICHIGAN,
Michigan History Magazine 12(2), Michigan Geological Survey Publication
p. 322-326. 30, p. 4, 18, 71, 102, 142-144, 165,
170-172, 269, 284, 355, 358, 361.
6 Reed, E. H., 1912,
VOICES OF THE DUNES, I , 1927,
Chicago, Illinois: Aldebunk Press. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF SOME MICHIGAN
DUNES (Abstract),
6 , 1916, Geological Society of America
THE DUNE COUNTY, Bulletin 38, p. 140-141; Pan-Am Geologist
New York: John Land Company, 287 p. 47(2), p. 149-1 50

6 , 1918, 1 , 1930,
SKETCHES IN DUNELAND, DUNES OF LAKE MICHIGAN (Abstract),
New York: John Lane and Company. Geological Society of America
Bulletin 41(1), p. 83; Pan-Am Geologist
I Richardson, W. D., 1919, 53(2), p. 128.
THE SINGING SANDS OF LAKE
MICHIGAN, I , 1934,
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MICHIGAN BASIN (Abstract),
1 , 1920, Geological Society of America
LAKE MICHIGAN'S SINGING SANDS, Proceedings (of 1933), p. 107.
Literary Digest 64(1), p. 93-95.
1 , 1938,
6 Ross, H. H., 1963, SIGNIFICANCE OF FORM AND
THE DUNES LAND HERITAGE OF ARRANGEMENT OF SAND DUNES
ILLINOIS, (Abstract),
Illinois Natural History Survey Circular Geological Society of America
no. 49, 28p. Bulletin 49(12), p. 1899.

Leverett, F. and F. Taylor, 1915,
THE PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA AND 13 Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
MICHIGAN. 1978,
United States Geological Survey Monograph PROPOSED DESIGNATED DUNE AREAS:
53, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing SERIES 1,
Office, 529 p. Lansing, Michigan, 18 p.

1, 13 13 Michigan Legislature, 1976,
Lewis, J. D., 1975, SAND DUNE PROTECTION AND
MICHIGAN'S INDUSTRIAL SAND MANAGEMENT ACT,
RESOURCES, Public Act No. 222, 78th Legislature,
Michigan Department of Natural Regular Session of 1976.
Resources, Geological Survey Division
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1 Lutz, H. J., 1941, SLEEPING BEAR NATIONAL
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF LAYERS SEASHORE--A PROPOSAL,
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Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 11 (3), 6 National Park Service, United States
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THE INDIANA DUNES NATIONAL
5 Martin, H. M., 1942, LAKESHORE, A PROPOSAL,
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4 Pealtie, D.C., 1930,
I _ , 1955, FLORA OF THE INDIANA DUNES,
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THE SOUTHERN PENINSULA OF History, 432 p.
MICHIGAN,
Michigan Geological Survey Division 4 Olson, J. S., 1951,
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Resources. IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN SAND DUNES,
Dissertation, University of Chicago:
1, 13 Chicago, Illinois.
McClaws, I. J., 1971,
USES AND SPECIFICATIONS OF SILICA 1,2
SAND, , 1958a,
Research Council of Alberta Report 714. LAKE MICHIGAN DUNE
DEVELOPMENT--I. WIND-VELOCITY
2 McKay, B. R., 1917, PROFILES,
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PARK REGION,
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Chicago: Geographic Society of Chicago. , 1958b,
LAKE MICHIGAN DUNE
10,11 DEVELOPMENT--2. PLANTS AS AGENTS
McKee, E. D., C. S. Breed, and S. G. AND TOOLS IN GEOMORPHOLOGY,
Fryberger, 1977, Journal of Geology 66(4), p. 345-351.
DESERT SAND SEAS, In; NASA LYNDON
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NASA SP-380, National Aeronautic and LAKE MICHIGAN DUNE
Space Administration Scientific and DEVELOPMENT--3. LAKE-LEVEL, BEACH
Technical Information Office, Washington, AND DUNE OSCILLATIONS,
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5 McKee, R., 1956, 4 , 1958d,
DUNES COUNTRY, RATES OF SUCCESSION AND SOIL
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MICHIGAN SAND DUNES,
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Melton, F. A., 1940,
A TENTATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF SAND 8 Olsson-Seffer, P., 1910,
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3 Henricks, M. M., 1975, , 1968,
ECOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF BEDROCK OF MICHIGAN,
THE GRAND HAVEN NORTH SHORE Michigan Geological Survey, Small Scale
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1, 9
4 Hill, E. J., 1893, __, 1971,
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Garden and Forest 6, p. 15. DUNES,
Michigan Department of Natural
2, 4 Resources, Geological Survey Pamphlet
Hill, John R., 1974, No. 5, 20 p.
THE INDIANA DUNES--LEGACY OF
SAND, 1, 9
Geological Survey Special Report No. 8, , and W. R. Farrand, 1967,
Indiana Department of Natural THE GLACIAL LAKES AROUND
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Michigan Geological Survey Bulletin 4.
10 Holm, D. A., 1968,
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THE ENCLOPEDIA OF GEOMORPHOLOGY, SAND DUNE PLANTS OF KALAMAZOO
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12 Hoyt, J. H., 1967,
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CO AS TS,
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Humphrys, C. R., R. N. Horner, and J. H.
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Michigan.
6, 5
I, 11 Komaiko, J. and N. Schaeffer, 1973,
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AN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF Beverly Shores, Indiana: Dune Enterprise,
THE GLEN LAKE-SLEEPING BEAR POINT 231 p.
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Master of Science Thesis, Michigan State 4 Laing, C, 1954,
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MARRAM GRASS COMMUNITY ON LAKE
3 Kadlec, J. A., 1962, MICHIGAN DUNES,
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1, 9 1 Landsberg, H. and N. A. Riley, 1943,
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THE DUNES, TRANSPORTATION OF SAND OVER A
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Proceedings of the Second Hydraulics
I , 1962b, Conference, Bulletin no. 27, University of
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Map No. 3575, Michigan Department of
Natural Resources, Geological Survey 7 Lane, A. C., 1900,
Division. GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON HURON
COUNTY, MICHIGAN,
,1967, Michigan Geological Survey, vol. VII, pt.
MORAINIC SYSTEMS OF MICHIGAN, 2, p. 9, 40, 51, 56, 143, 204, 210, 235, 237,
Michigan Geological Survey, Small Scale 239-241.
Map I.
3 Lehotsky, K., 1941,
SAND FIXATION IN MICHIGAN,
Journal of Forestry 39, p. 993-1004.

I Evans, O. F., 1936, 9, 13
ORIGIN OF THE HARBOR LAKES OF Gifford, A. R. and C. R. Humphrys, 1966,
WESTERN MICHIGAN (Abstract), LAKE SHORE
Oklahoma Academy of Science CLASSIFICATION--SOUTHERN
Proceedings (of 1935) 16, p. 74. PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN,
Department of Resource Development,
I , 1937, Michigan State University: East Lansing,
ORIGIN OF THE COASTAL LAKES OF Michigan.
WESTERN MICHIGAN,
Geographical Review 27(1), p. 136-137. 1, 3
Gillis, W. T. anad K. I. Bakeman, 1963,
I Fairchild, H. L., 1920, THE DISAPPEARING SLEEPING BEAR
MUSICAL SANDS, SAND DUNES,
Science, new ser., 51, p. 62. The Michigan Botanist 2(1), p. 45-54.

11 Fezer, F., 1971, 6 Goodman, P. S., 1920,
PHOTO-INTERPRETATION APPLIED TO THE INDIANA SAND DUNES,
GEOMORPHOLOGY--A REVIEW, Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally Company.
Photogrammetria 27(1):p. 7-53.
7 Gordon, C. H., 1900,
1 Firpin, E. O., GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON SANILAC
SINGING SANDS, COUNTY, MICHIGAN,
Science, new ser., 51, p. 64. Michigan Geological Survey, v. VII, pt. 3,
p. 18.
I Franz, H., 1946,
FULGURITES IN MICHIGAN, 8 Gresswell, R. K., 1957,
Rocks and Minerals 21(6), p. 354-355. SAND DUNES AND SALT MARSHES, In;
THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF
13 Free, E. E., 1911, BEACHES AND COASTLINES,
THE MOVEMENT OF SOIL MATERIAL BY London: Hulton Educational Publications,
THE WIND, WITH A BIBLIOGRAPIHY OF Ltd., p. 87-99.
AEOLIAN GEOLOGY BY S. G. STUNTZ
AND E. E. FREE, 10 Hack, J. T., 1941,
United States Bureau of Soils Bulletin no. DUNES OF THE WESTERN NAVAJO
68, p. 1-173. COUNTRY,
Geographical Review 31 (2), p. 240-263.
4 Fuller, G. D., 1912,
GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF THE Harnblin, W. K., 1958,
COTTONWOOD UPON THE SAND DUNES THE CAMBRIAN SANDSTONES OF
OF LAKE MICHIGAN NEAR CHICAGO, NORTHERN MICHIGAN,
Illinois Academy of Science Transaction Michigan Geological Survey Publication
5, p. 137-143. 51.

1, 3 11, 13
, 1918, Hands, E. B., 1970,
SOME PERCHED DUNES OF NORTHERN A GEOMORPHIC M AP OF LAKE
LAKE MICHIGAN AND THEIR MICHIGAN SHORELINE,
VEGETATION, Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference
Illinois Academy of Science Transaction on Great Lakes Research, International
11, p. 11 1-112. Association for Great Lakes Research,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, p. 250-265.
3 Furlow, J. T., no date,
ECOLOGY OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN 3 Hartz, M. K. and J. Kane, 1976,
SAND DUNES--INTRODUCTION FOR A ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SILVER
FIELD TRIP TO THE SAUGATUCK DUNES, LAKE SAND MINING SITE,
Department of Botany, Michigan State Report prepared for Hart Packing
University, (Mimeographed): Lansing, Company, Golden Township, Oceana
Michigan, 9 p. County, Michigan, by Muskegon
Community College.
1, 3
Gates, F. C., 1950, Heinrich, E. Win., 1979,
THE DISAPPEARING SLEEPING BEAR ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF SAND AND
DUNES, SANDSTONE RESOURCES OF MICHIGAN,
Ecology 31(3), p. 386-392. Michigan Geological Survey, Report of
Investigation 21.
1, 9
Gere, M. A., Jr., 1978,
MICHIGAN MINERAL PRODUCERS, 1976,
Michigan Geological Survey, Annual
Directory 11.

8,9 8,9
Cornish, V., 1897, Davies, J. L., 1973,
ON THE FORMATION OF SAND DUNES, GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS IN
Geographical Journal, v. 9, no. 3, COASTAL DEVELOPMENT,
p. 278-309. New York, New York: Hafner Publishing
Co., p. 146-161.
6 Cottman, G. S., 1930,
INDIANA DUNES STATE PARK: A 7 Desor, E., 1851,
HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION, ON THE SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS OF THIS
Indiana Department of Conservation DISTRICT, In; Foster, 3. W. and Whitney, J.
Publication no. 97. D., REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE
LAKE SUPERIOR LAND DISTRICT, P. II,
4, 2 32nd Congress, Special Session, Senate
Cowles, H. C., 1899, Executive Document no. 4, p. 232-270.
THE ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE
VEGETATION ON THE SAND DUNES OF 7
LAKE MICHIGAN, ON THE SAND DUNES OF LAKE
Botanical Gazette, v. 27, p. 95-117, SUPERIOR,
167-202, 281-308, 361-391 Boston Society of Natural History
Proceedings (1848-1851), v. 3, p. 207.
4 ,1911,
A FIFTEEN-YEAR STUDY OF 7 1854,
ADVANCING SAND DUNES (Abstract), ON THE EXISTENCE OF DUNES ON THE
British Association for the Advancement SHORES OF THE UPPER AMERICAN
of Science Annual Report, p. 565. LAKES,
Boston Society of Natural History
2 Cressey, G. B., 1921, Proceedings (1851-1854), v. 4, p. 41-42.
STUDIES IN THE SAND DUNES OF
NORTHWESTERN INDIANA, 1,8,9
Master of Science Thesis, University of Dorr, J. A., Jr. and D. F. Eschman, 1970,
Chicago: Chicago, Illinois. GEOLOGY OF MICHIGAN,
Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of
2 ,1922, Michigan Press, p. 180-227.
NOTES ON THE SAND DUNES OF
NORTHWESTERN INDIANA, I Dow, K. W., 1937,
Journal of Geology, v. 30, no. 3, THE ORIGIN OF PERCHED DUNES ON
p. 248-251. THE MANISTEE MORAINE, MICHIGAN,
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and
2 , 1928, Letters Papers, v. 23, p. 427-440.
THE INDIANA SAND DUNES AND
SHORELINES OF LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN, I , 1940,
Geographical Society of Chicago Bulletin SOME EXAMPLES OF VENTIFACTS FROM
no. 8, Chicago, Illinois: University of SLEEPING BEAR POINT, LEELANAU
Chicago Press, 80 p. COUNTY, MICHIGAN,
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and
12 Curray, J. R., 1969, Letters Papers, v. 25, p. 473-476.
SHOREZONE SAND BODIES: BARRIERS,
CHENIERS, AND BEACH RIDGES, In; NEW 6 Eifrig, C. W. G., 1918,
CONCEPTS OF CONTINENTAL MARGIN THE BIRDS OF THE SAND DUNES OF
SEDIMENTATION, NORTHWESTERN INDIANA,
AGI Short Course Notes, American 1918 Proceedings of the Indiana Academy
Geological Institute, Washington, D.C., of Science, p. 280-303.
pt. JC-l 1, p. 1-18.
Enyert, R. L., 1949,
6 Daniel, G., 1977, MIDDLE DEVONIAN SANDSTONES OF
DUNE COUNTRY--A GUIDE FOR HIKERS THE MICHIGAN BASIN,
AND NATURALISTS, Dissertation, University of Michigan: Ann
Chicago, Illinois: Shallow Press, Inc., 167p. Arbor, Michigan.

7 Davies, C. A., 1908, 2 Espenshade, E. B., Jr., 1932,
GEOLOGY OF TUSCOLA COUNTY, AN INTENSIVE STUDY OF THE
MICHIGAN, SPHERICITY AND ROUNDNESS OF
Michigan Geological Survey Annual BEACH AND DUNE SANDS OF THE
Report, Lansing, p. 144, 169-172. SOUTH OF LAKE MICHIGAN,
Master of Science Thesis, University of
Chicago: Chicago, Illinois.

6 Bailey, E. S., 1917, 5, 7
THE SAND DUNES OF INDIANA: THE Brown, G. G., 1936,
STORY OF AN AMERICAN MOLDING SANDS OF MICHIGAN AND
WONDERLAND TOLD BY CAMERA AND THEIR USE,
PEN, Michigan Department of Conservation,
Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, Geological Survey Publication 41,
165p. p. 23-24, 27.

2 Barrett, E., 1916, 1 Burroughs, R. D., 1953,
THE DUNES OF NORTHWESTERN DUNE COUNTRY,
INDIANA, Michigan Conservation Magazine, v. 22(4),
41st Annual Report, Indiana Department inside rear cover.
of Geology and Natural Resources,
p. 11-27. 1 Calver, 3. L., 1940,
1, 7 ROUNDNESS OF GRAINS IN WESTERN
Bergquist, S. G., 1936, MICHIGAN DUNE SANDS,
AEOLIAN ACTIVITY IN THE Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and
PLEISTOCENE HISTORY OF THE Letters Papers, v. 25, p. 465-471.
TAHQUAMENON AND MANISTIQUE
DRAINAGE REGION OF THE NORTHERN I , 1946,
PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN, THE GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL
Michigan Department of Conservation, HISTORY OF THE PLATTE AND CRYSTAL
Geological Survey Publication 40, Part 1, LAKE DEPRESSION, BENZIE COUNTY,
p. 113-137. MICHIGAN,
Michigan Department of Conservation,
7 , 1935, Geological Survey Publication 45,
THE GRAND SABLE DUNES ON LAKE Geological Series no. 38, Part II, 70 p.
SUPERIOR, ALGER COUNTY, MICHIGAN,
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and 5 Carlisle, N., 1960,
Letters Papers, v. 21, p. 429-438. MICHIGAN'S MARCHING DUNES,
Coronet Magazine, June 1960, p. 159-162.
2 Bieber, C. L., 1952,
INDUSTRIAL SANDS OF THE INDIANA 2 Chamberlin, T. C., 1877,
DUNES, GEOLOGY OF EASTERN WISCONSIN, In;
Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin no. 7, GEOLOGY OF WISCONSIN: SURVEY OF
31 p. 1873-1877, II,
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History
8, 9 Survey, p. 233.
Bird, E. C. F., 1969,
COASTS, Clemens, R. H., 1976,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press, THE ROLE OF VEGETATION IN
p. 128-146. SHORELINE MANAGEMENT,
Great Lakes Basin Commission, 32 p.
2 Blatchley, W. S., 1897,
THE GEOLOGY OF LAKE AND PORTER 10 Cooper, W. S., 1935,
COUNTIES, THE HISTORY OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI
22nd Annual Report, Indiana Department RIVER IN LAKE WISCONSIN AND
of Geology and Natural Resources, POST-GLACIAL TIME,
p. 38-41. Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin
no. 26, 116p.
I Bolton, H. C. and A. A. Julien, 1885,
MUSICAL SAND, ITS DISTRIBUTION AND 10 , 1938,
PROPERTIES (Abstract), ANCIENT DUNES OF THE UPPER
American Association for the MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AS POSSIBLE
Advancement of Science Proceedings, CLIMATIC INDICATORS,
v. 33, p. 408-413. American Meteorological Society
Bulletin 19, p. 193-204.
3 Bowers, N. M., K. C. McMurry, and K. M.
Stahl, 1941, 8, 9
LAKESHORE INVENTORY AND , 1958,
CLASSIFICATION, COASTAL SAND DUNES OF OREGON
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and AND WASHINGTON,
Letters Papers, v. 27, p. 337-344. Geological Society of America Memoir
no. 72, 169 p.
6 Brennan, G. A., 1923,
THE WONDERS OF THE DUNES, 8, 9
Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill , 1967,
Company, 326 p. COASTAL DUNES OF CALIFORNIA,
Geological Society of America Memoir
9 Briquet, A., 1923, no. 104, 131 p.
LES DUNES LITTORALES,
Annales de Geographic 32, p. 385-394.

2 geological emphasis on Lake Michigan coastal
2. Barrier dune boundaries. dunes in Indiana, Illinois or Wisconsin

3. Discernible dune crest lines. 3 botanical or ecological emphasis on Lake
Michigan coastal dunes in Michigan
4. Land-water boundaries at the time the
photos were taken. 4 botanical or ecological emphasis on Lake
Michigan coastal dunes in Indiana, Illinois or
5. Beach zones. Wisconsin

6. Distinctive bluff crests of river valleys and 5 general, popular or other emphasis on Lake
older, higher glacial lake shorelines. Michigan coastal dunes in Michigan

7. Locational indicators (section corners and 6 general, popular or other emphasis on Lake
selected roads). Michigan coastal dunes in Indiana, Illinois or
Wi sconsin
Map Overlays
7 emphasis on non-Lake Michigan coastal dunes in
In conjunction with the proposed sand dune the Great Lakes region
mining monitoring procedure study, 50% screened
1:24,000 USGS topographic maps were reproduced 8 emphasis on coastal dunes in general
on mylar to serve as base maps for several
different informational overlays. For priority 9 emphasis on coastal dune terminology and
areas not covered by 1:24,000-scale maps, enlarged classifications
quarter sections of 1:62,500 topographic
quadrangles were used to reproduce equivalent 10 emphasis on inland dunes and/or their
1:24,000-scale mylar base maps. Overlays are terminology and classification
clear acetate, and are positioned on the mylar base
maps by means of registration pins. 11 emphasis on remote sensing of dunes and
shorelines
Map overlays produced for the two projects
delineate (in the contractual priority areas): 12 emphasis on barrier islands and dunes

1. Boundaries of the various types of dune 13 miscellaneous
assemblages, including barrier dunes, with
appropriate identifying codes.
2 Alden, W. C., 1902,
2. Land cover/use information, including THE CHICAGO FOLIO,
active and nonactive sand dune mining operations. United States Geological Survey Folio
no. 81.
3. Locations of active and many no - longer -
active sand dune mining sites, for which color 13 American Geological Institute, 1974,
70mm, large scale aerial photos were taken in the DICTIONARY OF GEOLOGICAL TERMS,
spring and early summer of 1978. Garden City. New York: Anchor Books,
545 p.
4. Boundaries of all public lands.
8 Amos, W. H., 1959,
THE LIFE OF A SAND DUNE,
Scientific American, v. 201, no. 1,
BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 91-99.

A number or numbers corresponding to the 2 Atwood, W. W. and J. W. Goldthwart, 1908,
listing below appear in the left margin of each PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE
entry. The numbers indicate the emphasis of the EVANSTON-WAUKEGAN REGION,
publication's content. Several references can be Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin
cited as particularly effective statements or no. 7, 102 p.
overviews concerning the Lake Michigan coastal
sand dunes. These are Dorr and Eschman, 1970; Bagnold, R. A., 1941,
Scott, 1942, n.d.; Cressey, 1928;and Cowles, 1899. THE PHYSICS OF BLOWN SAND AND
DESERT DUNES,
I geological emphasis on Lake Michigan coastal London: Methuen and Company, Limited,
dunes in Michigan 265p.

II Residential
I11 Medium and high density
112 Low density (less than I development unit/acre)

1 2 Commercial, services and institution

13 Industrial

14 Transportation, communication and utilities

1 7 Extractive, open pit mine
1 71 Active status, Spring, 1978a
172 Inactive status, Spring, 1978
1 73 Sand storage

18 Cemetery

19 Recreational
191 Public
192 Private

21 Cultivated cropland and improved pasture

22 Specialty crops (orchards, bushfruits, vineyards, ornamental horticulture, christmas
tree farms and other specialty crops)

31 Herbaceous ground cover

32 Shrub ground cover

41 Deciduous forest

42 Coniferous forest

43 Mixed forest

44 Dune grass

5 Water

61 Forested wetlands

62 Non-forested wetlands (bush swamp)

63 Vegetated open water

7 Barren
72 Beaches
73 Sand other than beaches
74 Transitional areas

a Aerial surveillance is an on-going biannual program of the DNR

Table 5. Land cover/use categories used in the DNR-RSP Michigan lakeshore dune type inventory and
barrier dune classification and the sand dune mining monitoring studies. The interpretation is
based on predominant land use/cover type of one hectare (100 x 100 meters, approximately 2.5
acre s).

LOW-RELIEF BARRIER INLAND BOUNDARY
OF THE
EPHEMERAL DUNE BARRIER DUNE
DUNE FORMATION FORMATION

Figure 22. Diagram illustrating one type (parabolic) of barrier dune formation, its inland boundary and a
low-relief ephemeral dune adjacent to its lakeward margin.

LAND COVER/USE
BARRIER INLAND BOUNDARY OF THE
DUNE BARRIER DUNE FORMATION Land cover/use mapping is discussed more fully
FORMATION / in a related DNR - RSP contract study report
RIPS < entitled "Monitoring and Inventory Procedures for
Sand Dune Mining Operations In Michigan - A Sand
Mining Surveillance Manual Using Remote Sensing
\\ : ~Pmpr 1~.Techniques," authored by Ger Schultink. The most
IRpr recent available aerial imagery (Appendix A) was
F igurc 22 .\ \used for delineating land cover/use information and
DUNE\~~~ RARR/~IE \\for identifying and inventorying sand dune mining
F\Rips Lo RMA\sites within the contractual sand dune areas. The
RIPS 3) & , / classification scheme was modeled after the

< j Pmpr \
Photo Overlays

\\ 1> J C0fr Identification of dune assemblages within the
Tips \ contractual priority areas was made by
RI \ k~classI~ interpretation of the most recent 1:20,000-scale
panchromatic ASCS aerial photography. Dates of
Figure 23. Overlay on a topographic map base the photo coverage range from 1965 to 1976.
showing the outline of various dune Overlays were produced using the photos as a
assemblages. The landward boundary base. The following features are displayed on the
o f the barrier dune formation is the overlays:
heaviest line. See Table 3 for an
explanation of the codes used. Map 1. Boundaries of the individual dune
base is a portion of the Grand Haven assemblages, with appropriate identifying codes.
1:24, 000 scale topographic map.
18

Many shorezone features, therefore, are only
ephemeral. Low dunes, for instance, which are
presently found adjacent to the shoreline (in the Glacial Water
literature generally referred to as foredunes) are Y.B.P.* Lake Elevation**
not necessarily permanent features. During high
lake levels they tend to erode, whereas during low PRESENT Lake Michigan 580
water levels they may be accreting (Scott, 1942; 3,000 Lake Algoma 595
Cressey, 1928); and over a long period, erosion 4,000 Lake Nipissing 605
exceeds accretion. Many foredunes were 9,500 Lake Chippewa 230
completely eroded during the last ten years along 11,500 Lake Algornquin 605
Lake Michigan by storm waves, as a consequence 12,000 Lake Kirkfield 565 (?)
of prolonged high water levels. Hence, to ensure 13,000 Lake Chicago
relative permanence, the designated barrier dune Toleston Stage 605
assemblage must not be part of the presently Calumet Stage 620
active, or potentially active, shorezone region; its Glenwood Stage 640
life expectancy must be long-lasting.
* Y.B.P. = Years Before the Present
Where significant dune accumulations exist (approximate)
along the Lake Michigan and other Great Lakes ** above current sea level
shorelines, several different zones or assemblages
of dune types typically are encountered in a
traverse inland from the water's edge. Except for Table 4. Major stages of Glacial Lake Michigan
the modern dunes adjacent to the shoreline, each
zone is generally related to a former, higher conclusively without extensive field work.
glacial Lake Michigan (Table 4), and its topography Furthermore, dunes of a given age may not
varies as to relative relief, age, form and necessarily be found in every shoreline segment
evolutionary stage. Usually, the older the dune is, where dunes presently exist. Instead of an age
the greater its distance inland. The most extensive criterion, it seems more reasonable to delimit the
period of dune formation occurred at the time and barrier dune formation on the basis of relative
during waning of the Nipissing glacial lake stage relief. Relative relief of the various dune
(Scott, 1934; Tague, 1946; Dorr and Eschman, assemblages can be determined objectively through
1970), and most of the largest dunes recognized interpretation of stereo-paired aerial photographs
today are believed to be associated with this and corresponding topographic maps.
period. Dune assemblages of this age are
commonly found adjacent to the present shoreline As a practical definition, this study has
or ephemeral shoreline foredunes. Much of the identified the BARRIER SAND DUNE
dunes associated with the younger, and lower, FORMATION as:
Algoma stage (Table 4), being less developed and
more limited in extent,has been eroded away over that first dune assemblage whose forms display
the last several thousand years by wave action; and the greatest relative relief within the officially
other Algoma stage dunes have become designated "sand dune areas" ; its inland
superimposed on Nipissing dunes and often are not boundary is at the base of the assemblage's
easily recognized as Algoma. Because of their landward limit. (Michigan Department of
position and tendency toward great relative relief Natural Resources, 1978)3.
and expanse, Nipissing dune assemblages are
comparatively permanent, even though small This dune assemblage will generally be the first
portions may be lost to wave erosion during dune assemblage inland from the beach, or
prolonged high water periods if the fronting adjacent to the more or less ephemeral, or
foredune is removed. The Nipissing dunes potentially active, low-relief dune form or
commonly appear as impressive barriers separating assemblage which itself is adjacent to the upper
the shoreline and inland environments. beach zone (Figures 22, 23). Of course, the Sand
Dune Protection and Management Act still allows
In reality, however, problems exist in the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to
designating barrier dune formations on the basis of designate any other sand feature a "barrier sand
age or their association with a previous glacial dune formation."
lake. Because of the morphologic complexity of
evolving dunes of different ages, it is most
difficult to establish the age of individual dunes 3 In cases where two different dune assemblages
within the sand dune area have similar relative
relief, the most lakeward assemblage would
normally be the recognized barrier sand dune
formation.

Interpretation Problems Unfortunately, the term "barrier dune" has a
geologic connotation of long standing which is
Sand dune classification and subsequent contrary to the definition in Public Act 222. A
delineation have been accomplished through the study of the pertinent literature conveys the idea
utilization of 1:20,000-scale ASCS panchromatic that a barrier dune is formed on a barrier island,
aerial imagery. If the dune feature is largely bare i.e., an offshore marine feature. It consists of
and devoid of vegetation, reflectivity, glare and multiple elongate sand ridges rising above high-tide
washout on the photo often make it difficult or level and extending generally parallel with the
impossible to distinguish between low dune ridges, coast, but separated from it by a lagoon. Dunes,
narrow dune terraces and/or narrow dune interspersed with vegetated zones and swampy
platforms; likewise, wide dune platforms and dune terraces, commonly extend lagoonward from the
terraces are often indistinguishable. Furthermore, open ocean beach (American Geological Institute,
low-relief dune ridges, terraces and platforms 1974; Schwartz, 1973; Otvos, 1970; Curray, 1969;
adjacent to the shoreline which are recognized on Hoyt, 1967).
the photos may represent only ephemeral features.
They may form during times of low water but may In the spirit of P.A. 222, the barrier dune seems
be removed by wave erosion during periods of high to refer to a dune assemblage which separates the
lake levels. present-day shorezone and interior environments.
It is the landward edge of the recreationally
Dense vegetative cover obscures topographic oriented, "aesthetically pleasing" shoreland and the
details on some stero-paired photos, and minor lakeward edge of inland oriented activities. It is a
errors in placing boundary lines for certain dune sand formation whose location and relief impede
assemblages very likely have occurred on the photo interaction between the two areas. In essence, the
overlays. Many or most of these errors, however, barrier dune is a buffer zone; but it seems to be
were corrected when the boundary lines from the more important and unique to the littoral rather
photo overlays were transferred to the topographic than the terrestrial environment. In this study, the
map overlays. The assemblage outlines are often barrier dune assemblage is generally the largest
expressed by specific contour lines or and best developed of the relic shorezone eolian
characteristic changes in the spacing and pattern sand features which formed 3,000 to 13,000 years
of the contour lines. ago. Along Lake Michigan, these features probably
represent the largest collection of
Low-relief ridges, often segmented, are freshwater-associated dunes in the world. Once
commonly detected inland from the major destroyed, they will not regenerate under present
higher-relief dune assemblages. It is difficult to climatic and geomorphic conditions.
distinguish whether they represent relic shorezone
dune features of the older glacial lakes or are To delimit the barrier dune formation
actually relic beach ridges or offshore bars. If the realistically, the following prerequisites were
soils map indicates that they are composed of fine assumed:
sand, they are mapped as dune ridges.
1. Logical criteria should be established to
THE BARRIER DUNE permit defining the formation as objectively as
possible.
The Sand Dune Protection and Management Act
(Michigan Legislature, 1976) defines a barrier dune 2. Definition must allow for variation in
as "the first landward sand dune formation along morphologic and geometric characteristics.
the shoreline of a Great Lake or a sand dune
formation designated by the department" (Michigan 3. Boundaries, and especially the landward
Department of Natural Resources, 1978). This limits, should be relatively easily recognized and
definition is somewhat ambiguous, and it is most delineated on stereo-paired aerial imagery at a
difficult, if not impossible, to designate clearly a scale of 1:20,000 and larger.
barrier dune from a morphological point of view,
given the types, arrangements, ages and 4. The dune should be a relatively permanent
evolutionary processes of the lakeshore dunes. formation.

The delineation of the barrier dune, therefore, The latter characteristic is especially
is not included in the scheme of the Dune important. The shorezone environment, by its very
Morphology Classification of the Lake Michigan nature, is dynamic; it is a geologically active zone.
Shore. It must be defined as a separate entity. Waves, currents, wind and the effects of changing
Dune types vary along the shoreline and so must lake levels continually modify the shorelands.
the morphologic and geometric characteristic of
the barrier dune.

therefore, varies depending upon the location
The following local relief classes are within the area. Typically, this arcuate trend
recognized: exists where dunes had formed along a shore of a
previous lake embayment which subsequently had
Low Relief: less than 20 feet been filled. Not uncommonly, low dune ridges
Moderate Relief: 20 through 80 feet associated with older higher glacial lakeshores will
High Relief: over 80 feet display more or less IRREGULAR orientation with
respect to the present shoreline.
Orientation of the Dune Form
Arrangement of the Dune Form
Some of the dune types may display a distinct Within the Assemblage
orientation with respect to the present shoreline.
If the trend of the dunes within the assemblage Within a type area, the dune form may have a
coincides or nearly coincides with the orientation SINGULAR expression or it may be REPETITIVE in
of the shoreline, the complex is said to be nature.
PARALLEL to the shore (Figures 7, 9,). If the
forms are oriented perpendicular or nearly Underlying and/or Associated Landforms
perpendicular to the shore, the assemblage is said
to be NORMAL to the shore. In some cases, the The surface expression and other physical
trend of the dune form is broadly ARCUATE characteristics of the marginal sand apron and the
(Figure 21), with the concave portion facing interdune lowland commonly reflect the underlying
lakeward; the trend of individual dune segments, formation. Thus, the recognition and identification
of this formation is important. This classification
,', a, '. - scheme recognizes thie following underlying
DUNE ASSEMBLAGES WITH . formations: lacustrine, outwash or alluvial plain,
ARCUATE ORIENTATION /1g>\o q till plain, and end or recessional moraine.

: LAKE \ X Boundaries and Identification of Dune lypes

IM/CH/GAIVN s t,.,t .'ti H. T. U. Smith (1954, p. 52) states:

/~ t~ //%v ff'v :,.... ; ' The simpler types of dunes, whether active or
id : ;"'.' stabilized, exhibit a wide range of
/3 ' , ff : 'all e modifications and variations, and the overall
'~ J i:f!:' '.', characteristics of dune assemblages are
.y '. . ~. ; subject to innumerable complications by the
,*:'t." *-J crowding or merging of individual dune
f-~'/~' ~I -I E "'' ' ;v Xforms, by alternations between activity and
4i PLITTE stabilization, by the juxtaposition or
superposition of one type or scale of dune
i-: -~" ~ t Lrr s >form on others of different type or scale, by
2= ...._ ___z__ .. - shifts in wind direction during dune building,
It= * s-:j.:i :.:- LAKE ) S gby wave erosion, and by other factors.

LEGEND This introductory statement indicates that
Doundaries of the designated dune assemblages are
Fore-Dune Ridges not always precise lines, although they appear
drawn as such on the photo and map overlays; in
Dune Ridges actuality, these boundaries may be transitional
I High, Well Developed Dunes zones. By its very nature each dune form is going
through an evolutionary process. Therefore, a
.~;,' Complex or Deformed Dunes designated dune assemblage may contain dunes
which do not exactly fit an "ideal" form;
,ll.ia~' Wave-Cut Bluffs nevertheless, the assemblage fits one class better
LZgg..- Old Beaches and Bars than any other in the classification scheme.
Swamp
I.'~.'j Moraine

Figure 21. Diagram of dune assemblages with
arcuate orientations within the Platte
Lake Embayrnent, Benzie County
(from Calver, 1946).

Relative Relief of the
Surface Expression

A dune assemblage may display low, moderate
or high relative relief. Except for the marginal
sand apron, relative relief is based on the local
elevational difference between the lowest and
highest parts within the assemblage. It refers to
the local surface expression of the dune sand itself
and does not necessarily infer the assemblage's
relative position above lake level. The value is
meant to give an impression of the overall relief
characteristics of the sand dune forms within the
assemblage; consequently, it is possible in some
instances to find small portions with differences in
Figure 19. Perched dunes, Empire Bluffs (Section relief slightly below or above the relative relief
25, T28N, RI 5W; Leelanau County). value for the complex as a whole. The relative
relief displayed by the marginal sand apron may be
mainly an expression of the underlying nondune
deposited on the sloping side of the formation. formation.
Their thicknesses vary. Overriding dunes may have
the same forms as nonelevated dunes.

Figure 20. Diagram of an overriding dune.