[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]








                                    Department of Natural Resources
                                 MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
                                       Emery T. Cleaves, Director



                                COASTAL AND ESTUARINE GEOLOGY
                                    OPEN FILE REPORT NO. 16



                 NPIN-ENERGY RESOURCES AND SHALLOW
               -GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE INNER
                CONTINENTAL MARGIN OFF OCEAN CITY,
                                         MARYLAND


                                                  by
                                           Darlene V. Wells













                                                 MR2


                                             submitted to
                                    -U.S. Department offthe Interior
                                     Minerals Management Service
                                      C3ntinental Margins Program
                                                 and
                                      Bureau of Economic Geology
                                    The University of Texas at Austin


          QE                                 in fulfillment
          122                        of Contract #114-35-0001-30497
          M3
          W45
          1994



                                                 1994





















                                                                                  I





















                                        COMMISSION
                                          OF THE
                               MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY


                               M. GORDON WOLMAN, CHAIRMAN
                                       JOHN E. CAREY
                                   F. PIERCE LINAWEAVER
                                     THOMAS 0. NUTTLE
                                     ROBERT W. RIDKEY



























                                            ii










                                    Department of Natural Resources
                                 MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
                                      Emery T. Cleaves, Director



                               COASTAL AND ESTUARINE GEOLOGY
                                    OPEN FILE REPORT NO. 16




                NON-ENERGY RESOURCES AND SHALLOW
               GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE INNER
                CONTINENTAL MARGIN OFF OCEAN CITY,
                                         MARYLAND

                                                  by
                                           Darlene V. Wells



                                                  i S














                                                  1632



                                             subm*tted to
                                    U.S. Department of the Interior
                                     Minerals Management Service
                                     Continental Margins Program
                                                 and
                                     Bureau of Economic Geology
                                   The University of Texas at Austin



                                            in fulfillment
                                    of Contract #14-35-0001-30497






                                                1994









                                                    CONTENTS
                                                                                                        Page
           ABSTRACT        ........................................................                        I


           INTRODUCTION           ...................................................                      3


           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                .............................................                   5


           PREVIOUS STUDIES           ................................................                     5


           STUDY AREA        ..........       ...........................................                  9


           METHODS         .......................................................                        12
                Seismic Surveys   .................................................                       12
                Vibracoring    ....................................................                       12
                Laboratory Analyses     ..............................................                    15


           RESULTS AND DISCUSSION              .........................................                  19
                Seismic Profiles  ............................................                      ....  19
                    M2 Reflector     ................................................                     19
                    MI Reflector     ................................................                     22
                    Paleochannels and Associated Fill Deposits     ...........................            22
                    Al. Reflector .................................................                       26
                Characteristics and Distribution of Sediments   .............................             26
                Stratigraphic Interpretation of Vibracore Sediment Units    .....................         31
                    Stratigraphic Unit Q2- Pleistocene Deposits    ...........................            31
                    Unit Q3- Pleistocene-Holocene Fluvial Sediments       ......................          36
                    Stratigraphic Unit Q4- Early Holocene Sediments      .......................          36
                    Stratigraphic Unit Q5- Modem Shelf Sediments       .........................          37
                Shallow Nearshore Stratigraphy    .............................               ........    38
                Sand and Gravel Resource Potential      ...................................               40
                    Dredging Activities Associated with the Ocean    City Beach Replenishment
                           Project .................................................                      41


           CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY                   .....................................                45


           REFERENCES CITED             ..............................................                    51


           APPENDIX I          Vibracore data   ........................................                  55
           APPENDIX 11         Lithologic logs for selected vibracores re-examined for this study   ....  91









                                                                 PLATES
                                                                                                                     Page
                     Plate 1.       Interpreted seismic profile lines COE 56, 60, 62, and 63 (ORE
                                    3.5 kHz) collected on shoals 4 & 5)   ........................             In pocket

                     Plate 2.       Interpreted seismic profile lines COE 64,   65, 66, and 67 (ORE
                                    3.5 kHz) collected on shoals 4 & 5)      ........................          In pocket

                     Plate 3.       Interpreted seismic profile lines COE 69,   701 71, and 72 (ORE
                                    3.5 kHz) collected on shoals 4 & 5)      .......................           In pocket

                     Plate 4.       Reconstruction of early Holocene drainage on inner shelf off
                                    Ocean City, Maryland      .................................                In pocket



                                                                 FIGURES
                                                                                                                     Page
                     Figure 1.      Study area   ...............................................                         4

                     Figure 2.      Maryland's inner continental shelf stratigraphy (from Toscano ef
                                    al., 1989)  ................................................                         7

                     Figure 3.      Age assignments of Maryland shelf lithologic units and erosional
                                    surfaces to appropriate time frames (from Toscano et al., 1989)     ..........       8

                     Figure 4.      Reconstruction of paleodrainage system defined by the M3-M1
                                    channels (from Toscano et al., 1989)      ...........................              10

                     Figure 5.      Bathymetry of study area showing the nine study shoals        ..............       11

                     Figure 6.      Track lines for high resolution seismic profiles collected by the
                                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1986 and by the Maryland
                                    Geological Survey in 1985 and 1987        ...........................              13

                     Figure 7.      Vibracore locations   .......   I .................................                14

                     Figure 8.      Section of seismic record (ORE 3.5 kHz) for COE line 56          ............      20

                     Figure 9.      Structure contour of M2 reflector     ..............................               21

                     Figure 10.     Section of seismic record (ORE 3.5 kHz) of COE line 74
                                    featuring broad shallow paleochannel      ...........................              23






                                                                      iv









                                                                                                          Page
           Figure 11.      Areal extent of early Holocene depositional unit (Q4) with
                           structure contour of the paleochannels   ...........................             24

           Figure 12.      Section of seismic record (ORE 3.5 kHz) for COE line 69        ............      25

           Figure 13.      Structure contour of Al reflector    ..............................              27

           Figure 14.      Folk (1954) classification  ....................................                 29

           Figure 15.      Plot of mean grain size (phi) versus latitude for sediments
                           samples taken from the top of the vibracores   ...................               30

           Figure 16.      Shoal 2 vicinity detailing borrow area dredging limits and
                           selected core locations ..............         .......................           33


           Figure 17.      Shoals 3 and 4 and vicinity detailing borrow area dredging limits
                           and selected core locations  ...................................                 35


           Figure 18.      Pre- and post-dredging bathymetry of borrow area 2      ...........        ....  43

           Figure 19.      Cross-section of borrow area 2 illustrating pre- and post-dredging
                           surfaces relative to mapped seismic horizon (Al) and lithologic
                           changes   ................................................                       44

           Figure 20.      Pre- and post-dredging bathymetry for borrow area 3      ................        46

           Figure 21.      Cross-section of dredge area 3 illustrating pre- and post-dredging
                           surfaces relative to Al horizon and lithologic changes    .......    ........    47

           Figure 22.      Wisconsin drainage system for Delmarva Atlantic shelf
                           (modified from Chrzastowski, 1986)     .....    ......................           49


















                                                            v









                                                                    TABLES
                                                                                                                          Page
                     Table 1.         Vibracore collection dates    ..................................                      15


                     Table 11.        Vibracores, collected on or near to existing seismic survey lines       .........     17

                     Table 111.       Average and standard deviation of the mean grain size values
                                      (phi) of the vibracores samples for 2 meter intervals (depth
                                      below NGVD)        ...........................................                        28

                     Table IV.        Summary of gravel and mud contents of vibracores samples for
                                      each shoal area    ...........................................                        29


                     Table V.         List of vibracore locations, depths, and core lengths      .................          56

                     Table VI.        Textural data and lithologic descriptions of vibracore sediment
                                      samples    ................................................                           61

                     Table VII.       Summary of radiocarbon dates for this study        ......................             90
































                                                                         vi









                   NON-ENERGY RESOURCES AND SHALLOW GEOLOGICAL
           FRAMEWORK OF THE INNER.CONTINENTAL MARGIN OFF OCEAN
                                               CITY, MARYLAND
                                                           by
                                                    Darlene V. Wells



                                                     ABSTRACT


                   As part of the seventh year of the Minerals Management Service -Association of
           American State Geologists Continental Margin Program, the Maryland Geological. Survey
           examined over 300 kilometers of high resolution seismic profile records and lithological logs and
           textural data from 162 vibracores to further delineate the shallow geologic framework of
           Maryland's inner continental shelf. The seismic PTOfiles and vibracores were originally collected
           by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) to locate and assess beach fill borrow areas for the
           Ocean City Beach Replenishment Project.

                   The textural data from sediment samples taken from the vibracores show that the shallow
           shelf sediments consist primarily of medium to fine sand. Gravel is not a major component.
           Sediments become coarser in the northerly and offshore direction.

                   Vibracores penetrated at least two distinct depositional units in addition to modern shoal
           sands. The oldest unit penetrated is Pleistocene in age, interpreted to be equivalent to oxygen-
           isotope stage 5 deposits (-128 - 80 ka). This Pleistocene unit is heterogeneous in texture, ranging
           from sequences of interbedded, green to gray, muddy sands to gravelly sands. This unit extends
           throughout the study area and is exposed along the sea floor in the inter-shoal trough areas.

                   Vibracores also penetrated a broad, shallow paleochannel feature that cuts into the
           underlying Pleistocene unit and extends under a shore-attached shoal within the shoreface zone.
           The associated fill deposits contained peat that yielded a radiocarbon date of 5,570ï¿½70 yr. B.P.
           The geometry of shallow paleochannel feature suggests that it is an extension of Roy Creek
           which drains into Assawoman Bay. Reconstruction of the paleodrainage off Ocean City suggests
           that the paleo-interfluve corresponding to the Wisconsin drainage divide separating Delaware
           River system from the St. Martin River system, and perhaps the Susquehanna River system, is
           located along the Mary] and/Del aware state line.

                   Of the three depositional units sampled within the study area, modern shoal deposits
           represent the most viable sand source for beach fill. The quality and quantity of shoal sand vary
           depending on whether the shoal is detached or shore-attached. Detached shoals generally contain
           larger volumes of coarser sand as opposed to the shore-attached shoals.

                   The shore-attached shoals within the study area contain very limited volumes of sand
           suitable for beach fill. These shoals were eliminated by the COE as borrow areas for the Ocean
           City Beach Replenishment project. Three detached shoals (shoal 2, 3, and 9) were found to
           contain sufficient volumes of suitable sand and, thus, were selected as potential borrow areas.




                                        I





                   Two of these shoals were recently dredged for beach fill for the Ocean City Beach Replenishment
                   Project. Over 7 million cubic meters of sand were excavated from shoals 2 and 3, essentially
                   removing large portions of the shoals themselves and exhausting the borrow areas of suitable
                   sand. The third detached shoal (shoal 9) contains approximately 5 million cubic meters of
                   suitable sand. This shoal will be dredged for beach fill for maintenance replenishment at Ocean
                   city.
















































                                                                  2









                                                  INTRODUCTION


                    In the mid-1990's, the State of Maryland, in cooperation with the U,S. Army Corps of
           Engineers (COE), initiated an ambitious project to rebuild 12 kilometers of beach along Ocean
           City, Maryland. The beach replenishment project was implemented in two phases. Phase 1,
           funded by state and local governments, established an enhanced recreational beach. This phase
           was completed in Fall, 1988, during which 1.73 million cubic meters of sand were placed on 13.4
           kilometers of beach. Phase 11, funding of which was shared among federal, state and local
           governments, involved the construction of the dune system and further widening of the beach,
           and was completed in Fall, 1991. Over 2.7 million cubic meters of sand were placed on the
           beach during Phase II. Since the completion of Phase II, an additional 1.2 million cubic meters
           of sand have been placed on the beach to maintain the project and'to mitigate storm damage.

                   To identify areas containing suitable beach fill, the COE conducted a series of geophysical
           surveys and collected sedimentological data on and around nine shoal areas within 5 kilometers
           offshore of Ocean City (Figure 1). Over 300 kilometers of seismic reflection profiles were
           obtained in 1986. Between 1986 and 1989, the COE collected 162 vibracores to obtain textural
           data for the potential borrow areas. The COE's primary objective during this survey was to
           delineate the boundaries (i,e., lateral extent and thickness) of sand deposits suitable for beach fill
           at Ocean City. Although there was some attempt to use the seismic records to identify the lower
           boundary of the shoal structures, the geophysical data were not analyzed in terms of regional or
           local stratigraphy. The vibracores were examined and gross lithologies. were noted with the
           primary focus on sandy sediments. Sections of cores that were either below the project limits
           (below -15 meters National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD), (1977 adjusted) or
           contained predominately fine grained sediment were not opened and described and analyzed for
           texture. Furthermore, the vibracores were not collected at the same time but in stages related to
           the assessment of borrow areas prior to each project phase. Consequently, the data from the
           cores were not published in a single source but were presented in separate documents (U.S. Army
           Corps of Engineers, 1988, 1989a, 1989b; Anders and Hansen, 1990). Some of the data were
           never published.

                   The goal of the seventh year Minerals Management Service cooperative was to
           systematically review and examine the data collected by COE for the Ocean City Beach
           Replenishment Project. The objectives of this study were:
                   1)  To further delineate the shallow stratigraphic sequence of the inner continental shelf
                       adjacent to Ocean City, relating the sequence to the geologic framework developed
                       by Toscano et aL (1989);
                   2)  To analyze and map textural trends of the sediment to evaluate potential sources of
                       sand and gravel within the study area; and
                   3)  To organize and compile all data into a usable database for further study and future
                       reference.


                   This repo" describes and interprets the geophysical and sedimentological data collected
           by COE for the Ocean City project.




                                                              3























                                                                                M
                                                                                                    DELAWARE  - - -- - -- - -- - -
                                                                                                    MAO CAU



                                            2" -
                                                                                                                                                   STUDY
                                                                                                                                                    AREA





                                            w -


















                                            to









                                            05






                                                 MARYLAND                              r









                                            55






                                                                                                                                                              A T L A N T I C                     0 C E A N





                                                                                                                  lo,                 .1                   1,-



                                                Figure 1.                    Study area.









                                             ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                    This study was support by the U.S. Minerals Management Service and the Association
            of American State Geologists cooperative Continental Margin Program, and the Maryland
            Department of Natural Resources. The vibracores collected for Phase 11 (Federal Project),
            original core logs and textural statistics were made available by the Baltimore District of U.S.
            Army Corps of Engineers. David Blough provided assistance in the xeroradiography, splitting
            and examining the vibracores, and digitizing over 100 kilometers of seismic profile records.
                                                                                                            iptions
            Margarite Carruthers assisted in preliminary review and compilation of lithologica descri i
            and textural statistics and conducted grain size analyses. Robert Conkwright expertly digitized
            the detailed bathymetry and the base map for the study area and, with the help of James Lowry,
            produced many of the figures included in this report. The author extends special thanks to Fred
            Anders and Mark Hansen of the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), and Jim Snyder
            of Baltimore District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, for their general assistance and for
            providing some of the data used in this report. The author is especially grateful to Randall
            Kerhin and Dr. James Hill for their suggestions and comments regarding this report.



                                                PREVIOUS STUDIES


                    There have been numerous studies investigating various aspects of the stratigraphy and
            morphological character of the Mid-Atlantic inner continental shelf.                The origin and
            morphological characteristics of linear shoals (also referred to as ridge and swale topography)
            were the subject of several investigations. Duane et al. (1972), Field (1976; 1979), and Swift
            and Field (1981) examined the orientation, distributions, and morphologies of linear shoal fields
            on the Atlantic inner shelf Based on geophysical, sedimentological and hydraulic data, they
            concluded that shore-attached shoals form in response to nearshore storm generated currents and
            eventually become detached as a result of sea level rise. Detached shoals continue to respond
            to the modem shelf hydraulic regime. McBride and Moslow (1991), using a computer mapping
            system, correlated the distribution of shore-attached and detached shoals with locations of
            historical and active inlets along the U.S. Atlantic coast. They found a genetic relationship
            between shore-attached shoals and certain inlets and concluded that these shoals initially formed
            from ebb tidal deltas associated with inlets.


                    Other studies utilized high resolution seismic surveys and cores to document
            lithostratigraphic relationships and reconstruct paleodrainage.        Shideler el al., 1972, 1984,
            investigated late Quaternary stratigraphy of Virginia inner continental shelf and documented three
            depositional units separated by two prominent unconformities. The upper unit, C, was identified
            as Quaternary deposits and described as massive greenish-gray mud with thin laminae of fine
            sand overlying coarser-grained sediments. A prominent seismic horizon (R2), lying between -17
            and -49 meters MSL, marked the lower boundary of the C unit. Modem shelf shoal deposits
            directly overlay the Unit C deposits.

                    Three paleochannels, representing successive generations of the Susquehanna River, were
            identified beneath the Virginia portion the Delmarva Peninsula (Colman el al., 1988, 1990;
            Colman and Hobbs, 1987). The paleochannels were incised in progressively southern locations


                                                              5









                    as a result of the southward progradation of the tip of the Delmarva Peninsula.

                            Field (1976; 1980) was one of the first to investigate the shallow sedimentary record of
                    Maryland and Delaware inner shelf and to identify several major seismic reflectors and
                    depositional units. Based on vibracore lithologles, Field described widespread muddy sediments
                    within his A unit, which he designated as Holocene in age based on one radiocarbon date.

                            Similar geophysical studies were conducted off Delaware's coast, during which Holocene
                    paralic deposits and pre-Holocene erosional surface were identified and characterized (Sheridan
                    ei al., 1974; Belknap and Kraft, 1984). The pre-Holocene erosional surface, ranging from -12
                    to -55 meters in depth, was mapped. The surface defines a dendritic system of tributaries
                    draining into the ancestral Delaware River (Belknap and Kraft, 1984). In depths of less than 37
                    me ters, the erosional surface truncates Pleistocene sediments of variable lithology, including
                    oxidized sand and gravel and desiccated clay. The approximate age of the uppermost unit of the
                    Pleistocene sediments, (Bethany Unit Qp,) was estimated to be 80-100 ka based on amino acid
                    racernization data and correlated to the Sinepuxent and Omar Formations (Demarest et al., 1981;
                    McDonald, 1981). Overlying the basal erosional surface are leading edge Holocene sediments
                    (lagoonal and estuarine mud) of varying thicknesses, ranging from 0 to over 40 meters.

                            As part of the first four years of the Minerals Management Service Continental Margin
                    Program, the Maryland Geological Survey conducted an integrated study investigating the shallow
                    stratigraphy of the inner shelf off Assateague Island and developed the Quaternary geologic
                    framework for the Maryland inner continental shelf (Kerhin, 1989; Kerhin and Williams, 1987;
                    Toscano et al., 1989; Toscano and Kerhin, 1990, Toscano and York, 1992). The framework
                    model provides the basis for much of the interpretation presented in this report and, therefore,
                    is discussed in detail here.


                             Based on data from high resolution seismic surveys and vibracores, four significant
                    reflectors and five distinct stratigraphic units were identified on the inner shelf off Assateague
                    Island (Figure 2). The reflectors and stratigraphic units were assigned ages based on amino acid
                    racernization and ostracode assemblage data, and correlations to onshore units (Figure 3). Age
                    assignments are referenced to stages of the oxygen-isotopic record which reflect former glacial-
                    interglacial oscillations (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1976).

                            A most prominent and persistent reflector (Ml) was identified between -21 meters to -36
                    meters MSL and mapped. The MI reflector is correlated to the Tertiary -Quaternary unconformity
                    onshore. The MI reflector is most recognizable in the seismic records as it truncates high to low
                    angle clinoforms and chaotic channels that are characteristic of the upper most portion of the
                    Tertiary unit (TI). The Ql/Q2 depositional unit immediately overlies the MI reflector and is
                    characterized by parallel to subparallel internal reflectors. A persistent, but weaker reflector, M2,
                    that separates the Q1 from the Q2, runs parallel to and approximately 5 to 6 meters above the
                    MI reflector. The M2 reflector is interpreted to represent an erosional surface formed during
                    oxygen-isotope (glacial) stage 6 (-190 - 130 ka). Sediments from vibracores that penetrated the
                    upper portion of the Ql unit were sands and gravelly sands containing shells. Based on amino
                    acid racernization data from the genus Mulinia, the Ql unit is interpreted to be equivalent to
                    oxygen-isotope stage 7 (250 -200 ka) or older. The overlying Q2 unit consists primarily of


                                                                      6
























                        IVISL 0-




                                          Al

                           -20- OUATERNARY  IV12    02
                                             IVII    I
                                 TERTIARY                       AM403 as     02
                                              131                                                         Q4
                                                                                                02
                                                                                                      03
                                                                                                             me     02
                           40-                                               TI



                        uj                            UNIT B

                          -60-



                                                                              -A[, Bt. CI AFTER FIELD (1960)
                                                                                   PROJECTED


                           -80-


                                                      UNIT C




                         -100

                                            0         5        10        15       20        25        30        35       40
                                            1
                                         (75* IO'W)           DISTANCE FROM SHORE, KM                                  (74*43'W)





                                 Figure 2.     Maryland's inner continental shelf stratigraphy (from Toscano et al., 1989).













                              ISOTOPIC RECORD                EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL             MARYLAND SHELF RECORD.
                                                          w                            0  Cn
                                                          0
                                      18        Mil)      <                               z
                                        0 (per                ELEVATION (Meters)       z w   PALEO-       STRATIGRAPHY -
                                                                                       2 0
                            3.5     3.0     2.5     2.0   (n   -150 -100 -50      0    <    CLIMATE         STRUCTURE

                                                                                            MILD TEMP 04/05 CHANNELS/SHOALS
                         20 -                             2                                                        FILLING
                                                                                                          Q3    DOWNCUTTING
                                                                                                          ST.
                         40 -                                                                           P IAR'
                                                          3                                                        PARTIAL
                                                                                                        PAL EO-'    ILLING
                                                                                                                   F
                      C6 60 -  - - -                                                                  CHANNEL!
                      (n                                  4
                                                                                                                DOWNCUTTING


                                                                                       11 A
                     K)  so -                             5a
                      0
                      Z_-                                                                   SO.COLD              REGRESSIVE,
                         100 -                                                                 TEMP              OPEN SHELF
                      Ld                                  5c                                              Q2
                                                                                                                    MUDS
                                                                                               NO.
                         120 -                            5e                               COLD-TEMP            TRANSGRESSIVE
                                                                                       11 B S. MILD TMP          SHELF   ANDS

                         140 -



                         160 -
                                                                                                             OL ERLI INTERGLACIAC
                                                                                       I I C So. MILD        TRANSGRESSIVE
                                                                                              TEMP           SHELF REMNANTS
                            I


                            Figure 3.     Age assignments of Maryland shelf lithologic units and erosional surfaces to appropriate
                            time frames based on amino acid racernization data, correlations to onshore dated units, and the context
                            of global glacioeustatic ice volume and sea level records (from Toscano el al., 1989).








           dewatered, fossiliferous mud. A basal Q2 sand layer was preserved in several vibracores. One
           core (20-1430) penetrated a thick sequence of sand that was below Q2 muds but stratigraphically
           above the M2 horizon. This sand unit is interpreted to be a transgressive sand body analogous
           to the modem shelf shoals.


                   Amino acid racernization data from the genus Mulinia indicate that the Q2 unit was
           deposited during the oxygen-isotope stage 5 (-128-75 ka). Within the Q2 unit, ostracode
           assemblage data identify four paleoclimatic zones, enabling correlation of the zones to sea level
           fluctuations in oxygen-isotope stage 5 (Toscano and York,,1992). Ostracode zone 1, contained
           within the basal Q2 sands, is correlated to substage 5e (-128-120 ka) (Figure 3). The basal Q2
           sands are interpreted to be peak transgressive shelf deposits of early stage 5. Ostracode zones
           2 through 4 are contained within the Q2 mud unit and are correlated to substage 5d (-120-110 ka),
           5c, (-110-103 ka), and 5a(-90-75 ka), respectively (Toscano etal., 1989; Toscano and York, 1992;
           Toscano, 1992). The Q2 mud unit, interpreted to be open-shelf muds deposited during the 50
           ka-long period (oxygen-isotope stage 5) of slightly depressed sea levels, represents a depositional
           environment unique to the Maryland shelf (Toscano, 1992).

                   Unit Q3 represents fluvial fill deposits of an ancestral St. Martin tributary system (Figure
           4). The tributary system was incised into the shelf during the Wisconsin glaciation (oxygen-
           isotope stages 4 through 2; -74 -17 ka). The fluvial erosional surface defining St. Martin
           paleochannel is represented by the M3 reflector. There are no deposits equivalent to oxygen-
           isotope stages 4, 3, and 2 on the Maryland inner shelf

                   Both Q4 and Q5 depositional units are Holocene in age. The Q4 unit is interpreted to be
           transgressive leading edge deposits (lagoonal/swamp sediments) and overlaps Q3 and Q2
           depositional units. Unit Q5 represents modern shelf shoal deposits.



                                                   STUDY AREA


                   The study area presented here is limited to the area investigated by COE for borrow
           material to be used in the Ocean City Beach Replenishment Project. The study area is within
           Maryland's Atlantic nearshore between Ocean City Inlet and the Delaware state line. The eastern
           boundary of the study area is 3 nautical miles (5.5 km) from shore (Figure 1). Within the study
           area, two groups of linear shoals are present: shore-attached shoals (or ridges) defined by, but
           landward of, the -10 m contour, and nearshore shoals out to the -16 meter contour (Field, 1980).
           The COE focused on both groups of shoals in their search for suitable sand to be placed on the
           beach at Ocean City. The location of the nine shoals considered as potential borrow sites are
           indicated in Figure 5. Shoal I is the crescent shaped ebb tidal delta located seaward of Ocean
           City Inlet. Shoals 4, 5, 6, and 7 are shore-attached shoals. Shoals 2, 3, 8, and 9 are detached
           nearshore shoals.










                                                            9






















                                                                                                                                   PROPOSED 03 PALEOCHANNEL ASSOCIATIONS


                                                                                                                                   C"NIAt 0WIF"T.110' fW0, SE's-C PECORD 1QB@ 198,












                                                                                              if j






                                                                                                                             j








                                                                                             -AI



                                                                                                                          %









                                                                                                                                  A T L A N           I C      0 C E A N





                                                           2@1



                                 Figui-e     4.          Reconstruction of paleo-dramage system defined by the M3-Ml channels (from
                                 Toscano et aL, 1989),


                                                                                                             10





















                                                                                                    . . . ... .
                                                                                         14




                                                                                               14
                                                                                                4
                                                                 6
                            noui. miles                                        -)@@
                       FT-r= 1 7 1 1                                                                 18
                      0
                                 km
                                         7
                                          2
                               SCALE                                                                 14

                                             '25'
                                       75*5'                       0
                                                                                                              114
                                                            2

                                                                             14






                                                                                                         18

                        Bothymetry
                      4 meter contour interval
                                                                                                             14
                         depth below MSL





                                                                                                             18


                                                                                         18
                                                                                                                 22-1
                                                          6


                   OCEAN         ITY
                                            6
                        INLET                                                                      3 8'2 0'
                                                                                               75*




                                                            14
                                                                       4



                   Figure 5.        Bathymetry of study area. The nine study shoals are indicated by shading and
                   are numbered.
                                                                        7









                                                             METHODS



                    SEISMIC SURVEYS


                           Seismic profile surveys were collected in 1986 by the COE Coastal Engineering Research
                    Center (CERC) in cooperation with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. An ORE
                    subbottom profiler operating at a frequency of 3.5 kHz was used. Transects for the seismic
                    surveys followed a grid pattern over each of the potential borrow sites. Grid lines perpendicular
                    to the shoal axis were spaced 175 m apart. Tie lines were spaced at larger intervals parallel to
                    the axis of the shoals (Figure 6). Loran C and Mini-Ranger systems were used for navigation.

                           High. resolution seismic records collected in 1985 and 1987 by the Maryland Geological
                    Survey (MGS) in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey were also re-examined in order to
                    confirm or facilitate the interpretation of the CERC seismic records. MGS seismic data include
                    both 3.5 kHz and Geopulse (200 joules) records. Prominent reflectors, specifically the MI and
                    M2, were identified in MGS line 16 (see Toscano et aL, 1989) and traced northward along MGS
                    lines 52, 53, 54, 35, and I (Figure 6) to where they intersected the COE seismic lines. The MI
                    reflector was traced along the geopulse records whereas the 3.5 kHz records were used to track
                    the M2 reflector.




                    VIBRACORING


                           The 162 vibracores used in this study were collected between 1986 and 1989 by the COE
                    to assess borrow material for the Ocean City project. Table I lists the vibracores according to
                    time of collection and shoal areas. The vibracores collected in 1986 and 1987 were used to
                    assess borrow areas for Phase I and II respectively. The vibracores collected in 1989 were used
                    for the assessment of future borrow areas for periodic maintenance of the Ocean City beach over
                    the projected lifetime (Phase III-Future Maintenance). Figure 7 shows the location of the 162
                    vibracores.


                           The locations for the 57 vibracores collected in 1986 by the Coastal Engineering Research
                    Center (CERC) prior to Phase I, were based on bathymetry and seismic data (Anders and Hansen,
                    1990). The Phase I cores were collected using an Alpine vibracorer fitted with 20 ft plastic core
                    liners 3.87 inches in diameter. The Phase I cores were cut into one meter sections to facilitate
                    handling.

                           The remaining 105 vibracores (Phase II and Phase III) were collected by Ocean Surveys,
                    Inc. under contract with the Baltimore District COE. An OSI Model 1500 Vibracorer fitted with
                    3.5 inch ID Lexan core liners was used to collect the vibracores. Once collected, Phase II and
                    III cores were cut into 1.5 meter sections for easier handling. Locations for the 105 vibracores
                    were based on a 1000 by 1000-ft grid covering the selected borrow sites (Jim Snyder, Baltimore
                    District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, oral com.). Depths at which vibracores were collected
                    are referenced to National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD), 1977 adjusted. In this
                    report, NGVD is used in lieu of Mean Sea Level (MSL).


                                                                   12


















                                                                                       30
                                                                                      29
                                                                                  2


                                                                       COE 740
                                                                   51           3        27  3132
                                                                                 38

                        naut. miles
                                                               48 0                 25
                                         2                  56 50          52                 /,,0
                             km
                       rr"Mrrr@                              57
                       0       1     2                     60
                                                          62
                           SCALE                         64
                                                                           49
                           38*25'  +                     66                 55
                                  75*5'                   70                                             - - - - - -
                                                                          61
                                                         72               63
                                                                         65   14/ 74
                                                                         67
                                                                       69
                                                                      71              47

                                                                      73




                           COE
                                                                                                 12
                           MCS  1985
                      ....... MGS 1987                                      40








                                                                                                   10


                                                                          70

                OCEAN CITY                                                    54
                     INLET         +                                       0        D 'k 38-20'
                                                                                       A
                                                                                     75








                                                                                   2
                                                                                                y




                   Figure 6.        Track lines for high resolution seismic profiles collected by the U.S. Army
                   Corps of Engineers (COE) in 1986 (solid lines). Also shown are selected track lines of
                   seismic profiles collected by the Maryland Geological Survey in 1985 (dashed lines) and in
                   1987 (dash-dot lines). The 10 meter isobath is indicated for reference.

                                                                      13











                                                                   0    Co



                                                                                     0
                                naut.  miles                                          0
                                    1 i        i                            A         0 0     Borrow
                                    km                                      (@ It, 00         Area 3
                                           2                                 04
                                  SC,ALE                                      0

                                  38*25'  +
                                        75*5'
                                                                      13                   4


                                                                    0
                                                                  0


                                                                  A






                               A Phase I
                               o Phase 11
                               o Phase 111                                      60                   0
                                                                             A 01L

                                                                           0   0
                                                                              0
                                                                            00
                                                             0


                                                                        0    Borrow
                       OCEAN     CITY                                       Area 2
                                                                    0
                           INLET                                                        + 3 8'2 0'
                                                                                      75*




                                       A 4A
                                                                                       00

                                                                                    0         Bc
                                                                                                r



                                                                              -0





































                      Figure 7.      Vibracore locations. Vibracores are distinguished according to Phase (see
                      Table I for dates of collection). The 10 meter isobath and boundaries for borrow areas 2 and
                      3 are also shown for reference.



                                                                 14










               Table 1.            Vibracores collection dates. The vibracores are listed according to cruise
                and shoal area. Vibracore locations are shown in Figure 7.


                                                               DATE COLLECTED

                      SHOAL               Aug./Nov., 1986          Nov./Dec., 1987             Jan., 1989                TOTAL
                                               (Phase I)               (Phase II)              (Phase III)
                                                                                            (future maintenance)


                           1                   9 cores                                           3 cores                     12
                     (ebb-tidal)             (1-1 to 1-9)                                  (1-12, 1-16, 1-17)

                           2                   13 cores                  31 cores                                            44
                     (detached)              (2-1 to 2-13)          (2-14 to 2-44)

                           3                   5 cores                  29 cores                                             34
                     (detached)              (3-6, 3-7, 3-9,         (3-13 to 3-41)
                                           3-10 and 3-12)

                           4                   8 cores                  21 cores                 5 cores                     34
                     (attached)              (4-1 to 4-8)            (4-10 to 4-30)          (4-31 to 4-35)

                           5                   4 cores                                                                       4
                     (attached)              (5-1 to 5-4)

                           6                   7  cores                                          9 cores                     16
                     (attached)              (6-1 to 6-7)                                     (6-8 to 6-16)

                           7                   4  cores                                                                      4
                     (attached)              (7-1 to 7-4)

                           8                   4  cores                                                                      4
                     (detached)          (8-1, 8-2, 8-4, 8-5) 1                                                  1

                           9                   3 cores                                           7 cores                     10
                     (detached)              (9-1 to 9-3)                                     (9-4 to 9-10)
                      TOTA=Ll                     57                       81                      24                        162


              LABORATORY ANALYSES


                       Phase I vibracores were examined at the CERC's sediment analysis laboratory in Duck,
              North Carolina. The vibracore sections were split lengthwise. Core sections were described in
              detail, noting thicknesses of sediment units, textures, sedimentary structures, and the presence of
              flora and fauna.           Several samples were taken for radiocarbon dating. The Carbon-14
              determinations were done by the University of Texas (Fred Anders, unpublished data), the results
              of which are presented in Appendix 1. . Lithological units were sampled from one half of the
              core sections by collecting a continuous channel sample through the entire length. The remaining
              half of each vibracore section was sealed in plastic for storage at the Maryland Geological
              Survey. The core sections were available for re-examination for this study along with the
              detailed core logs.


                                                                           15










                            Sediment samples from the vibracores were analyzed for grain size distribution using the
                    procedures outlined in Anders and Hansen (1990). The samples were first washed to separate
                    the sand sized fraction from the finer sediments (mud content). Grain size analysis of the sand
                    fraction was accomplished by using sonic sieves at 0.25 phi intervals, from -2.0 phi to 4.0 phi.
                    Folk's (1980) graphical techniques were used to calculate mean and standard deviation (sorting)
                    for the samples.

                            Phase II and III vibracores were analyzed at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's Soils
                    Laboratory at Ft. McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. Only those vibracore sections that were
                    collected above the project limit (-15.24 meters NGVD) were opened. Of the 105 Phase II and
                    III cores collected, 48 have sections that were not opened by the COE.

                            Phase II and III vibracore sections were opened lengthwise and gross lithologies were
                    noted. Sediment textural descriptions were based on Unified Soil Classification System criteria
                    and sediment color description was referenced to Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1988 ed. (U.S.
                    Army Corps of Engineers, 1989a; 1989b). The presence of shells or shell fragments were
                    generally indicated. However, detailed identification of shells as to genus or even class was not
                    included. Descriptions of sedimentary features 6r structures also were not noted in the core logs.
                    Channel samples were collected from each sediment unit for grain size analysis. Sediment
                    samples were analyzed using ASTM sieves, at whole phi intervals. Folk's (1980) graphic method
                    was used to calculate mean and standard deviation (sortingj of the grain size distribution for each
                    sample. After examination and sampling, the halves of the sections were rejoined and taped
                    together, with no attempt to seal or preserve the sediments. the vibracore sections were stored
                    at Ft. McHenry in Baltimore.

                            For this report, the lithologic logs for all of the vibracores were reviewed in an attempt
                    to correlate lithologies with reflectors and structures seen in the seismic records. Of the 162
                    vibracores, 43 were collected on or very close to existing seismic profiles, thus having some
                    stratigraphic control for lithological interpretation. The 43 vibracores are listed in Table II.

                            Vibracores were selected for detailed re-examination and analyses based on several
                    factors:
                            1) the quality of the seismic record on which the vibracore was located;
                            2) the degree of preservation of the archival portion of the vibracore;
                            3) general lithology of the vibracore; and
                            4) whether or not the vibracore had unopened sections.

                            Depending on the general preservation of the core, selected.cores were photographed and
                    X-rayed. X-raying was done primarily to locate and identify shell layers, specifically Mulinia
                    laterahs. M lateralis was selected for amino acid racemization. Unopened vibracore sections
                    were split lengthwise and described in detail. All vibracore sections were sampled for grain size
                    analysis. One vibracore, 4-31, contained a peat layer. The peat was sampled to determine its
                    radiocarbon date. The analysis for radiocarbon dating was performed by Beta Analytic, Inc.




                                                                     16









                Table 11. Vibracores collected on or near existing seismic survey lines.



                      CORE             SEISMIC          TIME FIX                                        COMMENTS
                                         LINE7


                        2-1             COE 47             0832         seismic record very poor, core collected in trough

                        2-4             COE 47             0836         core collected in trough area; seismic record indicates parallel structures

                        2-8             COE 74             1619         core collected on flank of shoal; seismic record indicates parallel structures

                        2-9             COE 74             1619         very close to 2-8; entire core opened

                        2-11            COE 74             1621         core collected on crest of shoal; seismic record indicates undifferentiated
                                                                        unit


                        2-13            MGS 10             1405         core collected on north flank of shoal; seismic record indicates parallel
                                                                        structures


                        2-17            COE 40             1505         seismic record extremely poor, obtained core from COE, bottom sections
                                                                        not opened

                        2-18            COE 47             0828         core collected on flank of shoal


                        2-22            COE 45                          seismic record extremely poor, obtained core from COE

                        2-23            MGS 10             1400         entire core opened and most likely dried out; core near 2-13

                        2-27            COE 47             0821         core collected on north crest of shoal; seismic record indicate that core
                                                                        penetrated series of parallel reflectors

                        2-30            COE 47             0816         seismic record indicates parallel structure; core collected on east flank of
                                                                        shoal, close to where Al appears to converge with surface

                        2-35            COE 74             1625         very short core; did not penetrate visible reflectors; entire core opened

                        2-43            MGS 14             1149         seismic record faint but suggests parallel structure; core collected on south
                                                                        flank of shoal, bottom of core not opened

                        3-12            COE 33             SOL          core collected along east trough; seismic record shows parallel structures
                                        MGS 70             0810


                        3-16            COE 38             0834         seismic record very poor, very short core; collected on crest of shoal

                        3-17            COE 25                          seismic record for line 25 very good, showing prominent reflectors at -13 in
                                        COE 38             0839         and -18 in; core did not penetrate reflectors; entire core consists of sand

                        3-19            COE 26             1317         seismic shows reflector at -13.5 to -14 m; discrepancy with depth that core
                                                                        was collected, seismic indicated at -I I in but COE recorded depth of - 13.7
                                                                        in

                        3-22            COE 74             1435         seismic record shows parallel structures, prominent reflectors at -15 and -17
                                                                        in; core collected on outer flank penetrating shallower reflector, entire core
                                                                        opened, consists of coarse sand

                        3-24            COE 27             1020         seismic record very poor but shows predominant reflector at -18 in; core
                        -                                               collected on south flank of shoal, bottom two sections of core not opened

                        3-25            MGS 14             1026         seismic record no good

                        3-26            COE 38             0940         seismic record extremely poor, core taken on southwest flank of shoal,
                                                                        bottom of core not opened

                        3-41            COE 27             1012         seismic record very poor-, core taken on crest of shoal, entire core sand

                        4-1             COE 52             1238         core collected along central axis of shoal




                                                                                        17








                               Table 11 (cont.). Vibracores collected on or near existing seismic survey lines.


                                     CORE             SEISMIC          TIME FIX                                         COMMENTS
                                                       LINE*        I                 L

                                       4-2             COE 65              1041         core collected in trough area_

                                       4-3             COE 70              1217         core collected on west flank of shoal;

                                       4-4             COE 52              1221         core collected on east flank of shoal, penetrating shallow channel feature;
                                                                                        seismic record shows somewhat chaotic structure


                                       4-6             COE 71              1237         core collected on east flank of shoal; seismic record indicate that core
                                                                                        penetrated shallow channel feature

                                       4-7             MGS 12              1452         core collected on crest of shoal; seismic record shows series of parallel
                                                                                        reflectors

                                       4-11            COE 55              0733         seismic record shows prominent parallel structure

                                       4-12            COE 60              0909         core collected on crest of shoal; core may have penetrated shallow channel
                                                                                        feature


                                       4-13            COE   62            0951         core collected on crest of shoal, penetrating shallow internal structure

                                       4-14            COE   64            1029         core collected on west flank of shoal; seismic record indicates that core
                                                                                        penetrated shallow channel feature

                                       4-18            COE   52            1243         core collected near crest of shoal, penetrating prominent reflector at -12 m;
                                                                                        bottom of core consists of fine-grained sediments

                                       4-19            COE   52            1245         core collected along western flank of shoal; examination of core suggested
                                                                                        that core was mislabeled (upside-down)

                                       4-30            COE 69              1204         core collected near crest of shoal, penetrating a very interesting feature
                                                                                        (inclined bedding), entire core opened

                                       4-31            COE 72              1247         core collected along west flank of shoal; seismic record indicates that core
                                                                                        penetrated shallow channel feature

                                       4-32            COE 64              1032         core collected on flank of shoal, barely penetrating reflector at -13 m;
                                                                                        seismic record shows series of shallow parallel reflectors in vicinity; entire
                                                                                        core opened

                                       4-34            COE 63              1007         core collected on crest of shoal; entire core opened

                                       8-5             COE 52              1256         seismic record indicates core penetrated undifferentiated unit (no reflectors)
                                                                                        but core is described as alternating gravelly, coarse sand and muddy sands

                                       9-1             COE 47              0906         core collected on flank of shoal, penetrating undifferentiated unit

                                       9-5             COE 44              0912         core collected along west flank of shoal; both 3.5 kHz and Geopulse
                                                       MGS 70              0841         seismic records show no visible structure


                                       9-6             COE 48              1002         entire core opened, consists of gray brown sand


                                 COE -conducted by U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center
                                 MGS -conducted by Maryland Geological Survey-U.S.G.S. cooperative (see Toscano et aL, 1989)


                                           For this study, interpretation of the core sediment units is based primarily on seismic data
                               and, secondly, on lithological descriptions (particularly texture and color of the sediments).
                               When available, radlometric dates are also used. Therefore, much of the discussion regarding
                               the interpretation of the core sediments is generally limited to those cores that have some seismic


                                                                                                        18










           control (i.e- located on or near seismic track lines).

                  General vibracore information, textural data and general lithologies for all of the
           vibracores are listed in Appendix I.


                                         RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


           SEISMIC PROFILES


                  Acoustic (seismic) reflectors and stratigraphic units discussed in this report will be
           referenced to the nomenclature devised by Toscano et aL (1989) as shown in Figure 2.

                  The seismic profiles collected by the COE consist entirely of 3.5 kHz records. The 3.5
           kHz signal rarely penetrated more than 25 meters and often was reflected by a persistent     horizon
           between 20 to 25 meters. Many of the shorter profile lines, particularly those transversing shoals
           2 and 3, were not very informative because the coarse shoal sands attenuated the signal thus
           preventing any penetration. Additionally, shallow water depths, combined with relatively hard
           (sandy) sea floor, resulted in strong multiples obscuring much of the detail in the seismic record.
           The better seismic records (COE lines 47, 48, 51, 52, and 74) were collected in the deeper
           trough areas between the shoals.



                                                     M2 Reflector


                  Several reflectors are mapped within the study area. The first is a persistent reflector,
           generally marking the maximum penetration of the 3.5 kHz signal. This reflector is present in
           most of the seismic records. The depth of this reflector is -15.5 meters NGVD within I
           kilometer offshore and increases to -3 0.0 meters 8 kilometers 'Offshore. In the nearshore area, the
           signature of the reflector is very strong (Figure 8) and attenuates somewhat under shoals and in
           the offshore direction. This reflector is extremely flat showing very little channelling or local
           relief


                  Figure 9 shows the structure contour (depth below NGVD) of the surface defined by this
           reflector. This surface, the strike of which parallels the axes of the linear shoals, dips to the
           southeast at approximately 1.4 meters per kilometer. This horizon is interpreted to be the M2
           horizon, which separates Q2 lithologic unit from the underlying Q1 unit (see Figure 2). This
           interpretation is based on the depth and character of this reflector and its relative position to
           another deeper reflector visible in the Geopulse (200 joules) seismic records. The M2 horizon
           represents oxygen-isotope stage 6 (- 190 to 130 ka) erosional surface and has been correlated to
           the Eastville downcut of the Susquehanna (Toscano et al, 1989).





                                                           19




















                                                 orthwe                                            Wate                                                                                                         South
                                          0                                                                 rsurface---,                                                                                                  east
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                 M

                                               @Shoal 5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Shoa
                                        10

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          W>
                              UJ z
                                        20                                                                                                                                                                     1  ref I   ctor'
                              >
                                                                                         A                                                                                            102       unit                                 15   t-U z

                              CC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              W
                                                                                                      c   o r
                                                                                               re
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     20
                                        30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Uj
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0
                                                                                            '@N ""'4"
                                                                                            t V9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     25
                              0                                                                                                                                                                                                           CL
                                        40                                                                                             V                                                                              W
                                                                                                                                        U)                                                                                           30
                                                                                                                                        LLI                                                                           LL             35
                                        50
                                               COE LINE 56



                                                   Figul-e 8.              Section of seismic record (ORE 3.5 k14z) for COE line 56. The M2 reflector is very
                                                  prominent in the inter-shoal areas and attenuate beneath the shoals. Refer to Plate I for intewretation
                                                  of entire profile line.




















                                                                                        El    0
                                                                    CQ

                                                                       0     0             0   C3

                               nout. miles                             0
                                                                  00

                                    km
                               .........;  2                                                13

                                  SCALE
                                 38'25'   +                              18
                                       7575'                                         0

                                                                         00


                                                              13
                                                                                            13
                                                                         20
                                                                           @, 0      22

                                                                                                   13

                        M2 REFLECTOR
                    STRUCTURE CONTOUR
                         2 METER CONTOUR                                                 24     0
                          <BELEIV NGVD)                                       0

                                                         0

                                                                              0      0

                                                                          0


                                                                         0                   26
                      OCEAN CITY                                          Ckz>
                                                                          L
                           INLET                                                      +38*20'
                                                                                     75*0
                                                     0        Martfn            ---C]N  0

                                                                            0
                                                                             0/5



                                                                                                          28

                                                      20   22
                                                                24         26 28


                   Figure 9.       Structure contour of M2 reflector. Open squares indicate data points.
                   Depths to the M2 reflector were taken primarily from ORE 3.5 kHz seismic records. The
                   contour interval is 2 meters (below NGVD). The 10 meter isobath is shown for reference.


                                                             21













                                                               M1 Reflector


                            A deeper reflector, 5 to 6 meters below the M2, is visible in the Geopulse records but
                    rarely in the 3.5 kHz records. Because the Geopulse seismic records tended to deteriorate in the
                    onshore direction, sufficient data points were not available to construct a structure contour map
                    for this acoustic horizon within the study area. However, on several of the Geopulse lines,
                    particularly MGS line 30 (see Figure 6 for location), this deeper reflector is visible and truncates
                    inclined bedding and channelling, a character associated with the MI reflector (Toscano et aL,
                    1989).



                                              Paleochannels and Associated Fill Deposits

                            The St. Martin paleochannel is not clearly visible in any MGS or CERC seismic records
                    collected north of MGS line 16 which is located off Assateague Island, at approximately 38014'N
                    latitude (see Toscano el aL, 1989-Plate I). However, several seismic records show the MI and
                    M2 reflectors either dipping below the penetration depth of the seismic signal or being truncated
                    by a third reflector interpreted to be the M3. These locations where the MI and M2 reflectors
                    disappear are interpreted to be the extreme edges of the St. Martin River paleochannel. The
                    boundaries for the St. Martin River paleochannel, based on these locations, are shown in Figure
                    9. The width of the paleochannel varies from 1500 to 2500 meters, which is on the same order
                    of magnitude as the dimension given for channel 99 (Toscano et aL 1989, Table XV).

                            Several smaller, relatively shallow paleochannels were also evident in the 3.5 kHz seismic
                    record. Thalweg depths range from -.18 to -26 meters NGVD, which fall within the range of
                    depths for paleochannels mapped by Field (19,80) in the same area. Figure 10 presents a segment
                    of the seismic record for COE line 74 featuring one of these paleochannels. This particular
                    paleochannel is located on the northeast flank of shoal 6.

                            Visible in many of the COE seismic lines collected over shoals 4 and 5 are several broad
                    paleochannels that cut into the underlying Q2 unit. Plates 1, 2, and 3 present selected interpreted
                    seismic profiles featuring these paleochannels. The close spacing of the multiple seismic lines
                    has allowed mapping of these shallow channels, the extent of which is shown in Figure 11.
                    These channels trend in a northwest-southeast direction and can be traced to the channels further
                    offshore. Thalweg depths range from -14 to -20 meters NGVD with the depths increasing in
                    a southeasterly direction. The deepest portions cut below the M2 horizon.

                            Internal chaotic reflectors within the paleochannels define a variety of fill sequences.
                    Several episodes of cut and fill are evident based on nested channels (smaller channel with a
                    larger one) seen on COE line 69 (Figure 12). The shallower channel in COE line 69 (time fix
                    [TF] 1203 to 1207), is also seen in lines 64 (TF1028 to 1030) (Plate 2), 70 (TF1214 to 1219),
                    and 71 (TF1236 to 1239) (Plate 3). This shallow paleochannel lies directly under shoal 4,
                    trending parallel to the shoal axis, but cuts diagonally across the broad deeper paleochannel.
                    The trend of the shallow channel is shown in Figure I I (stippled area along shoal 4). Internal


                                                                     22

















                                                                                                                          South    0
                           No Ah,                    Water surface
                          0                                                                                 @ MT
                                                                                                       U,


                        10
                                                                                                                                 10
                            St oal 6 (flank)                                                                                         >
                     W
                     z  20
                     0

                     Uj
                                                                                                                 an
                                                                                                                                    ot@
                     -J 30
                                                                                              M2 reflector
                                                                                                                                 25
                   0
                        40                                                                                                       30
                                                                                                           R t0'1-
                                                                                                                                 35
                        50
                            COE LINE,74.


                      Figmv 10, Section of           record (ORE 3.5 kl4z) for COE line. 74 featul'Ing broad shallow paleocharincl. This
                      palcochannel extends under shoal 6 north of the track line.

















                                             14 th S  reet
                                               0

















                                                            CU




                                                 treet                    0



                                                              16
                                                     -12

                                                                12

                                                             10






                                                                                                   rn
                                       L4j
                                                                                           0
                                      C-D 'J                                                    SCALE
                                                                N







                                      Street




                                                                                Qj






                     Figure 11.     Areal extent of early Holocene Q4    depositional unit (indicated by dashed lines)
                     with structure contour of the paleochannels. Contours were reconstructed from paleochannel
                     depths taken from seismic records (ORE 3.5 kHz). The stippled area parallel to shoal 4 indicates
                     the general trend of a shallower (younger) channel sequence, possibly tidal or inlet related. This
                     shallow channel is particularly noticable in the seismic records for COE lines 64, 69 (see Figure
                     12 for section of line 69), 70 and 71. The 10 meter isobath outlining the general shape of the
                     shoals is shown for reference.


                                                                    24
































                             0
                                                                                                                                    No            0

                            1 0
                      uj

                      F
                                                                                                                                                 10
                                                                                                                                                     >
                            20
                      CC                                                                                                                         15 W;@
                                                                                                                                                    I
                                                                  0
               3,
                                         0 t
                            30                                                                                                                       rt
                                                                                                                                                 20


                                                                                                                                                 25
                            40           Pv
                                                                                                                     10
                                                                                                                     0



                                                            ...... ....
                               'COE LINE 69


                         Figtl I-e 12.  Section  of seismic record. (ORE 3.5 kl-17,) for COE line 69. This selsmic record crosses slioal 4 and
                         features broad palcochannel incised into the underlying Q2 (see Plate 3 for inter
                                                                                                          preted profile), Internal reflectors show
                         several episodes of cut and fill. Fill'features In the sliallower channel suggest clinoforms. The sliallow channel is
                         interpreted to be an laterally aggrading channel, either tidal or inlet related,











                     reflectors revealing clinoforms or foreset bedding suggest that the shallow channel migrated to
                     the (south)west.


                                                                Al Reflector


                                Another, usually planar, reflector often marks the base of the shoals and is particularly
                     noticeable in the seismic records transversing shoals 2, 3 and 9. This reflector, labeled by both
                     Field (1976, 1980) and Toscano el aL (1989) as the Al, represents. the boundary between the
                     ravinement surface formed by shoreface erosion and modem trailing edge shelf deposits and is
                     equivalent to the upper r .avinement unconformity described by Belknap and Kraft (1985). The
                     Al reflector generally is not evident in the seismic record in the nearshore west of the shoreface
                     zone (less than -'10 meters NGVD).

                            Figure 13 shows the general trend of the Al reflector, the depths taken from the 3.5 kHz
                     and the selected Geopulse (200 joules) seismic records. The Al contour map was constructed
                     to better define the base of the shoals and was very useful in the interpretation of the vibracore
                     lithologies. The Al reflector is discontinuous, nonexistent in the trough areas where the
                     underlying depositional units are exposed.         The trough areas where the Al reflector is
                     nonexistent is indicated by dashed structure contours in Figure 13. The Al surface is slightly
                     undulating with little local relief The strike of the Al surface is parallel to the axis of the
                     existing linear shoals. The surface dips to the southeast at 1.7 meters per kilometer, slightly
                     steeper than the M2 horizon. Depths to the A I ranged from -9.5 in NGVD in the nearshore area
                     (approximately 0.5 kilometers offshore of 100-120th Streets in Ocean City) to -19 meters 5.2
                     kilometers offshore.



                     CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENTS


                             The majority of the 162 viVracores were collected on the crest and flanks of the shoals
                     and between the depths of -9 and -14 meters NGVD. Over 500 sediment samples were taken
                     from the vibracores and analyzed for textural characteristics. The results are listed in Appendix
                     I. Because the vibracores were collected on the shoals as opposed to trough areas, it is expected
                     that there would be a sampling bias toward coarser-grained sediments. Regardless of this bias,
                     a general analysis of the statistical parameters of the core samples was conducted to see if there
                     are any local trends within the study area. The sediment samples were given equal weight
                     statistically regardless of the depth intervals (thicknesses) they represented. Only those samples
                     for which grain size data (mean, sorting, mud and gravel contents) were available were
                     considered in the tabulations. The statistics are summarized in Tables III and IV.












                                                                      26











                                                              Lj








                          naut.  miles

                                1                               12                     1
                               km
                                                                              14   2
                                1,                                             1  0   10
                             SCALE                                             1      0

                             38'25' +                          0
                                  75*5'

                                                               0










                                                                                           20


                                                                            16


                                                                                              0
                                                                                      18





                                                                                       0





                  OCEAN CITY                                                     + 38*20'
                     INLET                                                     D
                                                                              75*00'



                                                                                 Al REFLECTOR
                                                                             STRUCTURE CONTOUR
                                                                             2 meter contour intervat
                                                                                (depth loe@ow NGVD)


            Figure 13.       Structure contour of Al reflector. Open squares indicate data points. Depths to
            the Al reflector were taken primarily from ORE 3.5 kHz seismic records. The Al reflector is
            discontinuous, absent in the trough areas where the underlying depositional units are exposed.
            These areas are indicated by dashed structure contours. The contour interval is 2 meters (below
            NGVD).
                                                                                         @2C





                                                             27











                      Table 111.    Average and range of the mean grain size values (phi) of the vibracores
                      samples for 2 meter intervals (depth below NGVD). The mean grain size values for the
                      sediment samples are listed in Appendix II.
                              Depth (m)                  Average Mean                Range of Means               n*
                            below NGVD


                                 < -6                          1.93                     0.81 to 2.35              11

                               -8 to -10                       1.78                     0.87 to 2.97              28

                              -10 to -12                       1.83                     0.09 to 5.02              78

                              -12 to -14                       1.97                    -0.65 to 6.97              140


                              -14 to -16                       2.04                    -0.75 to 5.32              167


                              -16 to -18                       2.06                    -0.08 to 3.25              45


                              -18 to -20                       1.85                    -0.30 to 3.04              17

                        Number of samples having lower depth interval falling within the specified depth interval.
                      Mean grain size values for the samples were averaged to obtain average mean.


                              According to the Folk (1954) classification (Figure 14), 73% of the analyzed samples are
                     sand (S) with mean grain size falling between I and 3 (D (medium to fine sand). The mean
                     grain size of the samples decreases slightly with increasing depths down to -18 meter NGVD
                     (Table III). Sediment samples become coarser and less sorted in the northerly direction. When
                     only samples taken from the top (50 cm or less) of the vibracores are considered, this coarsening
                     trend is more pronounced (Figure 15).

                             Gravelly sands (gS) and sandy gravels (sG) make up approximately 12% of the samples.
                     Generally, samples with gravel contents greater than 30% represent sediment intervals of several
                     centimeters. However, vibracores 8-2 and 8-5 contained over a meter of gravelly sediments with
                     gravel contents between 47% and 60%. Eighty-seven percent of the sediments sampled from
                     vibracores collected on Shoal 3 contained gravel (Table IV).

                             Approximately 14% of the sediment samples analyzed contained a significant amount of
                     mud; i.e.- mud (M), sandy mud (sM), muddy sand (mS), and gravelly muddy sand (gmS). The
                     number of muddy samples is under-representative because the fine-grained units in the vibracores
                     often were not analyzed for texture and, therefore, not included in the tabulations. Most of the
                     muddy sediments analyzed were sampled from the vibracores collected on shoals 2 and 4.







                                                                       28











                Table IV.        Summary of gravel and mud contents of vibracores samples for each shoal
                area. n is the number of sediment samples used in the calculating the averages in each
                category. Only those samples containing greater than I % gravel or mud were included in
                calculating average gravel and mud contents.


                                 Number              Gravel content                 Mud content              Mean Grain Size (Phi)
                                 of cores
                                                 Ave. %              n         Ave       T        n         Ave Mean,           n

                      1              12            8.30              8           4.48             7             1.78            29


                      2              44            6.22              37          6.78             77            2.04            133


                      3              34            5.21              78          3.90             42            1.30            89


                      4              34            5.56              45          14.99            104           2.33            139


                      5              4             2.25              4           13.24            8             2.39            11


                      6              16            10.38             3           21.39            13            2.02            39


                      7              4             4.79              4           9.00             12            2.22            13


                      8              4             17,46             12          7.97             16            1.81            22


                                     10            5.96              5           1.73             6             1.69            25




                                                             100% GRAVEL (2mm)



                                                                          G

                                                             20%                 80%







                                                     0\0
                                                                 MSG           mG


                                             7                                                  30%


                                                 gs       gms                    gm

                                       95%12  S            Ms                                           5,6
                             100% SAND                                                                   100%MUD
                            (0.625-?-mm)                               %M                                K- 0.6 25 mm)

                                                   Figure 14.        Folk (1954) classification.
                                                             20 0
                                                                                 80%









                                                                               mG
                                               00/   AmsG

                                                                          29





















                                                                           Surface samples (top of core)
                                                                                Grain size versus Latitude


                                4                                                                                                                   X SHOAL I
                                                                                                                                                       SHOAL2
                           a-                                                                                                                       )K SHOAL3
                                3         x                                  A                                                                         SHOAL4
                                         x
                                         X X X           *U***                                        0        0                                       SHOAL5
                           Z-   2                                                                                                                   A  SHOAL6
                                                                                                                                    W
                                             x                             A                                4D 0              )K                       SHOAL7
                                             x x                                                    0
                           Z                                                                           +        0+       AK   X >K                     SHOAL8
                                              x                                                                                                     +  SHOAL9
                                              x                                                                            )K)K)K
                                                                                                        +
                                0
                                38.3                      38.34                     38.38                     38.42                    38.46
                                                                                 LATITUDE



                         Figut-e 15.      Plot of mean grain size (ph,) versus latitude for sediments samples taken from              the top of the vibracores.
                                                                                                                         XW
                                                                                                                            x
                                                                                                                  0    0     W      @)K
                                                                                                                              )K
                                                                                                                   +        @)K












           STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF
           VIBRACORE SEDIMENT UNITS


                   Since most of the cores were collected on the crest of the shoals, a large portion of the
           sediments sampled represented modem transgressive shoal sands (Q5).. Nevertheless, at least two
           other distinct stratigraphic units were penetrated: Pleistocene depositional sediments (Q2), and
           early Holocene transgressive, leading edge sediments (Q4). A fourth unit (QI); which is
           stratigraphically below the Q2 unit, may also have been penetrated. Based on projected depth
           of the M2 horizon, several vibracores (cores 3-32 through 3-40) should have penetrated the Q1
           depositional unit. These cores are located in the trough area between shoals 3 and 4, where the
           M2 horizon is mapped -17 to -18 meters NGVD. The penetration depth for the cores ranges
           between - 18.5 meters to more than - 19 meters NGVD. However, the bottom sections of all these
           cores were never opened by COE. Because seismic control in this area is very poor, none of
           these cores were selected for examination in this study.

                   Certain characteristics were used to distinguish Pleistocene sediments from the younger
           Holocene sediments. Pleistocene sediments are usually much more firm or compact and are often
           oxidized resulting in a mottled appearance or striking color differences. Pleistocene muds are
           often described as being very firm or "fissiled." Toscano et al. (1989) repeatedly described
           Pleistocene Q2 muds as "dewatered", indicating their dry texture. Halsey (1978) noted that
           Pleistocene lagoonal muds were often aquamarine-blue to greenish-gray, distinguishing them from
           the overlying dark gray Holocene sediments. Belknap and Kraft (1985) identified Pleistocene
           (pre-Holocene) sediments, including sand and gravel, as being more weathered, containing
           leached shells and iron oxide staining, and having older radiocarbon dates. McDonald (1981)
           considered sediments yielding radiocarbon dates older than 13,000 years as Pleistocene in age.

                   When reviewing the core logs for this study, descriptions containing certain key words
           were noted in identifying older, Pleistocene sediments. Sediments that were described as "green"
           or "olive" in color or iron stained, having an orange or red color, or as having "dry", "compact"
           or "dewatered" textures were interpreted to be possible Pleistocene-age sediments.



                                     Stratigraphic Unit Q2- Pleistocene Deposits

                   Seismic records show the Q2 unit to be very close to the surface of the sea floor, cropping
           out in. the deeper trough areas. The M2 horizon,.which marks the lower boundary of the Q2
           depositional unit, lies between -16 and -26 meters NGVD. The thickness of Q2 deposits vary
           from 4 to 8 meters within the study area.

                   The 6-meter vibracores collected in the inter-shoal troughs and along the outer shoal
           flanks generally penetrated the Q2 sediments unless seismic data indicated otherwise. The dark-
           colored, finer-grained sediments (i.e. dark greenish-gray, fine sand with mud contents greater than
           5%) were identified in the cores at depths below the Al horizon and, therefore, were interpreted
           to be Q2.



                                                           31














                    Shoal 2


                            Seismic data indicate that shoal 2 directly overlies a 4 to 5-meter thick, fairly
                    structureless, unit interpreted to be the Q2 depositional unit. The depth of the Al reflector is
                    approximately -13 to -14 meters (NGVD) in this area. Vibracores 2-1, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 2-14, 2-18,
                    2-19, 2-23, 2-25, and 2-27, which were collected at the north end of shoal 2 (Figure 16),
                    contained interbedded gray fine sands, dark-colored sandy muds, and muddy sands, interpreted
                    to be Q2 deposits. Examples of this unit are described in detail in cores 2-8 and 2-27. Detailed
                    lithologic logs of the cores are presented in Appendix II.

                            Vibracore 2-8, located on COE line 74 (TF 1619), penetrated approximately 3.5 meters
                    of mode 'm shoal sediments (tan medium sand) before reaching the underlying unit. The top 3.6
                    meters of this core consisted of medium sand with some shells and occasional mud laminae
                    toward the bottom of the section. A sharp contact, which was interpreted as the Al, was noted
                    at -3.66 meters (-14.02 meters NGVD). Sediments changed to reddish-orange coarse sand,
                    grading into interbedded sand and mud laminae. The bottom 2.5 meters of the core consisted of
                    finely interbedded fine gray sand, dark greenish-gray muddy sand, and clay. Some peat clasts
                    were noted toward the bottom of the core. Shells found in the core include Macoma and
                    Nassaylus. None of these shells were suitable for amino acid racemization dating.

                            Vibracore 2-27 was collected on the eastern flank of shoal 2. The core location falls very
                    close to COE line 47 (TF 0821). The COE reported the core was collected in 14.9 meters of
                    water; however, the seismic records indicate the water depth to be 13.5 meters. Lithologic
                    sequences found in the core seemed to correlate with the seismic data, suggesting that the core
                    was collected in the shallower water depth.

                            The top 1.24 meters of core 2-27 consisted of dark gray fine sand with abundance of
                    shells and shell fragments. Shells include Spisula, Busycon (juvenile forms), Macoma, Mullinia,
                    and Nevetita which are modem species. This top unit is interpreted to be modem sands (Q5).
                    A sharp lithologic contact was present a -14.74 meters NGVD, coinciding with the depth of the
                    Al horizon. The remainder of the core, interpreted to be Q2 sediments, consisted of dark olive-
                    gray fine sands interbedded with thin layers (2 to 4 centimeters thick) of sandy mud. Sand
                    content increased down core. Shells were common with Nassarius being the most abundant in
                    the upper sections. Other shells included Macoma and Ensis. The bottom two meters of core
                    were barren of shells. As with core)2-8, no shells (i.e.- Muhnia) suitable for amino acid dating
                    were found. The core did not reach the M2 horizon, projected to be at -22 meters.



                    Shoals 3 and 8


                            Thirty-four vibracores were collected from the area around shoal 3, in the northern part
                    of the study area. Seismic data indicate the shoal sands directly overlie the Q2 unit. The Al
                    horizon is mapped between -13 to -16 meters NGVD, becoming more shallow toward the
                    northwest (Figure 13). Based on penetration depths, 24 cores should have penetrated the Al


                                                                    32
































                                 Z@




                                                                                                 2-4
                                                                                                  0 2-14

                                                                                       6-2


                                                                                       2-38                      nauf.
                                                                                             02-19
                                                                                                                 miles

                                                                            2-25         -23             1 1 1   1 1 1 1 1 1 1
                                                                           2-6                           0
                                                                                      02-27                        km

                                                                       8                                     0
                                                     C@l                                                         SCALE



                                                      7-2                                  D                       + 38-20'
                                                      0 7-1                                                        75*


                                                                                                                   Phase I
                                                                                                              o    Phase 11
                                                                                                              o    Phase III






                     Figure 16.            Shoal 2 vicinity detailing borrow area dredging limits and selected core
                     locations. The State contract (Phase 1) dredging area is indicated by the dashed lines within
                     borrow area. The cores shown are discussed in the text.


                                                                                33










                     horizon. Eight cores (3-10, 3-12, 3-14, 3-24, 3-30, 3-36, 3-39, and 3-40) contained sequences
                     of dark-colored, fine-grained sediments (i.e., mud contents > 5*/o) below the projected A I horizon.
                     The remaining cores penetrating the Al horizon may also contain Q2 sediments; but, sections of
                     these cores were not opened or examined.

                            Core 3-12 was collected at a depth of 12.5 meters (NGVD) on the extreme northeastern
                     flank of shoal 3 (Figure 17). This core contained a 2-meter thick sequence of alternating dark
                     gray, dewatered clays, and silty, very fine sands from - 13.5 5 to - 17.47 meters NGVD (Appendix
                     II). A sample of organic-nich clay, taken at -15 meter NGVD by the COE, yielded a Carbon-14
                     date of 32,240 +/- 1520 years B.P. This, date approaches the limit of the radiocarbon dating
                     technique and, therefore, is interpreted with caution. This date is considered to be a minimum
                     estimate of the actual age of the sediments.

                            The Q2 units in many of vibracores included sequences of gravel and medium to coarse
                     sand along with the muds (see 3-10, 3-12, 3-36, and 3-40). Overall, the Q2 sediments around
                     shoal 3 appear to be coarser than those encountered around the shoal 2 area.

                            Iron-stained sand and gravelly sands were found in vibracore 8-4, collected wost of shoal
                     3 (Figure 17). This core also contained a unit of interbedded sand and mud with peat fragments
                     above the iron-stained sediments. The peat (at -14.25 meters NGVD) yielded a Carbon-14 date
                     of 10,710 ï¿½140 yrs B.P. (Fred Anders, unpublished data). This date plots too high on the
                     Holocene sea level curve for Delaware (Belknap and Kraft, 1977), suggesting that the peat either
                     has been reworked or transported to the site of deposition, or represents an upland swamp.
                     Another possibility is that the peat is Pleistocene in age (Q2) but had been contaminated yielding
                     a radiocarbon date much younger than its actual age.

                             Assuming that the sediment sequence containing the peat is Holocene in age, the
                     underlying iron-stained sands could represent slightly older fluvial Q3 deposits. However, no
                     seismic profiles were collected in this immediate area to confirm the presence of a fluvial
                     channel. Furthermore, it is unlikely that a channel containing Q3 deposits exists in the nearshore
                     area adjacent to the Mary] and-Delaware State Line as this area corresponds to the drainage divide
                     between Delaware River and St. Martin River watersheds (see CONCLUSIONS AND
                     SUMMARY). Therefore, the iron-staining of the sands found vibracore 8-4 most likely is a
                     result of subaerial. exposure of Q2 deposits during the most recent low sea level stand (oxygen
                     isotope stages 2 and 3).



                     Shoal 4


                             The northern half of shoal 4 directly overlies Q2 deposits. Seismic records show several
                     small shallow channels incised into the Q2 unit in this area, but the associated fill deposits are
                     very localized. The Al is mapped at -10 to -13 meters NGVD in this area (Figure 13). Many
                     of the cores collected north of COE line 63 most likely penetrated the Q2 depositional unit.
                     However, based on the core logs, the Q5-Q2 contact in most cores was not distinct.



                                                                      34



















                                                                                                                    3-14                             -22

                                  DELAWARE
                                  MARYLAND                                                                                   03-/1
                                                                                                                             Q3-24
                                                                                                                 o3-27 e3-20
                                                                                                        30
                                                   c-13                            8-4
                                                                                                         0
                                              o FlelcL 1976                                                   o3-29
                                                                                            3-40         03-31

                                                                                          3-36
                                                                                       0          0-
                                                                                    3 39/16@
                                                                                     _0



                                                                     4-1 4-180
                                             0                          10
                                                                                                                        38* 25'
                                                                        A&4-                                            75*
                                                          4-13                                                          +
                                                        4-34
                                                      4-14
                                                            C3 4-32

                                               4-16

                                            4-          4-30            4-2
                                         4_  1        0               A
                                                    4-6              4-5


                                                           4-4
                                                                                                                                 naut.
                                                                                                                                 miles
                                                        A Phase I
                                                        0 Phase 11
                                                        oPhase III                                                                   km

                                                                                                                             0

                                                                                                                                 SCALE


                   Figure 17.                Shoals 3 and 4 and vicinity detailing borrow area dredging limits and selected
                   core locations. The subarea shown within the north end of the borrow area was dredged during
                   Phase I (State contract). Sub-area 3-HI, indicated by the dashed lines at the southwest end of the
                   borrow area, was dredged in the summer of 1992 for sand to repair storm damages in Ocean
                                                                                                                    3-14












                                                                                               '503
















































                   City. The cores shown are discussed in the text.










                             Vibracores 4-1, 4-11, 4-18, 4-32, and 4-34 are located on or near existing seismic profiles
                     that indicate these cores penetrated the underlying Q2 sediments. Cores 4-1, 4-11, and 4-18
                     contained dark gray mud and muddy sand below a depth of -14 meters NGVD. Examination of
                     the actual cores revealed a gradual fining downward sediment sequence between -12 and -13
                     meters NGVD, approximate depth of the Al horizon. Vibracores 4-34 located on COE line 63,
                     and 4-32 located on COE line 64, are shown with interpretive seismic lines on Plates I and 2,
                     respectively.    Both cores penetrated muddy sand at -11.8 meters and -11.2 meters NGVD,
                     respectively. These muddy sediments are interpreted as Q2 deposits based on seismic data.


                                            Unit Q3- Pleistocene-Holocene Fluvial Sediments

                             The southern end of shoal. 2 and shoal 7 may overlie portions of the St. Martin
                     paleochannel (Figure 9). Cores 7-1, 7-2 (refer to Appendix H for core logs), and 7-4, collected
                     on the southeast flank of shoal 7 (Figure 16), contained orange (iron-stained) sand and gravel and
                     were barren of shells. These sand sequences are characteristic of fluvial sediments, possibly
                     representing the Q3 fill deposits (Toscano et aL, 1989). Seismic data in this area is very poor
                     or non-existent precluding more conclusive interpretation of the sediment units contained in these
                     cores.



                                            Stratigraphic Unit Q4- Early Holocene Sediments

                             The southwest ends of shoals 4 and 5 overlie a series of paleochannels incised in the Q2
                     depositional unit. Seismic profiles show a complex sequence.of cut and fill deposits in the
                     paleochannels. Many of the vibracores collected within this area penetrated these fill units.

                             Examination of the archival portions of the vibracores indicates the Holocene fill
                     sediments are often distinctly different from the fine grained sediment sequences interpreted to
                     be Q2 deposits. The Holocene sediments were less compacted (in core sections that had not
                     driied out completely) and appeared much darker in color. These sediments were often described
                     as dark gray to black sediments. However, these sediments were difficult to distinguish from
                     older sediments based solely on the review of the core logs. Fortunately, many of the cores were
                     collected on or near existing seismic profiles. Locations of some of the vibracores are shown on
                     the interpreted seismic profiles in Plates 1, 2, and 3.

                             Core 4-3 1, collected on the west side of shoal 4, penetrated a small channel (Plate 3, COE"
                     line 72, TF 1248). This core contained a peat layer at -14.32 meters (NGVD) that yielded a
                     Carbon-14 date of 5,570 +/-70 yr B.P.(6410 +/-80 yr B.P. MASCA-corrected years (Ralph et aL,
                     1973)). This peat is interpreted as a fringing marsh peat; the depth and age is consistent with
                     the mid-Atlantic Holocene sea level curve of Belknap and Kraft (1977). Overlying the peat layer
                     was a 2.5-meter-thick unit of interbedded, tan to gray fine sand, dark gray silty sand, and gray
                     to black mud. This interbedded unit coarsened upward. Shells and shell fragment were present
                     including Littorina, Crepidula, and Modiolus. The gastropod Nassarius was very abundant


                                                                       36










           throughout this unit. This unit is interpreted as a transgressive leading-edge estuarine channel
           deposit. Modem shelf sands comprise the top 2.5 meters of sediments in this core. Similar
           sequences of sediments were preserved in cores 4-2 (Plate 2: COE line 65, TF 1041) and 4-6
           (Plate 3: COE line 71, TF 1237).

                   Vibracores 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-13, 4-14, 4-16, and 4-30 also may have penetrated the early
           Holocene (Q4) deposits. Vibracores 4-3 (Plate 3: COE line 70, time fix 1217), 4-14 (Plate 2:
           COE line 64, time fix 1029), and 4-30 (Plate 3: COE line 69, time fix 1204) penetrated a shallow
           channel (tidal?) feature under shoal 4 (refer to Figure 11). The sediment units preserved in the
           cores consisted, of brown to gray, fine to very fine sand and dark gray muddy fine sand.
           Examination of core 4-3 revealed a fining upward sequence of brown to gray, fine to very fine
           sand interspersed with thin layers of dark gray, muddy fine sand. Whole, well preserved
           specimens of the gastropod Nassarius were common; shell fragments included Spisula and Ensis.
           This sequence is interpreted to be a tidal channel sequence similar to that described by Elliott
           (1986). Core 4-30 was not available for examination but the core log indicates sediment
           sequence similar to that contained in core 4-3. Core 4-14 also was not available for examination
           but the core log suggests a coarsening upward sequence of very fine to medium sand, interpreted
           to be a sand bar associated with the tidal channel sequence.

                   Lithological and radiocarbon data suggest that additional Holocene (Q4) deposits exist
           elsewhere along the shoreface in Maryland. Core 13 collected by Field (1976) in the northern
           part of the study area (Figure 17) contained organic-rich sediments at -10.8 meters (MSL) that
           yielded a Carbon-14 date of 5765 ï¿½ 105 yrs B.P. Sediment sequences similar to those preserved
           in shoal 4 cores were found in cores collected from shoal 6 (Figure 16). Cores 6-1, 6-2, and 6-8
           contained dark gray to black muddy sands. Core 6-8 contained a peat layer at -13.17 meters
           (NGVD). This core was originally analyzed in 1986 by COE personnel but was not sampled for
           Carbon-14 dating. When the core was re-examined in this study, the peat had become
           contaminated, precluding Carbon-14 dating analysis. These sediment are tentatively interpreted
           to be Q4 lagoonal deposits; however, seismic surveys were not conducted in the area of shoal
           6 to confirm this interpretation.



                                  Stratigraphic Unit Q5- Modern Shelf Sediments

                   Most of the vibracores presented in this study contained transgressive, trailing-edge shelf
           (Q5) sands which overly the Q2 and Q4 units. These modem shelf sediments discontinuously
           blanket the offshore in the form of linear shoals. Seismic and core data show that Q5 deposits
           are very thin or absent in the trough areas between the shoals and on portions. of shoals 4 and
           5. Maximum thicknesses of the Q5 deposits are found along shoal crests, as much as 5 to 8
           meters thick along the crests of shoals 3 and 9 respectively. Many of the 6 meter-long vibracores
           collected on the crests of shoal 3 and shoal 9 consisted entirely of Q5 sediments.

                   These shelf deposits are clean, tan to light gray, moderately well to well sorted sands,
           ranging in mean grain size from less than 0 (D (coarse sand) to 3 (D (very fine sand). Gravel


                                                           37










                    contents vary with some samples containing up to 50% gravel (refer to Appendix I- Table V,
                    cores 3-12, 8-2, and 8-4). Higher gravel contents were found generally at depth (below the sea
                    floor), although gravelly sands wei@ found at the top of several cores collected from shoal 3
                    (cores 3-27, 3-29, 3-31, 3-34, and 3-41). Mud contents rarely exceed 5%. The most common
                    shell found is Spisuld solidissima.

                            Distribution of surficial sediment size relative to shoal bathymetry for several shoals
                    reveals patterns similar to those reported by Swift and Field (1981) for linear shoals. The coarser
                    sands are found along the crests and landward (west) flanks of shoals 2 and 9, both detached
                    shoals, whereas the finer-grained sediments are located along the crest of shoal 4, a shore-
                    attached shoal. Distribution of shoal 3 surficial sediments shows no discernable pattern, which
                    may be attributable to the fact that only a small portion (Maryland portion) of this shoal was
                    sampled. On shoal 1, which is an ebb tidal delta, the coarser sediments are located on the distal
                    perimeter (seaward end) of the shoal. The textural distribution patterns of the surficial sediments
                    relative to shoal topography are believed to be a result of the local shelf hydraulic regime (Duane
                    et al., 1972; Field, 1976,1980; Swift and Field, 1981; McBride and Moslow, 1991).

                            The textural character of the modem shelf deposits vanies from shoal to shoal. The
                    detached shoals are characterized by coarser sand when compared to the shore-attached shoals.
                    Medium to coarse sand is associated with detached shoals 3 and ï¿½. The gravel found around
                    shoal 3 is believed to be reworked from underlying deposifional units or eroding headlands found
                    along Bethany Beach. Cores 8-2 and 8-5, collected to the west of shoal 3, penetrated a thick
                    sequence of poorly sorted sediments with a high gravel content. Shoal 2, which is classified as
                    a nearshore shoal, is composed primarily of moderately sorted, fine to medium sand. The
                    composite mean and sorting for sands above -13.7 meters NGVD are 1.76 phi and 1.01 phi,
                    respectively (Anders and Hansen, 1990). The modem shelf deposits of shore-attached shoals 1,
                    4, 5, 6 and 7 also are predominately fine sands.



                    SHALLOW NEARSHORE STRATIGRAPHY


                            Seismic records show that the Q2 depositional unit lies immediately beneath the Al
                    horizon throughout much of the study area. This unit often is exposed to the sea floor in the
                    trough areas. This interpretation concurs with the general shallow stratigraphic framework of
                    Toscano et.al. (1989).

                            Radiocarbon dates of organic-rich sediments recovered from several cores (cores 1-3, 3-12
                    and 8-3; see Appendix I, Table VII) indicate the Q2 unit sampled in the study area is Pleistocene
                    in age. The dates are older than 29 ka and, therefore, are treated as minima for the dated
                    material. The age estimate of the Q2 sediments based on acid amino racernization dating
                    technique is 80 to 128 ka (Toscano et aL, 1989; Toscano, 1991; Toscano and York, 1992).

                            Mid-Atlantic chronologies based on aminostratigraphic techniques have been developed
                    for several genera of mollusk including Mulinia, Mercenalla, and Crassostrea. More recent work


                                                                    38










           has further defined a consistent chronology for the Q2 unit based on the species Mulinia lateralis
           (Toscano ef al., 1989, Toscano and York, 1992; York et al., 1989). Therefore, these three genera
           were targeted for amino acid racernization analyses because they yield the most applicable ratios
           for relative age determination (Wehmiller, oral com.). A few specimens of M lateralis were
           collected firom several cores (cores 2-8 and 2-27). The shells were single valves and often
           fragmented suggesting they were transported or reworked, and therefore, were not analyzed.
           Interestingly, no in situ lenses of Mulinia lateralis were found in any of the cores examined in
           this study.

                   The Q2 sediments sampled in the vicinity of shoal, 3 appear to be coarser than Q2
           sediment in other parts of the study area. Most the cores penetrated poorly sorted medium sands
           with gravel below the projected Al horizon. There are several possible explanation for these
           coarser sediments:
                   (1) The coarser sediments may represent a facies change in the Q2 unit. Toscano et al.
                      (1989) reported a lower (basal) sand facies within the Q2 unit, interpreted to be an
                      early oxygen-isotope stage 5 (5e:128 - 120 ka) transgressive sequence. Toscano
                      (1991) hypothesized this sandy facies represents trailing edge shelf sand nidges
                      correlative to the stage 5e barrier islands (including Ironshire Formation and Bethany
                      Paralic Unit) deposited at the peak interglacial sea level. The lower Q2 faciesis
                      stratigraphically above the M2 horizon, which becomes increasingly shallow in a
                      northwesterly direction; therefore, lower Q2 unit'sediments are more likely to be
                      penetrated by the Vibracores collected in the northern part of the study area.
                   (2) The coarser Q2 sediments may reflect a localized facies change: The sandy Q2 unit
                      beneath shoal 3 may represent a remnant open-shelf shoal similar to the one identified
                      by Toscano et al. (1989).

                   Overlying the Q2 unit, the Q4 depositional unit is found to be fairly extensive, but
           restricted primarily to the nearshore zone (landward of the 10 meter isobath). A Carbon-14 date
           of 5737 +/-70 yr B.P. (5730-yr '/2 life) was obtained from a peat sample at -14.32 meters NGVD
           from core 4-31 and is consistent with the sea level curve for the Delmarva coast (Belknap and
           Kraft, 1977). The Q4 deposits are interpreted to be leading-edge paralic sediments (lagoonal,
           fringing marsh) and associated with network of paleochannels thought to be extensions of Roy
           and Dirickson Creeks (Plate 4). It is uncertain whether or not these paleochannels are fluvial in
           origin. Sediment sequences similar to the Q3 fluvial sands and muds described by Toscano et
           al. (1989) were not found in any of the shoal 4 vibracores that penetrated paleochannel fill

                   Additional evidence suggests that other Q4 paralic deposits exist beneath the shoreface
           along Fenwick Island. These paralic deposits are associated with several previously mapped
           paleochannels. Field's (1976) paleochannels 5 and 6, which were mapped offshore of south
           Fenwick Island, may represent early Holocene extensions of Greys Creek (Plate 4). Orientation
           and geometry of the paleochannels and their relative position to other offshore channels (mapped
           by Field 1976, and Toscano et al., 1989) suggest they were part of a tributary system of the
           ancestral St. Martin River. The confluences of the tributaries with the St. Martin River are
           located to the southeast.



                                                           39










                            Most of the paleochannels are fairly shallow when compared to the ancestral channels of
                    Indian River and Love/Herring Creeks, mapped along Delaware's Atlantic coast (Belknap and
                    Kraft, 1985). Thalweg depths of these Delaware paleochannels exceed 40 meters within 5
                    kilometers of the present shoreline. The deeply incised channels are a result of headward erosion
                    stemming away from the Delaware River. During Wisconsin time, the Delaware River had a
                    much lower base level due to increased discharge of glacial meltwater (Chrzastowski, 1986).
                    Conversely, gradients of Greys Creek and Roy Creek were less severe since they flowed
                    southeast across a more gently sloping shelf. As a result, these tributaries generally had
                    shallower thalweg depths and broader channels. Maximum depths of the paleochannels within
                    the study area are -26 meters NGVD.

                            As the Holocene transgression continued, estuarine sediments (Q4 deposits) accumulated
                    in the channels and along channel margins. Back-barrier bays similar to the present Isle of Wight
                    and Assawoman Bays may have formed. Continued transgression to present sea levels eventually
                    exposed the Q4 deposits to shoreface erosion.

                            If sea level continues to rise at the present rate, shoreface erosion is expected to scour
                    much of the early Holocene sediments except for those in the deeper paleochannels (Belknap and
                    Kraft, 1985) or capped by modem shoal sands. Toscano et aL, (1989) found no evidence of
                    widespread leading edge Holocene lithosomes between 5 and 13 kilometers from shore, except
                    for those preserved as fill in paleochannels. They attributed this lack of preserved leading edge
                    Holocene deposits to the slowing rate of sea level rise between 7 ka and 2 ka. The slowed rate
                    resulted in deeper shoreface scour and removal of the back barrier deposits.



                    SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE POTENTIAL


                            The vibracore and seismic data presented in this study were collected to assess potential
                    sand resources for beach fill for Ocean City, Maryland. Specific criteria based on the native
                    beach material were used to determine whether sand deposits were suitable. The following
                    discussion focuses on the assessment of sand deposits in terms of their suitability for beach fill.

                            Although the Q2 sediments are composed primarily of sand, the sands are often
                    interbedded with muds. Consequently, the Pleistocene (Q2) unit lacks potential for beach
                    nourishment material, unless relict sand bodies such as the one described by Toscano et aL
                    (1989) are located and quantified. Furthermore, relict sand bodies need to be near the surface;
                    otherwise, excavating sand (and gravel) from such a source may be impractical.

                            The shoal sediments consist of coarse to fine sand with little or no mud content,
                    constituting the best source for relatively clean sand. Of the shoals examined,, shore-attached
                    shoals contain the least amount of suitable sand. Seismic data for two shoals (shoals 4 and 5 in
                    particular) show a thin veneer of modern sands overlaying the thick sequence of early Holocene
                    and Pleistocene muds. Excavating the sand deposits would be difficult without disturbing the
                    muds underneath.



                                                                    40










                    Nearshore (detached) shoals offer better potential because they are more likely to contain
            thicker sequences of coarser-grained sediments. Studies of shoals suggest shoals maintain an
            optimum crest height as sea level rises (Duane et aL, 1972). This implies the shoal volume
            increases during transgression, with shoal sand deposits gradually becoming thicker in cross-
            section. Data from this study further suggest that, during the growth process, sediment texture
            coarsens upward in the sediment column. Many of the cores collected from shoal 9 contained
            Q5 sands that coarsen upward. Along shoal 3, more cores contained coarsening upward
            sequences than fining upward sequences. Gravel contents also increased upward in many of the
            shoal 3 cores.


                    Gravel is generally not a prominent      component of the sediments examined; although
            several cores did contain relatively thick units of sediment having significant gravel contents.
            Vibracores 8-1, 8-2, and 8-5 penetrated thick units of gravelly sediments several meters below
            the sea floor. It is not known how extensive the gravelly sediments are or if they represent
            fluvial deposits. The associated iron-staining of these particular deposits suggests they are fluvial
            in origin.    However, the observed iron-staining could also be a result of oxidation during
            extended subaerial exposure during the last low sea stand (Belknap and Kraft, 1977).


                                  Dredging Activities Associated with the Ocean City
                                               Beach Replenishment Project

                    Suitability of the nine shoals for beach fill for the Ocean City Beach Replenishment
            Project are detailed in several documents (U.S.Army Corps, 1988, 1989a, 1989b; Anders and
            Hansen, 1990). Methodologies used to determine "suitability of sand for beach fill" are explained
            in the Shore Protection Manual (U.S. Army Corps, 1984). Textural properties, such as composite
            graphic mean (Folk) and sorting (Inman) of the potential borrow sediments were compared to the
            native beach sand to determine an overfill factor (RA) using an overfill criteria developed by
            James (1975). The overfill factor takes into account the portion of borrow material expected to
            remain on the beach after equilibrium is achieved. High overfill factors indicate the borrow
            material would not be stable on the native beach; therefore, a larger volume of borrow material
            would be required on the beach in order to meet the project specifications. Composite graphic
            mean and sorting for the Ocean City beach were determined to be 1.84 (D and 1.22 0,
            respectively (Anders, et aL, 1987; Anders and Hansen, 1990). Thus, sand most suitable for beach
            fill (i.e., having low overfill factors) should have a mean grain size coarser than 1.84 (D and have
            a sorting value less than 1.22 (D.

                    Based primarily on textural characteristics, shoals 2, 3 and 9 were selected by COE as
            borrow areas for. beach nourishment. Shoals 2 and 3 were dredged for sand during Phases I and
            II. These two shoals were utilized first because they were closest to the project area (Le.,. Ocean
            City beach), a significant cost' consideration. Shoal 9, located between 4 and 5 kilometers
            offshore (Figure 5), has been designated as the borrow area for future (periodic and storm
            maintenance) dredging. Analyses of vibracores taken from shoal 9 indicate that the most
            suitable sand for beach fill is limited to the western flank. Estimates indicate approximately 4.5


                                                              41










                    million cubic meters (5.9 million yd') of suitable sand are available to a depth of -16.8 meters
                    (NGVD) in shoal 9 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1993).



                    Borrow Area 2


                            Shoal 2, located about 3.7 kilometers offshore of south Ocean City, is an elongated, linear
                    shoal having three distinct crests defined by the 10 meter isobath (Figure 5). Based on vibracore
                    data, the most suitable sand for beach fill was located on the landward flank along the southern
                    crest. Dredging was limited to this area, the boundaries of which are shown in Figure 16. The
                    d eisignated dredging area contained an estimated 2.69 million cubic meters (3.52 million yd') of
                    medium to fine sand (RA = 1.37) to a depth of -15.24 meters (NGVD) (Anders and Hansen,
                    1990). Approximately 2.87 million cubic meters of sand (3.76 million yd') was extracted from
                    this borrow area for beach fill during the construction of Phases I and II, essentially exhausting
                    the suitable sand resource within the dredging area.

                            Dredging for Phase I (state contract) was restricted to the reduced sub-area within borrow
                    area 2. For Phase II (Federal contract) the borrow area limits were expanded somewhat to
                    include areas outside the reduced sub-area. Dredging during both phases was accomplished by
                    cutterhead dredge and the sand was pumped directly to the project area via submerged pipeline.
                    Although this method generally minimizes volume losses, comparison of the volume cut from
                    the borrow area (calculated from bathymetric changes) to the total material actually placed on the
                    beach (total of 2.295 million  M)   indicates a 19% volume loss during dredging. This loss is
                    attributed to the large amount of fine-grained material contained in the borrow material.

                            Figure 18 illustrates the pre- and post-dredging bathymetry of borrow area 2 (shoal 2).
                    Sections of the shoal, as much as 7.5 meters thick, were removed, with some areas excavated
                    below the project limit of - 15.2 meters. This limit was based on the depth of the average shelf
                    surrounding the shoal and usually coincided with the lower boundary of the shoal. However, the
                    A I horizon, which represents the ravinement surface separating the modem shoal sands from the
                    underlying older, fine-grained material (Q2 deposits), is mapped at a shallower depth, -13 to -14
                    meters. A cross-section of the dredged area shows the relationship of the Al horizon with the
                    post-dredging surface (Figure 19). Fine-grained Q2 sediments were excavated along with the
                    sand during the dredging process.



                    Borrow Area 3


                            Shoal 3,  located on the Maryland/Delaware State line (Figure 5), contained the most
                    suitable sand for the replenishment project. The COE estimated that approximately 4.34 million
                    cubic meters (5.68 million yd  3) of medium to coarse sand (composite mean and sorting values
                    of 1.50 4) and 1.20 0, respectively (Anders and Hansen, 1990)), having an overfill factor of 1.0,
                    were available in the Maryland portion of shoal 3. During Phases I and II, approximately 2.22
                    million cubic meters (2.9 million yd') of sand were excavated from the sub-areas I and 11 (Figure


                                                                    42

















                                                                                    N

                               J.                                                                                    K'                  C,
                                                              T_                                                       15
                                                                                                                                      -42
                                                                           -12



                                      - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -                      Z
                                                                                                                k@b
                           -12                                   --- ----------------------                                          12
                                        ----- -----------------


                     A'       0           200m                     BORROW AREA 2 BATHYMETRY            Borrow Area Limit Line             D'
                                   scale                          PRE-PHA5E I (JANUARY, 1986)




                                                                                 N


                     B'                                                                                              K'                   C,
                                                                                                               -1

                           Reduced                                     -15  0 C_-@                    -15
                           Area 2                                           12@/    T13          -12
                                                                                           2

                                                                                    OP
                                            0-                          0           1:@_   '71                    0 15  12
                                                                                                     -1         -- - - - - - - - -



                                                                    -------------- -
                                         --- - ---- - -----                                               -15   -12



                     A'                                          BORROW AREA 2 BATHYMETRY               Borrow Area Limit Line
                                 Om   scale  200m                 POST-PHASE It (FALL, 1991)



                       Figure 18.       Pre- and post-dredging bathyrnetry of borrow area 2. Location of the cross-section shown in Figure
                       19 is indicated by dashed-dot line bisecting the borrow area.
                                                                                                                7-15J



















                                                                                      Borrow Area 2 Cross Section
                                    South                                                                                                    Pre-Phase I Bottom Profile                      North
                             -8                                                                       CID                                    -.based on hydrographic survey conducted in Jan., 1986

                                                                                                    4-
                                                                  -4 go                                                      .......... .                                      4-
                           -10-                                                                        ....... .... ......... ............ ......
                                                                                    ..................                             ...... . . .........
                                                                                                                                                                   /*      77
                                                                                                                           Modern Shelf Sand
                                                 ...................... ...                 ............
                                                                                                                              Tan to Gray
                           -12
                                                                                                                             Medium Sand
                       >
                       0
                       Z                                                     Al Seismic Horizon
                                                                                                                           ----------- ---------           -- ------            ------------
                           -14-                                              -----------              -----------                                        ......                 Green Silty Sand
              .A.                                                                                     Green Silty Sand                                                             with Clay
                                                                                                         with Clay


                           -16-


                                                                         Post-Phase 11 Bottom Profile
                                                                         - based on hydrographic survey conducted in Fall, 1991


                                                                                                                                                               M2 Seismic Horizon at -22 meters

                           -20-J                                                                        Scale

                                                                              0             250            500            750           1000 meters




                                         Figure 19.             Cross-section of borrow area 2 illustrating pre- and post-dredging surfaces relative to
                                         mapped seismic horizon (AI) and lithologic changes.
                                                                                                                           M
                                                                                                                              T
                                                                                                                             odern Shelf Sand
                                                                                                                               an to  Gre
                                                                                                                                        y
                                                                                                                             M
                                                                                                                                 im S.
                                                                                                                                d       ndj
                                                                                                                         - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

                                                                                                                    d
                                                                                                             il Sa
                                                                                                          @ah Clay
                                                                                                      ...........................










            20--sub-area boundaries indicated by solid line), essentially removing the top of the shoal. The
            pre- and post-dredging bathymetries of the borrow area are illustrated in Figure 20. Cross-
            sectional changes in depth along the axis of the shoal (Figure 21) reveal that more than 6 meters
            of sand were removed, with dredging extending below the projected Al horizon. However, core
            lithologies indicate the Q2/QI unit beneath shoal 3 consists predominately of medium sand.

                   A hopper dredge was used to extract the sand from shoal 3 during both phases of the
            project. Normally, handling losses from this method are usually higher than those associated
            with the cutterhead method. Comparison of the volume of shoal 3 sand actually placed on the
            beach (2.13 million M) to  volume cut from the shoal indicates approximately 5% of the sand was
            lost during dredging. This relatively low loss (compared to the 19% loss for shoal 2 using the
            cutterhead) is attributed to the sediment containing very little fine-grained material. Usually,
            fine-grained material is selectively washed away during the handling of the material by the
            hopper dredge, resulting in higher losses.

                   The post-Phase II bathymetry indicated approximately 2.19 million cubic meters (2.87
            million yd3) remained within shoal 3 borrow limits (sub-areas I and 11). An additional 107,932
            cubic meters of medium to fine sand were available in sub-area III (extreme southwest end of
            borrow area). The remaining sediment in the three sub-areas was excavated and placed on the
            Ocean City beach to repair damage from a series of severe storms that bludgeoned the Maryland
            coast during the winter of 1991-92. The COE has determined that approximately 380,000 cubic
            meters (500,000 yd') of suitable materials are left in borrow area 3 (above the project limit of -
            15.24 meter NGVD) (Jim Snyder, Baltimore District Army Corps, oral com.).


                                      CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY


                   Data presented in this report support the late Quaternary stratigraphy outlined by Toscano
            et aL (1989). Although the limited extent of the study area precluded regional extrapolation of
            some of the trends seen in the data, the findings offer additional information regarding the late
            Quaternary history of the nearshore area and insights into identifying potential sources of sand
            and gravel.

                   At least three distinct depositional units (Pleistocene Q2 unit, late Holocene transgressive
            Q4 unit, and modem Q5 shelf sand) can be identified in the upper 25 meters of the nearshore
            shelf off Ocean City. Pleistocene sediments are exposed along much of the sea floor and lie
            directly beneath the modem shoal deposits. The Pleistocene deposits are characterized by several
            facies, from coarse sands to interbedded muds and fine sand. Textured data from the vibracores
            suggest the Pleistocene sediments become coarser northward. This coarsening trend would agree
            with the stratigraphic'studies along Delaware coasts that describe the underlying Pleistocene units
            as sandy and gravelly (Belknap and Kraft, 1985).

                   Further study is needed to confirm the age of the Pleistocene unit described in this report.



                                                            45









                                                                    U     C' Borrow Area Limit Line (State ContraCt),,D-                   C
                                                                                                 7- - - - - - - -
                                      N                                                                                  Sub-area I

                                                                                            _9   -12                                       v
                                                                   B.                                            -12




                                                                                         -12

                                                                                        -12   XA'


                                          0
                                                                                         -15    W


                                                                                                                 BORROW AREA 3
                                                                                                                  PRE-PHASE I
                                                                  -15%                                          (JANUARY,1986)
                                  Y

                                                       Sub-area 2                                                0,         200,
                                                                                                                       scale



                                                              T




                                                                      U    C,   orrow Area Limit Line (State Contract)    D'
                                                                                - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                                                                A,-
                                       N                              -15




                                                                  x                 -15           12            Sub-area I

                                                                                                                         -15



                                                                                  -12


                                                                                           -12
                                                                          12              19-1
                                                                        Q.0
                                          0             -15   -1

                                                                                         5

                                                           -12                                                   BORROW AREA 3
                                                                                                                 POST-PHASE I]
                                                                      -15                                       (FEBRUARY,1992)
                                  Y
                                                       Sub-area 2                                                O'm . . .
                                                                                                                       scale





                                                                                                                                                I

                           Figure 20.           Pre- and post-dredging bathyrnetry for borrow area 3. Location of the cross-
                           section shown in Figure 21 is indicated by dashed-dot line bisecting the borrow area.

                                                                                       46














                                               Borrow Area 3 Cross Section

                  .8  South                                                                        North
                                                                                         0


                                Pro-Phase I Bottom Profile
                  -10-          - based on hydrographic, survey conducted In Jan., 1986 CV'
                                                              ..........

                                                                                                  ............. . ..... ....

                  -12-
                                                                    Gravelly         4-
               >
               a      " .... . . ........... .........             Coarse Sand
               Z                   ....... . .......... .................... ............
                                                   ............
                      - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---
                             At Seismic Horizon
       4,-
                                                 Medium Sand
                  -16-
                                                                  based on hydrographic survey
                                                                  conducted In Fall, 1991

                                                   - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
                  -18 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -       - - - - - - - - - -   T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - - - - - - - - -
                                             0
                                             '15   M2 Seismic Horizon

                                                                                     0
                  -20                                          Scale

                                                         250    500    @7FW   10090 meters



                      Figui-e 21. Cross-section of borrow area 3 illustrating pre- and post-dredging surfaces relative to
                      Al horizon and lithologic changes.










                            Seismic and lithological data provide evidence for the existence of early Holocene
                    lagoonal (Q4) deposits. These Q4 deposits exist as fill within shallow paleochannels incised into
                    the underlying Pleistocene unit (Q2). The Q4 deposits are restricted primarily in the shoreface
                    zone. Much of the early Holocene depositional unit is presently subjected to shoreface erosion.
                    With continued sea level rise, most of these deposits are expected to be removed except for those-
                    preserved beneath the shoals or in the deeper portions of the paleochannels.

                            Geometry and orientation of the paleochannels associated with the early Holocene deposits
                    and relationship to offshore paleochannels suggest the channels are extensions of Roy Creek, and
                    possibly Dinickson Creek, which presently flow into Assawoman and Little Assawoman Bays.
                    At one time, these creeks were tributaries to the St. Martin River System which drained to the
                    southeast. It is postulated that ancestral extensions of Greys Neck and St. Martin Neck formed
                    the interfluves between Roy Creek, Greys Creek, and St. Martin River, respectively, during the
                    early Holocene (Plate 4).

                            The northern study area is located within the paleo-interfluve between the ancestral Roy
                    and Dirickson Creeks, both of which flowed to the southeast, and the ancestral Miller Creek
                    which flowed north. Miller Creek presently flows into northern Little Assawoman Bay in
                    Delaware. The southernmost tributary to the ancestral Delaware River mapped by Belknap and
                    Kraft (1985) may correspond to Miller Creek. The reconstructed paleodrainage for the Delmarva
                    shelf shows this paleo-interfluve to be the drainage divide separating Delaware River system to
                    the north from the St. Martin River system, and perhaps the Susquehanna River system, to the
                    south (Figure 22). Thus, the Wisconsin drainage divide was located farther north of the location
                    proposed by Chrzastowski (1986) and White (1978).

                            Of several distinct depositional units mapped within the study area, modem shoal deposits
                    represent the most viable sand source for beach fill. The quality and quantity of shoal sand
                    varies depending on whether the shoal is detached or shore-attached. Detached shoals generally
                    contain larger volumes of coarser sand as opposed to the shore-attached shoals. The relationship
                    between shoal type (class) and morphological character (volume and texture of sediments) is
                    related to processes governing the formation and evolution of the shoals.

                            Both geophysical and textural data show that the five shore-attached shoals (shoals 1, 4,
                    5, 6, and 7) contain insufficient volumes of suitable sand. These shoals were eliminated by the
                    COE as borrow areas for beach fill. Three detached shoals (shoal 2, 3, and 9) were found to
                    contain sufficient volumes of suitable sand and, thus, were selected as potential borrow areas.
                    Two of these shoals were recently dredged for beach fill for the Ocean City Beach Replenishment
                    Project. Over 7 million cubic meters of sand were excavated from shoals 2 and 3, essentially
                    removing large portions of the shoals themselves and exhausting the borrow areas of suitable
                    sand.


                            Analyses by COE indicate shoal 9 contains approximately 5 million cubic meters of sand
                    (suitable for beach fill) and has been targeted for future maintenance replenishment at Ocean
                    City. Approximately 8.7 million cubic yards of sand will be needed for periodic maintenance over


                                                                    48









                                     760                                   75*                                   74*

                                                A                                 NJ


                                 41




                                                              -/Z                                                              -390
                                                                                          DROWNED VALLEYS OF
                                         '@7
                                                                                 %        ANCESTRAL DELAWARE RIVER
                                                                                          TRIBUTARIES
                                                   D
                                                                                          (Belknap and Kraft, 1985)
                  00                       MD
                  C:

                   0
                                                                                  0
                                                                                                     ---OMNI
                      7-                                                              46  DELAWARE RIVER
                      -Z                                                                  EXTENSION TO WILMINGTON
                                                                                          SUBMARINE CANYON
                                                                                          (Twichel eta/., 1977)
                                        1"." Fill
                                                       'd
                                                    0


                                                            ....... ........
                                                                                                                                38*
                                   JV                                         INFERRED ANCESTRAL ST. MARTIN
                                                                              TRIBUTARY SYSTEM
                VA -  .    t"
                                                                              (Toscano et al., 1989 and this study)





                                             4"


                                                                                            EXPLANATION
                             ........... 41
                                                                                               ANCESTRAL INCISED
                                                                                                  STREAM VALLEYS

                                                                                                   TRUNK STREAM
                                                                                                 DRAINAGE DIVIDES
                                             CAPE CHARLES PALEOCHANNEL
                                             RELATED TO ANCESTRAL
                                                                                                 SCALE
                                             SUSQUEHANNA RIVER
                                             (Colman et af., 1990)                        0       20      4T'-dO KM
                                           A



             Figure 22.           Wisconsin drainage system for              Delmarva Atlantic shelf (modified from
             Chrzastowski, 1986).



                                                                       49











                   the 50 year project life (U.S.Army Corps, 1989b). Other sources of suitable sand will have to
                   be located outside the study area to meet the needs for future beach nourishment. Future
                   investigations for suitable sand should focus on detached and offshore shoals as they offer the
                   best potential.















































                                                                50











                                             REFERENCES CITED


           Anders, F.J., Hansen, M., and McLellan, N., 1987, Atlantic coast beach protection project:
                Ocean City, Maryland- Draft Final Report: U. S. Army of Engineers, CERC-WES,
                Vicksburg, Miss., June, 1987, 60 pp. with Appendices.

           Anders, F. J. and Hansen, M., 1990, Beach and borrow site sediment investigation for a beach
                nourishment at Ocean City, Maryland: Technical Report CERC-90-5, Waterways Experiment
                Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg,
                MS., 98 pp.

           Belknap, D.F., and Kraft, J.C., 1977, Holocene relative sea-level changes and coastal
                stratigraphic units on the northwest flank of the Baltimore Canyon trough geosyncline: Jour.
                Sed. Petrology, vol. 47, p. 610-629.

                                             1985, Influence of antecedent geology on stratigraphic
                preservation potential and evolution of Delaware's barrier systems: Marine geology, vol. 63,
                p. 235-262.

           Chrzastowski, M.J., 1986, Stratigraphy and geologic history of a Holocene lagoon: Rehoboth
                Bay and Indian River Bay, Delaware: Ph.D. dissertation,    Univ. of Delaware, Wilmington,
                Delaware, June, 1986, pp. 337.

           Colman, S.M., Halka, J.P., Hobbs, C.H., 111, Mixon, R.B., and Foster, D.S., 1990, Ancient
                channels of the Susquehanna River beneath Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula:
                G.S.A. Bull., vol. 102, p. 1268-1279.

           Colman, S.M., and Hobbs, C.H.,111, 1987, Quaternary geology of the southern Virginia part of
                the Chesapeake Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-198A.

           Colman, S.M., Gerquist, C.R., Jr., and Hobbs, C.H., 111, 1988, Structure, age, and origin of
                the deposits beneath the shoals at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia: Marine Geology,
                vol. 83, p. 95-113.

           Demarest, J.M., 11, 1981, Genesis and preservation of Quaternary paralic deposits on Delmarva
                peninsula: Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware, August, 1981, 240
                pp-

           Demarest, J.M., Biggs, R.B., and Kraft, J.C., 1981, Time-strati   graphic aspects of a formation:
                Interpretation of surficial Pleistocene deposits by analogy with Holocene paralic deposits,
                southeastern Delaware: Geology, vol. 63, p. 360-365.

           Duane, D.B., Field, M.E., Meisburger, E.P., Swift, D.J., and Williams, S.J., 1972, Linear
                shoals on the Atlantic inner continental shelf, Florida to Long Island; in, D.J. Swift, D.B.


                                                          51










                        Duane, and O.H. Pilkey, eds., Shelf Sediment Transport: Process and Pattern: Dowden,
                        Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa, p. 447-498.

                    Elliot, T., 1986, Siliciclastic shorelines, in H.G. Reading, Sedimentary Environments and Facies:
                        Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, G.B., p. 155-188.

                    Field, M.E., 1976, Quaternary evolution and sedimentary record of a coastal Plain Shelf. Central
                        Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Bight, U.S.A.: Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. Geology, George
                        Washington Univ., Washington, D.C., 200 pp.

                                  1979, Sediments, shallow subbottorn structure, and sand resources of the inner
                        continental shelf, central Delmarva Peninsula: Technical Paper 79-2, U.S.Army Corps of
                        Engineers, CERC, Ft. Belvoir, Va., 122 pp.

                                , 1980, Sand bodies on Coastal Plain shelves; Holocene record of the U.S. Atlantic
                        inner shelf of Maryland: Jour. Sed. Petrology, vol. 50, p. 505-528.

                    Folk, R.L., 1954, The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-
                        rock nomenclature: Jour. Geology, vol. 62, p. 344-359,

                                , 1980, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Hemphill Publishing. Co., Austin, Texas, 184
                        pp-

                    Halsey, Susan D., 1978, Late Quaternary geologic history and morphologic development of the
                        barrier island system along the Delmarva peninsula of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: Ph.D.
                        dissertation, Univ. of Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware, June, 1978, 592 pp.

                    James, W.R., 1975, Techniques in evaluating suitability of borrow material for beach
                        nourishment: Technical Memorandum 60, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, CERC, Ft. Belvoir,
                        Va.

                    Kerhin, R.T., 1989, Non-energy mineral and surficial geology of the continental margin of
                        Maryland; in, M.G. Hunt, and S.V. Doenges, eds, Studies related to continental Margins:
                        Marine Geology, vol. 90, p. 95-102.

                    Kerhin, R.T., and Williams, S.J., 1987, Surficial. sediments and later Quaternary sedimentary
                        framework of the Maryland inner continental shelf: Proceedings, Coastal Sediments'87, Am.
                        Soc. Civil Engineers, New Orleans, LA, vol. II, p. 2126-2140.

                    McBride, RA., and Moslow, T.F., 1991, Origin, evolution, and distribution of shoreface sand
                        ridges, Atlantic inner shelf, U.S.A.: Marine Geology, vol. 97, p. 57-85.

                    Owens, J.P., and Denny, C.S., 1979, Upper Cenozoic deposits of the Central Delmarva
                        Peninsula, Maryland and Delaware: U.S. Geol. Survey. Prof. Paper 1067-A, 28 pp.


                                                                   52










           Ralph, E.K., Michael, H.N., and Han, M.C., 1973, Radiocarbon dates and. reality: M.A.S.C.A.
                Newsletter, Museum Applied Science Center for Archeology, Univ. of PA., vol. 9, p. 1-20.

           Shackleton, N.J. and Opdyke, N.D., 1973, Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of
                Equatorial Pacific core V28-238: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a I O'year
                and 10" year scale: Quaternary research, vol. 3, p. 39-55.

           Sheridan, R.E., Dill, C.E., Jr., and Kraft, J.C., 1974, Holocene sedimentary environment of
                the Atlantic Inner Shelf off Delaware: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., vol. 85, p. 1319-1328.

           Shideler, G.L., Swift, D.J.P., Johnson, G.H., and Holliday, B.W., 1972, Late Quaternary
                stratigraphy of the inner Virginia continental shelf. A proposed standard secfion: Geol. Soc.
                Amer. Bull., vol. 83, p. 1787-1804.

           Shideler, G.L., Ludwick, J.C., Oertel, G.F., and Finkelstein, K., 1984, Quaternary stratigraphic
                evolution of the southern Delmarva Peninsula, coastal zone, Cape Charles, Virginia: Geol.
                Soc. Amer. Bull., vol. 95, p. 489-502.

           Swift, D.J. and Field, M.E., 1981, Evolution of a classic sand ridge field: Maryland sector,
                North American inner shelf: Sedimentology, vol. 28, p. 461-482.

           Toscano, M.A., 1992, Record of Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 on the Maryland inner shelfAtlantic
                Coastal Plain- A post-transgressive highstand regime, in, J.F. Wehmiller, and C.H. Fletcher,
                eds., Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Lacustrine and Marine Systems: Society of
                Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication No. 48, p. 89-99..

           Toscano, MA., Kerhin, R.T., York, L.L., Cronin, T.M., and Williams, S.J., 1989, Quaternary
                stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf of Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Report
                of Investigation 50, 117 pp.

           Toscano, M.A. and Kerhin, R.T., 1990, Subbottom structure and stratigraphy of the inner
                continental shelf of Maryland, in, M.C. Hunt, S.V. Doenges, and G.S. Stubbs, eds., Studies
                related to Continental Margins, Years Three and Four Activities: Bureau of Economic
                Geology, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX.

           Toscano, M.A. and York, L.L., 1992, Quaternary stratigraphy and sea-level history of the U.S.
                middle Atlantic Coastal Plain: Quaternary Sci. Rev., vol. 11, p. 301-328.

           Twichell, D.C., Knebel, H.J., and Folger, D.W, 1977, Delaware River: evidence for its former
                extension to Wilmington submarine canyon: Science, vol. 195, p.483-484.

           Underwood, S.G. and Anders, F.J., 1987, Analysis of vibracores from shoals east of Fenwick
                Island, Delaware- Draft Final Report: U. S. Army of Engineers, CERC-WES, Vicksburg,
                Miss., Nov. 1987.



                                                           53










                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984, Shore protection manual: Waterways Experiment Station,
                        Vicksburg, MS.

                                                      1988, Atlantic Coast of Maryland Hurricane Protection Project,
                        Phase 1: Final General Design Memorandum: Baltimore District, Baltimore, Maryland, 3
                        books.


                                                      1989a, Atlantic Coast of Maryland Hurricane Protection Project,
                        Phase II: Final General Design Memorandum: Baltimore District, Baltimore, Maryland, 3
                        books.


                                                      1989b, Atlantic Coast of Maryland Hurricane Protection Project:
                        Renourishment borrow study: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, August,
                        1989.


                                                      1993, Environmental assessment for the use of borrow area No.
                        9 as part of the periodic renourishment and maintenance of the Atlantic Coast of Maryland
                        Shoreline Protection Project: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, July, 1993.

                    White, W.A., 1978, Influence of glacial meltwater in the Atlantic Coastal Plain: Southeast
                        Geology, vol. 19, p. 139-156.

                    York, L.L., Wehmiller, J.F..) Cronin, T.M.., and Ager, T.M., 1989, Stetson Pit, Dare County,
                        North Carolina: an integrated chronologic faunal and floral record of subsurface coastal
                        sediments: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 72, p. 115-132.























                                                                   54

































                                              Appendix I
                                             Vibracore Data

































                                                   55









                          Table V.           Summary of general vibracore information.


                               CORE             LATITUDE                     LONGITUDE                DEPTH (M)            LENGTH
                                           (DD MM SS.Sss)                (DD MM Ss.sss)                 (NGVD)           (NIETERS)

                               1-1       38        18      44.9       75          5         38.1              -6.49          3.87

                               1-2       38        19       6.8       75          4         49.8              -3.93          3.85
                               1-3       38        19       6.0       75          5         26.2              -4.05          4.51
                               1-4       38        18      42.8       75          4         58.6              -6.98          3.66
                               1-5       38        18      57.3       75          5         8.9               -2.96          2.53
                               1-6       38        19       7.2       75          5         11.1              -5.46          4.00

                               1-7       38        18      43.8       75          4         34.1              -9.45          4.32
                               1-8       38        19      17.2       75          4         48.3              -7.10          5.05
                               1-9       38        19       7.9       75          4         54.8              -4.18          4.67

                               1-12      38        19      25.2       75          4         45.1              -5.43          3.35

                               1-16      38        19      15.6       75          4         30.9              -4.27          3.35
                               1-17      38        18      59.8       75          4         32.2              -2.87          3.05

                               2-1       38        21      58.4       75          0         54.8             -12.80          5.94
                               2-2       38        21      58.3       75          0         49.1             -14.33          4.33
                               2-3       38        21      34.7       75          1         24.9             -11.28          4.72

                               2-4       38        22      11.7       75          0         53.8             -13.41          5.97
                               2-5       38        21      19.0       75          1         31.7             -11.28          5.21

                               2-6       38        21      19.1       75          1         41.7             -13.41          5.64
                               2-7       38        21       2.3'      75          1         40.3             -10.06          5.79
                               2-8       38        20      56.6       75          1         54.9             -10.36          6.04

                               2-9       38        20      57.1       75          1         54.2             -10.36          3.84

                               2-10      38        20      48.4       75          1         36.9             -12.50          6.10

                               2-11      38        20      51.2       75          1         54.4             -14.30          2.62
                               2-12      38        20      19.0       75          2         22.3             -12.80          6.00

                               2-13      38        21      27.8       75          1         25.1             -10.36          5.00
                               2-14      38        22       9.2       75          0         45.1             -13.99          6.10
                               2-15      38        22       3.7       75          0         57.4             -12.16          6.10

                               2-16      38        21      58.1       75          1         9.3              -11.30          6.10

                               2-17      38        21      48.9       75          0         50.7             -12.68          6.10

                               2-18      38        21      44.0       75          1         5.0              -12.34          6.10

                               2-19      38        21      40.7       75          0         58.6             -12.50          6.10

                               2-20      38        21      41.6       75          1         22.4             -14.51          6.10

                               2-21      38        21      36.6       75          1         12.2             -11.34          4.85

                               2-22      38        21      32.5       75          1         4.3              -13.99          6.04

                               2-23      38        21      27.7       75          1         18.8             -10.42          6.10
                               2-24      38        21      22.5       75          1         8.2              -12.04          6.10

                               2-25      38        21      25.6       75          1         35.9             -11.86          5.73

                               2-26      38        21      18.8       75          1         22.9             -10.58          6.16

                               2-27      38,       21      14.4       75          1         17.3             -14.94          5.73

                               2-28      38        21      11.6       75          1         32.3             -13.50          3.75
                               2-29      38        21       7.6       75          1         46.5             -10.82          2.59


                                                                                         56








              Table V (cont.).           Summary of general vibracore information.


                   CORE             LATITUDE                    LONGITUDE                DEPTH              LENGTH
                               (DD MM      SS.SsS)          (DD   MM SS.SSS)              (NGVD)           (METERS)

                   2-30      38       20      58.4       75         1         28.2             -10.82         3.87
                   2-31      38       20      55.0       75         1         45.7             -10.73         3.17
                   2-32      38       20      41.5       75         1         42.2             -13.90         6.10
                   2-33      38       20      43.0       75         1         54.8              -8.69         3.23

                   2-34      38       20      42.1       75         2         6.5              -10.85         2.74
                   2-35      38       20      37.9       75         1         58.7             -10.03         3.11
                   2-36      38       20      35.2       75         1         52.9             -10.73         3.20
                   2-37      38       20      35.7       75         2         16.9             -13.69         4.79
                   2-38      38       20      30.2       75         2         6.2              -10.57         2.77
                   2-39      38       20      27.1       75         2         0.2              -11.73         6.10

                   2-40      38       20      32.8       75         2         26.1             -10.24         6.10
                   2-41      38       20      20.7       75         2         10.4             -12.16         6.10
                   2-42      38       20      26.7       75         2         34.5             .-12.56        6.10
                   2-43      38       20      22.7       75         2         27.0             -11.31         6.10
                   2-44      38       20      11.9       75         2         6A               -12.92         6.10
                   3-6       38       27        4.3      74         59        48.5              -9.75         6.68

                   3-7       38       26      56.4       74         59        51.2              -9.14         5.67

                   3-9       38       27        5.3      74         59        52.2             -10.67         3.47

                   3-10      38       26      48.1       74         59        59.0             -12.50         4.27

                   3-12      38       27        5.1      74         59        10.1             -12.50         5.67
                   3-13      38       27        0.7      74         59        42.5              -9.97         5.76

                   3-14      38       27        4.2      75         0         3.6              -12.92         6.10
                   3-15      38       26      56.2       75         0         0.6               -9.17         4.51

                   3-16      38       27        3.1      74         59        49.5             -10.67         3.35
                   3-17      38       26      55.1       75         0         9.0              -10.79         3.35

                   3-18      38       26      56.7       75         0         22.8             -13.35         6.10
                   3-19      38       26      48.0       75         0         7.4              -12.34         6.10

                   3-20      38       26      42.4       74         59        58.3             -12.98         6.10

                   3-21      38       27        3.2      74         59        21.9             -11.28         4.57

                   3-22      38       27        3.3      74         59        32.0             -11.58         3.96
                   3-23      38       26      55.8       74         59        38.4             -12.86         6.10
                   3-24      38       26      50.3       74         59        50.3             -13.41         6.10

                   3-25      38       26      42.1       74         59        50.4             -13.69         6.10

                   3-26      38       26      51.7       75         0         13.9             -11.61         6.10
                   3-27      38       26      40.3       75         0         15.4             -11.67         3.96

                   3-28      38       26      45.0       75         0         23.1             -13.84         6.10

                   3-29      38       26      32.3       75         0         20.6             -11.00         4-18

                   3-30      38       26      37.0       75         0         30.7             -13.66         6.10
                   3-31      38       26      29.9       75         0         30.6             -11.09         6.10
                   3-32      38       26      TO 8-1     75         0         4FI-1            -13.44   1-6.10
               JF-3-33       39       26      22.4       75         0         32.7             -13.41         6.10

                                                                           57








                           Table V (cont.).             Summary of general vibracore, informafion.


                              CORE                LATITUDE                     LONGITUDE                DEPTH (M)            LENGT
                                             (DD MM       ss.sss)          (DD    MM Ss.sss)              (NGVD)            (NETER

                                3-34      38         26      17.5        75         0         44.0               -13.23         6.10
                                3-35      38         26       8.8        75         0         46.2               -13.53         6.10
                                3-36      38         26      14.7        75         0         55.8               -13.53         6.10
                                3-37      38         26      14.7        75         0         46.2               -12.44         6.10
                                3-38      38         26       0.4        75         0         52.2               -13.20         6.10
                                3-39      38         26       4.7        75         1         3.2                -13.50         5.36
                                3-40      38         26      26.9        75         0         49.7               -13.35         5.58
                                3-41      38         26      55.0        74         59        51.9               -9.94          3.51
                                4-1       38         25       6.0        75         1         37.3               -8.99          5.88

                                4-2       38         24      21.5        75         1         39.8               -12.80         6.06
                                4-3       38         24      21.8        75         2         23.8               -10.18         5.97

                                4-4       38         24       5.2        75         2         6.7                -9.14          5.65

                                4-5       38         24      12.3        75         1         47.6               -9.14          3.85

                                4-6       38         24      12.3        75         2         20.3               -9.14          5.46

                                4-7       38         23      27.3        75         2         49.2               -8.84          5.20

                                4-8       38         23      51.7        75         2         27.1               -9.14          4.73

                                4-10      38         25      23.6        75         1         25.5               -9.33          6.10
                                4-11      38         25      23.6        75         1         35.4               -9.57          6.10
                                4-12      38         25       1.7        75         1         47.5               -9.17          6.10
                                4-13      38         24      53.9        75         1         54.1               -9.33          4.57
                                4-14      38         24      44.8        75         2         3.0                -9.30          5.70

                                4-15      38         24      35.0        75         2         6.6                -9.44          6.10
                                4-16      38         24      27.8        75         2         16.2               -9.97          6.10
                                4-17      38         25      19.0        75         1         18.1               -13.11         6A0

                                4-18      38         25      29.0        75         1         27.5               -10.30         6.10

                                4-19      38         25      34.2        75         1         26.5               -12.80         5.00

                                4-20      38         25      29.1        75         1         16.2               -11.00         6.10

                                4-21      38         25      32.0        75         1         9.0                -11.77         6.10

                                4-22      38         25      41.8        75         1         19.2               -11.73         5.79
                                4-23      38         25      41.4        75         1         6.0                -10.76         6.10

                                4-24      38         25      45.5        75         1         2.4                -12.31         6.10

                                4-25      38         25      37.8        75         1         15.0               -10.42         6.10
                                4-26      38         25      51.0        75         1         13.2               -12.56         5.30

                                4-27      38         25      54.2        75         1         2.7                -13.17         4.91
                                4-28      38         24    1--53.6       75         1         42.8               -9.14          5.36
                                4-29      38         24      44.2        75         1         51.9               -8.96          4.85

                                4-30      38         24      19.6        75         2         10.6               -8.75          6.10

                                4-31      38         24      13.5        75         2         27.6               -9.57          6.15

                                4-32      38         24      28.7        75         2         6.9                -8.81          4.27

                                4-33      38         24      39.3        75         1         57.7               -9.05          4.57

                                4-34      38         24      47.7        75         1         56.6               -8.44          4.42


                                                                                           58








              Table V (cont.).           Summary of general vibracore information.


                   CORE             LATITUDE                    LONGITUDE               DEPTH (M)
                                                                                                       I LENGTH
                               (DD MM SS.SSS)               (DD MM sS.SSS)                (NGVD           (METERS)

                   4-35      38        25       9.6      75         1         30.3              -9.66         6.10
                   5-1       38        25     17.7       75         1         3.9               -9.14         5.84
                   5-2       38        24     38.9       75         2         42.8              -7.32         5.38
                   5-3       38        25     11.8       75         1         3.9               -9.75         5.87
                   5-4       38        24     41.9       75         2         45.2              -7.01         5.58
                   6-1       38        22     19.4       75         1         38.2              -8.23         4.70
                   6-21      39        22       1.4      75         1         28.0            -10.67          5.26
                   6-3       38        21     15.0       75         2         57.1              -7.62         5.09
                   6-4       38        21     45.2       75         2         30.6              -9.45         5.95
                   6-5       38        21     29.0       75         2         8.4             -10.67          4.98
                   6-6       38        22     35.2       75         1         38.3              -8.53         4.72
                   6-7       38        21     42.5       75         2         16.8              -8.84         5.92
                   6-8       38        20     28.4       74         59        46.5            -10.45          6.10
                   6-9       38        20     59.2       75         3         15.4              -7.32         4.57
                   6-10      38        21       7.9      75         2         52.1              -6.89         6.10
                   6-11      38        21     17.9       75         2         40.6              -6.28         3.05

                   6-12      38        21     51.4       75         2         30.8              -8-02         3.05
                   6-13      38        21     51.4       75         2         21.9              -8.20         3.20
                   6-14      38        21     51.7       75         2         11.0              -7.99         2.90

                   6-15      38        22       1.6      75         2         3.2               -8.26         3.05
                   6-16      38        22     17.2       75         1         53.0              -9.57         3.66

                   7-1       38        19     44.9       75         2         48.3            -13.11          5.03

                   7-2       38        19     54.9       75         2         54.9              -9.14         5.84

                   7-3       38        20     19.7       75         2         33.5            -12.19          5.87

                   7-4       38        20       43       75         2         28.9            -13.11          5.34

                   8-1       38        26     57.4       75         1         16.7            -12.50          5.50
                   8-2       38        26     20.2       75         1         12.7            -1158           5.64

                   8-4       38        26     35.2       75         1         19.2            -1L58           3.61

                   8-5       38        26     20.1       75         1         5.8             -13.72          6.20

                   9-1       38        24       6.1      75         0         T9              -10.97          5.79
                   9-2       38        25     27.9       74         59        21.0              -8.23         4.79

                   9-3       38        24     40.8       74         59        41.8              -8.23         3.99
                   9-4       38        24       9.2      75         0         3 2.'6          -10.79          4.11

                   9-5       38        24     31.9       74         59        58.0            -10.70          5.18
                   9-6       38        24     23.1       74         59        47.4            -10.30          4.18
                   9-7       38        25       3.3      74         59        37.3              -9.36         4.18
                   9-8       38        25     IT6                   59        3 6. 1---F      -10.58          3.35
                                                        F74



                       Core location coordinates reported by the COE may be incorrect; core was collected at
              north    end of shoal 6, near core 6-1.

                                                                           59








                  Table V (cont.).   Summary of general vibracore information.


                     CORE        LATITUDE             LONGITUDE         DEPTH(M)      LENGTH
                              (DD MM Ss.sss)       (DD MM SS.SSS)        (NGVD)      (NIETERS)

                      9-9    38     25    14.9    74     59    22.9         -10.64     6.10

                     9-10    38     25   41.5     74     59    12.0          -9.48      3.96





































































                                                              60









                  Table V1.                  Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                      SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                              TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                (METERS)
                    CORE                                                                                                              CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                      NGVD               DEPTH IN CORE               MEAN       SORTING           %           %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                     (PHI)         (PHI)        GRAV MUD               (1954)             COMMENTS
                                UPPER        LOWER UPPER             LOWER I                                                        I           I

                      1-1       -6,49        -8.69         0.00        2.20          2.90          0.63                                   S       light tan gray medium
                                                                                                                                                  sand with occasional silt,
                                                                                                                                                  shell fragments and heavy
                                                                                                                                                  minerals

                      1-1       -8.61        -9.40     1   2.12        2.91                                                                       dark brown peat

                      1-1       -9.40        -9.99         2.91        3.50                                                                       dark gray clay

                      1-1       -9.99        -10.36        3.50                                                                                   gray sandy mud

                      1-2       - 3.93       -7.78         0.00        3.85          2.35          0.46                     0.10          S       tan medium sand with
                                                                                                                                                  shells

                      1-3       -4.05        -5.16         0.00        1.11          1.96          0.68                 1   1.88          S       light tan sand with shells

                      1-3       -5.16        -5.52         1.11        1.47          1.35          0.90          1.97       1.88          S       medium to coarse sand
                                                                                                                                                  with shell fragments

                      1-3       -5.52        -6.03     1   1.47        1.98                   1                                                   dark gray sandy mud

                      1-3       -6.03        -7.16         1.98        3.11          2.31          0.80                     3.23          S       brown to gray mottled
                                                                                                                                                  sand; some Fe staining

                      1-3       -7.16        -7.86         3.11        3.81          2.33          1.72                                   S       gray brown medium sand;
                                                                                                                                                  some Fe stainmg

                      1-3       -7.86        -8.56         3.81        4.51                                                                       peat, 14 C date- 31,190
                                                                                                                                                  ï¿½1330 yr. B.P.

                      1-4       -6.98        -7.79         0.00        0.81          2.32          0.68                                   S       light tan clean sand

                      1-4       -7.79        -9.73         0.81        2.75          .0.87         0.72          1.87                     S       coarse sand


                      1-4       -9.73        -10.11        2.75        3.13          1.54          0.45                                   S       medium sand


                      1-4       -10.11       -10.64        3.13        3.66                                                                       dark gray to black silty
                                                                                                                                                  clay

                      1-5       -2.96        -5.49         0.00        2.53          1.68          0.58          1.53                     S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                           -                                                                                      clean sand with heavy
                                                                                                                                                  minerals and shell
                                                                                                                                                  fragments

                      1-6       -5.46        -5.91         0.00        0.35          0.64          1 @26        11.48                     gs      light tan to gray coarse to
                                                       I                                                                                          fine sand with gravel

                      1-6       -5.81        -8.48         0.35        3.02          1.36          0.58                                   S       light tan to gray coarse to
                                                                                                                                                  fine sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                  fragments

                      1-6       -8.48        -9.46         3.02        4.00          2.01          0.54                                   S       light tan to gray coarse to
                                                                                                                                                  fine sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                  fragments
                                                                   @
                                                                         -91


                                                                       3
                                                                         -50


                                                                       3-87


                                                                       3 .85
































































                                                                                                 61









                                Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                             TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                              (METERS)
                                   CORE                                                                                                             CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                     NGVD             DEPTH IN CORE MEAN                      SORTING           %           %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                  (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV        MUD        (1954)            COMMENTS

                                              UPPER      LOWER        UPPER       LOWER


                                     1-7      -9.45        -10.85       0.00         1.40         2.68           0.60                     2.29            S     light to medium gray,
                                                                                                                                                                medium sand with heavy
                                                                                                                                                                minerals


                                     1-7      -10.85       -11.35                    1.90                                                                       peaty mud

                                     1-7      '-11.35      -12.32       1.90         2.87         3.29           0.34                     11.44           ms    medium gray muddy sand

                                     1-7      -12.32       -12.95       2.87         3.50         0.91           2.31         18.68       10.55           gmS   dark gray muddy sand
                                                                                                                                                                with gravel

                                     1-7      -12.95       -13.77       3.50         4.32                                                                       red silty clay with coarse
                                                                                                                                                                sand


                                     1-8      -7,10        7.75         0.00         0.65         1.33           0.91         5.18                        gs    light tan medium to fine
                                                                                                                                                                sand


                                     1-8      -7,75        -12.15       0.65         5.05         1.98           0.46                                     S     light tan medium to fine
                                                                                                                                                                sand with occasional shell
                                                                                                                                                                fragments

                                     1@9      -4.18        -4.79        0.00         0.61         0.89           1.24         11.71                       &S    tan gray fine to coarse
                                                                                                                                                                sand


                                     1-9      -4.79        -8.85        0.61         4.67         1.59           0.58                                     S     tan gray fine to coarse
                                                                                                                                                                sand with heavy minerals
                                                                                                                                                                and occasional shells

                                 1 1-12       -5.43        -7.93        0.00         2.50         2.26           0.52                                     S     brown gray sand

                                     1-12     -7.93        -8.78        2.50         3.35         1.60           0.98                                     S     brown gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                                gravel

                                     1-16     -4.27    1   -4.54        0.00         0.27     1   1.34           0.53                                     S     gray sand

                                     1-16     -4.54        -4.97        0.27         0.70         2.22           0.56                                     S     brown gay sand

                                     1-16     -4.97        -5.22        0.70         0.95         1.62           0.52                                     S     light gray sand
                                     1-16     -5.22        -7.32        0.95   -     3.05         2.33           0.48                                     S     light brown gray sand
                                     1-16     -7.32        -7.62        3.05         3.35         0.81           1.56         14.00                       gs    brown gravelly sand with
                                                       I                                      I                                                               , shells
                                     1-17     -2.87    1   -3.97        0.00         1.10         1.46           OA2                                      S     light gray sand

                                     1-17     -3.97        -5.92        1.10         3.05         1.64           0.53                                     S     light brown gray sand with.
                                                                                                                                                                occasional shells

                                     2-1      -12.80       -15.02       0.00         2.22     1   2.48           0.63         2.86        8.44            S     black muddy sand

                                     2-1   1  -15.02       -16.24       2.22         3.44         1.08           0.95         2.67        2.58            S     gray sand
                                     2-1      -16.24       -17.31       3.44         4.51         2.79      1    0.70                     14.67           ms    gray fine sand

                                     2-1      -17.31       -17.49       4.51         4.69         -0.08          2.08         37.16       2.47            gs    dark gray gravelly sand




                                                                                                               62








                  Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                    SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                              TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                               (METERS)
                    CORE                                                                                                            CLASS        BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                      NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE             MEAN        SORTING            %          %       FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                  (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD              (1954)            COMMENTS

                              UPPER         LOWER      UPPER       LOWER


                      2-1     -17.49        -18.74       4.69        5.94         2.74           1.23                     27.67        ms      gray muddy sand

                      2-2     -14.33        -14.42       0.00        0.09         2.40           0.36                                  S       gray sand

                      2-2     -14.42        -15.37       0.09        1.04         2.44           0.36                     1.47         S       dark gray sand

                      2-2     -15.37        -15.76   1   1.04        1.43     1   0.18           0.80         10.13 1                  gs      gravelly sand

                      2-2     -15.76        -17.38       1.43        3.05         2.58           0.66                     10.57        MS      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                               shells


                      2-2     -17.38        -17.99       3.05        3.66         2.00           0.74         1.17        2.09         S       mottled light to dark gray
                                                                                                                                               sand


                      2-2     -17.99        -18.66       3.66        4.33         2.36           0.28                     2.26         S       gray sand

                      2-3     -11.28        -14.42       0.00        3.14     1   2.16           0.44                 1                S       gray to tan sand

                      2-3     -14.42        -16.00       3.14        4.72         2.01           0.40                                  S       gray to tan sand with mud

                      2-4     -13.41        -15.09       0.00        1.68         2.21           0.47                                  S       gray sand with heavy
                                                                                                                                               mineral layers

                      2-4     -15.09        -15.39       1.68        1.98         2.58           0.30                 1   3.74         S       dark gray sand

                      2-4     -15.39        -16.7        1.98        3.29         2-64           0.45                     9.36         S       dark gray silty sand

                      2-4     -16.70        -16.92       3.29        3.51         1.52           1.24         4.04        6.01         S       silty sand with gravel

                      2-4     -16.92'       -18.80       3.51        5.39     1   1.51           0.88         2.12        3.06         S       medium to coarse sand

                      2-4     -18.80        -19.38       5.39        5.97         -0.06          1.90         32.50       1.55         sG      gray sand grading
                                                                                                                                               downcore into gravel

                      2-5     -11.28        -16.49       0.00        5.21         1.98           0.44                                  S       tan to gray sand

                      2-6     -13.41        -14.17       0.00        0.76         1.47           0.48         1.43                     S       light gray sand with
                                                     I                        I                                                                heavy mineral layers
                      2-6     -14.17        -15.42   1   0.76        2.01         2.51           0.88         1.78    1 3.64           S       dark gray sand

                      2-6     -15.42        -16.70       2.01        3.29         2.38           0.82         3.00        10.66        ms      dark gray sand with1mud
                                                                                                                                               layers

                      2-6     -16.70        -19.05       3.29        5.64         2.00           045                      2.99         S       dark gray fine sand

                      2-7     -10.16        -10.77       0.00        0.61         1.88           0.03                                  S       light brown sand

                      2-7     -10.77        -13.88       0.61        3.72         2.01           0.32                                  S       light brown sand

                      2-7     -13.88        -13.94       3.72        3.78         1.61           0.58                                  S       light brown medium sand

                      2-7     -13.94        -14.82   1   3.78        4.66         2.12           0.38                                  S       gray fine sand

                      2-7     -14.82        -15.37       4.66        5.21         2.15           0.38                                  S       dark gray sand

                      2-7     -15.37        -15.95       5.21        5.79         2.50           0.30                     1-78         S       dark gray to black fine
                                                                                                                                               sand



                                                                                               63








                               Table VI (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                 SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                               TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                              (METERS)
                                  CORE                                                                                                           CLASS        BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                   NGVD              DEPTH IN, CORE             MEAN       SORTING            %          %       FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD             (1954)            COMMENTS

                                            UPPER        LOWER      UPPER LOWER


                                   2-8      -10.36       -14.78        0.00        4.42         1.72           0.91         2.36       2.47         S       tan medium sand with
                                                                                                                                                            mud and shells


                                   2-8      -14.78       -15.91        4.42        5.55         2.49           1.02         1.87       14.01        ms      dark green sand with mud
                                                                                                                                                            and shells


                                   2-8      -15.91       -16.40        5.55        6.04         2.43           0.40                    6.06         S       fine sand


                                   2-9      -10.36       -14.20        0.00        3.84         1.19           0.48                                 S       medium to coarse sand
                                                                                                                                                            with shells


                                  2-10      -12.50       -15.37        0.00        2.87         2.43           0.34         0.00       2.13         S       gray sand with mud layers
                                                                                                                                                            and wood


                                  2-10      -15.37       -17.22        2.87        4.72         3.14           1.04                    22.49        ms      dark gray sand grading
                                                                                            I                                      I                        downcore into mud
                                  2-10      -17.22       -18.60        4.72        6.10         1.77           0.70         1.34                    S       green gray sand with
                                                                                            I                                                               gravel
                                  2-11      -14.30       -15.00        0.00        0.70         1.14           0.50                                 S       medium to coarse sand

                                  2-11      -10.15       -10.64        0.70        1.19         0.09           1.25         23.62  1                gs      gravelly sand

                                  2-11      -10.64       -12.07        1.19        2.62         1.90           0.87         1.04                    S       fine to medium sand


                                  2-12      -12.80       -13.10        0.00        0.30         0.87           1.04         7.06       2.01         gs      dark green medium to
                                                                                                                                                            coarse sand


                                  2-12      -13.10       -15.15        0.30        2.35         2.53           0.60         1.16       10.14        ms      green-gray muddy sand,
                                                                                                                                                            fining downcore

                                  2-12      -15.15       -16.06        2.35        3.26         2.97           1.16                    40.35        ms      interbedded black sand
                                                                                                                                                            and mud


                                  2-12      -16.06       -18.80        3.26        6.00         2.35           0.48                    3.48         S       dark green-gray fine to
                                                                                                                                                            medium sand


                                  2-13      -10.36       -13.35        0.00        2.99         2.15           0.44                                 S       tan sand with shells, fining
                                                                                                                                                            downcore


                                  2-13      -13.35       -14.81        2.99        4.45         2.36           0.40                    1.33         S       gray sand with mud
                                                                                                                                                            pockets and shells

                                  2-13      -14.8.1      -14.96        4.45        4.60         2.57           0:33         1.30       6.67         S       silty sand

                                  2-13      -14.96    1  -15.36        4.60        5.00     1   2.61           0.30                    5.75         S       green muddy fine sand

                                  2-14      -13.99       -14.42        0.00        0.43         2.42           0.33                    1.40         S       olive-gray sand

                                  2-14      -14.42       -14.48        0.43        0.49         4.32           2.80                1   35.80        ms      gray muddy sand

                                  2-14      -14.48       -14.81        0.49        0.82         2.37           0.49         2.20       2.10         S       gray silty sand
                                                                           0



                                                                           9



                                                                           4
                                                                           0



                                                                           9
                                                                           0



                                                                           8
                                                                           0



                                                                           7



                                                                           2



                                                                           00


                                                                           0
                                                                           71
                                                                           19


























                                                                           5


                                                                           60


                                                                           00
                                                                           .43]
                                                                           49

                                  2-14      -14.81       -15.51        0.82        1.52         137            0.45                    1.00         S       olive-gray silty sand
                                  2-14      -15.51       -20.09        1.52        6.10                  1                                  7_1             not opened

                                                                                                            64








                   Table V1 (cont.).                   Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                      SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                  TEXTURAL PA         RAMETERS
                                                   (METERS)
                      CORE                                                                                                                  CLASS          BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                        NGVD                 DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN        SORTING            %           %         FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                        (PHI)           (PHI)        GRAV MUD                (1954)              COMMENTS

                                UPPER          LOWER         UPPER      LOWER


                      2-15      -12.16         -15.23        0.00         3.07          2.35            0.42                       1.00          S      dark gray silty sand

                      2-15      -15.23         -18.26        3.07         6.10                                                                          not opened

                      2-16      -11.30         -11.95        0.00         0.55          2.36            0.42                       1.00          S      dark gray silty sand

                      2-16 1    -11.85         -14.99    1   0.55         3.69      1   2.29            0.46                  1    1.10          S      dark gray silty sand

                      2-16      -14.99         -15.87        3.69         4.57          2.02            0.61                       2.20          S      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                        shells


                      2-16      -15.87         -17.40        4.57         6.10                    1                                                     not opened
                      2-17      -12.68         -14.02    1   0.00         1.34          2.36            0.34                  1 1.00             S      dark gray silty sand

                      2-17      -14.02         -15.73        1.34         3.05          2.34            0.39                       1.00          S      dark gray silty sand

                      2-17      -15.73         -18.78        3.05         6.10                                                                          not opened

                      2-18      -12.34         -14.08        0.00         1.74          2.19            0.52                                     s      gray silty sand with shells

                      2-18      -14.08         -14.20        1.74         1.86                                                     72.20         M      dark giray sandy mud

                      2-18      -14.20         -14.41        1.86         2.07          1.28            1.05          3.20                       S      dark gray muddy sand
                              I                                                                   I                                                     with shells

                      2-18      -14.41         -15.39        2.07         3.05          2.49            0.29                       4.50          S      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                        shells


                      2-18      -15.39         -18.44        3.05         6.10                                                                          not opened

                      2-19      -12.50         -13.11        0.00         0.61      1   2.13            0.53                  1                  S      olive-gray silty sand

                      2-19      -13.11         -13.38        0.61         0.88          2.38            0.32                       1.75          S      dark gray silty sand

                      2-19      -13.38         -15.55        0.88         3.05          2.16            0.49                                     S      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                        shell frag

                      2-19      -15.55         -18.60        3.05         6.10                                                                          not opened

                      2-20      -14.51         -14.81        0.00         0.30          2.40            0.41                       5.00          S      dark gray muddy sand
                                                                                                                                                        with shell frag
                      2-20      -14.81         -15.49        0.30         0.98          i52             0.39                       5.00          S      dark gray muddy sand
                              I                                                     I                                                                   with shell frag
                      2-20      -15.49         -16.03        0.98         1.52                                                                          not tested; silty sand

                      2-20      -16.03         -20.6.1       1.52         6.10                                                                          not opened

                      2-21      -11.34         -11.61        0.00         0.27                                                                          no sample

                      2-21      -11.61         -14.97        0.27         3.63          2.14            0.52                       2.50          S      gray silty sand with shell
                                          I              I           I              I                                         I                         fragments

                                -14.97         15.18         3.63         3.84          1.05            1.10         3.50                        S      gray medium sand with
                                                                                                                                                        shell fragme
                                                                                                                              @
                                                                                                                                   5-00



                                                                                                                                   00
                                                                                                                                   5
















                                                                                                     65








                                 Table VI (cont.).                  Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                   SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                 TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                                (METERS)
                                    CORE                                                                                                               CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC.
                                                     NGVD               DEPTH IN CORE               MEAN        SORTING           %            %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                    (PHI)           (PHI)       GRAV MUD               (1954)             COMMENTS
                                                UPPERTLowER            UPPER        LOWER

                                    2-21        15.18      -15.70         3.84         4.36         2.36            0.35         1.00        1.10           S      gray silty sand with shell
                                            I                                                                                                        I             fragments
                                    2-21        -15.70     -16.19         4.36         4.85                                                                        fine silty sand; not tested

                                    2-22        -13.99     -14.39         0.00         0.40         2.41            0.40                                    S      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shell fragments

                                    2-22        -14.39       15.45        0.40         1.46         2.41            0.40                     1.00           S      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shell fragments

                                    2-22        -15.45     -20.03         1.46         6.04                                                                        not opened

                                    2-23        -10.42     -10.97         0.00         0.55         2.33            0.32                     1.00           S      dark silty clay sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shells


                                    2-23        -10.97     -11.58         0.55         1.16         2.29            0.44                                    S      dark silty clay sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shells


                                    2-23        -11.58       12.89        1.16         2.47         2.32            0.42                     2.25           S      dark silty clay  sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shells


                                    2-23        -12.89     -12.95         2.47         2.53         5.94            3.69                     65.00          M      dark gray sandy mud

                                    2-23        -12.95     -13.22         2.53         2.80         1.24            0.97         3.10        1.40           S      dark gray sand with shell
                                                                                                I                                        I                         fragments

                                    2-23        -13.22     -14.53         2.80         4.11         2.13            0.42                                    S      gray fine sand

                                    2-23        -14.53     -16.52         4.11         6.10         2.60            0.36                     6.50           S      dark gray silty fine sand
                                                                                                                                                                   with shells

                                    2-24        -12.04     -14.39         0.00         2.35     1   2.39            0.04                                    S      gray silty sand

                                    2-24        -14.39  1  -16.12         2.35         4.08         2.33            0.40                 1 1.30             S      gray fine sand

                                    2-24        -16.12       16.61        4.08         4.57                                                                        not tested; fine sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shells

                                    2-24        -16.61     -18.14         4.57         6.10     1                                                                  not opened

                                    2-25        -11.86       14.82        0.00         2.96         2.05            0.44                                    S      olive-gray fine sand with
                                                                                                                                         I                         shells

                                    2-25        -14.82     -15.46         2.96         3.60         2.69            0.29                     5.30           S      dark gray fine sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shells


                                    2-25        -15.46     -16.07         3.60         4.21                                                                        not tested; no desciption

                                    2-25        -16.07     -17.59         4.21         5.73                                                                        not opened

                                    2-26        -10.58     -11.54         0.00         0.96         2.18            0.46                                    S      gray silty sand

                                    2-26        -11.54     -12.23         0.96         1.65         1.97            0.57                     1.00           S      light olive-gray sand

                                    2-26        -12-23     -12.44         1.65         1.86         1.42            0.82         2.50                       S      light olive-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                                   shells
                                                                                         -96
                                                                                       169
                                                                                           5


                                                                                       186




                                                                                                                 66








                  Table V1 (cont.).                  Textural d             and visual descniptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                 (METERS)
                     CORE                                                                                                              CLASS          BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                       NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN         SORTING           %           %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                     (PHI)           (PHI)      GRAV MUD                (1954)            COMMENTS
                              [UPPER       LOWER        UPPER        LOWER

                     .2-26      -12.44       -13.54        1.86         2.96         2.20            0.45                    1.30          S       gray fine sand

                     2-26       -13.54       -15.24        2.96         4.66         2.30            0.43                    1.10          S       dark gray fine sand

                     2-26       -15.24       -16.74        4.66         6.16                                                                       silty fine sand; not tested

                     2-27       -13.50       -14.76        0.00         1.26         2.27            0.46                    1.40          S       dark gray sand with shells,
                                                                                                                                                   coarsening downcore

                     2-27       [email protected]      -15.02        1.26         1.52                                                                       dark olive-gray mud; 2 cm
                                                                                                                                                   spot samples tested

                     2-27       -14.76       -14.78        1.26         1.28                                                 41.89         ms      spot sample- 2 cm; 58.1%
                                                                                                                                                   sand, 20.0% silt, 26.5%
                                                                                                                                                   clay

                     2-27       -14.98       -15.00        1.48         1.50                                                 46.42         ms      spot sample- 2 cm; 53.6%
                                                                                                                                                   sand, 20.0% silt, 26.5%
                                                                                                                                                   clay

                     2-27       -15.02       -17.30        1.52         3.80                                                                       dark gray sandy mud with
                                                                                                                                                   shell layer, no channel
                                                                                                                                                   sample taken

                     2-27       -15.12       -15.14        1.62         1.64                                                 7.05          S       spot sample- 2 cm: 92.9%
                                                                                                                                                   sand, 3.8% silt, 3.4% clay


                     2-27       -15.40       -15.42        1.90         1.92                                                 1.04          S       spot sample- 2 cm; 99.0 %
                                                                                                                                                   sand, 0.1 % silt 0.9 %
                                                                                                                                                   clay

                     2-27       -16.20       -16.30        2.7          2.8                                                  5.82          S       spot sample- 10 cm; 94.2
                                                                                                                                                   % sand, 3.8 % silt, 2.0 %
                                                                                                                                                   clay

                     2-27       -17.30       -19.23        3.80         5.73                                                                       gray fine sand with
                                                                                                                                                   occasional mud and
                                                                                                                                                   gravel; no channel sample

                     2-28       -13.50       -15.73        0.00         2.23         1.87            0.52                    1.00          S       olive-gray sand with shells

                     2-28       -15.73       -17.25        2.23         3.75     1   2.08            0.45                    1.05          S       gray silty sand

                     2-29       -10.82       -11.89        0.00         1.07         1.66            0.36                                  S       light gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                   abundant shells


                     2-29       -11.89       -12.83        1.07         2.01         0.63            1.13        11.00                     gs      gray medium sand with
                                                                                                                                                   shells


                     2-29       -12.83       -13.41        2.01         2.59         0.69            1.15        12.00                     gs      gray medium sand with
                                                                                 I                                                                 shells

                     2-30       -10.82       -11.37        0.00         0.55         2.40            0.31                                  S       olive-gray fine sand with
                                                                                                                                                   shells


                                -11.37       -14.32        0.55         3.50         2.45            0.37                                  s       olive-gray silty sand


                                                                                                  67








                                  Table V1 (cont.).                  Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                    SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                 TE,=RAL PARAMETERS
                                                                (METERS)
                                     COR                                                                                                                  CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                       NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN          SORTING            %           %        FOLK          DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                      (PHI)           (PHI)       GRAV MUD                (1954)             COMMENTS

                                                UPPER         LOWER     UPPER        LOWER


                                     2-30       -14.32        -14.63       3.50         3.81                                                                          no sample

                                     2-31       -10.73        -11.74       0.00         1.01          1.95            0.32                                      S     olive-gray sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                                      fragments

                                     2-31       -11.74        -13.41       1.01         2.68          1.79            0.39                                      S     olive-gray sand with shell
                                                                                                  I                                         I                        Ifragments

                                     2-31       -13.41        -13.90       2.68         3.17          1.16            0.83         8.90        1.10             gs    olive-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                                      gravel and shells

                                     2-32       -13.90        -15.01       0.00         1.11          2.46            0.34                     1.50             S     dark gray fine sand with
                                                                                                                                                                      shell fragments

                                     2-32       -15.01        -15.42       1.11         1.52          2.57            0.34                     3.40             S     dark gray fine sand with
                                                                                                                                                                      shell fragments

                                     2-32       -15.42        -20.00       1.52         6.10                                                                          not opened

                                     2-33       -8.69         -8.93        0.00         0.24          1.78            0.46                                      S     olive-gray sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                                      fragments

                                     2-33       -8.93         -9.36        0.24         0.67          1.69            0.46                                      S     olive-gray sand with shell
                                                         I                                        I                                         I                        Ifragments

                                     2-33       -9.36         -10.31       0.67         1.62          1.63            0.42                                      S     olive-gray sand

                                     2-33       -10.31        -10.64       1.62         1.95          0.98            0.75         4.80                         S     gray sand with large shell
                                                                                                                                                                      fragments

                                     2-33       -10.64   1    -11.92       1.95         3.23          1.88            0.39                                      S     olive-gray sand

                                     2-34       -10.85        -11.73       0.00         0.88          1.35            0.33                                      S     olive-gray sand with some
                                                                                                                                                                      shell


                                     2-34       -11.73        -13.59       0.88         2.74          0.66            0.89         &00                          gs    olive-gray coarse sand
                                                                                                                                                                     IWith gravel and shells

                                     2-35       -10.03        -10.82       0.00         0.79          1.81            0.43                                      S     gray sand with shells

                                     2-35       -10.82        -12.19       0-79         2.16          1.31            0.37                                      S     olive-gray sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                                      fragments

                                     2-35       -12.19        -12.74       2.16         2.71          1.74            0.56                                      S     gray sand with some shell
                                                                                                                                                                      fragments.

                                     2-35       - 12.74       -13.14       2.71         3.11                                                                          no sample

                                     2-36       -10.73        -12.31       0.00         1.58          2.07            0.45                                      S     gray silty sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                                      fragments

                                     2-3        -12.31        -13.93       1.58         3.20          1.82            0.52                     1.35             S     olive-gray sand wi
                                                                                                                                                                      shell fragments

                                     2-37       1-13.69       -13.78       0.00         0.09          1.02            0.68         6.50                         gs    sand with shell fragments




                                                                                                                   68








                   Table VI (cont.).                  Textural data and visual descniptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                 TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                  (METERS)
                      CORE                                                                                                                CLASS          BRIEF LfTHOLOGIC
                                        NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE MEAN                       SORTING             %          %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                       (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD                (1954)              COMMENTS
                                UPPER        LOWER       UPPER         LOWER       I                                                     1           1

                      2-37      -13.78       -14.51         0.09         0.82          0.85           0.95          8.00                      gs      dark gray sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                      fragments

                      2-37      -14.51       -14.91         0-82         1.22          1.70           1.07          6.00        1.30          gs      dark gray sand with shell
                                                                                                                                                      and gravel

                      2-37      -14,91       -15.43         1.22         1.74          2.71           0.37                      8.00          S       dark gray silty fine sand
                                                                                                                                                      with shell fragments

                      2-37      -15.  43     -18.48     1   1.74         4.79                                                                         not opened

                      2-38      -10.57       -13.22         0.00         2.65          L94            0.33                                    S       brown-gray sand

                      2-38      -13.22       -13.34         2.65         2.77          1.66      1    OA5                       1.40          s       olive-gray sand
                      2-39      -11.73       -12.07         0-00         0-34          1.99           0.45                                    S       olive-gray sand

                      2-39      -12.07       -16.30     1   0.34         4.57          1.92           0.49                                    S       olive-gray sand

                      2-39      -16.30       -17.83         4.57         6.10                                                                         not opened

                      2-40      -10.24       -11.76         0.00         1.52          2.35           0.43                                    S       dark gray sand

                      2-40      -11.76       -13.84         1.52         3.60      1   2.39           0.42                  1   1.00          S       dark gray sand
                      2-40      -13.84       -13.93     1   3.60         3.69          2.33           0.79          1.50        4.50          S       dark gray silty sand

                      2-40      -13.93       -15.70         3.69         5.46          2.66           0.38                      6.50          S       dark gray fine silty sand
                                                        I                                                                                             with trace shell
                      2-40   1  -15.70       -16.34         5.46         6.10                                                                         firte silty sand; not tested

                      2-41      -12.16       -12.37         0.00         0.21          1.75           0.48                                    s       olive-gray sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                      shell

                      2-41      -12-37       -14.63     1   0.21         2.47          1.85      1    0.45                                    S       brown-gray sand

                      2-41      -14.63       -15.24         2.47         3.08          1.41           0.95          3.50                      S       brown-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                      Uwe shell


                      2-41      -15.24       -18.26         3.08         6.10                                                                         not opened

                      2-42      -12.56       -13.35     1   0.00         0.79      1   2.32           0.50                      4.50     1    S       dark gray silty sand

                      2-42      -13.35       -14.66         0.79         2.10          2.35           0.46                      5.00          S       dark gray silty sand

                      2-42      -14.66       -15.61         2.10         3.05          2.17           0.55          6.00        8.00          8S      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                      gravel

                      2-42      -15.61       -18.66         3.05         6.10      1                                        1                         not opened

                      2-43      -11.31       -13.66         0.00         2.35          2A6            0.35                      2.20          S       dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                     I trace shells

                      2-43      -13.66       -15-42         2.35         4.11          2.65           0.42                      8.50          s       dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                      shells






                                                                                                    69








                                Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                    SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                            TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                              (METERS)
                                   CORE                                                                                                           CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC:
                                                    NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN        SORTING           %          %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                 (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD              (1954)             COMMENTS

                                             UPPER       LOWER       UPPER        LOWER


                                   2-43      -15.42       -15.U         4.11        4.57                                                                      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                              shells; not tested

                                   243       -15.88       -17.41        4.57        6.10                                                                      not opened

                                   2-44      -12.92       -15.92        0.00        2.90         2.31           0.41                    1.50          s       dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                              trace shells

                                   2-44      -15.82       -15.97        2.90        3.05     1                                                                dark gray clay; not tested

                                   2-44      -15.97       -19.02        3.05        6.10                                                                      not opened

                                    3-6      -9.75        -13.99        0.00        4.24         0.71           0.84         4.64                     S       reddish-yellow medium to
                                                                                                                                     I                        coarse sand with gravel
                                    3-6      -13."        -16.43        4.24        6.68         0.93           0.96         1.98                     S       mottled reddish-yellow,
                                                                                                                                                              medium to coarse sand
                                                                                                                                                              with shell fragments

                                    3-7      -9.14        -10.24        0.00        1.10                                                                      no sample

                                    3-7      -10.24       -10.64        1.10        1.50         0.15           1.29         17.13                    gs      light brown to gray
                                                                                                                                                              medium to coarse gravelly
                                                                                                                                                            I sand
                                    3-7      -10.64       -10.94        1.50        1.80         0.84           0.78         1.82                     S       light brown to gray
                                                                                                                                                              medium to coarse sand


                                    3-7      -10.94       -11.34        1.80        2.20         0.84           0.82         2.79                     S       light brown to gray
                                                                                                                                                              medium to coarse sand


                                    3-7      -11.34       -11.74        2.20        2.60         0.83           0.88         4.77                     S       light brown to gray
                                                                                                                                                              medium to coarse sand


                                    3-7      -11.74       -14.81        2.60        5.67                                                                      see core 3-41


                                    3-9      -10.67       -14.14        0.00        3.47         0.73           0.79         5.21                     gs      tan medium to coarse sand
                                                                                                                                                              with gravel and some mud

                                   3-10      -12.50       -16.22        0.00        3.72         1.47           0.88         1.86       1.08          S       tan to gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                              gravel and mud pockets

                                   3-10      -16.22       -16.37        3.72        3.87         0.48           2.03         5.73       5.16          gs      medium sand with gravel
                                                                                                                                                              and mud layers

                                   3-10      -16.37       -16.77        3.87        4.27         2.15           0.51         1.35       3.36          S       interbedded tan silty sand
                                                                                                                                     I                        and mud

                                   3-12      -12.50       -12.99        0.00        0.49         1.82           0.74                    2.35          S       mottled tan sand with
                                                                                                                                                              Mud, shells


                                   3-12      -12.99       -13.19        0.49        0.69         1.73           0.61                                  S       tan to brown sand

                                   3-12      -13.19       -13.55        0.69        1.05         1.70           0.84         1.97                     S       tan to dark gray medium
                                                                                                                                                              sand with shell fragments





                                                                                                              70








                 Table VI (cont.).                Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                           TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                    CORE                      (METERS)                                                              -            CLASS        BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                     NGVD             DEPTH IN CORE MEAN                    SORTING           %          %       FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                 (PHI)         (PHI)        GRAV MUD             (1954)            COMMENTS

                                UPPER     LOWER      UPPER        LOWER


                    3-12        -13.55    -14.56       1.05         2.06         2.43          1.04         1.36       13.29        ms      interbedded dark gray sand
                                                                                                                                            and silty clay with shell
                                                                                                                                            and gravel

                    3-12        -14.56    -15.75       2.06         3.25         3.01          0.79                    8.03         S       mottled gray fine sand
                                                                                                                                            with clay pockets; "C
                                                                                                                                            date- 32,240 ï¿½1520 yrs
                                                                                                                                            B.P.


                    3-12        -15.75    -17.47       3.25         4.97                                                                    dark gray mud and sand
                                                                                                                                            layers; not tested

                    3-12                  -18.17       4.97         5.67         -0.30         1.62         40.70                   sG      gray sandy gravel

                    3-13        -9.97     -10.31    1  0.00                      0.56          0.89         5.00                    gs      brown sand with gravel
                    3-13        -10.31    -11.22    1  0.34                      0.60          0.89         4.50                    S       brown sand with gravel

                    3-13        -11.22    -12.44       1.25         2.47         0.68          0.91         4.80                    S       gray brown sand with
                            I                                               I                                                               trace shell fragments

                    3-13        12.44     -13.90       2.47         3.93         0.75          O@93         4.8                     s       brown sand with trace
                            I                                                                                                               shell
                    3-13        -12.44    -14.76       2.47         4.79         0.83          0.91         4.00                    S       gray brown sand with
                                                                                                                                            trace shell fragments

                    3-13        -14.76    -15.73       4.79         5.76         0.97          0.96         2.70       1.30         S       gray brown sand with silt
                                                                                                                    I                       and shell fragments

                    3-14        -12.92    -14.14       0.00         1.22         1.45          0.71         1.20                    S       gray brown sand with
                            I                                                                                       I                       some gravel
                    3-14        -14.14    -14.35       1.22         1.43         1.03          0-79         3.50                    S       brown sand with shell
                                       I                                                                                                  I fragments

                    3-14        -14.35    -14.47       1.43         1.55         1.42          0.73         1.10       1.00         S       gray brown sand with
                                                                                                                                            trace shell fragments

                    3-14        -14.47    -15.24       1.55         2.32         1.47          0.75         2.00       1.20         S       gray brown sand   with
                                                                                                                                            trace shell fragments

                    3-14        -15.24    -15.97       2.32         3.05                                                                    sand with silty clay layer,
                                                                                                                                            not tested


                    3-14        -15.97    -19.02       3.05                                                                                 notopened

                    3-15        -9.17     -12.83       0.00                      1.16          0.80         4.50                    s       olive-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                            gravel

                    3-15        -12.83    -13.68       3.66         4.51         1.40          0.81         6.00    1  1.00         gs      olive silty sand

                    3-16        -10.67    -12.74       0.00         2.07         0.55          0.88         10.00                   gs      olive silty sand with
                                                                                                                                            gravel

                    3-16        -12.74    -14.02       2.07         3.35         0.86          0.83         4.00       1.70         S       olive silty sand with trace
                                                    1                                    1                                                  shell
                            @
                                157



                                1747


                                                                    0.34


                                                                    1.25



                            I J447
                                15_ 24



                                .1 5. 97                            6.10


                                                                    3.66















                                                                                             71








                                  Table V1 (cont.).                   Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                       SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                                 (METERS)
                                     CORE                                                                                                                  CLASS          BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                       NGVD                DEPTH IN CORE               MEAN        SORTING             %           %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                       (PHI)          (PHI)          GRAV MUD               (1954)              COMMENTS

                                                UPPER        LOWER         UPPER      LOWER


                                     3-17       -9.60        -9.84         0.00          0.24          1.58           0.65           1.00       1.00           S       olive silty sand

                                     3-17       -9.84        -12.37        0.24          2.77          1.35           0.82           4.00                      S       olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                       of shell


                                     3-17       -12.37       -12.71        2.77          3.11          1.00           0.95           7.00                      gs      olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                             I                        Igravel and shell

                                     3-17       -12.71       -12.95        3.11          3.35          1.04           0.90           4.00       1.00           S       olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                       gravel and shell

                                     3-18       -13.35       -14.51        0.00          1.16          1.48           0.77           1.50       1.10           S       olive-gray silty sand

                                     3-18       -14.51       -15.39        1.16          2.04          1.49           0.84           3.50       1.05           S       olive-gray silty sand

                                     3-18       -15.39       -16.70        2.04          3.35                                                                          medium sand; not tested

                                     3-18       -16.70       -19.45        3.35          6.10                                                1                         not opened
                                     3-19       -12.34       -12.89        0.00          0.55     1    1.55           0.69           1.00       1.15           S       olive-gray silty sand

                                     3-19       -12.89       -13.86        0.55          1.52          1.48           0.75           2.00       2.00           S       olive-gray sand with trace
                                                                        I                                                                                              gravel and shells
                                     3-19       -13.86       -18.44     1  1.52          6.10                                                                          not opened
                                     3-20       -12.98       -13.44        0.00          0.46     1    1.43           0.70           1.80       1.75           S       olive silty sand

                                     3-20       -13.44       -15.21        0.46          2.23          1.31           0.82           1.80                      S       olive sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                     I shells
                                     3-20       -15.21       -16.03        2.23          3.05          1.77     1     0.57                      1.10           S       olive silty sand

                                     3-20       -16.03       -19.08        3.05          6.10                                                                          not opened

                                     3-21       -11.28       -15.49        0.00          4.21          1.08           0.60           3.00                      S       olive sand with trace of
                                                                                                                                                                       shells


                                     3-21       -15.49       -15.85        4.21          4.57                   1                                                      medium sand; not tested

                                     3-22       -11.58       -13.41        0.00          1.83          1.01           0.60           8.00                      gs      olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                       shells


                                     3-22       -13.41       -13.87        1.83          2.29          0.94           0.64           9.00                      gs      olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                       shells


                                     3-22       -13.87       -14.05        2.29          2.47          0.99           0.67           8.50                      gs      olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                       of shells


                                     3-22       -14.05       -14.23        2.47          2.65          0.87           0.89           11.00      1.00           gs      olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                       of gravel and shells

                                     3-22       -14.23       -15.54        2.65          3.96          0.87           0.90           11.00      1.00           gs      olive-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                                       gravel
                                   LH           -12.86       -14.38                      1.52                                                                          no sample


                                                                                                                    72








                  Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                    SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                               TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                (METERS)
                    CORE                                                                                                              CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                     NGVD                DEPTH IN CORE MEAN                     SORTING            %          %        FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                    (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD              (1954)             COMMENTS
                                           LOWER         UPPER      LOWER       I                                                   1           1

                    3-23       -14.38      -15.91        1.52         3.05          0.33           1.35         17.50                    gs       olive-silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                        I                         shell
                    3-23       -15.91      -18.96        3.05         6.10                                                                        not opened

                    3-24       -13.40      -15.69        0.00         2.29          1.22           0.93         2.00        1.00         s        olive-gray silty sand with
                                                      I                                                                                           trace shell

                    3-24       -15.70      -16.46        2.29         3.05                                                                        olive-giray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                  shell and mud


                    3-24       -16.46      -19.51        3.05         6.10                                                                        not opened

                    3-25       -13.69      -14.64        0.00         0.95          0.98           0.89         3.00                     S        olive silty sand with trace
                                                      I                                                                                           shell

                    3-25       -14.64      -15.24        0.95         1.55          0.94           0.78         2.00                     S        olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                  shell


                    3-25       -15.24      -19.79        1.55         6.10                                                                        not opened

                    3-26       -13.56      -17-52        0.00         3.96          1.22           0.85         5.00        1.40         gs       light brown medium sand

                    3-26       -17.52      -18.13        3.96         4.57                                                                        medium sand; not tested

                    3-26                   -19-66        4.57         6.10                                                                        not opened

                    3-27                   -12.34        0.00         0.67          0.60           1.40         16.00   1                gs       olive gravelly sand

                    3-27       -12.34      -13.38        0.67         1.71          1.65           0.55         1.01                     S        olive-gray silty sand

                    3-27       -13.38      -14.81        1.71         3.14          1.58           0,62         1.10        1.00         S        olive-gray silty sand

                    3-27       -14.81      -15-24        3.14         3.57          1.43           0.90         5.00        5.00         gs       olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                  gravel and shells

                    3-27       -15-24      -15-63        3.57         3.96                                                                        medium sand with shell
                                                      I                                                                                           and cobbles

                    3-28       -13.94      -1439         0.00         0,55          1.28           0.83         2.50        1.10         S        olive-brown sand with
                                                      I                                                                             I             trace shells
                    3-28       -14.39      -15.36        0.55         1.52          1.62           0.70         2.00        1.10         S        dark gray-brown sand with
                                                                                                                                                  trace shells


                    3-28       -15-36      -19.94        1.52         6.10                                                                        not opened

                    3-29       -IL00       -12.77        0.00         1.77          1.18           0.82         7.00                     gs       olive silty sand with trace
                                                      I                                                                                           gravel

                    3-29       -12.77      -13.65        1.77         2.65          1.57           0.63         1.90                     S        olive silty sand

                    3-29       -13.65      -14.90        2.65         3.90      1   1.56           0.62                                           olive silty sand

                    3-29       -14.90      -15.18        3.90         4.18          1.41           0.87         2.00        1.40         S        olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                I shells
                  @3-3,@-13, 6             -15.58        0.00         1.92          1.67           0.65                                           olive-gray sand
                              J1356
                                   17'2


                                   18-13


                               _I  1.67


                               _12 34








































                                                                                                73








                                  Table V1 (cont.).                  Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                 TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                                 (METERS)
                                     CORE                                                                                                                 CLASS         BRIEF LITHOL.OGIC
                                                       NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE               MEAN         SORTING            %           %         FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                      (PHI)           (PHI)         GRAV MUD              (1954)              COMMENTS

                                               UPPER         LOWER       UPPER        LOWER


                                     3-30      -15.58        -16.71        1.92            3.05                                                                       medium sand with organic
                                                                                                                                                                      silt tenses; not tested

                                     3-30      -16.71        -19.76        3.05            6.10                                                                       not opened

                                     3-31 1    -11.09        -11.73    1   0.00            0.64       0.65      1     1.30          15.00                       gs    olive-gray gravelly sand

                                     3-31      -11.73        -13.22        0.64            2.13       1.13            0.86          5.50                        gs    olive sand with trace shell

                                     3-31      -13.22        -15.05        2.13            3.96       1.52            0.73          1.60       1.00             S     olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                      shells


                                     3-31      -15.05        -16.58        3.96            5.49       1.62            0.69          1.00       1.00             S     olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                                      trace shell


                                     3-31      -16.58        -17.19        5.49            6.10                                                                       silty sand; not tested

                                     3-32      -13.44        -14.72        0.00            1.28       1.88            0.84          3.00       1.00             S     olive-gray to medium fine
                                                                                                                                                                      sand with trace shell


                                     3-32      -14.72        -15.39        1.28            1.95       1.96            0.61          2.60       1.50             S     olive-gray fine sand

                                     3-32      -15.39        -16.49        1.95            3.05                                                                       fine sand; not tested

                                     3-32      -16.49        -19.5.4       3.05            6.10                                                                       not opened

                                     3-33      -13.41        -14.69        0.00            1.28       1.51            0.67                                      S     olive-brown medium sand


                                     3-33      -14.69        -15.70        1.28            2.29       1.61            0.65          1.00                        S     olive-gray sand

                                     3-33      -15.70        -16.46        2.29            3.05                                                                       olive-gray sand

                                     3-33      -16.46        -19.51        3.05            6.10                                                                       not opened

                                     3-34      -13.23        -13.53        0.00            0.30       0.65            1.45          15.90      1.00             gs    dark gray-brown gravelly
                                             I                                                                                              I                         sand with shell fragments

                                     3-34      -13.53        -13.99        0.30            0.76       1.04            0.96          6.00                        gs    dark gray-brown sand with
                                                                                                                                                                      shell fragments

                                     3-34      -13.99        -15.58        0.76                       2.12            0.44                     2.30             S     olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                      shell fragments

                                     3-34      -15.58        -16.28        2.35            3.05                                                                       olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                      shell fragments ; not tested

                                     3-34      -16.28        -19.33        3.05            6.10                                                                       not opened

                                     3-35      -13.53        -14.08        0.00            0.55       1.16            0.84          4.50                        S     olive silty sand

                                     3-35      -14.08        -14.63        0.55            1,10       1.51            0.83          3.00                        S     olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                    I             I             I                           I           I           I Uwe shells

                                               -14.63          15.39       1.10            1.86       1.94            0.51                     1.10             S     olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                                      trace shells
                                                                                    @
                                                                                           '05



                                                                                           -10
                                                                                           0_64
                                                                                           1
                                                                                           23


                                                                                           3.96






































                                                                                           .7
                                                                                    :@     61
                                                                                           235


















                                                                                                                    74








                  Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.



                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                             TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                               (METERS)
                     CORE                                                                                                          CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                     NGVD                DEPTH IN CORE           MEAN         SORTING.           %          %       FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                  (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD              (1954)            COMMENTS

                               UPPER LOWER UPPER LOWER


                     3-35      -15.39      -16.58        1.86        3.05                                                                      medium fine sand; not
                                                                                                                                               tested


                     3-35      -16.58      -19.63        3.05        6.10                                                                      not opened

                     3-36      -13.53      -14.44        0.00        0.91         1.18           0.96         5.40                     gs      olive silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                               shell


                     3-36      -14.44      -15.05        0.91        1.52         1.95           0.61         1.40       2.30          S       olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                               trace shell


                     3-36      -15.05      -16.58        1.52        3.05         2.21           0.66         4.25       6.50          S       dark gray muddy sand

                     3-36      -16.68      -19.63        3.15        6.10                                                                      not opened

                     3-37      -1144       -13.96        0.00        1.52                                                                      no recovery

                     3-37      -13.96      -15.49        1.52        3.05         1.51           0.68                                  S       olive silty sand

                     3-37      -15.49      -18.54        3.05        6.10                                                                      not opened

                     3-38      -13.20      -13.81        0.00        0.61         1.54           0.68         2.00                     S       olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                               trace shells


                     3-38      -13.91      45.43         0.61        2.23         1.72           0.60         2.30                     S       olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                               trace shells


                     3-38      -15.43      -16.25        2.23        3.05                                                                      medium sand; not tested

                     3-38      -16.25      -19-30        3.05        6.10                                                                      not opened

                     3-39      -13.50      -15.27        0.00        1.77         1.97           1.04         5.50       6.80          gs      dark gray muddy sand
                                                                                                                      I                        with trace gravel

                     3-39      -15.27      -15.82        1.77        2.32         3.92           2.46                    66.00         M       dark gray muddy fine sand

                     3-39      -15.82      -18.86        2.32        5.36                                                                      not opened

                     3-40      -13.35      -15.18        0.00        1.83         1.90           0.61         2.50       5.80          S       olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                               trace shell


                     3-40      -15.18      -15.88        1.83        2.53         1.23           1.37         12.00      3.00          gs      olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                               gravel

                     3-40      -15.88      -18.93        2.53        5.58                                                                      not opened

                     3-41      -9.94       -11.34        0.00        1.40         0.55           0.85         9.10                     gs      olive-brown sand with
                                                                                                                                               trace shells


                     3-41      -11.34      -13.45        1.40        3.51         0.81           0.83         7.00                     gS      olive-brown sand with
                                                                                                                      L                        trace shells
                     4-1       -8.99       -13.10        0.00        4.11         2.12           0.45                                  S       mottled tan to gray sand
                                                                                                                                               with clay layers

                     4-1       -13.10      -13.68        4.11        4.69         2.38           0.46                    2.86          S       dark gray to green sand
                                                                                                                                               with clay pockets



                                                                                               75








                                Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of v,bracore sediment samples.


                                                  SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                              TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                              (METERS)
                                  CORE                                                                                                            CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                    NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN        SORTING           %          %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                 (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD              (1954)            COMMENTS
                                            UPPER          LOWER     UPPER       LOWER I                                                        1           1

                                    4-1     -13.68         -13.93      4.69         4.94         0.15           2.00         30.43      2.87          SG     gravelly fine sand

                                    4-1     -13.93         -14.87      4.94         5.88         2.33           0.48                    3.58          S      dark gray to green sand
                                                                                                                                                             with clay pockets

                                    4-2   1 -12.80         -13.94  1   0.00         1.14         2.40           0.54                 1                S      gray to black sand

                                    4-2     -13.94         -14.63      1.14         1.83         2.07           1.72         10.52      14.89         gs     silty medium sand with
                                                                                                                                                             gravel

                                    4-2     -14.63         -14.99      1.83         2.19         3.03           1.51         3.54       46.08         ms     dark gray muddy sand

                                    4-2     -14.99         -15.22      2.19         2.42    1    1.97           1.70         9.66       15.67         gmS    gray silty sand with gravel

                                    4-2     -15.22         -16.00      2.42         3.20         2.29           0.84                    8.68          S      white to tan fine sand with
                                                                                                                                     I                       clay layers

                                    4-2     -16.00         -16.41      3.20         3.61         1.89           1.46         1.18       14.32         ms     interbedded sand and thin
                                                                                                                                                             clay layers

                                    4-2     -16.41         -17.10      3.61         4.3,0        2.75           0.85                    14.64         ms     dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                             clay pockets

                                    4-2     -17.10         -18.59      4.30         5.79         3.01           1.34         1.20       48.20         ms     abrupt change to dark gray
                                                                                                                                                             muddy sand with clay.

                                    4-2     -18.59         -18.86      5.79         6.06         2.47           0.63                    4.20          S      dark brown fine sand


                                    4-3     -10.18         -12.80      0.00         2.62         1.69           0.50                                  S      tan fine to medium sand
                                                                                                                                                             with heavy minerals

                                    4-3     -12.80         -13.47      2.62         3.29         0.79           0.55         4.16       2.59          S      dark gray to tan sand with
                                                                                                                                                             mud increasing with depth

                                    4-3     -13.47         -16.15      3.29         5.97                                                                     dark gray sandy mud
                                                                                                                                                             interbedded with muddy
                                                                                                                                                             sand; no channel sample

                                    4-3     -13.71         -13.72      3.53         3.54                                                72.76         M      spot sample I cm; 27.7%
                                                                                                                                                             sand, 44.6% silt, 27.7%
                                                                                                                                                             clay

                                    4-3     -13.98         -13.99      3.8          3.81                                                31.44         ms     spot sample I cm; 68.6%
                                                                                                                                                             sand, 18.8% sih, 12.6%
                                                                                                                                                             clay

                                    4-3     -14.69         -14.70      4.51         4.52                                                22.23         ms     spot sample I cm; 77.8%
                                                                                                                                                             sand, 11.9% silt, 10.4%
                                                                                                                                                             clay

                                    4-3     -14.96         -15.00      4.78         4.82                                                14.62         ms     spot sample 4 cm; 85.4%
                                                                                                                                                             sand, 6.7% sl      . % clay

                                    4-3     -15.68         -15.69      5.5          5.51                                                8.93          S      spot sample I cm., 91.10M
                                                                                                                                                             sand, 5.0% silt, 3.9% clay




                                                                                                             76








                    Table VI (cont.).                    Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                         SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                  TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                    (METERS)
                       CORE                                                                                                                     CLASS          BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                         NGVD                DEPTH IN CORE                 MEAN        SORTING              %           %        FOLK          DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                           (PHI)           (PHI)         GRAV MUD                (1954)             COMMENTS

                                  UPPER         LOWER       UPPER         LOWER


                        4-3       -15.93        -15.94         5.75         5.76                                                     14.96          ms       spot sample 1 cm; 85.0%
                                                                                                                                                             sand, 8.41/o silt, 6.6% clay

                        4-4       -9.14         -9.44          0.00         0.30           2.24            1.24          4.06        9.45           ms       dark gray fine sand with
                                                                                                                                                             organic mud layers

                        4-4       -9.44         -9.64          0.30         0.50           2.97            1.86          9.06        59.11          gM       interbedded sand and mud

                        4-4       -9.64         -14.79         0.50         5.65                                                                             dark gray silty clay with
                                                           I                                                                                                 shell and gravel; not tested

                        4-5       -9.14         -9.61          0.00         0.47           1.37            108           22.48       9.85           mgS      dark gray to black muddy
                               I                           I                                        I                             I                          sand with gravel
                        4-5       -9.61         -10.79         0.47         1.65           2.43            1.29          3.65        15.20          ms       gray to gray-green fine
                                                           I                                                                                                 sand with clay pockets
                        4-5       -10.79        -11.33         1.65         2.19           2.96            1.61          3.94        53.11          M        interbedded gray sand and
                                                                                                                                                             dark gray mud

                        4-5       -11.33        -12.61         2.19         3.47           1.43            1.17          1.95        2.31           S        light gray sand with finer
                                                                                                                                                             sand layers

                        4-5       -12.61        -12.99         3.47         3.85           2.54            1.32                      34.90          ms       interbedded sand and
                                                           I                          I                                                                      organic clay

                        4-6       -9.14         -10.15         0.00         1.01           2.19            0.36                                     S        tan to brown fine sand

                        4-6       -10.15        -11.73         1.01         2.59           2.86            0.44                      12.56          ms       gray fine sand with silty
                                                                                                                                                             clay increasing with depth

                        4-6       -11.73        -14.60         2.59         5.46                                                                             interbedded gray silty clay,
                                                                                                                                                             sand and dark clay; not
                                                                                                                                                             tested


                        4-7       -8.'84        -12.41         0.00         3.57           1.79            1.29          5.77        2.70           gs       yellow to tan sand with
                                                                                                                                                             silt layers

                        4-7       -12.41        -14.04         3.57         5.20                                                                             interbedded brown mud
                                                                                                                                                             and tan sand; not tested

                        4-8       -9.14         -9.44      1   0.00         0.30           1.76            0.86          2.40                       S        tan sand with some gravel
                        4-8       -9.44         -11.06         0.30         1.92      1    2.22            '0.56                                    S        light brown to gray sand

                        4-8       -11.06        -11.78         1.92         2.64           0.91            1.42          10.59       1.24           gs       sand with gravel

                        4-8       -11.78        -13.87         2.64         4.73           2.48            0.79                      6.94           S        tan sand with some silty
                                                           I                                                                      I                          clay layers

                       4-10       -9.33         -11.59         0.00         2.26      1    2.21            0.39                                     S        gray-brown silty sand

                       4-10       -11.59        -12.71         2.26         3.38           2.24            0.39                      1.10           S        gray-brown silty sand

                       4-10       -12.71        -15.43         3.38         6.10           2.32            0.41                      230            S        gray to brown silty sand

                       4-11       -9.57     1   -10.36     1   0.00    1    0.79                           0.46                                              gray-brown silty sand


                                                                                                        77








                                  Table VI (cont.).                  Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                       SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                              TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                                 (METERS)
                                     CORE                                                                                                                CLASS          BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                       NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE                MEAN        SORTING            %          %         FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                      (PHI)          (PHI)         GRAV MUD               (1954)             COMMENTS
                                              FUPPER       LOWER UPPER                LOWER

                                     4-11       -10.36        -12.44       0.79         2.87          2.06           0.38                                    S       gray    silty sand

                                     4-11       -12.44        -13.84       2.87         4.27          1.95           0.50          1.20                      S       gray    silty sand

                                     4-11       -13.84        -15.03       4.27         5.46          1.65           0.61                      1.30          S       gray    silty sand

                                     4-11       -15.03        -15.67       5.46         6.10          2.90           1.08                      16.00         ms      dark gray muddy sand

                                     4-12       -9.17         -10.79       0.00                       1.77           0.46          1.00                      S       gay brown silty sand

                                     4-12       -10.79        -12.95       1.62                       2.24           0.31                      1.40          S       gray silty sand

                                     4-12       -12.95        -13.44       3.78         4.27          2.57           0.49                      6.00          S       dark gray silty sand

                                     4-12       -13.44        -14.44       4.27         5.27      1   2.15           0.47                  1   2.20          S       light gray silty sand

                                     4-12       -14.44        -14.90       5.27         5.73          1.11           1.36          5.00        7.00          gs      gray silty sand

                                     4-12       -14.90        -15.27       5.73         6.10          2.43           0.38                      4.00          S       dark gray silty sand

                                     4-13       -9.33         -11.43       0.00         2.10          1.85           0.43                                    S       gray-brown sand with
                                                                                                  I                                        I                         trace shell

                                     4-13       -11.43        -11.80       2.10         2.47          1.58           0.68          3.00        1.00          S       gray-brown sand with
                                                                                                  I                                                                 Itrace shell
                                     4-13       -11.80        @12.38       2.47         3.05          2.22           0.43                      2.50          S       gray silty sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                     shell


                                     4-13       -12.38        -12.56       3.05         3.23          2.05           0.90          4.50        9.00          ms      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                           I                         shell and gravel
                                     4-13       -12.56        -13.02       3.23         3.69          3.36           0.68          2.50        17.00         mS     I dark gray muddy sand

                                     4-13       -13.02        -13.20       3.69         3.87          2.21           2.26          12.00       20.00         gms     dark gray muddy sand
                                     4-13       -13.20    1   -                                                                                                      with gravel
                                                              13.51        3.87         4.18          2.49           0.40                      7.50          S       gray silty sand

                                     4-13       -13.51        -13.69       4.18         4.36          3.57           1.58                      33.00         Ms      gray muddy sand

                                     4-13       -13.69        -13.90       4.36         4.57                                                                         no sample

                                     4-14       -9.30     1   -9.79        0.00         0.49      1   1.74           0.44                                    S       gray-brown silty sand

                                     4-14       -9.79         -12.81       0.49         3.51          1.35           0.  40                                  S       gray-brown sand

                                     4-14       -12.81        -13.05       3.51         3.75          1.39           0.55                                    S       gray-brown sand

                                     4-14       -13.05        -14.42       3.75         5.12          3.44           2.53                      31.00         ms      dark gray muddy sand
                                                                                                                                                                     with trace shell


                                     4-14       -14.42        -15.00       5.12         5.70          1.38           0A0                       1.60          S       gray sand

                                     4-15       -9.44         -10.84       0.00         1.40          1.55           0.38                                    S       gray-brown sand
                                     4-15       -10.84    1   -12.49       1.40         3.05          5.16           2.52       i       T54,50               M       dark gray sandy mud
                                                                                                                                        0







                                                                                        1.62


                                                                                        3.78


































































                                                                                                                   78








                  Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                      SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                           TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                               (METERS)
                    CORE                                                                                                           CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC.
                                      NGVD               DEPTH IN CORE MEAN                   SORTING           %          %        FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                   (PHI)         (PHI)       GRAV MUD              (1954)             COMMENTS

                               UPPER       LOWER UPPER             LOWER


                    4-15       -12.49      -15.54        3.05        6.10                                                                     not opened

                    4-16       -9.97       -10.76        0.00        0.79          1.46          0.45                                 S       gray-brown sand

                    4-16       -10.76      -11.34        0.79        1.37          1.14          0.36                                 S       gray-bTown sand

                    4-16       -11.34      -12.59        1.37        2.62          0.57          0.66         9.00       1.80         gs      gray-brown sand with
                                                     I                        I                                      I                        gravel and shell

                    4-16       -12.59      -13.02        2.62        3.05          5.32          4.84         1.50       73.60        M       dark gray sandy mud with
                                                                                                                                              trace gravel

                    4-16       -13.02      -16.07        105         6.10                                                                     not opened

                    4-17       -13.11      -14.88    1   0.00        1.77          2.15          0.55                1   1.50         S       olive-gray silty sand
                    4-17       -14.88      -16.16        1.77        3.05          2.58          0.83         4.50   1   13.00        ms      dark gray muddy sand

                    4-17       -16.16      -19.21        3.05        6.10                                                                     not opened

                    4-18       -10.30      -12.53        0.00        2.23          1.94          0.46                    1.00         S       olive silty sand

                    4-18       -12.53      -13.96        2.23        3.66          2.32          0.53                    2.50         S       olive-gray silty sand

                    4-18.      -13.96      -14.72        3.66        4.42          3.61          1.73         1.00 1     37  .00      ms      dark gray muddy sand
                    4-19       -14.72      -16.00        4.42        5.70          3.36    1     1.30                    25.00   1    ms      dark gray muddy sand

                    4-18       -16.00      -16.40        5.70        6.10                                                                     very fine sandy silt; not
                                                                                                                                              tested


                    4-19       -12.80      -13.23        0.00        0.43          6.64          3.69                    76.00        M       black sandy mud

                    4-19       -13.23      -14.29        0.43        1.49          3.26    1     1.00                    20.00        ms      dark gray muddy sand

                    4-19       -14.29      -14.75        1.49        1.95          2.97          0.63                    14.50        ms      dark gray muddy sand

                    4-19       -14.75      -17.80        1.95        5.00                                                                     gray gravelly sandy mud,
                                                                                                                                              sand increases downcore,
                                                                                                                                              bottom of core sandy; core
                                                                                                                                              sections may have been
                                                                                                                                              mislabeled


                    4-20       -11.00      -12-52        0.00        1.52          2.09          0.44                    1.00         S       olive-gray silty sand

                    4-20       -12.52      -14.63        1.52        3.63          2.32          0.40                    2.00         S       olive-gray silty sand

                    4-20       -14.63      -15.15        3.63        4.15          2.42          0.93         4.50       14.80        ms      dark gray muddy sand
                                                                                                                                              with gravel

                    4-20       -15.15      -15.57        4.15        4.57          2.65          0.26                    5.30         S       dark gray silty sand

                    4-20       -15.57      -17.10        4.57        6.10                                                                     not opened

                    4-21       -11.7       -12.56        0.00        0.79          2.09          0.40                    1.00,        S       olive-gray silty sand

                    4-21       -12.56 1    -13.05        0.79    1   1.28          2.16          0-45                    2.00         S       olive-gray silty sand



                                                                                              79









                                 Table VI (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                   SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                                TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                               (METERS)
                                    CORE                                                                                                             CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                     NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN         SORTING            %          %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                   (PHI)           (PHD       GRAV MUD                (1954)             COMMENTS
                                            [U;PER        LOWER       UPPER        LOWER

                                    4-21      -13.05       -13.72        1.28         1.95         2.20            0.38                    2.00          S       olive-gray silty sand

                                    4-21      -13.72       -13.90        1.95         2.13         1.88            0.56         3.60       1.00          S       olive-gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                                 gravel

                                    4-21    1 -13.90       -14.57    1   2.13         2.80         1.99      1     0.73         1.90    1  1.40          S       olive-gray sand with shell

                                    4-21      -14.57       -16.34        2.80         4.57         2.41            0.59                    9.00          S       dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                                 trace shell


                                    4-21      -16.34       -17.87        4.57         6.10                                                                       not opened

                                    4-22      -11.73       -12.10        0.00         0.37     1   2.21            0.40                    1.00          S       olive-gray sand

                                    4-22      -12.10       -13.89        0.37         2.16         2.10            0.44                    1.00          S       olive-gray sand

                                    4-22      -13.89       -14.29        2.16         2.56         2.50            0.57                    8.50          S       dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                                 some clay

                                    4-22      -14.29       -15.20        2.56         3.47     1   4.65            3.78         3.80       33.00         ms      dark gray muddy sand

                                    4-22      -15.20       -16.00        3.47         4.27         2.93            0.97                    16.00         ms      black organic silty sand

                                    4-22      -16.00       -17.52        4.27         5.79                                                                       not opened

                                    4-23      -10.76       -11.67        0.00         0.91         1.73            0.63                 1                S       olive silty sand
                                    4-23      -11.67    1  -13.66        0.91         2.90     1   1.63            0.70                                  S       olive silty sand

                                    4-23      -13.66       -15.33        2.90         4.57         2.34            0.37                    1.70          s       olive-gray silty sand

                                    4-23      -15.33       46.86         4.57         6.10                                                                       not opened

                                    4-24      -12.31       -13.25        0.00         0.94         1.81            0.62                 1                S       olive sand with trace shell

                                    4-24      -13.25    1  -14.62        0.94         2.31     1   1.66            0.71         1 @00                    S       olive sand with trace shell

                                    4-24-     -14.62       -15.36        2.31         3.05         2.32            0.39                    1.00          S       olive-gray sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                                 shell


                                    4-24      -15.36       -18.41        3.05         6.10                                                                       not opened

                                    4-25      -10.42    1  -14.29        0.00         3.87     1   2.04            0.41                                  S       olive-gray silty sand

                                    4-25      -14.29       -16.52        3.87         6.10         2.08            0.78         2.00       5.10          S       olive-gray silty s

                                    4-26      -12.56       -13.99        0.00         1.43         2.23            0.59         1.20    1  4.00          S       olive-gray silty sand

                                    4-26      -13.99       -14.51        1.43         1.95         2.78            1.33         3.00       16.50         ms      dark gray muddy sand
                                                        I                                      I                                                                 with trace shell

                                    4-26      -14.51       -15.09        1.95         2.53         3.24            2.00         5.00       21.00         gms     mottled gray to gray-
                                                                                                                                                                 brown silty sand

                                    4-26      -15.09       -16.34        2.53         3.78         2.31            0.64                    3.50                  gray silty sand

                                    4-26    1 -16.34    1  -17.86    1   3.78    1    5.30     1             1                                                   not opened



                                                                                                                80








                  Table VI (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore, sediment samples.


                                      SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                            TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                               (METERS)
                     CORE                                                                                                           CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                      NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE            MEAN         SORTING            %          %        FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                   (PHI)          (PHI)        GRAV MUD             (1954)             COMMENTS

                               UPPER      LOWER        UPPER       LOWER


                     4-27      -13.17       -13.96       0.00         0.79         1.75           0.60         1.00                     S       olive silty sand

                     4-27      -13.96       -14.27       0.79         1.10         1.50           0.66         1.10                     S       olive silty sand

                     4-27      -14.87       -15.23       1.10         1.46         1.86           0.56                    1.00          s       olive silty sand

                     4-27      -14.63       -16.55       1.46         3.38         2.31           0.61         1.80       7.00          S       dark gray silty sand with
                                                      I                        I                                       I                        trace shell
                     4-27      -16.55       -18.08    1  3.38         4.91     1                                                                not opened

                     4-28      -9.14        -13.32       0.00         4.18         2.13           0.49                    1.00          s       olive sand with trace shell


                     4-28      -13.32       -13.71       4.18         4.57         1.90           0.74                    1.05          S       olive sand with trace shell

                     4-28      -13.71       -14.11       4.57         4.97         2.36           0.59         1.00       5.00          S       dark olive-gray silty sand

                     4-28      -14.11       -14.50       4.97         5.36         3.17           0.91                    17.00         Ms      dark gray muddy sand

                     4-29      -8.96        -12.34       0.00         3.38         2.14           0.49                    2.00          S       olive-gray silty sand

                     4-29      -12.34       -13.81       3.38         4.85         3.44           2.55         3.50       25.00         Ms      dark gray silty sand with
                                                                                                                                                trace shell fragments

                     4-30      -8.75        -9.88        0.00         1.13         2.11           0.43                                  S       brown-gray sand

                     4-30      -9.88        -11.25       1.13         2.50         2.01           0.47                    1.00          S       brown-gray sand

                     4-30      -11.25       -11.68       2.50         2,93         2.42           0.58                    5.40          S       olive-gray silty sand

                     4-30      -11.68       -13-32       2.93         4.57         3.81           1.00                 1  37.00         ins     dark gray silty sand

                     4-30      -13.32       -14.18       4.57         5.43         3.37           1.57                    27.00         rns     dark gray muddy sand

                     4-30   1  -14.18       -14.85       5.43         6.10                                                98.30         M       dark gray silty clay

                     4-31      -9.57        -9.75        0.00         0.18         2.03           0.42                                  S       brown-gray sand

                     4-31      -9.75        -10.61       0.18         1.04         2.14           0.45                 1                s       brown-gray sand

                     4-31      -10.61       -10.76       1.04         1.19         1.89           0.50                                  S       brown-gray sand

                     4-31      -10.76       -11.64       1.19         2-07         2.05           0.44                                  s       bTown-gray sand

                     4-31      -IL64        -12.10       2.07         2.53         2.19           0.45         1.40       1.70          S       brown-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                                trace shell


                     4-31      -12.10       -12.25       2.53         2.68         -0.65          1.83         42.00      3.80          SG      brown-gray sandy gravel
                                                                                                                                                with shell


                     4-31      -12.25       -12.62       2.68         3.05                                                87.80         M       dark gray sandy silty clay

                     4-31      -12.62       -15.67       3.05                                                                                   fiffn very dark gray mud
                                                                                                                                                with shells and peat, no
                                                                                                                                                channel sample






                                                                                               81








                                 Table V1 (cont.).                   Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                       SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                              TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                                  (METERS)
                                     CORE                                                                                                                CLASS          BRIEF LITIiOLOGIC
                                                       NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN          SORTING            %           %        FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                      (PHI)           (PHI)       GRAV MUD                (1954)              COMMENTS

                                                UPPER         LOWER     UPPER         LOWER


                                     4-31       -13.07        -13.12       3.5          3.55                                                   99.24         M        spot sample- 5 cm; 0.8%
                                                                                                                                                                      sand, 21.8% silt, 77.5%
                                                                                                                                                                      clay

                                     4-31       -13.99        -13.91       4.32         4.34                                                   99.6          M        spot sample -2 cm; 0.4%
                                                                                                                                                                      sand, 63.1% sih, 36.5%
                                                                                                                                                                      clay

                                     4-31       -14.29        -14.35       4.72         4.78                                                                          dark brown peat, "C date-
                                                                                                                                                                      5,570 ï¿½70 yr. B.P. (5737
                                                                                                                                                                      yr: 5730 1/2 life)

                                     4-31       -14.35        -14.37       4.78         4.8                                                    99.86         M        spot sample -2 cm; 0. 1%
                                                                                                                                                                      sand, 50.0% silt, 49.8%
                                                                                                                                                                      clay

                                     4-31       -14.77        14.82        5.2          5.25                                                   99.91         M        spot sample -5 cm; 0.1%
                                                                                                                                                                      sand, 32.2% sib, 67.7%
                                                                                                                                                                      clay

                                     4-32       -8.91         -10.46       0.00         1.65      1 1.66              0.54                                   S        yellow-brown sand

                                     4-32       -10.46        -11.19       1.65         2.38          2.64            0.56                     6.00          S        dark gray silty sand

                                     4-32       -11.19        -12.25       2.38         3.44          2.70            1.64                     17.50         ms       dark gray muddy sand; not
                                                                                                                                                                      tested

                                     4-32   1   -12.25        -13.08       3.44         4.27      1   2.34            1.90                     17.50         ms       light brown silty sand

                                     4-33       -9.05         -9.78        0.00         0.73          2.07            0.46                                   S        brown-gray sand

                                     4-33       -9.78         -11.28       0.73         2.23          2.25            0.42                                   S        brown-gray sand

                                     4-33       -11.28        -11.85   1   2.23         2.80          2.06            0.60                                   S        brown-gray sand
                                     4-33       -11.85        -12.40       2.80         3.35      1   2.02            0.85         1.50        3.75          S        gray-brown silty sand

                                     4-33       -12.40        -12.8        3.35         3.75          6.97            5.86                     53.00         M        dark gray sandy mud with
                                                                                                                                                                      shells

                                     4-33       -12.80   1    -13.62       3.75         4.57          1.75            0.69                 1 1.40            S        light gray silty sand

                                     4-34       -9.44         -8.99        0.00         0.55      1   2.05            0.49                                   S        brown-gray sand

                                     4-34       -8.99         -9.96        0.55         1.52          1.99            038                                    S        brown-gray sand

                                     4-34       -9.96         -10.88       1.52         2.44          1.67            0.47                                   S        brown-gray sand

                                     4-34       -10.88        -11.82       2.44         3.38          2.03            0.63                     2.20          8        olive-gray sand with trace
                                                                                                  I                                        I                          shell

                                     4-34       -11.82        -12.86       3.38         4.42          3.03            1.59                     22.00         ms       gray silty sand

                                     4-35       -966     1    -10.03       0.00         0.37          2.38            0.55                     7.00          S        light brown-gray silty sand
                                  r4 35         _10'.03  1    -12.71       0.37         3.05          2.38      1     0.46                     1.00    1     S        olive-gray silty sand

                                                                                                                   82








                  Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                             TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                               (METERS)
                      CORE                                                                                                          CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                     NGVD               DEPTH IN CORE            MEAN         SORTING            %          %        FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                   (PHI)         (PHI)       GRAV MUD               (1954)            COMMENTS

                               UPPER       LOWER UPPER             LOWER


                      4-35     -12.71      -14.78        3.05        5.12          2.56          0.41                     4.00         S       gray silty sand

                      4-35     -14.78      -15.42        5.12        5.76          2.47          0.51          1.20       5.50         S       gray muddy sand

                      4-35     -15.42      -15.76        5.76        6.10          4.06          2.05                     75.00        M       dark gray sandy mud

                      5-1      -9.14       -10.21        0.00        1.07          1.25          1.06          3.36       7.20         S       tan sand with gravel and
                                                                                                                                               clay-filled burrows

                      5-1      -10.21      -12.34        1.07        3.20                                                                      dark brown to black mud
                                                                                                                                               with shells, gravel and
                                                                                                                                               heavy minerals

                      5-1      -12.34      -13.44        3.20        4.30                                                                      dark olive-gray muddy
                                                                                                                                               sand with gravel; not
                                                                                                                                               tested


                      5-1      -13.44      -14.98        4.30        5.84                                                                      thin interbedded sand and
                                                     I                                                                                         silty clay; not tested
                      5-2      -7.32       -10.45        0.00        3.13          1.81          0.43                                  S       light tan sand with heavy
                                                                                                                                               minerals, and finer grain
                                                                                                                                               pockets

                      5-2      -10.45      -11.13        3.13        3.81          2.94          0.96          1,27       13.34        ms      mottled dark gray mud
                                                     I                                                                I                        and sand with shell

                      5-2      -11.13      -12.70        3.81        5.38          2.82          0.86                     11.27        ms      interbedded silty clay and
                                                                                                                                               sand with trace shell


                      5-3      -9.75       -12.72        0.00        2.97          2.01          0.62                                  S       tan sand with trace grav
                                                                                                                                               and mud


                      5-3      -12.72      -15.62        2.97        5.87                                                                      interbedded gray sand and
                                                                                                                                               dark gray sily clay; not
                                                                                                                                               tested


                      5-4      -7.01       -9.99         0.00        2.98          1.67          0.45                                  S       brown to tan sand, fining
                                                                                                                                               downcore


                      5-4      -9.99       -10.21        2.98        3.20          2.49          0.44                     1.57         S       brown sand with finer
                                                                                                                                               grained layers

                      5-4      -10.21      -10.67        3.20        3.66          3.13          0.64                     13.18        ins     dark gray to black muddy
                                                                                                                                               sand with trace shell


                      5-4      -10.67      -11.12        3.66        4.11         .3.01          1.38          2.21       40.36        ms      interbedded dark gray
                                                                                                                                               mud, sand., and shell with
                                                                                                                                               peat


                      5-4      -11.12      -12.01        4.11        5.00          2.43          0.74          2.17       4.55         S       interbedded tan sand and
                                                                                                                                               dark gray mud

                      5-4      -12.01      -12.80        5.00        5.79          2.77          1.03                     14.44        ins     mottled gray muddy sand

                      6-1      -8.23       -10.53        0.00        2.30     1    2.48          0.30                                  S       sand fining downcore



                                                                                               83








                                 Table V1 (cont.).                   Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                      SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                               TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                                (METERS)
                                    CORE                                                                                                                CLASS. BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                      NGVD               DEPTH IN CORE MEAN                      SORTING           %           %         FOLK         DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                     (PHI)           (PHI)       GRAV MUD                (1954)            COMMENTS

                                               UPPER         LOWER      UPPER        LOWER

                                      6-1.     -10.53        -11.53       2.30         3.30                                                                         muddy sand with sand
                                                                                                                                                                    pockets and some shells

                                      6-1      -11.53        -12.43       3.30         4.20                                                                         dark olive-green mud with
                                                                                                                                                                    trace shells; not tested

                                      6-1      -12.43        -12.93       4.20         4.70                                                                         dark giray-green muddy
                                                                                                                                                                    sand with trace shells and
                                                                                                                                                                    wood fragments

                                      6-2      -10.67        -11.27       0.00         0.60          2.89            0.94                   23.22          ms       dark green muddy sand
                                                                                                                                                                    with shells; note: core
                                                                                                                                                                    location wrong

                                      6-2      -11.27        -13.17       0.60         2.50                                                                         olive-gray silty clay with
                                                                                                                                                                    sand and trace shells; not
                                                                                                                                                                    tested


                                      6-2      -13.17        -13.69       2.50         3.02                                                                         dark black-brown woody
                                                                                                                                                                    peal; not tested

                                      6-2      -13.69        -14.66       3.02         3.99          .2.77           0.83                    11.99        ins       interbedded brown muddy
                                                                                                                                                                    sand and coarse sand


                                      6-2      -14.66        -15.93       3.99         5.26          1.22            1.21         4.04       3.17           S       sand, silty clay fining up,
                                                         I                                       I                                        I                         wood fragments

                                      6-3      -7.62         -7.87        0.00         0.25          1.60            0.38                                   S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                                                                                                                                   I sand

                                      6-3      -7.87         -8.29        0.25         0.67          1.04            0.58                                   S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                                                                 I                                        I                         sand

                                      6-3      -8.29         -8.84        0.67         1.22          1.54            0.39                                   S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                         I                                       I                                                                  sand
                                      6-3      -8.84         -9.07        1.22         1.45          1.64            0.33                                   S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                                      I                                                                                            I sand

                                      6-3      -9.07         -10.68       1.45         3.06          1.46            0.48                                   S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                                                                              I                                                     sand

                                      6-3      -10.68        -11.63       3.06         4.01          1.48            0.51                                   S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                         I                                                                                                          sand

                                      6-3      -11.63        -11.99       4.01         4.37          1.51            0.60                                   S       light tan medium to coa       rse
                                                                                                                                                                   Isand

                                      6-3      -11.99        -9.71        4.37         2.09          1.44            0.46                                   S       light tan medium to coarse
                                                                                                                                                                    sand


                                      6-4      -9.45         -10.45       0.00         1.00          1.91            0.46                                   S       light tan sand with shells

                                      6-4      -10.45        -13.15       1.00         3.70          2.23            0.38                                   S       light tan sand with shell,
                                                                                                                                                                    fining down




                                                                                                                  84








                  Table V1 (cont.).                Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                     SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                            TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                               (METERS)
                     CORE                                                                                                        CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                     NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE            MEAN         SORTING          %           %       FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                 (PHI)          (PHI)      GRAV MUD               (1954)             COMMENTS

                               UPPER        LOWER     UPPER       LOWER


                      6-4      -13.15       -14.90      3.70         5.45                                                                    mottled sand and silty clay
                                                                                                                                             with gravel and shells

                      6-4      -14.90       -15.40      5.45         5.95        2.78           0.70         1.10       9.36         ms      light gray sand with clay
                                                     I                                                                                       pockets, some wood
                      6-5      -10.67       -12.65      0.00         1.98        2.42           0.34                    1.14         S       light tan sand with shell
                                                                                                                                             and some mud


                      6-5      -12.65       -15.65      1.98         4.98        2.20           0.52                                 S       light tan sand with shell
                                                                                                                                             and some mud

                      6-6      -8.53        -12.95   1  0.00         4.42        2.18           0.41                                 S       medium to fine sand
                      6-7      -8.53        -14.35      0.00         5.92        1.78      1    0.60                                 S       medium sand

                      6-8      -10.45       -11.21      0.00         0.76        5.02           4.48                    64.00        M       black sandy clay

                      6-8      -11.21       -11.70      0.76         1.25        1.23           2.92        26.00       17.50        gmS     dark gray muddy sand
                                                                                                                                             with gravel

                      6-8      -11.70       -12.13      1.25         1.68                                               89.00        M       dark gray sandy clay

                      6-8      -12.13       -15.02      1.68         4.57        5.32           3.73                    49.00        ms      dark gray sandy clay

                      6-8      -15.02       -16.55      4.57         6.10                                                                    not opened

                      6-9      -7.32        -11.89      0.00         4.57        1.44           0.51                                 S       light brown-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                             trace shell


                      6-9      .11.89       -13.42      4.57         6.10        1.75           0.48                                 S       light brown-gray sand with
                            I                                                                                                                trace shell

                     6-10      -6.89        -7.20    1  0.00         0.31        1.57           0.55                                 S       light gray sand

                     6-10      -7.20        -9.12       0.31         2.23        1.85      1    0.52                                 S       brown-gray sand

                     6-10      -9.12        -10.55      2.23         3.66.       1.89           0.56                                 S       brown-gray sand

                     6-10      -10.55       -12.99      3.66         6.10        2.02           0.45                    1.20         S       brown-gray silty sand

                     6-11      -6.28        -9.33    1  0.00         3.05    1   1.68           0.66                                 S       light brown-gray sand

                     6-12      -3.05        -6-10       0.00         3.05        2.01           0.51                                 8       light brown-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                             trace shell


                     6-13      -8-20        -9.30       0.00         1.10        1.17           0.83                    2.00         S       light brown-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                             shell


                     6-13      -9.30        -11.40      1.10         3.20        1.59           0.85                    4.00         S       light brown-gray silty sand

                     6-14      -7.99        -9.36       0.00         1.37    1   1.65           0.68                            1    S       light brown-gray sand

                     6-14      -9.36        -10.89      1.37         2.90        1.97           0.61                                 S       light brown-gray sand

                     6-15      -8.26        -8.66       0.00         0.40        1.97           0.48                                 S       light gray sand

                     6-15    1- -8.66       -11.31      0.40         3.05        2.22           0.48      1         1                S       brown-gray sand


                                                                                              85








                                Table V1 (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                    SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                             TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                              (METERS)
                                   CORE                                                                                                             CLASS        BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                    NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE               MEAN       SORTING           %            %        FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                                  (PHI)          (PHI)       GRAV MUD                (1954)            COMMENTS

                                              UPPER         LOWER    UPPER        LOWER


                                   6-16       -9.57         -10.82      0.00          1.25        1.85           OA8                                       S    light brown-gray sand

                                   6-16       -10.82        -12.37      1.25          2.80        1.75           0.61                                      S    light brown-gray sand

                                   6-16       -12.37        -13.23      2.80          3.66        2.32           0.56                     2.50             S    olive-giray silty sand

                                    7-1       -13.11        -15.81      0.00          2.70                                                                      laminated dark gray
                                                                                                                                                                muddy sand with shells;
                                                                                                                                                                not tested


                                    7-1       -15.81        16.19       2.70          3.08        2.48           0.30                                      S    gray medium sand

                                    7-1       -16.19        18.01       3.08          4.90        1.89           1.03                     10.37            ms   light gray sand with mud
                                                                                                                                                                laminae


                                    7-1       -18.01        -18.60      4.90          5.49        2.20           0.94                     10.87            ms   light gray sand with mud
                                                                                                                                                              I laminae
                                    7-1       -18.60        719.01      5.49          5.90    1   2.44           0.34                     1.00             S    light gray sand with shell

                                    7-2       -9.14         -11.14                    2.00        2.37           0.39                     1.09             S    gray sand with mud
                                                                                                                                                                stringers and trace shell
                                                                                                                                                                fragments

                                    7-2       -11.14        -11.94      2.00          2.80                                                                      muddy sand; not tested

                                    7-2       -11.94        -11.99      2.80                                                                                    gravel; not tested

                                    7-2       -11.99        -14.98      2.85                      2.42           0.54                     13.03            ms   fme sand with occasional
                                                                                                                                                                mud laminae


                                    7-3       -12.19        -13.53      0.00          1.34                                                                      dark olive-gray muddy
                                                                                                                                                                sand with shell; not tested

                                    7-3       -13.53        14.89       1.34          2.70        3.06           0.97                     42.24            ms   interbedded mud and
                                                       I                                                                                                        orange sand, few shells
                                    7-3       -14.89        -17.39      2.70          5.20        1.94           0.75                     1.44             S    tan medium to coarse sand
                                                                                                                                                                with trace sift ,


                                    7-4       -13.11        -15.11      0.00          2.00        2.11           0.81         1.24        1.77             S    tan sand with sift &
                                                                                                                                      I                       I gravel, gastropods

                                    7-4       -15.11        -16.01      2.00          2.90        2.87           2.09         6.68        18.66            gms  interbedded dark gray sand
                                                       I                                      I                                       I                       I and sandy mud
                                    7-4       -16.01        16.14       2.90          3.03        2.17           0.39                     2.88             S    medium sand with mud
                                                       I    I                                                                                                   lenses
                                    7-4       -16.14        47.16       3.03          4.05                                                                      mud with sand; not tested

                                    7-4       -17.16        -17.71      4.05          4.60        1.45           1.08         4.50                         S    light gray sand w
                                                                    1            1            1                            1          1           1           1 and shells
                                                                        5.49          80
                                                                          00





                                                                          .00
                                                                      21




                                                                                      5-84



                                                                                      134



                                                                                      2
                                                                                         0
                                                                                 71


                                                                                      5.20



                                                                                      .00
                                                                                 @2
                                                                                      2.90













                                    7-4        17.71        17.81       4.60          4.70                                                                      clay layer, not tested





                                                                                                               86








                  Table V1 (cont.).                Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                   SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                             TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                              (METERS)
                    CORE                                                                                                         CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                     NGVD             DEPTH IN CORE             MEAN        SORTING            %          %       FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                 (PHI)          (PHI)       GRAV MUD              (1954)            COMMENTS

                              UPPER       LOWER       UPPER       LOWER


                     7-4      -17.81      -18.04        4.70        4.93         1.72           1.45        6.75       2.31          gs     coarse sand with shell and
                                                                                                                                            gravel

                     7-4      -18.04      -18.45        4.93        5.34         2.25           0.59                   2.31          S      brown to dark gray sand
                                                                                                                                            with shells


                     84       -12.50      -13.50        0.00        1.00         1.57           0.94        1.29       3.78          S      tan brown sand with
                                                                                                                                            shells, gravel and clay
                                                                                                                                            pockets, coarsening
                                                                                                                                            downward


                     8-1      -13.50      -14.25        1.00        1.75         1.88           0.63                                 S      medium sand with mud
                                                                                                                                            lenses and few shells


                     8-1      -14.25      -14.55        1.75        2.05         2.21           1.20                                 S      medium sand with mud
                                                                                                                                            lenses and few shells

                     8-1      -14.55      -14.75 1      2.05        2.25         1.70           1.01                                 S      light tan sand
                     8-1      -14.75      -15.65    1   2.25        3.15         1.75           0.89                                 S      light tan sand

                     8-1      -15.65      -16.42        3.15        3.92         2.10           1.40                                 S      light gray to dark gray
                                                                                                                                            sand, mud increase with
                            I                                                                                                               depth

                     8-1      -16.42      -16.91        3.92        4.41         2.54           1.10                                 s      light gray to dark gray
                                                                                                                                            sand, mud increase with
                                                                                                                                            depth

                     8-1      -16.91      -18.00        4.41        5.50         0.82           1.77        18.22      7.90          gmS    light tan sand with gravel
                                                                                                                                            and some silt, gravel
                                                                                                                                            increase with depth

                     8-2      -11.58      -12.47        0.00        0.89         2.14           1.06        2.45       6.34          s      light tan gray sand with
                                                                                                                                            clay lenses, increase clay
                                                    I                                                               I                       with depth

                     8-2      -12.47      -13.11        0.89        1.53         1.25           1.91        16.56      6.51          gs     dark gray to black silty
                                                                                                                                            sand with gravel

                     8-2      -1311       -13.74        1.53        2.16         3.15           0.70                   11.87         ms     gray silty sand with few
                                                                                                                                            clay lenses

                     8-2      -13.74      -14.54        2.16        2.96         0.88           L70         59.90      2.03          SG     light grayish-yeliow
                                                                                                                                            gravelly sand with some
                                                                                                                                            silt


                     8-2      -14.54      -16.44        2.96        4.86         1.90           0.96                   10.33         ms     light gray silty sand

                     8-2      -16.44      -16.72        4.86        5.14         0.91           1.42        10.00      5.70          gs     light gray coarse sand with
                                                                                                                                            gravel

                     8-2      -16.72      -17.25        5.14        5.67         1.73           1.09        1.00       10.04         ms     faintly laminated light
                                                                                                                                            gray sand





                                                                                             87








                               Table VI (cont.).                Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                                  SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                            TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                            (METERS)
                                 CORE                                                                                                          CLASS         BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                                  NGVD              DEPTH IN CORE              MEAN       SORTING            %          %       FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                               (PHI)          (PHI)       GRAV MUD              (1954)           COMMENTS
                                         1UPPER LOWER UPPER LOWER
                                                     I              -         I            t

                                   8-4      -11.58      -12.75        0.00        1.17                                                                     dark brown sandy mud
                                                                                                                                                           with some peal fragments;
                                                                                                                                                           not tested


                                   8-4      -12.75      -14.95        1.17        3.37                                                                     interbedded sand and dark
                                                                                                                                                           brown silty clay with peat;
                                                                                                                                                           14C date at 2.67 meters-
                                                                                                                                                           10,710 @:140 yrs B.P.

                                   8-4      -14.95        15.19       3.37        3.61         3.50           0.51                   25.90         ms      light tan silty sand, some
                                                     I                                                                                                     Fe staining
                                   8-5      -13.72      -13.87        0.00        0.15                                                                     dark gray to black clay
                                                                                                                                                           with light tan sand
                                                                                                                                                           pockets, some shells; not
                                                                                                                                                           tested


                                   8-5      -13.87      -14.42        0.15        0.70         1.96           0.70        2.93       2.88          S       light gray to white sand
                                                                                                                                                           with silty clay and gravel,
                                                                                                                                                           no shells


                                   8-5      -14.42      -15.62        0.70        1.90         -0.75          1.40        47.55      1.04          sG      sandy gravel with trace of
                                                                  I                        I                                      I                        silt

                                   8-5      -15.62      -16.95        1.90        3.23         2.28           0.95        1.49       2.07          s       light gray to white sand
                                                                                                                                                           with trace silt


                                   8-5      -16.95      -17.72        3.23        4.00         3.25           0.14        1.07       6.10          S       dark gray, very well
                                         I                                                              I                                    I             sorted, sand with silt

                                   8-5      -17.72      -18.52        4.00        4.80         0.03           2.59        47.00      4.67          sG      gray to light gray gravelly
                                                                                                                                                           sand with some silt


                                   8-5      -18.52      -19.92        4.80        6.20         3.04           0.86                   20.29         ms      light gray muddy sand

                                   9-1      -10.97      -16.76        0.00        5.79         1.17           0.43                                         light tan medium to coarse
                                                                                                                                                           sand with heavy minerals
                                                                                                                                                           and shells


                                   9-2      -8.23       -13.02        0.00        4.79         2.21           0.34                                         light gray to tan mottled
                                                                                                                                                           sand


                                   9-3      -8.23       -12.22        0.00        3.99         1.90           0.32                                         light tan sand with trace
                                                                                                                                                           shell and gravel

                                   9-4      -10.79      -11.86        0.00        1.07         0.28           1.48        20.00                    gs      light brown-gray gravelly
                                                                                                                                                           sand with shell fragments


                                   9-4      -11.86        14.90       1.07        4.11         1.13           0.95        5.00                     gs      light brown-gray gmvelly
                                                                                                                                                           sand with shell fragments


                                            -10.70        1299        0.00        2.29         1.19           0.49                                 S       light brown sand with
                                                                                                                        I         I                      I shell fragments

                                                                                                           88








                  Table VI (cont.).                 Textural data and visual descriptions of vibracore sediment samples.


                                      SAMPLE DEPTH INTERVALS                            TEXTURAL PARAMETERS
                                                (METERS)
                     CORE                                                                                                           CLASS        BRIEF LITHOLOGIC
                                      NGVD              DEPTH     IN CORE        MEAN         SORTING            %          %        FOLK        DESCRIPTIONS AND
                                                                                   (PHI)          (PHI)      GRAV MUD               (1954)            COMMENTS

                                UPPER      LOWER       UPPER       LOWER
                   L

                      9-5       12.99      -13.56        2.29         2.86         0.80           0.79         2.80                    S       light brown sand with
                            I                                                                                                                  shell fragments
                      9-5       -13.56     -14.66        2.86         3.96         1.42           0.84          1.00                   S       light brown-gray sand

                      9-5       -14.66     -15.00        3.96         4.30         1.63           0.80                                 S       light brown-gay sand

                      9-5       -15.00     -15-88        4.30         5.19         2.17           0.72                    2.00         S       olive-gray sand with trace
                                                      I                                     I                                                  silt
                      9-6       -10.30     -12.95        0.00         2.65         1,77           0.41                 1  1.00         s       light brown-gray sand

                      9-6       -12.95     -14-48        2.65         4.18         1.75           0.41                                 S       brown-gray sand

                      9-7       -9.36      -10-37        0.00         1.01         1.48           0.50                                 S       light brown-gay sand with
                                                                                                                                               trace shell


                      9-7       -10.37     -13-54        1.01         4.18         1.50           0.34                                 S       light brown-gray sand with
                                                                                                                                               trace shell

                      9-8       -10.58     -13-93     1  0.00         3.35         1.42           0.42                                 S       light yellowish-brown sand

                      9-9       -10.64     -12-16        0.00         1.52         1.95           0.46                                 S       brown-gray sand

                      9-9       -12.16     -13.14        1.52         2.50         1.91           0.56                                 S       brown-gray sand

                      9-9       -13.14     -13-69        2.50         105          2.14           0.51          1.00      3.30         s       gray-brown silty sand

                      9-9       -13.69     -14.66     1  3.05         4.02         2.13           0.41                                 8       light gray sand

                      9-9       -14.66     -15.43        4-02         4.79         2.11           0.41                    1.00         S       light brown-gray sand

                      9-9       -15.43     -16.74        4.79         6.10         2.26           0.47                    2.00         S       gray-brown silty sand

                     9-10       -9.48      -10.85        0.00         1.37         1.74     1     0.42                            1    S       light gray sand

                     9-10       -10.85     -11.77        137          2.29         1.75           0.61                                 S       light brown-gray sand

                     9-10       _IL        -12.99        2.29    1    3.51         2.28           0.44                                 S       light brown-gray sand
                     9-10       12,99      -13.44        3.51         3.96           .23          0.41      1          1  1.10         S       light brown-gray silty sand
















                                                                                               89











                       Table VIL Summary of radiocarbon data for this study.


                                                                                                 14C Date
                               Core                Material             Depth (in)            5568-yr 1/2 life
                                                                         (NGVD)                yr B.P. + I a
                                1-3                  peati                 - 7.86             31,190 ï¿½ 1330

                               3-12              organic-rich              -15.00             32,240 ï¿½ 1520
                                                     mud'
                               4-31                  peat'                 -14.32               5,570     70

                                8-3
                        (in Del.. see Underwood      peat'                 -14.90             29,550      1450
                           an    ers 1987)
                                8-4               peat clasts'       -14.25 to -14.44          10,710     140

                         Sample taken by CERC and analyzed by Univ. of Texas.
                       2 Sample taken by MGS an analyzed by Beta Analytical, Inc.




























                                                                           90












































    I








                                                    Appendix 11
                          Lithologic logs for selected vibracores re-examined for this study.



























                                                          91









                                          CORE 2-8
                             DEPTH (M)                      MEAN SORTING
                            NGVD CORE                         Phi    Units            CORE 2-8
                           -10.36       0
                                                                                      Unit 1           0-350 cm
                                                                                      SAND:            Tan to gray medium sand, with some gravel,
                                                                                                       fining downcore, muddy sand-filled burrows and
                                                                                                       fine laminae of silty sand toward bottom,
                                                                                                       occasional shells including Ensis, Crassostrea,
                                                                                                       and Noetia ponderosa (one valve).






                                        2
                            Q5                               1.72 0.91




                                        3-                                                             350-366 cm
                                                                                                       Finely laminated clayey silt and fine sand.

                                                                                                       366-434 cm
                                                                                                       Reddish-brown (iron-stained) coarse sand, fining
                                                                                                       down to gray fine sand, finely laminated; layer of
                                        4 -                                                            shell fragments at 380-390 including barnacle
                                                                                                       shells (Balanus).

                                       P                                              Unit 2           434-560 cm
                                                                                      MUD:             Gray-green dewatered mud with sand stringers
                                                                                                       and sand pockets; sand increases with depth;
                                                              2.49 1.02                                shells common including Nassarius and Macoma;
                                        5-
                            Q2                                                                         peat with some wood fragments toward bottom of
                                                                                                       unit.


                                             . . . . . . . . . .                                       560-604 cm
                                                              2.43 0.40
                                                                                                       Tan fine sand with muddy sand-filled burrows.
                           -16.40







                                                        CORE 2-27
                                          DEPTH (M)                     MEAN SORTING
                                          NGVD CORE                        Phi    Units               CORE 2-27
                                         -13.50
                                                                                                      Unit 1           0-124 cm
                                                                                                      SAND:            Dark gray fine sand, coarsening downcore to
                                                          "WN                                                          medium fine sand, shells and shell fragments
                                          05                                                                           common: Spisula, Macoma, Mulinia, Busycon
                                                                           2.27 0.46
                                                                                                                       auvenile), Polinices, Lunatia.
                                            H

                                                                                -18.36% CI-23.53%
                                                   P                 sa-58.1 I% Si
                                                                                                      Unit 2           124-152 cm
                                                                     sa-s6.o9% SI-15.56% CI-28.35%
                                                                     S.-92.95% SI-3.75% CI-3.26%      MUD:             Dark olive-gray (5Y3/2) interbedded sifty clay and
                                                                                                                       sandy mud, occasional shell fragments.
                                                                     sa-ge.96% si-om% ci-o.98%
                                                    2-@



                                                                                                                       152-380 cm
                                                                                                                       Dark olive-gray (5Y3/2) muddy fine sand, silt
                                                                     Sa-94.87% SI-3.09% CI-2.04%                       increases downcore; mud pockets and stringers,
                                                    3                                                                  occasional well-rounded gravel; shells common,
                                          02
                                                                                                                       shell layers at 170-172, 245-255, 286-292, and
                                                                                                                       310-320 cm: include Nassarius, Ensis, Macoma.



                                                    4
                                                                                                      Unit 3           380-540 cm
                                                                                                      SAND:            Mottled medium light gray (N5) to medium gray
                                                                                                                                         -fine sand, occasional gravel and
                                                                                                                       (N6) medium to
                                                                                                                       mud pockets, no shells except at very top of unit;
                                                                                                                       thin muddy sand laminae at bottom of unit.
                                                    5 -
                                                                                                                       540-573 cm
                                                                                                                       Yellow-gray (5Y7/2) fine sand, well sorted.

                                        -19.23










                                                 CORE 3-12
                                    DEPTH (M)                    MEAN SORTING
                                    NGVD CORE                                               CORE 3-12
                                                                    Phl (4,) UnIts
                                 -12.50
                                                                                            unit 1           0-105 cm
                                                                   1.82 0.74
                                                                                            SAND:            Mottled tan to brown to dark gray medium sand
                                                                                                             with occasional shell fragments.
                                   05                              [email protected]@-61
                                                                   1.70 0.84                                 105-206 cm
                                                                                                             Gray to dark gray fine sand with occasistmal
                                                                                                             laminae of muddy sand and gravel, distinct shelly
                                                                                                             layers at 120-125, 157-162, 195-205, abundant
                                                                   2.43 1.04                                 SpIsula, with occasional Nassadus.
                                   H         2
                                                                                           Unit 2            206-497 cm
                                                                                           MUM               Mottled gray to dark gray muddy sand and dark
                                                                                                             gray dewatered clay with occasional gravel, fine
                                                                   3.01 0.79                                 laminae toward bottom.

                                             3

                                   02


                                             4                     NOT TESTED




                                            5 -
                                                                                          Unit 3           497-567 cm
                                   (1?                          -0.30 1.62                SAND:            Light gray silty coarse sand and gravel.






                                           CORE 4-2
                            DEPTH (M)                       MEAN SORTING
                             NGVD CORE                        Phi ((@) Units              CORE 4-2
                           -12.80

                                                                                          Unit 1           0-114 cm
                                                                                          SAND:            Gray to dark gray-black silty fine sand with,
                                                              2.40 0.54                                    occasional coarse sand layers and clay pockets,
                                                                                                                 11 fining down core, Spisula common.
                                                                                                           overa


                                                                                                           114-183 cm
                                                                                                           Muddy medium to fine sand with gravel; gravel
                                                              2.07 1.72                                    increases downcore; shell layers at 118-119 and
                                                                                                           123-125; Crepidula, Ensis, and Spisula.

                                                                                          Unit 2           183-219 cm
                                        2--                   3.03 1.51
                                                                                          SAND:            Dark gray silty fine sand.
                                              . .. ...... .. .
                                                              1.97 1.70
                                                                                                           2
                                                                                                               -320 cm
                                                                                                             19
                                                                                                           White to tan to gray fine        to medium sand,
                                                                                                           coarsening down core; fine grained heavy minerals
                                                              2.29 0.84
                                                                                                           present; occasional clay laminae.
                                        3               0
                            04                          0
                                                        z                                                  320-361 cm
                                                              1.89 1.46                                    Light gray to tan, medium to fine sand with gravel
                                                                                                           and muddy sand laminae, heavy minerals present.

                                                              2.75 0.85                   Unit 3           361-579 cm
                                        4-1
                                                                                          MUD:             Mottled (highly bloturbated) dark gray to gray silty
                                                                                                           fine sand and muddy sand with numerous clay
                                                                                                           pockets, no shells.

                                                                                                           579-606 cm
                                        5-                                                                 Dark brown silty fine sand.
                                                              3.01 1.34





                                                              2.47 0.63
                           .18.86       6_:,.:.::::::!-.:@:.1_









                                                    CORE 4-31
                                       DEPTH (M)                    MEAN SORTING
                                       NGVD CORE                       Phi (@) Units      CORE 4-31
                                      -9.57
                                                                       2.03 0.43
                                                                                          Uniti            0-268 cm
                                                                                          SAND:            Tan to light brown-gray medium sand with faint
                                                                       2.14 0.45                           laminae (heavy minerals); occasional shell
                                                                                                           fragments, muddy sand clast; increase in gravel
                                                                                                           coarse sand at 250 cm with some iron staining.
                                     05                                -1.89 o.5o


                                                                       2.05 0.44

                                                 2-

                                                                       2.19 0.45
                                                                                                           268-305 cm
                                                                       -0.65 1.83                          Abrupt change to gray-brown gravelly sandy mud,
                                                                                                           micaceous, gravel gradually decreases downcore.
                                                 3--
                                                                                          Unit 2           305-387 cm
                                                                                          MUD:             Dark gray clayey sift, shells and shell fragments,
                                                                                                           scattered whole gastropod shells (Nassarius): shell
                                                                 Sa-0.8% 81-21.7% CI-77.5%                 layer at 375-387 cm: Lifforina, Crepiduld, Modiolus.

                                                                                                           387-463 cm
                                                 4      1T, @@
                                                         ------                                            Dark gray clayey silt interbedded with thin laminae
                                     04                                                                    of sandy mud, vertical inclusion of peat like
                                                                 Sa-0.0% SI-63.5% CI-36.5%                 material, rhizomes/roots remnants, peat layer at
                                                                                                           bottom of unit; no shells.
                                                      ----------
                                                                 C14 DATE 5,737 ï¿½70 BY
                                                                 S
                                                                  -0.2% SI-50.0% CI-49.8%                  463-480 cm
                                                                 a
                                                 5                                                                                                   14
                                                                                                           Dark brown peat layer w/some silty mud; C date:
                                                                 Sa-0.1% SI-32.2% C1.67.7%                 5570+/ 70 yrs.

                                                           mjw:
                                                                                                           480-615 cm
                                                                                                           Interbedded, dark gray, dewatered, silty mud with
                                                                                                           some peat, peat decreases with depth.

                                                      ----------
                                   -15.72







                                                     CORE 7-2
                                       DEPTH (M)                      MEAN SORTING          CORE 7-2
                                        NGVD     CORE                   Phi (,O) Units
                                        -9.14
                                                                                            Unit 1            0-200 cm
                                                                                            SAND:             Gray fine sand with mud stringers and occasional
                                                                                                              gravel; some whole shells, mainly juvenile
                                                                                                              gastropods, and very small shell fragments.

                                      05
                                                                        2.37 0.39






                                                  2

                                                                                                              200-303 cm
                                                             J.,
                                                                       NOT TESTED                             Gray muddy sand with gravel; distinct well-
                                                                                                              rounded gravel layer at 270-290 cm.


                                                  3-

                                                                                            Unit 2            303-445 cm
                                                                  Fe staining               MUD:              Finely interbedded (1-5 cm) gray dewatered mud
                                             ?                                                                and fine sand with occasional clay pockets, no
                                                >                       2.42 0.54                             shells, distinct iron-staining at 340-360 cm. and
                                                                                                              410-445 cm.

                                                                  Fe staining




                                      02          5                                                           445-584 cm
                                                                                                              Dark green clay interbedded with sandy mud,
                                                                                                              occasional clay pocket, no shells.


                                      -14.98





                                  Plate 1.                         Interpreted seismic profile lines
                                  COE 56, 60, 62, and 63 (ORE 3.5 kHz) collect6d
                                  on shoals 4 & 5). Acoustic units interpreted'as
                                  Q4 deposits are indicated by gray shading                                           /                                                                                                                                                                                           CORE 4-12
                                                                                                                                                                               TIME-FIX                                               758                                            802           DEPTH (M)                        MEAN SORTING
                                                                                       746                748                     750                     7?21                     754                      756                                              800                                   NQVD CORE                          Phi      UnIts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   -9.17 0-

                                                                                               04
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2                                             -7-              05                                  1.77 0.46


                                                                                            COE LINE 56


                                                                                         NW                                                                75* 2'W                                                                                                                  SE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2-;



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  04                                  2.24 0.37
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3 -

                                                                                                                   858                      900                      902                                   6                8             910               912               914
                                                                                                                                                                                                        90               90
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     CORE 4-12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  CORE 4-13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4-17-                   2.57 0.49
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    DEPTH (M)                         MEAN SORTING
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    7-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   NOW CORE                           Phi (oO) Unks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   -9.33 0 -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2.15 0.47
                                                                                                                      COE LINE 60                                                                                                                                                                             5 -
                                                                                                                                                                                                        75   2-W                                                                                                    '4                1.11 1.36                   05            1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1.85 0.43

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2.43 0.38
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 -15.78


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ai
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2 -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1.58 0.68
                                                                                                                                                               940                                  944                946               948              950                952                954               956               959.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  CORE 4.13                                                                                                                           2.22 0.43
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        AL4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3-       "A'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             -------------------                                                                                                                                                      3.36 0.68
                                                                                                    CORE 4-34                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     04 ?               A;@L             221 2.26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4 -                   2.49 0.40
                                                                                     DEPTH (M)                        MEAN SORTING                 COE LINE 62
                                                                                     NOVO CORE                            Phi (4o) Unft                                                                                                                    I                                                                                                                                          r57 1.58
                                                                                    -8.44 0 -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2'W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        75                                                                                                                                            NLR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 -13.90                                   _E_COVERY
                                                                                                          'l-",           2.05 0.49



                                                                                                                          1.99 0.38                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            w

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               U
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          10                                         )0
                                                                                                                                                                                            1016                    1014                   10,12                  1010                     1008                                             t04                   I D02           I C
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1                                                                                                                     0
                                                                                    05                                                                                                    0                           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    CORE 4-34                                                                                         >
                                                                                                                          1.67 0.47                                         LU   Z                                            SH )AL 5                                                                                                                                                                19
                                                                                                 2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        10
                                                                                                                                                                            >    0     10                         ------                                                                                                                                                                       .:     Z
                                                                                                                                                                            <    U                                                       I                                                                                                                                                     U1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              R
                                                                                                                                                                                 LU    20                                                                                                                                M2
                                                                                                                                                                                 U)                                                                                                                                                                                                       20   W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      x
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      w
                                                                                                                                                                            <    -1    30
                                                                                                                          2.03 0.63                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       30
                                                                                                 3-1                                                                        0          40                                                                                                                                                                                                      x
                                                                                                                                                                                 w               COE LINE 63                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Cr
                                                                                                                                                                                       50                                                                                                                                                                                                      a-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     .21 W                                                                                     IL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   75                                                                                          <
                                                                                                                          3.03 1.59
                                                                                    02?          4-                                                                                                               HORIZONTAL SCALE
                                                                                   -12.86                                                                                                                                    SOO                                                            Q4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          METERS



                                                         Plate 2.                           Interpreted seismic profile,lines COE 64, 65, 66,
                                                         and 67 (ORE 3.5 kHz) collected On shoal/s4 & 5). Acoustic
                                                         units,interpreted as Q4 deposits are indicated by gray shading.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    CORE         4-32
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            DEPTH (M)                         MEAN SOFMING
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            NOVO CORE                            Phl (*) Unft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -8.81 0 - 7 05
                                                                                                                                                                              TIME-FIX
                                                                                    1018                 1020                 10,22                 1024                1026                10128                                     10132                IC@4                1036
                                                                                                                                                                                                              4.14                                                                                                                                                                        0.54
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           as                                   1.66
                                                                                                                                                                                                     CORE                           CORE 4-32
                                                                                                       7

                                                                                                                                                                                                            M2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                H


                                                                                           C
                                                                                                 LINE 64                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 2                      2.64 0.56
                                                                                            OE
                                                                                        NW                                                                                                                         75*2" W                                                     SE

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           02            3                      2.70 1.64
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        CORE 4-14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        DEPTH (M)                         MEAN WRITING
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        NOVO CORE                              Pid (II,) Unks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2.34 1.90               -9.30 o
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4                                                                                     1.74 0.44
                                                                                                                                  1056                    1054                   1052                                            lop                     10                                              1042                   1040
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -13.08

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              CORE 4-2


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              M2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                t

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        04
                                                                                                                                    I COE LINE 65                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1.35 0.40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   75'21'W


                                                                                                                       CORE 4-2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     3
                                                                                                       DEPTH (M)                         MEAN SORIING                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ..........
                                                                                                       NOVO CORE                            Ph[ %) Unft
                                                                                                     -12.80 0-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1.39 0.55
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1114
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       11,04               1106               lips                11110               11112                                    1116
                                                                                                                                                                                         im                    1100                 102
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4
                                                                                                                                            2.40 0.54
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         SHOAL5                                                                       SHOAL4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               5.32 4.84
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -C

                                                                                                                                            2.07    1.72                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            5-
                                                                                                                                            3.03    1.51                                    1 COE LINE 66                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1.38 0.40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   75'2" W                                                                            -15.00
                                                                                                                                            1.97    1.70


                                                                                                                                    .2      2.29    0.84
                                                                                                                   3
                                                                                                       04
                                                                                                                                     z                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                LU
                                                                                                                                            1.89    1.46

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      C)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1134                       11,32                     1130                     1128                      1126                     1124                          1122                       1120         lit            (1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0      _j
                                                                                                                   4                        2.75    0.85                                                              co        0                                                                                                                                                                                                                     < S
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      a                                                                                                                                                                                                                               2 >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   LU Z                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   >  C,    10                                                                                                                                                                                                                 10       Z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <  Q                                                                     t                                                                                                                                                         LU
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   cr LU    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      LJ)                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Cr
                                                                                                                   5                                                                                                        30                                                                                                                                                                                                                          w
                                                                                                                                            3.01 1.34                                                                 2         -                                                                                                                                                                                                              30     - t
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0        40                                                                                                                                                                                                                        x 2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     COE LINE 67                                                                                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            so                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1=
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      CL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   75'2" W                                                                            a.
                                                                                                    .18.86               . . . . . . . .    2.47 0.63                                                                                                      HORIZONTAL SCALE

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0                                  500                                   1000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 @W,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   'A@





                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I ffCOELI@NE

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Q4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    METERS




                                             Plate 3.                          Interpreted seismic profile lines/
                                             COE 69, 70, 71, and 72 (ORE 3.5 kHz) collec/ted                                                                                                                                                                                                                  CORE 4-30                                                                                CORE 4-3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             DEPT' (M)                                                                                   DEPTH (M)
                                             on shoals 4 & 5). Acoustic units interpre ed as                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     MEAN SORTING                                                                               MEAN SORTING
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             NGVD CORE                           Phi (,O) Unks                                           NGVD CORE                          Phi (Q Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             -8.75 0__                                                                                   -10.18 O-
                                             Q4 deposits are indicated by gray shading.
                                                                                                                                                 TIME-FIX
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               _2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 2.11 0.43
                                                                             1210                    1208                     12W                    12N                     1202                    12D0                   1158                                                                                                                                                                          @g 11
                                                                                                                          SHO .AL 4              CORE 4-30
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         as                                 1.69 0.50


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 2.01 0.47
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2-

                                                                                 COE LINE 69

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          SE
                                                                                K'W                                                                                           752'W                                                                                                                                              2.42 0.58
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         3                                                                                           3                      0.79 0.55


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    I [email protected]% %".5% [email protected]%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 3.81 1.00                                                                          IS&-W.6% WU% 0-12.7%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     4
                                                                                                                         1212               1214              1216              12,18              12,20             12122              1224              1226                                                                                                                           04
                                                                                                                                                                 I          -                                                - I          1                                                 04
                                                                                                                                                              CORE 4-3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                W7.0% S@l 1.8% CIA 0.4%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    )S.0.4% Si-6.M WS%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 3.37 1.57                                                       7 5


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    )[email protected]% &5.04% COS%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 911.8% mud
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 inedhim. &97,0                                                                     )S.-65.0% ".4% 0-6.6%
                                                                                                                              COE LINE 70                                                                                                                                                                                  E
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  I                                                        -14.85 _6=                   1                                                                -16.15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             75-2- w







                                                                                                       CORE          4-31                                   1242                   1240                   1238                    1236                   12134                   1232                    1230      1228
                                                                                        DEPTH (M)                        MEAN SORTING                                                                                CORE 4-6
                                                                                        NGVD CORE                             Phi (*) Unift
                                                                                        -9.57 O-                              2.03 0.43                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                CORE 4-6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         DEPTH       (M)                    MEAN SORTING
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         NGVD CORE
                                                                                                                              2.14 0.45                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Phi ((O) Unft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -9.14       0 -

                                                                                                                                                                 COE LINE 71
                                                                                       05                                     1.89 0.50                                                                                                                                        1                                                                                                         05                                 2.19 0.36
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              '2'W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           75


                                                                                                                              2.05 O."

                                                                                                     2-

                                                                                                                              2.19 0.45
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           w                                                2.28 O."
                                                                                                                              -0-65 1.83

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1244               i246              1248              1250        1252               i254               12565            i258               1300        U)
                                                                                                     3-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    _J
                                                                                                                                                                                                        U)      0
                                                                                                                                                                                                   W    a                                                                                                                                                                  <
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Z     10                               CORE 4-31                                                                                                                        >
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1--  0
                                                                                                                                                                                                        0                                                                                                                                                             1 0  T-   Z
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           LLI    I
                                                                                                                       S04.8% [email protected]% C677                                                         d:   0                                                                                                                                                                                Q4          3
                                                                                                                                                                                                   I.-  W     20                                                                                                                                       . .. ...         I  LU   U)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           >
                                                                                                                                                                                                        _j    30                                                                                                                                                       2C       Cr
                                                                                                     4-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         w
                                                                                       04                                                                                                                     40                                                                                                                                                       30
                                                                                                                       S&C.0% &.63.s% 0-3&5%
                                                                                                                                                                                                              50       COE LINE 72                                                                                                                                                                                          NOT TESTED
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     4
                                                                                                                       S"-,%                                                                                                                                                                                                     W
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           75-2
                                                                                                                       C,       5- "O 6-P

                                                                                                     5-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            HORIZONTAL SCALE

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0                                  500                                 1000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Q4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -14.60
                                                                                       -15.72                                                                                                                                                       METERS










            Plate 4.               Reconstruction of early'Holocene drainage on inner shelf off
            Ocean City, Maryland. Shown are inferredrelationships between paleochannels
            mapped by Field (1976, 1979), ToscaRo/e/ a/.(1989) and this study.




         38*27'301-'                                                                            _@z      0


                                 &6AWA
                               MARYLAND                                                                                                                          EXPLANATION

                                                                                                 1401h Si-j
                                                                                                                                                                PALEOCHANNEL LOCATIONS

                                                                   0                                                                                            PROPOSED CHANNEL PATH
                                                                                                 z               0
                                                                                                                                                                INFERRED EXTENT OF
                                                                                                t                                                               ST. MARTIN PALEOCHANNEL

                                                                                                                                                                AREAL EXTENT OF EARLY
                                               ..........
                                                                                                                                                                HOLOCENE (04) DEPOSITS

                                                                                               Z





                                                                                                    1  4
                                                    ATMOW @MN
          38*25' -                              %

                                                                                           100"R,",
                                                                                       0
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Q)

                                                                                         90'A
                                                        Ln'@                                            4
                                                         C)                             Ocean City
                                                                                                                             M3 SURFACE STRUCTURE
                                                                                                                             CONTOUR INTERVAL- 2 METERS (NGVD)
                                                                                       8006 S"e"

                              ISLE                                                                                        %
                              OF
                             WIGHT
                                                                                    ?01h                                         MGSLI E12;TF1502.TF1504 -
                                                              90                                                                        PTH -19 M

                                                                                  10,h                                                         COE LINE 47; TF840-TF&52
                                  ISLE OF WIGHT                         D                                                                       DEPTH- ?

                                                                                  I%          CHANNEL #5 (FIELD. 1976; 1980
                                                                              50  S            MAX. DEPTH -22.5 M                                     %
         38*22'30'-'                    BA Y                                                                                    COELINE74; F1558-TF1552'%.
                                                                                                                                D                         %.
                                 %,                                           z                                                   EPTH- 20 M
                                   I%,                                       1                                                                                  .4"          .
                                                                             !?           %                                   MGS LINE 14; TFI 15-TFi 125
                                                     CONVENTION CENTER                                                        DEPTH-?







                                                                        30'A
                                                                            Sh                            %
                         ti                                                    CH NNEL #6 (FIEL 976:1980)
                           c5v                                                   M  DEPTH -18
                                                                                                                                                                                     MGS LINE 10; TF13i4-TF1 32;-V
                                                                                                                                                                                      DEPTH -26 M
                                                                                                                          %,%/ COE LINE 47; TF812-TF818
                                                                                                                                      -26 M
                                                                                                                                 DEPTH


                                                                                                                                      %
                                                                 Ocean   ty                                                               ft


                     50


           38*20'_                West                                                                                                (Zo
                                 ean Citj                                                                                                           D



                                        11 G-d Sw.


                                                        Oil,




                                                                                                   102@ 0-1000 2000 3000 4000-50
                                                                                                            S        -7
                                                                                                                                                                1L
                                                                                                      _77-

                                                        75*5'                                          75'2'20"                                        75'00'
                                                                                                                                          ' /F1558








                            I



















                                                               IINNIIIIIIII
                                                                 36668 14108