[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]










                                       Department of Natural Resources
                                    MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
                                          Emery T. Cleaves, Director




                                  COASTAL AND ESTUARINE GEOLOGY
                                           FILE REPORT NO. 94-2




              The surficial sediments of Assawoman Bay and Isle of
                   'Alight Bay in Maryfand: physical and chemical
                                             characteristics

                                                      by
                   Darlene V. Wells, Robert D. Conkwright, James M. Hill, and M. June Park






                                                                 z
                                                                 >


                                                            -JU


                                                       32




                                                   Submitted to
                                            U.S.Department of the Interior
                                            Minerals Management Service
                                            Continental Ma-rgins Program
                                                      and
                                            Bureau of Economic Geology
                                          The Universitv of Texas at Austin


                                                  in fulfillment of
                                             Contract 414-35-0001-30643
         QE
          121
         .S87                                      June,1994
          1994





































                                 COMMISSION
                                   OF THE
                         MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY


                         M. GORDON WOLMAN, CHAIRMAN
                                JOHN E. CAREY
                             F. PIERCE LINAWEAVER
                              THOMAS 0. NUTTLE
                               ROBERT W. RIDKY










                                                         CONTENTS



                 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY             .............................................                    I


                 INTRODUCTION         ...................................................                       4


                 PREVIOUS STUDIES           ................................................                    5


                 STUDY AREA        ......................................................                       6
                        Geologic Setting   ........................................                    .......  6
                        Physical Characteristics   ..........................................                   9


                 METHODS        ......................................................                          13
                        Surficial Sample Collection   ......   : ...............................                13
                        Laboratory Analyses    ............................................                     13
                                Textural Analyses   .........................................                   13
                                Chemical Analyses     ........................................                  15
                                       Nitrogen, Carbon, and Sulfur Analyses     .....................          15
                                       Metal Analyses   .....................................                   16
                                Data Reduction   ..........................................                     17


                 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION             ........................................                    18
                        Sediment Texture     .............................................                      18
                        Water Content    ................................................                       24
                        Geochemistry    ............................................                   I ....   25
                                Carbon    ................................................                      25
                                Nitrogen    ..............................................                      26
                                Sulfur  ...................................                                     28
                                Metals   .................................................                      30
                                       Enrichment Factors    ...................................                31
                                       Variation from Historical Norms     .........................            32
                                       Distribution of Variation Levels   .........................             35


                 CONCLUSIONS          ..................................................                        38


                 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS              ...........................................                      40


                 REFERENCES CITED            .............................................                      41


                 APPENDIX I
                        Location Data and Field Descriptions of Sediment Samples       .................        47


                 APPENDIX II
                        Textural and Geochernical Data for Sediment Samples        ....................         69



                                                                iii











                                                             FIGURES


              Figure 1.        A) Generalized geologic map of central Delmarva Peninsula            ............        7
                               B) Cross-section showing stratigraphic relationship of formations (from
                               Owens and Denny, 1979)        .....................................                      8

              Figure 2.        Study area    ..............................................                           10

              Figure    3.     Bathymetry of Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays based on
                               surficial sample depths     .....................................                      12

              Figure    4.     Surficial sample locations    ....................................                     14

              Figure    5.     Distribution of sediment type based on Shepard's (1954)
                               classification  .............................................                          19


              Figure    6.     Location of borings collected in 1962 by the U.S. Army          Corps
                               of Engineers     ............................................                          21

              Figure    7.     Thickness of the sand sediments based the 1962 borings            .............        22

              Figure    8.     Bathymetric changes since 1962 at selected areas in Isle of
                               Wight and Assawoman Bays          .................................                    23

              Figure    9.     Distribution of total carbon content in surficial sediments for Isle
                               of Wight and Assawoman Bays           ...............................                  27

              Figure    10.    Distribution of total sulfur content in surficial sediments      ..............        29

              Figure    11.    Distribution of sigma levels for Zn variation from background
                               levels in surficial sediments    ..................................                    36


              Figure    12.    Distribution of sigma levels for Cu variation from background
                               levels in surficial sediments    ..................................                    37



















                                                                  iv











                                                             TABLES


                 Table     1.   Morphometnic data for Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays         .............        9

                 Table II.      Results of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur analyses of NTST-SRM
                                41646 (Estuarine Sediment) material compared to the certified or
                                known values     ............................................                     16


                 Table III.     Results of the metal analyses of reference materials compared to
                                the certified values  .................          .......................          17


                 Table IV.      Summary of sediment type and areal extent for each
                                classification mapped in Isle of Wight Bay and Assawoman Bay          ........    18

                 Table V.       Correlation matrix for nitrogen, carbon, sulfur contents and
                                sediment textural data based on all surficial sediment samples       .........    24

                 Table V1.      Summary of water content, percent nitrogen, carbon and sulfur
                                for each sediment type     ......................................                 25
                                                                                               I

                 Tab] e VII.    Correlation matrix for trace metal concentrations and sediment
                                textural data based on all surficial sediment samples    .................        31

                 Table VIR.     Least squares coefficients for metal data    .........................            33

                 Table IX.      Mean and standard deviation (cy) of variation values calculated from metal
                                concentrations for sediments below 30 cm in the sediment column         .......   34


                 Table     X.   Coordinates (latitude and longitude) for surficial sediment sample
                                lo' cations  ...............................................                      49


                 Table XI.      Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples collected in Isle
                                of Wight and Assawoman Bays         ................................              56

                 Table XII.     Textural data for surficial sediment samples    .......................           71

                 Table XIII.    Chemical data for surficial sediment samples      ......................          79

                 Table XIV.     Enrichment factors, relative to average continental crust (Taylor,
                                1964), for metals analyzed n surficial sediments     ....................         86

                 Table    XV.   Variation values for metal concentrations relative to predicted
                                background (or historical) levels   ...............................               93






                                                                  v










                                                       EQUATIONS

             Equation 1.            Determination of water content as percent wet
                                    weight   ............................................                    13

             Equation 2.            Calculation of the enrichment factor for a particular
                                    metal in sediment samples    ................................            32

             Equation 3.            Calculation of background metal concentration using
                                    grain size composition of the sediment     .....................         33

             Equation 4.            Determination of variation of measured metal
                                    concentrations relative to background metal
                                    concentration   .......................................                  34














































                                                             vi









                     The surficial sediments of Assawoman Bay and Isle of Wight Bay in
                                  Maryland: physical and chemical characteristics

                                                               by
                             Darlene V. Wells, Robert D. Conkwright, June Park, and James Hill



                                                EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


                        The Maryland Geological Survey conducted a two year investigation of the shallow
                geological framework and near surface geochernical character of the sediments of Assawoman
                and Isle of Wight Bays located along Maryland's Atlantic coast. This report presents the results
                of the second year study which focused on the physical and chemical characteristics of the
                surficial sediments of Assawoman and Isle of Wight Bays. The objectives of the second year
                study were:
                        1)     To map the chemical and sedimentological characteristics of the surficial
                               sediments;
                        2)     To delineate the vertical stratigraphic sequence of Assawoman and Isle of Wight
                               Bays.
                The study  was funded through the Minerals Management Service (MMS)/University of Texas
                cooperative studies relating to continental margin.

                        In order to accomplish these objectives, 172 surficial sediment samples were collected in
                Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays as well as the lower tidal reaches of the major tributaries.
                The sediments were analyzed for water content, textural properties, total nitrogen, carbon and
                sulfur contents, and for six metals: Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Results from these analyses were
                used to map the distribution of sediment type, nitrogen, carbon and sulfur contents and relative
                enrichment of the six metals in the surficial sediments. Seismic data collected during the
                previous year's study (Wells and others, 1994) along with data from a series of bonings collected
                by the Army Corps of Engineers were used to estimate thicknesses of the SAND, SILT and
                CLAY components in the two coastal bays.

                        Based on the textural analyses of 171 surficial sediment samples, the average textural
                composition of the bay bottom sediments is 54% SAND, 28% SILT and 18% CLAY. The
                SAND to MUD ( SAND + CLAY components) ratio is nearly 1:1. SAND sediments (i.e.
                SAND > 75%), which cover approximately 44% of the bottom of the two bays, are found
                primarily along the eastern side of the bays. The SANDS vary in thickness from several cm to
                more than 8 meters, gradually thinning toward the west. CLAYEY SILTS, which cover
                approximately 14% of the study area, are found in the tributaries and in isolated pockets
                associated with marshy shorelines. SILTY CLAYS are restricted to upstream areas of the
                tributaries. SILTY SAND, SANDY SILT and SAND-SILT-CLAY are found in isolated pockets
                along marshy shorelines and along the boundaries between SAND and CLAYEY SILTS. Based
                on seismic data collected during the previous year study, the CLAYEY SILT deposits are
                estimated to be up to 5 meters thick in area east of the mouth of St. Martin River (due south of
                Isle of Wight Bay). This area corresponds to the thalweg of the St. Martin paleochannel.



                                                                I









                     Water content is strongly associated with the CLAY component of the sediment as
             reflected by the high correlation coefficient between percent water and CLAY content (r = 0.95).
             Water contents of SAND sediments average 21.6% while SILTY CLAY sediments have the
             highest water contents ( maximum value = 79%).

                     Total carbon contents measured in the surficial sediments range from 0 to 9.86% with a
             mean value of 2.08%. Correlation analysis reveals strong associations between carbon content
             and % water (r = 0.89), and carbon content and CLAY (r = 0.88), indicating that carbon content
             is associated with the fine grained fraction. In general, the carbon content distribution closely
             follows the sediment distribution. The highest carbon values (>7%) were obtained from SILTY
             CLAY sediments collected in the upstream areas of Roy and Greys Creek and St. Martin river.

                      Nitrogen contents in surficial sediments range from 0 to 0.59%, and average 0.16%.
             The highest nitrogen contents are associated with SILTY CLAYS found in upstream areas of the
             tributaries (St. Martin River, Greys Creek and Roy Creek). Nitrogen content of the sediments
             is strongly associated with carbon content (r = 0.915) reflecting the fact that nitrogen comes
             primarily from organic geopolymers found in the sediment. N/C va    lues are generally low ( mean
             = 0.065) for sediments in the tributaries and along the marsh island areas between Greys Creek
             and Roy Creek, suggesting that nitrogen in sediments comes primarily from terrestrial organic
             material, probably as cellulose plant tissue. N/C values are higher, averaging 0.177, for the
             sediments collected in the central portions of Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays. In these areas
             plankton is most likely the primary source of nitrogen in sediments.

                     Total sulfur contents of the surficial sediments of the coastal bays range from 0 to 3.16%
             about a mean of 0.63%. Distribution pattern for sulfur contents are similar to those for nitrogen
             and carbon. Sulfur contents is greatly influenced by sediment texture. Correlation analyses show
             a strong association between sulfur and CLAY content (r = 0.91) and water content (r = 0.88).
             SILTY CLAYS collected in the tributaries yielded the highest sulfur contents, ranging from 1.41
             to 3.16%. The ratio of carbon to sulfur (C/S) averages 3.56 ï¿½ 1.32 for all samples. This value
             is much higher than the C/S ratio of 2.8 (ï¿½ 1.5) for modem marine sediments reported by Berner
             and Raiswell (1984). The higher C/S values may reflect the origin and nature of the carbon
             contained in the sediments. A significant portion of the total carbon measured in many of the
             coastal bay sediments may be non-reactive carbon, perhaps in the form of plant material or
             inorganic carbon secretions in worm tubes.

                     Correlations between metal contents and carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur contents are
             moderate to strong (r > 0.7). The highest correlations are between Fe and Cr (r = 0.984), Fe and
             Mn (r = 0.956) and Cr and Zn (r = 0.953). There area also high correlations between CLAY
             content and Cr, Fe, and Ni, and between water content and all six metals. These metals typically
             are associated with clay minerals as they are either components of the mineral lattice structure
             or absorbed onto clay surfaces. Because of the strong relationship between metal content and
             grain size, several techniques were used to normalize the metal data so the comparisons could
             be made between the different sediment types.

                     One technique correlated metal content with the grain size composition.              Metal
             concentrations in sediments below 30 cm in the sediment column were interpreted to represent


                                                             2










                the historical norms for the coastal bays. These deeper sediments were used to obtain the
                relationship between grain size and metal contents to determine background metal concentrations.
                Background levels were calculated for all surficial samples based on grain size, and compared
                to the measured metal levels. Variation from background levels were then mapped.

                        Variation levels for Cr, Fe, and Mn are not significant for most areas within the two bays;
                i.e., variation level values fall within the normal dispersion of background level values. On the
                other hand, variation levels for Cu and Zn indicate that the surficial sediments contain twice the
                amount of Cu and Zn than background levels (historical levels). Variation levels for Zn and Cu
                were mapped revealing distribution patterns that reflect anthropogenic influences within the two
                bays. High variation levels of both Cu and Zn are seen in the St. Martin River and in isolated
                pockets adjacent to developments and marinas. The developed shorelines contain dead-end canals
                and narrow boat slips, and thus by design, have poor water circulation, which contribute to the
                accumulation of these metals. Likewise, the St. Martin River acts as a sink for these metals as
                well as other pollutants, due in part, to the fine grained nature of the sediments. The variation
                levels for metals also reflect the relatively high pollutant input into the St. Martin River compared
                to other tributaries.










































                                                                   3











                                                   INTRODUCTION


                     The Maryland coastal bay system consists of four bays: Assawoman Bay, Isle of Wight
              Bay, Sinepuxent Bay and Chincoteague Bay. These coastal bays are considered very valuable
              resources not only from a geological viewpoint, but from an environmental perspective. During
              the last two decades, development pressures along the shoreline around the bays have raised
              concerns about the "health" of the bays. Yet, there is a paucity of environmental data available
              to adequately assess and monitor the bays. Little is understood about the hydrodynamics and
              sedimentation processes. An understanding of the hydrodynamics of the bays is critical in
              dealing with dredging and disposal of polluted sediments. Because the bays are very shallow,
              bottom sediments are often resuspended, mixing with the overlying water column. Therefore, the
              bottom sediments play an important role in bay water quality. Sedimentological studies are
              important to the understanding of the relationship between bottom sediments and bay
              hydrodynamics as well as to the general health of the bays.

                     During the past seven years of the Mineral Management Service-Association of American
              State Geologists (MMS/AASG) Continental Margins Program, the Maryland Geological Survey
              has mapped the surficial sediments and defined the shallow geological framework of the inner
              continental shelf of Maryland (Kerhin and Williams, 1987; Toscano and others, 1989). The area
              of study had been limited to the inner continental shelf of Maryland, and did not include the
              adjacent coastal bay systems. These coastal bays mark the leading edge boundary of the present
              transgression and overlie sedimentary sequences that link the onshore to offshore stratigraphy.
              Therefore, studies of the geologic framework of these bays would contribute to the understanding
              of the relationship between offshore and onshore stratigraphy and the history of the holocene
              transgression.

                      For the eighth year of the MMS/AASG Continental Margins Program, the Maryland
              Geological Survey initiated a preliminary investigation of the shallow geological framework and
              near surface geochemical character of the sediments of Assawoman and Isle of Wight Bays
              located along Maryland's Atlantic coast. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) The
              information from this study would "fill in" some of the gaps in reconstructing the shallow
              stratigraphy and Quaternary history of Maryland's inner continental shelf. 2) The study would
              provide some preliminary base-line sedimentological and chemical data for future studies of these
              back-bay areas.

                      The eighth year study was design as a reconnaissance investigation of the shallow
              geology of the two bays. Due to funding and time constraints, tasks were kept simple with
              seismic profiling being the primary tool of study. In addition to seismic profiling, a series of
              shallow sediment cores were collected along various transect with the two bays. Analyses of
              these sediment cores provided important geochernical behavior and history of the shallow
              sediment column in the bays (Wells and others, 1994).

                      For the ninth year of the MMS/AASG Continental Margins Program, the Maryland
              Geological Survey continued the investigation of the geological framework of Assawoman and
              Isle of Wight Bays with the emphasis on the physical and chemical characteristics of the surficial


                                                              4










                 sediments. The objectives of the continuation of the Coastal Bays study were:
                                1)      To map the chemical and sedimentological characteristics of the surficial
                                        sediments;
                                2)      To delineate the vertical stratigraphic sequence of Assawoman and Isle of
                                        Wight Bays;

                         Presented in this report are the results and preliminary interpretation of the data from the
                 continuation of the Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays Study. Results include the textural and
                 chernical data from analyses of 171 surficial sediment samples collected in the two bays.



                                                    PREVIOUS STUDIES


                         Early studies focused primarily on water quality monitoring in the bays (Sieling 1958,
                 1959, 1960; Cerco and others, 1978; Allison 1975; and Fang and others, 1977). Water column
                 studies conducted by Allison (1975) measured pH, salinity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen
                 (DO), nutrients, chlorophyll-a, total iron, heavy metal and pesticide concentrations, turbidity, and
                 fecal coliform bacteria. At twelve (12) sites within Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays, Allison
                 analyzed bottom sediments for six metals: Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg. Although Allison
                 concluded that the metals concentrations in the sediments were not significantly high, he did not
                 elaborate on any relationship between sediment and water quality data.

                         Several studies examined the physical character of sediments from Chincoteague Bay
                 (Bartberger and Biggs, 1970; Bartberger, 1976). These studies involved the analyses of 150
                 Chincoteague Bay sediments for grain size characteristics in order to determine the origin,
                 distribution, and rates of accumulation of sediments in Chincoteague Bay. Results showed that
                 the sandy sediments were found on the eastern margins of the Chincoteague Bay. Fine-grained
                 sediments were located in the deeper areas and along the western shore areas. The primary
                 source of sand was from Assateague Island in the form of overwash, aeolian transport, and
                 sediment run-off. By comparison, sediment input from streams was minor. Based on estimated
                 volumes of annual sediment input into Chincoteague Bay, the average sedimentation rate was
                 calculated to be 0.3 mm per year.

                         Folger (1972) compiled existing data on the texture and composition of bottom sediments
                 from 45 estuaries, lagoons, bays, and deltas of the United States. Seventeen of the study areas
                 were on the Atlantic coast, but did not include any embayments between Chesapeake Bay and
                 New York Harbor. Sediment characteristics examined by Folger included appearance, texture,
                 mineral composition, and organic content. Folger correlated sediment characteristics with
                 geologic , bathymetric, and hydrologic characteristics of the specific study basins. Folger
                 concluded that sediment textures and distribution patterns are controlled by sediment supply and
                 tidal range.

                         More recently, an assessment of Maryland's coastal bay aquatic ecosystem and terrestrial
                 pollutant loadings into the bays was completed (UM and CESI, 1993). The assessment, based
                 on existing information, examined data for trends in the overall quality of the bays ecosystem.
                 Objectives of the study were to identify water quality problems and to develop strategies for the


                                                                   5









             effective management of the bay system. The study identified the upper bays (Assawoman and
             Isle of Wight bays), and particularly the St. Martin River, as areas exhibiting serious water
             quality problems as a result of several factors including poor flushing, development along the
             shorelines, and high nutrient loadings. Estimates of nutrient loading rates for total nitrogen, total
             phosphorous, total suspended solids, zinc, lead and biochemical oxygen demand were calculated
             to be very high for Turville/Herring Creek and St. Martin River compared to those observed for
             selected portions of the Chesapeake Bay and other coastal bays. However, the study pointed out
             that there is a general lack of information regarding the toxic contamination in the upper bays
             and recommended developing a baseline for priority pollutants in sediments and biota..



                                                      STUDY AREA


             GEOLOGIC SETTING


                     The study area is located on the Atlantic coast of the Delmarva Peninsula (Figure la).
             Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays are the two northem-most coastal bays in Maryland.
             Fenwick Island, part of the barrier Island/southern spit unit of the Delmarva coastal compartment
             (Fisher, 1967), separates the coastal bays from the Atlantic Ocean. The bays are underlain by
             unconsolidated Coastal Plain sediments, the upper-most 60 m of which are Cenozoic in age.
             Sediments of the Sinepuxent Formation are exposed along much of Maryland's coastal area from
             Bethany Beach, Delaware, southward to the Maryland-Virginia border and directly underlie the
             study area (Figure lb). The Sinepuxent Formation was described by Owens and Denny (1979)
             based on information from drill holes along Sinepuxent Neck, the designated type locality for the
             Formation. The Sinepuxent Formation is composed of dark colored, poorly sorted, silty fine to
             medium sand with thin beds of peaty sand and black clay. Heavy minerals are abundant and
             consist of both amphibole and pyroxene minerals. All of the major clay mineral groups:
             kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite and chlorite, are represented. The sand consists of quartz,
             feldspar and abundant mica (muscovite, biotite, and chlorite). The high mica content makes the
             Sinepuxent Formation lithologically distinct from underlying older units (Owens and Denny,
             1979).

                     The Sinepuxent Formation is interpreted to be a marginal marine deposit. Owens and
             Denny (1979) had assigned a mid-Wisconsin age (24-30 ka) to the formation based on C" data.
             Later studies correlated the Sinepuxent Formation to the offshore Q2 deposits which were
             determined to be of oxygen-isotope Stage 5 age (between 80 to 120 ka) based on amino-acid
             racemization (Toscano, 1992; Toscano and others, 1989; Toscano and York, 1992).

                     Within the study area, the Smepuxent is underlain by the Beaverdam Sand Formation
             which is Pliocene in age (Owens and Denny, 1979) (Figure lb). The western edge of the
             Sinepuxent formation lies against the Ironshire Formation which consists of pale yellow to white
             sand and gravelly sand. Although the Ironshire Formation sits unconformably on top of the
             Beaverdam, at no point does it underlie the Sinepuxent Formation (Owens and Denny, 1979).





                                                               6














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                  Figure 1.         A) Generalized geologic map of'central Delmarva Peninsula (from Owens and
                  Denny, 1979). See Figure IB for pattern key.


                                                                       7


















                               N
                      METERS
                         30-     Greenwood,                                                                                                                                                         S
                                  Delaware

                         20-

                                                                                              .............

                                        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                         10                                                            A
                                                                                                                                                           IRONSHIRE
                                                                                ... . .... ... ..
                                                                                                                                                                             Assateague Island,
                                                                  Nz
                                                                                                                                                                                   Maryland
                      SEA
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                                                                                                                                                                                               jT


                                                                                                                                                   So-called
                                                                                                                                  "YORKTOWNP) and COFIANSEYR)"

                         20-



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                                                                                                                    UPLANATION

                                                                                     MARINE MARGINAL MARINE               ESTUARINE-FLUVIATILE


                                                                                                Sinepuxent
                                                                                          x" "
                                                                                                I- n
                                                                                                      110

                                                                                                                                        Kent Islard
                                                                                                                                        Formation

                                                                                                lronshire
                                                                                                Formation



                                                                                                   Omar
                                                                                     ......     Formation



                                                                                     ...........
                                                                                     ...... .   Waiston
                                                                                     ...... =. Sut



                                                                                                Beaverda
                                                                                                   Sand



                                                                                                     Yorktown
                                                                                                    Formation
                                                                                                (not shown on imp)


                                                                                                   "YOrktOIAM and
                                                                                                   Cohanse.,A?)"                        Pensauken
                                                                                                (not shown on map)                      Formation


                                                                                     07         Chesapeake Gcoup, urdvWed
                                                                                                   St Mary's Formation
                                                                                                   Choptank Formation
                                                                                                   Cahmt Formation
                                                                                        g.



                         Figui-e 1.               B) Cross-section showing stratigraphic relationship of formations (from Owens
                         and Denny, 1979), with pattern key.


                                                                                                              8











                 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS


                        Assawoman Bay and Isle of Wight Bay are microtidal (<2 in tidal range) coastal lagoons
                 and are contiguous with each other. For this discussion, the boundary between Assawoman Bay
                 and Isle of Wight Bay is the Rt. 90 bridge which spans Fenwick Island (Ocean City at 60th
                 Street) and Isle of Wight (Figure 2). Table I lists the basic morphometric data for both bays. The
                 surface area statistics presented in Table I differ from those presented in the previous year (Wells
                 and others, 1994). The differences are attributed to 1) differences in methods used to calculate
                 areas, and 2) extent of surface areas included in the statistics. For this study, surface areas
                 include the areal extent of the sampling which covers the lower tidal reaches of the tributaries
                 as well as the bays themselves.


                  Table 1. Morphometric data for Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays. Dimension and
                  area statistics were compiled from data from this study. Surface areas include the lower
                  tidal reaches (i.e.- to the first major bifurcation) of the major tributaries. Drainage area
                  values are from UM and CESI (1993).                                      _TTwo Bay System
                                                 Assawoman Bay          Isle of Wight Bay

                         Surface area                21.5 km2                24.1 kM2               45.6 kM2

                      Maximum length                  7.9 kin                 6.7 kni               14.5 kin

                       Maximum width                  3.3 km                  4.3 kin
                 U      Drainage area                24.7 km'                146 kM2               170.7 kM2


                        Assawoman Bay, the northern-most bay, has a water surface area of          19.5 km2 and is
                 elongated in north-south direction. The length of Assawoman Bay, measured from the mouth of
                 Roy Creek to Rt. 90 bridge, is 7.9 kin. Maximum width of Assawoman Bay is 3.3 km. Greys
                 Creek and Roy Creek have a combined surface area of 1.9 kM2.       Isle of Wight Bay has a surface
                 area of 17.2 kM2 . The length of this bay, from Rt. 90 Bridge to the west end of the north jetty
                 at the inlet, is 6.7 km. Maximum width is 4.3 km. The surface area of the St. Martin River,
                 from the mouth (at Ocean Pines) to the juncture of the Bishopville Prong and Shingle Landing
                 Prong, is 5.4 kM2 . The combine surface area of Turville/Herring Creek and Manklin Creek is
                 1.5 kM2.


                        The St. Martin River is the major tributary, accounting for 62% of the total drainage area
                 for the bays (Bartberger and Biggs, 1970; UM and CESI, 1993). Drainage area for Isle of Wight
                 Bay is about 6 times the area of the bay itself (Table I). On the other hand, the drainage area
                 of Assawoman Bay is about equal (1.1 times) to its surface area. In all, the drainage area for
                 both bays is about 4 times as large as their open water areas. For comparison, the watershed
                 basin for the Chesapeake Bay is 28 times its open water area. As a result of the relatively small
                 drainage area combined with flat topography, fresh water input into the two coastal bays is small.
                 The limited fresh water input and restricted access to open ocean contribute to poor flushing of
                 the bays (Bartberger and Biggs, 1970: UM and CESI, 1993).


                                                                  9















                              75* 12'                          75*8'                           75'





                                                                                                Uttle
                                                                                             Assawoman
                                                                                                 Bay


                   38*28'



                              Delaware                                                                  The "Ditch"
                              Maryland                           6110

                                                                                            Idantego ay




                                                                                                                CZ
                                                                                  Assawoman
                                                                                                                Q)
                                                                                      Bay
                                                   Al,
                                                             RY,7ep                        Bayside
                                                                  P
                                             ?Vovs                                                            C.)
                   38'24'
                                                                              Isle
                                                                              of
                                                                      RL 90  Wight




                                                             Ocean
                                                             Pines
                                                                         Isle of Wight Day

                                                                                         Bayshore
                                                                                         Estates

                                                                             Cape Isle
                                                                               at
                                                        Clee                  Wight
                                                                                          0


                                                                                                Mallard Island
                                                                      L)

                                                                      to
                                                                                         0

                                                                                     Rt. so
                                  SCALE                                                      Ocean City
                            0   10 00 2000 3000 meters                                     Oeean City Inlet


                            0      5000     10000 feet







                Figure 2.       Study area.



                                                                   10










                         The two bays are connected to the Atlantic Ocean through a single outlet, Ocean City
                 Inlet, located at the extreme south end of Isle. of Wight Bay. Ocean City Inlet had formed during
                 a hurricane in 1933 and was immediately stabilized by jetties to keep it opened.

                         Historically, several other inlets have been documented along Fenwick Island (Truitt,
                 1968). These inlets also formed during storms as did the Ocean City Inlet, but were eventually
                 filled in as a result of natural processes. During the March 1962 storm, also known as the Ash
                 Wednesday Storm, Fenwick Island was breached near 71st street. A channel approximately 50
                 ft wide was cut through to the bay (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1962a). The Army Corps
                 of Engineers immediately filled in the inlet with sand dredged from Assawoman Bay.

                         The bays are very shallow, the average depth less than 2 m (Figure 3). Generally, areas
                 with depths greater than 3 m are a result of dredging. Some of the deepest areas are within the
                 Federal Navigation Channel, which is maintained at -10 m. These deep areas are located in the
                 southern end of Isle of Wight Bay. Other artificially deep areas include numerous dredged holes
                 in Assawoman Bay and along the east side of Isle of Wight Bay. The material dredged from
                 these holes were used to fill in low-lying areas on Fenwick Island for development, or used as
                 beach fill to replenish the beach in Ocean City after the March 1962 storm. These holes vary
                 in depth from 4.9 to 9.8 in. Another artificially deep area is within a canal known as "The
                 Ditch", the depths of which average 4.5 m. This canal connects Assawoman Day to Little
                 Assawoman Bay (in Delaware).

                         Circulation patterns and tidal ranges in the two bays are dependent on proximity to the
                 inlet and wind conditions. Near the inlet, currents are primarily an effect of tidal cycles. Currents
                 over 200 cm/sec are common near the inlet and within the Federal Navigation channel. Tidal
                 amplitudes, based on data from NOS tide stations located in southern Isle of Wight Bay, range
                 from 0.78 to 0.55 m. Tidal influence diminishes rapidly with increasing distance from the inlet.
                 Along the western and northern margins of the bays, wind conditions have a greater effect on
                 water levels and current velocities.


                         Salinity in the two bays decreases slightly with increasing distance from Ocean City Inlet.
                 Maximum salinity measured during the summer (Casey and Wesche, 1981) ranged from 30 ppt
                 near the inlet to 26 ppt in Assawoman Bay just north of the Rt. 90 bridge. Salinity tends to be
                 higher in the summer due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation.

                         Bordering the bays are wetlands and marshes, found mainly along the western margin.
                 Much of the bay side of Fenwick Island has been developed at the expense of wetlands (Dolan
                 and others, 1980). Large areas have been filled in and built up, and much of natural shoreline
                 has been armored by bulkheads or rip-rap.














                              75'12'                           75*8'                             75'

                                 Bathymetry
                         based on surficial sample depths                                         lAttle
                             1 meter contour interval                                          Assawoman
                                 depth below MSL                                                   Bay

                - 38'28'



                              Delaware
                              Maryland


                                                                                   Z












                - 38724'


                                                                           2






                                                                          2


                                                                               2

                                                 Ttly-ville Cree                          2


                                                                                        2


                   38*20'
                                   SCALE                                                       Ocean City

                              0  1000 2000 3000 meters


                              0     5000     10000 feet





               Figure 3.        Bathymetry of Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays based on surficial sample
               depths.


                                                                   12











                                                            METHODS


                 SURFICIAL SAMPLE COLLECTION


                                Surficial sample collection was conducted onboard an 18 ft whaler. A Magnavox
                 MX300 GPS system with MX 50R DGPS Beacon (U.S. Coast Guard) Receiver was used for
                 navigation. The accuracy of the system is A: 3 to 5 meters.

                         A sampling grid based on 500 by 1000 meter spacing was used to determine sample
                 locations. Sample spacing east-west across the bays was 500 meters. Longitudally down the
                 bays the samples were spaced 1000 meters. Bottom sediments were expected to show the
                 greatest textural variation laterally (east-west) across the bay as opposed to longitudally along the
                 bays axes. In order to adequately document these changes, the tighter spacing laterally across
                 the bays was adopted. An even tighter sampling spacing was used in the southern end of Isle
                 of Wight Bay where abrupt changes in textural composition of sediments were anticipated due
                 to the flood-tidal delta feature and the Federal navigation channel. Samples were collected in
                 the major tributaries approximately every 500 meters and as far upstream as the first stream
                 bifurcation. Sample locations are shown in Figure 4. Latitude and longitude for each stations
                 are presented in Appendix I (Table X).

                         Sediment samples were collected using a hand operated stainless-steel dredge sampler
                 which sampled a bottom surface area of 19 cm x 14 cm. Upon collection, the samples were
                 visually described and then placed in Whirl-Pak    Tm bags. Field descriptions of the samples are
                 presented in Appendix I (Table XI).



                 LABORATORY ANALYSES


                                                         Textural Analyses

                         Sediment samples were analyzed for water content and grain size (SAND, SILT, CLAY
                 content). Water content was calculated as the percentage of water weight to the weight of the
                 wet sediment using equation 1.



                                                        Water              10()
                                                                     W:



                                where:          W., is the weight of water; and

                                                W, is the weight of wet sediment.

                         Water content was determined by weighing 30 to 50 grams of sediment, drying the
                 sediment at 65'C, and then reweighing the dried sediment. Dried sediments were saved for
                 chemical analyses (see Chemical Analyses section).


                                                                  13
















                                                                         I                                                                      1                                                                       1
                                                                   75* 12'                                                                75'8'                                                                         75*

                                           Surficial Sediment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Little
                                              Sample Locations                                                                                                                                                          Assawoman
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Bay


                                           3 8'2 8'


                                                                                                                                                                                                       2
                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                                                                   Delaware
                                                                   Maryland                                                                    1;110                                                   07               so 16
                                                                                                                                                             '20                                       Oil 12 '13 '14   '15    17
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        is
                                                                                                                                                                  21P                                  47 .28           .29 o3o
                                                                                                                                                                        22623                          4                0
                                                                                                                                                                                                       25 (:@@          3
                                                                                                                                                                                                       - 3:7P C34       360 3?                         )41
                                                                                                                                                                         3     3Gb                     40 41 .42 .43                                   CU
                                                                                                                                                                              .46                      47                                             Q)
                                                                                                                                                                                 04,9 050 CP1 052 o53                   :'55
                                                                                                         '83 982                                                                                                        616,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        6
                                                                                                       8                      0            a                                                           OW 't9 '%6D      6
                                                                                                                                  ,79
                                                                                                                                        077, -76    "75
                                           38'24'                                                                                             '85     74     o7 07             7 .4 o69                m67 o6a 065          4
                                                                                                                                                 6  '87      98 'S
                                                                                                                                                                   9                                   .101 .102.103,10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        lDO
                                                                                                                                                             94   '93                                                   106.
                                                                                                                                                             95,98      97 .98                         cpo .109.108.107
                                                                                                                                                             olZD                                                       110.
                                                                                                                          Iko
                                                                                                                                                                N23'1 I a 917 al leci
                                                                                                                                               L-4-          lg4         .129                          141              139P
                                                                                                                                                      b26 10 25        013001310134,135, 13                             14
                                                                                                           Turville Cree                         1 ?,7                        '132                     0136 14LO 3 40VP
                                                                                                                                                                               J33                     11
                                                                                                                                                                                                       149
                                                                                                                                                                                                       915a
                                                                                                                                                                                                       154 1;;15
                                                                                                                                                                                                       5
                                                                                                                                                                                      16               'P 188
                                                                                                                                                                                      16
                                           38'20'                                                                                                                                                      6
                                                                                                                                                                                                       6                Ocean City
                                                                           SCALE

                                                                0       1000 2000 3000 meters


                                                                0              5000              10000 feet






                              Figure 4.                            Surficial sample locations,



                                                                                                                                              14










                        SAND, SILT and CLAY contents were determined using the textural analysis detailed in
                Kerhin and others (1988). Sediment samples were first treated with 10% solution of hydrochloric
                acid (HCI) to remove carbonate material such as shells and then treated with a 6 to 15% solution
                of hydrogen peroxide (H20,) to remove organic material. The sediments were then passed
                through a 62 micron mesh sieve separating SAND from the mud (SILT + CLAY) fraction.

                        Mud fractions were analyzed using a pipette technique to determine SILT and CLAY
                contents. Weights of the SAND, SILT and. CLAY fractions were converted to relative
                proportions (weight percentages). The sediments were categorized according to Shepard's (1954)
                classification based on percent SAND, SILT and CLAY components.

                        The results of the textural analyses are listed in Appendix II (Table XII).



                                                       Chemical Analyses

                        Sediments dried for water content determination were analyzed for total elemental
                nitrogen, carbon and sulfur contents and six metals. The dried sediments were pulverized in
                tungsten-carbide vials using a ball mill, then placed in Whirl-Pak      Tm bags, and stored in a
                desiccator.



                Nitrogen, Cilrbon, and Sulfur Analyses

                        The sediments were analyzed for total nitrogen, carbon and sulfur (NCS) contents using
                a Carlo Erba NA1500 analyzer. Approximately 10 to 15 mg of dried sediment were weighed into
                a fin capsule. The exact weight (to the nearest gg) of the sample was recorded. To enhance
                complete combustion during the analysis, 15 to 20 mg of vanadium pentoxide (V,05)were added
                to the sediment.


                         The sediment sample, contained in a tin capsule, was dropped into a combustion chamber
                where the sample was oxidized in an atmosphere of pure oxygen. The resulting combustion
                gases, along with pure helium used as a carrier gas, were passed through a reduction furnace to
                remove free oxygen and then through a sorption trap to remove water. Separation of the gas
                components was achieved by passing the gas mixture through a chromatographic column. A
                thermal conductivity detector was used to measure the relative concentrations of the gases.

                        The NA1500 Analyzer      'was configured for NCS analysis using the manufacturer's
                recommended settings.         As a primary standard, 5-chloro- 4-hydroxy- 3-methoxy-
                benzylisothlourea phosphate was used. Blanks (tin capsules containing only vanadium pentoxide)
                were run at the beginning of the analyses and after 12 to 15 unknowns (samples) and standards.
                Replicates of every fifth sample were run. As a secondary standard, a NIST reference material
                (NIST SRM #1646 - Estuarine Sediment) was run after every 6 to 7 sediment samples. Table
                11 presents the comparisons of the MGS results and the certified values for total carbon, nitrogen
                and sulfur contents for the NIST standard. There is excellent agreement between the NIST values
                and MGS's results.



                                                                15










               Table 11.     Results of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur analyses of NIST-SRM #1646
               (Estuarine Sediment) compared to the certified or known values. MGS values were
               obtained by averaging the results of all SRM analyses run during this study.

                     Element Analyzed                  Certified Values*                   MGS Results
                                                         (% by weight)                      (this study)

                          Nitrogen                           0.211                           0.18 ï¿½0.04

                           Carbon                             1.72                           1.67 ï¿½0.08
                            Sulfur             1              0.96               1           0.99 ï¿½0.08

                 The value for carbon is certified by NIST. The sulfur value is the non-certified value reported by NIST.
               The value of nitrogen was obtained from repeated analyses inhouse and by other laboratories (Haake Buehler
               Labs and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture).



              Metal Analyses


                     Sediments were analyzed for six metals: chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe),
              manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). These metals were selected for several reasons.
              1) These metals are non-volatile. As opposed to volatile metals, these metals are less likely to
              be lost during analytical procedures used in this study. 2) Studies have shown that these metals
              can be used as environmental indicators (Hennessee and others, 1990; Hill, 1984; Cantillo, 1982.-
              Sinex and Helz, 1981). 3) Comparable data for these metals are available for the Chesapeake
              Bay (Cantillo, 1982; Helz and others, 1982; Hill and others, 1985; and Sommer and Pyzik, 1974)
              and for other estuaries (Sinex and Helz, 1981).

                     Concentrations for the six metals were determined using a microwave digestion technique,
              followed by analyses of the digestate on an Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma unit (ICAP). The
              microwave digestion technique is detailed in Wells and others (1994).

                     A Thermo Jarrel-Ash Atom Scan 25 sequential ICAP was used for the metal analyses.
              The wavelengths and conditions selected for the metals of interest were determined using digested
              bottom sediments from the selected sites in the Chesapeake Bay and reference materials from the
              National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST SRM #1646 - Estuarine Sediment; NIST
              SRM 92704 - Buffalo River Sediment) and the National Research Council of Canada (PACS-1 -
              Marine Sediment).

                     The wavelengths and conditions were optimized for the expected metal levels and the
              sample matrix. Quality control was maintained by comparing unknown samples to the 3 standard
              reference materials (SRM's): NIST 41646, NIST 42704, and PACS-1. SRMs and blanks were
              run with each set (10 to 15 samples) of unknowns. Check (calibration) standards were also run
              every 15 to 20 samples or approximately every hour of run time to check instrument drift.
              Replicates of every tenth unknown (sample) were run.



                                                               16










                        Results of the analyses of the three standard reference materials are compared to the
                certified values in Table III. The MGS's results indicate better than 90% recovery for all of the
                metals except Mn. The lower recovery values for Mn (for NIST SRM #1646 and PACS-1) may
                be due to incomplete digestion during sample preparation.


                  Table III.    Results of metal analyses of standard reference materials compared to the
                  certi ied values.

                                  Certified Values                            MGS Results
                    Metals
                                         ES*    PAC*       BR*       % 'I ES*           %        PAC*       %
                                                                   recove            recovery             recovery


                      Cr        135      76      113       133      98.3      79       104.0      107      94.5
                    (gg/g)      :ï¿½:5     ï¿½3      ï¿½8        ï¿½3.9               ï¿½2.2               ï¿½2.94

                      Cu        98.6     18      452        96      96.9      15       82.5       440      97.2
                    (Ag/g)      ï¿½5       ï¿½3      ï¿½16       ï¿½2.2               ï¿½0.6               ï¿½8.08

                   Fe (%)       4.11     3.35    4.87      3.90     95.9      3.20     95.8       4.45     91.4
                                ï¿½0. I    =EO. 1  ï¿½0.12     ï¿½0.3               ï¿½0.3               ï¿½0.38

                      Mn        555      375     470       572      103.1     329      87.8       370      78.7
                    (Ag/g)      ï¿½19      ï¿½20     ï¿½12       ï¿½41.8             ï¿½33.2               ï¿½37.3

                      Ni        44.1     32      44.1       37      83.2      27       85.0        36      81.2
                     (vg/g)     ï¿½3       ï¿½3      ï¿½2        :1-2.6             :L2.2               ï¿½1.6

                      Zn        438      138     824       420      95.9      120      86.8       800      97.1
                    (gg/gjj   -- ï¿½12 -L  ï¿½6      ï¿½22    1  ï¿½3.8               ï¿½0.7               ï¿½8.69

                  *BR   NIST-SRM #2704 - Buffalo River Sediment
                  *ES   NIST SRM #1646 - Estuarine Sediment
                  *PAC= National Research Council of Canada PACS-1  Marine Sediment





                                                           Data Reduction


                        All statistical analyses of textural and chemical data were performed using Statgraphics
                Plus, Version 6.0 (Manugistics, Inc., 1992).
                                TR*Tl













                                                                  17










                                             RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


              SEDIMENT TEXTURE


                      Based on the textural analyses of 171 surficial sediment samples, the average textural
              composition of the bay bottom sediments is 54% SAND, 28% SILT and 18% CLAY. The
              SAND to mud ratio is nearly 1: 1, similar to the findings for Chincoteague sediments reported by
              Bartberger (1976).

                      Bottom sediments include seven of the ten Shepard's (1954) classifications. Most of the
              samples fall in the SAND and the CLAYEY SILT classifications. The third most common
              sediment type represented is SILTY SAND. Table IV presents a summary of the classification
              of the surficial sediments.


                Table IV. Summary of sediment classification and areal extent for each classification
                mapped in Isle of Wight Bay and Assawoman Bay.

                SBEPARD'S (1954)                                            Percent of total       Areal extent of
                CLASSIFICATION                   Number of samples              samples             class mapped
                                                                                                         (km 2

                SAND                                      .73                       43                   19.3

                SILTY SAND                                 20                        12                  6.5

                CLAYEY SAND                                 2                        1                       a

                SANDY SILT                                  6                        4                   0.9

                SAND SILT CLAY                              7                        4                   0.3

                CLAYEY SILT                                52                       30                   14.4

                 ILTY       AY                             11                        6                   2.5

                TOTAL                                      171                     100                   43.8b

                  Areal extent was not calculated; less than 0.1 kM2.
                  Totals may not add due to rounding .



                      Distribution of sediment type is shown in Figure 5. The trend is an eastward (seaward)
              increase in grain size of bottom sediments. Sandy sediments (i.e. SAND > 75%), which cover
              approximately 44% of the bottom of the two bays, are found primarily along the eastern side of
              the bays. CLAYEY SILTS, which cover approximately 14% of the study area, are found in the
              tributaries and in isolated pockets associated with marshy shorelines. SILTY CLAYS are
              restricted to upstream areas of the tributaries.      SILTY SANDS, SANDY SILTS and SAND-
              SILT-CLAYS are found in isolated pockets along marshy shorelines and along the boundaries
              between SANDS and CLAYEY SILTS. The boundary areas represent zones of mixing between


                                                                 18

















                                                                75*12'                                                        75*8'                                                          75'

                                                                   Sediment
                                                                                                                                                                                              little
                                                                                                                                                                                         Assa-v@oxnan
                                                            Distribution                                                                                                                        Bay

                                            38*28'                                                                                                                      sici


                                                                                                                                                                                            S SICI
                                                                Delaware                                                                                                              S
                                                                     aryland                                                                                                  CISi       Sisk
                                                                                                                                                                          S.Si               asi


                                                                                                                                                                                      Sisk
                                                                                                                                             Is
                                                                                                                                                             c1si                    sas      sasici
                                                                                                                                                                                       Sa
                                                                                                                                                                             Sisk        Sisk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Q@

                                                                                                                                                                 as*
                                                                                                         sici                                                             cisi
                                                                                                                                                                                           Sa                            C)
                                             38@24'                                                                                cisi                          CI
                                                                                                                                                                          Sisk            Sisk -

                                                                            MY                                                                           S.         Sa
                                                                                                                                          Sj
                                                                             CI                                                                             cisi

                                                                             75                                                                                                   sa
                                                                    S cl                                                         ee    cis,      A.Si  a      Sisk -
                                                                     ,-@/                                                                c
                                                                                                                                                              S.
                                                                                                                                                                                             CIS'
                                                                          S.Sic@@
                                                            c1sa                          cisi                                                 14                as       sasic)                 ici
                                                                            2
                                                                                                                                                                                               Isi

                                                     S.           Sisk             sasi             Si
                                          Sa.d                                                              Silt
                                                                                                                                                              S.sic             0
                                                        Shepard's Classification                                                                                 Sisk
                                             38*20'                                                                                                                 CIISi
                                                                        SCALE                                                                                                            Ocean City

                                                              0      1000 2000 3000 meters


                                                              0            5000            10000 feet





                                   Figure 5.                      Distribution of sediment type based on Shepard's (1954) classification.


                                                                                                                                     19








             the coarse (SAND) and fine grained end members (SILTY CLAY and CLAYEY SILT) of the
             sediment distribution. However, the transition between mud and SAND dominated areas is quite
             abrupt for most of the bays.

                     Sediment distributions reflect energy environments as well as proximity to source of
             sediments. SAND found along the western side of the bays represents material carried across the
             barrier island (Fenwick Island) as washover or eolian deposits, or carried through the inlet. These
             areas are shallower and exposed to a relatively large fetch. The bottom in these areas are subject
             to higher energies from wind generated waves. Fine grained sediments either are not being
             deposited or are actively being winnowed from these higher energy areas. At the southern end
             of Isle of Wight Bay, large SAND shoals have been deposited as part of the flood tidal delta
             associated with the inlet at Ocean City. Based on vibracores collected on these shoals in
             1981/82, the central flood tidal delta is estimated to be 4.2 in (14 ft) thick and contains medium
             to fine SAND (Wells and Kerhin, 1982).

                     The SAND dominated area around Isle of Wight is interpreted to be reworked SAND
             from the exposed pre-transgression surface which seismic data show outcropping in this area.
             This exposed surface is interpreted to represent a former footprint of a larger Isle of Wight.

                     Along the main stem of the bays, SAND sediments vary in thickness from several cm to
             more than 8 meters, gradually thinning toward the west. Estimates of thickness are based on
             data from a series of borings collected in 1962 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1962b).
             Locations of the 1962 borings are shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the approximate thickness
             of the sandy sediments (sediments having median diameter of greater than 0.1 mm) based these
             borings. The boring data did not differentiate the modem SAND deposits from underlying older
             SAND deposits (i.e. Pleistocene sands).

                     Surface portions of the SAND deposits had been dredged for material to repair the beach
             in Ocean City after the Ash Wednesday Storm in 1962. Approximately 870,000 in' (1.03          X 106
             yds') of SAND were removed from the back bays for beach reparation (Evert, 1985; U.S. Army
             Corps of Engineers, 1980). Figure 8 depicts changes in bathymetry since 1962 for selected areas
             along the eastern side of the bays. Bathymetric changes are based on comparisons of water
             depths reported for the 1962 borings to those for the surficial samples collected for this study.
             Since 1962, selected areas, particularly along the central axis of the bays, have been deepened
             by dredging. Some of these areas correspond those areas where surface SAND deposits were
             greater than 6 in (20 ft) thick. It is assumed that most of the material excavated from the bays
             to repair the beach in 1962 were taken from these deepened areas. Since 1962, additional
             material has been dredged from the back bays, either to be used for fill to build up low lying
             areas for development in Ocean City, or to create channels for boat access to marinas and private
             boat slips.

                     SILTY CLAYS, and CLAYEY SILTS are confined primarily to marsh areas and
             tributaries. CLAYEY SILT dominated sediments are found at the lower reaches of the tributaries
             and at "lobes" extending from the tributaries into the main bay areas (Figure 5). SILTY CLAY
             sediments are found in the upper reaches of the tributaries. Sources of the fine-grained deposits
             are from sediments contained in surface run-off and from shoreline erosion. The study area is


                                                              20

















                                             75'12'                                     75'8'                                       75*

                                           Boring Locations
                                               borings collected in 1962                                                             Little
                            by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District                                              Assawoman
                                                                                                                                      Bay


                          - 38*28'
                                                                                                               Ok


                                             Delaware
                                             Maryland
                                                                                                                                    )K2



                                                                                                                                  ,
                                                                                                                                  0 Xl-*84
                                                                                                                                   026
                                                                                                                                 Oat
                                                                                                                               so
                                                                                                                            W21   R 07                    Q)
                                                                                                                             057   24X7
                                                                                                                          X33
                                                                                                                          3e4
                                                                                                                          3R-'        -W
                                                                                                                             )a4 02 075
                          - 38*24'




                                                                                                                                                   P
                                                                                                                                    67
                                                                             A,                                                 )K63
                                                                                                                             061 66X
                                                                                                                                64 X
                                                                                                                             6
                                                                                                                         40X      72
                                                                                C eek                                      4k 0 6

                                                                                                                           42

                                                                                                                          43,


                                                                                                                         45
                                                                                                   V
                               W20'                                                                                     46
                                                  SCALE                                                                          Ocean City

                                           0    1000 2000      3000 meters
                                           1 1, 1 @ @ , 1, 1 @ 1,
                                           0        5000       10000 feet






                      Figure 6.             Location of borings collected in 1962 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.



                                                                                          21















                             75* 12'                         75*8'                           75'

                                Thickness of
                       Surficial Sand Deposits                                                Little
                           based on borin.-s collected in 1962                             Assawoman
                   by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District                     Bay
                   3 8'2 8'      3 meter contour interval


                             Delaware
                             Maryland
                                                                  IP                         3
                                                                                        0   0






                                                                                     0



                   38*24'

                                                                                       3  3





                                                                                   0




                                                                                   0
                                               Turvile Creek
                                                                                        0

                                                                     W





                   38'20'
                                 SCALE                                                     Ocean City

                            0   1000 2000 3000 meters
                            i .I 1H 11, 1'111
                            0      5000    10000 feet





             Figure 7.      Thickness of the SAND sediments based the 1962 borings.


                                                              22

















                               75'12'                        75*8'                          75'
                        BATHYMETRIC CHANGES
                                      since 1962
                                                                                             Little
                                at selected areas                                         Assawoman
                                                                                              Bay
                           0.3 meter (I foot) contour interval
                    38*28'



                               Delaware
                               Maryland





                                               St



                                                                                                          Q)

                     3624







                                                     *4




                                                     le c,,,
                                                          e






                                                                                      0


                     38@20'
                                   SCALE                                                  Ocean City

                             0   1000 2000 3000 meters
                              @ 1 11 11 ,i 111 11 , Ii
                             0      5000.   10000 feet
                  L


                Figure S.     Bathymetric changes since 1962 at selected areas in Isle of Wight and
                Assawoman Bays,


                                                               23








              underlain by the Sinepuxent Formation which was described by Owens and Denny (1979) as
              being sandy with layers of black clay and peat beds. During shore erosion processes, the finer
              grained material is selectively removed, suspended, and deposited in areas where wave action is
              minimal, such as in the protected marshy areas (i.e.- areas of limited fetch) and in deeper mid-
              channel areas (i.e.- below wave base). Based on seismic data collected during the previous year's
              study (Wells and others, 1994), the CLAYEY SILT deposits are estimated to be up to 5 meters
              thick in the area east of the mouth of the St. Martin River (due south of Isle of Wight Bay). This
              area corresponds to the thalweg of the St. Martin paleochannel.



              WATER CONTENT


                      Correlation analyses of water contents as well as SAND, SILT, CLAY, carbon, nitrogen
              and sulfur contents for all sediment samples were performed to detect any significant associations
              between variables. The correlations were done using Pearson product-moment technique
              (Johnson and Wichern, 1982). The resulting correlation matrix is presented in Table V.


               Table V.      Correlation matrix for nitrogen, carbon, sulfur contents and sediment textural
               data based on all surficial sediment samples. Correlation analysis was conducted pairwise
               to include all samples and to utilize all non-missing values for each parameter whenever
               possi e. BDL entries were treated as missing parameter values. Values listed in the
               table are Pearson correlation coefficients (r). Significant levels for all values are less than
               0.01 (critical value of r at 99% = 0.479).

                                          %Carbon            %Nitrogen            %Sulfur              %H20

                     %Carbon                1.000

                    %Nitrogen               0.915               J.000                 -

                      %Sulfur               0.964               0.852               1.000-               -

                      %H20                  0.887               0.796               0.879              1.00.0

                      %SAND                 -0.814              -0.698              -0.840             -0.956

                     %SILT                  0.665               0.541               0.698              0.873

                      %CLAY                 0.884               0.792               0.911              0.946



                     The amount of water a sediment holds is strongly influenced          by grain size, with fine
              grained sediment holding more water. The correlation coefficient values presented in Table V
              confirm this relationship. Water contents are strongly associated with the CLAY component of
              the sediment as reflected by the high correlation coefficient between percent water and CLAY
              content (r = 0.95). By the same token, water contents show a strong inverse relationship with
              SAND content (r = -0.96). Association between water content and SILT content (r               0.87) is
              weaker.



                                                                24










                         The relationship between water contents and grain size is further exemplified in Table VI
                 which summarizes mean values for water, nitrogen, carbon and sulfur contents for each sediment
                 type. Water contents of SAND sediments average 21.6% while SILTY CLAY sediments have
                 the highest water contents ( maximum value = 79%).


                   Table V1.      Summary of water content, percent nitrogen, carbon and sulfur for each
                   sediment type.

                        Sediment Type              Number                                Mean
                       [Shepard's (1954)               of
                         Classification]           samples         Water        Nitrogen        Carbon         Sulfur
                                                                (% wet weight)  (0/6 dry -ight) (% dry weight) (% dry weight)

                   SAND                                73           21.6          0.06*          0.31*         0.03*
                                                                    =f:4.7        ï¿½0.06          ï¿½0.25         ï¿½0.05

                   SILTY SAND                          20           38.5           0.09          1.21            0.28
                                                                    ï¿½8.0          =1:0.09        ï¿½0.62         ï¿½0.12

                   CLAYEY SAND                         2            47.1           0.1           0.81            0.15
                                                                     r. A
                                                                       Y.7        ï¿½0.21          ï¿½1.15         ï¿½0.22

                   SANDY SILT                          6            47.7           0.11          1.91            0.60
                                                                    ï¿½5.7          ï¿½0.09          ï¿½1.03         ï¿½0.26

                   SAND SILT CLA                       7.           55.9           0.24          2.76            0.72
                                                                    ï¿½6.7          ï¿½0.07          ï¿½1.03         ï¿½0.35

                   CLAYEY SILT                         52           59.9           0.25          3.60            1.17
                                                                    ï¿½6.7          ï¿½0.13          ï¿½1.49         ï¿½0.42

                   SILTY CLAY                          11           69.9           0.44          6.49            2.21
                                                                    ï¿½3.3          ï¿½0.11          ï¿½1.83         ï¿½0.57

                   *Number of SAND samples used to calculate means for nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur
                   values is 63. Ten SAND samples were not analyzed for chemistry due to the difficulty in
                   grinding the coarser SAND particles in preparation for analyses.




                 GEOCHEMISTRY


                                                                 Carbon


                         The carbon found in sediments consists of both inorganic and organic components.
                 Studies of the Chesapeake Bay sediments have shown that inorganic carbon component is minor,
                 contributing less that 18% to the total carbon content (Hennessee and others, 1986; Hobbs, 1983).
                 Shell fragments accounted for the bulk of inorganic carbon measured in Chesapeake Bay
                 sediments. Although shell fragments were often noted in the surficial samples (refer to Appendix


                                                                    25








              I for field descriptions of the sediments), they were not as abundant compared to Chesapeake Bay
              sediments. Therefore, it is assumed that inorganic carbon contributes little to the total carbon
              measured in the coastal bay sediments.

                     Total carbon contents measured in the surficial sediments range from 0 to 9.86% with a
              mean value of 2.08% which are similar to those values reported for the Chesapeake Bay (range
              = 0 to 10.5%; mean = 2.1%; Hennessee and others, 1986) and for other pristine estuaries (Folger,
              1972). Folger observed that organic carbon contents for fine-grained sediments from estuaries
              not subjected to high pollution seldom exceeded 5% and were often less than 3%. However, in
              this study, the high carbon values (>7%) were obtained from silty clay sediments collected in the
              upstream areas of Roy and Greys Creek and St. Martin River. Sample 83 which was collected
              in Bishopville Prong of the St.. Martin River contained 9.86% carbon. This sample did not
              contain obvious peat material or any other material that would account for the high carbon value.
              Some of the carbon most likely came from sources containing high organics such as run-off
              associated with the poultry industry and agriculture practices and discharge from sewage
              treatment plants (Bishopville) into the St. Mar-tin River.

                     Correlation analysis reveals strong associations between carbon content and % water (r
                0.89) and CLAY (r = 0.88) (Table V), indicating that carbon content is associated with the fine
              grained fraction. This relationship is well illustrated in Figure 9 which presents the areal
              distribution of carbon content.     Carbon content distribution closely follows the sediment
              distribution.



                                                          Nitrogen

                     Nitrogen contents in surficial sediments range from 0 to 0. 5 9%, and average 0. 16%. These
              values are lower than the mean and maximum values obtained from the cores samples from the
              first year study (Wells and others, 1994). The core sediments included samples containing peat
              which yielded very high nitrogen values (maximum contents = 1.39%). None of the surficial
              samples analyzed for this study contained appreciable peat material.

                     Results of correlation analysis of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur contents with textural data
              show that nitrogen is moderately associated with CLAY content (r = 0.792). The highest
              nitrogen contents are associated with SILTY CLAYS found in upstream areas of the tributaries
              (St. Martin River, Greys Creek and Roy Creek).

                     Nitrogen content of the sediments is strongly associated with carbon content (r = 0.915).
              The strong relationship between nitrogen and carbon reflects the fact that nitrogen comes
              primarily from organic geopolymers found in the sediment (Hill and others, 1992). Therefore,
              nitrogen is expected to maintain a fairly constant proportionality with carbon content depending
              on the nature of the organic source. Ratios of nitrogen to carbon (N/C) range from 0.007 to
              0.916 with a mean value of 0.142 =E 0.16. The mean is slightly higher than the mean ratio of
              0. 113 obtained from sediment cores collected in the Chesapeake Bay (Hill and others, 1992), but
              is lower than the Redfield's (1963) ratio of 0.176 for planktonic organisms. The intermediate
              value for the ratio of nitrogen to carbon seen in the coastal bay sediments reflects a combination


                                                              26
















                                  75* 12'                         75'8'                            75"
                        Carbon Content
                           Surficial Sediments                                                      Little
                                                                                                 Assawoman
                           1% contour interval                                                      Bay

                       38'28'


                                                                                            54  2
                                  Delaware
                                  Maryland                                                        2





                                                                                                                    Q)
                                                       AfOpti
                                                                Ri

                                                                                          2

                       38724'                                         4
                                                                        3



                                                                            .2
                                                                         '3




                                                                    eek    2
                                                    Turville Creel,    -j-

                                                                           Q)



                                                                                            0

                                                                          V
                       38'20'
                                      SCALE                                                      Ocean City

                                 0  1000 2000 3000 meters


                                  0     5000    10000 feet






                  Figure 9.       Distribution of total carbon content in surficial sediments for Isle of Wight and
                  Assawoman Bays.


                                                                    27








              of organic material types contained in the sediments. N/C values for terrestrial derived carbon
              sources are lower than those for marine sources (Jeffrey Cornwell, Horn Point Environmental
              Lab- unpublished data). In the two coastal bays, N/C values are generally low ( mean = 0.065)
              for sediments in the tributaries and along the marsh island areas between Greys Creek and Roy
              Creek, suggesting that nitrogen in sediments comes from terrestrial organic material, probably as
              cellulose plant tissue. N/C values are higher, averaging 0. 177, for the sediments collected in the
              central portions of Isle of Wight and Assawornan Bays. In these areas plankton is most likely
              the primary source of nitrogen in sediments.

                     Nitrogen loadings into the St. Martin River were estimated to be 10 to 18 times the
              loadings into Assawoman and Isle of Wight Bays (UM and CESI, 1993). Although some of the
              highest nitrogen values were obtained from St. Martin River sediments, nitrogen contents for the
              river sediments average 0.36%, 2 to 3 times those values obtained from sediments collected in
              other portions of the study area. Furthermore, nitrogen content values are lower than expected
              given the high carbon content in the sediments (i.e.- mean N/C = 0.060). The relatively low N/C
              ratios may be attributed, in part, to the terrigenous source of organic material. In other words,
              the river sediments do not contain excessive amounts of nitrogen. This suggests that, in spite of
              the high nitrogen loadings for St. Martin River, very little nitrogen is being preserved in the
              sediments.



                                                            Sulfur


                     Sulfur in sediments is found primarily as inorganic metal sulfides and elemental sulfur.
              These sulfur species form as a result of a bacterially mediated reaction during which organic
              carbon is oxidized using dissolved sulfate (SO,-') from seawater as an oxidant (Bemer, 1967,
              1972; Goldhaber and Kaplan, 1974). During the process that occurs under anaerobic conditions,
              sulfate is reduced to sulfide. The sulfide reacts with ferrous iron (Fe") forming an iron
              monosulfide precipitant which further reacts with elemental sulfur to form FeS2 (pyrite and its
              polymorph, marcasite) (Berner, 1970).

                     Total sulfur contents of the surficial sediments of the two coastal bays range from 0 to
              3.16% about a mean of 0.63%. The range and mean are slightly higher than those values
              reported for sediments from Maryland's portion of the Chesapeake Bay (range = 0-2.0%, mean
              = 0.56% ;Hennessee and others, 1986) and Virginia's portion of ihe Chesapeake Bay (range =
              0-2.0%; mean = 0.35% ; Hobbs, 1983). As with nitrogen and carbon contents, SILTY CLAYS
              collected in the tributaries yielded the highest sulfur contents, ranging from 1.41 to 3.16%.
              Distribution of total sulfur content in surficial sediments is shown in Figure 10.

                     Correlation analyses show a strong association between sulfur and CLAY content (r
              0.91) and water content (r = 0.88). Correlation between sulfur and SILT is weaker (r = 0.70).
              The strong correlation between sulfur and CLAY content suggests that sulfur is best preserved
              in clayey sediments as opposed to silty sediments. Clayey sediments typically have high water
              contents which accounts for the strong correlation between sulfur and water content. These
              results are consistent with those of the Chesapeake Bay (Hennessee and others, 1986).



                                                              28
















                                 75* 12'                         75*8.'                          75*
                        Sulfur Content

                                                                                                 Little
                         Surficial Sediments                                                   Assawoman
                                                                                                  Bay
                       0.5% contour interval

                      38*28'



                                 Delaware
                                 Maryland
                                                                     Is,


                                                                                   10,
                                                                                                  0.5




                                                                                 1.5

                                                          t j,
                                                   3.0

                                                           2.0


                      38'24'                                         1.5  1.5      1








                                                                         o.5



                                                          Cree
                                                                       I.D                  D
                                                                         14





                                                                                          0
                                                                                      Ip
                      38'20'                                            x
                                     SCALE                                                     Ocean City

                               0   1000 2000 3000 meters
                                i ''I II , @ I, I @ 11
                               0      5000     10000 feet







                 Figure 10. Distribution of total sulfur content in surficial sediments.




                                                                   29









                     The ratio of carbon to sulftir (C/S) averages 3.56 ï¿½ 1.32 for all samples. This value is
              much higher than the C/S ratio of 2.8 (ï¿½ 1.5) for modern marine sediments reported by Berner
              and Raiswell (1984). The higher C/S values may be related to the nature of the carbon contained
              in the sediments. A significant portion of the total carbon measured in many of the coastal bay
              sediments may be non-reactive carbon, perhaps in the form of plant detritus. Plant detritus is less
              susceptible to bacterial decay compared to algal debris and therefore is more likely to be
              preserved (Goldhaber and Kaplan, 1975). However, there is no apparent distribution pattern of
              the C/S ratio values as there is with N/C ratio values. If abundant plant material contributed to
              higher C/S values, then one would expect sediments collected in the tributaries to have high C/S
              values. The mean of 3.29 for C/S values for sediments collected in the marsh and tributaries is
              slightly lower than the mean (3.72) for main bay sediments. Abundant worm tubes as well as
              algae mats were noted in many of the surficial samples collected in the main bay areas. These
              tubes and algae may have contributed to the amount of non-reactive carbon, thus accounting for
              the proportionately high carbon content in these sediments.



                                                            Metals


                     Correlation matrix for metal concentrations, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur contents, and
              sediment texture is presented in Table VII. Most correlations between the variables are moderate
              to strong (r > 0.7). These correlations are similar to those calculated for the core sediments (refer
              to Wells and other, 1994). The highest correlations are between Fe and Cr (r = 0.984), Fe and
              Mn (r = 0.956) and Cr and Zn (r = 0.953). There are also high correlations between CLAY
              content and Cr, Fe, and Ni, and between water content and all six metals. These metals typically
              are associated with clay minerals as they are either components of the mineral lattice structure
              or absorbed onto clay surfaces (Cantillo, 1982). Clay minerals comprise a significantly large
              portion of the fine (CLAY size) sediment fraction. Likewise, all metal concentrations except Cu
              show a strong inverse relationship with SAND contents (r > 0.89).

                     Metal concentrations for surficial sediments are within the range of those obtained from
              an earlier study in the two bays (Allison, 1975). For comparison, average Zn concentrations for
              fine grained sediments from the Baltimore Harbor (Sinex and others, 1981; Sinex and Helz, 1982)
              are twice the highest concentration (see sample 83) measured in this study. Cr levels in
              Baltimore Harbor sediments are three times as much as the highest values obtained in this study.
              Therefore, it is in the opinion of the authors of this report that the levels of metal concentrations
              measured in the coastal bay sediments are not excessive. Unfortunately, there are no EPA action
              levels or threshold limits for metal in sediments at this time. Nor is there any standard method
              for determining significance of trace metal content in sediments. It is not within the scope of this
              study to determine if metal levels in sediments are detrimental to the environment. Instead, the
              objective is to document the existing levels of metals in the sediment, establishing a baseline with
              which future comparisons may be made. Because of the wide range of sediment types analyzed
              in the study, comparisons of absolute metal concentrations between the surficial sediments are
              very difficult. Therefore, several techniques for the treatment of metal data are used to account
              for the differences in metal concentration due to textural composition of the sediments. Once
              metal data are "normalized" with respect to textural differences, trends in the spatial distribution
              of metals ate easier to realize and interpret.


                                                               30













                   Table V11.     Correlation matrix for trace metal concentrations and sediment textural data
                   based on all surficial sediment samples. Correlation analysis was conducted pairwise, to
                   include all samples and utilize all non-missing values for each parameter whenever
                   possl le. BDL entries were treated as missing parameter values. Values listed in table are
                   Pearson correlation coefficients (r). Significant levels for all values are less than 0.01
                   (critical value of r at 99%     0.479).

                                        Cr           Cu.           Fe            Nin           Ni            Zn


                        Cr             1.000          -

                        CU             0.830        1.000           -

                        Fe             0.984        0.791         1.000           -

                        Mn             0.940        0.679         0.956         1.000           -

                        Ni            .0.928        0.808         0.921         0.843         1.000           -

                        Zn             0.953        0.896         0.933         0.859         0.931        1.000

                     % SAND            -0.972       -0.760        -0.971        -0.933        -0.892       -0.910

                     % SILT            0.888        0.554         0.899         0.888         0.752        0.776

                     % CLAY            0.960        0.874         0.945         0.861         0.930        0.965

                      %H20             0.960        0.833         0.963         0.907         0.895        0.928
                   % Nitrogen          0.745        0.759         0.732         0.653         0.720        0.815

                    % Carbon           0.835        0.786         0.834         0.751         0.813        0.905

                     % Sulfur          0.868        0.789         0.863         0.768         0.840        0.927




                 Enrichment Factors


                         To reduce the effect of grain size, metal concentrations may be discussed in terms of
                 enrichment factors (EF). The use of enrichment factors also allows for comparisons of sediments
                 from different environments and the comparisons of sediments whose trace metal contents were
                 obtained by different analytical techniques (Cantillo, 1982; Hill and others, 1990; Sinex and Helz,
                 1981).











                                                                  31










                     Enrichment factor is defined as:


                                                   EFM    - -(X1Fe).,.pk_                                  (2)
                                                             (X1Fe),,,,.,



                              where:
                                    EF(,,) is the enrichment factor for the metal X;

                                    X1Fe(,..PL.) is the ratio of the concentrations of metal
                                    X to Fe in the sample; and

                                    X1Fe(,..f..,.,:,e) is the ratio of the concentrations of
                                    metal X to Fe in a -reference material, such as an
                                    average crustal rock.

                     Fe is chosen as the element for normalizing because anthropogenic sources for Fe are
              small compared to natural sources (Helz, 1976). Taylor's (1964) average continental crust is used
              as the reference material. Average crustal abundance data may not be representative of the
              coastal bay sediments because there is a higher proportion of SAND in the bay sediments
              compared to the average crustal rock. However, abundance data is useful as a relative indicator.

                     Enrichment factors for the five metals in the surficial sediments are listed in Appendix
              II (Table XIV). The average enrichment factor values are almost identical to those calculated
              for the core samples for the first year study (Wells and others, 1994) and are within those values
              obtained for other coastal bays not subjected to industry (Sinex and Helz, 1981). The surficial
              bay se'diments are enriched in Cr and Zn with respect to crustal rock. The average enrichment
              factor values for Cr and Zn are 1.31 and 2.54, respectively. Distributions of EF values for Cr
              indicate no discernable pattern. However, distribution for EF values for Zn show areas of higher
              enrichments in the tributaries (EF > 3).

                     Surficial sediments generally are not enriched in Cu, Mn, and Ni relative to average
              crustal rock. EF values average less than one for Cu and Ni (0.51 and 0.61, respectively) and
              one for Mn. The low values for Cu and N1 do not necessarily signify the area is depleted in
              these metals, but instead reflect the unsuitability of the reference material with respect to this
              particular study area (Wells and others, 1994).



              Vai-iation from Historical Norms


                     The "degree" of metal enrichment in sediments relative to a regional norm or historical
              levels can be assessed by correlating trace metal concentrations with grain size composition
              (Hennessee and others, 1990; Hill and others, 1990). During the first year study of Isle of Wight
              and Assawoman Bays, a series of shallow sediment cores were collected and analyzed for metals.


                                                              32










                 Based on the downcore decrease in enrichment factor values, metal concentrations of sediments
                 below 30 cin in the sediment column were interpreted to represent the historical norm for the
                 coastal bays (Wells and others, 1994). Metal concentration values for these sediments (i.e.
                 sediments below -30 cm) were fitted to the following equation:

                                              X = a(SAND) + b(SIL7) + e(CLAI)                                  (3)


                                where:
                                        X is the metal of interest;

                                        a, b, and b are the proportionality coefficients
                                        determined for the SAND, SILT and CLAY
                                        components, respectively; and

                                        SAND, SILT, and CLAY are grain size fractions of
                                        the sediment sample.

                        Using an algorithm developed by Marquardt (1963), least square coefficients were
                 estimated. The results are presented in Table VIII. The correlations are excellent for all of the
                 metals. The values for the coefficients indicate that CLAY fractions account for a significant
                 amount of the metal concentrations.



                   Table V111.     Least squares coefficients for metal data. Metal c  oncentration values for
                   sediments sampled below 30 cm in cores collected during the first year study were fitted
                   to Equation 3.

                                                            Estimates of coefficients

                                   Cr            Cu            Fe            Mn              Ni            Zn

                    SAND          5.4905      0.97712       0.12284        37.682        3.43225        5.158017

                     SILT        32.8062        5.83        1.24878        166.7049      13.37438       25.15979

                    CLAY        173.0266       14.374       7.8523        691.4095       50.4597        127.3579
                      R@          0.9505    1  0.9042    1  0.9536     1  0.823282     1  0.9006      1 0.92221


                         By substituting the least squares coefficients from Table  VIII in equation  3, "predicted"
                 metal concentrations were calculated for the 171 surficial sediments. These predicted metal
                 concentration values represent the expected historical or background levels of metals based on
                 grain size composition of the sediment. To determine variations from historical norms, the
                 predicted metal concentrations were compared to the measured values using the following
                 equation.



                                                                 33







                                            Variationx       Measuredx - Predictedx                             (4)
                                                                   Pre&ctedx



                      Negativ e values indicate depletion and positive values indicate enrichment relative to
              background levels.

                      Variation values calculated for core sediments below 30 cm, in the sediment column were
              analyzed according to Gaussian statistics. Variation values for all metals exhibited near-normal
              distributions with mean values close to zero. Mean variation values and standard deviations for
              each metal are presented in Table IX The standard deviation ((Y), a measure of dispersion of
              values, provides a convenient means to identify significantly high or low variation values
              calculated for the surficial sediments. For example, in a normal distribution, 68% of the values
              fall within Icy of the mean; 95.5% of the values fall within 2a of the mean. Values greater than
              Ry ( 3 sigma levels), are considered significant beyond the natural population dispersion.


                Table IX.      Mean and standard deviation (a) of the variation values calculated for
                sediments below 30 cm in the sediment column. The mean and 3(y values are used to
                identify significantly low or high variation values.
                      Metal                Mean       T          a                   2cy      _T          3cF
                       Cr                    0.01              ï¿½ 0.17              ï¿½ 0.34                 0.50

                       Cu                   -0.02              ï¿½ 0.23              ï¿½ 0.46                 0.69

                       Fe                    0.05              ï¿½ 0.28              =L 0.57                0.85

                       Mn                   0.00               +0.21               ï¿½ 0.43                 0.65

                       Ni                    0.02              ï¿½ 0.27              ï¿½ 0.54                 0.82

                       Zn                    0.01              ï¿½ 0.20              ï¿½ 0.39                 0.60



                      Variation values for each metal were calculated for the surficial sediments and are
              presented in Appendix II (Table XV). Variation values for Cu and Zn average close to one
              indicating that surficial sediments contain twice the amount of Cu and Zn over background levels
              (historical levels). Most variation values for Cu and Zn for surficial sediments exceed 30 levels,
              and are interpreted to be significantly high values. These results agree with the results of the
              previous years study (Wells and other, 1994). Both zinc and copper are ubiquitous in that these
              two metals are commonly used in marine related industries. Zn is widely used as a sacrificial
              anodizing coat or plate applied to a variety of metal products that will be subjected to salt water
              corrosion. Copper is in the chemical compound used to impregnate wood for maine use and is
              used as an anti-blofouling agent in marine paints.




                                                                 34











                 Distribution of Variation Levels


                        Variation values for Zn were mapped in terms of sigma levels and are presented in Figure
                 11. The distribution reveals a very interesting pattern, one that does not follow the sediment
                 distribution. Instead, the distributions reflects anthropogenic influences within the two bays. The
                 distribution also demonstrates the degree of sensitivity of this technique for assessing metal
                 enrichment within the study area. For most of Isle of Wight Bay and southern Assawoman Bay,
                 zinc is between 3 and 6 sigma levels above background. There are a few areas characterized by
                 lower sigma level (between 0 and -3) along the eastern side of Assawoman Bay and in "the
                 Ditch". These areas correspond to dredged areas where modem sediments have been removed,
                 exposing older material that has not been enriched with zinc.

                        Another area marked by low sigma levels is evident near the inlet. The zero-sigma level
                 contour outlines the Federal navigation channel. In this area, relative enrichment of zinc is
                 minimized by several factors. 1) The Federal channel is periodically dredged by the Army Corps,
                 removing sediment contaminated with zinc. 2) Strong tidal currents flush the area, preventing
                 the deposition of zinc contaminated sediments.

                        High variation levels for zinc were calculated for sediments collected in the St. Martin
                 River. Values fall between 6 and 9 sigma levels.          Sediment sample 483, collected in the
                 Bishopville Prong of the river, yielded a variation value 11.8 sigma levels above background.
                 These variation values indicate that the fine-grained sediments in the St. Martin River act as a
                 sink for zinc. Other studies have identified the St. Martin River as receiving a considerable Zn
                 loading (as well as other pollutants) (LIM and CESI, 1993).

                        There are several other areas characterized by high Zn variation values (>6 a levels) but
                 the sediments are not as fine-grained as those found in the St. Martin River. These areas are
                 adjacent to marinas and developments having a large number of boat slips (i.e.- Cape Isle of
                 Wight.and Bayside Key - refer to Figure 2 for locations). The elevated zinc levels in sediments
                 are most likely related to the high boat activity in these areas. These developments usually
                 contain dead-end canals and marina basins which normally have restricted circulation, thus
                 allowing contaminants to accumulate in the sediments. Interestingly, the sediments in most of
                 these areas are not particularly fine grained, but are SAND and SAND-mud mixtures. There are
                 two "hot spots", characterized by exceedingly high variation levels (up to 12-15 c; levels). One
                 hot spot (defined by samples 107, 111, 113, 139 and 140) is located north of Bayshore Estates
                 and bayside of the Ocean City Convention Center. The second (defined by samples 154, 155,
                 and 156) is located on the west side of Isle of Wight Bay, opposite of Mallard Island. The
                 sediments at both of these "hot spots" are classified as SAND. Variation levels for the other
                 metals are also significantly high in sediments from these two areas. Run-off enriched in metals
                 from the large parking lot at the Convention Center may contribute to the "hot spot" north of
                 Bayshore Estates.    At this time there is no obvious explanation for the hot spot opposite of
                 Mallard Island. The authors theorize that there may be a local source for the metals, such as a
                 buried barge or automobile (or auto parts).

                        Distribution of variation levels for Cu reveals a somewhat similar pattern (Figure 12).
                 Variation levels generally are within 3 sigma levels for large portions of the bays. Variation


                                                                 35















                               75* 12'                          75* 8'                            75
                     Zn         Variation
                     from      background levels                                                   Little
                                                                                                Assawoman
                             surficial sediments                                                    Bay
                    38'28' sigma level distribution
                                                                                  0


                               Delaware
                               Maryland                                                       3        33


                                                                                                    ..........
                                                                               3 0


                                                                                                 0,

                                                                                                                   Q)
                                                                                             3

                                                              'kill



                    3 8'2 4'


                             sigma level



                                         0              Af

                                         3



                                         6
                                                                                   6=3
                                         9        TUrville Cr,,                              03
                                                                                           :3

                                                                                            0
                                        12


                                        15


                     38*20'
                                   SCALE                                                        Ocean City

                             0   1000 2000 3000 meters


                             0       5000    10000 feet





              Figure 11. Distribution of sigma levels for Zn variation from background levels in surficial
              sediments.



                                                                  36

















                         75* 12'                 75*8'                   75'
                       Cu Variation
                  from background levels                                  Little
                       surficial sediments                              Assawoman
                                                                          Bay
                    sigma level distribution
                 38'28'



                         Delaware
                         Maryland

                                                                           3




                                                                                      cz
                                                                                     Q)





                                                                         3
                 38'24'


                      sigma level


                                 0                            0  @ic-. I-h

                                 3
                                                  eek                  40
                                 9    Ttlrville ic ee                  -
                                                       14
                      -----------
                                 12

                                                               >2

                                                                    0
                 38*20'      SCALE                                      Ocean City
                        0  1000 2000 3000 meters
                        i, @, 'I , @ , (, .1 , @I
                        0    5000  10000 feet






             Figure 12. Distribution of sigma levels for Cu variation from background levels in
             surficial sediments.



                                                  37









              levels are greater that 3 sigma levels for the fine-grained sediments collected in Greys and Roy
              Creeks and are even higher (6 to 9 cy levels) in the upstream area of the St. Martin River. Along
              the bay side of Fenwick Island and in southern Isle of Wight Bay are several pockets of high Cu
              variation levels, several of which correspond to the high Zn areas. Many of these pockets are
              adjacent to developed shorelines with man-made canals and a large number of boat slips. Copper
              leachates from marine paint and wooden bulkheads (constructed with chromated-copper-arsenate
              treated wood) accumulate in the sediments at the bottom of these poorly flushed canals. Some
              of the highest sigma levels were obtain from sediments collected either in canals (stations 17,
              141, and 171), or within a meter from wooden bulkheads (stations 63 and 140).

                     The sigma levels for Cr, Fe, and Mn are less than 3 a levels for most stations. Sigma
              levels for Ni are even lower, within I to 2 cy levels. However, sediments collected at 17 stations
              yielded significantly high variation values (>3 cy levels) for both Fe and Mn. Some of these
              sediments (stations 101, 104, 107, 111, 112, 154, 156, and 159) are located within the "hot spots"
              previously described. The variation levels for Cr,  'Cu and Zn are also high for these samples.
              The high variation values for the metals are attributed to contamination from a local source. The
              rest of the sediments having high variation levels for Fe and Mn are either randomly located
              (stations 18, 60, 63, 66 and 114), or concentrated along the shoaling areas in southern Isle of
              Wight Bay (stations 131, 134, 136, 137, 140, 146, and 148). All of theses samples are classified
              as SAND. The SAND fractions from these samples contain higher amounts of heavy minerals
              compared to other surficial sediment and compared to the core sediments used in calculating the
              background levels. Conceivably, heavy minerals transported into the bay through the inlet would
              be found in concentrated pockets along the tidal shoal. The relatively higher heavy mineral
              concentrations contained in these sediments would account for the high variation levels of Fe and
              Mn over background levels.



                                                    CONCLUSIONS


                     The distribution of sediments types in Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays is very similar
              to that for Chincoteague Bay (Bartberger, 1976) and Rehoboth and Indian river Bays
              (Chrzastowski, 1986). These bays correspond to Folger's (1972) category of bays having small
              tidal range and limited sediment input from landward sources. In these bays, the bottom is
              dominated by sand transported in by overwash processes, inlet related delta formations and from
              winnowing action by wave in shallow areas. Finer grained sediments (SILT and CLAY) are
              restricted to deeper channel areas and in tributaries.

                     Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur contents for most of the surficial coastal bay sediments are
              within the range expected for marine sediments. Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur contents are
              strongly related to the texture of the sediments, with higher values associated with finer grained
              sediments. The highest values were obtained from SILTY CLAYS collected in the upstream
              areas of the tributaries. Very high values for carbon were obtained from several sediment
              samples collected in the upstream area of the St. Martin River. These high values are thought
              to be excessive and reflect high nutrient input in the river.

                     This is one of the first studies to measure total nitrogen in the sediments. Data from this


                                                              38









                 study provide some clues as to the nature of nitrogen and its cycling within the bay ecosystem.
                 Nitrogen contents relative to carbon, expressed as N/C ratios, suggest that much of the nitrogen
                 measured in sediments collected in the tributaries comes from terrestrial derived organic matter
                 while nitrogen in sediments collected in main stem of the bays comes from planktonic matter.
                 The low N/C values obtained from St. Martin River sediments suggested that, in spite of the high
                 nitrogen loadings into St. Martin River Basin (UM and CESI, 1993), relatively little nitrogen is
                 preserved in the sediments.

                        Conversely, carbon to sulfur (C/S) ratios indicate a more complex nature of the organic
                 matter found in the sediments. C/S ratios are higher than expected for marine sediments,
                 particularly for those sediments collected in the main stem of the bay. The high C/S ratios are
                 attributed to sediments having a disproportionately high amount of non-reactive carbon. This
                 carbon is not metabolized during sulfate reduction, and thus is preserved in the sediments. The
                 non-reactive carbon is attributed to the abundance worm tubes and algae mats collected with the
                 surficial sediments. Further analysis is recommended to quantify the amount of non-reactive
                 carbon contained in the sediments.


                        Results of metal analyses yield no excessively high metal concentrations. Enrichment
                 factor (EF) values relative to average crustal rock were calculated to be greater than one Zn and
                 Cr and less than one for Cu, Mn, and Ni. EF values for both Zn and Cu are highest in tributaries
                 where fine grained sediments are deposited. The highest values are found in the upstream areas
                 of the St. Martin River.


                        The low EF values, particularly for Mn, suggest that the reference material used to
                 calculate the EF values probably does not adequately represent the sediments found in the study
                 area. Although the.reference material used is questionable, the calculated enrichment factors for
                 Isle of Wight and Assawoman Bays are similar to enrichment factors for other Atlantic coast bays
                 in non-industrial regions (Sinex and Helz, 1981). These results agree with those obtained from
                 core sediment analyzed during the previous year study (Wells and others, 1994).

                        A second technique used to assess and compare metal levels correlates metal
                 concentrations to textural composition. By comparing predicted metal levels based on textural
                 composition with metal levels actually measured in the sediments, variation or enrichment over
                 background levels may be quantified. This technique has been very successful in monitoring
                 subtle increases in metals in bottom sediments around the Hart-Miller Island dredge. disposal site
                 in the Chesapeake Bay (Hennessee and others, 1992; Hill and others, 1990). Likewise, results
                 from this technique has proven particularly sensitive in defining areas in Isle of Wight and
                 Assawoman Bays that are enriched in Zn and Cu over background levels. Because Zn and Cu
                 are used in a variety of products, particularly those related to the marine industry, these two
                 metals are ubiquitous in many of the coastal bays (Sinex and Helz, 1981; UM and CESI, 1993).
                 So, it is not unusual to find the surficial sediments in the bays enriched in these two metals.
                 Although high variation levels for Zn and Cu are generally associated with fine grained
                 sediments, even higher levels are seen in several SAND dominated areas adjacent to developed
                 shorelines. These areas are subjected to high boating activity and usually are bulkheaded along
                 most of the shoreline. The developed shoreline contains dead-end canals and narrow boat slips,
                 and thus by design, have poor water circulation, which contribute to the accumulation of these


                                                                39











              'metals.

                     Results from this study indicate that the St. Martin River acts as a natural sink for many
              pollutants. Variation levels for Zn and Cu, as well as carbon, sulfur and nitrogen contents, are
              higher for sediments in the St. Martin River compared to those from other areas in the two bays.
              These higher levels may be attributed, in part, to the fine grained nature of the sediments (SILTS
              and CLAYS) found in the St. Martin River. On the other hand, these levels also reflect the
              relatively high pollutant input into the river compared to other tributaries. Studies have indicated
              that Isle of Wight (via the St. Martin River) receives a particularly high proportion of combined
              pollutant loads of the four coastal bays: 57% of current metal loadings and 50% of projected
              loads contributed by the Maryland Coastal Bays watershed (UM and CESI, 1993). The drainage
              area for Isle of Wight is 32% of the total watershed for Maryland's coastal bay system.

                     Assawoman Bay, by comparison, appears to be more pristine with regard to Zn and Cu
              enrichments. Because the watershed area of Assawoman Bay is very small compared to its
              surface water area, input of pollutants are minimal.         Also, much of the shoreline along
              Assawoman Bay is natural and not developed or armored. These factors plus the fact that large
              areas within the main bay have been dredged, removing recently deposited (and likely enriched)
              sediments, result in Assawoman Bay sediments being less enriched with metals or contaminated
              with other pollutants.

                     The variation technique for assessing and evaluating metal contamination in sediment
              provides a useful tool in identifying areas that are sensitive to anthropogenic activities. Although
              results from this method cannot determine the degree of impact on other components in the bay
              ecosystem such as benthic population, the results may be used as indicators of where
              contaminated materials are being deposited. These areas may be targeted for further, more
              intense investigation.



                                              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


                     This study was supported by the U.S. Mineral Management Service and the Association
              of American State Geologist Continental Margins Program, and the Maryland Department of
              Natural Resources. The authors extend their appreciation to Jennifer Isoldi who assisted in the
              collection of the sediment samples, to Matthew Greenawalt who assisted in the initial preparation
              of the sediment samples and conducted the water content analysis, and to Michael Brayton, who
              conducted carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and textural analyses on the sediments The authors are
              especially grateful to Richard Younger who expertly piloted the whaler during the sample
              collection. The authors also thank Randall Kerhin for his suggestions and comments.










                                                              40










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                                                                43











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                                                            44










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                                                                45


















































































                                                             46


































                                                        Appendix 1.
                                   Location data and field descriptions of sediment samples.
























                                                               47


















































































                                                             48









                Table X.        Coordinates (latitude and longitude) for surficial sediment sample locations.
                Coordinates are based on 1927 North American datum.



                   Station          Latitude                 Longitude                      Comments
                       4     DD    MM        SS.S     DD    MM         SS.S

                       1     38     27       35.4     75      5        43.3     Roy Creek

                       2     38     27       28.2     75      5        33.1     Roy Creek
                       3     38   1 27       20.3     75   1  5        12.7     Roy Creek
                       4     38     27       8.4      75      5        10.8     Roy Creel,

                       5     38     27       7.5      75      4        50.6     Roy Creek
                       6     38     27       7.1      75   1  4        23.3

                       7     38     25       55.6     75      5        14.6

                       8   1 39     26       55.5     75      4        22.9
                       9     39     26       52.9     75      4        1.7      Station in the "Ditch", a canal
                                                                                connecting to Little Assawoman
                                                                                Bay

                       10    38     27       5.1      75      3        56.3     Station in the "Ditch"

                       11    38     26       26.2     75      5        46.1

                       12    38     26       36.2     75      5        25.3

                       13    38     26       35.6     75      5        9.3

                       14    38   1 26       35.8     75      4        50.2
                       15    38   1 26       35.6     75      4        31.3

                       16    38     26       35.5     75      4        9.5

                       17    38     26       28.8     75      3        46.0     In canal behind Montego Bay
                                                                                Trailer Park

                       18    38     26       18.8     75      4        13.8     Station <1 in from bulkhead at
                                                                                Montego Bay

                       19    38     26       14.6     75      5        21.9

                       20    38     26       29.8     75      7        19.5     Greys Creek; station   in small
                                                                                cove with mixed shorelines-
                                                                                some rip-rap, marsh    and
                                                                                bulkheads




                                                                 49









               Station            Latitude                  Longitude                      Comments
                    9     DD     NTM       SS.S     DD     MM         SS.S

                  21      38      26       14.5     75       6        55.0      Greys Creek

                  22      38      26       2.7      75       6        50.3      Greys Creek
                  23      38      26       2.5      75       6   1    32.5      Greys Creek
                  24     138      26       3.3      75       6        12.4      Greys Creek
                  25      38      26       3.4      75       5        53.5      Station -6 in from island

                  26      38      26       3.7      75       5        31.4
                  27     138      26       2.2      75       5        13.4

                  28      38      26       2.8      75       4        49.7

                  29      38      26       3.1      75       4        29.8

                  30      38      26       3.2      75       4   1    9.3

                  31      38      26       3.2      75       3        55.1

                  32      38      25       48. 2    75       6        17.9      Greys Creek

                  33      38      25       48.8     75       5        24.5

                  34      38      25       46.4     75       5        0.1

                  35     138      25    1  51.4     75       3        59.8

                  36      38      25       41.4     75       4        11.9

                  38      38      25       30.4     75       6        33.3

                  39      38      25       30.7     75       6        13.1

                  40      38      25       31.0     75       5        53.5

                  41      38      25       30.7     75       5        32.3

                  42      38      25       30.5     75       5        10.3


                  43      38      25       31.1     75       4        50.0

                  44     138      25    1  30.8     75       4        31.6
                  45      38      25       30.8     75       4        10.0      Station in dredged hole; 6 in
                                                                                water depth

                  46      38      25       14.3     75       6        23.9
                  47      38   1  25       15.3     75       5        21.9

                                                                50











                    Station           Latitude                  Longitude                      Comments
                        9     DD     MM       SS.S      DD     MM         SS.S

                      48      38      25      14.8      75      4         11.4

                      49      38      24      57.8      75      6         13.9

                      50    1 38      24    1 34.0      75      5    1    54.4

                      51      38      24      58.4      75      5         32.4

                      52      38      24      57.2      75      5         11.0

                      53      38      24      58.3      75      4         51.4

                      54      38      24      57.7    1 75      4         32.5

                      55      38      24      57.8      75      4         10.3

                      56      38      24      41.8      75      5    1    32.4

                      56      38      24      42.2      75      5         31.1

                      57      38      24      14.9      75   1  5         53.4

                      58      38      24      25.4      75      5         32.0

                      59      38      24    1 24.9      75      5         12.1
                      60      38      24      25.1      75   1  4         51.1
                      61      38   1  24      26.2      75      4         29.6
                      62      38      24      25.0      75      4         13.4     At Bayside Keys (88th St.);
                                                                                   station between boat piers, -, 0.6
                                                                                   m from wooden bulkhead

                      63      38      24      23.5      75      3         553      In canal at Bayside Keys;
                                                                                   station - I m from wooden
                                                                                   bulkhead

                      64      38      24      53.6      75      4         8.7

                      65      38      23      53.2      75      4         30.7

                      66      38      23      53.1      75      4         49.6

                      67      38      23      53.0      75      5         10.1

                      68      38 1    23      52.7      75      5         32.4

                      69      38      23      53.1      75      5         53.2

                      70      38      23      53.0      75      6         13.6




                                                                    51










                Station            Latitude                  Longitude                      Comments
                    4      DD     MM        SS.S     DD     MM         SS.S

                  71       38      23       53.7     75      6         54.4      St. Martin River

                  72       38      23       53.8     75      7         13.9      St. Martin River

                  73       38      23       52.6     75      7    1    31.2      St. Martin River
                  74     1 38      23       53.7     75      7         52.7      St. Martin River
                  75       38      24       10.5   1 75      7         53.0      St. Martin River

                  76       38      24       8.3      75      8         12.7      St. Martin River
                  77     1 38      24       10.0     75      8         32.3      St. Martin River

                  78       38      24       24.9     75      8         33.4      St. Martin River

                  79       38      24       13.1     75      8         54.2      St. Martin River

                  80       38      24       25.1     715     9         14.8      St. Martin River
                  81     1 38      24       35.7     75      9         35.3      St. Martin River

                  82       38      24       37.4     75      9         56.1      St. Martin River

                  83       38      24       41.6     75      10        17.2      St. Martin River; at junction of
                                                                                 Bishopvllle Prong

                  84       38      24       25.4     75      10        16.5      St. Martin River; atjunction of
                                                                                 Shingle Landing Prong

                  85.      38      23       52.9     75      8         13.7      St. Martin River

                  86       38      23       37.6     75      8         -11.4     St. Martin River

                  87       38      23       38.0   1 75      7         52.6      St. Martin River

                  88       38      23       38.1     75      7         31.6      St. Martin River

                  89       38      23       38.0     75      7         13.9      St. Martin River

                  90       38      23       20.0     75      7         31.4

                  91       38      23       20.6     75      7         13.9

                  .92      38      23   1   21.1     75      6         54.3
                  93       38      23       6.2      75      7         6.4     1

                  94       38      23       2.2      75      7         40.0

                  95       38      22       48.8     75    1 7         32.0
                  96       38      22       48.8     75    1 7         13.5

                                                                 52










                     Station            Latitude                   Longitude                        Comments
                         9       DD    MM        SS.S       DD    MM         SS.S

                       97        38     22       48.8       75       6       53.6


                       98        38     22       48.7       75       6       32.6

                       99        38     22       47.9       75       6       55.0


                       100       38     22       48.5       75       5       52.7

                       101       38     23    1  20.9       75       5       52.6

                       102       38     23       21.1       75       5       31.3

                       103       38     23       21.1       75  1    5       11.0

                       104       38     23       21.2       75       4       49.9

                       105       38     23    1  21.1       75       4       29.4

                       106       38     22       57.9       75       4       28.5


                       107       38     22       48.9       75       4       49.4

                       108       38     22       48.2       75       5   1   10.7

                       109       38     22       48.2       75       5       30.8

                       110       38     22       32.7       75       4       32.2       Bayside of approx. -45th St.
                       111       38     22       15.8       75       4   1   34.9       Bayside of Convention Center
                       112       38     --22     -1-6.1     _75-     -4---l  50.6

                       113       38     22       15.3       75       5       31.1


                       114       38     22       15.8       75       5       31.1

                       115       38     22       14.9       75       5       52.9

                       116       38     22       15.4       75       6       12.4


                       117       38     22       15.4       75       6       31.1


                       118       38     22       15.8       75       6       54.5

                       119     1 38     22       15.8       75       7       13.2

                       120       38     22       32.5       75       7       31.3

                       121       38     22       22.1       75       7       52.0       Manklin Creek

                       122       38     22       17.0       75       8       10.9       Manklin Creek

                       123     1 38   1 22    1  12.7     1 75   1   7   1     9.0    1

                                                                        53










                 Station            Latitude                   Longitude                         Comments
                     9       DD    MM SS.S              DD    MM          SS.S

                   124       38     21         59.3     75       7        27.2      Turville/Herring Creeks

                   125       38     21         45.1     75       7        30.7      Turville/Herring Creeks
                   126       38     21     1   40.1     75       7   1    48.7      Turville/Herring Creeks
                   127       38     21         25.7     75       8        1.0       Turville/Herring Creeks

                   128       38     21         14.6     75       7        51.4     'Herring Creek
                   129       38     21         59.3   1 75       6        44.8

                   130       38     21         42.7     75       6        53.0

                   .131      38     21         43.1     75       6        32.4
                   132       38     21         27.3   1 75       6        28.4

                   133       38     21         10.9     75       6        26.2

                   134       38     21         43.3     75       6        11.6

                   135       38     21         43.3     75       5        51.5

                   136       38     21         27.2     75       5        48.8


                   137       38     21         43.3     75       5        32.0

                   138       38     21         43.6     75       5        10.6      Station -1 rn from wooden
                                                                                    bulkhead

                   139       38     22         1.0      75       4        34.8      Bayside of Convention Center
                   140       38     21         41.7     75       -4       34.8      Station within 1.5 m from green
                                                                                    wooden bulkhead at Bayshore
                                                                                    Estates (-32 nd St.)

                   141       38     21         38.4     75       4        58.1      Dead-end. canal in Bayshore
                                                                                    Estates, -0.5 m from wooden
                                                                                    bulkhead

                   142       38     21         28.3     75       5        10.0

                   143       38     21         21.4     75       4        52.6

                   144       38     21     1   12       75       4        50.6

                   145       38     21         10.4     75       5        10.1

                   14        38     21         10.9   1 75       5        32.9
                   147       38     21     1   10.7     75   1   5        52.4

                                                                    54










                         Station                Latitude                         Longitude                               Comments
                              9        DD      MM           SS.S        DD      MM           SS-S

                           148         38        20         59.7        75          5        28.7          Fed. Channel; 6 in water depth

                           149         38        20         49.9        75          5        33.4

                           150      1  38        20    1    52.1        75          5   1    12.8

                           151         38        20         48.1        75          5        7.4

                           152         38        20         37.9        75          5        12.8

                           153         38        20         38.5        75          5        27.2

                           154      1  38        20         39.4        75          5   1    42.1

                           155         38        20         30.1        75          5        46.1

                           156         38        20         28.4        75          5        35.0

                           157         38        20         15.4        75          5        25.2

                           158         38        20         23.7        75          5        15.1

                           159         38        20         10.6        75          5        22.5


                           160         38        20         10.0        75          5        28.9

                           161         38        20         -1-2.9 -    75          5---     40@ 1 - -     Station on -west edge of flood
                                                                                                           delta; very shallow

                           162         38        20         -42.2       75          5        53.-9--

                           163         38-      --20        --19.9      75          5        54.4.----


                           164         38--- 20             1.7         75                   46-.2--.


                           165         38        19-        59.6---.    75          .5--  ---36.8

                           166         38        19         58.7        75          5        28.3          Station north of Rt 50 Bridge;
                                                                                                           on edge of Fed. Channel

                           167         38        19         52.7        75          5        43.2

                           168         38        19         56.4        75          5        48.7          Station next to Shanty Town
                           169         38        19         46.6        75    1     5        32.3

                           170         38        19         38.3        75          5        39.8          Southern most station

                           171         38        20         56.4        75          4        55.6







                                                                                      -55









                Table X1.      Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples collected in Isle of Wight and
                Assawoman Bays. Samples were collected on April 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30, 1993.

                Station        Water DepLh              Description

                1              0. 8 m (2.5 ft)          Very thin flocculent layer on top very dark grey, almost
                                                        black, thick mud; some plant material; very strong H2S
                                                        odor


                2              0. 8 m (2.5 ft)          Very thin flocculent layer on top very dark grey, almost
                                                        black, thick mud; some plant material; very strong H2S
                                                        odor


                3              1.2 rn (4 ft)            Dark brown flocculent layer on dark grey mud; worm
                                                        tubes; no F12S odor

                4              1. 1 m (3.5 ft)          Brown gelatinous flocculent layer over mottled dark grey
                                                        to brown sandy mud with lots of plant material

                5              1. 1 m (3.5 ft)          Thin brown flocculent layer on mottled grey and black
                                                        muddy sand; worm tubes

                6              1.4 m (4.5 ft)           Layer of green algae on flocculent layer; mottled g*rey-
                                                        brown to black, soft, smooth mud; some plant material;
                                                        slight H,S odor

                7              0. 8 m (2.5 ft)          Dark brown flocculent layer with worm tubes; mottled
                                                        black to dark grey, gelatinous mud; no odor

                8              1.8 m (6 ft)             Layer of green algae on flocculent layer; mottled grey-
                                                        brown to black, soft, slightly gritty mud; some plant
                                                        material; worm tubes; slight H2S odor

                9              2.7 m (9 ft)             Layer of calcified(?) worm tubes on light brown muddy
                                                        sand with some clay balls

                10             3.4 m (I I ft)           Thick layer of calcified(?) worm tubes on light brown
                                                        muddy sand with some clay balls

                11             0. 8 m (2.5 ft)          Thin grey-brown flocculent layer on dark brown-grey to
                                                        black thick mud; worms








                                                                   56










                    Table XI (cont.).         Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

                    Station          Water Depth                Description

                    12               0. 8 m (2.5 ft)            Thin grey-brown flocculent layer on top of dark grey to
                                                                black (mottled) thick mud; plant material

                    13               1. 1 m (3.5 ft)            Dark brown flocculent layer with worm tubes; mottled
                                                                black to dark grey, gelatinous mud; no odor

                    14               1.8 m (6 ft)               Brown flocculent layer on dark olive grey, smooth mud

                    15               1.8 m (6 ft)               Brown flocculent layer with algae on dark olive grey, soft
                                                                mud; worm tubes; no H2S odor

                    16               4.3 m (14 ft)              Greenish-brown algae on dark brown, gritty, soupy mud;
                                                                lots of worm tubes


                    17               5.2 in (17 ft)             No flocculent layer; black mud; very strong H,S odor

                    18               0. 8 in) (2.5 ft)          Grey-brown and dark grey, slightly muddy sand; some
                                                                shell fragments; worm tubes

                    19               0.9 in (2.5 ft)            Thin brown flocculent layer on sticky, dark brown-grey to
                                                                black mud; some tube worms; strong 112S odor

                    20               0.6 in (2 ft)              Thin brown flocculent layer on top; dark grey, cohesive,
                                                                gntty mud; slight 112S odor

                    21               0.9 m (3 ft)               Thin, speckled brown flocculent layer; dark grey, watery
                                                                mud; no H2S odor

                    22               0. 9 m (3 ft)              Thin brown speckled flocculent layer on top dark grey,
                                                                almost black, gelatinous, watery mud; worms; very
                                                                strong H2S odor

                    23               0. 8 m (2.5 ft)            Thin grey-brown flocculent layer on top with small, live
                                                                clams; grey gritty mud with brown peat; lots of plant
                                                                material; H,S odor

                    24               0. 9 m (3 ft)              Thin brown flocculent layer on dark grey to black,
                                                                mottled, smooth mud; oxidized worm tubes

                    25               0. 9 in (3 ft)             Dark green, very soupy mud with lots of plant material;
                                                                no detectable H,S odor



                                                                           57









               Table XI (cont.).          Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

               Station            Water Depth               Description

               26                 0.6 m (2 ft)              Thin dark brown flocculent layer over dark grey cohesive
                                                            mud; worm tubes; H2S odor

               27                 1.2 m (4 ft)              Thick dark brown-grey flocculent layer with worm tubes;
                                                            mottled black to dark grey mud with sand; no H2S odor

               28                 1. 8 m (6 ft)             Dark reddish-brown flocculent layer on mottled brown-
                                                            grey to black mud; plant material; no H2S odor

               29                 1. 8 m (6 ft)             Dark brown to dark grey-black muddy sand; worm tubes;
                                                            small crabs and one oysterdrill (gastropod)

               30                 1. 1 in (3.5 ft)          Medium brown, medium to fi          ne sand; some dark grey
                                                            sand mixed in


               31                 0. 5 in (1. 5 ft)         Brown-grey, medium to fine sand; worms and worm
                                                            tubes


               32                 1.2 in (4 ft)             Very thin flocculent layer; dark olive-grey, very watery,
                                                            somewhat gritty mud; H.2S odor

               33                 0.6 in (2 ft)             Brown flocculent layer on top; mottled dark grey and
                                                            brown-grey sandy mud; worm tubes; no H2S odor

               34                 1. 5 in (5 ft)            Brown flocculent layer on brown muddy sand; zones of
                                                            reduced black muddy sand around plant matter; worm
                                                            tubes


               35                 0.6 in (2 ft)             Brown oxidized sand on top of medium grey, slightly
                                                            muddy sand; algae strings

               36                 2.7 m (9 ft)              Brown gelatinous flocculent layer on dark green sandy
                                                            mud; strong H.S odor; worm tubes

               38                 0.9 in (3 ft)             Speckled, grey to brown flocculent layer on top; dark
                                                            grey, almost black, very watery mud; oxidized worm
                                                            tubes throughout giving mud a mottled appearance

               39                 1. 5 m (5 ft)             Dark grey, almost black, gelatinous mud; first grab had
                                                            SAV (grass) and large worm tubes on top; no H2S odor




                                                                        58





Table XI (cont.).   Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

Station#        Water Depth           Description

40               1.5 m (5 ft)         Brown flocculent layer on top; dark grey, almost black,
                                      cohesive mud; worm tubes sticking out of the top surface;
                                      no H2S odor

41               1.5 m (5 ft)         Brown flocculent layer on dark green-brown sandy mud;
                                      oxidized worm tubes.

42               1.8 m (6 ft)         Brown flocculent layer on medium grey sandy mud;
                                      worm tubes; no odor

43               1.8 m (6 ft)         Brown flocculent layer on dark olive-grey sandy mud


44               1.1 m (3.5 ft)       Light brown grading down to medium grey fine sand;
                                      worm tubes; slight H2S odor

45               5.5 m (18 ft)        Dark brown flocculent layer on dark grey gritty mud;
                                      slight H2S odor; some plant material

46               1.2 m (4 ft)         Very thin flocculent layer on top; dark grey, slightly
                                      gritty, cohesive mud; worm tubes and live worms; no H2S
                                      odor.

47               2.1 m (7 ft)         Brown flocculent layer on dark brown-grey mud with
                                      fine sand; some black reduced areas; no odor

48               1.5 m (5 ft)         Brown flocculent layer with worm tubes; grey and black
                                      fine sand; worm tubes and algae; very slight H2S odor

49               1.2 m (4 ft)         Brown flocculent layer on top; dark-grey mud;
                                      brown peat at bottom; mud has some shell fragments;
                                      worm tubes; H2S odor

50               1.5 m (5 ft)         Very thin flocculent layer on top; dark olive-grey,
                                      gelatinous mud; no odor

51               1.8 m (6 ft)         Very thin flocculent layer on top; dark olive-grey, smooth
                                      mud; no odor

52               1.5 m (5 ft)         Dark brown flocculent layer on brown-grey fine sand

53               1.2 m (4 ft)         Brown fine sand on top grey, very fine sand; worm
                                      tubes and algae; slight H2S odor



                                          59











               Table XI (cont.).         Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

               Station 9         Water Depth               Description

               54                1. 5 m (5 ft)             Brown flocculent layer on grey-brown muddy sand

               55                0.6 m (2 ft)              Clean tan to brown fine sand; worm tubes

               56a               2.1 m (7 ft)              Dark grey mud with some fine sand; worm tubes; no
                                                           odor


               56b               1.8 in (6 ft)             Brown flocculent layer with collapsed worm tubes; dark
                                                           grey to olive-grey, slightly gritty mud; no H2S odor;
                                                           cottage cheese texture

               57                1. 5 m (5 ft)             Brown flocculent layer on top; grey-brown sandy mud;
                                                           worm tubes; no H,S odor

               58                1.8 m (6 ft)              Dark brown flocculent layer; dark olive grey, smooth,
                                                           gelatinous mud; live worms (polychaetes); no H2S odor

               59                2.1 m (7 ft)              Dark brown flocculent layer on top; dark olive-grey,
                                                           slightly gritty mud; gelatinous worm tubes; no 112S odor

               60                1.2 in (4 ft)             Brown flocculent layer on top; dark grey to brown, fine
                                                           sand;@some organic material; worm tubes; H2S odor

               61                1. 1 in (3.5 ft)          Grey-brown fine sand; several worm tubes

               62                1. 5 m (5 ft)             Brown flocculent layer over mottled, grey to black,
                                                           muddy sand; grass clippings and plant material (station is
                                                           in between boat piers and approximately 0.6 meter from
                                                           wooden bulkhead)

               63                0. 5 in (1. 8 ft)         Fine brown sand mottled with black sand; algae and cut
                                                           grass; no odor (station is approximately I meter from
                                                           wooden bulkhead)

               64                0. 5 m (1. 5 ft)          Brown flocculent layer over brown-grey, slightly sandy
                                                           mud; lots of plant material; strong H,S odor

               65                1.2 m (4 ft)              Brown, fine sand over dark grey fine sand; worm tubes;
                                                           slight H,S odor

               66                1. 5 m (5 ft)             Brown, fine sand over dark grey fine sand; worm tubes;
                                                           slight H,S odor


                                                                       60










                    Table X1 (cont.).          Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

                    Station 9         Water D th                 Descrivtion
                                            - M_

                    67                1. 8 in (6 ft)             Brown flocculent layer over brown-grey muddy sand;
                                                                 some algae; lots of worm tubes

                    68                2.7 m (9 ft)               Olive-brown flocculent layer over grey, sticky mud

                    69                1.5 m (5 ft)               Brown to grey fine sand; worm tubes

                    70                0. 8 m (2.5 ft)            Light brown flocculent layer on top of light grey and
                                                                 dark grey to black mud; some plant material; worm tubes;
                                                                 H2S odor

                    71                0. 9 m (3 ft)              Dark brown flocculent layer over dark grey-black
                                                                 gelatinous mud; worm tubes; H,S odor

                    72                1.5 m (5 ft)               Very dark brown flocculent layer on top of black to dark
                                                                 grey, slightly gritty mud; abundant organic matter; worm
                                                                 tubes; F12S odor

                    73                                           Dark green-grey, gritty mud

                    74                1.5 in (5    ft)           Dark grey, slightly gritty, cohesive mud; worm tubes;
                                                                 odorless


                    75                                           Dark grey, almost black, slightly gritty mud; worm tubes;
                                                                 juvenile blue crab

                    76                                           Dark green-grey soft mud; slight H,S odor; lots of worm
                                                                 tubes; thin layer of red algae on top

                    77                                           Dark green-grey soft mud; strong H2S odor; lots of worm
                                                                 tubes; thin layer of red algae on top

                    78                1.2 m   (4 ft)             Dark green-grey soft mud; strong H2S odor; lots of
                                                                 worm tubes; thin layer of red algae on top

                    79                                           Dark green-grey soft mud; thin brown flocculent layer;
                                                                 red algae polychaete tubes

                    80                                           Dark brown-grey mud; H,S odor

                       Lorance (depth finder) malfunctioned-, no depth sounding




                                                                             61








               Table XI (cont.).       Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

               .Station 9       Water Depth              Description

               81               1. 2 m (4 ft)            Dark greenish-grey, slightly gritty mud; some plant
                                                         material; worm tubes; H2S odor

               82                                        Dark greenish-grey, slightly gritty mud; some plant
                                                         material; worm tubes; H2S odor

               83                                        Dark grey, slightly gritty mud; lots of plant material;
                                                         slight H,S odor

               84                                        Very dark grey, slightly gritty firm mud; strong H2S
                                                         odor


               85                                        Dark green-grey, gritty, cohesive mud; odorless

               86               5.8 m (19 ft)            Black gelatinous mud; strong H,S odor; some red worms

               87               1.5 m (5 ft)             Dark brown flocculent layer on top of dark olive-grey
                                                         mud; worm and worm tubes; odorless

               88               1. 8 m (6 ft)            Dark brown flocculent layer containing collapsed worm
                                                         tubes, on top of dark grey to black gelatinous mud; H,S
                                                         odor


               89               2. 1 m (7 ft)            Brown flocculent layer on top of medium grey,
                                                         gelatinous, slightly gritty (fine sand) mud; worm tubes;
                                                         odorless


               90               1.5 m (5 ft)             Dark brown flocculent layer on top of dark grey gritty
                                                         mud; some worms; H2S odor

               91               2.1 m (7 ft)             Dark brown flocculent layer on top of dark olive-grey,
                                                         slightly gritty, mud; some worms

               92               1.2 m (4 ft)             Fluffy brown flocculent layer on top of brown to grey
                                                         muddy fine sand; odorless; worm tubes

               93               1.8 m (6 ft)             Medium brown flocculent layer containing worm tubes,
                                                         on top of firm medium brown-grey mud




                  LOTance (depth finder) malfunctioned; no depth sounding



                                                                    62









                   Table XI (cont.).       Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

                   Stafion 9        Water Depth             Description

                   94               4.6 m (15 ft)           Reddish-brown flocculent layer on top of black
                                                            gelatinous mud; strong 112S odor

                   95               1.8 m (6 ft)            Reddish-brown flocculent layer on top of mottled grey
                                                            and black fine sand; hard (calcified?) worm tubes

                   96               1.8 m (6 ft)            Reddish-brown flocculent layer on top of fine sandy mud;
                                                            worms and worm tubes; odorless

                   97               1.8 m (6 ft)            Very thin brown flocculent layer on top of mottled dark
                                                            grey and black mud; worms and oxidized worm tubes;
                                                            odorless


                   98               2.1 in (7 ft)           Brown-grey flocculent layer on top of medium brown to
                                                            olive thick (firm) mud with black streaks; odorless

                   99               2.1 m (7 ft)            Brown-grey flocculent layer on top of olive-grey mud;
                                                            some grit

                   100              2.1 m (7 ft)            Reddish-brown flocculent layer over cohesive, dark grey
                                                            mud; odorless

                   101              1. 5 m (5 ft)           Dark brown to dark grey fine sand; slight H,S odor

                   102              2.7 m (9 ft)            Grey-brown flocculent layer with collapsed worm tubes,
                                                            over brown-grey, soft, gritty mud; grass shrimp

                   103              1. 5 m (5 ft)           Dark brown fine sand over dark grey, almost black, fine
                                                            sand; slight H,S odor; few worm tubes and shell
                                                            fragments; grass shrimp

                   104              1. 1 m (3.5 ft)         Layer of dark brown, very fine sand over dark grey, very
                                                            fine sand; plant material; small clam; odorless

                   105              3.0 in (10 ft)          Dark brown flocculent layer over mottled black and dark
                                                            grey mud; plant material; HS odor; dead algae and
                                                            seaweed


                   106              1. 1 m (3.5 ft)         Medium brown fine sand over medium grey fine sand;
                                                            odorless; rooted SAV on top; worm tubes; polychaetes;
                                                            grass shrimp; oyster drill eggs



                                                                       63









               Table XI (cont.).        Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

               Station          Water DWth               Description

               107              1.4 m (4.5 ft)           Patchy reddish-brown flocculent layer on top of mottled
                                                         grey and black, gritty mud; oyster drill (gastropod);
                                                         odorless


               108              1. 2 m (4 ft)            Layered dark brown over dark grey, very fine sand; grass
                                                         (SAV)

               109              1. 8 m (6 ft)            Brown flocculent layer containing red algae, over grey to
                                                         dark grey, gritty sand; abundant worm tubes; odorless

               110              0. 8 m (2.5 ft)          Clean medium brown, medium to fine sand; slight H2S
                                                         odor


               ill              0. 8 m (2.5 ft)          Medium brown to grey, medium to fine sand with small
                                                         oxidized (lighter brown) areas; plant material; grass
                                                         shrimp

               112              1.5 m (5 ft)             Thin layer of reddish-brown flocculent overlying mottled
                                                         medium and dark grey, gritty mud; oxidized burrows;
                                                         shell fragments; worms

               113              1.8 m (6 ft)             Brown flocculent layer containing jelly(fish?) masses and
                                                         collapsed worm tubes, over very dark grey, gritty mud;
                                                         deeper layer of medium grey mud with oxidized worm
                                                         burrows


               114              1.8 m (6 ft)             Medium brown muddy, very fine sand; lots of heavy
                                                         minerals


               115              2.1 m (7 ft)             Brown flocculent layer containing worm tubes over
                                                         mottled medium to dark grey, gritty mud

               116              1.8 m (6 ft)             Light grey, watery flocculent layer over medium grey-
                                                         brown, slightly sandy, cohesive mud; worm burrows and
                                                         casts (some oxidized); odorless

               117              2.1 m (7 ft)             Light grey, watery flocculent layer over medium grey-
                                                         brown, slightly sandy, cohesive mud; worm burrows and
                                                         casts (some oxidized); odorless

               118              1.8 in (6 ft)            Firm grey muddy sand; worm tubes, some collapsed, and
                                                         live worms



                                                                    64









                     Table XI (cont.).         Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

                     Station           Water Depth                Description

                     119               1. 8 in (6 ft)             Reddish-brown flocculent on top of mottled dark grey
                                                                  and very black, slightly gritty, mud; oxidized burrows;
                                                                  odorless


                     120               1. 5 in (5 ft)             Thin reddish-brown flocculent layer on top of mottled
                                                                  brown, grey, and black sandy mud; oxidized worm tubes

                     121               2.7 m (9 ft)               Brown flocculent layer with worm tubes, over medium
                                                                  grey-brown, slightly gritty mud; slight 112S odor; worm
                                                                  tubes


                     122               0.9 m (3 ft)               Thin brown flocculent layer on top of thin (approx. I min
                                                                  thick) black layer of mud overlying brownish-grey mud;
                                                                  H2Sodor; worms and oxidized burrows

                     123               1.2 m (4 ft)               Mottled dark brown to black muddy sand; worm tubes;
                                                                  odorless


                     124               1. 5 in (5 ft)             Brown flocculent layer with collapsed worm tubes,
                                                                  juvenile clams and some live worms, on top of very dark
                                                                  brown to black firm, slightly gritty, mud; odorless

                     125               1.2 in (4 ft)              Reddish-brown flocculent layer over thin black layer over
                                                                  brown-grey mud; worms and worm tubes

                     126               1.2 in (4 ft)              Brown to medium grey flocculent on top of very thin
                                                                  black layer of mud, then medium grey mud; slight H2S
                                                                  odor; worm tubes

                     127               1. 1 m (3.5 ft)            Reddish-brown flocculent layer on top of mottled grey
                                                                  and black mud; collapsed worm tubes; H2Sodor

                     128               0. 8 m (2.5 ft)            Patches of brown flocculent with jelly(fish?) masses on
                                                                  top of brown-grey, slightly gritty, soft mud; odorless

                     129               1.5 in (5 ft)              Olive-grey flocculent layer over olive-grey gritty mud;
                                                                  oyster drill; collapsed worm tubes; odorless

                     130               1.4 in (4.5 ft)            Brown-grey flocculent layer containing collapsed worm
                                                                  tubes, over dark brown-grey, slightly gritty mud; odorless




                                                                              65









                 Table XI (cont.).         Field descriptions for surficial, sediment samples.

                 Station           Water DWth                Description

                 131               1. 5 in (5 ft)            Light brown fine sand over dark grey-brown fine sand;
                                                             worm tubes; strong H,,S odor; grass shrimp

                 132               1. 8 in (6 ft)            Thin dark brown flocculent layer over grey-brown muddy
                                                             sand; some shell fragments

                 133               0. 8 in (2.5 ft)          Light grey flocculent layer on top of dark grey, gritty
                                                             mud; green leafy SAV; H2S odor

                 134               0. 6 in (2 ft)            Clean medium brown fine sand with grey streaks; shell
                                                             fragments

                 135               0.9 in (3 ft)             Clean medium brown fine sand with grey streaks; very
                                                             few shell fragments

                 136               0.6- in (2 ft)            Clean medium brown fine sand with grey streaks; shell
                                                             fragments

                 137               0.9 m (3 ft)              Brown to dark grey- medium sand; plant material; few
                                                             shell fragments

                 138               3.7 m (12 ft)             Brownish-grey medium to fine sand with some silt; some
                                                             shell fragments; odorless

                 139               1.2 in (4 ft)             Reddish-brown flocculent layer over cl          ean mottled
                                                             medium -grey muddy sand

                 140               0.6 m (2 ft)              Light brown, fine san-d--,-worm tubes

                 141               1.2 in (4 ft)             Dark brown flocculent layer over dark grey, gravely,
                                                             sandy, mud; shell fragments; algae fibers"; odorless

                 142               1.8 in (6 ft)             Medium brown to dark grey, almost black, medium sand;
                                                             H2S odor

                 143               2.1 m (7 ft)              Medium brown flocculent layer over dark grey, smooth
                                                             mud; oxidized burrows; skunk odor

                 144               1. 5 m (5 ft)             Brown flocculent layer over dark grey, slightly gritty
                                                             mud; razor clams (Ensis); tube worms

                 145               0. 8 m (2.5 ft)           Medium brown-grey fine sand; some shell fragments


                                                                         66









                   Table XI (cont.).       Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

                   Station         Water DMth               Description

                   146             0. 5 in (1. 5 ft)        Clean medium brown sand; some heavy minerals

                   147             0.6 m (2 ft)             Reddish-brown flocculent layer over brownish-grey,
                                                            slightly gritty mud; plant material; oxidized burrows;
                                                            worms; slight H2Sodor

                   148             5.8 m (19 ft)            Light brown, fine sand with some heavy minerals; fine
                                                            shell hash on top

                   149             2.7 in (9 ft)            Light brown, medium to fine sand with some coarse,
                                                            clear quartz gravel; fine shell fragments

                   150             2.7 in (9 ft)            Light brown, fine sand; few shell fragments

                   151             0.6 in (2 ft)            Dark brown flocculent layer over dark grey, gritty mud;
                                                            algae; slight H.,S odor; shell fragments

                   152             5.2 in (17 ft)           Brown medium sand; abundant shell fragments (primarily
                                                            mussels)

                   153             3.7 in (12 ft)           Light brown, slightly muddy, very poorly sorted sand;
                                                            shell fragments

                   154             1.5 in (5 ft)            Brown, medium to coarse sand; shell fragments; worms

                   155             0. 8 m (2.5 ft)          Brownish-grey, gritty flocculent layer containing seaweed
                                                            and worms on surface, over medium grey, sandy mud;
                                                            worm tubes; fishy odor; mussel shell on top

                   156             2.1 m (7 ft)             Grey flocculent layer over muddy fine sand, sand
                                                            browner on top and gradually becoming grey toward the
                                                            bottom; plant material (roots); hermit crab; shell
                                                            fragments; fishy odor

                   157             0.3 in (I ft)            Fine, clean sand

                   158             1.5 in (5 ft)            Brown medium sand; shell fragments and whole mussel
                                                            shells


                   159             2.7 ni (9 ft)            Light brown, medium sand with gravel; live clams and
                                                            shell fragments (including an oyster shell); calcareous
                                                            (limy?) worm tubes


                                                                       67








                Table XI (cont.).         Field descriptions for surficial sediment samples.

                Station           Water De th               Description

                160               0.3 in (I ft)             Mottled grey to brown fine sand; shell fragments

                161               0.3 m (I    ft)           Grey-brown with black streaks muddy fine sand; roots;
                                                            worm tubes and worms; fishy odor

                162               0.5 in (1.5   ft)         Brown flocculent layer with green algae on top of dark
                                                            grey mud; mud contains abundant algae; no odor

                163               0. 9 in (3 ft)            Reddish-brown flocculent layer on top of thin layer of
                                                            brown gelatinous mud, over grey to black gelatinous
                                                            mud; gritty grey mud at bottom of grab (-10 cm); strong
                                                            H,S odor; algae masses throughout sample; skunk-like
                                                            odor


                164               2.1 m (7 ft)              Black sandy mud; H2S odor; flocculent layer on top (in
                                                            spite of current); live mussels

                165               5.5 m (18 ft)             Light brown, fine to medium, sand; live mussels and a
                                                            few mussel shells


                166               5.8 rn (19 ft)            Light brown, fine to medium sand; shell fragments


                167               0. 5 m (1. 5 ft)          Light brown, clean medium sand; shell fragments

                168               2.1 m (7 ft)              Light brown, fine to medium, clean sand; shell fragments

                169               4,6 in (15 ft)            Light brown, clean, medium sand; shell fragments

                170               2.1 rn (7 ft)             Light brown, clean, medium sand; some graveland shell
                                                            fragments

                171               2.1 in (7 ft)             Dark brown flocculent layer over medium grey, smooth
                                                            mud; strong H,S odor











                                                                        68



































                                                      Appendix 11.
                                   Textural and geochemical data for sediment samples.











                                          I




















                                                            69

































        I
























                                                                                                                  ------





















































                                                                                                                                                                               70










                 Table XII.       Textural data for surficial sediment samples.


                     Station      Water                          Textural Component                         Shepard's
                                 Content                         (percent by weight)                          (1954)
                                    N         Gravel        Sand         Silt         Clay       Mud         Class.*
                                                                                                 Si + Cl

                        1         73.97        0.00         4.66         42.49        52.85      95.34      SiCl

                        2         71.46        0.00         4.38         52.15        43.48      95.63      Clsi

                        3         65.01        0.00         5.43         65.71        28.86      94.57      Clsi

                        4         51.01        0.00         71.99        18.78        9.23       28.01      SiSa

                        5         19.28        0.00         95.45        3.30         1.25       4.55       Sa

                        6         59.36        0.00         33.21        43.05        23.74      66.79      SaSICI

                        7         65.72        0.00         11.22        56.89        31.90      88.79    1 CISi

                        8         32.99        0.06         74.61        18.75        6.58       25.33      SiSa

                        9         17.52        0.00         74.39        20.77                   25.62      SiSa

                        10        21.19        0.20,        99.80        0.00         0.00       0.00       Sa

                        11        69.19        0.00         1.21         57.14        41.65      98.79      CISI

                        12        67.52        0.00         4.21         57.86        37.93      95.79      CISI

                        13        64.60        0.00         31.17        45.80        23.02      68.82      SaSICI

                        14        57.82        0.00         5.21         67.34        27.45      94.79      Clsi

                        15        48.21        0.00         60.62        26.60        12.79      39.39      SISa

                        16        43.14        0.00         71.95        15.45        12.60      28.05      SiSa
                        17        79.28        0.00         2.48         39.44        58.09      97.53    j SICI

                        18        30.07        12.53        85.75        1.29         0.44       1.73       Sa

                        19        69.18        0.00         3.32         59.66        37.03      96.69      Clsi

                        20        68.46        0.00         17.75        39.87        42.38      82.25      Sicl

                        21        68.92        0.00         1.28         48.02        50.71      98.73      Sicl

                        22     1  68.75        0.00         0.70         58.17        41.12      99.29      Cisi

                        23        60.87        0.00         18.12        62.38        19.51      81.89      CISI
                                                                                  @
                                                                                      1' 901
                                                                                      6 - E58
                                                                                      4.8 5



























                        24        58,59    1   0.00         5.73         65.51        28.76      94.27      Cisi


                                                                    71










                Station      Water                        Textural Component                        Shepard's
                            Content                       (percent by weight)                        (1954)
                                                                                                     Class.*
                                        Gravel       Sand         Silt        Clay        Mud
                                                                                          S1 + CI

                  25         60.27       0.00        15.79        49.46       34.75       84.21     Clsi

                  26         63.66       0.00        7.83         58.17       34.00       92.17     Clsi

                  27         36.38       0.00        79.43        13.56       7.01        20.57     Sa

                  28         49.05       0.00        35.19        46.85       17.96       64.81     SaSi

                  29         25.49       0.00        81.17        9.83        9.01        18.84     Sa

                  30         18.85       0.00        96.27        0.57        3.16        3.73      Sa

                  31     1   28.21       0.00        93.08        1.77        5.15        6.92      Sa

                  32         60.67       0.00        14.17        53.71       32.12       85.83     Clsi

                  33         27.37       0.00        85.62        7.09        7.29        14.38     Sa

                  34         26.07       0.00        88.16        5.78        6.06        11.84     Sa

                  35         22.02       0.00        90.44        2.60        6.96        9.56      Sa

                  36         49.31       0.00        49.44        27.91       22.65       50.56     SaSICI

                  38         64.10       0.00        25.73        39,11       35.16       74.27     SaSICI

                  39         61.30       0.00        2.17         59.08       38.75       97.83     Clsi

                  40         56.19       0.00        2.25         66.99       30.76       97.75     ClSi

                  41         37.38       0.00        63.61        23.12       13.27       36.39     SiSa

                  42         35.70    1  0.00        69.89        17.46       12.64       30.10     Sisa

                  43         21.61       0.00        86.38        5.98        7.64        13.62     Sa

                  44         19.56       0.00        91.80        0.63        7.57        8.20      Sa

                  45         43.39       0.00        67.59        18.54       13.87       32.41     SiSa

                  46         53.75       0.00        15.22        55.46       29.32       84.78     CISI

                  47         40.14       0.00        71.70        18.09       10.21       28.30     SiSa

                  48         23.25       0.00        96.19        1.60        2.21        3.81      Sa

                  49         57.25       0.00        28.48        51.66       19.86       71.52     SaSi

                             59.68       0.00        5.95     1   64.49   1   29.57   1   94.06   1 CISI

                             51.70       0.00        14.77        58.80       26.42       85.22     ClSi


                                                             72










                      Station      Water                           Textural Component                            Shepard's
                          9       Content                          (percent by weight)                             (1954)
                                     M           Gra, vel     Sand           Silt       Clay          Mud          Class.*
                                                                                                    Si + Cl

                        52         18.76         0.00         98.52        1.16         0.31          1.47       Sa

                        53         20.46         0.00         98.44        1.02         0.55          1.57       Sa

                        54         22.56         0.00         92.86        4.54         2.60          7.14       Sa

                        55         19.18         0.00         98.81        0.96         0.23          1.19       Sa

                        56.1       54.48         0.00         11.50        60.58        27.92         88.50      clsi

                        56.2       54.56         0.00         7.62         62.41        29.97         92.38      Clsi

                        57         24.94         0.00         86.80        8.28         4.92          13.20      Sa

                        58         54.87         0.00         10.05        62.01        27.94         89.95   1  Clsi

                        59'        46.37         0.00         38.14        45.63        16.23         61.86'     SaSi

                        60         20.70         0.00         97.34        1.84         0.83          2.67       Sa

                        61         30.39         0.00         89.94        5.37         4.69          10.06      Sa

                        62         26.48         0.00         99.34        0.47         0.18          0.65       Sa

                        63         20.80         0.00         98.07        1.13         0.80          1.93       Sa

                        64         46.45         0.00         72.21        19.97        7.82          27.79      SiSa

                        65         19.50         0.00         99.72        0.43         0.00          0.43       Sa

                        66         18.53         0.00         98.72        1.03         0.25          1.28       Sa

                        67         30.63         0.00         88.76        6.38         4.87          11.25      Sa

                        68         55.08         0.00         16.16        53.03        30.81         83.84      Clsi

                        69         20.46         0.00         98.29        0.90         0.81          1.71       Sa

                        70         55.62         0.00         3.50         63,47        33.02         96.49      CISI

                        71         68.65         0.00         16.68        52.64        30.68         83.32      Clsi

                        72         75.19         0.00         7.68         52.42        39.91         92.33      CISi

                        73         60.93         0.00         3.12         66.32        30.55         96.87      ClSi

                        74         61.04         0.00         3.94         56.43        39.62         96.05      CISi

                        75         70.39         0.00         2.28         57.92        39.80         97.72      clsi
                        76      1  68.53     1   -0.00    1   1.94     1   54.88    1   43.17                    Clsi

                                                                       73










                 Station      Water                         Textural Component                        Shepard's
                            Content                         (percent by weight)                        (1954)
                                N        Gravel        Sand          Silt       Clay        Mud        Class.*
                                                                                            Si + Cl

                   77         68.49       0.00         1.96        51.83        46.21       98.04     CISI

                   78         64.36       0.00         2.13        50.68        47.19       97.87     Clsi

                   79         67.23       0.00         4.96        46.17        48.87       95.04     Sicl

                   80         70.25       0.00         2.71        44.07        53.22       97.29     Sici

                   81         70.85       0.00         5.94        42.02        52.04       94.06     SICI

                   82         74.19       0.00         3.77        35.66        60.57       96.23     Sicl

                   83         71.64    1  0.00         13.48       39.69        46.83       86.52     Sicl

                   84         71.10       0.00         2.74        35.30        61.96       97.26     SICI

                   85         61.41       0.00         6.41        50.90        42.69       93.59     ClSi

                   86         74.51    1  0.00         4.53        48.19        47.27       95.46     CISI
                   87         62.14       0.00     1   5.14        55.47        39.38       94.85     Clsi

                   88         58.25       0.00         2.64        58.61        38.75       97.36     Clsi

                   89         57.49       0.00         2.84        63.71        33.44       97.15     CISI

                   90         53.49       0.00         12.57       61.60        25.82 ---   87.42     ClSi

                   91         55.13       0.00         7.94        62.56        29.50       92.06     ClSi

                   92         30.25       0.00         82.41       11.74        5.86        17.60     Sa

                   93         52.54       0.00         4.51        67.71        27.78       95.49     Clsi

                   94         72.81       0.00         1.06        48.84        50.11       98.95     SICI

                   95     1   19.67       0.00         93.79       4.16         2.05        6.21      Sa

                   96         30.18       0.00         61.38       29.94        8.68        38.62     SiSa

                   97         49.86       0.00         12.39       67.51        20.09       87.60     c1si

                   98         48.14       0.00         9.58        67.10        23.32       90.42     CISI

                   99,        54.15       0.00         10.93       65.63        23.44       89.07     Clsi

                   100        55.22       0.00         14.33       55.64        30.03       85.67     CISI

                              25.76                    98.05       1.50         0.45        1.95      Sa

                   102        38.28       0.00         58.17   1   25.16   1    16.66       41.82     SiSa

                                                               74










                    Station      Water                          Textural Component                        Shepard's
                                Content                         (percent by weight)                         (1954)
                                             Gravel        Sand         Silt       Clay        Mud          Class.*
                                                                                               Si+Cl

                      103        19.85        0.00         99.10       0.88        0.02        0.90       Sa

                      104        21.13        0.00         98.47                               1.53       Sa

                      105        69.10        0.00         14.94       43.16       41.90       85.06    1 Clsi

                      106        23.35        0.00         99.15                               0.85       Sa

                      107        22.39        0.00         91.70       5.72        2.57        8.29       Sa

                      108        18.27        0.00         98.40       1.53        0.08        1.61       Sa

                      109        28.07        0.00         78.70       12.72       8.58        21.30      Sa

                      110        17.81        0.00         99.37                               0.63       Sa

                      111        19.83        0.00         100.00                              0.00       Sa

                      112        19.96        0.00         90.18       6.63        3.19        9.82       Sa

                      113        32.18        0.00         78.22       13.78       8.00        21.78    1 Sa

                      114        21.80        0.00         90.10       7.04        2.86        9.90       Sa

                      115        42.04        0.00         56.96       29.55       13.49       43.04      SiSa

                      116        35.67        0.00         53.27       33.16       13.57       46.73    1 SiSa

                      11,7       41.63        0.00         50.84       35.19       13.98       49.17      SiSa

                      118        45.50        0.00         58.33       27.90       13.76       41.66      SiSa

                      119        42.62        0.00         32.37       53.26       14.37       67.63      SaSi

                      120        25.80        0.00         65.81       29.04       6.15        34.19      SiSa

                      121        55.46        0.00         19.35       52.49       28.16       80.65      CISi

                      122        49.18        0.00         25.15       56.02       18.84       74.86      SaSl

                      123     1  18.20        0.00         87.75       8.88        3.37        12.25      Sa

                      124        53.00        0.00         12.72       58.73       28.55       87.28      ClSi

                      125        69.51        0.00         2.83        57.90       39.27       97.17      cisi

                      126        61.84        0.00         11.79       58.71       29.49       88.20      CIS1

                      127        66.28        0.00         4.59        59.19       36.22       95.41      ClSi

                      128        68.49        0.00         1.46        54.24   1   44.31   1   98.55      ClSi

                                                                   75










                   Station        Water                             Textural Component                                Shepard's
                                 Content                             (percent by weight)                                (1954)
                                    (%)         Gravel         Sand           Silt          Clay          Mud          Class.*
                                                                                                        Si + Cl

                     129          45.60          0.00          66.32          22.36         11.32         33.68       SiSa

                     130          38.50          0.00          67.11          20.52         12.37         32.89       SiSa

                     131          21.71          0.00          95.43          3.95          0.61          4.56        Sa

                     132          22.78          0.39          91.33          5.54          2.74          8.28        Sa

                     133          41.51          0.00          37.44          51.38         11.18         62.56       SaSi

                     134          18.90          0.02          99.43                                      0.55        Sa

                     135          19.38      1   0.00          99.48                                      0.52        Sa

                     136          16.88          0.04          99.17                                      0.78        Sa

                     137          18.66          0.00          98.73                                      1.27        Sa

                     138          17.73          0.00          95.93          2.77          1.30          4.07        Sa

                     139          23.33          0.00          94.38          3.41          2.22          5.63        Sa

                     140          18.63          0.95          98.44                                      0.60        Sa

                     141          47.11          8.60          60.31          14.47         16.62         31,09       Clsa

                     142          24.61          0.03          98.87          0.79          0.31          1.10        Sa

                     1413         63.39          0.00          16.06          43.50         40.44         83.94       CISI

                     144          54.20          0.00          47.92          27.28         24.80         52.08       SaSICI

                     145          18.72          0.00          97.66          1.47          0.87          2.34        Sa

                     146          21.24          0.00          97.90          1.61          0,49          2.10        Sa

                     147          49.21          0.00          36.90          40.91         22.19         63.10       SaSiCl

                     148          19.35      1   0.00          99.89                                      0.11        Sa

                     149          20.83          0.22          99.45                                      0.34        Sa

                     150          19.53          0.00          99.59                                      0.41        Sa

                     151          31.36          0.0  0        82.53          9.45          8.02          17.47       Sa

                     152          16.45          0.07          99.77                                      0.16        Sa

                                  14.91      1   8.67          89.25          1.38                        1.38        S
                                 -.16.91         0.80          98.94     1    0.26      1                 0.2-6       Sa

                                                                         76










                    Station       Water                         Textural Component                         Shepard's
                       4        Content                         (percent by weight)                         (1954)
                                              Gravel       Sand          Silt       Clay        Mud         Class.*
                                                                                               Si + Cl

                      155         30.50        0.00        85.19       8.07         6.74        14.81      Sa

                      156         24.70        0.00        89.73       6.49         3.78        10.27      Sa

                      157      1  18.92        0.00        99.69       0.31                     0.31       Sa
                      158         19.76        0.71        98.98       0.31                 1   0.31       Sa

                      159         17.89        2.73        97.21       0.07                     0.07       Sa

                      160         14.17        0.18        99.63       0.19                     0.19       Sa

                      161         20.31        0.00        95.14       2.96         1.90        4.86       Sa

                      162         40.85        0.00        58.87       22.21        18.92       41.13      SiSa

                      163         50.69        0.00        45.30       29.41        25.29       54.70      SaSICI

                      164         38.79        0.00        71.55       12.62        15.82       28.44      ClSa

                      165         19.59        0.00        99.59       0.41                     0.41     1 Sa

                      166         13.96        1.31        98.63       0.06                     0.06       Sa

                      167         13.84        0.34        99.60       0.06                     0.06       Sa

                      168         16.06        0.05        99.57       0.38                     0.38       Sa

                      16.9        15.37        0.11        99.87       0.02                     0.02     1 Sa

                      170         17.14        0.69        99.29       0.02                     0.02       Sa

                      171      1  62.17    1   0.00    1   3.16     1  56.53        40.32       96.85      Clsi














                                                                    77









           *,Key for sediment classification in Table based on Shepard's (1954) nomenclature:
                       Sa = SAND                      S1 = SILT
                       Cl = CLAY                      SaSi = SANDY SILT
                       SiSa = SILTY SAND              ClSa = CLAYEY SAND
                       SaCl = SANDY CLAY        SiCl = SILTY CLAY
                       ClSi  CLAYEY SILT        SaSiCl  SAND-SELT-CLAY






















































                                                  78










                         Table XIII. Chemical data for surficial sediment samples. BDL indicates below detection
                          limit.

                                 Sta.  Nitrogen I Carbon             Sulfur                                   Metal concentrations
                                                Percent by weight                      Cr             Cu           Fe            Mn             Ni           Zn
                                                                                       (ug/g)         (ug/g)       (0/.)       (ug/g)           (119/9)      (129/9)

                                 1        0.52           7.71          2.10            77.4           17.9         3.00        312.94           22.7         100.0

                                 2        0.47           6.72          2.22            81.5           19.7         3.33    1   481.84           23.8         127.7

                                 3        0.36           4.91          1.46            68.4           18.2         2.66        281.04           16.7         103.8


                                 4        0.21           2.63          0.55            28.2           6.9          1.20        141.06           9.1          37.7


                                 5        0.10           0.59          0.00            8.7            2.0          0.43        90.47            5.9          7.9


                                 6        0.32           3.71          1.10            55.9           15.7         2.45        223.01           14.3         80.6


                                 7        0.43           5.46          1.58            81.2           16.7         3.31        331.88           22.0         108.8

                                 8        0.10           1.26          0.24            22.4           5.3          0.96        132.65           8.4          29.3

                                 9        0.00-1         0.46          0.00            2.0            BDL          0.13        117.06           BDL          4.0

                                 10       0.00           1.16          0.00            3.2            BDL          0.12        195.50           BDL          BDL

                                 11       0.45           5.94          1.61            86.2           17.6         3.47        383.80           24.2         125.9

                                 12       0.45           5.83          1.68            77.8           13.5         3.24        381.10           24.1         103.8


                                 13       0.35           4.08          0.87            58.5           10.3         2.44        248.07           17.0         75.6


                                 14       0.31           3,21          1.00            69.1           12.9         2.93        299.06           21.6         95.5

                                 15       0.17           1.63          0.34            39.6           6.2          1.62        214.78           10.4         54.2

                                 16       0.16           1.3           0.22            37.6           6.3          1.46        224.68           13.7         49.1

                                 17       0.38           4.56          1.41            86.4           35.3         3.44        268.79           31-.8        151.2


                                 18       0.03           0.24          0.10            7.0            BDL          0.32        83.35         --BDL           7.9

                                 19       0.42           5.24          1.70            78.0           15.1         3.31        370,43           24.1         112.7


                                 20       0.43           5.30          2.26            85.2           17.4         3.61        322.68           22.2         134.8


                                 21       0.37           5.42          2.04            96.2           18.7         4.02        413.93           27.3         144.5


                                 22       0.40           5.09          1.86            84.6           16.7         3.21        305.40           19.7         137.1


                                          0.19           3.81          0.86            42.7           4.5          3.76        364.07           10.1         44.3













                                                                                               79







                        Sta.    Nitrogen I Carbon             Sulfur                                 Metal concentrations
                                         Percent by weight                    CT             Cu           Fe            Mn           Ni            Zn
                                                                              (ug/g)        (ug/g)        (0/0)       (ug/g)         (ug/g)        (ug/g)

                        24         0.24          3.67           1.11          68.1           10.7         2.92        288.87         16.2          95.5
                        25    1    0.44          5.60           1.19    1     76.5           15.3         2.93        334.24         19.4    1     108.3
                        26         0.26          4.22           1.36          73.6           12.9         3.15        309.04         19.5          104.9

                        27         0.09          1.02           0.19          18.6           2.5          0.87        135.74         4.1           25.1

                        28         0.17          1.84           0.54          48.0           7.9          1.98        248.20         12.9          65.2

                        29         0.09          0.65           0.11          18.4           2.8          0.76        114.82         7.0           24.0

                        30         0.03          0.22           0.00          4.4            BDL          0.17        44.61          BDL           3.1

                        31         0.00          0.25           0.04          6.2            BDL          0.29        63.80          BDL           6.4

                        32         0.24          3.46           1.23          70.0           11.5         2.78        289.91         21.0          98.0

                        33         0.04          0.66           0.15          14.9           BDL          0.74        141.29         6.3           19.1

                        34         0.04          0.51           0.12          13.2           BDL          0.65        133.04         3.0           16.7


                        35         0.01          0.45           0.08          11.1           1.4          0.47        103.87         3.7           10.7


                        36         0.16          2.02           0.65          55.4           12.6         2.30        261.09         -.17.0        77.6


                        38        --0.25         3.75           1.21          66.1           12.5         3.91        332.29         29.9          88.1


                        39,        0.25          3.58           1.20          82.9           15.0         3.54        385.80         22.5          117.5

                        40         0.15          2.65           0.96          76.4           13.0         2.76        306.35         19.3          99.3

                        41         0.08          1.32           0.47          35.7           5.5          1.54        196.61         7.1           44.4


                        42         0.05          1.09           0.31          31.6           4.7          1.26        180.09         9.0           41.5


                        43         0.29          0.46           0.13          17.7           1.8          0.68        102.47         3.9           22.5


                        44         0.00          0.15           0.05          6.2            BDL          0.24        64.30          BDL           5.3


                        45         0.09          .1.47          0.46          40.0           9.4          1.51        165.97         12.2          51.8


                        46         0.18          2.76           1.77          76.1           9.7          3.49        330.10         20.1          74.9

                        47         0.05          0.99           0.30          34.8           5.4          1.35        182.14         8.1           42.5


                        48         0.02          0.24           0.09          9.3            1.5          0.36        74.79          2.1           9.0


                        49         0.24          3.95           1.07          53.6           8.6          2.34        272.33         15.0          68.3

                        50         0.22          3.13           1.04          77.6           13.7         3.10        335.73         20.9          109.4

                        51         0.17          2.14           0.69          64.4           11.0    ,    2.68        291.19         11.8          86.6

                        52                                        Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry
                        53         0.02          0.11           0.04          7.4            BDL          0.30    1 92.87            3.2           9.5

                                                                                      80












                           Sta.     Nitrogen      Carbon        Sulfur                                Metal concentrations

                                            Percent by weight                    Cr           Cu           Fe           Mn           Ni           Zn
                                                                                 (ug/g)       (ug/g)       N          (ug/g)         (ug/g)       (ug/9)

                           54          0.03         0.42          0.09           15.8         1.6          0.59       102.64         4.2          20.2

                           55                                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                           56.1        0.29         2.29          0.65           73.2         13.2         2.82       308.43         21.5         95.1


                           56.2        0.18         2.51          0.81           74.4         14.0         2.90       304.14         21.4         100.2

                           57          0.06         0.60          0.11           17.4         2.3          0.69       123.89         4.3          20.3


                           58          0.28         2.40          0.73           74.1         11.5         2.73       306.44         19.6         89.3


                           59          0.12         1.36          0.42           53.9         8.7          2.17       284.98         14.0         66.6


                           60          0.09         0.28          0.00           12.1         1.2          0.51       108.00         BDL          13.1


                           61          0.07         0.60          0.06           20.7         8.4          0.73       117-96         2.4          29.0


                           62          0.09         0.27          0.00           6.2          BDL          0.32       88.67          BDL          5.9


                           63          0.12         0.31          0.00           10.1         2.3          0.45       110.95         BDL          11.4


                           '64         0.28         2.85          0.39           28.4         7.7          1.06       162.43         6.0          39.7


                           65          0.11         0.19          0.00           5.9          BDL          0.29       64.40          BDL          7.6

                           66          0.06         0.18          0.00           10.1         BDL          0.58       157.38         3.5          1


                           67          0.08         0.67          0.01           21.4         3.2          0.87       135.05         4.3          27.1

                           68          0.20         2.37          0.83           80.1         13.2         2.87       315.16         20.0         96.3

                           69          0.08         0.17          0.00           5.4          BDL          0.34       88.92          BDL          7.0


                           70          0.31         3.81          1.20           73.6         11.9         2.86       282.10         21.3         97.4


                           71          0.35         5.53          1.63           71.1         13.7         2.90       .253.61        21.8         99.1


                           72          0.59         8.02          1.90           72.9         18.3         2.85       243-24         23.1         123.8


                           73          0.18         2.97          1.28           76.2         10.3         3.04       279.58         21.0         88.7


                           74          0.23         3.61          1.28           86.0         15.4         3.28       314.02         24.2         121.0


                           75          0.40         5.77          1.61           80.0         16.9         3.03       264.23         25.8         121.9


                           76          0.38         4.57          1.48           87.4         19.3         3.42       329-92         26.0         139.0


                           77          0.36         4.67          1-50           94.2         19.5         3.58       334.48         31.9         146.5


                           78          0.35         5.59          1.84           89.6         21.2         3.53       322.01         33.5         160.0


                           79          0.38         5.14          1.77           94.5         22.5         3.71       371 @58        35.1         163.1

                           80          0.47         6.11          2.15           100.3        25.1         3.85       357.48         35.8         187.7
                           81      F-0.5-0-T 7.79                 2.38           86.4         26.4         3.36       294.60         29.3         173.6

                                                                                        81







                      Sta.     Nitrogen I Carbon I Sulfur                                        Metal concentrations
                                       Percent by weight                    Cr            Cu           Fe          Mn           Ni           Zn
                                                                            (ug/g)        (ug/g)       (0/6)      (ug/g)        (ug/g)       (ug/g)

                      82          0.59          7.80         2.52           94.6          27.2         3.61       315.33        30.5         193.9

                      83          0.59          9.86         3.10           77.5          30.9         3.31       238.30        29.4         235.0

                      84          0.56          7.91         3.16           97.3          32.2         3.69       289.09        32.2         214.2

                      85          0.25          4.48         1.67           92.5          19.4         3.43       308.11        27.7         133.0

                      86          0.30          4.24         1.62           101.9         22.2         3.59       329.02        11.1         125.8

                      87          0.04          2.74         1.31           87.4          17.7         3.29       306.51        28.5         122.2

                      88          0.11          2.65         1.08           91.0          16.9         3.32       313.51        26.1         123.0

                      89          0.13          2.66         1.05           86.3          15.3         3.23       311.78        28.3         112.8

                      90          0.07          2.22         1.07           68.4          11.6         2.61       267.67        20.1         92.4

                      91          0.16          2.35         0.87           72.6          15.2         2.95       297.83        22.6         99.0

                      92          0.00          0.42         0.18           21.6          3.2          0.88       118.62        4.6          29.6

                      93          0.09          1.84         0.83           71.4          11.1         2.98       318.95        16.7         88.2


                      94          0.25          3.82         1.43           90.8-         18.4         3.79       348.02        26.6         117.5

                      95          0.00          0.03         0.08           12.3          BDL          0.51       97.36         BDL -        12.6


                      96          0.07          0.43         0.21           32.6          3.7          1.38       226.85-       8.4          37.1


                      97          0.09          1.48         0.58           62.9          10.7         2.48       289.53        5.7          77.4


                      98          0.07          1.54         0.69           65.8          10.3         2.57       300.58        15.8         82.3


                      99          0.11          1.59         0.48           66.8          10.1         2.70       338.25        17.0         78.8


                      100         0.18          1.64         0.77           70.9          12.0         2.84       319.18        16.2         91.2


                      101         0.00          0.24         0.00           10.9          BDL          0.46       132.10        3.5          11.9


                      102         0.08          1.23         0.24           42.6          5.7          1.76       271.04        8.7          58.2


                      103         0.12          0.20         0.00           8.2           BDL          0.41       118.35        4.3          8.8


                      104         0.00          0.13         0.00           9.4-          BDL          0.36       80.74         BDL          10.5


                      105         0.42          3.56         0:79           80.1          21.5         3.24       301.90        26.1         119.0


                      106         0.21          0.02         0.00           4.9           BDL          0.29       65.57         BDL          8.3

                      107         0.11      1   0.54         0.00           17.2          1.5          0.76       129.12        4.2          22.7
                      108                                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry
                      109         0.10          0.66         0.00           25.9          4.1          1.08   1   154.38        10.7         37.8

                      110                                       Sand  sample- was not     analyzed for chemistry



                                                                                   82







                           Sta.     Nitrogen I Carbon I Sulfur                                         Metal    concentrations
                                            Percent by weight                    Cr            Cu           Fe            Mn           Ni           Zn
                                                                                 (ug/g)        (ug/g)       (0/.)       (ug/g)         (ug/g)       (ug/g)

                           111         0.07          0.05         0.00           14.5          1.5          0.65        117.81         BDL          20.0
                           112    1    0.0 9         0.27         0.00     1     3.3           BDL          0.17        39.23          BDL          5.1

                           113         0.14          0.67         0.00           28.9          4.1          1.23        177.12         7.8          39.7

                           114         0.18          0.31         0.06           19.8          2.0          0.87        137.87         2.9          28.1

                           115         0.00          0.85         0.23           44.3          4.4          1.85        265.58         12.8         53.1

                           116         0.06          0.74         0.21           41.5          6.4          1.71        241.61         12.6         51.9

                           117         0.01          0.88         0.27           40.9          6.2          1.73        219.44         13.6         53.5


                           118         0.00          0.91         0.21           41.2          6.7          1.76        247.17         14.4         53.3

                           119         0.00          1.10         0.30           46.0          7.5          1.97        263.64         15.6         57.1

                           120         0.00          0.52         0.13           19.4          2.8          0.91        125.15         6.3          28.3

                           121         0.00          2.10         0.92           58.6          8.4          2.67        278.43         18.5         66-3


                           122         0.02          1.77         0.64           44@2          8.3          1.94        208.69         17.6         60.3


                           123         0.00          0.32         0.08           11.5          2.3          0.59        95.04          6.1          17.0


                           124         0.17          2.01         0.57           61.2          11.4         2.63        288.13         22.5         85.3


                           125         0.14          3.18         0.93           75.5          16.3         3.23        311.76         25.0         108.4

                           126         0.07          2.65         0.62           64.2          12.7         2.82        284.80         19.3         91.6

                           127         0.28.         3.30         0.98           73.6          16.8         3.15        296.94         24.1         118.5

                           128         0.22          3.85         1.21           84.7          20.1         3.47        328.51         24.0         139.9


                           129         0.10          1.11         0.30           41.3          7.1          1.73        246-52         13.2         53.6


                           130         0.10          1.09         0.29           36,6          6.8          1.54        211.99         10.6         41.8

                           131         0.02          0.18         0.11           12.8          BDL          0.61        100.17         7.8          18.0

                           132         0.03          0.35         0.13           15.7          11           0.75        111-93         8.8          23.7


                           133         0.10          1.45         0.62           40.8          6,5          1.81        230-64         16.5         54.4

                           134         0.00          0.15         0.00           6.0           BDL          0.38        103-22         5.2          9.0


                           135         0.05          0.07         0.00           5.7           BDL          0.36        97-85          4.5          8.2

                           136         0.10          0.11         0.00           4.4           BDL          0.30        78.91          5.3          7.4

                           137         0.00          0.10         0.00           3.7           BDL          0.24        61.23          3.1          6.3
                                                                      q3
                                                                      2

                                                                     89
























                           138         0.07          0.26         0.00           8.5           BDL          0.45        100-88         5.2          13.5
                                       0.08          0.39         0.00           12.2          2.2          0.57        109-34         3.5  -r-I 6. 1

                                                                                         83













                                                 carbo                                               Metal concentrations
                       Sta.      NitrogenF             n I Sulfur
                                         Percent by weight                     Cr             Cu           Fe          Mn             Ni           Zn
                                                                               (ug/g)         (ug/g)       C/-)       (ug/g)          (ug/g)       (ug/g)
                       140     1    0.07          0.09          0.00           6.0            2.0          0.32       72.15           4.1          14.8
                       141          0.31          1.62          0.31           38.8     1     39.9         1.31       134.18          11.1    1    63.5

                       142          0.14          0.26          0.00           5.8            1.3          0.22       48.56           BDL          6.9

                       143          0.32          2.77          0.57           83.2           22.4         3.31       417.99          27.3         115.1

                       144          0.20          1.88          0.42           60.7           14.0         2.32       258.47          19.8         81.0

                       145          0.05          0.17          0.00           7.1            1.3          0.38       79.39           BDL          9.3

                       146          0.00          0.21          0.00           11.4           BDL          0.56       140.62.         3.8          13.5

                       147          0.24          1.94          0.50           55.1           12.6         2.11       230.36          15.7         75.0

                       148          0.00          0.02          0.00           5.6            BDL          0.32       101.62          BDL          4.6

                       149          0.00          0.09          0.00           2.3            1.2          0.13       32.41           BDL          2.1


                       150          0.00          0.15          0.00           4.9            BDL          0.28       83.67           3.1          6.5


                       151          0.07                        0.17           22.4           4.3          0.93       127.01          6.3          30.7

                       152                                        Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                       153          0.00          0.14          0.00           3.9            1.6          0.24       77.61           BDL          5.1


                       154          0.00          0.02          0.00           17.6           6.2          0.78       126.23          6.6          23.7


                       155          0.05          0.64          0.00           24.3           4.6          1.04                       7.9          31.6
                       156          0.11          0.54          0.00           19.2           5.1          0.81    1  127.14     1    4.6     f    24.
                       157          0.00          0.13          0.00           3.1            BDL      1   0.19    1  46.92           4.7          4.4
                       158                                        Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                       159          0.11          0.19          0.00           1.6            1.4          0.13       29.83           7.3          2.2

                       160          0.00                        0.00           5.8            BDL          0.32       94.79           3.6          5.1


                       161          0.04          0.22          0.00           11.6           1.4          0.58       97.98           BDL          14.9


                       162          0.26          1.30          0.17           47.7           10.0         1.93       230.06          15.0         61.0


                       163          0.19          1.92          0.29           60.2           13.3         2.52       288.91          16.7         78.1


                       164          0.01          0.00          0.00           31.8           6.4          1.37       172.17          7.8          39.6

                       165     1    0.00          0.01          0.00           3.5            BDL          0.17       38.64           BDL          3.2

                       166          0.00          0.08          0.00           3.4            BDL          0.14       36.91           2.5          2.4

                       1.67                                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                       168                                        Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry



                                                                                       84







                          Sta.      Nitrogen I Carbon I Sulfur                                      Metal concentrations
                                           Percent by weight                    Cr           Cu           Fe          Mn            Ni          Zn
                                                                              (ug/g)       (ug/g)        (%)        (ug/g)        (ug/g)      (ug/g)

                          169                                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                          170                                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                          171         0.24         2.65         0.83          87.1          27.2        3.66        386.68        26.
































































                                                                                       85









              Table XIV. Enrichment factors, relative to average continental crust, for metals analyzed in
              surficial sediments.


                                        Enrichment factors relative to average continental crust
                   Station                                     (Taylor, 1964)

                                      Cr              Cu            Mn                NI             Zn


                      1             1.45            0.61            0.62            0.57             2.68

                      2             1.38            0.61            0.86            0.54             3.08

                      3             1.45            0.70            0.63            0.47             3.14

                      4             1.33            0.59            0.70            0.57             2.54

                      5             1.14            0.47            1.25            1.03             1.48

                      6             1.29            0.66            0.54            0.44             2.65

                      7             1.38            0.52            0.59            0.50             2.64

                      8             1.32            0.57            0.82            0.66             2.46

                      9             0.88                            5.29                             2.48

                      10            1.56                            10.02

                      11            1.40            0.52            0.65            0.52             2.92

                      12            1.35            0.43            0.70            0.56             2.58

                      13            1.35            0.43            0.60            0.52             2.50

                      14            1.37            0.47            0.63            0.57             2.71

                      15            1.38            0.40            0.79            0.48             2.70

                      16            1.45            0.44            0.91            0.70             2.70


                      17            1.41            1.05            0.46            0.69             3.54


                      18            1.25                            1.57                             2.01

                      19            1.33            0.47            0.66            0.55             2.74

                      20            1.33            0.49            0.53            0.46             3.00

                                    1.35       1    0.48      1     0.61            0.51       1     2.89

                      22            1.48            0.53            0.56            0.46             3.43








                                                                  86










                                                  Enrichment factors relative to average continental crust
                          Statloh                                          (Taylor, 1964)

                                               Cr                Cu               Mn                  Ni              Zn


                            23               0.64              0.12               0.57              0.20              0.95

                            24               1.31              0.37               0.59              0.42              2.63

                            25               1.47              0.54               0.68              0.50              2.98

                            26               1.32              0.42               0.58              0.47              2.68

                            27               1.21              0.29               0.93              0.35              2.32

                            28               1.36              0.41               0.74              0.49              2.65

                            29               1.37              0.38               0.90              0.69              2.54

                            30               1.44                                 1.52                                1.44

                            31               1.21                                 1.32                                1.81

                            32               1.42              0.42               @0.62             0,57.             2.83

                            33               1.13               -               A-1-2              -0.64--            2.06

                            34               1.14                                 1.21              034               2.06

                            35               1.32----          0.31-              1.3U----*      ----0.-,  58     ----1.82

                            36               1.35              0.56               0.67              0.55              2.71

                            38               0.95              0.33               0.50              0.57              1.81


                            39               1.32              0.43               0.65              0.48              2.67

                            40               1.56              0.48               0.66              0.52              189

                            41               1.31              0.37               0.76              0.34              2.32

                            42               1.41              0.38               0.85              0.54              2.65

                            43               1.47              0.27               0.90              0,43              2.67

                            44               1.48                                 -1-.62-                             1.90

                            45               1.50              0.64               0.65              0.61              2.77

                            46               1.23              0.28               0.56              0.43              1.73

                            47               1.45              0.41               0.80              0.45              2.53


                            4                1.45              0.41               1.22              0.43              1.99


                            49               1.29              0.38               0.69              0.48              2.35



                                                                               87










                                         Enrichment factors relative to average continental crust
                   Station                                     (Taylor, 1964)

                                      Cr             Cu              Mn                Ni            Zn


                     50              1.41            0.45            0.64            0.51            2.84

                     51              1.35            0.42            0.64            0.33            2.60

                     52                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                     53              1.40                            1.84            0.80            2.56

                     54              1.49            0.27            1.02            0.53            2.73

                     55                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                     56.1            1.46            0.48            0.65            0.57            2.71

                     56.2            1.44            0.49            0.62            0.55            2.78

                     57              1.41            0.34            1.06            0.46            2.35

                     58              1.53            0.43            0.67            0.54            2.63

                     59              1.40            0.41            0.78            0.48            2.47

                     60              1.32            0.23            1.24                            2.04

                     61              1.59            1.18            0.95            0.24            3.18

                     62              1.10                            1.66                            1.49

                     63              1.26            0.51            1.45                            2.02


                     64              1.51            0.75            0.91            0.43            3.01

                     65              1.17                            1.34                            2.13

                     66              0.99                            1.62            0.46            1.58

                     67              1.39            0.38            0.92            0.37            2.50

                     68              1.57            0.47            .0.65           0.52            2.70

                     69              0.90                            1.55                            1@65

                     70              1.45            0.42            0.58            0.56            2.74

                     71              1.38            0.49            0.52            0.56            2.75

                     72              1.44.           0.66            0.51            0.61            3.49

                     73              1.41            0.35            0.55            0.52            2.35

                     74              1.48            0.48            0.57            0.55            2.97
                                                               L                I               I



                                                                   88











                                             Enrichment factors relative to average continental crust
                       Station                                     (Taylor, 1964)

                                          Cr              Cu             Mn                Ni             Zn


                         75              1.49            0.57            0.52            0.64             3.24

                         76              1.44            0.58            0.57            0.57             3.27

                         77              1.48            0.56            0.55            0.67             3.29

                         78              1.43            0.62            0.54            0.71             3.65

                         79              1.43            0.62            0.59            0.71             3.54

                         80              1.47            0.67            0.55            0.70             3.93

                         81              1.45            0.81            0.52            0.66             4.16

                         82              1.47            0.77            0.52            0.63             4.32

                         83              1.32            0.96            0.43            0.67             5.72

                         84              1.48            0.89            0.46            0.66             4.67

                         85              1.52            0.58            0.53            0.61             3.12

                         86              1.60            0.63            0.54            0.23             2.82

                         87              1.50            0.55            0.55            0.65             2.99

                         88              1.54            0.52            0.56            0.59             2.98

                         89              1.50            0.49            0.57            0.66             2.81

                         90              1.47            0.45            0.61            0.58             2.84

                         91              1.39            0.53            0.60            0.58             2.70

                         92              1.37            0.37            0.80            0.39             2.69

                         93              1.35            0.38            0.63            0.42             2.38

                         94              1.35            0.50            0.54            0.53             2.50

                         95              1.36                            1.14                             1.99

                         96              1.33            0.27            0.97            0.45             2.16

                         97              1.43            0.44            0.69            0.17             2.51

                         98              1.44            0.41            0.69            0.46             2.58

                         99              1.39            0.38            0.74            0.47             2.35

                         100             1.41            0.43            0,67            0.43             2.59



                                                                       89










                                          Enrichment factors relative to average continental crust
                   Station                                      (Taylor, 1964)

                                       Cr              CU             Mn               Ni              Zn


                     101             1.33                             1.71            0.57             2.09

                     102             1.36             0.33            0.91            0.37             2.65

                     103             1.13                             1.71            0.78             1.73

                     104             1.46                             1.32                             2.33

                     105             1.39             0.68            0.55            0.61             2.96

                     106             0.97                             1.36                             2.33

                     107             1.28       1     0.20            1.01            0.42             2.42
                     108                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry
                     109*            1.34---T         0.39            0.84            0.74             2.80
                     110                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                     111             1.26             0.24            1.07-                            2.47

                     112-.           1.07                             1.34                             2.39

                     113             1.33             0.34            0.85            0.48             2.60

                     114             1.28             0.23            0.94            0.25             2.60

                     115             1.34             0.24            0.85            0.52             2.31

                     116             1.37             0.38            0.84            0.55             2.44

                     117             1.33             0.37            0.75            0.59       1     2.48

                     118             1.32             0.39            0.83            0.61             2.44

                     119             1.31             0.39            0.79            0.59             2.33

                     120             1.20             0.32            0.82            0.52             2.50

                     121             1.24             0.32            0.62            0.52             2.00

                     122             1.28             0.44            0.64            0.68             2.50

                     123             1.09             0.39            0.95            0.78             2.31


                     124             1.31             0.44            0.65            0.64             2.61

                     125             1.31             0.52            0.57            0.58             2.70

                     126             1.28             0.46            0.60       1    0.51             2.61


                                                                    90










                                            Enrichment factors relative to average continental crust
                      Station                                     (Taylor, 1964)
                         9                Cr             Cu             Mn                Ni            Zn

                        127             1.31            0.55            0.56            0.57            3.02

                        128             1.38            0.59            0.56            0.52            3.25

                        129             1.35            0.42            0.85            0.58            2.49

                        130             1.34            0.45            0.81            0.52            2.18

                        131             1.18                            0.97            0.95            2.37

                        132             1.18            0.28            0.89            0.88            2.55

                        133             1.27            0.36            0.75            0.68            2.42

                        134             0.88                            1.60            1.02            1.89

                        135             0.91                            1.63            0.94            1.85

                        136             0.82                            1.54            1.31            1.95

                        137             0.87                            1.51            0.96            2.10

                        138             1.07                            1.33            0.87            2.41

                        139             1.21            0.41            1.15            0.46            2.29

                        140             1.05            0.64            1.33            0.96            3.71

                        141             1.67            3.13            0.61            0.64            3.91

                        142             1.49            0.60            1.32                            2.53

                        143             1.42            0.69            0.75            0.62            2.80

                        144             1.47            0.62            0.66            0.64            2.81

                        145             1.06            0.34            1.24                            1.98

                        146             1.13                            1.48            0.51            1.92

                        147             1.47            0.61            0.65            0.56            2.86

                        148             0.98                            1.89                            1.17

                        149             1.03            0.96            1.53                            1.33

                        150             0.97                            1.76            0.82            1.85

                        151             1.36            0.47            0.81      1     0.51       1    2.67
                                                 Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry


                                                                      91










                                         Enrichment factors relative to average continental crust
                   Station                                      (Taylor, 1964)

                                       Cr              Cu             Mn              Ni              Zn


                     153             0.94            0.69             1.95                            1.76

                     154             1.26            0.81             0.95           0.63             2.43

                     155             1.31            0.45             0.82           0.57             2.44

                     156             1.33            0.65             0.93           0.42             2.44

                     157             0.91                             1.45           1.85             1.83

                     158                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                     159             0.68            1.15             1.38           4.29             1.39

                     160             1.01                             1.73           0.84             1.26

                     161             1.14            0.25             1.01                            2.08

                     162             1.39            0.53             0.70           0.58             2.54

                     163             1.34            0.54             0.68           0.50             2.49

                     164             1.31            0.48             0.75           0.43             2.33

                     165             1.18                             1.37                            1.51

                     166             1.32      1                1     1.53      1    1.29             1.33
                     167                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry
                     168                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry
                     169                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                     170                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry
                     171       1     1.34            0.76             0.63           0.54             2.76












                                                                    92









                 Table XV.       Variation values for metal concentrations relative to background (or historical)
                 levels. Variation values were calculated using equations 3 and 4 (see explanation in text).


                                                      Variation from background levels
                     Station          (calculated using equations 3 and 4 - see text for explanation)

                                      Cr            Cu           Fe          Mn             NI             Zn


                        1           -0.27         0.77         -0.36         -0.29         -0.30         0.28

                        2           -0.12         1.11         -0.18         0.24          -0.18         0.86

                        3           -0.05         1.27         -0.14         -0.10         -0.29         0.94

                        4           0.08          1.20         0.14          0.15          -0.05         0.87

                        5           0.03          0.51         0.67          0.81          0.36          0.08

                        6           -0.02         1.51         0.00          -0.10         -0.24         0.88

                        7           0.09          1.08         0.03          0.04          -0.09         0.96

                        8           0.04          0.91         0.14          0.26          0.00          0.73

                        9           -0.89                      -0.82         0.22                        -0.73

                        10          -0.42                      -0.06         4.20

                        11          -0.05         0.89         -0.13         0.00          -0.16         0.87

                        12          -0.08         0.52         -0.12         0.06          -0.11         0.65

                        13          0.03          0.64         0.01          0.00          -0.10         0.78

                        14          -01.01        0.63         -0.06         -0.02         -O.Ot         0.83

                        15          0.16          0.57         0.14          0.38          -0.14         1.08

                        16          0.22          0.83         0.15          0.61          0.26          1.08

                        17          -0.24         2.31         -0.32         -0.43         -0.08         0.80

                        18          0.19                       1.02          1.22                        0.49

                        19          -0.07         0.71         -0.09         0.04          -0.10         0.81

                        20          -0.03    1    1.02         -0.06         -0.12         -0.19         1.08
                        21          -0.07         0.85      L_70.12          -0.04         -0.15         0.88






                                                                    93










                                                   Variation from background levels
                 Station           (calculated using equations 3 and 4        see text for explanation)

                                  Cr           Cu             Fe          Mn             Ni           Zn


                    22           -0.06         0.79         -0.19         -0.20         -0.31         1.04

                    23           -0.23         -0.31        0.61          0.48          -0.46         0.07

                    24           -0.05         0.34         -0.05         -0.07         -0.31         0.79

                    25           -0.01         0.91         -0.13         0.02          -0.21         0.88

                    26           -0.06         0.55         -0.08         -0.08         -0.22         0.80

                    27           -0.11         -0.03        0.06          0.34          -0.50         0.52

                    28           -0.01         0.40         -0.03         0.15          -0.22         0.79

                    29           -0.21         0.05         -0.18         0.05          -0.19         0.32

                    30           -0.59                      -0.53         -0.24                       -0.66

                    31           -0.58                      -0.47         -0.13                       -0.45

                    32           -0.05         0.46         -0.13         -0.09         -0.12         0.78

                    33           -0.24                      -0.03         0.50          -0.16         0.23

                    34           -0.23                      -0.01         0.57          -0.57         0.22

                    35           -0.38         -0.31        -0.32         0.20          -0.48         -0.25

                    36           0.08          1.35         0.05          0.18          0.01          1.02


                    38           -0.12         0.65         0.19          0.04          0.25          0.58

                    39           -0,04         0.65         -0.06         0.05          -0.18         0.83

                    40           0.01          0.56         -0.15         -0.06         -0.22         0.77

                    41           0.05          0.43         0.09          0.27          -0.41         0.71

                    42           0.01          0.33         -0.03         0.26          -0.19         0.72

                    43           -0.11         -0.21        -0.13         0.07          -0.49         0.43

                    44           -0.66                      -0.67         -0.27                       -0.64

                    45           0.18          1.53         0.07          0.09          0.04          1.01

                    46           0.09          0.28         0.16          0.10          -0.12         0.44

                    47           0.27          0.69         0.21          0.43          -0.19         1.00

                    48           -0.03         0.08         0.16          0.38          -0.55         0.10



                                                                 94










                                                              Variation from background levels
                        Station            (calculated using equations 3 and 4 - see text for explanation)
                            4
                                           Cr              Cu             Fe           Mn               Ni             Zn


                            49           0.01            0.40           0.05           0.16            -0.16           0.72

                            50           0.07            0. /U          -U.VI          U.U /           -U. 12          1.02

                            51           -0.02           0.49           -0.05          0.02            -0.46           0.76

                            52                         Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                                         0.11                           0.69           1.18            -0.16           0.58

                            54           0.42            0.02           0.59           0.70            -0.17           1.19

                            55                         Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                          56.1           0.06            0.72           -0.05          0.03            -0.05           0.85

                          56.2           0.02            0.74           -0.08          -0.03           -0.10           0.85

                            57           0.09            0.13           0.16           0.54            -0.35           0.58

                                         0.07            0.49           -0.08          0.02            -0.14           0.73

                            59           0.19            0.62           0.15           0.41            -0.11           0.95

                            60           0.64            -0.02          1.48           1.37                            1.00

                            61           0.40            3.51           0.34           0.57            -0.62           1.42

                            62           0.04                           1.23           1.25                            0.08

                            63           0.42            0.98           1.30           1.50                            0.80

                            64           0.18            1.58           0.11           0.42            -0.34           1.12

                            65           0.06                           1.23           0.68                            0.44

                            66           0.64                           2.75           2.87            -0-03           1.00

                            67           0.39            0.67           0.52           0.74            -0.32           1.18

                            68           0.12            0.72           -0.07          0.02            -0.14           0.80

                            69           -0.24                          0.73           1.01                            0.10

                            70           -0.06           0.40           -0.16          -0.16           -0.16           0.67

                            71           0.00            0.80           -0.06          -0.17           -0.06           0.86

                            72@          -0.16           1.06           -0.25     1    -0.34           -0.16           0.92
                            73           0.02       1    0.24           -0.06          -0.13      1    -0.14           0.59


                                                                             95










                                                   Variation from background levels
                  Station          (calculated using equations 3 and 4 - see text for explanation)

                                   Cr            CU          Fe            Mn             NI            Zn


                    74           -0.01         0.70         -0.14          -0.  15       -0.13        0.86

                    75           -0.09         0.85         -0.21          -0.29         -0.08        0.86

                    76           -0.06         1.05         -0.16          -0.16         -0.11        1.02

                    77           -0.03         1.02         -0.16          -0.18         0.05         1.03

                    78           -0.09         1.17         -0.19          -0.22         0.09         1.19

                    79           -0.06         1.30         -0.16          -0.11         0.13         1.20

                    80           -0.06         1.45         -0.19          -0.19         0.09         1.38

                    81           -0.17         1.65         -0.27          -0.32         -0.09        1.25

                    82           -0.19         1.52         -0.31          -0.34         -0.14        1.25

                    83           -0.18         2.37         -0.21          -0.40         0.00         2.34

                    84           -0.18         1.93         -0.30          -0.41         -0.11        1.44

                    85           0.02          1.12         -0.14          -0.19         -0.03        0.97

                    86           0.04          1.30         -0.17          -0.20         -0.63        0.73

                    87           0.01          0.98         -0.13          -0.16         0.04         0.90

                    88           0.05          0.88         -0.12          -0.14         -0.05        0.92

                    89           0.09          0.79         -0.06          -0.08         0.11         0.92

                    90           0.04          0.56         -0.07          -0.06         -0.07        0.88

                    91           0.01          0.91         -0.05          -0.04         -0.04        0.84

                    92           0.16          0.37         0.25           0.30          -0.38        1.02

                    93           0.01          0.39         -0.02          0.04          -0.28        0.68

                    94           -0.12         0.83         -0.17          -0.19         -0.17        0.54

                    95           0.22                       0.55           0.72                       0-48

                    96           0.16          0.02         0.22           0.70          -0.20        0.70

                    97           0.09          0.54         0.02           0.13          -0.71        0.79

                      8          0.05          0.40     1   -0.04     1    0.09     1    -0.25    1   0.75

                    99           0.07          0.39         0.01           0.23          -0.19        0.68



                                                                 96











                                                        Variation from background levels
                      Station          (calculated using equations 3 and 4 - see text for explanation)

                                       Cr            Cu            Fe           Mn             Ni            Zri


                       100           0.00          0.56          -0.08         0.04          -0.30         0.72

                       101           0.63                        1.63          2.10          -0.09         0.98

                       102           0.06          0.30          0.04          0.51          -0.37         0.90

                       103           0.43                        2.05          2.04          0.21          0.64

                       104           0.73                        2.00          1.18                        1.07

                       105           -0.08         1.47          -0.16         -0.18         -0.05         0.83

                       106           -0.09    1                  1.35          0.75                        0.62
                       107           0.51          -0.07         0.96          1.0 9         -0.1-9        1.41
                       108                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                       109           0.11          0.50          0.17          0.40          0.23          1.08

                       110                       Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                       111           1.64          0.54          4.29          2.13                        2.87

                       112           -0.74                       -0.61         -0.42                       -0.50

                       113           0.28          0.49          0.37          0.64          -0.09         1.24

                       114           0.62          0.17          1.05          1.11          -0.47         1.79

                       If5           0.22          0.03          0.24          0.62          0.01          0.93

                       116           0.11          0.46          0.11          0.43          -0.04         0.83

                       117           0.06          0.37          0.08          0.26          0.00          0.83

                       118           0.14          0.60          0.17          0.51          0.14          0.93

                       119           0.04          0.37          0.08          0.32          0.01          0.71

                       120           -0.17         -0.11         -0.01         0.10          -0.31         0.55

                       121           -0.12         0.15          -0.08         -0.04         -0.15         0.32

                       122           -0.16         0.33          -0.12         -0.10         -0.02         0.53


                       123           -0.15         0.21          0.23          0.34          0.04          0.54

                         2           -0.12         0.49          -0.12         -0.04         -0.01         0.65

                       125           -0.13         0.80          -0.15         -0.16         -0.09         0.67



                                                                     97










                                                   Variation from background levels
                  Station          (calculated using equations 3 and 4 - see text for explanation)

                                   Cr            Cu           Fe           Mn             NI            Zn


                    126          -0.09         0.63          -0.08         -0.07         -0.16         0.73

                    127          -0.11         0.94          -0.12         -0.15         -0.09         0.93

                    128          -0.10         1.11          -0.17         -0.17         -0.19         0.99

                    129          0.35          0.98          0.38          0.75          0.21          1.28

                    130          0.15          0.88          0.19          0.46          -0.06         0.72

                    131          0.69                        1.85          1.14          0.89          1.69

                    132          0.35          0.29          0.88          0.79          0.67          1.47

                    133          0.07          0.30          0.16          0.30          0.19          0.87

                    134          0.09                        2.13          1.75          0.52          0.76

                    135          0.05                        1.91          1.61          0.31          0.59

                    136          -0.18                       1.50          1.11          0.56          0.44

                    137          -0.31                       0.98          0.65          -0.09         0.23

                    138          0.01                        0.76          1.03          0.21          0.84

                    139          0.20          0.56          0.70          0.93          -0.28         0.88

                    140          0.11          1.08          1.65          0.95          0.21          1.92

                    141          0.05          9.45          -0.16         -0.17         -0.10         1.27

                    142          -0.07         0.20          0.40          0.19                        0.20

                    143          -0.02         1.63          -0.12         0.17          0.02          0.82

                    144          0.11          1.50          -0.01         0.10          0.11          0.98

                    145          -0-03         0.08          0.83          0.75                        0.43

                    146          0.68                        2.15          2.27          0.00          1.22

                    147          0.02          1.13          -0.08         -0.02         -0.12         0.85

                    148          0.02                        1.60          1.70                        -0.10

                    149          -0.58         0.21          0.03          -0.14                       -0.59

                                 -0.11                       1.31          1.23          -0.10         0.26

                    151          0.04          0.71          0.09          0.24          -0.23         0.82



                                                                 98










                                                   Variation from background levels
                  Station          (calculated using equations 3 and 4 - see text for explanation)
                                                                                         NI _T
                                   Cr            Cu    J     Fe            Mn       I                   Zn
                    152                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                    153          -0.27         0.68          0.86          1.16                       0.04

                    154          2.18          5.34          5.28          2.35         0.91          3.58

                    155          0.28          1.04          0.42          0.57         0.07          1.11
                    156          0.41          1.85          0.67    1     0.80     1   -0.22     1   1.23
                    157          -0.44                       0.51          0.23     1   0.36          -0.16
                    158                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry

                    159          -0.71         0.51          0.07          -0.19        1.19          -0.56

                    160          0.05                        1.60          1.50         0.06          -0.02

                    161          0.22          0.04          0.90          0.82                       0.84

                    162          0.10          1.19          0.05          0.21         0.03          0.86

                    163          0.08          1.29          0.05          0.20         -0.09         0.86

                    164          -0.10         0.74          -0.08         0.09         -0.36         0.47

                    165          -0.37                       0.31          0.01                       -0.40

                    166          -0.38                       0.18          -0.01        -0.27         -0.54

                    167                      Sand sample-    was not analyzed fo  r chemistry

                    168                      Sand sample- was not analyzed for chemistry
                    169                      Sand sample-    was not analyzed for chemistry

                    170                      Sand sample-    was not analyzed for chemistry
                    171     1    -0.02         1.98          -0.05         0.03         -0.06         0.91











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