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Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1980 (With Storm Track Maps Updated Through 1984) ~,~,at OP O IU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration � II ~ National Weather Service � Environmental Data and Information Service� Enviromental Research Laboratories Cover iI/ustration-NOAA weather satellite photograph (GOES-2, visible sector) of hur- ricane Anita located over the western Gulf of Mexico, 2300GMT (5 P.M. Central Standard Time) September 1, 1977, and moving toward the southwest at 9 knots. The "eye" of the storm is located at the center of the white rotating cloud mass, approximately 95 nautical miles southeast of Brownsville, Texas. Hurricane later crossed Mexican coast, 125 nautical miles south of Brownsville with sustained winds of 150 knots. Heavy line shows storm track between August 30 and September 2 with the 1200GMT positions of storm center shown by open circles. The approximate scale is one inch equals 95 nautical miles. (Photo- graph courtesy Miami Field Station, NOAA National Earth Satellite Service.) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Tropical Cyclones of the. North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1980 (With Storm Track Maps Updated Through 1984) Charles J. Neumann NWS, National Hurricane Center George W. Cry NWS, River Forecast Center, Slidell, La. Eduardo L. Caso' NWS, National Hurricane Center Brian R. Jarvinen NWS, National Hurricane Center U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOA. COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-24,3 Asheville, N.C. June 1978 Property of CSC Library Revised July 1985 Prepared by the National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C., in cooperation with the National Hurricane Center and National Hurricane Research Laboratory, Coral Gables, Fla. 1 Present affiliation, student, University of Wisconsin Contents Page 1. Introduction .......................1 2. Scope ..........................2 3. Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones................2 4. Classification of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones .. ...........3 4.1 Tropical Cyclones ....................3 4.2 Extratropical Cyclones ..................4 4.3 Subtropical Cyclones . ..................4 4.4 Summary of Classification Criteria . .............5 S. Data Sources . ........................5 5.1 Data Sources 187 1-1963 .................6 5.2 Additional Data Sources 1871-1963 . ............6 5.3 Data Sources 1964-1980 .................7 6. Accuracy of Tracks and Intensity Classifications.. . ..... . ..8 7. North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Tracks.. ............11 7.1 Chart Series A......................11 7.2 Chart Series B......................11 S. Frequency of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones.. . ..... . ..16 8.1 Monthly and Annual Frequencies ..............16 8.2 Daily Frequencies ....................20 8.3 Areas of Formation....................21 8.4 Tropical Cyclones Affecting the United States . ......I 21 8.5 Hurricanes Affecting the United States............22 9. Acknowledgments . ......................28 10. References . .........................29 Appendix A (Chart Series A) .................33 Appendix B (Chart Series B) .................149 1 05 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 '45 '40 35 30 25 20 1 5 I10 5 80 - _ _ _ 60 50 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~i~~~50 '45 '40 '470 30 30 25 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~20 "I NORTH ATLANTIC TROPIA CLOES ORIGINATING IN TI"E "EI'll ALL MONTH 1688 - 1980 TOTAL z 7~33 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 145 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Figure I.-Computer plot showing the tracks of the 793 known Atlantic tropical cyclones reaching at least tropical storm intensity (see section 4.1) over the 95-year period 1886 through 1950. iv Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871 - 1980 1. INTRODUCTION Over the 110-year period 1871 through 1980 a total of 882 tropical ment. Studies on individual basins are part of the global-scale clma- cyclones (tropical storms and hurricanes) of various intensities have been tologies. recorded over the North Atlantic area. The formation of these storms Tropical cyclone climatologies are based upon the analysis of many and possible intensification into mature hurricanes take place over warm years of individual tropical cyclones, approximately 82 of which occur tropical and subtropical waters. Eventual dissipation or modification, annually over the globe (21). Today, computers perform much of the averaging a week to 10 days later, typically occurs over the colder waters previously tedious analysis. Figure 1, for example, would have been ex- of the North Atlantic, or when the storms move over North America tremely difficult to produce without the aid of a computer. Examples of and away from the sustaining marine environment. the utility of computers in tropical cyclone climatology are given by The geographical areas influenced by tropical cyclones are often re- Hope and Neumann (49, 50) and Neumann and Hill (69). ferred to as tropical cyclone basins. Figure I shows the areal extent of Tropical cyclones have always been of concern to mariners and are the Atlantic tropical cyclone basin; it includes much of the North At- reasonably well documented over remote oceanic areas, even back to the lantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and a substantial previous centur or earlier. Ludlum. 59) for example, presents a history portion of the adjacent coastal area. The Atlantic tropical cyclone basin ofAlniroiacycoe bac to th tieofClubs is but one of six in the world; others in the Northern Hemisphere are ofAlnitrpclylnebakothtmefCluus the western North Pacific, the eastern North Pacific and the northern The responsibility for collation and dissemination of tropical cyclone Indian Ocean. The Southern Hemisphere basins are the southern Indian tracks is not clearly defined, but generally rests with the meteorological Ocean and the southwest Pacific-Australian area, Two large tropical services within the various basins. In the United States, the principal ocean areas are devoid of tropical cyclone occurrence-the South Atlan- publisher of annual articles describing a previous year's North Atlantic tic and the eastern portion of the South Pacific. Tropical cyclones usually (and Eastern Pacific) tropical cyclone activity is the Monthly Weather are restricted to single basins, although in rare instances, storms have Review (39, 57). moved between adjacent basins in the same hemisphere. For the Atlantic basin, tropical cyclone tracks have been published Because of the potential destructive powers of tropical cyclones, in- at irregular intervals. U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper Number 36 terest in them has always been great. Numerous publications are avail- (22) provided tracks and certain statistical summaries for 1886 through able which describe tropical cyclone activity over the various basins. A 1958. Five years later, Cry, in Weather Bureau Technical Paper Num- major work in 1974 by Crutcher and Quayle (21), contains charts and ber 55 (23), extended the tracks backward through 1871 and forward diagrams showing storm frequency and motion characteristics over the through 1963, and extended the statistical analysis. For a number of v ~~~~six basins. Gray (35, 36, 37) presents an instructive and more theoretical years, this paper was a standard reference to Atlantic tropical cyclone treatment of global tropical cyclone climatology, including a discussion activity. It provided the nucleus for this publication and revision which of the meteorological conditions associated with tropical cyclone develop- extends the tracks through the 1980 season. 2. SCOPE This paper presents North Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks and certain needs of the U.S. Navy (I18, 19, 20, 2 1). basic statistical summaries. A detailed analysis of the tracks was not at- Despite the availability of studies dealing with the climatology of tempted. This is a departure from Cry (23) who includes a considerable tropical cyclones, many of the hundreds of requests for information re- amount of track analysis and interpretation. The omission of some of the ceived annually by the National Climatic Center and the National Hur- material kept the size of the revision from becoming excessive. Several ricane Center still require additional work tailored to specific user re- other recent publications also deal specifically with the analysis of Atlan- quirements. The availability of storm tracks for the complete 110-year tic tropical cyclone tracks. These include NOAA publications prepared period 1871-1980 should satisfy many of these requests. for the Federal Flood Insurance Program and the U.S. Army Corps of Since the study will be used primarily as a reference volume, users Engineers (47, 71, 72) and studies to satisfy the needs of the National probably will limit reading of any textual material to sections pertinent Hurricane Center (42, 48, 85). The National Climatic Center also has to their particular query. For this reason, a certain amount of redun- been active in work on tropical cyclone activity to satisfy the operational dancy between sections was necessary. 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES It is beyond the scope of this study to discuss details of the characteristics these storms may be a major factor in maintaining the atmospheric heat of tropical cyclones. Some comments are necessary, however, for proper and moisture balance between the tropics and the poleward latitudes; interpretation of the material presented. The reader is referred to Miller they may be thought of as providing a kind of "safety-valve" that limits (63) for more detailed information on the characteristics of tropical the continued buildup of heat and energy in tropical regions. cyclones. Texts by Riehl (78) and Palmdn and Newton (73) also devote Cyclones which form outside the tropics (extratropical cyclones) have chapters to tropical cyclones. The comprehensive study by Dunn and structure, energetics and appearance (when viewed from weather satel- Miller (26) contains discussions on virtually all aspects of Atlantic tropi- lites or radar) that are different from tropical cyclones. They derive their cal cyclones. Certain specialized topics, such as the state-of-the-art of energy primarily from contrasts of temperature and moisture and are forecasting tropical cyclone motion and the meteorological criteria con- typically associated with cold and warm fronts. Tropical cyclones, with cerning the initial deepening of tropical cyclones, are discussed by Simp- energy derived from the latent heat of condensation of water vapor, are son (87) and Hebert (45), respectively. generally smaller in extent than extratropical cyclones and typically range Any closed circulation in which the winds rotate counter-clockwise in from 100 to 600 nautical miles in diameter at maturity. Winds normally the Northern Hemisphere or clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere is increase toward the center of tropical cyclones with sustained speedst called a cyclone. The term "tropical cyclone" refers to such a circulation often exceeding 100 knots near the center. Occasionally, sustained winds which develops over tropical waters. Landsberg (53) pointed out that exceeding 150 knots, with still higher gusts, may occur in well-developed 2 systems. Apart from the wind, other destructive features of tropical The tropical cyclone tracks presented here are technically referred to cyclones include torrential rains over a large area and coastal storm as "best-tracks." They represent the best estimate of the smoothed path tides of 10 to 25 feet above normal in extreme cases. Indeed, coastal of the eye as it moves across the earth's surface. Smoothing is necessary inundation from the storm surge is primarily responsible for deaths and to remove small-scale oscillatory motions of the storm center, about damages from these storms in the United States. five to 20 nautical miles about a mean path. These smaller scale motions A unique feature of tropical cyclones is the central "eye." The patternartanioyndreotepsnaivofhemecnevtveoin of winds does not converge to a single point, but becomes tangent to ofrte etirensitormyneoe Randare voepresentation of teymoe conscillationsmotio the eye wall (boundary updraft column) at a radius of about five to 15 o h niesomevlp.Rdrvrfcto feeoclain a miles or more from the geometric center. The eye is generally an area of obtained as Hurricane Carla (1961) traversed the Gulf of Mexico (114). light winds, minimum cloud cover, and minimum sea-level pressure; it Recent satellite evidence of similar motions of the eye of Hurricane Belle provides a convenient frame of reference that can be tracked with the aid (1976) is given by Lawrence and Mayfield (56). The storm tracks in of aircraft, satellites or radar. In the cover photograph, for example, the Chart Series A and B should be considered as the average path of the eye is clearly identifiable in the center of the rotating cloud mass south- larger scale storm circulation system and not necessarily the precise loca- east of Brownsville, Tex. tion of the eye at any given time. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES In the course of their life cycle, tropical cyclones, like other atmospheric tems have been designated as subtropical cyclones during the period they circulation systems, pass through stages of development, intensification, exhibit cold-core characteristics. The subject is discussed by Hebert maturity, and decay or modification. Satellite imagery has confirmed (41). Finally, many tropical cyclones, after moving out of the tropical that some North Atlantic tropical cyclones classically develop from tropi- environment, may lose their tropical characteristics and become extra- cal waves which regularly move off the coast of Africa near 150 N lati- tropical. While the primary purpose of this paper is to discuss tropical tude. The relationship between these waves and Atlantic tropical cy- cyclones, it is necessary, for continuity, to discuss subtropical and ex- clones has been studied by a number of authors. Carlson (I13), for ex- tratropical cyclones as well. ample, presents case histories, while Shapiro (82) discusses theoretical aspects of the transformation of certain waves into tropical cyclones. Be- 4.1 Tropical Cyclones ginning with the 1967 Atlantic hurricane season, Simpson, et al. (84) Tropical cyclones are technically defined (100) as nonfrontal low pres- initiated a formal annual "census" of African disturbances, intertropical sure synoptic-scale 2 systems that develop over tropical or subtropical convergence zone disturbances (2), and other features upon which Atlan- waters and have definite organized circulation. Further classification de- tic tropical cyclones are known to develop. In 1977, Frank and Clark pends upon the wind speed near the center of the system. The terms (32) summarized this annual tabulation over a 10-year period. tropical depression, tropical storm, or hurricane are assigned depending Weather satellites also have confirmed that some tropical cyclones may upon whether the sustained surface winds near the center of the system develop in connection with old polar troughs or upper-level cold lows 2Synoptic-scale refers to large-scale weather systems as distinguished from local systems, and have initial cold-core circulations. In recent years, these latter SYS- such as thunderstorms. 3 are, respectively, < 33 knots, 34 to 63 knots inclusive, or > 64 knots. 4.3 Subtropical Cyclones More complete definitions are given in table 1. Tropical cyclones are not archived (or named) unless they reach at least tropical storm strength. Until the late 1960's, the terms tropical and extratropical, as described The material presented herein concerns only the storms that met this re- in sections 4.1 and 4.2, were used to categorize the life cycle of hurri- quirement. canes. Although it was often suspected that a given storm was "hybrid" The term sustained wind refers to the wind averaged over one minute. in that it exhibited both tropical and extratropical characteristics, the Shorter period gusts (or lulls) in the wind may be considerably higher lack of sufficient observational evidence or official sanction precluded the (or lower) than the sustained wind. Dunn and Miller (26), page 65, use of other terminology. The problem occasionally led to some storms illustrate gustiness. The wind criteria defining the various stages of tropi- being unnamed. Spiegler (88) and Ferguson (30) give further back- cal cyclones are rather rigidly defined, but the opportunity to measure ground information. the wind with a precision implied by the definitions seldom exists. The maximum wind speed often must be inferred from indirect evidence, and Table 1.-Classification Criteria for Trooical, Subtropical, and Extratropical a figure is subjectively assigned by the responsible analyst after consider- Cyclones, 1899-1980. ing all available information. These operational constraints should be considered before making decisions based on intensity criteria given in Stage of Years Criteria Chart Series A and elsewhere. development used Tropical depression 1951-1980 The formative stages of a tropical cyclone in 4.2 Extratropical Cyclones (development) which the maximum sustained (1-min mean) During the latter stages of their life cycle, tropical cyclones are often surface wind is < 33 kt. classified as extratropical. The extratropical stages of the cyclone tracks Tropical storm 1899-1980 A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the shown in this study indicate that modification of the tropical circulation maximum sustained surface wind (1-min was started by movement of the cyclone into a nontropical environment. mean) ranges from 34 to 63 kt. In this situation, the size of the circulation usually expands, the speed Hurricane 1899-1980 A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the of the maximum wind decreases, and the distribution of winds, rainfall, maximum sustained surface wind (1-min and temperatures around the center of the cyclone become increasingly mean) is 2 64 kt. asymmetric. While these characteristic features develop, some tropical Tropical depression 1899-1980 The decaying stages of a tropical cyclone in features, such as a small area of strong, often hurricane-force, winds (dissipation) which the maximum sustained surface wind near the center, the remnants of an eye, and extremely heavy rainfall, may (I-min mean) has dropped to < 33 kt. be retained for a considerable time. The 1938 New England storm (storm Extratropical 1899-1980 Tropical cyclones modified by interaction with number 4), described physically by Pierce (75) and in narrative form by cyclone nontropical environment. No wind speed cri- Allen (5), is a good example of a storm which was technically classified teria. May exceed hurricane force. as extratropical, but which still maintained hurricane-like characteristics. Subtropical 1968-1980 A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum There are no wind speed criteria associated with the term extratropical. depression sustained surface wind (1-min mean) is < Usually, wind speeds near the center of a storm gradually subside. In 33 kt. some cases, however, reintensification of the system may occur when Subtropical storm 1968-1980 A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum mechanisms conducive to extratropical development offset the loss of sustained surface wind (1-min mean) is > the tropical energy source. If over land, these mechanisms may offset the 34 kt. dissipative effects of the increase in surface friction (62). 4 By 1968, the availability of continuous daylight satellite imagery such systems do associate themselves with hurricane force winds with- and other observational evidence confirmed the existence of an inter- out attaining sufficient tropical characteristics. In this case, the term mediate class of storms with both tropical (warm-core) and extratropical subtropical storm is retained. An example of such an occurrence is storm (cold-core) characteristics. The Monthly Weather Review's annual 6, 1968, which contained hurricane force winds on September 20 and summary articles (107), which describe the 1970 and 1971 hurricane 21. Since this storm would probably, in earlier years, have been desig- seasons, call attention to this type of storm and the lack of suitable nated as a hurricane, it is tabulated as such in summary tables and descriptive terminology. Additional studies by Simpson (86) and Spiegler figures. (89) focus attention on the nomenclature problem. Beginning in 1972, the term subtropical was adopted as official ter- 4.4 Summary of Classification Criteria minology, and the annual summary article appearing in the Monthly Weather Review for that year includes the tracks of the subtropi'cal A summary of the various storm classification criteria and the years stages, if any, of tropical systems. Satellite imagery and other observa- over which each is applicable are given in table 1. The criteria are valid tional evidence enabled Hebert and Poteat (43) to reexamine the official only for the years beginning with 1899. For 1886 through 1898, avail- Atlantic tracks for the 1968, 1969, 1970, and 1971 seasons and to iden- able data are too fragmented, and the tracks are presented as being en- tify subtropical portions of the cyclones for those years. The reevalua- tirely tropical storms or hurricanes, depending upon the maximum inten- tion included the addition of the storms suggested by Spiegler (88). sity apparently attained by the storm at some point along its track. Storm Subtropical cyclones are defined (100) as nonfrontal low pressure sys- number 7, 1898, for example, was known to be a hurricane (15) when terns comprising initially baroclinic (cold-core) circulations developing it moved into Georgia on October 2. However, the hurricane designa- over subtropical waters. Many of these eventually develop into purely tion does not necessarily apply elsewhere along the track. For still earlier tropical (warm-core) systems, but others remain as subtropical. On rare years, 1871 through 1885, the data are even more uncertain, and it was occasions, such as storm number 8, 1973, subtropical systems have impossible to indicate other than a tropical cyclone of unknown intensity. evolved from tropical systems. The lack of specific intensity documentation before 1899 should not Depending upon wind speed, two classes of subtropical cyclones are be interpreted as a complete lack of information on these early storms. recognized-subtropical depressions and subtropical storms. The former Indeed, portions of many of these tracks were well documented if they have maximum sustained winds of < 33 knots and the latter, > 34 were associated with disasters to populated areas or shipping. For ex- knots. More complete definitions are given in table 1. There is no upper ample, the hurricane of August, 1873, which destroyed 1,223 vessels, wind speed limit associated with subtropical storms as there is with and the hurricane of August, 1893 (storm number 6), which inundated tropical storms. However, experience has shown that when and if surface the islands off the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina with large losses winds in subtropical storms do reach or exceed 64 knots, the system of life and property, are described by Garriott (33) and others. Persons typically takes on sufficient tropical characteristics to be formally desig- seeking specific information on these, and on storms occurring in later nated as a hurricane (see, for example, storm 3, 1972). In rare cases, years, should consult the references given in section 10. S. DATA SOURCES e ~~~~For 1871 through 1963, the primary reference for the storm tracks and to extend the track charts through the 1980 season, a few of the original associated intensity criteria was U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper tracks were modified, based on additional information available to the Number 55 (23). Although the main purpose of the present revision was National Hurricane Center. Specific details on these modifications are 5 given later in this section. Considering the widespread use of the above 1887-1932; Cline (16), 1900-1924 and Tannehill (94), 1901-1955. cited paper over the many years since its publication, the requirement for Additional unpublished chronologies of tropical cyclone tracks have been only a few changes attests to the care that went into its preparation. available, including the charts and notes of Tingley (96) for 1871-1930; Beginning with the following paragraph, the original discussion on charts probably prepared by Mitchell (66) 1898-1920; and track charts sources of data from Technical Paper Number 55 is quoted. centered on the Gulf of Mexico prepared at the U.S. Weather Bureau Office, New Orleans, Louisiana (110), 1875-1956. 5.1 Data Sources, 1871-1963 "In addition to these primary sources containing relatively long series "The history of hurricanes extends back to the early voyages of dis- of tracks, the following less extensive sources have also been used: Alex- covery in the late fifteenth century. These early records are fragmentary ander (4); Bonnelly (7); Bowie (9); Contreras Arias (17); Deutsche and incomplete. One of the earliest compilations of hurricane tracks Seewarte (24); Elwar (28); Fischer (31); Gray (34); Hall (40); (1804-1853) was prepared by Redfield (77). Millas (61) has recently Newnham (70); Salivia (80); Sarasola (81); Tannehill (92); and attempted to document many of the early storms. Ludlum (59) has also Vifies (115). The recent comprehensive book by Dunn and Miller (26) recently prepared a hurricane chronology extending through 1870. contains complete discussions of various aspects of tropical cyclones, "Information from many sources has been used to define the tracks including a continuation of Tannehill's chronology." of the tropical cyclones presented in this paper. U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 36 (22) provided the nucleus. The primary con- tinuing reference, the Monthly Weather Review (105), first appeared in The foregoing summary of data sources, 1871-1963, was quoted June 1872 and has been published without interruption to the present, directly from Technical Paper Number 55 (23). No formal attempt was although changes in format, emphasis, and content have been numerous. made to review and revise the original tracks. Indeed, considering the Monthly reports on North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and tracks exhaustive list of references in (23), and the lack of any significant new have been included in most volumes and, since 1922, annual summary material, such a review could have been counter-productive. articles have also appeared in most years. Numerous papers discussing In connection with its research and operational commitments, the various aspects of tropical cyclones or complete details of specific storms, have been published in the Review throughout the years. Summaries of detailed computer files of Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks back to 1886. each tropical cyclone season since 1950 have also been included in An analog forecast technique, HURRAN (48) (HURRicane aogs) Climatological Data National Summary (103); details of hurricanes af- for example, is based on these data. Initially, the computer files were fecting the United States are given there and in appropriate monthly developed from data presented in Technial Paper Number 36 (22). developed from data presented in Technical Paper Number 36 (22). issues of Climatological Data for individual States (104). issues of Climatological Data for individual States (104). However, they have been gradually updated over the years and cur- "The first comprehensive climatological analyses of the early series rently contain storm positions, sustained wind speeds and measured of Signal Service synoptic weather maps were made between 1874 and surface pressures (when available) at 6-hourly intervals beginning with 1889 by Professor Elias Loomis of Yale. Of his many papers (58), one 1886. Only a few differences exist between the NHC positions and was devoted to North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during the years those given by Cry in (23). These are: 1871 through 1880. "Several summaries containing complete series of tropical cyclone tracks and information on various storm features have been published 1) The track of storm 2, 1929, was adjusted to pass over Andros periodically since the turn of the century. In preparing this paper, we Island in accordance with the findings of Sugg, et al. (91); have relied heavily on the works of Garriott (33), which contain tracks 2) The 7 p.m. EST, November 4 position of storm number 6, 1935, for the years 1878-1900; Fassig (29), 1876-1911; Mitchell (64, 65), was moved southwestward along the original track to agree with 6 original surface observations on file at the National Weather 5.3 Data Sources 1964-1980 Service Forecast Office, Miami; 3 ) An additional storm was added for the year 1945 (storm number The "first-guess" in the preparation of the charts for the additional 11) in accordance with a study by Fernandez-Partegas (74); 4) The hrricane tages o storm nmber 4,198strnubr 7 years, 1964 through 1980, were the annual summary reports of 4) The hurricane stages of storm number 4, 1928, storm number 11, 1944, and storm number 2, 1904, were extended farther Atlantic tropical cyclone activity prepared by staff members of the northward to agree with a study by Hebert and Taylor (42); NHC. The primary medium for the dissemination of these annual re- 5) The status of storm number 3, 1903, was downgraded to tropi- Ports is the Monthly Weather Review (105, 106, 107). In addition, cal storm before the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico, to agree summary articles are tailored to specific user groups and appear an- with studies by the National Weather Service Hydrometeorologi- nually in the Mariners Weather Log (55) and in the popular weather cal Branch and as implied in the Monthly Weather Review for magazine, Weatherwise (54). Since 1963, annual summary articles September 1903; dealing with the genesis of Atlantic tropical cyclones also have ap- 6) The track of storm number 1, 1876, was made to pass through peared in the Monthly Weather Review (84, 32). Finally, beginning Washington, D.C., to agree with material appearing in the with the 1974 season, annual articles describing other aspects of each Monthly Weather Review for September 1876. hurricane season, such as tabulated storm positions (best-track), recon- 7) To be consistent with current operational practice, the hurricane naissance and satellite storm positions, and forecast verifications have stage of storm 4, 1938, was extended northward. been prepared (51, 44, 46) by staff members at the National Hurricane 8) In accordance with published and unpublished data on file at Center. NHC, the tracks and intensities of storms 2 and 19, 1933, and Each of the annual tropical cyclone track charts that appear in storm 3, 1951, were modified. individual issues of the Monthly Weather Review for the period 1964 9) Several additional changes were made in the 1981 revision. through 1980 was redrafted in the same general format and with the These are: (a) the track of storm number 4, 1877, passing same Lambert Conformal Projection used in Technical Paper 55 (23). south of Curacao to agree with data on file at the Netherlands In most cases, the location of the best-track storm position was ob- Antilles Meteorological Service; and (b) minor editorial correc- tained from original reference material (67) maintained by the National tions to storm track maps for the years 1933, 1960, 1961, Hurricane Center and the Environmental Research Laboratories' Na- 1966, 1971, and 1975. tional Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL), Coral Gables, Fla. Several additional minor differences exist between the NHC master The maps, beginning with the 1968 season, include the subtropical data tape and Cry's (23) tracks. For example, detailed records on file stages of the storm tracks as determined by Hebert and Poteat (43). at the NHC indicate that the exact 7 a.m. September 18 position of The 1970 map also includes the unnamed storms discussed by Spiegler storm number 6, 1926, was 25.6�N, 80.3�W, rather than 25.8�N, (88). 80.1�W. However, such a small change is hardly discernible on the Determination of the storm tracks for the years following 1963 was scale of the maps reproduced in Chart Series A. For such minor dis- obviously less burdensome than for the earlier years; the only compli- crepancies, when the shift in track was less than 25 nautical miles, cating factor was the need to deal with the concept of subtropical the original maps were used as they appeared in (23). cyclones. The decision to include the latter storms was based on cli- Additional data sources for the period through 1963 include: U.S. matological considerations. In earlier years, subtropical systems were Navy Annual Tropical Cyclone Reports (101, 102); Bowden (8); not formally recognized and, in most cases, they were designated as Carney and Hardy (14); Carter (15); Cambriaso (12); Purvis (76); tropical systems. Consequently, failure to include these systems could U.S. Army Air Force (97); U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (98, 99); alter the tropical cyclone climatology for the years following the and various notes on hurricanes in Jamaica, W.I. (60). introduction of the subtropical concept. 7 6. ACCURACY OF TRACKS AND INTENSITY CLASSIFICATIONS Although tropical cyclones may traverse thousands of miles, they spend of generally poor quality, and sometimes conflicting. Reports from most of their lives over, and indirectly derive their energy from, oceanic United States land stations were relayed to central forecast offices by areas. Before the era of aircraft reconnaissance and weather satellites, telegraph, but observations from ships were not received until the the detection of such storms was dependent upon chance encounters vessels returned to port, sometimes months later. Although such late with shipping or populated areas. Over the Atlantic basin, the inter- reports were of no immediate value for forecasting purposes, they were section of mean tropical cyclone tracks with shipping lanes and popu- used extensively for the construction of tracks of all major storms lated island areas makes it unlikely that major storms would have gone occurring over the oceans. These tracks appeared in the International completely undetected, even well back in the 19th century. However, Meteorology Section of the Monthly Weather Review for several years. even with the knowledge of a storm's presence, it is difficult, without The files of marine observations also served as a basic source for the additional observational tools, to specify the exact location of a storm work of Garriott (33), Fassig (29), Mitchell (64, 65, 66) and others. center and its intensity. There is a chance, too, that weaker, short The first operational radio weather report from a ship underway duration storms could have gone completely undetected, was received December 3, 1905; the first message reporting a hurricane After the introduction of continuous weather satellite surveillance was sent August 26, 1909, by the SS Cartago from the southern Gulf (see fig. 2), there is little chance that a tropical cyclone would go un- of Mexico near the coast of Yucatan. The amount and quality of detected. There also is a high probability that the center (eye) of the marine weather data have increased gradually during the succeeding storm could be located within 25 nautical miles of its actual position years. During the June-November tropical cyclone season of 1935, and the intensity determined to within 10 knots of its actual intensity miore than 21,000 observations were received from the tropical por- (83). Since all of the storm tracks and intensity classifications for the tions of the Atlantic. By 1959, the number of observations from the 1964 through 1980 Atlantic hurricane seasons were prepared with the ships during the corresponding period exceeded 64,000. Since the benefit of satellite imagery (as well as aircraft reconnaissance and early 1960's, the number has increased less rapidly, because of changes other data), the track accuracy should be near optimum, considering in the characteristics of the shipping industry. the scale of the maps and the scale of motion depicted. Technological advances since World War IL have resulted in more Agencies responsible for determining earlier storm tracks and in- precise tropical cyclone detection, positioning, and intensity determina- tensities did not have the benefit of satellite data and, indeed, before tion. Many of these advances, together with earlier noteworthy events, 1944, of aircraft reconnaissance. Consequently, the over-water portions are depicted in figure 2. Improved radiosonde and rawinsonde equip- of these earlier tracks are subject to considerable uncertainties. There ment for measuring weather conditions above the earth's surface has were, however, some historical observational milestones in track accu- provided additional knowledge of factors affecting tropical cyclone racy. The subject is treated in some detail by Cry (23), and much of motion and intensity. The use of aircraft to obtain data inside hurri- the following material is quoted directly or indirectly. canes was found to be feasible in 1943 (93), and U.S. Air Force and For many years following the establishment of the U.S. Govern- Navy 8 aircraft have made routine reconnaissance of tropical cyclonesw ment Weather Service in 1870, data for a precise determination of the location and intensity of tropical cyclones were scarce, widely scattered, 'Navy hurricane reconnaissance was discontinued after the 1974 season. 8 since 1944. Before the operational availability of satellite data around urements of other environmental quantities, such as wind, temperature, the mid-1960's, these flights proved especially important in the early moisture, and rainfall around the storm (1, 10, 38, 52). Although the detection of storms. first pictures of a tropical cyclone were transmitted by the polar orbit- Currently, tropical cyclones are usually detected by satellite, although ing TIROS-I satellite in 1960, it was not until 1966 that the first aircraft are required to specify precise environmental data in and completely operational weather satellite, ESSA-I, was placed in orbit. around the storm. The NOAA Research Facilities Center (formerly The ESSA series were also polar orbiting satellites and provided views Research Flight Facility), Miami, Fla., operates several aircraft with of tropical cyclones once per day. By the late 1960's, geostationary sophisticated instrumentation for the collection of detailed data, used satellites allowed continuous daytime surveillance and, in 1974, the satellitewiggpws allosed continou datime suvilaunch anon194 thefisGota primarily for research but also useful for operational tropical cyclone nighttime viewing gap was closed with the launch of the first Geosta- tracking. tionary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Further informa- tion is in figure 2. A history of the development of meteorological satel- A significant milestone occurred during the 1977 hurricane season(6). lites is given by Allison, et al. (6). when a complex communications system known as the Aircraft Satellite In recent years, marine meteorological data buoys have been de- In recent years, marine meteorological data buoys have been de- Data Link (ASDL) system enabled Research Facilities Center aircraft veloped and deployed. These floating data platforms, anchored at veloped and deployed. These floating data platforms, anchored at measurements taken inside a storm at 60-second intervals to be receive strategic locations, transmit observations of wind, pressure, waves, strategic locations, transmit observations of wind, pressure, waves, and plotted by a National Hurricane Center computer within a few ocean and air temperatures in and around tropical cyclones and other seconds. It is significant to contrast this with an earlier statement con- weather systems. cerning the receipt of ship observations months late. Thus, the temporal weather systems. gap between the taking of a weather observation and receipt of the The quality of the charts and figures presented in this report reflects gap between the taking of a weather observation and receipt of the message by the ultimate user appears to be closed the variation in amount and quality of observational data. In early message by the ultimate user appears to be closed. years, the observations simply did not exist, and the tracks were extra- The World War II development of storm-tracking radar and sub- polated from fragmentary information. Other than a gradual increase sequent improvements in range and accuracy further increased observa- in quality of the observational material over the years, there is no way tional capabilities. An extensive network of powerful coastal radars to determine the reliability of a particular storm track. However, those is now in operation. Radar is particularly useful in detecting sudden tracks that crossed populated areas can be expected to be reasonably changes in the direction of tropical cyclone motion when these storms accurate, even back into the previous century. Thom (95) and Cry (23) are within 250 miles of the radar site. This permits "last minute" cite statistical evidence that, compared with the storms that remained adjustments in community preparedness efforts as these storms move at sea, most tropical cyclones that crossed the United States coast- ashore. line were probably detected. An important product of the NASA space program is the develop- The 110 years from 1871 through 1980 cover the complete period ment of weather satellites, now the standard observational tool for the of the development of meteorology and organized weather services. The detection and monitoring of tropical cyclones on a worldwide scale. A period begins in an era when observations were simple and relatively classic example of a satellite view of a hurricane is given by the cover rare, before the details of the nature and characteristics of atmospheric illustration. By reviewing thousands of such pictures, Dvorak (27) and disturbances were understood. Today, a widespread network of land sta- Hebert and Poteat (43) were able to specify systematic procedures to tions, ships, aircraft, radar, satellites, and data buoys, using complex estimate the location of the center and the intensity of the storm. and sophisticated instrumentation and communication, is available for Satellites also provide the means of obtaining direct or indirect meas- the detection, tracking, and understanding of tropical cyclones. 9 TECHNICAL ADVANCES IN OBSERVING SYSTEMS (1871-1980) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11 1 11 1 1I 1'"i II I LAND OBSERVATIONS (LANDLINE TELEGRAPH) SHIP LOGS SHIP OBSERVATIONS (WIRELESS TELEGRAPH) RADIOSONDE NETWORK ORGANIZED RECONNAISSANCE COASTAL RADAR NETWORK ORBITING SUN-SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES VISIBLE AND INFRA-RED I W I I I I I I I I I I GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES VISIBLE ONLY VISIBLE AND INFRA-RED OCEAN DATA BUOYS I I I I I AIRCRAFT SATELLITE DATA LINK 1870 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 YEARS Figure 2.-Technical advances in systemns for observing tropical cyclones, 1871 through 1980. 10 7. NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS 7.1 Chart Series A tropical cyclones began in 1950. Initially, the 1950 vintage phonetic al- phabet (ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, and so on) was used. However, for The tracks of all recorded Atlantic tropical cyclones for each year from the 1953 season, the practice of using women's names, first used in the 1871 through 1980 are presented in Chart Series A (appendix A). For western Pacific during World War II, was introduced. This convention the period before 1964, several steps were used by Cry (23) to obtain continued until 1979 when both men's and women's names were used the final tracks. First, all cyclones considered to be of tropical origin alternately., In Chart Series A, certain storms lack names, even after in any given year were listed together with all relevant intensity data. the formal naming of tropical cyclones began. Some of these remained Second, all versions of each storm track were plotted on charts. Con- subtropical. Others, originally thought to be nontropical, were added parisons of these differing interpretations and evaluation of information after post-analysis indicated that they did have tropical characteristics. from all sources, including daily synoptic charts (97, 109, 111, 112, 113), were made, and the track configuration for each storm most con- 7.2 Chart Series B sistent with all the data was selected. These positions and intensities Another series of charts (Series B) provides groupings of storms Another series of charts (Series B) provides groupings of storms were plotted on the annual charts of Series A. according to selected intraseasonal periods. A similar series presented The objective was to depict accurately and completely the position by Cry (23) has always been useful for both operational and research and intensity of each significant tropical cyclone in the North Atlantic purposes. The charts of Series A were manually prepared. However, basin throughout its existence. Unfortunately, the quality of the data Chart Series B was computer-drawn with NOAA computer-graphics facil- prevented full attainment of this goal; many positions and intensities, ities. Computer methods also allow the use of any map projection. For a particularly for the earlier years, are estimates, representing compromises number of reasons, most relating to convenience, a Mercator projection, to significant differences in the references. true at 22.50N latitude, was used in Chart Series B. In a manner similar Delineation of intensity stages was found to be unrewarding before to that employed by Cry, the storm tracks are presented without regard the period when daily synoptic charts for the entire area were available; to identification other than that they began sometime during the specified consequently, no indications of intensity have been made for 1871 time period. Additional labeling would clutter the charts and detract through 1885. A simple classification of "tropical storm" or "hurricane" from their main purpose, which is the identification of spatial and was made for the years 1886 through 1898, and tracks showing intensity temporal shifts in tropical cyclone occurrence. were prepared from 1899 onward. The tropical depression (develop- The first chart of Series B was introduced on page iv as figure 1. This ment) stage was included starting in 1951. Finally, an additional breed rendition of the entire 793-storm sample has limited utility, but serves of storms, subtropical, was added starting in 1968. Intensity and classifi- to illustrate the bounds of the North Atlantic tropical cyclone basin. The cation criteria are given in table 1. relative frequency of storms in any given area also can be roughly Before 1950, there was no formal nomenclature for the identification identified by the track density. Other charts in Series B are presented of cyclones. Noteworthy storms were informally designated by such for May through December and for 10- (or 11-) day periods, June 1 descriptive terms as "Yankee hurricane," "New England hurricane," through November 30. "Labor Day storm," "Galveston storm," etc. Official naming of Atlantic The tracks were drawn by means of a computer interpolation routine 11 suggested by Akima (3). Storm positions are specified on a computer The charts in Series B include storms which began, regardless of magnetic tape at 6-hourly intervals. With these as anchor points, a intensity, classification, or duration, within the designated period. This reasonably faithful rendition of the hand-drawn tracks depicted on ChartSriesAsoanab ecth end.I n of ches, h r weer d the on convention differs slightly from that used in preparation of tables 2 and 3 Chart Series A can be expected. In a few cases, however, the 6-hourly positions are insufficient to define tight loops and sudden changes in where the depression stage was excluded. Also, specified on each chart is the direction. total number of storms included in the period. Table 2.-Number of recorded Atlantic tropical cyclones (excluding depressions and, after 1967, including subtropical cyclones) which reached at least tropical storm intensity in specified month, 1871-1980. (Refer to Table 4 for, summaries of these data.) YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 1871 2 2 2 6 1900 1 3 3 7 1872 1 1 2 1 5 1901 1 2 2 3 2 10 1873 1 1 3 5 1902 2 1 1 1 5 1874 1 1 4 1 7 1903 1 1 4 2 1 9 1875 3 1 4 1904 1 1 3 5 1876 2 1 3 1905 3 2 5 1877 1 4 2 1 8 1906 2 1 3 4 1 11 1878 1 1 3 4 1 10 1907 1 2 1 4 1879 3 1 3 1 8 1908 1 1 1 3 2 8 1880 - 1 4 2 2 9 1909 2 2 2 2 1 1 10 1881 4 1 1 6 1910 1 2 1 4 1882 2 1 3 1911 2 1 1 4 1883 2 1 1 4 1912 1 1 1 2 1 6 1884 2 1 3 1913 1 1 1 1 4 1885 3 4 1 8 1914 1 1 1886 3 1 2 2 2 10 1915 1 3 1 5 1887 1 2 2 3 6 1 2 17 1916 1 . 2 3 4 3 1 14 1888 1 1 2 2 1 2 9 1917 2 1 3 1889 1 1 1 5 1 9 1918 3 2 5 1890 1 1 1919 1 1 1 3 1891 1 2 3 4 1 11 1920 4 4 1892 1 1 4 3 9 1921 1 3 2 6 1893 1 1 5 3 1 1 12 1922 1 1 2 4 1894 2 1 3 6 1923 1 1 5 7 1895 2 1 3 6 1924 1 2 2 2 1 8 1896 1 1 2 2 6 1925 1 1 2 1897 1 2 2 5 1926 2 1 5 2 1 11 1898 2 5 2 9 1927 1 3 3 7 1899 1 2 1 2 6 1928 2 3 1 6 12 Table 2.-Number of recorded Atlantic tropical cyclones (excluding depressions and, after 1967, including subtropical cyclones) which reached at least tropical storm intensity in specified month, 1871-1980. (Refer to Table 4 for summaries of these data.)-Continued YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 1929 1 1 1 3 1958 1 4 4 1 10 1930 2 2 1959 1 2 2 1 3 2 11 1931 1 1 2 3 1 1 9 1960 1 2 2 2 7 1932 1 3 3 3 1 11 1961 1 6 2 2 11 1933 1 1 3 7 5 3 1 21 1962 2 1 2 5 1934 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 11 1963 2 5 2 9 1935 3 1 2 6 1964 1 1 3 5 1 1 12 1936 3 2 6 4 1 16 1965 1 2 2 1 6 1937 1 2 6 9 1966 1 4 1 4 1 11 1938 3 1 3 1 8 1967 1 4 3 8 1939 1 1 1 2 5 1968 3 1 3 1 8 1940 1 3 2 2 8 1969 1 5 6 5 1 18 1941 4 2 6 1970 1 1 3 3 2 10 1942 3 3 3 1 10 1971 1 4 6 1 1 13 1943 1 2 4 3 10 1972 1 1 2 2 1 7 1972 1 1 2 2 I 1944 3 2 4 2 11 1973 2 2 2 2 8 1945 1 1 4 3 2 11 1946 1 1 1 1 2 6 1974 1 1 4 4 1 11 1947 1 2 3 3 9 1975 1 1 2 3 1 1 9 1948 1 1 2 3 1 1 9 1976 I1 5 2 1 10 1949 3 7 2 1 13 1977 1 3 2 6 1950 4 3 6 13 1978 1 1 4 3 3 12 1951 1 3 3 3 10 1979 1 2 3 2 1 9 1952 1 2 2 2 7 1980 3 5 1 2 Ii 1953 1 3 4 4 1 1 14 1981 1982 1954 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 11 1982 1983 1955 1 4 5 2 12 1984 1956 1 1 1 4 1 8 1985 1957 2 1 4 1 8 1986 13 Table 3.-Number of storms listed in Table 2 which eventually became hurricanes. (Refer to Table 4 for summaries of these data.) YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 1871 1910 2 1 3 1872 1911 2 1 3 1873 1912 1 2 1 4 1874 1913 1 1 1 3 1875 1914 0 1876 1915 3 1 4 1877 1916 1 2 3 2 2 1 11 1878 1917 1 1 2 1879 1918 2 1 3 1880 1919 1 1 1881 1920 4 4 1882 1921 1 2 1 4 1883 1922 1 1 2 1884 1923 1 1 1 3 1885 1924 2 1 1 1 5 1886 2 1 2 2 1 8 1925 1 1 1887 1 2 3 2 1 1 10 1926 2 1 4 1 8 1888 1 2 1 1 5 1927 1 3 4 1889 1 1 3 5 1928 2 1 1 4 1890 1 1 1929 1 1 1 3 1891 1 2 3 2 8 1930 2 2 1892 1 2 1 4 1931 2 2 1893 1 1 5 3 10 1932 3 1 1 1 6 1894 1 1 3 5 1933 1 1 3 3 2 10 1895 1 1 2 1934 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1896 1 1 2 2 6 1935 2 1 2 5 1897 1 1 2 1936 1 1 3 2 7 1898 2 2 4 1937 3 3 1899 1 2 1 1 5 1938 2 1 3 1900 1 2 3 1939 1 2 3 1901 1 2 3 1940 3 1 4 1902 1 1 1 3 1941 3 1 4 1903 1 1 3 2 1 8 1942 3 1 4 1904 1 1 2 1943 1 1 2 1 5 1905 1 1 1944 2 1 3 1 7 1906 1 1 2 2 6 1945 1 1 1 2 5 1907 0 1946 1 1 1 3 1908 1 1 2 1 5 1947 2 1 2 5 1909 1 1 1 1 4 1948 1 3 1 1 6 14 Table 3.-Number of storms listed in Table 2 which eventually became hurri- 100 canes. (Refer to Table 4 for summaries of these data.)-Continued -7 YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 90-- 1949 2 4 1 7 1950 4 3 4 11 1951 ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~1 2 2 3 8 8- 1952 2 2 2 6 1953 2 3 1 6 1954 12 3 1 1 8 7 1955 3 5 1 9 70-- 1956 1 1 1 1 4 S"i 1957 1 2 3 Prmltr .. 1958 3 3 1 7 1959 1 2 3 1 7 cn6O-- T 1960 1 2 1 4 1961 1 5 1 1 8 1962 1 2 3 1963 2 4 1 7 0 50-- 1964 1 4 1 6 1965 2 1 1 4 1966 I 3 1 1 7 No 1967 1 3 2 6 z40- 1968 2 1 1 1 5 Se 1969 4 4 3 1 1 2 at e 1970 11 1 25 3- 1971 2: 4 6 ~xi' 1972 11 13 1973 1 1 1 1 4 1974 2 2 4 2- 1975 1 2 3 . .... 1976 4 1 1 6- 1977 1 3 1 5 1978 2 2 1 5 1~ 1979 1 2 2 5 ii.. 1980 3 3 1 2 9 ~'-ir - 1982 I 1 1 1983 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2-5 30 NUMBER OF DAYS 1984 1985 1986 Figure 3.-Distribution of observed duration (number of days, including de- pression stage) of Atlantic tropical cyclones, 1886 through 1980. 8. FREQUENCY OF NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES 8.1 Monthly and Annual Frequencies those which form in the eastern Atlantic, travel westward, recurve just before reaching the United States and then move northeastward across Tables 2 and 3 present monthly and annual frequencies of recorded the open Atlantic. Atlantic basin tropical cyclones and hurricanes for each year 1871 through 1980. The hurricane stage was not identified before 1886, so The number of storms occurring in any given year varies widely. no hurricane entries appear in table 3 for 1871-1885. The frequencies Isofar as storms reaching at least tropical storm strength are con- for some months and years differ slightly from those given in a similar cered, there were two years, 1890 and 1914, that observed but one table by Cry (23). The differences result from minor revisions to some storm while 21 tropical storms or hurricanes occurred in 1933. There of the tracks (section 6). Computer specification of storm positions at wee no storms that reached hurricane strength in both 1907 and 6-hourly intervals, rather than at 12-hourly intervals, as used by Cry, 1914 while 12 hurricanes occurred in 1969. Frequency distributions also may have shifted one or two storms to earlier or later months. of these are given in figures 4 and 5. Grouping in this table is based on the initial date of tropical storm One may question the adequacy of these data. After the middle intensity or the detection of the storm; the tropical depression stage 1940's, when aircraft reconnaissance began, it is unlikely that even was not included. For example, a storm reaching tropical storm strength weak, short-duration storms have been undetected. This was not always on August 31, reaching hurricane strength on September 5, and finally the case: some small, weak tropical storms may have gone undocu- dissipating on September 20, would be assigned as a hurricane begin- mented in the earlier years, and storms that were detected could have ning in August. No entries would be made for September. This conven- been misclassified as to intensity. tion differs from that used in some other tabulations and Chart Series B. In addition to observational problems, there is a strong possibility In addition to observational problems, there is a strong possibility Based on all Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks from 1886 through that other natural trends exist in the frequency of tropical cyclones. 1980, the duration of a tropical cyclone, including the depression stage The possible effect of large-scale anomalies in sea-surface temperature, (if recorded), averages about eight days but, as shown in figure 3, may for example, is discussed later in this section. vary from less than two to as many as 30 days. The modal (most fre- Upward or downward trends in the frequency Of tropical cyclones, quently occurring) duration is six days. The ability to detect tropical if not accounted for, make the average frequency a function of the cyclones earlier has improved in recent years such that the distribution period of record included in the summary. To illustrate, data from shown in figure 3 is somewhat biased towards lower values. Very brief tables 2 and 3 have been averaged over three periods: 1886 through storms typically form in the Gulf of Mexico and dissipate over ad- 1980; 1910 through 1930; and 1944 through 1980. The first period jacent land areas before reaching maturity. Storm number 3, 1946, is begins with the year when it was possible to distinguish between tropi- a good example. Hurricanes of extreme duration include Ginger, cal storms and hurricanes; the period 1910 through 1930 was a mini- September 5 to October 5, 1971 and Inga, September 20 to October mum in frequency with an average of only about five storms per year; 14, 1969. Both storms meandered slowly around the western and central and the last period begins with the introduction of organized aircraft Atlantic for much of their existence. Other long-duration storms include weather reconnaissance. The averages for the three periods appear in 16 20 - 20 - - HURRICANES ALL STORMS 15- 15- ->>- - U-ff ,, f o l o ~~~~~~~~~~~~h-- i 10 - U0 -i -r f 1 V X X X } n | | | n 4FT1 � 1h 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 NUMBER OF STORMS NUMBER OF STORMS Figure 4.-Distribution of annual number of tropical cyclones reaching at least tropical storm strength (left) and hurricane strength (right), 1886 through 1980. The average number of such storms is 8.4 and 4.9, respectively (see Table 4). table 4 and substantial difference in the monthly and annual frequencies (11), is often used for these better estimates. can be noted. The period 1944 through 1980 probably best represents A n t c c n ee , a h To fit the Poisson distribution, it is necessary to estimate the true Atlantic tropical cyclone frequencies as they currently exist, althoughn mean of the event. However, because of the trends in the data, it is some decline in frequency, particularly in the number of storms affect- difficult to specify the true mean. It is likely that some of the irregular ing te Unted tates(fig 9),has ben nted n recnt yars.difficult to specify the true mean. It is likely that some of the irregular ing the United States (fig. 9), has been noted in recent years. upward trend in tropical cyclone occurrence over the years can be The term "average number of" as used in table 4 is somewhat mis- explained as observational deficiencies in the earlier years. This is leading as it implies other than the discrete occurrence or nonoccur- an artificial trend. However, there may be other real superimposed rence of a tropical cyclone. For this reason, it is desirable to fit the trends in the storm frequencies over the years. Wendland (116), for data to a discrete probability distribution. Such a distribution, properly example, points out the effect of varying sea surface temperatures on identified and corrected for trends in the data, will give a better esti- the long-term frequencies of Atlantic tropical cyclones. In addition, mate of expected occurrence rates than the relative frequencies already there may be other subtle trends that are difficult to isolate because observed. The Poisson distribution, described by Burington and May of the relatively short period of record. Table 4.-Total and average number of tropical cyclones (excluding depressions and including subtropical systems) beginning in each month. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL Tropical storms and hurricanes 1 1 1 0 13 50 61 186 267 173 35 5 793 Average * * * 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 2.0 2.8 1.8 0.4 0.1 8.3 1886-1980 Hurricanes only 0 0 1 0 3 21 32 135 171 86 17 2 468 Average 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.2 0.3 1.4 1.8 0.9 0.2 * 4.9 Tropical storms and hurricanes 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 24 39 26 6 0 109 Average 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.1 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.0 5.2 1910-1930 Hurricanes only 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 21 29 12 4 0 74 Average 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.0 3.5 Tropical storms and hurricanes 1 1 0 0 7 20 31 91 130 66 14 3 364 Average * * 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.8 2.5 3.5 1.8 0.4 0.1 9.9 1944-1980 Hurricanes only 0 0 0 0 2 8 14 62 87 41 7 1 222 Average 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.7 2.4 1.1 0.2 * 6.0 Note: Data are summarized from Tables 2 and 3. Asterisk (*) indicates less than 0.05 storms. 18 20- -20 15- -15 , o- - 5 - _5 6- -0 100 . . . I . . I . . � . I . _,=s, I . 100 1886 1896 1906 1916 1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 hurricane strength (solid bar), 1886 through 1980. The average numb er of such storms is 8.4 and 4.9, respectively (see Table 4). 90- -90 80 - -80 (I, - -70 ' 70 70 c 0 - s- 60- 60 r' .50- -50 -- 0C: ' 30- -30 20- -20 10- 10 20 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 120 1 0 10 20 10 20 10 20 MRY JUN JUL RUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 6.-Number of tropical storms and hurricanes (open bar) and hurricanes (solid bar) observed on each day, May 1-December 31, 1886 through 1980. 19 o. . .. I ' ' I ' ' I ' ' I ' ' I ' 100 90 - -90 80 - - 80 ;r 70 -70 C -- 60 - - 60 r1 u'J ~0 so 50 -Xt OC z 0 0 Co � r020 o 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 20 10 20 MRY JUN JUL RUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 7.-Same as Fig. 6 except data smoothed by a 9-day moving average. Because of the above cited difficulties and others, the decision was ever, the frequencies have been smoothed using a 9-day moving aver- made not to attempt to fit the data to a probability distribution. That age. These smoothed frequencies eliminate much of the "noise" in- is not to say that an in-depth study such as that performed by Thom herent in the raw data, yet preserve the larger scale seasonal cycles. (95) and applied by Cry (23) to the tropical cyclone and hurricane The seasonal fluctuations in tropical cyclone frequency include, in frequencies for 1901 through 1963 could not be extended to include chronological order, a slight maximum around mid-June, followed by a additional years of record. However, such a study must be considered slight decline until mid-July, and a gradual increase in frequency until beyond the scope of the present efforts, which are geared toward just before mid-September. A somewhat irregular decline in frequency presenting, rather than interpreting, the data. occurs thereafter, interrupted by a slight increase in mid-October. The October maximum is somewhat less sharp than that given by Cry (23) 8.2 Daily Frequencies because of the inclusion of extra years of data. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the incidence of tropical cyclones over The "official" Atlantic hurricane season extends from June 1 through the North Atlantic basin on a daily basis for the 8-month period that November 30. However, as seen from figure 8, the season occasionally covers the principal season. Except for the longer period of record, begins or ends outside of this period. The figure presents a cumulative the figure is similar to one presented by Cry (23). In addition, how- percentage frequency distribution of the date of detection of the first and 20 the date of dissipation of the last tropical cyclone of storm or hurricane tive discussions. Chart Series B presents a convenient means of identify- intensity for each season from 1886 through 1980. The median (mid- ing the temporal and spatial variations of these patterns. Early season point of the distribution) beginning date is June 27, and the median end- tropical cyclones are almost exclusively confined to the western Carib- ing date is October 29. There are no well-defined statistical relationships bean and the Gulf of Mexico. However, by the end of June or early between the beginning and ending dates of the tropical cyclone season; July, the area of formation gradually shifts eastward, with a slight de- that is, seasons which began early did not necessarily end early (or late), cline in overall frequency of storms. By late July, the frequency grad- and seasons which began late did not necessarily end late (or early). ually increases, and the area of formation shifts still farther eastward. By However, there is a weak statistical relationship between starting date late August, tropical cyclones form over a broad area which extends and the number of storms such that seasons Which start early tend to eastward to near the Cape Verde Islands. The period from about August have more storms. However, the low correlation coefficient (r = 0.35) 20 through about September 15 encompasses the maximum of these indicates that there are many exceptions to this rule. "Cape Verde" type storms, many of which traverse the entire Atlantic Ocean. After mid-September, the frequency begins to decline and the 8.3 Areas of Formation formative area retreats westward. By early October, the area is generally Seasnalshits n te pincpalares o trpicl ccloe frmaion confined to longitudes west of 600W, and the area of maximum occur- Seasonal shifts ~~~~~~~~~~rence returns to the western Caribbean. In November, the frequency of over the Atlantic basin have been recognized for many decades, and the tropical cyclone occurrence further declines. reader is referred to standard references such as Crutcher and Quayle Mn diinlfaue etiigt eprladsailvrain (21) Dun (5),or unn nd illr (6) or uanttatve nd ualta- in storm frequency can be identified by careful analysis of Chart Series B. It often is helpful to consider these charts in conjunction with figures 100 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~6 and 7, which depict the daily frequencies. 7 ~~~~~~8.4 Tropical Cyclones Affecting the United States OS I / I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Of the 683 tropical cyclones that have been recorded over the Atlantic is I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tropical cyclone basin 1899-1980 (Ref. table 2), a total of 271 or about 60 2 I - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~40 percent have crossed or passed immediately adjacent to the United OR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N 'SEASON - States mainland. Fig. 9 shows the year-to-year distribution of these 271 - ~~~~BEGIN SEASON! storms. In a NOAA suyfor the FeeaTnuac Administration,Ho 40 - I I I _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~et al. (47) analyzed these and earlier tropical cyclones that affected the 50 I IUnited States. Fig. 10, from their study, shows the spatial variability of SR I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tropical storm and hurricane incidence along a smoothed and "stretched- 10~ ~ ~ ~I/ out" United States coastline that extends from Texas to Maine (fig. II) APRL AY IS JO RGRO SPTE OTOBR SOVRRR DWE - over the period of record, 1871 through 1973. The additional years JANUAR FEEIIARY ARM ARIL MY Jm ULY AUUST S P T E 1974 OCOBERughME1980ENdoJAnot1974throuhi198ndoyntasigificanlyaaleratheavergeufrquencaalon the United States coastline, and since Ho, et al, used essentially the same Figre .-Cmultiv p e c e n agefreueny dstrbuton f bginingandtropical cyclone tracks as given in Chart Series A, figure 10 may be ending dates of Atlantic tropical cyclone season, 1886 through 1980. cniee optbewt hs rcs (Dates are of first and last recorded position with at least tropical Certain factors should be considered before making inferences from storm strength.) figure 10. First, the chart includes storms ranging in intensity from weak 21 15 - -15 10 - -10 , 5- - 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 I 96 1970 1980I? Figure 9.-Annual distribution of the 271 Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes (open bars) and the 144 hurricanes (solid bars) that have crossed or passed immediately adjacent to the United States coastline (Texas to Maine), 1899 through 1980. The average annual number of such storms is 3.3 and 1.8 respectively. Graph displays one crossing per storm even though multiple crossings may have occurred. tropical storms to the most intense hurricanes. Second, the frequencies of motion) where the storm's motion and wind are complementary. represent long-term averages. For shorter (10 or 20-year) periods, con- Thus, if the hurricane on the cover photograph were to cross the Mexico siderable deviation has occurred and will continue to occur in the future. coast, the storm could be expected to produce higher winds and a storm For example, from 1951 through 1960, many more major hurricanes surge northward from the center since the counter-clockwise rotating struck the East Coast of the United States than affected the Gulf of winds and the hurricane's forward speed of motion are both working in Mexico Coast. Figure 10 does not address these short-period variations. the same direction. On the other hand, a storm moving into the Tampa, Another factor to be considered pertains to proper interpretation of Fla., area from the southwest generally would bring stronger winds and the term "per 10 nautical miles of coastline." In the Miami area, two higher tides southward from the Tampa area. storms per 100 years per 10 nautical miles of coast are indicated. This Other meteorological and geographical factors also contribute to should not be interpreted to mean that the Miami area expects only two asymmetries such that it is difficult to speculate on damage patterns storms per century. Storms that strike along the coast in other 10 nauti- from the information given in this publication. Also, wind gusts, which cal mile segments, both south and north of Miami, would also affect the may substantially exceed the speed of the sustained wind, must be area. Indeed, the damage swath from a major hurricane can cover more considered in assessing damage potential. Accordingly, persons needing than 100 miles of coastline. For further details on proper interpretation the specific effect of a historical storm on a given site should seek of figure 10, the reader is referred to the original paper which contains further meteorological advice. Instrumental documentation of specific much additional information, including a chart that gives the ratio of weather elements, however, even when storms cross coastlines, is hurricanes to tropical storms along the entire coastline, and a chart that meager. Much must be inferred from immediate post-storm surveys can be used to estimate the return periods of hurricanes of various inten- of damage from wind and storm surge, sities (based upon central pressure) for the entire coast. Another factor to be considered before making deductions on hurri- 8-5 Hurricanes Affecting the United States cane or storm damage relative to any given storm track is that the pat- Figure 10, discussed in section 8.4, gives the combined frequency of tern of wind, rainfall, storm surge, and associated damage are rarely both hurricanes and tropical storms. Depending on the area of landfall, symmetrical about the storm track. Wind and storm surge are typically approximately 40 to 60 percent of these storms were classified as hurri- higher in the right semicircle of a storm (as viewed toward the direction canes. The observed (or potential) damage from these hurricanes ranged 22 '4! I 14 '1' I ' I * ' 14 j ' I 1, ( 'f ' M z > > -V En or~~l m H CA nzI -4 .<m -4~~~ I~" - ~ ~~ m >) >< 0 r-m< 0 W M m -n z m Z> m~~~~~~~~~~C CA Cl ..." ~0> - r- > H _ c o > r - - I 0 m -I m~ I- > ) m I CD x > I-~ ~ ~~~~r I- r-> 2.8- LL 2.4 U- 2.4- 8 20 - 1.6- z w 1.2- z - 0.8 - 0.4 - LAND FALLING STORMS 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 DISTANCE (n mi x 102 Figure 10.--Smoothed frequency of landfalling tropical storms and hurricanes (1871 through 1973) for the Gulf and East Coasts of the United States. Discontinuity between Miami and Ft. Myers represents Florida Keys. (From Ho, et al. (47), page 21) 23 / EA.-,POR TEX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FESOLKA CORPUS CHRIS~~~MYPOTI-- P~~~NWORLEN ISA BEAC Figure it-Smoothed ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PA UntdSaeLosln sdi h rprto ffgr 0 Fo o ta.(7,pg 7 24~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TN EOEC from minimal to catastrophic, depending not only on the intensity of the Table 5.-The Salfir/Simpson (79, 100) Hurricane Scale storm, but upon such factors as size of the storm, coastal configuration, astronomical tides, terrain features, urbanization, and industrialization. Scale No. 1--Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foilage, and unanchored mobile homes. No real damage to other structures. To relate hurricane intensity to damage potential, the National Hurri- Some damage to poorly constructed signs. And/or: storm surge 4 to 5 feet above cane Center has adopted the Saffir/Simpson (79, 100) Hurricane Scale. normal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft This descriptive scale, over a range of categories 1 through 5, is shown in in exposed anchorage torn from moorings. table 5. Scale No. 2-Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrub- Figure 9 shows that 144 hurricanes and 127 tropical storms have bery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile Figure 9 shows that 144 hurricanes and 127 tropical storms have homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing crossed or passed immediately offshore to the United States over the 82- materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major damage to year period 1899-1980. Hebert and Taylor (42) carefully analyzed all buildings. And/or: storm surge 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal roads and low- hurricanes affecting the United States between 1900 and 1974 and clas- lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in sified them according to the Saffir/Simpson damage potential scale. Their unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline resi- listing, with some minor modifications and additions, has been extended dences and low-lying island areas required. backward through 1899 and forward through 1980 and appears in table Scale No. 3--Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large ~~~~~~~~~~~~6. ~~~~~~~trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some The scale numbers assigned by Hebert and Taylor were based primar- structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. And/or: storm ily upon the central pressure at the time of storm landfall. Certain hur- surge 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller ricanes (indicated by an asterisk in Table 6), because of their rapid for- structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 ward speed, could have produced greater or lesser damage to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain 5 feet or less above sea by the scale number depending upon whether the area was located to the level flooded inland 8 miles or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences within right (stronger) or left (weaker) portion of the storm, as viewed toward several blocks of shoreline possibly required. the direction of motion. The authors (Hebert and Taylor) point out a Scale No. 4-Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows and doors. Com- certain amount of subjectivity inherent in this type of classification, par- all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows and doors. Com- plete failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile ticularly with hurricanes during earlier years and with those moving in- homes. And/or: storm surge 13 to 18 feet above normal. Flat terrain-10 feet or land in sparsely settled areas. Consequently, some hurricanes near the less above sea level flooded inland as far as 6 miles. Major damage to lower borderline between two scale numbers might be classified one way or the floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before other, depending on various considerations such as coastal inundation, hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation of all The data presented in table 6 are summarized by State in table 7. Be- residences within 500 yards of shore possibly required, and of single-story resi- cause of their long coastlines, Florida and Texas are further subdivided. dences on low ground within 2 miles of shore. Scale No. 5-Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown In Florida, the north-south dividing line is roughly from Cape Canaveral down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe to Tarpon Springs. In Texas, south is roughly Brownsville to Corpus and extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many Christi, central is from north of Corpus Christi to Matagorda Bay, and residences and industrial buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and north is from Matagorda Bay to the Louisiana border. Entries in table doors. Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or: storm surge greater than 7 may be made for the same hurricane more than once, and sectional 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than totals cannot be summed to get national totals. The initial line of table s15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of shore. Low-lying escape routes inland 7 is an actual count of the number of hurricanes that have affected the cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Massive evacua- United States, where only the highest Saffir/Simpson category in any tion of residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possibly required. state has been used. The total (138) is somewhat less than that given required. 25 Table 6.--Chronological listing of and States affected by all?~ategory 1 through 5 hurricanes which have hit the United States, 1899-1980. Highest Highest Storm States affected and category Storm Storm States affected and Storm ca{_~.~ory number Year Month category by States U.S. name number Year Month category by States . . name 2 1899 Aug NC 3 3 .... 1 1921 Jun TX 2C 2 .... 6 1899 Oct SC, NC 1 1 .... 6 1921 Oct FL 3SW, 2NE 3 .... 1 1900 Sep TX 4N 4 ..... 3 1923 Oct LA 1 1 .... 3 1901 Jul NC 1 1 .... 4 1924 Sep FL 1NW 1 .... 4 1901 Aug LA, MS 2 2 .... 7 1924 Oct FL 1SW 1 .... 3 1903 Sep FL 2SE, 1NW 2 .... 2 1925 Nov FL 1SW 1 .... 4 1903 Sep NJ, NY, CT 1 2 .... 1 1926 Jul FL 2NE 2 .... 2 1904 Sep SC 1 1 .... 3 1926 Aug LA 3 3 .... 2 1906 Jun FL 1SE 1 .... 6 1926 Sep FL 4SE, 3SW, 3NW; AL 3 4 .... 4 1906 Sep SC, NC 3 3 .... 1 1928 Aug FL 2SE 2 .... 5 1906 Sep MS, AL 3 3 .... 4 1928 Sep FL4SE, 2NE; GA, SC 1 4 .... 8 1906 Oct FL 2SE 2 .... 1 1929 Jun TX 1C 1 .... 2 1908 Jul NC 1 1 .... 2 1929 Sep FL 3SE, 2NW 3 .... 3 1909 Jul TX 3N 3 .... 2 1932 Aug TX 4N 4 .... 5 1909 Aug TX 2S 2 .... 3 1932 Sep AL 1 1 .... 7 1909 Sep LA 4 4 .... 5 1933 Jul/Aug FL 1SE; TX 2S 2 .... 9 1909 Oct FL 3SE (Keys) 3 .... 8 1933 Aug NC, VA 2 2 .... 2 1910 Sep TX 2S 2 .... 11 1933 Sep TX 3S 3 .... 4 1910 Oct FL 3SW .3 .... 12 1933 Sep FL 3SE 3 .... 1 1911 Aug FL 1NW; AL 1 1 .... 13 1933 Sep NC 3 3 .... 2 1911 Aug GA, SC 2 2 .... 2 1934 Jun LA 3 3 .... 3 1912 Sep AL 1 1 .... 3 1934 Jul TX 2S 2 .... 5 1912 Oct TX 1S 1 .... 2 1935 Sep FL 5SW (Keys), 2NW 5 .... 1 1913 Jun TX 1S 1 .... 6 1935 Nov FL 2SE 2 .... 2 1913 Sep NC 1 1 .... 3 1936 Jun TX 1S 1 .... 2 1915 Aug TX 4N 4 .... 5 1936 Jul FL 3NW 3 .... 4 1915 Sep FL 1NW 1 .... 13 1936 Sep NC 2 2 .... 5 1915 Sep LA 4 4 .... 2 1938 Aug LA 1 1 .... 1 1916 Jul MSAL3 3 .... 4 1938 Sep NY, CT, RI, MA 3* 3* .... 2 1916 Jul MA 1 1 .... 2 1939 Aug FL 1SE, 1NW 1 .... 3 1916 Jul SC 1 1 .... 2 1940 Aug TX 2N; LA 2 2 .... 4 1916 Aug TX 3S 3 .... 3 1940 Aug GA, SC 2 2 .... 13 1916 Oct AL 2; FL 2NW 2 14 1916 Nov FL 1SW (Keys) 1 2 1941 Sep TX 3N 3 .... iii] 5 1941 Oct FL 2SE, 2SW, 2NW 2 .... 3 1917 Sep FL 3NW 3 .... 1918 1942 Aug TX 1N 1 .... Aug LA 3 3 .... 1919 1942 Aug TX 3C 3 .... Sep FL 4SW (Keys); TX 4S 4 .... 2 1920 Sep LA 2 2 .... I 1943 Jul TX 2N 2 .... 3 1920 Sep NC 1 1 .... 3 1944 Aug NC 1 I .... 26 Table 6.--Chronological listing of and States affected by all category I through 5 hurricanes which have hit the United States, 1899-1980.--Continued Highest Highest Storm States affected and category Storm Storm States affected and category Storm number Year Month category by States U.S. name number Year Month category by States U.S. name 7 1944 Sep NC, VA, NY, CT, RI 3*; 4 1959 Jul SC 1 1 Cindy MA 2* 3 .... 8 1959 Sep SC 3 3 Gracie 11 1944 Oct FL 3SW, 2NE 3 .... 6 1960 Sep MS 1 1 Ethel 1 1945 Jun FL 1NW 1 .... 5 1960 Sep FL 4SW (Keys), 2NE; NC, 5 1945 Aug TX 2C 2 .... NY 3'; CT, RI 2', MA, 9 1945 Sep FL 3SE 3 .... NH, ME 1 * 4 Donna 5 1946 Oct FL 1SW 1 .... 3 1961 Sep TX 4C 4 Carla 3 1947 Aug TX 1N 1 ... 4 1963 Sep TX 1N 1 Cindy 4 1947 Sep FL 4SE, 2SW; LA; MS 3 4 � � 5 1964 Aug FL 2 SE 2 Cleo 8 1947 Oct FL 1SE; GA, SC 2 2 � � 6 1964 Sep FL 2NE 2 Dora 5 1948 Sep LA 1 1 � � 10 1964 Oct LA 3 3 Hilda 7 1948 Sep FL 3SW, 2SE 3 � � 11 1964 Oct FL 2SW, 2SE 2 Isbell 8 1948 Oct FL 2SE 2 � � 3 1965 Sep FL 3SE; LA 3 3 Betsy 1 1949 Aug NC 1 1 � � 1 1966 Jun FL 2NW 2 Alma 2 1949 Aug FL 3SE 3 � � 9 1966 Oct FL 1SW (Keys) 1 Inez 10 1949 Oct TX 2N 2 � � 2 1967 Sap TX 3S 3 Beulah 2 1950 Aug AL 1 1 Baker 8 1968 Oct FL 2NW, 1NE 2 Gladys 5 1950 Sep FL 3NW 3 Easy 3 1969 Aug LA, MS 5 5 Camille 11 1950 Oct FL 3SE 3 King 7 1969 Sep ME 1 1 Gerda 2 1952 Aug SC 1 1 - Able 3 1970 Aug TX 3S 3 Celia 2 1953 Aug NC I I Barbara 6 1971 Sep LA 2 2 Edith 4 1953 Sep ME 1' 1' Carol 7 1971 Sep TX 1C 1 Fern 8 1953 Sep FL 1NW 1 Florence 8 1971 Sep NC 1 1 Ginger 3 1954 Aug NC 2; NY, CT, RI 3* 3* Carol 2 1972 Jun FL 1NW; NY, CT 1 1 Agnes 5 1954 Sep MA 3*; ME 1' 3* Edna 6 1974 Sep LA 3 3 Carmen 9 1954 Oct SC, NC 4*; MD 2* 4* Hazel 5 1975 Sep FL 3NW 3 Eloise 2 1955 Aug NC 3; VA 1 3 Connie 3 1976 Aug NY 1 1 Belle 3 1955 Aug NC 1 1 Diane 2 1977 Sep LA 1 1 Babe 9 1955 Sep NC 3 3 lone 2 1979 Jul LA 1 I Bob 7 1956 Sep LA 2; FL INW 2 Flossy 4 1979 Sep FL 2SE, 2NE; GA 2; SC 2 2 David 2 1957 Jun TX 4N; LA 4 4 Audrey 6 1979 Sep AL, MS 3 3 Frederic 5 1959 Jul TX 1N 1 Debra I 1980 Aug TX 3S 3 Allen Notes:--Storm numbers in column I correspond to storms identified by number in Chart Series A. Legend for State abbreviations is given in table 7. Formal storm names as specified in column 6 were not assigned before 1950. Data for years 1900 through 1974 derived from Hebert and Taylor (42). Asterick (*) indicates that the hurricane was moving in excess of 30 miles per hour. 27 Table 7.-Number of hurricanes (direct hits) affecting U.S. and individual coast or skirted the coast without the storm center actually making States 1899-1980 according to Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale. landfall. Thus, over the 82-year period 1899 through 1980, a total of 138 Category Number Major category 1 through 5 hurricanes crossed the United States coastline at Area 1 2 3 4 5 All Hurricanes (� 3) one or more points. This is equivalent to an average of five hurricanes every three years. Since some hurricanes affect or threaten more than U.S. (Texas to Maine) 49 33 41 13 2 138 56 one coastal segment, hurricane warnings average closer to two per year Texas (TX) 9 9 8 6 0 32 14 over some coastal segment of the United States. The economic aspects (North) 4 3 2 4 0 13 6 of these warnings are discussed by Sugg (90) and Neumann (68). (Central) 2 2 1 1 0 6 2 (South) 3 4 5 1 0 13 Table 7 further shows that 56 major hurricanes (category 3 or higher) (Southaa L) 35 57 3 1 02 13 1 6 Louisiana (LA) 5 5 7 3 1 21 11 have affected the United States between 1899 and 1980. Thus, major Mississippi (MS) 1 1 4 0 1 7 5 hurricanes, capable of causing damage in the billions of dollars and Alabama (AL) 4 1 4 0 0 9 4 killing hundreds of people, have crossed the United States coastline Florida (FL) 16 14 15 5 1 51 21 about twice every three years. (Northwest) 9 6 5 0 0 20 5 (Northeast) 1 7 0 0 0 8 0 (Southwest) 5 3 5 2 1 16 8 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (Southeast) 4 10 7 3 0 24 10 Georgia (GA) 1 4 0 0 0 - 5 0 In any continuing study of this type, it is impossible to acknowledge all South Carolina (SC) 6 4 2 1 * 0 13 3 persons and agencies who contributed their time and effort. The project, North Carolina (NC) 10 3 7 1 * 0 21 8 including the determination of storm positions, intensities, and central Virginia (VA) 1 I 1 * 0 0 3 1 Maryland (MD) 0 1 * 0 0 0 1 0 ~~~~~pressures at 6-hourly intervals, and the transfer of these data to magnetic Newaerseyl (MD) 1 *0 0 0 0 1 0 tape, has been underway at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for New Jersey (NJ) 3 0 4 0 0 7 0 a number of years. Much of the work was accomplished by part-time New York (NY) 3 0 4'* 0 0 7 4 Connecticut (CT) 2 1 * 3 * 0 0 6 3 students temporarily assigned to NHC under various work-study, co- Rhode Island (RI) 0 1 * 3 * 0 0 4 3 operative education, or World Meteorological Organization programs. Massachusetts (MA) 2 1 * 2* 0 0 5 2 Some of the students contributing to this project include: Dale Hill, New Hampshire (NH) 1I* 0 0 0 0 1 0 Robert Arroyo, Michael Pryslak, Thomas Worsham, Kimberly Paradis, Maine (ME) 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 James Chuey, and Paul Heydemann. Norman Nixon, while attached to the NWS Spaceflight Meteorology Notes: Asterisk (*) indicates that all hurricanes in this category were moving in excess of Group, accomplished much of the tedious search of original records 30 miles per hour. (Data derived from Hebert and Taylor (42).) on file at the National Hurricane Center. The preparation of the storm track charts, 1964 through 1980, as well as redrafting of several of the original Chart Series A, was ably accomplished by R. H. Courtney of Environmental Data and Information Service (EDIS), National Cli- matic Center. Additional drafting was accomplished by R. L. Carrodus, (144) in figure 9. The difference is because Hebert and Taylor deter- Scientific Illustrations Coordinator of the NOAA Atlantic Oceano- mined that six of the hurricanes included in figure 9 (No. 1, 1899; No. graphic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), and Dale Martin, 2, 1902; No. 3, 1904; No. 10, 1926; No. 6, 1934; No. 8, 1958) either Scientific Illustrator of the AOML National Hurricane Research weakened to below hurricane strength immediately upon reaching the Laboratory (NHRL). 28 The cover satellite photograph was provided by the Miami Field Area of Cloudiness Associated with Tropical Storms," Monthly Weather Office (SFSS) of the National Earth Satellite Service. Reproduc- Review, Vol. 105, No. 7, July 1977, pp. 856-864. on of the out-of-print base map used to extend Chart Series A 11. R. S. Burington and D. C. 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J. C. Millas, "Hurricanes of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions During 30 the Late Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries," Preliminary 79. H. S. Saffir, "Design and Construction Requirements for Hurricane Re- and Final Reports to U. S. Weather Bureau, Institute of Marine Science, sistant Construction," American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, University of Miami, Miami, Fla., June 1962, June 1963, June 1964. Preprint Number 2830, April 1977, 20 pp. 62, B. I. Miller, "A Study of the Filling of Hurricane Donna (1960) over Land," 80. L. A. Salivia, Historia de los Temporales de Puerto Rico, Imprenta la Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 92, No. 9, September 1964, pp. 389- Milagrosa, San Juan, 1950, 393 pp. 406. 81. S. Sarasola, Los Hurricanes en las Antillas, ed. 2, Imprenta Clasica 63. B. I. Miller, "Characteristics of Hurricanes," Science, Vol. 157, No. 3795, Espafiola, Madrid, 1928, 254 pp. September 1967, pp. 1389-1399. 82. L. J. Shapiro, "Tropical Storm Formation from Easterly Waves: A 64. C. L. Mitchell, "West Indian Hurricanes and other Tropical Cyclones of Criterion for Development," Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, the North Atlantic Ocean," Monthly Weather Review Supplement Vol. 34, No. 7, July 1977, pp. 1007-1021. No. 24, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1924, 47 pp. 83. R. C. Sheets and P. Grieman, "An Evaluation of the Accuracy of Tropical 65. C. L. Mitchell, "West Indian Hurricanes and other Tropical Cyclones of Cyclone Intensities and Locations Determined from Satellite Pictures," the North Atlantic Ocean," Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 60, No. 12, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL WMPO-20, Boulder, Colo., December 1932, p. 253. February 1975, 36 pp. 66. C. L. Mitchell (?), "Hurricane Types, 1900-1920," Manuscript Charts, 84. R. H. Simpson, N. L. Frank, D. Shideler and H. M. Johnson, "Atlantic U. S. Weather Bureau Library, Washington, D.C., no date. Tropical Disturbances, 1967," Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 96, 67. National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory (NHEML), No. 4, April 1968, pp. 251-259. Coral Gables, Fla., Unpublished "storm wallets," 1957-1977. 85. R. H. Simpson and M. B. Lawrence, "Atlantic Hurricane Frequencies 68. C. J. Neumann, "A Statistical Study of Tropical Cyclone Positioning Along the U. S. Coastline," NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS Errors with Economic Applications," NOAA Technical Memorandum SR-58, Fort Worth, Tex., June 1971, 14 pp. NWS SR-82, Fort Worth, Tex., March 1975, 21 pp. 86. R. H. Simpson, "The Neutercane-Small Hybrid Cyclone," Paper presented 69. C. J. Neumann and D. A. Hill, "Computerized Tropical Cyclone Clima- at the Eighth Technical Hurricane Conference, AMS, Key Biscayne, tology," Mariners Weather Log, Vol. 20, No. 5, September 1976, pp. Fla., May 1973. 257-262. 87. R. H. Simpson, "Hurricane Prediction: Progress and Problem Areas," 70. G. F. (Mrs. E. V.) Newnham, "Hurricanes and Tropical Revolving Storms,"' Science, Vol. 181, No. 4103, September 1973, pp. 899-907. Great Britain Meteorological Office, Geophysical Memoirs, Vol. 2, 88. D. B. Spiegler, "The Unnamed Atlantic Tropical Storms of 1970," Monthly No. 19, 1922, pp. 228-333. Weather Review, Vol. 99, No. 12, December 1971, pp. 966-976. 71. J. E. Overland, "Estimation of Hurricane Storm Surge in Apalachicola Bay, 89. D. B. Spiegler, "Cyclone Categories and Definitions: Some Proposed Florida," NOAA Technical Report NWS-17, Washington, D.C., June Revisions," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 53, 1975, 66 pp. No. 12, December 1972, pp. 1174-1178. 72. V. A. Myers, "Storm Tide Frequencies on the South Carolina Coast," 90. A. L. Sugg, "Economic Aspects of Hurricanes," Monthly Weather Review, NOAA Technical Report NWS-16, Washington, D.C., June 1975, 79 pp. Vol. 95, No. 3, March 1967, pp. 143-146. 73. E. Palm6n and C. W. Newton, Atmospheric Circulation Systems, Academic 91. A. L. Sugg, L. G. Pardue and R. L. Carrodus, "Memorable Hurricanes of Press, New York and London, 1969, Chapter 15, pp. 471-522. the United States Since 1873" National Weather Service Technical 74. J. Fernandez-Partegas, "The Unrecorded Hurricane of October 1945," Memorandum NWS SR-56, Fort Worth, Tex., April 1971, 52 pp. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 94, No. 7, July 1966 pp. 475-480. 92. I. R. Tannehill, "The Hurricane," U. S. Department of Agriculture, Mis- 75. C. H. Pierce, "The Meteorological History of the New England Hurricane cellaneous Publication No. 197, Washington, D.C., 1934, 14 pp. (Re- September 21, 1938," Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 67, No. 8, vised by U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C. 1956, 22 pp.). August 1939, pp. 237-285. 76. J. C. Purvis, "South Carolina Hurricanes," South Carolina Civil Defense 93. I. R. Tannehill, The Hurricane Hunters, Dodd, Mead Co., New York, Agency, 1964, 43 pp. 1955, 271 pp. 77. W. C. Redfield, "On Three Several Hurricanes of the American Seas ., 94. I. R. Tannehill, Hurricanes, Their Nature and History, 9th rev. ed., with Charts Illustrating the Same," American Journal of Science, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1956, 308 pp. Vol. 52, 1846, pp. 162-187, 311-334; Series 2, Vol. 18, 1854, p. 160. 95. H. C. S. Thom, "The Distribution of Annual Tropical Cyclone Frequency," 78. H. Riehl, Tropical Meteorology, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1954, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 65, No. 1, January 1960, pp. 392 pp. 213-222. 31 96. F. G. Tingley, "Charts and Notes on West Indian Hurricanes, 1871-1930," 114. U. S. Weather Bureau, "Hurricane Carla," Weatherwise, Vol. 14, No. 5, Manuscript Charts (Unpublished), Office of Climatology, U. S. Weather October 1961, pp. 192-196. Bureau, Washington, D.C., no date. 115. B. Vifies, "Investigaciones Relativas a la Circulaci6n y Translaci6n Cic16nica 97. U. S. Army Air Force, Headquarters Air Weather Service, Northern Hemi- en los Huracanes de las Antillas," (English translation: C. Finley), sphere Historical Weather Maps, September 1945-December 1948, U. S. Weather Bureau, Miscellaneous Publication No. 168, Washington, Washington, D.C. D.C., 1898, 34 pp. 98. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Hurricanes Affecting the Florida Coast," 116. W. M. Wendland, 'Tropical Storm Frequencies Related to Sea Surface Appraisal Report, Office of the District Engineer, Jacksonville, Fla., Temperatures," Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 16, No. 5, May July 1956, 41 pp. plus Appendices. 1977, pp. 477-481. 99. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Analysis of Hurricane Problems in Coastal Areas of Florida," Survey Report, September 1961, 74 pp. plus Appendices. APPENDIX A 100. U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Federal Coordinator for Meteoro- logical Services and Supporting Research, National Hurricane Opera- Chart Series A tions Plan, FCM 77-2, Washington, D.C., May 1977, 104 pp. 101. U. S. Navy, Annual Tropical Storm Reports, 1950-1968 published by Tracks of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones By Years, 1871-1980 various Naval Weather Service activities. 1871-1885 Tracks only, no intensity 102. U. S. Navy, Annual Hurricane Reports, 1969-1971, U. S. Fleet Weather 1886-1898 Maximum intensity (tropical storm or hurricane) only. Facility, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Fla. 13 Faci.lSety, N aval Air Sltm g DaNational Summarycs, Vols.1 1899-1950 Tropical depression (dissipation stage only), tropical storm, 14, 1950-1963. hurricane or extratropical storm 104. U. S. Weather Bureau, Climatological Data (State), various volumes, vari- 1951-1967 Tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane or extra- ous periods for each State. tropical storm 105. U. S. Weather Bureau, Monthly Weather Review, Vols. 1-92, 1872-1964. 1968-1980 Tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane, extratropi- 106. U. S. Weather Bureau, Monthly Weather Review, Vols. 93-98, 1965-1970. 107. National Weather Service, Monthly Weather Review, Vols. 99- 01, 1971- al storm, subtropical depression, subtropical storm 1973. (See table 1 for definitions of various stages) 108. American Meteorological Society, Monthly Weather Review, Vols. 102-105, Note: Six blank pages have been provided for attaching track charts for the years 1974-1977. 1981 through 1986. These charts (for the preceding hurricane season) are 109. U. S. Weather Bureau, National Meteorological Center, Manuscript Weather normally published in the April issue of the Monthly Weather Review Maps, Northern Hemisphere Surface Charts, Washington, D.C. 08) 110. U. S. Weather Bureau, "Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in the Gulf of Mexico, 1875-1956," Manuscript Track Charts, (Unpublished), New APPENDIX B Orleans, La., 1957, n.p. 111. U. S. Weather Bureau, Daily Weather Map, Washington, D.C., 1872-1963. 112. U. S. Weather Bureau, Daily Series, Synoptic Weather Maps, Washington, Chart Series B D.C., January 1949. D.C., January 1949. Tracks of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones by months, May through 113. U. S. Weather Bureau, Daily Synoptic Series, Historical Weather Maps, Northern Hemisphere Sea Level, Washington, D.C., January 1899- December, and by 10- (or 11-) day periods, June 1 through November June 1945. 30, 1886 through 1980 32 ,NORTI ATLANTIC TROPICAL STOIRMSW DEPAR TMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU IB71 -T ORTH AT LA NT IC HURRICANE T RA C KI NG CHAR T 4 0 A.tORH. 57S-r 33 NOTHATANI TOICAL. STOMS ']U* S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWEATHER BUREAU' 2 ~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 2 000. 20.0.102~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 34 11111~ ~~~111Y10088 A0 Al:. 0. 150..11,A BURE AU S5 0 01 ~5SOE NORT ATLNTICTROICALOTOOSU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.* WEATHER BRA 1873 a l ORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 35 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL,.STORMS -4']U.S. DEPARTMENT 0FCO0M ME R CE W ETE BUREAU .... A- LiT NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 5 0 B-11 H ooOS 3 6 ,O.IUVIUOUYUUESBU~ 7 T5 Ur r U , ' UT U U U? 0 T NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ~'I.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WEATHER BUREAU __ 1~~~~~~~~N ORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART E.~ /AI O Ropt R~~~~IL O U~~~~ptO4008-1 4~~~~~~I 04131 A.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 37 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL, STORMS JU S. OF ETE DI~I 157A ~~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T / 0 POR~~~~~~~~~~~IsI 17 .O OR. .R 38 NORT ATANTI TRPICL STRMS Ot S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , WEATHER BUR'EAU 1877. . . O...NRTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T IT0 I its' IA~~~~~~~~~~- M-30~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 NORTH ATLANTIC, TROPICAL STORMS ~"~*DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU' OR IOIARI. 1878O PR O IA7A ~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART ~ 0 5051115 OL OZOS S.t 40 . E R - NORTH 11 TLTIC ROPICAL STORMS ,P'lU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE .WEATHER BUREAU 187_9 NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART S~~~~~21 . M O.E.A..S. / 0 EMAIIIER AbSENT N25 A ~~ANAAATENAAEAAANENN~~EAA~bNET q&E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~41&,2 NONTI ATLANTIC. TTROPICAL MTRMS "J'U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,* WEATHER BUREAU NUMOCO NATE ~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T , o~~~~~A NiIiN I7OEE.Esf ~~~~~~~~~~~2242 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 'U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . WEATHER BUREAU - NUMBER ~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 43 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS "'JU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 44 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS plu S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE * WEATHER BUREAU IE ~ NORTH ATLAN TIC HU RRI CA NE TRACKING CHAF3T 45 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS -PSU. S. DEPA RTME NT OF COMMERCE,*WE~ATHER BUREAU 1OO~~~~~ ~N.ORTH ATLANTIC HUR:RICA-NE TRACKING CHAR T 2 Sot10.18 3 Ot7.17 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F 46 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ~'*S EA MN FCMECWAHRBURE AU 1805 ~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A 47 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS '"U. S. -DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU - iRSA6 NORTH ATLAN TIC H UR RI CA NE TRACKING CHART / 0 POR~lI~s II 70000.. IS 4 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~1-48 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU 1087~~~~~ N ORTH ATLANTIC HU R RI CA NE TRACKING CHART 1 T May ~~~~~17.21 4 II Ag. is Z A ~ ~~~~C S491. II OHL.IS tO 0 OsS 10.12 >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t 7-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 49 NORTHRATLANTIC0 TROPICAL STORMS U.S DEPARTMENT OF CrOMMERCE ,WEATHER BUREAU./ __ RATE ~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 4I AURIOSE 31-Ik,1 71 �TASPISOI ~ SP 2 3 -21 / 0 .010 .l 50. . 0. . . 5. 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~03 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS U60'US D EPAR TM E NT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU 1889 ~~~~~~PIso N ORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T E ~A S 2.C220 30212 9021, 4 '.12~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 ,NORTH _ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS P eOU S. DE P MENT OF CiM E C WIAT/fER BURE~AU NUMBER 1R~~ DANE ''1,.~~ NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACK NG CHART NE'1~~~~~~A 2B A.SN'.0, INT TRDPIDOi. NTRUi NIN.,NNNI.N.IN. 1.. - 1 R I DNDD - .INI-.. 'I~~~~~~~~~~~Y NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS OPT S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU 1001~~~~~~NRHALNTI URCNETRCIGCA NUMBER~~~~ 2.10S -~~~~~ 3 ii A~~~~~~~~~CNE I N EBEL~E S N N~ ~~~rpt. O N OMMA OEM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 7 r ONE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ O N ONE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS "U. S.* DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEA RWIER BUREAU NUMBER _ ~~~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRA,"ING CHART 54~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 i. io. is o.tt o.t.NORT ALNTIC NtU5 rti 5OOOV0?~N t' N OTES NRRAANIC TROPICAL,,STORMS 'P"U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WEATHER BUREAU NUME9 .'z PLT N ORTH ATL A NTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T or0 ~~~o N OI- 2O*20 A- 15~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~5 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ''U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU 1A94 ~~~~~~NORTH ATLAN'TIC HURRICANE TRACKIN-G CHAR T 2 H ~~~~A,.o. 3S.0- iL t 0 001100 S T~-1El ES T . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~56 ,NOR11 ATLANTIC 'A TRIALSTRMS P'U S. DEPARTMENT OF C OMMERCE , WEATHER 13U R EAU ja95 -4 NOR TH AT LA N T IC H UR RI CA NE TRACKING CHART OH.7 I H~~~~~~2. S.~ IA II 5I 122 UA- H 0. - 31 57 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS J'U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ,WErATHER71BUREAU OOR-ROIL 1R NORTH ATLANTIC J-IURRICANE TRACKING /CHART O 0 OoLOR~. .Roo. 30-S', 1 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ItGO. -/ 58 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS U.6U DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU ion0 NORTH ATLAN TIC HU R RI CA NE TRACKING CHART 45. 1 N ~~~~A--- 31. Sap TO 20-2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~59 ...OR.. ATATCTOICLSOM U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU iR- NORTH ATLANTIC HURRI CA NE TRACKING CHART O~~~~~~A 0 Ao-SI.RP 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~4 - - D----0.0 O R RTA 00.00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6~0 ,RORT ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS T~~ * EEA TMN F CMECWAHR U EAU - a ,o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AU..3-24 RIT TROIL OSMI RI UR-CNE' RMRRRIRHHS IHM 7<000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6 1 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS "~U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATRER BUREAU- 55I1 0 Ao., 27.Ost1 2 00 S.A2 9.23 3 0 1 R~O 000.0 4 0 Spt ST I i 0523. 29 151 TOOPICAL ST00U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Did ~~~~~~~~ ~ e I T0 U5COi5522Olss 55 *555000 -E252.000 02 '.oN'.~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -.s 62 ,NORTH ATLNTIC TROPIAL STORMS S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER ~RA SOURER O~~~~~~ATE 4S'~~~~ 1 4 ~ I 10-.014 2 7 ~~~~~~2.,.10 3 II O, 5.13 4 H - 4.18 7 4 ~ 1 2 -IZ17 O Q 4 O7.14 -T-WR .IH ..... +0+00 54~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~114481 010 .II IdI.PR~RRI.10. 04+ ~~0)3O JT ~~~~~ **0 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E 63 -.NORT .. ALTIC TRPIA STRM __U DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU O810IBATIRB ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~NORTH ATLA.NTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART NUM A ER... C 2 0,,188 818I /......... 64 NORTH ATLANTIC. TROPICAL STORMS ~"U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WETE BU REA U NUMBER .]~~~~~~~L ~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 2 H ~~~~A.. 6-16 4 H H~~~~~~.,H. 12.17 5 0~~~~~1- 7 H O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t.15 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 R H OotS.IO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 H H R~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~d7.ZH~~~~~~~~6 IRS. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I T-o its .- oTlO W 0 D 0 I I V 5' D V 0 I 0 0' O S V WITDS NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ' U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IN 50 -10-1SlS 11 00, ~ ~ ODICIWDUDI .111* 'I-~ 66 NOR~~~~~~TH 00o* ATLANTI TROPICA DS O TO RMS P/-O I L). 1 S.ERZS ,NORH ALANIC TRPIA STOMS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ,WEATHER BUREAU __~~~~M ~N ORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T a T ,.0 24.30 4 0 ~ 001.13 R OOC 5~).10 �300100~~4 00 .og .7~~~~~~~~~~~~ / 0 Po~~~~~~~iIIOS at tOO ata. 0.S.T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 10 / / 0 . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 67 INOSTI ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORms ',"'U. S. D EPA R T ME NT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU- agm. R_. T ENORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 2 IE SE.. 14. 23 3 U A-*25 &A 1t2 4 0 003.10 7 I OoS.- .S O T T- - O.-M t 13. IS 'H. -0.. 10T.2 II r 005.5.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 101 UTTIASC U..f 0.C.. ..ll ... C.....I -68SEEEE 1 1a T A T.1 1 1 T l , T I N C5 * 1T O R M U0 5 t o S . o 8 y O ' 7 ~ 0 ' 5 0 ? * ' 5 ' S ' 2 ' S ' 4 * 5 '5 * 0 .ORT. ALTIC TRPCL- OM US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU ML N~ORTH ATILAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I s Th..~~24.Z9 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 2 5 5,17-23 3 S 2~ 7.29 4 R Os 17.21 10T --PIAC STOMU;C II,50,09Is. 0 551 5 .. O 5. TST. 69 ,NORTH. ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 40U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ,WEATHER BUREAU 1900 ~~~~~~ NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 4 0 ~ R 7oO 7' -O R Rp-l.O 7 - 01 00. 01 700 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 1I' S. DEATETOF CMEC WEATHER UWE U __ SATE ~~~~~~~~'~~~4N ORTH AT LA NT IC HURRICANE TRACKING CHR P s.27.31 s SoS10.21 1I TR-ICAI STORM'l .1 I-l.... -1.1 URIA E' I.&1, 500.010.0 *p.1,. ....00 . .. ... ..... - OSOS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ICUC510 +EPOI,0pI0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10I ,NORH ATANTI TRPICA STOMS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU __ OATH ~~~~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART *5� H T At~~~~~J... 20.31 2 0 pL5.14 4 A 0AtN~~~~~23 �THANIHNI It... ... -.T / N.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. / / ..-.- A~ ~ ~~~~~ 72 ,NOTH TLATI TRPICL TORS '' U,. S. D E PAR TM E NT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU 1911 ~~~~~NORTH A TL AN T IC H UR RI CA NE TRACKING CHART 2 IS Aoo~A~.23 30 -( 00 0t~i0iI St- ~ I--- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I 0 /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0- 73 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ~U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU- __ DATA ~~~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART A ,l 12.17 A A NAT. ~~~~11-17 1111 AT IAAC IT111:1D1AA IANA~~~~~~~~~~Z 74 O?~~~~~~~~/IU7 OF COMECE WEAHE BUEA NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORM S U S. DEPARTMENT BRA NUMBER _~~~~~~~~ IN4NORTH ATLANT'IC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T NB' 1 3 0 ANN ,,.28 3 M US3-1 4 R O~~~~tN.II 4 j.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T IC 75 ,NORTHI ATLANTIC TROPICAL~ STORMS U.' S.~ DEPARTMENT: OF COMMERCE .WEATHER BUREAU- 05 1 0 5opt~~~~i, 14-19 (T) -11-~ ~ ~~~ 1.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I E1111111i" 11 TI 120+001 STORIO~~~~~~~~~~~~~d 121 22222 22,212,22 j21122112.~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i U76RIOE2222 0212 22'I 22 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 4U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU .J2I~~~~. ~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART NUMBER-E RATE1 "I 11 CdyI'll, O B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 4 N AoO.31.O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pLN~~~~~o 0 N~~~~~~~~~~pL20'Oo1.I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 171 TROPICAL NTCRU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BA ,.I,.~~~~~~~~~~~.NBN,,IBBB~~~~~~~~~~~j0*NBISE~~~~~41 NI HURRICANE' B.~~~~~~~~IB~~d BNA~~~~N I','.~7 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STRS4'.S EATET OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU ___ 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NORTH AT LA N T IC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T U- A - 27. 11.12 7 C MC4.6 C C CCCR ~~~~14.01 11 C O ,t0 14 C 1 Ne.5 CIT TROIA STORM Old -1CCCCLCCILCLC -C_ ICICCC A0 I,/'z3... I.LT '78 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 'I"U. EATET O COMMERCE . WEATHER BUREAU OH~~~~~~~~S. DEPARTME0NT OFB HR 0 JUMBOS ~~~~~~NORTH ATL A NT IC H UR RI CA NE TRACKING CHAR T � S A,,oRUT0 2 io3.BU + nT.52'0 /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 ,NORT ATLATIC TOPICA STORS '~'U. S. DEPA RTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU J2IL _ '~~~~C~4 NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 0 AD,. 32.7 ~~~~~~, -4 - r DWI3' (TI TOPCLDAU d �TA- C .... ...... ++*OOEDO3IODD4O0I2OD~, 80 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STOR AU. S. D EP A RT ME NT OF COMMERCE WEATHER BUREAU __ _ ~~~~~~~~~'~~~~4~N ORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~14 ......ATI.TOPCL TOM ~'P"U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU NORTH ATLANTIC H U RRI CA NE TRACKING CHART 0 4 Osot~~3" 16.23 4 44 - S425-30 ITIOOIU 05+1 4 s4U454, 4S15 �0,451441 - .T 2534 54 455 04 254 4 444~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +E155414 250 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORM . DEATET OFCMEC WEATE BUEU R~~~~~~t~'I . .D RATN R INE OF OMRE WETHEROU RARO / ~~~~ORTH ATLANTIC H URR I CA NE TRACKING CHAR T �IiNI TINN T-11tAN~ ONIIINTN1 E ONN.N-... .. . .. 83 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ~'U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ,WEATHER BUREAU .0=2 DATNORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 3 C C 21 4 CC ot 1,2 84, 1111 T.,1.I:1, T.I"l T.. JU. D EPA RT ME NT OF COMMERCE. WgiATHER.-BUR'EAU 193NORTH ATTLANTIC HUROPICANELA K I " CHATOMS 3-,il3. 9~t 0 Ct14.09 O 5 Cot 5~~~s19 7 R d 2 6OAO +TE T-1 -R.; iHl -1.9 O~,5.19 ~iE~OU4~~9 85 ..ORT ATLAR IC TRPICLSTRS US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU NUMBER ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HU R RI CA NE TRACKING CHART z 0 MR~~~N. 0.24 3 0 Aoo, 2R.020EE A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4.T 0T.E 3 5 T ot 73 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A 0, OAI02 S 0 No.5.54~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '9'~~~~~0 �0001011~ "LE, 222 86 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS~ 'pJ S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU N5~~~ NNNONN.04 ~~~C~~.4N ORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T I' B . A6-O7 EN"'~~~~~~ . ..... (T PCL -TORO Ol EO.ENOIEEESEI +CEOEEIOEEOO'I.OEN.~~~ 87 IIN lIO*IOS*100RR~~~~~~~~~~~171 1078 1-111 O,' R0 R 0 R 0 3 1 2 R 0 RRNOeS ' ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS '"U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU OIITINO -H PEIOR , 192..ER6T NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART RT~~ I 0 JolT~U 22Ao. 0T T Ao-...O 4 0 T+S 5 0 1.0+ 10.15~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 R 11111 0 01,1.11 11.207 7 8RRII1 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 4U'U S. DEPAR TMENT OF COMMERCE , WEk--rHER BUREAU 00 NUMBER -~RAT NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRAP1<ING CHART 4 8~o23 I CTTS -R.-1 -, Tlli Oot 7I- H., Ot00o IT) TROPICAL 00000014~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-l 0+000 OBOOBOOB~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i00100BB~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I fT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T 89 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS -U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU RTE NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 3~~~~~- 7 1~C. A A ~~~~O~ 10.14 T7 RPIA TAAI -- 1 .AA 1 A- LA -I*IAIIT 0IIARIACR.AAEDAATO l IA T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~I 90 NRORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 4 "JU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , WEATHER BUR'EAU ....29 NORTH ATLANTIC H UR RI CA NE TRACKING CHART OS. 1 0 2,,~I.. 20-20 TIII9RI* A.10- OAI 11 "I,0 A Il t IOHI.1*010 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IC 91 NORTH ATLAN1TIC TROICAL1 STORMS '1.1 S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . WEATHER BUREAU 1930 ~~~~~NORTH AT LA N T IC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART IOGT 0000.L.1. -.....IIGIT ..... 0*000 TNOININIIT IGIIIIIOTI STOVE ~ ~~~~~~ ~ )~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 92 ,RORTI ATLANTIC TROPIC~AL STORMS 'PU S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , WEATHER B3UREAU 1031 ~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART OU0RER D~~~~ATE O boll~~~~~., 11-17 4 R ~~~~~A.. 10.00 7 0 5 0.E.7 Ill TURR-ANEIT.*.N.I~.R �TITRROI.IDR, 1 93 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL USTOM ."us DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WEATHER BUREAU __~~~~~~~~~~~~p- NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACK!iNG CHART O N 000~~~~~.1. 14 4 N Ag.ONpI 1 N00525-01*3.... 10 II O30-N-T14 ~TI TROICAL STORWMi Did -T00l,100.E01 ++ 0+ -AEIIO-IpIOO -100.11 STpT0O Id,.POjT 0g '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 N P0011100 ol 000 0-NU EST ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o 94 ,NORTHI ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 7U. S. DEPAR TMENT OF COMMERCE . WEATHER BUREAU NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T IT - 4 14L 7 0 o.wa It It~1 544040445 '7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ K 1<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 45. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~S ) {1- 95 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 'IU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU- OROINTN -~l PER-OD ( NUMBER _ 1L~~~~~~N ORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART B A.. 20.2 10 1 006 1~~~~~~9.23 II U 164.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~20.2 �TIOPIDA .1001 2.0.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 ENIIOOIIBIBI- N 96 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 'AIU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ,WEATHER BUREAU ATC ~N ORTH ATLANTIC HU R RI CA NE TRACKING CHART I 0 Ago. u 8.0 O. . 0 ..... 2.500 3 1 -.1 E.oS.T.p 4 0 5000 OO.OotO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 TA 00 0..06 6 0 OotSO.No,.8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 NORTI ATLANTIC TROPICAL IT---- J'U. S. D EPAR T ME NT OF COMMERCE* WEATHER BUREAU E. RAM ~ NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 2~~~~~~~~w 2 7tt - I72 6 5 ~~~A.t. 47 7 5 Atig. 7.727 A 13 72 57~t 74 5 7.1 2.4 76 , 00017 IT0+ - 57010-3 ...... 011 E.~O HI 064...... 1.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A 7'. 1 98 -NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS? 'U S E A T E Tr i t r r E T E 1.- THE 1 PE~.DPRTMENT OF CO M RE WETE BUREAU __ .NiORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICAN&t TRACKING CHAR T HE I A .10.A0 4 H ~ 90 9.4 O H R~~~~pt ~13.1 7 H ~ 20tOO H . -0 -*tT* H ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 H HT4.O 101 TROPICAL TTORH~~~~~~~ TIEY �TITTIETI TITOT SITE.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 7N N* R D D D O N O R N R N DRSOES NORTH. ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS J~U* S. DEPAR TMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU 1M 930T NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 3 0 AND 23'20 4 0 :DO22 7 D O.23'4 O T . BON.. R11 . T1 HOIA NOMOdRBROEBI1 DI'*.R 101 UDRNAN' BMB. BM0OBR 100.0 ME �ODODn"I II0r- EI,l ++,OENDDBDIBI -IOR ~~~~~~~~~~~Ile0 100 ,NORTl..,AT.LANTIC. TROPICAL STORMS 'U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART (T TICA STT0oolZ.1 .1 12.1 .1.4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 00 1SIOIS 10 ,NORH ATANTC TRPICA STRMS ~''U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,* WEATHER BUREAU NUMBER _~~~~~-:- NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART TI. TROCA STRU-O R AA ARA1II.pO~n 10 .23 , ~ 0IA 111MOiIA 1I rOORR 1,111. 102 NOROTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS? P' UjJ S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . WEATHER BUREAU SUMNER .12A1. _ ~~~~~~~ORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 3 II S..L 18.2 4 8 5t23-30 5 N S3.14 IT~lfR~l6 -1 -L CNN ..IN5 Nl I �TICLC I 15&,8NN PANIII~~~~~~~~~~~n 01 76055,. 5.S.T.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 PANIAS 0 7'AN _m.E.SX .. . . N.. .. 103 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ~ U F*BRA 1942 _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T �TOIUI A.OU ZSIRRE . UTUTU ~ ~ ~ .~ U,,.7T IiRITIUI9IE / UIISa OO..UU. TT 9~ 104~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ,NORTHI ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS P"US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE * WEATHER BUREAU 19A3 NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 3 Troio 910,7 3lo. 1/ *o+Ei0 toio 01000 M *~ *00 VOW-e0o dI.iplI Io ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~105 NORTHC TANICROPICAL STO`M D~U S. DP A R TME NT OF COMMERCE . WEATH~F,' BUREAU __ 0004 ~~~~~~~~~NORTH AT LA N TI CHURI C A T RA C KI f CHART 44 54, 30-.Ao.4 o 0 0.04~~~~19-22 69 142 0.43.01. .. to 3 4342 -'T~~~~~~~~' 0 44044444 44 2'O00.0. EST.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t 106 ,NORN ALANTC TOPIAL SORM 4"U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,* WEATHER BUREAU 1945 ~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 2 R 419-21 4 A..2'O I B .,L 9.12 I II A R.RUi 11.2'l * IN U OaO'5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NP ii U Oct 10.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 R9OOIO SOUOORN.&OEBNBB I~IR 1141 NNRRICANL OBBORBO NOIABBO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 12 �TIORINNI *INIR BIOOB~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ +EN.... AN .B.... IOIBBIRNIARI BI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ge~0 ,NORTI ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS J"U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WEATHER BUREAU 1942, ~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART OOMRAO 0006 ~ ~ ~ ,IR 108~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICA .TRM A'IU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WEATHER B3UREAU -BRNT... 1. T-E ICHR T0 NUMBER .124i _ ~~~~~~~~~~4N ~ORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHR lB I B 1, 3I.AW. 2 / 2 6 ~~~~~~A- 9.15I 3 Al~~~~O. 4.I 3 ~ ~~~~~ 76.2 5 ~ ,7. IT T .A202 WI . . OCAO B N CAR~~~lS O 7AR 1.2 *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bv TI TROPICAL BT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~09UO2 2 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 'U.S. F P~A~DN A A U ~ OI~ I DEPARTMENT O~ F COMMERCE W* 'TE fll3U~l 0REAUlb O~~~~~~~~., 4 40416 4 04. 4.10 40'~~~~~~. 141TROICA 4ORM 0( 00 004040, _4. 140.44 (44 4U~flIC44E~ R.0000 00,14000 440.04 04I �44001041 044444 .400. K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +E04044401441 0144.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 110 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS J"U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,. WEATHiER BUREAU NUMBER 1949 ~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICAN~ TRACKINC3CHR 2 A Ai 23.31 3 3 AN.30-M,,tM O RsC ~~~~~5.11 7 7 ts13-17 5 CpL21.22 10 7 P 2t7I3.IR 131 TR1C2-19~MS N 5hSittB IiI~Y 13 URCAE *hz ~t St- 35 IT)3CR- --p,.ifl ItNSP1l~ 1-1 1- ...P415S 3.C.... S.... E tStttM ....p. ..... 505~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 5. 01 5..~~01 ,TJOTI ATANTC TOPIAL TORS .S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . WEATHER,, BUREAU .i2~~~~ _ ~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING.,! CHAR T 04A -0. Osot 0.1 7 S 00505 SSPL27.O 7 10 o oas St01101 IA I0 11 kt 131.1 13 C OK t 17.21 ........ I. .1 7o 112 NOARTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS D E PA RTM E NT OF COMMERCE . WEATHE-R, BUREAU IS, H ABLE U.7 ~~~15-24 4 H 0 2.7Sp, O H H Bo .1 TO H T 015010 [TT HTHOPTOL e-.1H U Oil TI 0~~~~~~~.... X-1 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ,WEATHER BREAU NUMBER .12~~~~~2. ''2'.,.4] ~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 2QM- I ABE As.1.. R 2 1 82 040.1 7 2 505 02020.28~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N 114~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NORTH ATLNIC. TOICA STORM ~',U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUREAU 1953 _ ~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRIC~ANE TRACKINGJ CHART 10 3 -10EA A~.IlI 3 R - ANNE~~~. ORSDA I3 E EE nNA -26~ 7 R RDECI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I4'O H A REEREBED EMEL 03'UR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 NI' 1C' 1 IO' CRTH ANICC TROPICAL SO' ' 7' ERM 0 5' SC UI C I C R C ..RT ..ATCTOPCLSOM 0U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.* WEATHER BUREAU 1904 ~ ~~~O NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T I II ALICE IC042 3 C CCL ACO. 20.314 4 C RLO AL..31.SECA1 II 1011 2~A.14 J C FLORENE RICA 1.12, EI II 0.1-1 RCIE. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-CICII I, 11 0 01165I CII.LSC NRORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORM S 5 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE *WEATHER BUR'EAU 000101600160~~~~~~~~~~% HAR T0 o 1955 ~ ~~~~~~~~ RTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKINGCHR 3005006 . A-. 2.O 5 0 ~~ ~~~- Ao23.14 3 00 A-.R 0I0 I. 7 0 - OtO P'6040 a0010 6600. 100.19 90 00 s.00to.23 010 06 T 6600 21.29 11 0 ~~~~ - 10 -10.4 12 00 05 OC- 14.190 StTOICLS0U.j o .6606516.5........ 1001 00U00SL~~~~~~~~~~fl100~~~~S6,0S~~~~~d6,,,ISS00t00So 6t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o,. 06160~~~~J * P0611105 SI tOOCO. 0.01.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ..... 117 NRORTHATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ''U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , WEATHER BUREAU NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 1 r 010 - o1-14 O O1 lIA Isls 25.26 3 sitar As; 9.19 4 a CAl 50 5.11 S r on DR Sot 10.10 40, IT)TROPICAL STORM, As. HI) R.-AD -R1- h -dfloS�i s .1 .TAP--IOOplI~lotm 1IdsDItI sloqiI w......... ...... -pO usD~* E~ll~ 1 Voo.-la SHUCKl lpliot Idl.DioOtODI 11515 " o POS1lI1t dl7'OOO.m. D.O.T * oCilon sI ?;OODLm. A.S.T O '0 I/ 10.-tx" 605 00* . . . 118~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ,NOOA ALANIC ROPCALSTOMS '~u S.DEPAR TMENT OF COMMERCE WEATHER BRA 1957 ~~~~~ORTH ATL A NT IC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T .-~~~~~~OER- 6~RCA - 15.335 As- 3.1011 8 3 - 0*22.27~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 TI TOOPIOOC STORM 315 5.3 .55.0 5.330.,. ~~~~~~~~~193550 ,NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS '"U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WEATHER BUREAU 1950 11A4 ~~~~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC H U RRI CA NE TRACKING CHART RE, I T OLNA Io~~. 1S.I6 41 LI w 11.0 60 Ol Op 4.12 7 R R0 oL13.10 O0 C. CR01 .C25 �&.1 CC.?.... 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 N )T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... 120 NORTHATLATIC TOPICL STOMS~U. S. D EPA RTM E NT OF COMMERCE , WEATHER BUREAU NUMBER _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE T RA CK I NG CHAR T 3 0 -~~~I 17.05 (.1~~~~~~d 5.1 501 E.1 5 S.10..00 102215 So . E2520~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~150121 OM NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS -*"JU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . WEATHER B3UREAU __ DATE ~~~~NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 4 S 10 A,.0 17.20 I 7 T --A0,8 8Et7Z .7 1100l . ,...0 E0.-.p.* 1 "'. . .... . 122 ROTHATLANTI TRPI- STORM S'PU.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BRA NUMBER OATS ~~~~~~ORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART M5L. ER 110 Sp 02 C 31 0340? 8.2020'31 OT TR 3503 020- TO I.- 0.20... ... . R0 0. ....5.... Topi1l1E R 1 333 0 00311135 CI rO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~s.. LOT.~~~~~~~~~~~~~AlI1 123 A1ORTRATLANTIC TROPICAL OTORMS J~U. S. D E PAR T ME NT OF COMMERCE , WEATHER BUREAU '~~~~~~~~~ ~~~NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I 5 M A.A. 2.ERL 3 AL DIX LpL 11.2 TAT R DISY DCAO .......... 4..23. RI... . CUDCALDE7* TALDE. .....LEEE *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LEY. . tY. EDT iN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 / ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'-.. /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............ 124 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMOS ORIGINAING IN THE IROUS.DPARMET'O CMMRC WEATHER BRA mum E Typ AMEAl NORTH ATLAN TIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHAR T 2II 500 D ELLA 10-?! [ Hi FLORA S.p.2Oi.1 I'l INNY O-tt. , IA-S II HELENA 051.-25.29 IT IIP. TITRPCA. Y0S0I 0?1,1 I,.i.6IltCt 10 I HsSS .StlO5,01 5,61SS 5 .7I 1510.oT.-.tOSt~q �Otop~~~~~~~~tol 67015 .1,6. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~2 ________ S.~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cd,,6 It256673 +++++ E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........... ...0 1 25 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 7 .' ORIGINATING IN T-E PERIOD -&'-U .S. DEPA.RTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEA'THER BUREAU IIII 1 2-11 NORTHATLANTIC H RIAETRACKING CHART 3 M AB B A RT i. S- , B EN DOA A.g. 7S-S0 S , EO THEL TS.. A-SO aTI ILORXMC5 SE., SB- T I N GL)Y Sp., 13-24 SE . ITSBE LLA Est. 8-0 T-5 - SI.-oo Id50h..., UJ0ES,,TIEI5E.iS.. ..f, H8 ITIE., R-hS.d bUS1iSUS IE.OSS..-0 7.EEIS d.p..U 8UUPSEIUE OTSPI.IO .157,00 P .ST -*TSI~~~~~~~~~~~~iSE OS 7,00 RE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. D...S.. .. 126 i2N E20 flS* tOE" INN N. 9 V 0 V & 5 E* 5* 5 N ? 3 ? N 0 N ? VENE NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ORG-.01MTH PRI. .,US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU NUMBER TYPE NAME NORHATLATCHRIAETRCIGHAT I TI A- ET-NA aE S T .YTE A., 14-Sp. 1 11 CAROL S1p TN-1d. 16 - LEN2A 0.1-29 -1NO i d hh11...'..I, m z R.6. - .NpNISNE.EINN. ~NEINSEIT I.. NI HN pi ,.lE N.N1 h I- E I N N IN.Iy --Erp..hj. .1 ,NE. TIg .NEANI Asg~~~~~~~sESINE Id.EEINPN,.NTI NINA. - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 -NENNINENESIENE ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 NE�NNNNENNENNEEINNI 5,095~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D NSNNTENPINSI 8p,..,IE,. IdIEIENNINEI SIWE 127 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMOS p ORG.AT1. I N.EPRO S. D EP AR T ME NT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU I.SE (TI LAJmAI NORTH ATLAN TIC HU R RIC A NE TRACKING CHART 5 ELL ROOTI .1. 22-28 T I AIT A--. 20-TSp 7 S I ALE Tp 20-21 p IT I L0001 B.,. 26-30 / 1 I LOIS H. 114-13 ITT T-4p-I11IS-1i d .TITMTShIUTTEI5 d...T.l lI ds~sI. Idsl-Iop.-sIT TE OP.,;IA -17,20 .5.. E.S.T *4IFIT TI 720 OT.E.S.T. 128 ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS p U1I OFE ~ ~ IA D WE T E ORIGINA11NO IN IHE PERIOD t~U a. DEPARTMENT O~FCOMMECU ETE *NUMBER TYPE NAME -AE LNRH ATATC H RCNE RCK G CAt I HIN ABLENE -9. 28-S.p. NOTATATCHRINERCKGCAR 2 N) BEULAH S., S-U / - N ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~3 HI x CHOE ?. 4-U I (Ml1 ORIA B,72 7 , l GINN GER 0 H IO'd ....T,.pioo Sd., I.IA itot "Irc IN ~top., HENLO "" rco, ISEES 4, I.T.it. Etopitcl d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p,.,.It, IAE+EIOPS+SII I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---E~~~~~~~~~~piotI~~~~~~~~~ Ai, t -Ht'Sit+4*tt+R+~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 55 0+ + 0E0000010PIO0I EEOHE 26~~~~~~~~~~2 As. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , 00 55 5. 5* 0. 5* 5.6 0 5 0 0. 5 . 0 . 0 . 1. l .SLTRR NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS I ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOT 8?I DEPAR TMENT OF COMMERCE ,WEATHER B3UREAU NUMBER TYPT NAR TAE DAJ OTHURIAECHR I JI ABET J... 1-IS'.NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CA I IHI DOILY A 0..5 S IT) ERNA S., II- O 1051 - .5. 1 4-- P IT) P RANCES B.p. -S-T a 1-) ULATTS 0.5. 13-2 '151 T,.,iI oSI.- Did hu,,,oshh.ssl... IIS (HI1 H0,l-5, !.-sh.d kos.sss" sip ~ssPis.I SI .....15.. 1,005i0 d Tps.issd,,,RO01 klog. IIh *P-1jIio .1 P,OT5.1 RT. / 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l ----- 130 TORTALNICGROINAC TING14~'US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , WEATHER BUREAU 1NUMBER TYPE NAM -ATE I (1 NN II.25A. 5NORTH ATLA N T IC HURRICANE TAKN HR 2 HI BLANCH Aug1- 3 [HI CAMICLLE Ag. 14- I HI .... IE A.g. 11-2T NUMBEN TYPE N*MT W AE 5 Is LYE AA.g. 24-27 TO [T - DC. 2T-SI U [NI FRANCELIA Aug. 20-S~.p 1 17 (HI - OT ONs 7' [H.! GERIDA S'7 5-I a [H) MARTHA N.,. 21-251 o [111 H OLLY 07.- O II IN.A S.,. 20-01 II [T - S.p. 4-S 1 I ST) - sop. 9T-0. IT3 T JENN Ot.I- T~o IA MI RA I.7-I1 15l [HI LAURIE Out. lU6-2 [[[ ,upult~IOdu.olIoiu.0881 4.. H01 .1tooo... id. .T-upbI d ......gI.. (d.u.om.stg 04 +HE.ItO~~~t~~pIOOI 3 4 1gg b-OTPIo ~,k .i. TIr..ip34us k 12g *Po.ili.. 1 7-0 E~. O.1 0~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a ~~~~~~~~~~~131 N;ORTH "ATLNIC 1TROPICAL SOM ORIIN70GI U. S. DEPARTMENT. OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LIII I981I7-2'AiE NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 3R0 (Hi CELIA Ju. T-AC., , VI DRoROTI AC. 17- o " GETA S.p'. 26-0..4 io I-) 001. 20-18 d*ACPI0 .p.....o Ii.. iRCIIOS11- lOg. .. * .*CiSOPI �105 1-15, 34k.00610, 05,110 07,008.8 E.5.9 *PCIS 87M0 Es. 1.T.. 132~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ? 1"Up F ~ ~ M E ~ E T E ORGINATING IN THE PERIOD U. .DPRTETOCMERCEi~t,i NATIONAL W AHRSERVICE NUMBER TYPE NAS DATE NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I TI ARLENE II 1-7 'S 3 (HI BET. A... 10-17 ' DIT CHLOE A-g 8-25 ITI DORIA A-g 20-29 A 6 E. ETH Sop. 5-18 (HI FERN . .5I (HI- GINGER Sop. 5-Ot. 9(TI HEIDI o. 01 IS (H) IRENE B.,. Il-2D 'II (TI JANICE S.p. 21-21 ID TI K RISY O-t 17-21 13 (T LAURA - t. 12-21 1 --- 2.IS~ R,hod iog II,1i. (SI S. blt-pit H.- ~gilo otDptI.0 ..1~ d......it Idoog 0,1 1 O--T HIito .1 7,00 E lugO ...11gIiggO 01090 ~ ~ ~ ~ DO+DEOI~~~~gIIO~~~ltgII Oigg 50005t~~~~~~~p~~~t0I doploooiot ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :b Idis~~DE 19 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'Pc, 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~33 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 7 / * OBGIATNGINMEPEIO .140 S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE I'NUMBER TYPE NAME RATE NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 400~ 3 [HI BETTY All: 22-0.7 I 5 (-I[ DAWN S.p. 4-1 6 Is - S.,. 11021 INI) 05012."l R. _b.d hooi~. 10510 .f ~ l~ d.p..22 Ifld. .Io.p.10.12 ~~~~~~TS0 ~ ' Hi 2 OR519 .+.o~b~ot,2p ~ 3, w.029.' j it to t~~~ttT~~op~c2I d~~pr~~n~oS I4I..Ipoti.,oI .029. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-I ER' A U SD~~~bt0Op~~t2I d~po..,i~~s [051,45 I... At., 04 k02.I~~~2 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~346 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS P .S DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE , NTOA WEATHER SRI NUMBER TYE N E AT NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I NII ALICE J.1l 1-6 45T, 3 7 RENDA A,g. IS-21 * I CHRISTIN A.g. 25S-D.4 0 IT DELIA Sp - A01 ELLEN 0.'. I-TO 7I 011DM 0,0 10-36 aII IIDiO TOO GILs*.ooksTD.IOT.1.~ 191) 000W11. , R.- d ... ~flg.d -P-,. 1y .DO11-I d.11-W Io d.-.Io.P.-I .1,.B --T,.pICCI .1-0 I.B0. > ,P.1P- I ....-A I.,1 d " I l.34 Slog. 55 L ~b~S Io ~,OI. w .Id. IsTn 3A l.hB T,.I OP-~iio - .7,000., E.D.T .P..IIID- .1 7,00 P... DOST. 135 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICALISTORMS ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD U .S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVIE NUKEME TIPE NAME D ATENO THU R C E DtIIf I ISTI - 4 2 NORT ATLANTIC HURCN RCIGCHART I'l BECK *... 26-S9p 2 6 911 CARMEN Al,, 2NDs IT 7T T DiRET DOp L 70*Y (ME~pbl H IS .M..R..hdh- B ly h+NESEPE .b.g. I 9999T70P19Id d.p..RI~ (l.lpsS-)l -9. ES', 1>91 P~~~~~~~l~~b~~bp J~~dI d~b..IM os. l..hhml TART I '' u. .D1-~po ,S~KE dl~ 34 Wb. .1 1. .1 OP.01-~ .1 7,09SD .E.. *P .1IES 7&02 p... E.D.:T. f . .$ . '.2 . 136 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS p F~N T O A SERVICE ORIGINATING IN TER PERIOD ~ 'U. S. DEPARTMENT OCMERNAIALWEATHER 1975 L' NUNRR TYPE NAMR OER I ITI AGE. -YI NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 3Nii CAROLIN ~ a . NI El - GLAYS D. 13OEI 10 ES-SIS-S, S.,.h~ 18iISS29 .7s I.s GLDpssk d.Ip.,. -ISIES .... TI*.b,*i- .I d .... SIS. T IS, IdiI... 0PSIE .7,00 PS. RET pr3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS U 5 .. ORGNAMT IN INS 111" S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE S..R AME DAENORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I [ST) - M., I-3 (T AMN JS. 26-A~q a III B ELLE AS.N0 A IH CANRICE A... 16-24 5 (TI D 0O1 A~g. 17-21 A (II SPOMT A... "0-S.". 7 ll RANCES A... 27-S.P. 7 N[IT) - 5.13-TA 9 (N) GLORIA Sop. INOs. IT (5) O 01LT 022-28 -I) 'l-SSS R-oh.d hSA..iS. SI... 1ST) ~IpSI N.- .SSifSiI.d SiaI,.pI-I * .....T-pi- I d~OSS .d..... p.. ~ I .log. bad.~T ISI 55 3IOW. OP.M...1115S 7,00 ..ES. *7S~~~~~i~~~iSS ST 7,00 p.S. T.SJT J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E 138 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ? 4 u ~ FN T O A E V C ORIGINATING IN THlE PERIOD U S. DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE, N AINLWEATHERSEVC NUMBER TYPE NAME DATE I. ANIT 29-S.,.NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 2 HI- B ABE Ap - A I DOROTHY D.,. UN-AD 5 Y TYRLYN 0,5. 13-IA 6T FRIEDA 0,.I-a [H sss5,R..Ih.d h-SSEE... hl-ily. .d~ig dH...... n Idi..1Up5.s51..) * ---IrSPISSI ~ ~ ~ ~~'h- 3I1s k'.. LEL~sIspsI.1,, ICss.3 5.U Ihs A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A 139 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS ORGIAIN THE PEROT0.U DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SAT - NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART 2 T) AMTLIA iM. 30R M I T less A~g. S- I I.) CORA A MR.7?1 S TI TERA M. 2~2 o [I ELL A..g. ZR-SepS a (IT GRETA sE.1 I[VI HOPE Sp. I ? RIL TI IRMI 0,2 IL IS) RNTA Gel. 2-E RI Te~i-I SI- Did -Ei,,-,IN h---S IT) EI,,pi,,I SeE......~i I..SEE 1-d.ITE 3Ell~ ha., *01`.Ili.EE dp.1,L MDiEjL)L .1- TM. A C HS,,hI,,SiLEI dep~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~si.E.. H. IC...., H R TEAILLSILI .G,~~~~~~~~~~~~, [oIEOE 54 RN. EL highC ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 140~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS A ~ u ~ D P R M N O M R E E T E ORIGINATINU. S. DEPARTM E NT OF CMEENATIONAL W AHRSERVICE NUBETP NAME TATE NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I tTI AO A , 19-2 2 I.TI CIAUTETE I.l 15-29 'I [' ELENA Ai.. '29tR 1 O 91 fYRTERC A... 29-5.914 8 T H ENRI S'.,ia- (SIT) DaT. 23-25 N... d-ifTIId R..T~ TITIT.ETIiD.. S~TTIT Sloh iT'I3 .. Too lESITETTOPITEI EIEE~ ~~I P*UT9EIAD.-E~TIEIP IE ES 0 0SOITpT, Api.EOTITIHEIR IT N NN SLIODIEIDITET 1011d T Ri OTITTTS) 141 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS 0 E A T E TC MM R E E T E ORIGINATING IN TE PERIOD U a. S. DEATET OMMRE NATIONAL W AHRSERVICE NDRH Tops NAM D-ATE iI NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKINGCHR B0 ONNIE Ag.. IS-ID9 1H1 COARIET AuB. 20-20 RI DANILEP 0D. -7 10 RH ARL a. - O 01 GEDR ES `u.S-S.8 H'I RRUINE SAp.S-a O 11 AP S-p 00-00 IS ..1 RNGE N.7-I II 11 KARL PO-s 2A-2 1-l Pl-ks...sa R ...had h ...I... .,.. I, ,15511 "E"uIlspol, p "sssIllii.d .1 u spi. ..... dwll.pid ..I ......aloI -...... 1- [di-a "7 I" aid . 3, L" "SI .lsg ooEssi, Essos Idiaiplss lg 7S'o GOT oIoioIdpauo osdalg ~s0 ~.~ *bOS~~b~s~p~uo~g~oooloiodaouk,.ushEOI,,sI / . ~ ~ Is 142 'NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS S * ~ D P RT E TC M ERVCE, E T E 'HRI-AIU.TS. DNTEPEAITM E NT OFCOMRE NATIONAL W E RVICE u.-0R TYPE NAE DENORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I TI ARLENE M.,Y. 2 IEI B RET L. 29 5 I" T"NM's A~g. 7-2 11 EMIL A... 31-pII X 9 HI ELOYD ~~~~~S:,. 3.12 7A I - GR S.7. 2.15 A IRENE So.2.0 IT)E JOSE - 0. 2- II 19 ATRINA NOV 27 12 STI H V. ID. 00�,~~~~~~q 'llEVIT) - Si- V Did -,,V-LIOO1i....IOEI C-1 1 VV.1 R1oo.0 k..iV0IIV0. E. ISISbIPIV ai.V, l..I -0 pAVI A .VEIOVI A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p,.O~~~~~~~~~~~iOO~~~~~ --~~~~~YOYIVVI 01000 t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o. ~ ~ 07201500 VI 7.00 0,0. E.S.T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S 143 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICA'L STORMS I / ORIGINATING IN T~lE PERIOD vU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE -wo j ~~~ NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I RE ALEEO Jn .6 2 (TI -1 ID.P. 8.1T * 3 101 ERR..A.. Rs.p 6 IT) -EESO p.3D 13SDIIDE , Dl.hd - hh.,,io !i,l.ni. .DYi-D d.pIiD A0YhlpAId.p....ID,- I.l~d, ER1 Ih, 31W. DR.. p ' IllDUu .1,0 ~,d 4R. kg O~~~osiI~~~~n DI 7,DD DIE. T.N.T K,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 144~~~~~~~C1 ala' ~~~~~a* too. aS* S0 as. so 7570 a5* LV' 50' 00' aT* aS* 35' 30' as' CC. 45* 0' 5 Raara*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS p OINIATOTHE PERIOD ~ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NUMRER T..T NAME DATE NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE TRACKING CHART I J.) ALICIA A... 1T 21 2 ,H 10 ARTH Aaa. 23-29 I (TI D TAN S-p 26T30 I TI Tapa Slaa, 01$- Did h.aal o,i... aa..isla (HI ..,ia., Rah.d b.11, .. W-ataally ST oIaalN-1a a6aaaIi.d aL lopiasI l, taataapaI ataga 29 yb~paldp~~aslld aabaT~a T5* a H U.,Iat~apI~aI alas,,, Iaiada TA k~a. at biahatl Opaaitiaa at 7.00 a.,,. T.T.T I~~~~~~~~~~a 145 -NORTH . 1 . -- S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE I ISTI~~~~~~~A. IM NORTH ATLANTIC H RIAETRACKINGCHR H I CESA- A.S. 30-." EDOUA D S-E 13.15 7 IT FN S..1.20 8 GT USTA- S*. D 9 (HI HIORTENS S.,. 22-1.02 10 IT] 1SIDORE S.'. 2. II 12- JSEHIE 011.1-2. I2 'JH) K LAUS H -TS.1 ISL1 ILl I .2.124 SI... T21d51.l dSE~ .....22. i 215,IT ISTId SuIpI4 kl.2. hiS.II~ .,sIos .SpTS di ssa ~~~~S~~~~~~hI~~~~~~~~~opi~~~~~~~~~~~oI~~~~1 alsoIos 34 I.01Sg. 146 196ALNIgo NATIONAL HURRICANE -CENTER ATLNTI -CARI BBEAN-GULF OF MEXICO- HURRICANE TRACK CHART R H HFZ U 0&IS M.61-20 D ANIEILLE SEP 07-l0 5 HEARL. W�- 6 II FRANCES mm la. 2, 0 Po.0i - lo~~~~~~~~~~~~~o wylse T STOMA. 100 ST ISUTOPCL T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cm& it. E I T NA UL 1 - 1 ATANTIC - AIBBEAN-GULF OF MEXICO- HURRICANE TRACK CHART ~2 II 88 JUATONL HURICNECETE 5 ELNENA AUG 28-SEP4 6 ABIAN SEP 15-19 T7 GLORIA SEP I6 -OCT2 a T HENRI SEP 21-25 9 ISABEL OCT 07-15S IS JUAN OCT Z6-NOV I 11 N ATE NOV 15-23 * % ....... .... 01 OU S- LO..g.,I.I..,. .I.UIb.. . . . H HURRICANE TTROPICAL SMOR. ST SUBTROPICAL STORM ~~ ~~ ).* ,~~~~~I .R ( -. -..--~~~~~~~,* e**~+ V 116 T ~ I / ---A V3%j-- ~~~) 2 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 55 55 435 4 - 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d 0 A 2 5 25 �--\ 25 2-5 7 15 10 10 ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD ~ MRT5 1886 - 1980 TOTRL 13 0 105 1 00 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 7 5 7 0 6 5 6 0 5 5 5 0 4 5 '40 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 149 105 100 95 90 65 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 5 5 55 5 0 -50 40 4 25 125 CZ,~, L15 __ - 5 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CTCLONES ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 35 rJUN 1666 - 1980 TOTRL z50 / 0 0 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 .20 15 10 5 150 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 '45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 so 5 /""F~~~~~~~.~ 4l5 4 5 K I 5 '40 7 /" 40 35 2 35 '~,� K -� 2 0 20 10 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CTCLONES :z-ii 1 ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 5 JUL 5 1886 - 1980 TOTRL -640 20 105 100 95 9 0 8 5 8 0 7 5 7 0 6 5 6 0 5 5 5 0 4 5 4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 151 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 L5 L40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 50 A'E/t 50 25 25 20 20 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICRL CYCLONES \j ORIGINRTING IN THE FERIOD RUG Ad 1886 - 1 980 TOTRL r- 184 XN 105 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 152 ,.~ ~, '- ~~ .~~~~~.-'-~ '~ . . 152 6 0 1 0095 90 65 60 75 70 65 60 55 50 4560 5 3 2 5 0 15 10 5 50~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 50 3 0 4 0 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 215 215 NOT TATCTROPICAL CYCLONES ~\ ORIGINATINGINTEPRO SEP 5 1886 -1980 10 TOTRL 9568 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 4j5 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 50 153 1 05 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50, 45 40Q 35 30 25 20 1 5 1 0 50 55 /-, 55 50 A--50 30 -30 25 25 20 (2 NOT TATCTROPICAL CYCLONE ORIGINATING IN THE PER1IOD OCT -5 186- 1980 TOTRL ::172 105 1 00 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 7 5 7 0 6 5 6 0 5 5 5 0 145 140 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 I10 5 154 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 55 55 50 505 4 0 3 5 3 s r t�/~ ~~ 35I 30 -t~ 30 .0 ~ 3 25 <, \ 25 2 0 20 15 /�~~ 15 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 5 NOV 5 1886 - 1980 TOTHL z 34 0 0 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 155 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 145 L40 35 90 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 55 55 50 350 2 5 2 5 20 ~' 20 1 5 N. 15 I10 55 10 NORTH ATLORTIC TROPICAL CYCLONESD I 1886 - 1980 TOTAL ::5 0 0 105 100 95 90 65 60 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 156 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 - 60 55 55 50 -50 3453 30 4 30 2 5 A25 (It B >2 i' '' r4O' NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD JUN 01-10 x 5 1886 - 1980 , 0 0 TOTRL = 10 a0 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 157 105 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 50 - 60 55 / 55 X i; ~ // 45 9''40 350 30 25 A 25 20 - 20 - 150 NORTH RTLRNT1C TROPICRL CYCLONES ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 5 JUN 11-20 -, .5 1 886 - 1 980 TOTRL a 24 I 0 0 105 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 415 410 35 30 25 20 1 5 10 5 158 105 100 95 90 85 60 75 70 65 60 55 50 '45 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 - 60 55 5 "A,, 5 0 - ---- 50 o l -~~~~~~~~~~'~~~- '45 4 45 '40 7'40 35 /r 3 30 30 25 25 20 20 - I 215 K' -S15 I10 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 5 JUN 21-30 5 1686 - 1980 TOTAL - 16 0 0 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 -65 60 55 50 '45 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 159 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 50 50 45 1K-N, 40 U40 30 /0 25 025 30 20 2 02 0I NRTHTLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES ORIGINATING IN TEPRO 25 JUL 01-10 - TOTAL 151 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -5 1 05 1 00 95 90 85 80 7 70 65 60 55 50 4 40 35 30 25 20 10 10 16 0 0 16105 100 95 90 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 L5 LO 3 0 2 0 15 10 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 -~-60 55 55 so 50o 45 j- 45 40 ~- '40 35 35 30~ 30 25 25 20 20 K-( 1 0 0 ~~~10 1K10 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 5JUL 11-20 -5 1886 - 1980 TOTHL :: 15 0 00 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 L45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 161 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 50 ----,.50 /~~/ 'TA,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 25 25 J",~~~~~ 420 2'0 315 30~TTR 33 7 20 420 35 3 TOTAL 33 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 410 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 162 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 50 50 45 4 4 0 F'4 - ~~~~/zC~~~~~~~~~~I~~ 815 ) 15 30 3HN RPCA TLN 0 PERIOD;L 182 -5 256 TOTR z 37 20 20. 130 =I 0 0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 163 105 100 95 90 85 60 75 70 65 60 55 50 '45 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 - 6 55 55 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40 35 /I3z5"L~' 30 - ~ A(I(V/IN30 25 2 20 2 0 1 5 q 30~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLOJNES RUG 11-20 -5 1886 - 1980 ' TOTL z 60 0 0 105 100 95 90 85 60 75 70 65 60 55 50 '45 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 164 105 100 95 90 65 60 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 95 90 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 55 55 50 50 - 4~~~~~~~~~ / 4 5 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /0 40 90 90 25 2 20 20 15 RUG 1-3 -15 10 16 25RU 21-9 186 - 98 N 10 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 415 40O 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 165 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 6 60 60 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 55 ~~~~~~/ Ij~ -- 55 4 50 4, r 35 40 3 25~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 25 ~f~2 / 25 20 20 15 __ 5 10-T- 1--- - NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CICLONES I~N/' - 10 ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 5SEP 01-10 1886 - 1980 TOTRL 107 0 -0 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 4 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 166 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 55 55 5 0 j~- -- - -- 50 so ~ ~ Ar -- 40 F'40 3 5 r35 2 5 25 -WO KV 1 LA i~ 20 20 A~~~~~~~~~~OT ATLANTIC TROPI C A CYCLON ES ORIGINATING IN THlE PERIOD SEP 11-20 553 1886 - 1980 TOTHL :: 89 0 0 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 2 20 15 10 5 167 105 100 95 90 85 60 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 *60 55 55 50 5 0 4 5 i44 5 4 0 75I 30~30 25 25 20 20 15 15 NORTH RTLRNTIC TROPICAL CTCLONES -, 1 ORIGINATIN& IN THE PERIOD 5SEP 21-B0O\ 1 886 - 1980 TOTRL - 72 0 0 0 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 168 so105 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 145 110 35 30 25 20 1 5 1 0 5 6 55 5 55 110 110 35 rz 3 0 3 0 2 5 25 20 -~20 15 ~~~ 7: 15NZ 10 10 NOT TATCTROPICAL CYCLONES '~~/ ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD OCT 01-10 1886 - 1980 TOTAL ::73 0 I 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 415 410 3 5 30 25 20 15 10 5 169 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 60 7>~~~~~~~~~S 5 5 5 0 /50 45 115 40 \'/K�40 25 35 3 0 2 5 2'&\ 2 0 20 10 10 NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONESO 1- � 10 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 170 60 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 415 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 60 40 40 55355 Tv/ ~~~ 4 C$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- L4QhF~ / /-�2 ~~~~~/zG-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 35 2 - 35 2 0 20 P1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NORTH ATLANTIC TROPICAL CTCLONES ~ t~.~"~-.-~1 1 886 - 1980 TOTRL :: 33 0 . 0 105 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 '45 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 171 I105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5, 60 -60 55 5 5 5 0 -50 so~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 35 / 5 2 5 2 5 2 0 2 0 K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Kx MOT TATCTROPICAL CYCLONES ~ j \ ORIGINATING IN THE PERIOD 5NOJV 01-10 ~-.~5 1886 - 1980 0 TOTHL z18 . 0 0i 105 1 00 9 5 9 0 8 5 8 0 7 5 7 0 6 5 6 0 5 5 5 0 '45 '40 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 172 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 60 so 55 55 450 315 115 30 20 7 20 -.7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s OIIPI6IN THE PERIMD' NOV 1 1-20 - 1980 TOTAL ::10 0 A 105 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 145 '40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 173 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 us 40 35 30 25 20 iS 10 5 60 60 55 55 5 0 50 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A 4 0 4 0 25 d0A25 2 0 2 20 1 5 / 15 NORTH ALNTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES 1 ORIGINRTINO IN THE PERIOD NV2 1-30 - 1 886 - 1 900 TOTRL z 6 0 /'0 1 05 1 00 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 410 35 30 25 20 15 10 ~5 174 USCOMM-NOAA-ASHEVILLE, N.C. 7/85/660