[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


"RECOVERING FROM HUGO: PREPARING FOR HILDA"
Hurricane Damage Mitigation Field Trip Guide
Folly Island, S.C. to Bogue Banks, N.C.
April 1-4,1990


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                          Guidebook


                     !' S. DEPARTMENT OF COMA.   : !t
                      COASTAL SERVICES CEr',
                     2234 SOUTH HOBSON AL;'
                     CHARLESTON, SC 29i05-z;3
            DUKE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

        PROGRAM FOR THE STUDY OF DEVELOPED SHORELINES







         RECOVERING FROM HUGO: PREPARING FOR HILDA

                 Hurricane Damage Mitigation
Folly Island, South Carolina to Bogue Banks, North Carolina

*************************************************************

           P~'.'..  .:  .    ,  : y






                Trip Leaders / Guide Authors


                       Orrin H. Pilkey
                        David M. Bush
                        Rodney Priddy
                        Kathie Dixon
                        Amber Taylor
                      E. Robert Thieler




              Dates:  April 1 to April 4, 1990






              Guidebook Edited by David M. Bush






      I                           ~~~~~~~~~CONTENTS

       FIELD TRIP LEADERS AND ORGANIZERS ...............2

       FIELD TRIP OBJECTIVES .....................3

3      ~~SIMPLIFIED ITINERARY......................4

       TRAVEL TIMES.........................                      5

       DETAILED ITINERARY AND ROAD LOG................6

       PRINCIPLES OF PROPERTY DAMAGE MITIGATION ...........17

       DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF ISLANDS AND STOPS ..........22

           FOLLY ISLAND, SC ...................23
               Folly island Simplified MitigatonMa.             2
               Folly Stop 1: Holiday inn .............26
               Reducing impact of Overwash and Storm-Surge Ebb ... 27
                Folly Stop 2: Lighthouse Inlet...........28
               Related Issue:  Cape Hatteras Lighthouse ......30
               Folly Stop 3: The Washout .............37
 I         ~~~PAWLEYS ISLAND, SC....................39
               Pawleys Simplified Mitigation Map..........41
  5              ~~~~~Pawleys Field Trip Stop Location Map ........42

           MYRTLE BEACH AND THE GRAND STRAND, SC ..........43
  5              ~~~~~Grand Strand Stop Location Map ...........45

           SUNSET BEACH, NC.....................46
                Sunset Stop Location map ..............47

           TOPSAIL ISLAND, NC ....................49
                Topsail Stop Location Map..............52
                New Topsail Inlet Dynamics .............53
                Related issue:  Shoreline Engineering Follies.  ...57
                New River Inlet Dynamics ..............60

 5          ~~~BOGUE BANKS, NC .....................64
                Bogue Banks Simplified Mitigatioan Map........66
                Islander Motor Inn .................68
                Stop 1: Dune Excavation ..............69
                Stop 2: Hurricane Hazel Inlets...........70
                Stop 3: Controlling Soundside Erosion .......71
                Stop 4: Dune Notching ...............72

       APPENDICES ..........................73


      1                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1








            FIELD TRIP LEADERS AND ORGANIZERS


    Duke University Department of Geology
    Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines

         Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr., Director
         David M. Bush, Research Associate
         Rodney Priddy, Field/Research Assistant
         Kathie Dixon, Researcher
         E. Robert Thieler, Field/Research Assistant
         Amber Taylor, Senior Draftsperson

    Duke News Service

         Carol McGarrahan, Senior Science Writer
         Debbie Selinsky, Assistant Director
         Jimmy Wallace, Director of Photography







                         GUEST SPEAKERS

Folly Island:        H. Wayne Beam, Executive Director, South
                         Carolina Coastal Council, Columbia

Pawleys Island:      Gered Lennon, Coastal Geologist, South
                         Carolina Coastal Council, Charleston

Myrtle Beach:        Paul Gayes, Director, Center for Marine and
                         Wetland Studies, University of South
                         Carolina, Coastal Carolina College

Sunset Beach:        Todd Miller, Director, North Carolina Coastal
                         Federation, and

                    Minnie Hunt, Sunset Beach Town Councilwoman

Topsail Island:      John Wells, Associate Professor, University
                         of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
                         Institute of Marine Sciences, and

                    Todd Miller, NCCF







     I                         ~~~~~~~~FIELD' TRIP OBJECTIVES



        1.   Foster a new way of thinking about hurricane recovery.  That
              is, instead of simply cleaning up and rebuilding, take
             active steps to repair the island itself and to enhance the
             protective characteristics and capabilities of the natural
 3           ~~~setting.

        2.   To suggest principles of reducing hurricane property damage
              in a context of an expected accelerated rate of rise in sea
              level, increasing rate of barrier island migration, and
             expected increase in intensity and frequency of Atlantic
 3           ~~~hurricanes; all due to the greenhouse effect.

        3.   To encourage an environmentally sensitive approach to
 I          ~~~reducing property damage in the next hurricane.

5       ~~4.   To examine the reality of our present approaches to coastal
              zone management on barrier islands in the context of a
              rising sea level--are we fouling our nest?
 I           ~~~4-A. To examine the impact of coastal zone management
                   regulations in North Carolina and South Carolina on the
  ï¿½               ~~~~problem of hurricane damage.

              4-B. To examine the impact of coastal regulations in North
                   and South Carolina on the quality of the coastal
                   environment for future generations.
              4-C. To examine the long-term implications of the North
                   Carolina and South Carolina approaches to the shoreline
                   retreat problem in a context of an accelerating sea
                   level rise.

         5.   To more fully document the long-term differences in hard
              versus soft stabilization approaches to shoreline
              management.






        1                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3








                      SIMPLIFIED ITINERARY




Sunday Evening, April 1

    -meet at Charleston Marriott



Monday, April 2

     Folly Island, SC (morning)
          -Holiday Inn seawall, armored shoreline
          -Lighthouse Inlet, severe shoreline erosion
          -The Washout, historic inlet site

     Pawleys Island, SC (afternoon)
          -Pawleys Spit, very low elevation
          -Island Center, high dunes and forested
          -Northern end of island, shore perpendicular roads



Tuesday, April 3

     -Myrtle Beach, SC (morning)
          -intense oceanfront development
          -beachwalk to Canepatch Swash

     -Sunset Beach, NC (morning)
          -accreting shoreline

     -Topsail Island, NC (afternoon)
          -Sea Vista Hotel (Topsail Beach)
          -North Topsail Shores (Part of West Onslow Beach?)


Wednesday, April 4

     -Bogue Banks (finish by 2 pm)
          -High dunes and forest removed for commercial
               development (Islander Motor Inn, Emerald Isle)
          -High dunes and forest removed for residential
               development (Shell Drive, Emerald Isle)
          -Hurricane Hazel Inlet (19th-23rd streets, Emerald
               Isle)
          -Soundside erosion (Pine Knoll Shores Country Club)
          -Dunes and forest removed for commercial development
               (Atlantic Beach)


                                41








                            TRAVEL TIMES


Charleston to Folly Beach                       30 minutes

Folly Beach to Pawleys Island                   2 hr 30 min

Pawleys Island to Myrtle Beach                  45 min

Myrtle Beach, SC to Sunset Beach, NC            45 min

Sunset Beach to Shallotte                       25 min

Shallotte to Wilmington                         45 min

Wilmington to Topsail Beach                     1 hr

     Total time Sunset to Topsail               2 hr 10 min

Topsail Island to Bogue Banks                   1 hr 30 min
































                                  5









                 DETAILED ITINERARY AND ROAD LOG


                         SUNDAY, APRIL 1

8 pm  Field trip begins with a reception at the Charleston
Marriott, at Montague Avenue and Interstate 26 (Exit 213-B). The
reception includes heavy hors d'oeuvres and the program runs
until 10 pm.

     Presentations:

          * Welcome by Carol McGarrahan and Orrin Pilkey

          * Various Hugo videos will be running

          * "Hurricane Processes:  Hugo and South Carolina"
            by Rob Thieler


                         MONDAY, APRIL 2

     We have a lot of ground to cover both Monday and Tuesday so
we need to ask people to have had breakfast and be checked out of
the hotel and in their cars ready to roll by 7:30 am.

     The following is a detailed itinerary and road mileage log.
Numbers in parentheses are miles (in tenths) to a landmark or
instruction given. Since we are making many stops and some people
will be joining us for only part of the trip, there are several
instances where the mileage counter is "re-zeroed" usually at the
departure site for the next stop.

7:30 am Depart for Folly Beach--main roads: 1-26 and SC-171.

      (0.0) Exit Marriott parking lot, turn right onto Marriott
            Road.

            Turn left onto Montague Avenue and get immediately in
            the right-hand lane.

            Take Montague Avenue overpass to right entrance onto
            1-26 East toward Charleston.

      (3.2) Exit 1-26 at Exit 216-A onto Cosgrove Avenue (SC-171
            and 7)

      (5.2) SC-171 bears to the left.

      (8.4) SC-171 (Folly Road) takes a right turn, then proceeds
            across US-17.


                                6







                                  ITINERARY FOR MONDAY APRIL 21


     (17.7) Holiday Inn Folly Beach parking lot, end of SC-171.
           Restrooms available in Hotel lobby

8:30 am Meet at Holiday Inn Folly Beach parking lot.

    Presentations:

          * "The Post-Hugo Status of Coastal Management" by Wayne
           Beam of the South Carolina Coastal Council.

          * "Fighting a Losing Battle: Mitigating Hurricane
            Property Damage at Folly Beach" the first site-
            specific map for mitigating hurricane damage is
            presented by Duke University Department of Geology
            Research Associate David M. Bush.

          * "Folly Beach: South Carolina's New Jersey" by Duke
            University Professor Orrin H. Pilkey.



10:00 am  Drive to the north end of Folly Beach

     (0.0)  Leave Holiday Inn Parking lot go straight back
            toward traffic light.

     (0.1) Turn right at light onto Ashley Avenue East.

     (2.0)  This is a historic inlet site.  Along here the road
            is frequently overwashed. The road and the rock
            revetment was destroyed by Hugo and a bigger
            revetment standing higher and utilizing larger rocks
            has been emplaced. We'll stop here on the way off
            the island, time permitting.

     (3.4)  Proceed through gates onto Coast Guard property.
            Drive to end of blacktop and park. It's a 10-
            minute walk to Lighthouse Inlet where we'll see the
            Morris Island light.

     Presentation:

          * "The Threat to our Nation's Historic Lighthouses, a
            Contrast and Comparison of the Morris Island and Cape
            Hatteras Lighthouses" by Dave Bush.


10:45 am  Depart Lighthouse Inlet

     (1.4) Historic Inlet site, photo stop, time permitting
                                7









                                    VTINERARY FOR MONDAY APRIL 2]


     (3.3)  Turn right at light onto Center Street (SC-171)


11:00 am  Depart Folly Island for Pawleys Island


     (0.0)  Drive toward Charleston on SC-171 (Folly Road)

     (9.0)  SC-700 to US-17 North stay in left lane, follow signs
            to Georgetown

     (14.5) Hardee's, Wendy's, Melvin's for lunch on US-17N just
            over the Cooper River bridges a ways, try to be back
            on the road (17 N to Georgetown) by 12:45 pm.

     (32.6) SC-45 is road to McClellanville. Unfortunately we
            won't have time to stop here, but this town
            experienced storm surges in excess of 19 feet,
            remarkable considering it is over 6 miles inland.

     (60.0) Continue through Georgetown on 17 North

     (74.4) Bear right on 17 N toward Pawleys Island

     (85.0) First sign for Pawleys Island, turn right at Exxon
            station.

     (86.3) Street dead ends at stop sign, turn right. Street
            dead ends, take a left and an immediate right.
            Follow this road to the south to the parking lot at
            the very end of the island.


2:30 pm  Arrive Pawleys Island


     Presentations:

          * "The Emergency Dune and Other Responses to Hugo" by
            Gered Lennon of the South Carolina Coastal Council.

          * "Beach Bulldozing" by Orrin Pilkey

          * "Property Damage Mitigation on Pawleys Island" by
            David Bush


4:00 pm Leave cars parked at spit and load into vans. We'll
drive a short distance and go for a 20 minute beach walk to see

                                8







                                    5[TINERARY FOR MONDAY APRIL 21

how dunes and forest lessened the impact of Hugo. Then vans will
meet us and drive us to the north end of Pawleys. There we'll
see how streets running from the ocean to the sound increased the
penetration distance of overwash.



4:45 pm Vans take us back to the parking area on the south end
of Pawleys and we Head for Myrtle Beach.


     (0.0)  Leave Pawleys spit, take first left then first right
            (the same way we came in).

     (1.8) Continue past the southern causeway (the one we came
            in on) to the northern causeway.

     (2.5)  Turn left to exit island by northern of the two
            causeways

     (3.5)  Junction with US-17 North, turn right toward Myrtle
            Beach

     (13.7) Continue on 17 Bypass, do not take US-501 exit to
            Myrtle Beach

     (30.6) Turn right onto 62nd Avenue North

     (31.1) Go through 4-way stop at Calhoun Road

     (31.3) Cross King's Highway (Business 17)

     (31.6) 62nd Ave dead ends at Ocean Blvd.  Turn left.
            Sheraton Myrtle Beach Martinique is about 1.2 miles
            up Ocean Blvd at 71st Ave. There is some
            construction near the hotel so be alert for detour
            signs.

6:00 pm  Arrive Sheraton Myrtle Beach Martinique

Monday evening: Owing to time limitations, we thought it best to
combine our dinner and evening presentations and have both at the
hotel this night.  All activities will take place in the hotel
restaurant.

7:30 pm  Cocktails;  8:00 pm  Dinner

8:30 pm (approximately) Orrin Pilkey presents "Beach
Replenishment:  A Cure or a Band-Aid?"


                                9








                                  VTINERARY FOR TUESDAY APRIL 3]

                     TUESDAY, APRIL 3, 1990


7:30 am  Meet in lobby of hotel for optional beachwalk.  Those
wishing to attend must have had breakfast and be checked out by
7:30 because we need to leave Myrtle Beach promptly at 8:30 am.


     Presentations:

          * "Beach Replenishment Projects and the Effects of
            Heavy Development" by Orrin Pilkey

          * "The Hazards of Offshore Rubble from Hugo" by Paul
            Gayes, Ph. D., Director of the Center for Marine and
            Wetland Studies at the University of South Carolina,
            Coastal Carolina College.


8:30 am Depart Myrtle Beach, SC for Sunset Beach, NC

     (0.0)  Leave Sheraton Parking Lot and head north on Ocean
            Blvd.

     (1.5)  Merge with US-17 (Business) North

     (2.2)  Merge with US-17, follow signs to Wilmington

     (17.5) Turn onto NC Route-179 to Calabash

     (20.5) Turn right at traffic light, stay on NC-179

     (22.1) Road dead ends, turn left onto NC-179

     (23.9) Turn right at stop sign at Island Grocery.  Continue
            over one-lane drawbridge until road dead ends at
            stop sign.

     (24.9) Take right then left into pier parking lot.



9:15 am Arrive Sunset Beach

     Presentations:

          * "Why Hugo Caused no Damage At Sunset: More than 50
            Years of Shoreline Accretion Helps Mitigate Property
            Damage on Sunset" by David Bush.


                               10







                                  ï¿½TINERARY FOR TUESDAY APRIL 3]

         * "North Carolina's Best and Worst Barrier Island
           Communities" by Orrin Pilkey of Duke University and
           Todd Miller of the North Carolina Coastal Federation.

          * Brief Discussion of plans to widen Sunset's one-lane
           drawbridge and concerns about development, led by
           Todd Miller, including comments by Minnie Hunt, Town
           Councilwoman and member of the Sunset Beach Tax
            Payer's Association.


11:30 am Depart Sunset Beach for Topsail Island

     It is just over 2 hours to our next stop. We have 3 hours
budgeted, including lunch. Please try to watch the time so we
can meet at the Sea Vista Hotel on the southern end of Topsail
Island by 2 pm.


     (0.0)  Turn right out of pier parking lot, take an immediate
            left and go back over bridge.

     (5.4)  Proceed through traffic light, keeping on NC-179
            toward Shallotte.

     (12.0) NC-179 dead ends at US-17, turn right, proceed north.

     (12.3) Hardee's, also McDonald's and Burger King right up
            the road. It should be only about 11:30 by the time
            we get here. Those who want to can wait another 45
            minutes or so and have lunch in Wilmington. Either
            way, continue on US-17 North.

     (46.1) Follow US-17 North as it winds through Wilmington.
            It becomes Dawson Street. After crossing the
            intersection of 3rd street, get in the left
            lane,following signs for 17 North and 74 East. Turn
            left at 17th street (at the Amoco Station). Get in
            rightlane.

     (47.9) Turn right onto Market Street, still 17 North.

     (50.0) Places to eat on Market Street.  Continue on 17
            North.

     (72.3) Turn right onto NC-210 toward Topsail Island, Surf
            City.

     (75.1) Turn right as NC-210 merges with NC-50.


                               11








                                 RTINERARY FOR TUESDAY APRIL 31

    (77.0) Turn right at traffic light, follow NC-50 to Topsail
           Beach.

    (83.3) Near pier along Ocean Blvd, turn left onto Flake
           Avenue then right onto Ocean Blvd.

    (84.6) Follow road around to Sea Vista Hotel parking lot.
           Restrooms are available in the office for our use.



2:00 pm  Arrive Sea Vista Hotel, Topsail Beach, NC.


     Presentations:

          * "The Effects of Bulldozing Sand to Build Up Beaches"
            by John Wells, Associate Professor at the Institute
            of Marine Sciences at the University of North
            Carolina at Chapel Hill.

          * Discussion of the effects of inlet dynamics on nearby
            shoreline erosion by David Bush.

          *Orrin Pilkey discusses the terminal groin project
            proposed for the, southern end of Topsail Island and,
            time permitting, other shoreline engineering
            projects.



3:30 pm Depart for northern end of Topsail Island.


     (0.0)  Leave Sea Vista Hotel parking lot, take second right
            onto NC-50.

     (7.7)  Turn left at light

     (7.8)  Take first right, onto New River Drive, follow NC-
            210.

      (12.0) Public beach access and restrooms on the right, next
            to the Yacht Tender sign.

      (16.0) Turn right off of NC-210 onto State Route 1568 toward
            North Topsail beaches.

      (20.5) Hotel St. Regis where we'll be spending the night.


                                12







         3                                   I[~~~~~~~~~~TINERARY FOR TUESDAY APRIL 31
              (21.0) Road ends, turn right, then left.
 1           ~~~(21.4) Road curves left, but continue straight through the
                     Beach Club property entrance to the New River Inlet
   3                ~~~~~and park there.


3       ~~4:15 pm  Arrive New River Inlet, northern end of Topsail Island

 3           ~~~Presentations:
                   * Behavior of New River Inlet and impact on property
   3                 ~~~~~damage mitigation by David Bush
                   * Stabilizing New River Inlet by dredging and its
                     impact on property damage mitigation by Orrin Pilkey


ï¿½       ~~5:00 pin Depart for short drive back to the St. Regis


        6:30 pmn There will be a cocktail reception and brief meeting
        tonight, but no formal presentations are scheduled. The Hugo
        videotape will be shown during the reception. Be alert for
        announcement of reception location. Restaurants are scarce on
        Topsail, the hotel probably has a decent one. We'll ask when we
        arrive.









        I~~~~~~~~~~~~~1









                                VTINERARY FOR WEDNESDAY APRIL 4]



                    WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4, 1990


8:00 am Depart Topsail for Bogue Banks, NC


     (0.0)  Leave St. Regis, head south on State Route 1568.

     (4.5)  Turn right at stop sign, junction with NC-210

     (14.0) Turn right onto NC-172 at the Sunoco station

     (17.9) Entrance to Camp Lejeune Marine Base.  Tell guard
            you're driving straight through.

     (26.5) Follow NC-172 to the right

     (32.0) Exit Marine Base, stay on NC-172

     (36.0) Turn right at traffic light onto NC-24

     (47.0) Turn right onto NC-58. Proceed over causeway onto
            Bogue Banks, town of Emerald Isle

     (48.9) Turn right at first traffic light onto Coast Guard
            Road.

     (49.0) Take first left onto Reed Drive

     (49.3) Turn right onto Islander Drive and park near the
            buildings




9:30 am  Arrive Islander Motor Inn.  While we're waiting for the
caravan to arrive, we'll be able to see a location where dunes
and forest were cleared for commercial development.



     Bogue Banks was not hit by Hugo but is a unique place to
study property damage mitigation because of the wide range of
environments found on the island. At each of our stops, Orrin
Pilkey will give some background and Dave Bush will discuss
site-specific mitigation.



                               14







                      ~[JITINERARY FOR WEDNESDAY APRIL 4]


10:00 am   Depart Islander Motor Inn

     (0.0) Turn right out of Islander parking area onto Reed
           Drive

     (0.5) Turn right onto Shell Drive

     (0.6)  Turn right onto Ocean View Drive, park at end of
            road.


10:15 am  Arrive Bogue Banks Stop 1--High Sand Dunes.  Forest
and dunes were removed for residential development.




10:45 am  Depart High Dunes, Stop 1

     (0.0) Turn around and go back on Ocean View Drive, take
            first left onto Shell Drive

     (0.2) Turn left onto Reed Drive, then first right onto Loon
            Drive

     (0.3) Turn right onto NC-58

     (5.4)  Emerald Isle Mini-Mart (on the right) has restrooms
            we can use

     (6.2)  Go past 23rd street and pull over on grass shoulder



11:15 am  Arrive Bogue Banks Stop 2--Hazel Inlet.  Inlet was
formed during Hurricane Hazel in 1954 and was filled
artificially.



11:45 am  Depart Hazel Inlet, Stop 2


     (0.0)  Pull back onto NC-58 heading east

     (2.1) Site of another Hazel inlet

     (9.3) Turn left onto Oak Leaf Drive, road leading to Pine
            Knoll Shores Country Club

                               15







                                MTINERARY FOR WEDNESDAY APRIL 4]


     (9.9)  Turn right into Country Club parking lot


12:00 noon Arrive Bogue Banks Stop 3--Artificial Marsh. Pine
Knoll Shores Country Club has a unique solution to soundside
erosion.


12:30 pm  Depart Artificial Marsh, Stop 3


     (0.0)  Turn left out of parking lot

     (0.6)  Turn left onto NC-58 heading east

     (2.6)  Hardees on left

     (2.9)  McDonald's on right

     (3.4) Turn right at traffic light and head toward Atlantic
            Beach Boardwalk area. Take left lane and turn left
            at the Fun Land Arcade and park anywhere.



12:45 pm  Arrive Bogue Banks Stop 4--Atlantic Beach Boardwalk.
Dunes and forest removed for commercial structures at the
Boardwalk area.


 1:15 pm  End of Field Trip

     Leave Fun Land Arcade parking lot and head back toward NC-
     58, go straight through the traffic light ahead. The road
     crosses a causeway over the Intracoastal Waterway and
     intersects with US-70.  Right is east to Beaufort and the
     Duke Marine Lab. Left is west and the way back to Raleigh
     and Durham.












                                16







   3                 ~~~~~PRINCIPLES OF PROPERTY DAMAGE MITIGATION


 I           ~~~The accompanying Table I shows some of the initial results
        of our on-going Property Damage Mitigation Project. The table
        lists options for reducing the damaging effects of storms on
I      ~~property.  The storm effects are mostly all natural processes and
        we indicate whether a given mitigation option will increase or
        decrease the storm effect. Table II is a list of the mitigation
        options showing how they fall into natural groupings.
             Response of a given shoreline segment to a given storm is a
        function of several variables including elevation, sand supply,
        vegetation, type and degree of development. Geologic processes
        such as shoreline retreat, storm-surge and storm-surge return,
        flooding, inlet formation, inlet migration, overwash, dune
S      ~~mobilization and direct wave attack are processes intensifying
        the hazards of barrier shoreline living. in every case, the
        over-all shoreline storm response is a combination of natural and
I      ~~man-made factors.  ItF is our goal to suggest ways to lessen the
        effects of these processes on property on a site-specific basis.

             We are looking at property damage mitigation techniques that
I      ~~could be implemented on a pre-storm, immediate pre-storm, and
        post-storm basis. Pre-storm activities include such things as
         relocation of structures out of hazard zones, rebuilding or
        upgrading structures, changing road orientation or elevation,
        building and vegetating dunes, and updating and enforcing erosion
        setbacks. immediate pre-storm activities include sand bagging
         and removing of mobile structures and objects, if possible.
        Post-storm activities are essentially reconstruction or
         implementing property-protection measures such as more
         conscientious location of development, elevation and orientation
I      ~~of new roads, new setbacks, awareness of overwash passes,
        density of development considerations for new development, plus
         incorporating the predicted increase in the rate of sea-level
           rieinto sound shoreline management policies.

             We try to approach each study area as a separate entity and
         observe unique shoreline settings and their unique responses to
         storms. To each of these storm responses possible mitigation
         procedures or practices are suggested. The applicability of the
        mitigation principles as they relate to a specific island
         setting is noted, applying results gathered from the current
         principles of property damage mitigation project.

 I           ~~~We classify developed portions of the shoreline
         segment-by-segment as to the type of natural setting, type and
         degree of development, observed or predicted storm response and
         potential for damage. For each site, individualized mitigation
         procedures or practices are offered. The applicability of the

        ï¿½                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~17


















STORM EFFECTA4

Flying Debris                                 ++

Floating Debris             ++++++++                                     ++

Wind Attack                                                  ++             +

Storm Surge     ++   +  +++           -+

Sounds ide                          +-+
Shoreline Retreat+                  +-++
Existing Inlet     + 
Change
New Inlet                       ++-+
Formation++++-+
Direct Wave                                 -++++
Attack
Overwash       ++++-++++-    

Ocean Shoreline   +  +    + -       +  +  + -
Retreat
Sand Supply    +      +  + -.+  +  +  +  + -+  +  +
To Island
E NVI R O.NMIENTA L+   + +  +   --   +++                      + + +- +
IMPACT
LONG TERM      H  L  L  L  Hi L  H  H  H  L  L  L  L  L  L  L  L  LL
COST



                                     +Mitigate Storm Effect
                                    -Increase Storm 'Effect
                                    H= Hfigh Long Range Cost
 - - - - - - - -   w bowgm C







 3                  ~~~~~Table II., List of Mitigation Options


           Soft Stabilization
S             ~~~~Adding Sand to Beach
                  Beach Replenishment
                  Beach Bulldozing
                Increasing Sand Dune Volume
                   Sand Fencing
                  Raise Frontal Dune Elevation
I               ~~~~~Plug Dune Gaps
                Adding Sand to-main Part of Island
                  Rebuild interior Dunes
I               ~~~~~Raise island Elevation

           Hard Stabilization
                Shore Parallel
                   Seawalls
                   Revetments
                   Offshore Breakwaters
                 Shore Perpendicular
                   Groins
5                ~~~~~Jetties

           vegetation
                 Replace Forest
                 Stabilize Dunes
3               ~~~~Plant Marsh


           Development and Infrastructure
                 Retrofit Homes
                 Elevate Homes
                 Curve and Elevate Roads
                 Replace Roads with Interior Dunes
                 Block off Some Roads
                 Active Relocation

           Zoning, Land Use Planning
                 Setbacks
I             ~~~~Choose Elevated Building Sites
                 Do not Rebuild Destroyed Buildings in Place






      3                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~19







mitigation principles is often a function of specific islandU
types and development style.

    The Property Damage Mitigation Project, involving the states
of North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida (project restricted
to Florida's east coast), began on July 1, 1989. Field work
through February, 1990 has been restricted to North Carolina and
South Carolina. Locations studied to date are: in North
Carolina: the Town of Nags Head on Currituck Spit; on the island
of Bogue Banks the communities of Atlantic Beach, Pine Knoll
Shores, Indian Beach, Salter Path and Emerald isle; theI
extremities of Topsail Island; and Sunset Beach; In South
Carolina: North Myrtle Beach and Myrtle Beach, Pawleys Island,
and Folly island.I
     The final product for the project will be a book on the
principles of property damage mitigation on barrier islands. We3
are making a series of detailed maps for the specific islands or 
communities studied from which we will draw our general
principles. Large-scale, detailed maps for Folly Island, Pawleys 
Island and Bogue Banks will be presented on this trip. in 
addition, generalized mitigation maps and detailed
recommendations for some specific locations are included in thisa
field guide.

     In addition, several new ideas on property damage mitigation
and on conducting the project in general have come to light 
during the first several months of work. The ideas on mitigating 
property damage have evolved from working in the field and from
discussions with interested individuals and federal, state and
local officials.  Some traditional mitigation options wer e sand   I
fencing to trap sand and build dunes; replacing primary dunes and
stabilizing with vegetation; beach replenishment; and relocation
of threatened structures. All suggestions are "soft" solutions.5
We will generally not recommend hard stabilization because of its
detrimental impact on recreational beach quality and because of
state restrictions in both North Carolina and South Carolina.3

     New mitigation ideas include ten-year relocation plans for
large structures whether they are presently threatened or not
(the plan would include such things as economic analysis, site        I
studies, location of new site); identifying historic and
potential inlet zones and have them designated as inlet hazardm
areas just as present-day inlets are; replacing of interior dunes
or beach ridges that had been excavated for development;
protecting all dunes--not just frontal or primary; replace
maritime forests just as dunes are revegetated today; changing
road elevation and/or orientation; blocking off some roads and
replacing with interior dunes; and bringing sand as needed onto
an island from the mainland.3


                               203







 I           ~~~We hope to eventually incorporate all our findings into a
        mitigation atlas for North Carolina and South Carolina covering
        all developed oceanfront communities. North and South Carolina
I      ~~are the target states for production of a mitigation atlas for
        several reasons. obviously, the Program for the Study of
        Developed Shorelines has a great deal of experience in the two
        states. Proximity of the study area is another compelling
        reason. Perhaps the strongest argument, however, is North
        Carolina's leading role in coastal-zone management. Forbidding
         of hard structures on the shoreline and the looking to retreat
I       ~~and to soft-stabilization methods such as beach replenishment
        shows a recognit'ion of the importance and value of the
        recreational beach. South Carolina has recently enacted strong
I      ~~coastal-management policies, perhaps even stronger than North
        Carolina's. Summaries of the states, coastal-zone management
        policies are presented in the appendices of this quidebook.

 I           ~~~The atlas will be useful to the general public including
        planners, developers, politicians and homeowners. it will be the
         "first of its kind" and will pave the way for production of
I       ~~similar publications for all other hurricane-prone areas.  More
        importantly, the atlas will hopefully lead to improved nationwide
        efforts to mitigate property damage at our shorelines. The
I      ~~primary emphasis of the project is to incorporate the mitigation
        maps into a coastal hazards atlas for North and South Carolina
        useful for the nonscientist.

 I           ~~~The impact of Hurricane Hugo in September of 1989 is also
        very timely. The shoreline from Cape Fear, North Carolina to
         Folly Island, south of Charleston, South Carolina was
I       ~~significantly affected.  Quick development and implementation of
        mitigation techniques will work to reduce property damage from
        future storms. A mitigation atlas will help to get the word out
I      ~~in a format that is easy to use.

















        *                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~21







                    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ISLANDS AND STOPS



             The next section of the field guide presents general
        information on each of the islands we will be visiting plus
I      ~~information about the specific stops we will be making.  Also
        included are several diagrams and figures illustrating points
3 ~~that will be made during the trip.



















        I~~~~~~~~~~~~~2







                         FOLLY ISLAND3


    Folly Island trends ENE-WSW, is just over 6 miles long and
about 0.5 miles wide at its widest. Lighthouse inlet is located
at the northern end of Folly Island, Stono Inlet at the southern
end. The maximum elevation of Folly island is only about 8 ft, a
typical elevation is about 5 ft.  Computer models developed by 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) called
SLOSH models (for Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge from Hurricanes)
are used to predict storm surge levels and to what parts of the
coast will be flooded by given strength hurricanes. According to
the SLOSH model for South Carolina, the storm surge of a
Category I Hurricane would entirely inundate Folly Island.3

    Folly sits in the shadow of the Charleston Harbor jetties.
Sand that would normally travel southward along the coast is
trapped by the jetties and has been causing severe erosion both           I
on Folly island and on Morris island just to the north of Folly.
The jetties were built in the late 1800's. A 1935 Army Corps of
Engineers report to Congress (House Document 156, 74th Congress)
indicates that erosion rates were 7 feet per year for the island,
and as high as 51 feet per year at Stono Inlet. The present day
erosion rates vary from about 1.5 to 6.0 feet per year according
to studies done by the South Carolina Cdastal Council. The Corps
recommended then, as now, hard stabilization to combat erosion.
The long-term effects of the Charleston jetties will be discussed
and illustrated at Folly Stop 2 at Lighthouse Inlet.
    The dune ridges of Folly's interior provide a moderately
protected area for development.  Maritime forest, shrubbery,I
modest dune elevation, and a buffer of salt marsh on the
soundside typify the interior. Houses built within the forest
and dunes suffered little during Hurricane Hugo, except by storm3
surge flooding and wind damage to trees.

     Folly Island is developed along its length and width, with
the exception of its extreme ends. The northern end is a U. S.
Coast Guard facility; the southern end is a county park. Wood
frame, single-family beach cottages and several small commercial
buildings comprise the majority of the island's development. The
dominant structure on the island is the Holiday inn located at
the end of SC Route 171. The inn was built in 1985'on the site
of the old Folly Beach Pavilion, a popular gathering place since
before world war II.  The Folly Beach pavilion/pier was opened in         I
the 1920's and burned in 1957. it was rebuilt in 1960 but burned
again in 1977 and was not rebuilt.3

     The community of Folly Beach began developing around 1920.
Until 1957 drinking water was brought onto the island from 
Charleston.  A pipeline was completed in 1957 and the year-round5
population now is about 1200. Erosion control structures such as

                               233







3     ~rubble.-revetments, groins, and seawalls soon followed.  Parts of
-     ~the state-maintained timber groin system date to the 1940's.  At
      present, the shorefront of Polly Beach is fortified by a field of
5 ~seawalls, revetment and bulkheads.

           Hurricane Hugo caused severe damage along the entire length
      of the island. A landmark was lost--the Atlantic House, built
U    ~in 1938, was destroyed.  Storm surge elevation has been estimated
      at between 10 and 12 feet for Folly. After Hugo passed and the
      surge water started to flow back to the sea, many storm-surge ebb
      channels were scoured forming several washouts along the length
      of the island. Consequently, severe house and road damage was
      sustained in areas. Return waters focused around the ends of the
      Holiday inn seawall destroying homes and parts of Arctic Avenue
I    ~(Stop 1).  Also at Stop I we will discuss a method to reduce the
       impacts of overwash and storm-surge ebb by simply blocking off
       some the roads that run perpendicular to the shore, acting as
U    ~conduits for storm waters.
           The pattern of erosion on Folly is such that there is an
5     ~inflection point near its northern end.  This is approximately
       the area of an inlet that was open during the Civil War. This
       inlet separated Little Folly island to the north from Folly
       island. The low area is frequently overwashed by storms and is
S   ~now locally referred to as "The Washout".  Houses and part of
      Ashley Avenue were destroyed at another large washout immediately
       north of the Folly's inflection point (Stop 3). The houses will
U   ~not be rebuilt because of the new South Carolina coastal
       regulations. The road has been rebuilt and is located partially
       in the marsh because of the narrowness of the island in this
       area. A large revetment was emplaced to protect the road
       replacing a smaller revetment that was destroyed by Hugo.
            For further information, refer to Figure 4.14 on page 96 of
       Living With the South Carolina Shore. included therein are
       descriptions and island safety analysis.















        3                               ~~~~~~~~~~~24



























                                             /O^,,^.5clfls                      1*\~  /  \   | Prevent soundside dock building or establish better construction
                                                    A...~~~~ | standards                                                                            ;  .. .




                                     ?l                                      ï¿½1.      iï¿½xus  ,,I  i '  al'         %  1 ;
                            /OLL'          .4iR           T.-4**NT                          C O       E        N
                                                                  A TLANTIC                            OCEAN                    v       * Replenish beach
                                                                                                                                     * Bulldoze beach (in emergency only)
1* Replenish beach                             ,                                                                                            * Relocate houses as shoreline retreats
DKeep construction density low                                     * Replenish beach                                                        * Do not rebuild homes following storms
Bulldoze beach (in emergency only)                                 * Elevate road ends between 2nd street and 7th street
                      Replenish beach                            * Consider relocation of front row buildings
              Elevate end of 9th Avenue                           * Replace selective roads with sand
              l* Bulldoze beach (in emergency only)

                                        r  Replenish beach                 i
     FOLLY   ISLAND                       * Elevate and curve road ends                         * Replenish beach                                                      ONE MILE
                                        * Consider relocation of front row buildings          * Bulldoze beach (in emergency only)
                                        * Replace selective roads with sand                   * Build road as far back as possible following storm
                                        * Bulldoze beach (in emergency only)                  * Do not rebuild homes following storms









                        -s                              m                                - m                                          m 








                          FOLLY ISLAND
                           STOP # 1
                   HOLIDAY INN AT END of RT 171





                       7\ AS LIEY kAV.. WBAS  "r





          F-OR OVER4_WA  4_ _





     PROBLEMS

- Ends of the Holiday Inn seawall responsible for channeling of
     return water

     ASSETS

- Island relatively wide
- Construction density low

     HUGO RESPONSE

- Artic Road destroyed by storm surge return

     RECOMMENDATIONS

* Rebuild property away from end of seawall
* Raise frontal dune elevation especially at ends of seawall
* Replenish beach
* Curve and elevate road ends


I~~~~~~~2






           3RD AVE. EAST  000cI
           0          1 ,(ooo
               oj~0   0 0   00         oS
        0 0i         00    0   o0o
        00     0      1 0  * 0 0 r- L__    )P   0 0P0
           o~.iD 0                                     00~~co  0
              0  ooO~:!o               oo00 000 jOO  000
            0 000o0 02.30 0000000     00    00oc0~ 00     ASHLEY
        o0     0 00  C) 00C
              ~~b    00                              0000 AVE. EAST
        o 0 I.0000 0 00000  cdoo   % )"0,4.
        0owb0000 0o0oo0o     0 o  W oo o    0 o00O0000 0  Y00 o0 I
          I      I         I      I               II    I
1. DUNE BUILDING AND BLOCKING INTERSECTIONS; NO BUILDINGS MOVED;
  NO ROAD CONSTRUCTION.




           0       0  0 0 0 001
           0,~0      0 0O0  00     0o&
           0~~~~ 0   0          0o o 0oL..0  0o       0

             oo0o                     o 0~   000  0 o   0 0
         wooki0o000 0 10 0  0o 0_11 0 00Ok0 00                              In
          0        0                                   voooooooUo,~0

        000 0C0000oO000000  00o o o0 0  0 00 000000 0000 0 0
           I                       I               I  I1  
2. MINOR ROAD BUILDING: MOVE PARTS OF SOME ROADS; PUT PILES OF

  SAND IN SHADED-IN AREAS. REDUCED EASE OF ACCESS IN SOME CASES.



           0       0   0 0 000         01 
           00        000 0 0 0 0 00   o&
           00~~~0    
          -.,,,'0o    oo o~,\oo~ori\b   0  000
               or-xo00 00                     ~0~0 00 go-
          00 cn   00  00  "o                 N 000000 o  '0OO,0 
          00m~iV000  000000 --00  00 00060
        0 8~0  OO-                     0oouoN- 11
       0 OWOOO0000000ooo 00 0      '00 0 p000000000 00 0
          I      I         I              I 1            T
3. SIMILAR TO NO. 1, EXCEPT SOME STREETS ARE MOVED TO
  MIDDLE OF BLOCKS.I


       THREE SITE-SPECIFIC PLANS TO REDUCE IMPACT OF1

       OVERWASH AND STORM SURGE EBB ON FOLLY BEACH

                                           Z7~~~~~~~















            *  '-* * --:  -CHARLESTON
                         HARBOR



























LIHTHOUSE INLET, FOLLY ISLAND- STOP 2






                                        S~~~~







                          Su LIVANS    IN  -ET





           I ItI




                MORR~~~~~~~~~I



     ISLAND~~~~~

                          ---105A RW LINE
                             1979 KW. LINE


         I 1111   -oc S-10  --F-r~ tG FOM  5HORF LU~4-r-

FOLLY )i~i~-iv~~1  M(~M5Q~ 
ISLAND      190-0A1  THE-~ 5HOl~--j-lN5-











        MQRRI5 lI3L-ANP CI&HTHOU5~,
      A2NP  THE. C.HAl:L~bTQN  JFT-rl-rI:5I







                              --Related Issue--


 I         ~~The Case for Relocation of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
                             MOVE IT OR LOSE IT!



           As we stand and view the Morris island lighthouse as it sits
      some 2000 feet offshore,'we have the opportunity to present the
      issue of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse located near Buxton, North
      Carolina, just north of Cape Hatteras. The controversy
      surrounding the options for preserving the Cape Hatteras
      Lighthouse is a microcosm of shoreline management issues.
      Arguably the world's most famous lighthouse, the Cape Hatteras
      Lighthouse stands 208 feet tall, the tallest brick lighthouse in
I.  ~the United States.  For 120 years it has warned mariners of the
      treacherous waters which have given North Carolina's Outer Banks
      the nickname "Graveyard of the Atlantic".

           The present light at Cape Hatteras was first lighted in
      1870. It replaced a smaller lighthouse that had far less
      illuminating power. Since the present light was first seriously
      threatened by shoreline erosion in the 1930's until 1981, the
      National Park Service (NPS) spent about $15 million on interim
      protection methods. it should be noted that many of the
I   ~shoreline protection methods were primarily for protection of a
      U. S. Navy facility located just to the north of the lighthouse.
      These include groins, beach nourishment, and sandbagging. In
U   ~1980 when the light was almost lost to a winter storm, NPS began
      investigating methods of "long-term" protection in order to find
      a "solution" to the erosion-problem.

 I         ~~NPS was directed by the Department of the interior to find a
      protection method that would meet three criteria: (1) The
      lighthouse will be saved, (2) the solution will be permanent, and
I    ~(3) there must not be major recurring costs.  Despite all the
      swirling controversy, an examination of all facts clearly shows
      that only moving the lighthouse satisfies each of these criteria.
      That conclusion was reached by the Move The Lighthouse Committee
      which, in 1987, helped convince NPS to re-examine the issue. The
      same conclusion was also reached by the Committee on Options for
      Preserving the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, formed by the National
      Research Council (NRC) in July, 1987, at the request of NPS.
           Details of the issue are too lengthy to get into in this
U    ~guide.  Listed below are some important facts and dates.
      Following that list is a recent newspaper article which seems to
      indicate that NPS has decided to let the lighthouse fall in,
I    ~contrary to what they have publicly stated.  Much of the

        U .                            ~~~~~~~~~~~30







chronology below is taken from NPS's Environmental Assessment for
the Lighthouse Protection Plan, published in 1982.



1870:     existing lighthouse opened, at 208 feet it is the
          tallest brick lighthouse in US. Original distance from
          the sea: 1500 feet.

1919:     shoreline within 300 feet of lighthouse

1935:     shoreline migration brings the sea to within 100 feet

1936:     Coast Guard abandoned lighthouse.  Light moved to steel
          skeleton tower in Buxton Woods, one mile west. Erosion
          control attempted with construction of sheet steel
          piling.

late
1930's:   CCC begins dune-building project, hopefully to prevent
          overwash and to allow future development behind it.

1950:     Shoreline stabilized (naturally and temporarily) and
          Cape Hatteras Lighthouse reactivated by Coast Guard.
          Ownership of the structure had been transferred to NPS.

1966:     312,000 cubic yards of sand pumped from Pamlico Sound
          to stabilize shoreline.

1967:     Nylon sand-filled bags emplaced in front of lighthouse
          to stabilize. Some still remain today.

1969:     U. S. Navy builds three groins to protect Naval
          facility and lighthouse. They were destroyed by storms
          and rebuilt in 1975.

1971-
 1973:    Two replenishment projects emplaced 1.5 million cubic
          yards of sand from Cape Hatteras Point to the
          Lighthouse area. September, 1973 found the sea 175
          feet from the old lighthouse ruins and 600 feet south
          of the present lighthouse.

1978:     Water reaches old lighthouse ruins.

1980:     March storm washed away remaining ruins of the original
          lighthouse and water reaches within 70 feet of present
          lighthouse.

1980:     During the summer, NPS received results of study of
          Cape Hatteras erosion problem, and asked the U. S. Army
          Corps of Engineers (ACOE) for evaluation.

                                31








1982:     Public workshop held April 1-2 in Manteo, NC to discuss
          alternatives for protecting lighthouse. Options
          included a seawall revetment, offshore breakwaters,
          beach nourishment, additional groin, relocation and no
          action.

1985:     NPS selects seawall revetment as best option.

1986:     Move the Lighthouse Committee organizes.

1987:     NPS decides to review options, asks NRC for help.

1988:     NRC final report unanimously selects relocation as the
          best option.

1989:     NPS announces in early summer that relocation is the
          preferred alternative, and again asks for public input.
          In December NPS announces that relocation of the
          lighthouse is the best way to preserve it.

1990:     Looks like NPS is blowing smoke and will let the
          lighthouse fall in,






























                               32
















~~~~~~-~~~~~1***~~~~AVL .  .TI



  - -  - I     -~~~~~~  ~      ~                MOIE4.~ &OI












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    A.C'OMFN~$NQ   bZ ANp F~5N



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     5-TAY6 iN pt-Ac-p-










                    N.,









Lighthouse

 Preservation

 Best Option
  After ten years of studying the
problem of erosion around the Cape
Hattcras Lighthouse, there is still firm
disagreement from all competing sec-
tors on what is the best way to proceed.
So for the present the Park Service is
going to concentrate on preserving the
historic structure, maintaining the
beach and strengthening the groins
around it to preserve the lighthouse in
its present place, Tomn  Hartman, Su-
perintendent of the Cape Hatteras
Seashore, told the Manteu Commis-
sioners at Wednesday night's board
meeting.
  The original Park Service decision
about 10 years ago was to allow the
sea to claim the lighthouse as rising
ocean waters advance'against the point
where the lighthouse stands, but op-
position arose within two weeks of this
announcement and a group of citizens
at a workshop called to study various                                                                                   I
options agreed that a sea wall would be
the best protection.
  The idea was funded by Congress,
but tlhree years ago, just before the
Park Service was slated to receive the       FROM:  THE COASTLAND  TIMES, FEB  10 1990.
money, a group of engineers and scien-
tists forming the "Move the Ligh-
thouse Committee" proposed relocat-
ing the lighthouse to a site about 1,500
feet from the point. They contended
that constructing a wall was a violation
of state and national policy against
building hardened structures on-4c.                                                                                     I
beach, and that I"i.:a11 . v,.u'ld c:'m
very.liltic in comparison with the $5
million cost of building a sea wall.
  Eventually, the National Academy
of Sciences studied the proposals and
agreed that moving the lighthouse was
the best way to protect it for a long
period of time, but during the time it
took for this study to be done opposi-
tion to the plan arose from residents of
Hatteras Island who preferred beefing
up the point with more  traditional
methods of protection, from a national                                                                                 I
group which wanted to save the ligh-
thouse, and from Rep. Walter B. Jones
who also expressed opposition.
  Hartman  said that at present the
Park Service has money fur preserva-
tion and maintenance, but none for
moving the lighthouse. "Maybe some-                                                                                   I
day the public will be ready to move
the  lighthouse.,"  he  said.  For  the
present though, "I am committed to
doing the best I can to preserve it
where it sits. We're going to do what
the citizens want," he said.









  Cape Hatteras to Salvo                                                      Long Term Average Annual Erosion Rates
  page 10 of 14                                                                                       Updated Through 1986

                                                                                                          North Carolina
                                                                                      Division of Coastal Management
                                                                                                    For more information contact us at:
                                                                                                                 .RO. Box 27687
                                                |i L.z  P                                  Hi  ,Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7687
                                                                                                   f  -2,~  V'~'., '~   919-733-2293


                     . -: ~;, f    - =                                  CI




U 250

 F 20-

 i 15-
   .-I-                                                                                               \









   20
  4 -







    2









                              FOLLY ISLAND

                         EAST END OF FOLLY BEACH
                              "WASHOUT ZONE"



  I L IU                                                                       I

               -A'..   : . ... ...l.  ::,:\ 


 FF_ _. S   _T                     :                                           I









     PROBLEMS

- Island very narrow
- Ashley Avenue too close to water
- Historical inlet site

      HUGO RESPONSE

- West end of Ashley Avenue washed away
- Area of most intense property damage

      RECOMMENDATIONS

* Build Ashley Avenue as far back as possible following storms
* Replenish beach
* Do not rebuild following storms





                               37












                                                                       4 .,









I                                                          .





         I| ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ï¿½ ï¿½                      MODERN DAY WASHOUT ZONE
                                                      AND HISTORIC INLET LOCATION






   FIGURE SHOWING FOLLY ISLAND AND LITTLE FOLLY. (FROM TIME AND TIDE
I      ON FOLLY BEACH, S.C: BY G. STRINGER- ROBINSON)






                        PAWLEYS ISLAND
    Pawleys island is a narrow, low-lying island trending NNE-
SSW and developed over its 3.5 mile length and 0.5 mile width by
single-family primary residences and second homes.  ConstructionI
type is primarily wood frame. The island's permanent population
is about 700 with over 3000 people living there during the
summer.  The real crowding of development started when theI
island's two causeways were built. Several condominiums have
attracted more residents to Pawleys.

    Midway inlet lies to the north and Pawleys Inlet to theI
south. maximum elevation on the island is about 11 feet. SLOSH
models indicate that storm surge from a category I hurricane
would flood both ends of the island, a category 3 surge wouldI
flood the entire island. Long-term erosion rates have averaged
about 2 feet per year between 1872 and 1966. Range of erosion
rates is from 7 feet per year to places where accretion is
actually occurring and the island is building out. The groin
field is evidence of efforts to battle oceanfront erosion.

    About 25% of the island is covered with high dunes andI
dense maritime forest.  The other 75% consists of low-lying spit,
and areas where protective dunes and vegetation have been
flattened for development.  Both Pawleys Inlet to the south andI
Midway Inlet to the north are unstable, migrating inlets and
both exert an influence over this short island. New inlet
formation is likely, and occurred on the southern spit duringI
Hugo. The Hugo inlet has been filled in artificially.

     Hurricane Hugo left the island with extensive property
damage, overwash and the new inlet.' Examination of the island
following Hugo revealed a spectrum of property damage that
appears to have been a function of the presence of protective
dunes, setback and vegetation.  Relatively little damage occurredI
where houses are well elevated, well back from the beach, behind
the frontal dune, and enveloped by dune and maritime forest. The
most severe damage is found where the interior dunes and maritimeI
forest had been removed for roads, houses, driveways and parking

    Water, sand and debris carried to the interior of the islandI
along roads such as First Street and Shell Drive was another
cause of a great deal of property damage. The roads that lie
perpendicular to the shore link the beach to the sound.  Pawleys'U
boat ramps provide ideal conduits for the return of storm waters
(termed storm-surge ebb). Storm-surge ebb caused scour channels
which undermined roadways and damaged houses and property.  IfI
the direct line created by straight perpendicular roads could be
interrupted as in the plan presented and discussed on Folly
Island, the amount of damage done by storm-surge ebb waters could
be reduced.

                               39I








           Backbarrier marshes help to contain flood waters, dampen
      soundside wave energy, and add width and elevation to the island.
I   ~In some areas of Pawleys, marshes have been removed or filled for
      construction. The "restoration" of backbarrier marsh wherever
      possible would help Pawleys (and other islands) face future
      storms and sea-level rise. We'll see some good examples of this
      on the trip, especially on Bogue Banks on Wednesday.
           A plan of beach replenishment, re-establishment of maritime
I   ~forest and low interior dunes, and relocation of buildings as
      they are threatened would serve Pawleys well. Several houses are
      located on deep lots and thus have a lot of "room to move"
      Unfortunately, the common situation on Pawleys (and elsewhere) is
      one of overcrowding--too many buildings on too little land. The
      only type of relocation possible for many structures is to
U ~demolish and rebuild elsewhere.
           on this trip we will make three stops on Pawleys. We will
      stop first on the southern tip of the island, on Pawleys spit and
I   ~observe a very low elevation part of the island and the location
      of an inlet formed by Hugo that has since been filled in. Then
      we will go for a short beach walk to see how forest and dunes
      protected some property from severe damage. Finally we will go
      to the northern end of the island to observe an area where the
      dunes and forest had been removed and where roads run
*     ~perpendicular to the shoreline and all the way from ocean to
      sound.
           See Figure 4.11. on pages 84 and 85 of Living With the South
      Carolina Shore for Pawleys island site description and safety
      analysis.









        I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 










                             * Build and vegetate interior and frontal dunes
                             * Reestablish maritime forest
                             * Replace selective roads with sand
                             * Elevate ends of Pritchard St, Springs Ave, and Myrtle Ave

* Do not rebuild following storms                                                                            * Block off with sand, oceanside access at 2nd street
* Replenish beach                                                                                            * Block off with sand, soundside access at 3rd street
* Build and vegetate dunes                       * Reestablish maritime forest and interior dunes           * Do not rebuild homes following storms
* Replenish soundside of island                  * Build and maintain frontal dune                           * Replace lawns with dunes and native vegetation
 and relocate structures as necessary            * Elevate ends of beach access ways                        * Reestablish interior dunes and maritime forest
                                                * Consider relocation                                      * Replace selective roads with sand


             ~IL/


  pawleys                                    I                      I                                                                 Midway
    inlet                                                                                                                              Inlet
      * Relocate houses as shoreline retreat                                                           Block                soundside access at Shell Drive
      * Relocate houses from top of frontal dunes inmmediately                                       * Replace lawns with dune and native vegetation
      * Reestablish marsh on soundside where possible                                                * Keep construction density low near inlet
      * Reestablish interior dunes and maritime forest                                               * Maintain frontal dune
                                                     * Block off with sand, oceanside access at First Street
                                                     * Reestablish maritime forest and interior dunes
                                                     * Build and maintain frontal dune
                                                     * Elevate Atlantic Ave and First Street over, not through interior
                                                           dunes
I                               I
          ONE MILE


PAWLEYS ISLAND















  0     ~~~1/2__   1
       One Mile











            Pa wleysI                                                                       Inlet
              Inlet
                     STOP I- END OF SPIT   STOP2- SHORT BEACHWALK

                                                               STOP 3- AREA OF FOREST AND DUNE REMOVAL



PAWLEYS ISLAND







               MYRTLE BEACH AND THE GRAND STRANDI
    This northernmost portion of the South Carolina shoreline is
not a barrier island but is technically part of the mainland
shoreline. From Little River inlet at the North Carolina/South
Carolina state line to the community of Garden City Beach is a
stretch of almost 50 miles of continuous wide beach known as the
Grand Strand. it is one of the most popular resort areas in the
United States.
    According to an Army Corps of Engineer report, there is $1.4I
billion worth of development on the oceanfront in this area. The
beach-front property is in severe danger from storms. The high-
risk area is restricted to a narrow zone, however, for a varietyI
of reasons. First, the mainland is very steep compared to
barrier islands, so storm surge waters won't penetrate very far
inland, meaning the zone of overwash and storm-surge wave impactI
is very limited. Second, the erosion rate is relatively low,
about 3 feet per year. Also, there are no inlets, thus no inlet
hazard areas.
     A great deal of beach was lost during Hugo and extensive
beach replenishment projects are already completed or underway
for the various communities located along the Grand Strand.  InI
an effort to restore the recreation beach the City of North
Myrtle Beach undertook a $1.8 million beach nourishment project.
over 370,000 cubic yards of sand were placed along sections ofI
the beach that experience the most erosion. The nourishment
project was designed to help protect oceanfront property from
future storms and to provide a safe and attractive recreational
beach for residents and visitors.
     The City of North Myrtle Beach had no emergency
replenishment plan in place before Hugo.  Seeing the degraded             I
state of their beaches they were advised to take sand for their
replenishment project from a large shoal that was said to have
formed at Hog Inlet (to the north) during the storm.  Operating 
nearly around the clock, trucks were loaded to haul sand along
the beach to the appropriate locations. Nearly one-half of the
city's nine-mile long beachfront received sand from this
nourishment project.
     The drawback at North Myrtle Beach is that Hog Inlet now
suffers from an erosion problem!  Although some sand did build up         I
here during and soon after the storm, the inlet was still
changing to accommodate the changing configuration of its
channel.  Conditions at that stage had not reached anI
equilibrium state and have since altered again causing erosion on
the southern side of the inlet.

     The City of Myrtle Beach has more foresight. They hadI
purchased a large sand pit located inland, near the intersection
                               43I








      of US-17 and US-501. They have taken over 100,000 truckloads of
      sand from that source to replenish their beaches.

 I         ~~No site-specific mitigation maps were made for the Grand
      Strand Communities. General mitigation recommendations for the
      entire shoreline section include: Emergency bulldozing after
I   ~storms; continued replenishment with sand source from far inland;
      development of long-term relocation feasibility studies and
      plans; recognition of the swashes (such as Canepatch Swash which
      we will see an our beach walk Tuesday morning) as hazard areas,
      needing specialized restrictions on building and possibly some
      unique engineering solutions to get storm water flows safely back
      out to sea; and recognition of offshore rubble from Hugo as a
I   ~real hazard, necessitating a "Potential Debris inventory" done
      immediately so that potential hazards can be recognized and
*     ~removed.

           See Figures 4.4 and 4.5 on pages 72 through 75 of Living
      With the South Carolina Shore for description and safety analysis
      of the entire Grand Strand.















        I~~~~~~~~~~~~4

















                                              C     ~     aCATI.   n Fafer


                                        AREA  OF~                      MRINGBAHAKMRL EC

                  MYRTLE BEACH o'....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~









                                Bc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s h





NRHMYRTLE BEACH






  '-         M ~ M                   m'm   --M    








      U                        ~~~~~~~SUNSET BEACH, NC


           Sunset Beach is experiencing accretion along the central
      part of the island. The maximum long-term average annual
I   ~shoreline change as calculated by the North Carolina Division of
      Coastal management is over 8 feet of accretion per year for the
      past 50 years. Accretion rates tail off on either side of the
      central part of the island, and the ends have actually undergone
      long-term erosion.
           So much sand has built up at the pier that the space
I   ~underneath it filled up with sand and the pier had to be
      extended. Accretion has led to a wide dune field of relatively
      low elevation. This dune field was almost completely destroyed
U   ~by Hugo.  The point here is that the dunes did exactly what they
      are supposed to do. They were sacrificed to dissipate wave
      energy sparing the homes behind them. The present situation is
      one of a flat beach, but sand fencing is underway and will build
      up the dunes in the near future though it will take years for an
      appreciable volume of sand to accumulate.

 I         ~~No site-specific mitigation map was produced for Sunset
      Beach. its best asset is the long-term history of accretion.
      Continued sand fencing and limiting of development to the central
      parts of the island are strongly recommended.
           See Figure 61 on page 129 of From Currituck to Calabash for
      island description and safety analysis.












        U~~~~~~~~~~~~4




























   SU- NLETBEC                        -' 

----4r - -                           - -








.S.C. Line to Lockwood Folly Inlet                                                                                           Long Term Average Annual Erosion Rates
page 1 of 14                                                                                                                                                        Updated Through 1986

                                                                                                                                                                                    North Carolina

                                                                                                                                                  Division of Coastal Management
                                                                                                                                                                         For more information contact us at:
                                                                                                                                                                                               RO. Box 27687
                                                                                                                                                                                    Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7687
                                                                                                                                                                                                919-733-2293
                                                                                                                          _______________________________________________                  ~~~scale: linch - 2 miles




                                               f1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                                                        N



  25-

 120

 5                                                                                      *This area has been influenced by beach nourish-
                                            16                                                                                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ment - either for beach protection or dredge
                                                                                                                                                                           spoil disposal. This action artificially lowers
                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~these erosion rates. However, the exact extent
                                          K 10 -  of                           ibis                                                                    artificial~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~atti arIfcainfluence is not quantifiable or
                                                                                                                                                                           able to be mapped accurately. Beachfront
                                                                                                                                                                           owners and buyers may want to take this infor-
                                             5                                                                                                                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mation into account when purchasing property
                                          ~~    :eeo..ow                        ...-.-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~                                                           or designing projects.~~~~~~~~r esgnngprjets





  20


  ~14
  12
2' 12

I) 








                         TOPSAIL ISLAND


     Topsail island is a 22 mile long NE-SW trending barrier
island bounded by New River Inlet to the NE and New Topsail Inlet
to the SW.  it is a relatively low-elevation island, and would be         I
almost completely inundated in a category 1-2 hurricane storm
surge. A category 3 hurricane storm surge would completely cover
the island.  one of the most distressing aspects of Topsail fromI
a property damage mitigation viewpoint is that most of the new
development is taking place near the inlets each of which has a
history of instability.
    wood-frame single family houses typify construction on
Topsail. In the town centers, larger buildings--hotels, stores,
offices--are also mostly wood-frame.  The seaside of Topsail has 
many piers, with associated entertainment arcades and
restaurants. The most recent structures on Topsail are, among
more single-family homes, large condominiums.  These largeI
structures impose themselves on the natural low profile of the
island, and place more people and property at risk.

     New Topsail Inlet is migrating to the south. Bill Cleary, a
Geology Professor at the University of North Carolina at
Wilmington has studied extensively the habits of North Carolina
inlets.  He has found that as the inlet migrates, a bulge of sand         I
forming the northern margin of the inlet occurs on the beach, and
moves as the inlet moves. once the bulge moves on, rapid erosion
occurs in areas where there was once a wide beach.  As the inlet1
channel migrates within the inlet, the location of the bulge of
sand also changes accordingly.

     The artificially maintained inlet channel of New River inlet
determines the position of inlet-associated shoals, which provide
protection for North Topsail Shores. As maintained, the inlet
channel makes several sharp turns between ocean and sound.  Left          '
to its own devices, the channel would create a more direct, less
winding link. A storm is likely to realign the inlet through a
narrow section of West Onslow Beach. once the inlet shifts,
rapid erosion will occur on the north end of Topsail, no longer
in the lee of the inlet shoals.

     in between the two inlets, the communities of Topsail
Beach, Surf City and parts of the newly incorporated city of
North Topsail Shores are at risk from erosion on the beach and in
some areas of the soundside.  The community response toI
oceanfront beach erosion on Topsail has been soft stabilization.
That is, beach replenishment, bulldozing and sand bagging. These
methods should be continued.  However, rather than using beachI
and intertidal sand for replenishment and bulldozing, an off-

                               491







I     ~island source of sand should be located and purchased by the
      island communities.
 I          ~~~Bulkheading has been the response to soundside erosion.
      Yet, this ultimately decreases the island's width, and in a
      scenario of rising sea level, could weaken Topsail's defenses.
I   ~Backbarrier marsh should be re-established wherever possible.
           The interior of the island is open and flat, a topography
      typical of younger barrier islands. The frontal dune protects
      the interior "grasslands" and maritime forest. Overwash events
      carry sand to the interior of the island, increasing and
      maintaining the island's elevation as sea level rises. Topsail's
I   ~opportunities for maintaining elevation have been altered
      through development, because the frontal dune must remain fixed.
      The elevation of Topsail might be artificially maintained through
I   ~a program of replenishment in the island's interior.  Several
      methods by which replenishment might be accomplished include sand
      fencing, building and stabilizing through vegetation small dunes,
if ~and establishing maritime forests.
           Every community on Topsail should prohibit the construction
      of any new structures seaward of the main road. in addition, the
I   ~population density on the northern end of Topsail is getting to a
      critical point. We will see how easily State Route 1568 can be
      overwashed, cutting off the only evacuation route from the
I   ~northern end of the island.  moreover, the newly built section of
      the road, where it has been relocated landward, is in danger from
      flooding because of its low elevation.
 I         ~~Figures 45 and 46 on page 102 of From Currituck to Calabash
      contain island description and site analysis for Topsail Island.









        I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 









 old Topsail Inlet to New River Inlet
 page 5of 14                                                                            Long Term Average Annual Erosion Rates
                                                                                                              Updated Through 1I986

                                                                                                                         North Carolina
                                                                                                  Division of Coastal Management
                                                                                           P  If,    ~~~~~~~      For more information contact us at:
                                                                                                                                P0. Box 27687
                                                                                                                         Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7687
                                                                                                                                 919-733-2293
                                                                                              *                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Scale: llnich . 2 files







 25 -N

~20


 16

vA 5





  -5

 20

  14--
  12 
 lo



               - ~ ~ ~ ~~s -                               .w                           










                     -       ~~~~~TOPSAIL  SOU

       --  1opSA'~~        L.                                   L. SIJRP ~~    L.
                          I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      SEA VISTA HOTEL- STOP I

TOPSAIL ISLAND- SOUTH






                IDSTUMP    SOUND



                (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3~~E                              IE IN ET NORT TOPSIL~    SHORES STP
TOPAI ILN-N O RTH                     ~-----z~-*-* 







               INLET DYNAMICS AND TOPSAIL ISLANDI

    AS mentioned in the brief introduction of Topsail island,
Bill Cleary of UNC-Wilmington has extensively studied the
dynamics of both New Topsail inlet and New River inlet. The
following several figures are presented courtesy of Dr. Cleary.
    The figure on page 54 (Shape Changes at New Topsail Inlet)N
is a photo-collage of long-term shape changes of New Topsail
inlet. Points labeled 'IO" and "I" are fixed so southerly (to the
left) migration of the inlet can be visualized.  The figure alsoI
shows how changing shape and orientation of the inlet channel
changes the shape of the ebb tidal delta shoals, and the
corresponding change in shoreline erosion. In addition, the
channel itself can impact the shoreline inside the inlet and
cause significant erosion.
     The top figure on page 55 shows the history of the southerlyI
migration of New Topsail inlet. The dates refer to the year in
which the inlet was at a given position. ICWW is the
Intracoastal Waterway.  The bottom figure on page 55 is a cartoon    '
of a close-up look at New Topsail Inlet showing the shoreline
positions for the years 1856 (stippled shoreline), 1972
(diagonal pattern) and 1981 (no shading). Also given are erosion
rates for given locations (black dots) along the oceanfront. 'The
main point of the figure is to show that, as the inlet migrates,
the "drumstick" shape of the end of the island is translated in
space. The "fat" end of the drumstick can be thought of as a
bulge in the shoreline that is temporary at any one location. As
the inlet migrates, the bulge moves causing erosion at its
previous location.  The Sea Vista Motel in Topsail Beach isI
located in just such an area. The table in the center of page
55 lists inlet migration rates for given time periods.

     The figure on page 56 shows several photographs of the areaI
around the Sea Vista Motel, all taken prior to beach
replenishment. Photo A is from 1975, B is from 1978, C is from
1984, D is from 1985, E is from 1986 and F is from 1987.  The 
arrow in photos A, C and F points to the Intracoastal Waterway.












                               531










-                    ~~~~~300m 




.LEA Is.

              TOPSAIL I








           300m1
          2-21-56








WASHOVES___
                                       300m





         NEW TOPSAIL INLET


                I                                  .          $~~~~~~~
         IcwwSLP
                                        :~~~~


                        ...........I

197   195  1925 '1888  81           18
   1974 4

                    km



            Inlet Migration Summary
      Years       Distance (i)  Rate (m/yr)
    1738 - 1986       9450m          38m/yr
    1856 - 1963       2070m          19m/yr
    1963 - 1981        680m          34m/yr




             1856 -1972


        1981

                                      1972~~




    1972 -1981  7.3 10.1  12.2  120  a6  8.5    7.0  64  6.Om/yr  II

                   55a

























            all C3.~












rl-~-






                       --Related issue-- 


               The Folly of Shoreline Engineering

    Now that we've gotten a little background in inlet dynamics
(and we'll see more at the northern end of Topsail island) it is
a good time to talk about some shoreline engineering projects
proposed for the North Carolina coast, two of which are located            I
within inlet zones. Recall that hard stabilization of the
shoreline is not permitted in North Carolina, but we are seeing
increasing pressure to do so as more and more development is met 
head-on by the migrating shoreline.

    Orrin Pilkey will discuss the terminal groin proposed for
the southern end of Topsail island, the proposed seawall toN
protect Fort Fisher (figures on page 58), and the Oregon inlet
"terminal groin" project (figure on page 59).1














                                        57~~~~~~~~~~~~I


















I~~~GM


U~~~rTI

                    -5HORF-LINE.~ ~~~~KRE


          P.r TOPL                       .                   L0O,1, N

           6,,UbF .2 15YE.                                 UTUE-AWL
              &ROIN                .)OAIF
                                                              P)ITO






     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Is







                            AIL-ANTIC- OCMAN .AH   G6r  UK   P.P-


                                IMIZMINAL~ C#IZOIN'                           44F~AsLe bot

          N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~O~(O PCA ISLAt








                                                                        0    1/4

                                   "MIMNAL GROIN"  PIZOJFG-r                      410,000,~~~~M









                                                               MAINrE~NANC-E, PPK&-NTL.-i


                                                               P05515iL.Y No AIWITIONAL.
5OFTr AL-rfKgNATIVF,



         NE~~i~.J ~B-V~.ï¿½ME.NT           PFEPCTADL~.P L.I(oI.4  KKO51ONI

                     M F. W K &V ra~r M F~ N'T

















                                                                *1,0O0,OO0 PL.U5 I"JCRFM-M~Nï¿½ 
T)F,1  ALTFEKNATIN SV~_F' MCRAM






      Topsail Island Stop 2: New River Inlet

           The next two figures, again courtesy of Bill Cleary, are
      from New River Inlet, at the northern end of the island. The
      figure on page 61 shows photographs from 1938 and 1986, before
      and after the Army Corps of Engineers began maintaining the
I    ~channel by dredging.  White triangles on either side of the inlet
      in each photograph give reference points. It is easy to see the
      change in the size of the ebb tidal delta (the offshore sand
      shoals delineated by the breaking waves), the change in the width
      of the inlet channel, and the relative change in offset of the
      two island shorelines.

 I         ~~The figure on page 62 shows graphically the position of the
      shoreline on either side of New River inlet in 1938, 1959 and
      1980. An overall sense of rotation of the inlet is seen.
           The ramifications of maintaining the channel by dredging
      are: (1) the beach on the marine Corps island to the north
      (right in the photos) is eroding and steepening making it
      difficult for beach-landing vehicles and exercises; and (2) The
      northern end of Topsail Island is out of equilibrium as the inlet
      wants to migrate to the south, presenting a severe danger from
I    ~flooding and inlet channel switching during the next major
      storm.











       I~~~~~~~~~~~~6













~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IM





"m " m m -m~~   MGmmgma



  METERS
         NEWV RIVER INLET


                           1980 
   1200.






   1000 







           10            ~20/                  30

















                . -7ï¿½\~     .   . UNDFFEREIATE D.. .
                                        . MARSH  AN
  X* ~'""'~/'~('"~tJ' .,  > m,~  ,TIDAL CREEKS 


              I-  .- -                              *'7-

              |               '     _      J   N~~~~~~EW RIVER
                                                INLET
   pier




PROBLEMS
     - Inlet hazard area includes everything within a mile of inlet
     - Large structures close to beach- overdevelopment
     - Road washouts make evacuation difficult
     - Shift in inlet will cause high erosion rates

ASSETS
     - Beach presently accreting due to ebb channel position
     - Extensive backbarrier marsh

RECOMMENDATIONS
      *Do not rebuild following storm
      *No new construction seaward of road
      *Establish frontal dune



 Mitigation Strategies for the New River Inlet area
 of north Topsail Island
                            (05







      I                         ~~~~~~~BOGUE BANKS, NC


           Bogue Banks is over 25 miles long and over I mile wide at
      its widest. it is oriented essentially east-west. It is an
      extremely high elevation island, with dunes reaching over 35 feet
      high in the western end. Even the relatively narrow, low
      elevation central part of the island is higher elevation than any
      other island we've seen on this trip. The storm surge from a
U   ~category 5 hurricane would flood only about one-half of the
      western end of the island, though all of the eastern half would
      be covered. we will be making four separate stops on Bogue
      Banks, the locations of which are shown in the figure on page 66.
           An interesting point about Bogue Banks is that there are
      five separate communities on the island, each with a different
      philosophy about "Living with the shoreline". in addition, the
      island can be divided up into three distinct parts geologically.
      The eastern one-third is low-to-moderate elevation-and wide. The
      central one-third is low elevation and narrow. The western one-
      third is extremely high elevation and very wide.

 5         ~~Bogue Banks was not touched by Hugo, but is an important
      island to study because of its high elevation, large amount of
      sand in the system, and relative "safety" in places compared to
      other islands we have visited.
           we will not see the extreme eastern end of the island, Fort
      Macon to Money Island Beach (near Atlantic Beach town limits).
I   ~much of the eastern end is a state park and is largely
      undeveloped. much of this area is a high-hazard zone. Fort
      Macon State Park will not be developed much beyond its present
      status, and its dunes, beach and forest will remain in a
      relatively natural state. The actual fort area has been damaged
      by past storms. In fact, the earlier stone Fort Hampton, which
      protected the inlet during the War of 1812, was destroyed bya
      severe hurricane of the early 1800's. Private property between
      the park and the Atlantic Beach town limits also suffered in past
      storms. The large area subject to either overwash, a high rate.
I   ~of shoreline erosion, storm-surge flooding, or active sand dunes,
      minimizes the number of sites safe for development. Safe Sites
      are located near the center of the island where shrub stands and
I   ~maritime woods indicate island stability.  Any structures above
      the 100-year storm-surge level are safe from flooding.
           Atlantic Beach will be our last stop and represents the
      portion of the island most modified by man. The natural contours
      and environments have been highly altered or obliterated. marsh
      fill, finger canals, and septic tanks further detract from the
      island's natural character.

       1                              ~~~~~~~~~~~64








     Pine Knoll Shores to Salter Path ~includes some of the
highest, widest and most stable areas of the island. Much of
this areas is suitable for development so long as the naturalI
environment, especially the high-forested, middle-to-back areas
of the island, is maintained. Although the frontal dune is high
and continuous, it is narrow and eroding. Therefore, the beach
front is not suitable for development. Buildings on the ocean
side of the island should be set back from the frontal dune and
trough-like depressions behind parts of the dune line.
     The narrow portion of the island, essentially the eastern
part of the town of Emeraldsle, is generally a poor area for
development.  Most of this part of the island is low, narrow andI
lacks protective dunes, vegetation and backmarsh. Consequently,
this zone is highly vulnerable to inlet formation. Locally,
black-shell sediment is indicative of sediment that was dredged
from the lagoon to fill inlets that were cut during hurricane             i
Hazel. Nearby, dune removal for development has probably
increased the likelihood of inlet formation and complete overwash
in some parts of this zone.  The combined threats of storm                1
flooding, inlet formation, and overwash burial of roads make this
a prime danger area for evacuation in case of a hurricane
warning.
     Near the western end of the island, as mentioned, are the
highest sand dunes we will see on this trip, testimony to the
large volumes of sand moving ashore in this area.
     Figures 43-44 on page 101 in From Currituck to Calabash
describe the island and safety anal-ysis for Bogue Banks.










                                         65~~~~~~





















                                                                                                     S.AX2rIPICA.L. MA~tH

                                          MINIMIZ  6 K MOVAI..                                          6c.Xow-r (pFR*F:tP)


                                                       BOGUE~ ~ ~                                SOUND STOPND









                                                              R~~-PAII~~ PUN~~ &AP~                        TOF 4
                                                'rIZUC.K IN SAND (P &FdZe~rIP) OlZ



BOGUE BANKS EAST                                                                                    S.PX CAVAT42 FRONTAL.    90-F-L-r-1415   brA"  UIN









BOGUlE BANKS WIEST                                                                                                AMOTDIAT.F_~ WOMF- PAKK:
                       MINIMIZF. lPf Ke-MOVA.P1                                                            AL.  L 1A.VOIp                          I. bJUI.Kwf-AP Oft

                                                                                                            1A. *voIp WITI-I FNrOUv.Aj&E.mJENT   mAkglbH 6114LOINIT"






         Po~~ie~~L- ~ ~   5 _lE9AI &A( E4VTROCFA .N  o                                                                                                     9A FAKK.VNE  6A)






    KE.I-O(-ATION     PUNmt           -&PAM E- DAP.1 ovr.  VUNB.-,               -5Cj4AfPa 5AN1

SITE-








pague 7Banks                                                                           Long Term Average Annual Erosion Rates

                       page~~~~~~~of 14 ~~~~~~~Updated Through 1986

                                                                                                      North Carolina
                                                                                   Division of Coastal Management
                                                              ~~ ~~u   - -  -  -~~~~~ ~   ~~    - ~     For more information contact us at:
                                                                      v S  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P.O. Box 27687
                                                                                                      Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7687
                                                      ~~~~~ .~~~~~~~~~~~~, ~~~~~~~919-733-2293
                                                                                                           Scale: I Inch - 2 Mlies







25-

 20-


                           2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C
 10                                                                                                                                       v


                           3-0 0                                                                                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0.2
                                                                                                              2-

-5-                                                                                       HE   go

20
14
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Ma

14







Islander Motor Inn, Bogue Banks: Dune and forest removal for
     commercial development.






                        -'Y''~ Z~..% 'M -- 'an,,~;,
                                  z~~~-












                  1    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
             ' 9                        96."  z
                ~~~~~



                      1 1 go- ' *  e ' . 5



                CN  U      Xa 
                             ~~~~,     'b .........
               ~~~





                          o    v-1:Z0A
                           .2               2




     At this location, maritime forest and sand dunes were
removed for siting of large commercial structures. These
buildings sit on top of what amounts to a sandy bluff, 12 feet or
so high, eroding at a long-term average rate of 2   feet per year.
In addition, roads run perpendicular to the shore and the dunes
are notched which allow for increased overwash penetration and
storm-surge ebb flow.

     Recommendations for this area are to add new sand on top of
the bluff to increase the elevation and to replace sand dunes
that were removed. Interior dunes should be replaced as well.
The maritime forest should be re-established, although that is a
longer-term project.  Oc      ean ends   of roads should be curved and
elevated where possible.

                                 68








Bogue Banks Stop 1: Massive Dune Removal for Residential
     Development, ocean View Drive and Shell Drive, Emerald isle.3


     There is no site-specific map for this location, but it is
similar in many respects to the Islander Motor Inn stop, though
here the dunes are much higher and excavation was done for siting
of residential development.  The simplified mitigation map on             I
page 66 shows the location of this stop.
     The original dunes here were very high and have been largely
removed.  The highest dunes, just to the west of the end of ocean         B
View' Drive, are over 35 feet high. Here one can see the sharp
bulldozed edge of the natural dune field and can get an idea of
the magnitude of sand removal.  in terms of storm damage                  I
mitigation, dune removal is a very serious flood and storm surge
wave hazard. Fortunately, property construction here was set
back far enough so that sand fencing has been effective in                1
trapping sand and rebuilding dunes to afford some protection
for property owners from the threat of hazardous overwash. The
new dunes are nowhere need the volume of the original dunes,
however.  Continued sand fencing and even addition of sand from           .
an off-island source are good options here. Sand fencing is most
effective when property is set back far enough so that there is
enough space for dunes to build and stabilize.  it helps that 
Bogue Banks is a very high sand-supply island, meaning that
geologic conditions are right for a lot of sand to be moving
onshiore.  This is evidenced by the enormous sand volume of theB
island in contrast to some of the other islands we have visited.









                                          69~~~~~







3     ~Bogue Banks Stop 2: Hurricane Hazel Inlets

           The simplified mitigation map on page 66 shows, near the
I    ~right hand side of the lower figure, the location of two inlets
      openec. during Hurricane Hazel in 1.954. We will be stopping near
      the western of the two inlets. The inlet was filled in by
I    ~dredging of sand from the lagoon.  As we walk along this area,
      look for characteristic black-stained shells mixed in with the
      regula.r sand. Black staining is common in the lagoonal
S    ~envirc'nment and is testimony that sediment was dredged from the
      lagoor. to fill the inlet and raise the island's elevation. The
      islanc. is very narrow in this area and extremely low in places.
      A small flood tidal delta was formed in the sound. Its size was
      probably limited by the length of time the inlet was open.
      Across the street an extremely low depression remains, in the
S     ~vicinity of which a new house has recently been built.
            In terms of storm damage mitigation, this area of the island
      should be treated as if it were a present day inlet. It should
      be designated as an inlet hazard area. There are several options
       for any site on a barrier island where inlet formation has
      occurred historically or can be predicted.  These include:(1
      add elevation with off-island sand to make it a less likely
       location for a new inlet; (2) stabilize the area as if it were an
       inlet giving a degree of predictability of location of a new
       inlet; (3) prevent property development in the area.













        ï¿½~~~~~~~~~~~~7






Bogue Banks Stop 3:  Controlling Soundside Erosion, Pine Knoll
     Shores Country Club.



1. ERKO51ON AT
  Z5 Fat-f PEtI YFAR                           IOTH F5AIRWAY 













Z. MARS5H 6RIA5S5Ft PL.AN"TERP











S5. ..RO510  AT L.s-5S THAN                                               3
   ONE F~OOT PER YEAR 






     A salt marsh was successfully cultivated here to stabilize a
shoreline which was eroding at a rate of more than 20 feet per
year. The salt marsh acts as buffer to wave action and is a
simple way to build up the soundside shore and reduce the effects
of a major storm.


                                 71







        Bogue Banks Stop 4:  Giant Notches in Dunes at the Atlantic Beach
              Boardwalk.






                                             .~                   I







                                             [  ,.
             eist.blihetse. .r    .    M Aen, i    'i roa







             ,'%..ï¿½'~..~:~.t ; ' ~ .. -  ... '  ; .  '..',  ï¿½






          ~~~~I~~                                                 ~~~~~~... ''   ' '  AHp/Og L.P;s.






               Atlantic beach is very densely developed.  Several dune
         ridges were excavated for siting of all the commercial
         establishments and even for Morehead Avenue, the main road
         leading to the causeway and the mainland.  This area will allow
         penetration of overwash waters, putting a great deal of property
         at risk that otherwise would have been safe behind several rows
         of high dunes.

               Recommendations for this area are to build interior dunes
         behind the buildings and to build Morehead Avenue up over a
          rebuilt dune.


                                             72
U)EiI



I
I                                            APPENDICES

I
I

I
a

I
I
I

I

I
I
I

I
I
I
1                                                  73
U






                                 HURRICANE HUGO
                                    GENERAL SYNOPSIS
Hurricane Hugo was the strongest storm to make landfall in the mainland U.S. in
20 years (since hurricane Camille).

Date: September 9 - 24, 1989.
      Hugo made landfall in South Carolina on Sept. 22, 1989 at midnight.

Path: Leeward Islands; Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; South Carolina; North Carolina;
      western Virginia; West Virginia; eastern Ohio; Erie; Pennsylvania.

Damage: 49 people died (21 on U.S. mainland)
          $10 billion ($7 billion on U.S. mainland).

Maximum Intensity: (east of Leeward Islands) 27.5 inches of mercury,
                       160 mph surface winds. Category 5.
Intensity at U.S. Landfall: (Sullivan's Island) 28.02 inches of mercury, 140 mph surface
                              winds. Category 4. Eye moving NW at 25 mph.
Normal barometric pressure at sea level is 30 inches of mercury.

Storm Surge:  south end Bull's Bay, SC                   +19 feet
                McCleilanville, SC                     +14 feet
                Myrtle Beach, SC                       12.5 feet
                Sullivan's Island, SC                  +13 feet
                Pawleys Island                           12 feet
                Folly Beach, SC                        + 11 feet
                Winyah Bay, SC                            7 feet
Rainfall: Hugo's relatively rapid forward movement reduced the potential for much rainfall;
          therefore, there was no severe flooding associated with the storm.

                Edisto Island, SC                  10.28 inches
                Mt. Pleasant, SC                    8.10 inches
                Boone, NC                           6.91 inches
                Savannah, GA                        6.10 inches
                Myrtle Beach, SC                    2.30 inches
                western VA to W.VA.                2 to 4 inches
                Jacksonville, FL          "a trace"

                     Saffir/Simpson Scale of Hurricane Intensity

               STORM CATEGORY          STORM SURGE         MEAN WIND SPEED
                                          (FEET)                (mph)
                       1                   4-5                  74 - 95
                       2                   6-8                 96- 110
                       3 9-12                                  111 - 130
                       4                  13- 18               131-155
                       5                    18 -                 156 -

Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.







                                HURRICANE HUGO
                                 STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

151 buildings were "destroyed beyond repair" in South Carolina (as defined by
the 1988 amendments to the South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act of
1977).

Charleston
      65 buildings collapsed
      672 buildings had structural damage
      80% of all buildings had roof damage
Folly Beach
      8% of all buildings destroyed
      over 65% of front row buildings destroyed
      30 buildings were "destroyed beyond repair"

Pawleys Island
      34 buildings were "destroyed beyond repair"

McClellanville
      34 of 40 fishing boats destroyed

Myrtle Beach
      50% of buildings damaged
       14 motels declared unsafe
      $10 million damage estimate from erosion and other damages
Garden City: 65 buildings were "destroyed beyond repair"
Surfside: 11 buildings were "destroyed beyond repair"

The total number of claims made to the National Flood Insurance Program
through February of 1990 as a result of Hugo was 16,598 for a cost of nearly
$300 million (including claims from the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, North Carolina, and South
Carolina).
North Carolina: (through 2/90) 1,087 claims, $5,911,000.
South Carolina: (through 2/90) 14,621 claims, $283,358,000.
















Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.






   3                ~~~SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
       South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act passed in 1977. The 1988 amendments (effective
S     ~July 1, 1988) made several changes:
                          --expands the State's area of authority on the coast;
                          --prohibits construction of new seawalls and other hard
     U                  ~    ~~~~~stabilization structures;
                           --requires deed disclosure;
     3                   -- ~~~~requires shorefront management plans.

       The South Carolina Coastal Council (SCCC) administers the Act and its amendments.
I ~~The State's area of authority is defined by setbacks. Setbacks vary with the erosion rate, and are
       calculated as 40 times the erosion rate, in keeping with the State's 40 year retreat policy. Within
       the setback area, land can be developed by permit from the SCCC. Setbacks are measured
I     ~~landward from a baseline, which is defined as the "crest of the ideal dune."
       Determination of the baseline is a five step process which begins by determining an idealized
       natural beach profile using actual natural beach profiles from the shoreline in question. A volume
       of sand is calculated for the area between the +10 ft. and -5 ft. contours of the idealized profile.
       This "magic triangle" is overlain on actual profiles of the area to place the ideal dune. The end
I ~~result is a volumetric rather than a linear determination of baseline.

       Within each setback area is the no construction zone, a standard 20 feet measured landward
       from the baseline. The only permittable activities in a no construction zone are: dune building;
       dune walkovers; and maintenance of existing structures.
       Seawalls are also part of the 40 year retreat policy. After 40 years, no repairs will be allowed to
       seawalls.
       The new law also requires full deed disclosure with the sale of coastal property, so that any
       purchaser is knowledgeable of erosion rates, setbacks, etcetera.
       Each coastal community will have a shorefront management plan by July 1, 199 1. The
       management plan will include the community's plan in case of hurricane, plan for pre-disposal
I     ~~storage of hurricane debris, assessment of location and position of sand dunes. The State will
       provide plans for those communities that opt not to draw up their own.














       Prepared March 1990.
1     ~~References available upon request.








Folly, Beach (SCCC monitoring stations 2801-2895).  (*Positive distances are
measured seaward from SCCC monuments.)


                                         Distance* (ft)

                                                                         Erosion
   Erosion                                      No           40-year       Rate
    Zone       Monument      Baseline      Construction      Setback      (ft/yr)


Unstabilized     2801          121             101             61          -1.5
   Inlet         2803           81              61             21          -1.5
                 2805          70              50             10          -1.5
                 2810         234             214            174          -1.5

Standard         2813          167             147            107          -1.5
  Zone           2815          145             125             85          -1.5
                  2818         160             140            100          -1.5
                  2820         131             111             71          -1.5
                  2823         171             151            111          -1.5
                  2825          -3             -23            -79          -1.9
                  2828         132             112             40          -2.3
                  2830         116              96            -0-          -2.9
                  2833           6             -14           -126          -3.3
                  2835         126             106            -14          -3.5
                  2838          84              64            -60          -3.6
                  2840         127             107            -21          -3.7
                  2843         112              92            -48          -4.0
                  2850         158             138            -50          -5.2
                  2855         111              91           -129          -6.0
                  2860          55              35           -185          -6.0
                  2865         -10             -30           -250          -6.0
                  2868         -10             -30           -250          -6.0
                  2870         104              84           -136          -6.0
                  2873         149             129            -91          -6.0
                  2875         153             133            -87          -6.0

 Unstabilized     2878          205             195            -35          -6.0
    Inlet         2880          220             200            -20          -6.0
     Zone         2883          234             214             -6          -6.0
                  2885         126             106           -114          -6.0
                  2890         -56             -76           -296          -6.0
                  2895           3             -17           -236          -6.0









 OLH:0565DSB



an-mm mm                                                                     m                      mma        mm mm mm  m








     TABLE 21. Pawleys Island. [*Not actual +10 ft contour]'

                                                                           Distace  VDistance
                                                                      Volume
                                     Actual    Smoothed                 u                   from                                             Annual
                        Distance                                      Srl                     IPP        IPP-      Actual
                           to         +10         +10       Ideal       (+)      Deficit      Pp           P-      Actual                    Erosion   SBL
                              t~~o                     to a                                             eivdDn
     StatIon  Zone    +0R              to           to                  VlmorOfe+10 to                                     Derived    Dune  BL    NCRate
                                                     +10 ft  -s  Volume  or         se       IPP       Baseline    Crest                      (t/yr)
                        Contour                                       Deficit                                                                 (ft/yr)
                                     Volume    Volume                                        Dune
                                                                                             Crest


     4200       S        0O           56.6        56.6       70.3      -13.7     -28.5       -26          -55          0      -55    -75       -1.3    -107
     4205       S        0'           52.9        54.0       70.3      -16.3     -35.0       -26          -61          0      -61    -81       -1.3    -113
     4215       S        12.6         60.8        61.8      70.3        -8.5     -17.0       -26          -30          0      -30    -50       -1.3      -82
     4230       S        26.7         77.0        74.1       70.3      +3.8        0         -26            1          0        1    -20       -1.3      -52
     4245       S        60.3         68.7        70.1       70.3       -0.2      -0.4       -26           34        35        34     14       -1.3      -18
     4260       S        50.4         69.0        68.4       70.3       -1.9      -3.7       -26          21         24        21       1      -1.3      -31
     4270       S        38.0         65.9        68.1       70.3       -2.2      -4.2       -26            8        21         8    -12       -1.3      -44
     4280       S        35.6         86.9        86.1       70.3     +15.8        0         -26           10        22        10    -10       -1.3      -42
     4290       S        51.4        100.5       102.3       70.3    +32.0         0         -26          25           8       25    -12       -1.3      -44
     4295       S        11.6        160.6       157.7       70.3     +87.4        0         -26          -14         6       -14    -34       -1.3      -66










TABLE  31.  Myrtle Beach.  [*Not actual +10 ft contour]

                                                                                             Distance
                                                                      Volume                  fo
                                                                                                            from  ~~~~~~~~~~~Annu al
                       D~stnce   Actual    SmoothedSupu
                                to  +10         +10       ~~~Ideal     (+)        Deficit      IPIP-                  AtaErso                                SB
                                                                                             +10  to      Derived    Dune         BI      CLErso
                                   it                     ~~~~Volume     or        Offset                                                           Rt
                                                   to  to                                     ~~~~       ~~~~~~IPP    .Baseline    Crest(r/)
Station  Zone       +0-                            5DfctDn
                           Contour    ~Volume  Vlm
                                                                               (.)       ~ ~~Crest


5300        S        315.9         83.4         83.4        13.0      +10.4          0          -12          364        368       364    344        -0.68     337
5310        S        330.2         73.4          1 3.8      73.0       +0.4          0          -12          298        318       318    298        -0.68     291
5320        S        320.6         64.7         65.9        73.0        -7.1       -14.3        -12          294        295       294    274        -0.68     267
5330        S       340.0*         10.3         69.8        13.0        -3.2        -5.9        -12          322        340       322    302        -0.68     295
5340        S        457.3         10.7          70.2       73.0        -2.8        -5.2        -12          440        456       440    420        -0.68     413
5350        S        159.1         61.6         66.5        13.0        -6.5       -12.9        -12          134        157       134    114        -0.68     107
5400        S        279.0*        82.2         19.4        73.0         6.4         0          -12          267        279       267    247        -0.68     240
5405        S        237.2         78.5          79.4       73.0         6.4         0          -12          225        217       217    197        -0.68     19
5410        S        192.7         82.5          81.5       13.0         8.5         0          -12          181        179       119    159        -0.68     152
5415        S        164.4         77.5         19.7        73.0         6.1         0          -12          152        121       11      11        -.8        9
5420        S         24.2         91.2         87.3        13.0        14.3         0          -12           12          0         0    -20        -0.68     -2
5425        S         29.8         12.6         73.8        73.0         0.8         0          -12           18          0         0    -20        -0.68     -2
5430        S         13.6         65.2         66.7        13.0       -63.0      -12.4         -12          -11          0       -11    -31        -0.68 '*-38
5435        S         32.9         80.8         11.7        73.0         4.7        0          -12            21         11        11      -9       -0.68     -1
5440        S          6.5         70.0         12.8        13.0        -0.2        -0.4        -12          .-6          0        -6    -26        -0.68     -3
5445        S         12.9         82.8         84.9        13.0        11.9        0           -12            1          0         0    -20        -0.68     -2
5450        S         11.8        109.4        104.6        73.0        31.6        0          -12             0          0         0    -20       -0.68      -2
5455        S         54.9         82.7         83.7        73.0        10.7        0          -12            43         46        43      23      -0.68       16
5460        S          8.0         10.5         73.3        73.0         0.3        0          -12       -     4          0        -4    -24       -0.68      -3
5465        S         39.8         89.5         88.3        73.0        15.3        0          -12            28         15        15      -5       -0.68     -1
 5470        S         15.3         88.9         87.7        73.0        14.7        0          -12             3          0         0    -20       -0.68      -2
 5475        S         55.8         77.5         78.9        13.0         5.9        0          -12            44         40        40      20      -0.68       13
 5480        S          9.1         7?.9         80.0        73.0         7.0        0          -12            -3          0        -3    -23        -0.68     -3


                               -  ~~~~~ - - - -                                       m ----    m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3






                      SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
                                                 CONTINUED
       On undeveloped coastal lots, permits required within the setback include:
                          --building placed as far landward on the lot as possible;
                          --no part of the building is within the no construction zone:
                          --building is within 5,000 sq.ft. limit, including porches, decks, and garages;
                          --no hard stabilization structures may be built.
       For existing structures seaward of the setback:
                          --buildings damaged beyond 66% are "destroyed beyond repair,"
                          --rebuilding must place building as far landward on lot as possible;
                          --building size may not be increased;
                          --no part of the building will be within the no construction zone;
                          --"recreational amenities" may not be rebuilt:
                          --seawalls damaged beyond 50% are "destroyed beyond repair,"
                          --replacement seawalls must be as far landward as possible, and the toe/bottom
    I                 ~     ~~~~~of the wall may be no further seaward than the crest of the top of the preceding
                         wall (unless a building makes this impossible);
                         -- anyone rebuilding a seawall must annually renourish the fronting beach with
    I                  ~    ~~~~~a volume of sand equal to 1.5 times the volume of sand lost there annually
                         (unless the beach is part of an on-going beach replenishment program).

I     ~South Carolina Coastal Council
       Suite 300
I     ~4280 Executive Place North
       Charleston, SC 29405
       (803) 744-5838










U~~rprd ac 90
~~Rfrne vilal pnrqet







   NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT ACT (CAMA)
   TITLE 15, SUBCHAPTER 71, SECTION .0306 OF THE NC ADMINISTRATIVE CODE


Passed: 1974

Objectives:
       -- avoid loss of life and property due to storms and long-term erosion;
       -- prevent encroachment of permanent structures onto the public beach;
       -- reduce costs that poorly designed structures impose.

CAMA designates Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC). Anyone wishing to
build within an AEC must apply for a special permit. AEC's cover about 3% of coastal
land and all coastal waters in North Carolina. The four categories of AEC are: the
estuarine system, ocean hazard system, public water supplies, and natural and cultural
resource areas.

The ocean hazard system is divided into three areas: ocean erodible areas; high hazard
flood areas; and inlet hazard areas. Ocean erodible areas are defined as an area from
the mean low water mark landward to 60 times the long-term average annual erosion rate
for that location. The width of the ocean erodible area ranges from 145 ft. to over 700 ft.

High hazard areas are the equivalent of the Federal Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)
"V-zone."

Inlet hazard areas extend landward from low mean water to cover the area where the
inlet "can be expected to migrate." The delineation is based on: statistical analysis of inlet
migration; previous inlet locations; the influence of man-made structures (jetties) or human
activities (dredging). The range of inlet hazard area width is from about 250 ft. to about
4,000 ft.

Within the ocean hazard system, any construction must put buildings as far landward as
possible. Buildings must be behind the erosion setback line, the crest of the primary dune,
or the landward toe of the frontal dune, whichever is farthest landward.

The erosion setback line is landward of the first line of stable vegetation to a distance of
30 times the average annual erosion rate at that location. The primary dune is the first
mound of sand landward of the beach with an elevation of the mean flood level plus six
feet. The frontal dune is a vegetated dune large enough to offer protection from ocean
storms.

Large buildings are defined as anything greater than four dwelling units or 5,000 sq. ft.
The setback for large buildings is from the first line of stable vegetation to a distance 60
times the average annual erosion rate, to a maximum distance of 105 feet beyond the basic
setback for smaller buildings.

All buildings must be built to withstand the "100-year" storm. The bottom must be equal to
or greater than the 100 year flood level. The building's pilings must be a minimum of 8 in.
in diameter if round or to a side if square. Pilings must be buried 8 ft. below the lowest
ground elevation beneath the building.




Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.







   NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT ACT (CAMA)
   TITLE 15, SUBCHAPTER 7H, SECTION .0306 OF THE NC ADMINISTRATIVE CODE
                                    CONTINUED

Allowable erosion control measures:
       -- beach replenishment;
       -- relocation;
      -- sandbag structures;
      -- beach bulldozing.

Prohibited erosion control structures:
       - wooden bulkheads;
      -- seawalls;
      -rock/rubble revetments;
      -- wooden, metal, concrete, or rock jetties;
       -- groins and breakwaters;
      -- concrete-filled sandbags and tire structures.

Beach bulldozing
       --"the process of moving natural beach material from any point seaward of the first
line of stable vegetation to create a protective sand dike or to obtain material for any other
purpose."
      -- may not hinder public use of the beach;
       -- bulldozing may not go deeper than one foot from "pre-activity surface elevation;"
      - must be done within the landowner's property;
       -- requires a "CAMA Major Development and State Dredge and Fill Permit."

North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
Division of Coastal Management
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7687
(919) 733-2293


















Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.






               NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES

Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources (EHNR)--formally the
Department of Natural Resources and Community Development (NRCD)--EHNR is responsible
for state environmental regulation.  The Secretary of EHNR (currently, William Cobey) is
appointed by the NC governor. (919-733-4984).

Division of Coastal Management (DCM)--DCM is the regulatory division of EHNR
responsible for enforcement of the Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). The DCM is involved
in permitting within AEC's, land use planning, and land acquisition. DCM also contracts special
studies outside the agency. DCM oversees each of NC's 20 coastal counties as they forge land-use
plans and update them every five years, as required by CAMA. DCM's land acquisition efforts
include Permuda Island, and are currently turned towards Masonboro Island and Buxton Woods.
DCM shares responsibility with the DEM in the in-state enforcement of U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency programs, such as the Clean Water Act.  Roger N. Schecter is the current
director.

Offices of the DCM
Raleigh                        Rich Shaw                       919-733-2293
Wilmington                     Jim Herstine                    919-256-4161
Morehead City                  Charles Jones                   1-800-682-2362
Washington                     Terry Moore                     919-946-6481
Elizabeth City                 David Griffin                   919-264-3901


Coastal Resource Commission (CRC)--The CRC is the thirteen member oversight committee
of the DCM and the CAMA. Appeals to the CAMA are heard by the CRC. The governor appoints
members from various fields related to coastal management. Dan Besse is the current chairman.

Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA)--The CAMA is the North Carolina coastal protection
program. The CAMA was established in 1974 following the federal enactment of the Coastal Zone
Management Act which provided federal funds to states that set up coastal protection programs.
The CAMA establishes Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC) areas which, once set aside,
require stringent permitting control.

Division of Environmental Management (DEM)--The DEM is a regulatory division of the
EHNR responsible for ground and surface water as well as air quality management.
(919-733-5083).

Environmental Management Commission (EMC)--EMC is the seventeen member oversight
committee of the DEM. The governor appoints members to the commission from various interests,
such as science, development, law, and environmental advocacy.









Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.






            NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP)
                               PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

Established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968.
Administered by the Flood Insurance Administration (FIA), part of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Purpose:
       -- identify and map all flood-prone areas;
       -- provide affordable flood insurance to the public through
       a federal/private industry program;
       -- encourage land-use planning in flood-prone areas in order to
       minimize the need for disaster relief;
       -- reduce expenditures for federal disaster relief.

Participation in the NFIP is voluntary, but communities who wish to receive federal funds,
including disaster relief must participate in NFIP and adopt floodplain management
regulations meeting minimum criteria set by FIA.

A community must participate in the NFIP and flood-prone property owners must purchase
flood insurance in order to receive mortgages from federally insured lending companies.

Property owners may purchase flood insurance from a licensed property insurance agent,
state-approved broker, or an agent with a "Write Your Own" (WYO) company specializing
in flood insurance. The policy term is one year (three years under WYO). A single-family
dwelling may carry a maximum of $185,000 on the building and $60,000 on the contents.
The average cost of coastal flood insurance is $262, and $469 in the high hazard zone.

The NFIP's revenues come from: receipts from program operations; policy premiums; and
Treasury borrowings and Congressional appropriations. Money is kept in the Flood
Insurance Fund.

Coastal High Hazard Areas, according to the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM):
       -- V Zone: Floodplain subject to storm-driven waves;
       --A Zone: 100-year flood zone; a >1% chance of flood reaching or exceeding a
       predetermined area in any given year,
Structures built within coastal high hazard areas are evaluated for their impact on the base
flood level, and must be built to withstand storm waves, currents, and hurricane wave
wash.










Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.






             NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP)

-- FEMA estimates that one catastrophic storm year could result in $3.5 to $4 billion in
losses on existing policies;

-- Before Hugo, there was about $5 million in the Flood Insurance Fund. Payment of
claims made from Hugo through February, 1990 amounted to nearly $300 million.

-- Of the $170 billion in policies in force, more than $5 billion worth are in effect in coastal
high hazard areas;

--82% of NFIP policies in force are along open ocean and Great Lakes coasts;

- In a 1981 NOAA review, the FIA stated, "what is indisputable is that the NFIP has not
restricted coastal development to any measurable degree;"

-- The number of households in high hazard areas (coastal and riverine) rose 40% from
1966 to 1989;

-- NFIP is the second largest domestic program after the Social Security System;

-- FIRM's identify about 8 million structures that qualify for NFIP, but only 2.1 million
federal flood insurance policies have been purchased;

-- "...by and large, the NFIP mandate to steer development out of the hazard zone has been
interpreted as only requiring a set of building codes and other so-called 'flood-proofing'
steps." Beth Milleman, The Coast Alliance;

--lThe FIA Administrator testified at a May 1989 Congressional hearing that many lenders
probably are not advising property owners of the NFIP requirements to buy flood
insurance;

-- From 1978-1987, the NFIP operated at a $652 million deficit; from 1987- September of
1989, a period relatively free of storms, the program operated in "the black."

-- From 1978-1987, the average loss on a policy in coastal areas equaled $6,907, along the
Great Lakes equaled $3,589, and in coastal high hazard areas equaled $8,260;

-- From 1978 through February of 1986, over $5 million in federal flood insurance was
paid to coastal North Carolina; this was half of the total federal flood insurance payments
made to North Carolina;

-- In the 10 years prior to NFIP, there were 186 deaths and $2.2 billion in damages on the
coasts; in the 10 years after the inception of NFIP, there were 411 deaths and $4.7 billion
in damages;

-- An NFIP general adjuster's initial survey found 96 buildings damaged, an estimated $3
million in damage on the Outer Banks following the March 7 -10, 1989 storms. Of the 96
buildings, 48 were in Nags Head, 44 in Kitty Hawk, and 4 in Kill Devil Hills.





Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.




                       THE JONES-UPTON AMENDMENT
                                    Section 1306(c)
The Jones-Upton Amendment applies on any shoreline with documented erosion and provides:
      --40% of a building's value for relocation
        (moving, setup, and cleanup costs);
      --110% of a building's value for demolition
        (100% for demolition, 10% for cleanup).

Buildings may be moved landward on the lot or to another lot.

Land value is not insured.

Buildings are qualified if they have flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance
Program on or before June 1, 1988, for two years prior to the amendment, or for the term of
ownership if that is less than two years.

Jones-Upton Claims from 1987 to March 1989:
                               NFIP Direct  "Write Your Own" comnanies
Total Claims                             130                            55
average 5
NC                                        21                              8
Total $ Value                    $1,860,176                    $1,875,290
average                             $77,507
NC                                 $526,921                      $330,632
Average Claim                       $14,309                        $34,096
NC                                                                 $41,329


The cost to the Flood Insurance Administration (FIA) of implementing the Jones-Upton
provision from February 1988 to March 1989 was $1,209,928 for administrative expenses and
data collection.

The average relocation cost in 1980 on the Outer Banks was $15,000 for a single family house,
including the mover, new foundation, septic tank, utilities, and permit fees.



















Prepared March 1990.
References available upon request.





                  COASTAL BARRIER RESOURCES ACT (CBRA)
                                    Public Law 97-348

The CBRA denies federal subsidy of development-related projects on "undeveloped coastal
barriers" on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Coastal areas included become part of
the Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS). CBRS includes 666 miles of the Atlantic
and Gulf coasts.
Passed: 1982 (effective October 18, 1982).

Administered by: Department of Interior

Purpose:
       -- minimize loss of life;
       -- stop wasteful expenditure of federal funds;
       -- minimize damage to natural resources.

CBRA does not prohibit development, but shifts the financial responsibility to
state, local, and private coffers. CBRA represents an effort to stop the federal subsidy of
development in erosion- and flood-prone areas.
An undeveloped coastal barrier -- a depositional geologic feature that consists of
unconsolidated sedimentary materials subject to wave, tide, and wind, and protects landward
aquatic habitats, as well as backbarrier environments (adjacent wetlands, estuaries, inlets, and
nearshore waters). Undeveloped areas contain few manmade structures none of which
"significantly impede geomorphic and ecological processes." Land already considered protected
through federal, state, or local law (e.g. as a wildlife refuge or park) is not included.
No federal funding within the CBRS for (including, but not limited to):
       -- infrastructure;
       -- roads;
       -- airports;
       -- boat docks/landings;
       -- bridges;
       -- causeways;
       -- shoreline hardening;
        --flood insurance.-

Topsail Island, NC
       -- 1,200 acres within CBRS;
       -- presented the first legal challenge to the CBRA:
              -- Bostic v. United States; 581 F. Supp. 254 [E.D.N.C. 1984];
              -- Bostic v. United States; 753 F. 2d 1292 [4th Cir. 1985];
       Both courts decided against Bostic.

Existing area in the CBRS in:
       North Carolina: 31,913 acres;
       South Carolina:  26,885 acres.








 Prepared March 1990.
 References available upon request.








             SUMMARY OF INTERIOR'S RECOMMENDED ADDITIONS
   TO THE COASTAL BARRIER RESOURCES SYSTEM IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC


     SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN VIRGINIA
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit                                          Shoreline       Total
 ID                                 Congress  Length          Area
Code      Unit Name      County       Dist.   (miles)         (acres)


K01       Assawoman      Accomack        1    4.2              4,691
          Island
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit


K03       Cedar Island   Accomack        1    6.6             16,222
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit


K04       Little Cobb    Northampton    1    0.7                 384
          Island
Recommendation:  No change to existing CBRS unit

K05       Fishermans     Northampton   1i   2.3                2,242
          Island
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

VA-09     Elliotts        Northampton    1    0.3                106
          Creek
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-10     Old Planta-    Northampton    1    0.4                 248
          tion Creek
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-11     Remus Creek    Northampton    1    1.7                 484
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-12     Church Neck    Northampton    1    2.6                 396
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-13     Westerhouse    Northampton    1    0.4                 161
          Creek
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-14     Shooting        Northampton    1    0.3                 21
          Point
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-15     Horse Island   Northampton    1    0.6                 357
Recommendation: Add to CBRS








(VIRGINIA CONT.)

     SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN VIRGINIA


Unit                                          Shoreline       Total
 ID                                 Congress  Length          Area
Code      Unit Name       County      Dist.   (miles)         (acres)


VA-16     Scarborough    Accomack        1    2.7                359
          Neck
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-17     Craddock Neck  Accomack        1    2.6              1,233
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-18     Bluff Point    Accomack        1    2.5              1,010
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-19     Parkers        Accomack        1    1.4                962
          Island
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-21     Beach Island   Accomack        1    1.0                156
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-22     Russell         Accomack       1    0.5                 87
          Island
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-23     Simpson Bend   Accomack        1    1.6                708
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-24     Drum Bay       Accomack        1    2.0              2,104
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-25     Fox Islands    Accomack        1    1.4              1,293
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-26     Cheeseman       Accomack       1    2.3              1,448
          Island
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-27     Watts Island   Accomack        1    1.9              1,799
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-28     Tangier         Accomack       1    2.3                772
          Island
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-29     Elbow Point    Westmoreland   1    3.6               1,376
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS


                                 -  2 _








(VIRGINIA CONT.)

     SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN VIRGINIA


Unit                                         Shoreline       Total
  ID                   Congress Length   Area
Code     Unit Name       County      Dist.   (miles)         (acres)
 ______________________________________________________________________

VA-30    White Point    Westmoreland   1    1.2                 399
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-31     Cabin Point    Westmoreland   1    0.7                117
 Recommendation: Add to CBRS

IVA-32     Glebe Point    Westmoreland   1    0.7                225
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-33     Sandy Point    Westmoreland   1    0.3                 46
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-34     Judith Sound   Northumberland 1    0.8                254
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-35     Cod Creek      Northumberland 1    0.7                175
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-36     Presley Creek  Northumberland 1    0.4                108
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-37     Cordreys       Northumberland 1    0.5                146
          Beach
 Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-38     Marshalls      Northumberland 1    0.3                 83
          Beach
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

I VA-40   Gaskin Pond    Northumberland 1    0.3                 83
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-41     Owens Pond     Northumberland 1    0.8                126
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

 VA-42     Chesapeake     Northumberland 1    0.4                 37
          Beach
 Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

 VA-43     Fleet Point    Northumberland 1    0.4                 31
 Recommendation: Add to CBRS

 VA-44     Bussel Point   Northumberland 1    0.5                 41
 Recommendation: Add to CBRS


                                 - 3 -








(VIRGINIA. CONT.)

     SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN VIRGINIA


Unit                                          Shoreline       Total
 ID                                 Congress  Length          Area
Code      Unit Name      County       Dist.   (miles)         (acres)


VA-45     Harveys Creek  Northumberland 1    0.3                  27
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-46     Ingram Cove    Northumberland 1    0.3                  20
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-47     Bluff Point    Northumberland 1    2.1                 643
          Neck
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-48     Barnes Creek   Northumberland 1    1.5                 263
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-49     North Point    Lancaster       1    1.4                320
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-50     Windmill        Lancaster      1    0.4                 18
          Point
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-51     Deep Hole      Lancaster       1    1.6                343
          Point
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-52     Sturgeon       Middlesex       1    0.3                139
          Creek
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-53     Jackson Creek  Middlesex       1    0.4                 46
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-54     Stove Point    Middlesex       1    0.3                 70
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS

VA-55     Rigby Island/  Mathews         1   10.4              5,401
           Bethel Beach
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-56     New Point      Mathews         1    0.8                454
           Comfort
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

VA-57     Ware Neck      Gloucester      1    0.3                 55
Recommendation:  Add to CBRS


                                        4 -








I (VIRGINIA CONT.)

     SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN VIRGINIA
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 Unit                                        Shoreline     Total
  ID                               Congress  Length        Area
 Code     Unit Name      County      Dist.   (miles)        (acres)
 ______________________________________________________________________

 VA-57A   Severn River  Gloucester      1   6.5              4,542
 Recommendation: Add to CBRS


          Total - CBRS as Recommended       80.5           52,831
           Existing CBRS                     13.8           11,298

           Net Change in CBRS                +66.7          +41,533



   SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN NORTH CAROLINA
 ï¿½__   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 Unit                                        Shoreline      Total
  ID                               Congress  Length         Area
 Code     Unit Name      County      Dist.   (miles)        (acres)
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 LO1 Currituck           Currituck      1   8.4             9,243
           Banks
 Recommendation: Delete federally (FWS) protected area from and add
                 wetlands to existing CBRS unit

 L03      Hatteras       Dare           1   0.0               329
           Island
 Recommendation:  No change to existing CBRS unit

 L03A     Shackleford   Carteret        1   ---             -----
           Banks
 Recommendation:  Federally protected (NPS); delete from CBRS

L05       Onslow Beach  Onslow         3   ---              -----
           Complex
 Recommendation:  Military (Marine Corps); delete from CBRS

 L06      Topsail        Onslow         3   6.9             5,742
 Recommendation:  Add new area to existing CBRS unit

 L07      Lea Island    Pender          3   5.1              5,839
           Complex       New Hanover
 Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit








(NORTH CAROLINA CONT.)                                                      I

  SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN NORTH CAROLINA


Unit                                          Shoreline       Total
 ID                                 Congress  Length          Area
Code      Unit Name      County       Dist.   (miles)         (acres)


L08       Wrightsville   New Hanover    7    1.0                 567
          Beach
Recommendation:  Delete developed segment from CBRS; add wetlands to
                 existing CBRS unit

L09       Masonboro      New Hanover    7    9.1               6,651
          Island
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M01       Waites Island  Brunswick       7    2.1              1,370
          Complex
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit


          Total - CBRS as Recommended         32.6            29,741
          Existing CBRS                       54.6           31,913         3

          Net Change in CBRS                  -22.0          -2,172



  SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN SOUTH CAROLINA

_____________----------------------------------------__ 
Unit                                          Shoreline       Total
 ID                                 Congress  Length          Area
Code      Unit Name      County       Dist.   (miles)         (acres)       I


M01       Waites Island  Horry           6    3.0              2,885
          Complex
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

SC-01     Long Pond      Horry           6    1.2                197
Recommendation: Add to CBRS

M02       Litchfield     Georgetown      6    1.1                399        U
          Beach
Recommendation:  Add undeveloped area to the north and wetlands to
                 existing CBRS unit

M03       Pawlelys       Georgetown      6    1.1                150
          Inlet
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit


                                -6-








(SOUTH CAROLINA CONT.)

  SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit                                           Shoreline       Total
 ID                                 Congress  Length           Area
Code      Unit Name       County       Dist.   (miles)         (acres)


M04       Debidue Beach  Georgetown       6    2.2              6,244
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M05       Dewees Island  Charleston       1    1.5              6,869
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M06       Morris Island  Charleston       1    3.4              7,563
          Complex
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M07       Bird Key        Charleston      1    4.1              6,250
          Complex
Recommendation:  Add wetlands, but not Coastal Plain remnants abutting
                 the mainland, to existing CBRS unit

M08       Captain Sams   Charleston       1    1.9              1,037
          Inlet
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M09       Edisto          Charleston      1    5.5              4,026
          Complex
Recommendation:  Add undeveloped coastal barrier to the north and
                 wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M10       Otter Island   Colleton         1    5.7              9,415
Recommendation:  Add wetlands, but not Coastal Plain remnants abutting
                 the mainland, to existing CBRS unit

EMl     Harbor Island  Beaufort           1    0.9              2,997
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M12       St. Phillips   Beaufort         1    7.1             22,203
          Island
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

M13       Daufuskie       Beaufort        1    3.7              5,895
          Island
Recommendation: Consider deleting portions of the island not subject
                 to wind, wave, and tidal energy; add wetlands in
                 Calibogue Sound

          Total - CBRS as Recommended          42.4            76,130
          Existing CBRS                        38.4            26,885
          Net change in CBRS                   +4.0            +49,245


                                 7 --








     SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COASTAL BARRIERS IN GEORGIA


Unit                                           Shoreline      Total
 ID                                 Congress  Length          Area
Code      Unit Name       County      Dist.   (miles)          (acres)


NO1       Little Tybee   Chatham         1    6.8             18,216
          Island
Recommendation:  Add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

NOlA      Wassaw Island  Chatham         1    0.2                314
Recommendation:  No change to existing CBRS unit

N03       Little St.      Glynn          1    6.7             15,617
          Simons Island
Recommendation:  Adjust landward boundary and add wetlands to existing
                 CBRS unit

N04       Sea Island      Glynn          1    1.6              1,404
Recommendation: Adjust Sea Island Road boundary to delete filled and
                 elevated area; add wetlands to existing CBRS unit

NOS       Little          Camden         1    2.2             11,998
          Cumberland Island
Recommendation:  Add undeveloped inholdings and wetlands to existing
                 CBRS unit

N06       Cumberland      Camden         1    2.4             16,706
          Island
Recommendation:  Delete military (Navy) land and add wetlands to
                 existing CBRS unit


          Total - CBRS as Recommended         19.9            64,255
          Existing CBRS                       16.2            33,073

          Net Change in CBRS                  +3.7            +31,182



Recommended Net Changes For All Of
     the South Atlantic                       52.4            119,788
Total Existing CBRS In South Atlantic         123.0           103,169
Total South Atlantic CBRS as Recommended    175.4             222,957




        I                              ~~~~~~COASTAL "FUN FACTS"1


I-- ~75% to 85% of marine pollution is traceable to land-based sources.
I-- ~Over 50 federal programs underwrite coastal development (including the U.S. Army Corps of
       Engineers, the Department of Transportation, the Federal Housing Administration, the Department
       of Agriculture, Health., and Human Services).
I      -- ~By the year 2000, the average property losses from storms will equal $5 billion per year.
        --Two major hurricanes in one year on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts could result in $14
I    ~~billion in wind damages, alone.
       -- As of 1980, nearly 80% of U.S. coastal residents on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts had
       never experienced a direct hurricane strike.
        --The line between private property and the public beach varies from state to state:
   *                 ~~~~~the mean high water mark in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
                      Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Maryland, New Jersey, New York,
                      Rhode Island, California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska.
                      the mean low water mark in Virginia, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
                      and Maine.
   3                 ~~~~~~the vegetation line in Hawaii (and the Virgin Islands).
        --Coastal property damage due to storms (or any other "sudden, unexpected, or unusual" event) is
       tax-deductible as a casualty loss on federal income tax.
       -- Federal Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) "V zones" are defined by the 100-year flood zone; the
       federal measurement of this zone may be up to 5 feet too low.












I~~Peae ac 90

~~Rfrne vilal pnrqet







               BIOGRAPHIES OF PROGRAM PERSONNEL





                      Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr.

    A geologist who has studied the world's shorelines for
almost 30 years, Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. is one of the world's
foremost philosophers of shoreline erosion, sea-level rise and
the effects of coastal development. For decades, Pilkey has led
a crusade against irresponsible shoreline development that has
earned him an international reputation. A strong advocate for
retreat from the shoreline, he warns of beach degradation.
     Pilkey has travelled to South America, Portugal, Colombia
and Jordan to conduct geological studies.  in 1983 he was namedI
James B. Duke Professor of Geology, and in 1987 was awarded the
Francis Shepard Medal for excellence in marine geology. He has
published more than 100 research papers and is author, with
Wallace Kaufman, of "The Beaches are Moving; the Drowning of
America's Shoreline," which argues that the beaches will
continue to migrate and destroy man-made structures. He has co-
edited and co-authored 16 books in the Duke University PressI
"Living With the Shoreline" series, volumes about the shores of
various states.3

     Since 1985, Pilkey has been the Director of the Duke
University Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines, a
program that provides a solid research base for evaluating
shoreline changes. Pilkey's argument that hard stabilization of
the beaches is a futile and costly attempt to protect property
has led to legislation in North Carolina, South Carolina, New
Jersey and Maine that prohibits the construction of seawalls.
     Born in New York City, Pilkey received his undergraduate
degree from Washington State University, His Master's fromU
Montana State University and his doctorate from Florida State
University. He came to Duke in 1965.








                                David M4. Bush

 I         ~~David Bush is a Research Associate in the Duke University
      Geology Department's Program for the Study of Developed
      Shorelines. He is finishing up his PhD under Dr. Pilkey in
I   ~marine geology studying modern storm deposits on the northern
      shelf of Puerto. He has been a member of the National Academy of
      Sciences Committee on Natural Disasters Post-disaster Field
      Study Teams the last two years, studying the effects of Hurricane
      Gilbert on the Yucatan Peninsula of M4exico in 1988 and of
      Hurricane Hugo on Puerto Rico in 1989. He is authoring the
      Living With the Shoreline of Puerto Rico book. Bush received a
I      B~S degree in geology from the State University of New York,
      College at Oneonta in 1975; an MS in geology from Duke University
      in 1977, and worked for six years in oil and gas exploration for
I    ~Pennzoil Company in Houston, Texas before returning to Duke to
      begin his doctoral work.




      I                          ~~~~~~~~Rodney Priddy

           Rodney Priddy is a Field Researcher for the Project on
      Hurricane Hazard Reduction. He is presently completing his
      master's degree in geology at Duke University under Orrin Pilkey.
      His thesis is a synthesis of the past year's work, mapping and
      application of principles of hurricane damage reduction on the
      barrier islands of North and South Carolina.
           Priddy's recent projects while -under the auspices of the
      Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines include: Heavy
      mineral resource potential of the Rio de la Plata, Puerto Rico
      and a geological assessment of the damage wrought by Hurricane
I    ~Hugo in South Carolina.  Priddy studied geography at the
      University of London and received his BS in geology from the
      University of Oklahoma.












                         K~athie Dixon

    Kathie Dixon is a Researcher with the Duke UniversityI
Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines. She has recently
completed a Masters of Environmental Management at the Duke
University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies where she        U
studied beach replenishment along the U. S. coast of the Gulf of
Mexico. She received her BA from the College of William and
Mary.I







                       E. Robert Thieler

     Rob Thieler received a B.A. from Dickinson College in 1987. 
His majors were Political Science and Environmental Studies. He
has been working for Duke's Program for the Study of Developed
Shorelines since Fall, 1987.  He is currently pursuing his M.S.I
degree under Orrin Pilkey studying the application of computer
mapping to coastal erosion problems in Puerto Rico. Thieler
participated in the National Academy of Sciences Post-Disaster
survey of Hurricane Gilbert processes and damage on the Yucatan
Peninsula of Mexico in 1988. Thieler has published several
papers and given many talks regarding Hurricanes Gilbert and Hugo
and lessons learned from them.






Living with the Shore

Sponsored by the National Audubon Society

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The Beaches are Moving                     10.95 paperback
Living with the Alabama/Mississippi Shore   25.00 hardback/Il .95 paperback
Living with the California Coast           29.95 hardback/14.95 paperback
Living with the Chesapeake Bay             35.00 hardback/12.95 paperback
From Currituck to Calabash                 12.50 paperback
Living with the East Florida Shore         25.00 hardback/1 1.95 paperback
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Living with the Lake Erie Shore            35.00 hardback/12.95 paperback
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Living with the South Carolina Shore       25.00 hardback/ 9.95 paperback
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"In these books the authors have made a large contribution to public
understanding of coastal development. Ten dollars buys a lot of help; the
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"Maps show what is happening on each stretch of beach, in enough detail to
cover specific homesites. The books offer guidelines for buying and
building at the shore. They list federal, state, and local agencies that are
 involved in coastal development as well as give up-to-date information on
 laws that regulate land use"--Forbes

 Available in all better bookstores, or directly from the publisher. The
 Living with the Shore Series will eventually cover the shoreline of the
 continental U.S., the Great Lakes, and the Great Salt Lake.

 General Editors: Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr., Duke University &
                 William J. Neal, Grand Valley State

 VISA and MasterCard orders accepted g to 5 weekdays, (919)684-2173

 Duke University Press/6697 College Station/Durham NC/27708

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Living with the Shore




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