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Property of CSC Library U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service HURRICANE EXPERIENCE LEVELS OF COASTAL COUNTY POPULATIONS FROM TEXAS TO MAINE Paul J. Hebert and Glenn Taylor National Hurricane Center U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413 NWS Community Preparedness Staff and NWS Southern Region July, 1975 T -~~C CONTENTS Page Abstract ..................1 Introduction ..1 Data Sources ....................3 Purpose ........................3 Procedure .....................3 Discussion ..................8 Summary .........................17 Acknowledgements .....................17 References ....................18 Appendix A: The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale .....19 Appendix B: Individual Coastal County Hurricane Climatology/Population Graphs, Texas to Maine ..............21 Appendix C: A Tabular Hurricane Climatology by Counties, Texas to Maine, 1900-1974. 118 Appendix D: State Coastal County Populations and Percentage of State Populations in Coastal Counties, Texas to Maine . ... 12S Appendix E: Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Population Distribution - 1970 .......... 144 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. - Saffir/Simpbon Hurricane Scale Ranges . . . . 2 Table 2. - Coastal County Population by State, 1970, and at the Time of the Last Major Hurricane .............. 4 Table 3. - Examples of Hurricane Classifications on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale ....... 6 Table 4a.- Number of Hurricanes (Direct Hits) Affecting U. S. and Individual States 1900-1974 accord- ing to Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale . . . 11 Table 4b.- Chronological List of All Hurricanes Which Affected the U. S. 1900-1974, Including Category by States ............ 12 HURRICANE EXPERIENCE LEVELS OF COASTAL COUNTY POPULATIONS FROM TEXAS TO MAINE by Paul J. Hebert and Glenn Taylor ABSTRACT Population graphs for the period 1900-1970 have been prepared for coastal counties from Texas to Maine which could be affected significantly by hurricane winds and/or tides. The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale' (range 1-5) has been used to develop a hurricane climatology for each county for the period 1900-1974. The combined statistics graphically illustrate that over 75 percent of all Atlantic and Gulf coastal residents of the United States have never experienced the effects of a direct hit by a major2 hurricane. INTRODUCTION A series of hurricane workshops was conducted during the Spring of 1974 by Dr. Neil Frank, Director, National Hurricane Center (NHC), and his staff. The basic purpose of these workshops was to exchange ideas and information with National Weather Service officials representing all Gulf and Atlantic coastal stations and to discuss operational hurricane problems. Some of the materials prepared for the workshops are the basis for this paper. Population statistics indicate a trend in recent years of rapid population increases along Atlantic and Gulf coastal areas. This trend, along with the relatively low frequency of hurricanes and low hurricane experience level of several million coastal residents, has become an item of major concern at the National Hurricane Center. 1See Table I and Appendix A. 2A major hurricane is in category 3, 4 or 5 on the Saffir/ Simpson Hurricane Scale, and is comparable to a Great Hurricane in several other referenced publications. Table 1. Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale Ranges Scale Central Pressure Winds Surge Damage Number (Mph) (Ft,) (Category) Millibars Inches 1 > 980 > 28.94 74 - 95 4 - 5 Minimal 2 965 - 979 28.50 - 28.91 96 - 110 6 - 8 Moderate 3 945 - 964 27.91 - 28.47 111 - 130 9 - 12 Extensive 4 920 - 944 27.17 - 27.88 131 - 155 13 - 18 Extreme 5 < 920 < 27.17 > 155 > 18 Catastrophic DATA SOURCES Population statistics were obtained from the U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, publications. Hurricane information was obtained by checking conventional data sources plus available materials in NHC files and some material from local station files. PURPOSE The primary purpose of this study is to illustrate the increase in Gulf and Atlantic coastal populations in recent years and to indicate the low hurricane experience level of a large majority of these coastal residents. While many people have experienced fringe conditions of a major hurricane or the direct effects of a weaker hurricane, it will be pointed out that a relatively small percentage of the coastal population have experienced a direct hit by a major hurricane. It is hoped that the information in this paper will help coastal residents and disaster groups to substitute education for hurri- cane experience. A simple comparison of numbers (Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale Numbers 1-5) relating hurricanes of recent ex- perience to major or historical hurricanes of the past has been found to be most effective by NHC personnel in addressing various groups concerning hurricane disaster potential. PROCEDURE Population statistics for each coastal county from Texas to Maine were obtained from the U. S. Bureau of the Census publi- cations for the period 1900-1970. This information was plotted on individual graphs for each county, 175 in all. A hurricane climatology, described below, was entered along the bottom of each graph indicating the year and severity of each hurricane affecting the county from 1900 through 1974. The complete col- lection of county graphs is included as Appendix B. A tabulation was made for each Gulf and Atlantic coastal state listing coastal county populations in 1970 and at the time of the last major hurricane (Scale numbers 3-5) since 1900. This is illustrated in Table 2. The population differences were listed for each state and percentages calculated giving an indi- cation of hurricane experience levels for Gulf and Atlantic coastal reetdents. 3 Table 2. Coastal county population by state showing percentage of residents who have never experienced a direct hit by a major hurricane (>3 on Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale). AT LAST1'2 % OF MAJOR 1970 STATE 1970 HURRICANE INCREASE TOTAL TEXAS 2,899,895 1,365,430 1,534,465 52.9 LOUISIANA 1,385,438 1,145,440 239,998 17.3 MISSISSIPPI 239,944 167,463 72,481 30.2 ALABAMA 376,690 136,330 240,360 63.8 FLORIDA 5,414,868 1,144,571 4,270,297 78.8 GEORGIA 281,108 281,108 100.0 S. CAROLINA 429,900 344,700 85,200 19.8 N. CAROLINA 414,850 356,327 58,523 14.1 VIRGINIA 1,170,349 28,901 1,151,448 98.5 MARYLAND 2,263,152 2,263,152 100.0 DELAWARE 548,104 548,104 100.0 NEW JERSEY 3,498,389 3,498,389 100.0 NEW YORK 11,341,996 666,784 10,675,212 94.1 CONNECTICUT 1,882,926 1,108,374 774,552 41.1 RHODE ISLAND 946,725 818,933 127,792 13.5 MASSACHUSETTS 2,862,290 926,619 1,935,671 67.6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 138,951 138,951 100.0 MAINE 464,883 464,883 100.0 ALL 36,560,458 28,360,586 77.5 1State totals are based on individual county populations at time of last major hurricane since 1900 (different years). 2Significant changes in Texas, Florida, New York, and Massachusetts from a preliminary version of this table are a result of a more detailed study of individual counties. 4 A hurricane climatology, based upon the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale (with atmospheric pressure ranges adapted), was prepared for the 75-year period 1900-1974 based on the following guide- lines-, 1. Scale numbers (1-5), as indicated in Table 1, were assigned to hurricanes primarily based on estimated central pressure values at the time of landfall. A certain amount of sub- jectivity is inherent in this type of classification, par- ticularly with hurricanes during earlier years and with those moving inland in sparsely-settled areas. In view of this, some hurricanes near the borderline between two scale numbers might be classified one way or the other based on various considerations, such as storm surge. It should be pointed out that flooding from excessive rain- fall during the life of a hurricane was not a criterion in selecting scale numbers. Hurricanes DIANE 1955 and AGNES 1972 for example, relatively weak hurricanes, were disas- trous flood-makers and resulted in widespread flood damage in several states; however, based on central pressures at the time of landfall, both hurricanes were in category 1. In some cases, hurricanes traversing a long path across many states may change scale numbers one or more times before dissipating. A good example of this is Hurricane DONNA of 1960, which changed from category 4 all the way down to category I during its journey between Florida and Maine (see Table 3). Examples of hurricanes in each category of the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale are listed in Table 3. The five most recent hurricanes are listed for categories 1-3 for Florida and the remainder of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Three additional dates are indicated for category 3 on the Atlantic coast in order to include the hurricanes of 1938 and 1944, memorable storms for that region. The hurricanes listed for scale numbers 4 and 5 are totals for the 75-year period 1900-1974, inclusive. (NOTE: Prior to 1950, names were not used in connection with hurricanes. For three years, 1950-1952, the phonetic alphabet was used for naming hurricanes, e.g., ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, etc... Girls' names have been used for naming hurricanes from 1953 to the present.) 2. After each hurricane had been assigned a scale number, all coastal counties from Texas to Maine were examined to deter- mine which counties received direct hits and which received indirect hits by hurricanes -near to, or crossing the coast since 1900. 5 Table 3. - Examples of Hurricane Classifications on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale Category Gulf Coast Florida Atlantic Coast FERN 1971 (TX) AGNES 1972 (NW) AGNES 1972 (NY,CT) CINDY 1963 (TX) INEZ 1966 (Keys) GINGER 1971 (NC) ETHEL 1960 (MS) FLOSSY 1956 (NW) GERDA 1969 (ME) DEBRA 1959 (TX) FLORENCE 1953 (NW) DONNA 1960 (MA,NH,ME) ABLE 1950 (AL) 1947 (Keys,SE) CINDY 1959 (SC) EDITH 1971 (LA) GLADYS 1968 (NW) DONNA 1960 (CT,RI) FLOSSY 1956 (LA) ALMA 1966 (NW) CAROL 1954 (NC) ~~2 ~1949 (TX) ISBELL 1964 (SW) HAZEL 1954 (MD) 1947 (LA) CLEO 1964 (SE) 1947 (GA,SC) 1945 (TX) DORA 1964 (NE) 1944 (MA) CARMEN 1974 (LA) BETSY 1965 (Keys) DONNA 1960 (NC,NY) CELIA 1970 (TX) EASY 1950 (W-CNTRL) GRACIE 1959 (SC) BEULAH 1967 (TX) KING 1950 (SE) CONNIE 1955 (NC) 3 BETSY 1965 (LA) 1949 (SE) IONE 1955 (NC) HILDA 1964 (LA) 1948 (SW,Keys) CAROL 1954 (NY,CT,RI) EDNA 1954 (MA) 1944 (NC,VA,NY,CT, RI) 1938 (NY,CT,RI,MA) CARLA 1961 (TX) DONNA 1960 (Keys,SW) HAZEL 1954 (SC,NC) AUDREY 1957 (LA) 1947 (SE) 4 1932 (TX) 1928 (SE, Lake 1919 (TX) Okeechobee) 1915 (TX) 1926 (SE) 1915 (LA) 1919 (Keys) 1909 (LA) 1900 (TX) 5 CAMILLE 1969 (MS) 1935 (Keys - NONE "Labor Day Storm") As with the assignme-i-,c of scale numbers, a certain amount of subjectivity was inescapable at times in determining which counties received direct or indirect hits during the various hurricane situations. However, certain arbitrary guidelines for these classifications were used as indicated below: Direct Hit - When the innermost core region, or "eye", moved ~over a county, it was counted as a direct hit. Using "R" as the radius of maximum winds in a hurri- cane (the distance in miles from the storm's center to the circle of maximum winds around the center), all or parts of counties falling within approximately 2R to the right and R to the left of a storm's landfall point were considered to have received direct hits. (This assumes an observer at sea looking toward shore.) On the average, this direct hit zone extended about 50 miles along the coastline (R,1l5 miles). Of course, some hurricanes were smaller than this and some, particularly in higher latitudes, were much larger. Cases were judg- ed individually, and many borderline situations had to be resolved. Indirect Hit - These were based primarily on a hurricane's strength and size and on the configuration of the indi- vidual county coastline. Here again, much subjectivity was necessary in many cases which were complicated by storm paths and geography. Generally, those areas on either side of the direct hit zone which received hurri- cane force winds and/or tides of 4 to 5 feet or more above normal were considered to be indirect hits. The complete hurricane climatology, 1900-1974, for all coastal counties from Texas to Maine is included in tabular form as Appendix C. It is comprised of a series of five fold-outs with counties listed in approximate geographical order from the lower Texas coast to the upper coast of Maine. The procedures described above comprise the main thrust of this paper. Several other graphs and tables were prepared, using the same basic information, as follows: 1. State Population Graphs (coastal county populations only) were plotted by decades from 1900-1970 for each of the 18 Gulf and Atlantic coastal states. A second set of state graphs was prepared illustrating the percentage of each state population in the coastal counties for the same period. This complete set of graphs is included as Appendix D. 7 2. Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Population Distribution, 1970: This set of graphs, included as Appendix E, was designed as a quick reference to indicate approximately how many people are involved in coastal counties along any partic- ular stretch of coastline from Texas to Maine. The graphs were prepared for approximately 300 to 400 mile segments using the same distance scale for all states. Individual county populations were plotted in a position roughly at the mid point of each county along the coast. County names are indicated above the curves, while various coast- al locations from Brownsville, Texas, to Eastport, Maine, are listed below the curves. 3. Tables 4a and 4b were prepared in the process of developing the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale climatology. Comments concerning these tables are included in the following section. DISCUSSION The purpose of this statistical summary is to graphically demonstrate the low hurricane experience level of most U.S. coastal residents. The 175 county graphs in Appendix B are considered to be the primary data presented. Almost all of the data presented in the other Appendixes and Tables are contained within these graphs. However, while it may appear redundant in some instances, the data have been presented in these forms to allow for an easier statistical interpretation on a county, state and national basis. Some of this interpre- tation has been included briefly in the sections under Proced- ures and the forewords of the Appendixes. The remainder of the discussion will attempt to clarify further the data presented in the various tables and appendixes, and to point out some of the more significant facts which can be inferred. Reference Table 1. An important point here is that the central pressure ranges will agree quite well with the wind ranges, but that the surge is strongly dependent on the slope of the con- tinental shelf (shoaling factor). This can change the height of the surge by a factor of two for any given scale number. Reference Table 2. This table was designed as a general illus- tration of population increases in Gulf and Atlantic coastal states since the last direct hit by a major hurricane. It should be emphasized that the population figures refer to coastal sections only for each state and are a summation of iniida coatlcunty population values. Population totals at the time of the last major hurricane in each state since 1900 8 are for different years. No entry for a particular state indicates that there have been no direct hits by major hurri- canes since 1900. Combined population increases since the last major hurricane for each area indicate that over 28 million people along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts have never experienced a direct hit by a major hurricane. This is over 757% of the Gulf and Atlantic coastal residents of the United States. Six states have not had a single direct hit by a major hurricane in this century, while almost 80% of the coastal population of Florida - the most hurri- cane prone state - have a low hurricane experience level. The main point to be made here (and throughout this paper) is that most of the people who go through hurricanes experience either a relatively weak hurricane (categories I and 2), or an indirect hit (fringe conditions) by a major hurricane. Generally less than 25% h-ave actually felt the most intense central core region of a major hurricane. This breeds potential disaster by creating a sense of false security for 75% or more of the "ex- perienced" coastal residents during the next major hurricane situation. Considering the growth rate of most coastal counties, as indi- cated in the graphs in Appendix B, it is felt that the figures presented are conservative. In the five years since 1970, the only major hurricane to strike the U. S. (Carmen, 1974) hit in an area with one of the highest experience levels. Reference Table 3. As indicated in Table 1, the terms "Scale Number" and "Category" are used interchangeably. In addition to DONNA 1960, Table 3 also shows several other hurricanes which affected different areas with different scale numbers (e.g., HAZEL 1954, CAROL 1954), or the same scale number (e.g., BETSY 1965, 1919). It will be noted that only two category 5 hurricanes have affected the U. S. coastline this century - the "Labor Day Storm" of 1935 in the Florida Keys, and Hurricane Camille of 1969 on the Mississippi/Louisiana coast. Of the 13 hurricanes listed in category 4, only one (HAZEL 1954) affected the Atlantic coast north of Florida. (In 1919, the same category 4 hurricane affected the Florida Keys and Texas.) Reference Table 4a. Many hurricanes affect more than one state (reference-Table 3). In addition, Florida and Texas have been sub-divided into sections because of their extensive coastlines. In Florida, the north-south dividing line is roughly from Cape Canaveral *to Tarpon Springs. In Texas, south is roughly from 9 Brownsville to Corpus Christi, central is from north of Corpus Christi to Matagorda Bay, and north is from north of Matagorda Bay to the Louisiana border. As a result, entries in Table 4a may be made more than once for the same hurricane. In other words, Florida and Texas sectional totals may not equal state totals, and state totals cannot be summed to get regional or national totals. However, the first line in the table is an actual count of all hurricanes which have affected the United States, where only the highest category of any state affected has been tabulated. This total indicates that 126 hurricanes have affected the U. S. coast during the period 1900-1974. Of this total, 52, or about 41% were major hurricanes. While it has been stated that a direct hit by a major hurricane in any one locality is a rare event, the sobering statistics of Tetop ln n al 4a illustrate that on the average so far this century: 1) two major hurricanes (capable of causing damage in the billions ovadollars and killing hundreds) cross the U. S, coast somewhere every three years; 2) a category 4 hurricane crosses the U. S. coastline somewhere once every six years. This table gives a quick reference to the hurricane climatology of individual states. The table reveals that 39% of all hurri- canes hit Florida. A few other noteworthy statistics are that Florida and Texas combined have been hit by 67% of category 4 or higher hurricanes, and that approximately one out of every two hurricanes is a major one along the middle Gulf coast, southern Florida, and New York and southern New England. Reference Table 4b. This table is a chronological list of all 126 hurricanes including categories by states. Also included in the table is a list of estimated central pressures at the time of landfall for the highest U. S. category. Pressure values are not available for several earlier years and a few hurricanes in recent years which moved inland in sparsely settled areas. By comparing the central pressure of a given hurricane to the range of pressures for each scale number, it is possible to see how close that hurricane came to falling into a higher or lower category. In addition, the effect of extreme forward speed (indicated by an asterisk beside a number), as for most hurricanes north of Cape Hatteras, must be considered. Reference Appendix A. This scale has been referred to as the Simpson Disaster Potential Scale in some earlier publications. 10 Table 4a. - Number of Hurricanes (Direct Hits) Affecting U. S. and Individual States 1900 - 1974 according to Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale. Area Category Number All Major Hurricanes 1 2 3 4 5 (> 3) U. S. (Texas to 45 29 37 13 2 126 52 Maine) Texas 9 9 7 6 0 31 13 (North) 4 3 2 4 0 13 6 (Central) 2 2 1 1 0 6 2 (South) 3 4 4 1 0 12 5 Louisiana 3 6 6 3 1 19 10 Mississippi 1 1 2 0 1 5 3 Alabama 3 1 3 0 0 7 3 Florida 18 11 14 5 1 49 20 (Northwest) 9 6 4 0 0 19 4 (Northeast) 1 5 0 0 0 6 0 (Southwest) 5 3 5 2 I 16 8 (Southeast) 4 8 7 3 0 22 10 Georgia 1 3 0 0 0 4 0 South Carolina 4 3 2 1* 0 10 3 North Carolina 9 3 6 1* 0 19 7 Virginia 1 1 1* 1 0 0 3 1* Maryland 0 1* 0 0 0 1* 0 Delaware 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 New York 2 0 4* 0 0 6 4* Connecticut 2 1* 3* 0 0 6 3* Rhode Island 0 1* 3* 0 0 4* 3* Massachusetts 2 1* 2* 0 0 5 2* New Hampshire 1* 0 0 0 00 1* 0 Maine 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 * Indicates all hurricanes in this category were moving greater than 30 mph. 11 Table 4b. - Chronological List of All Hurricanes Which Affected the U.S. 1900 - 1974 Including Category by States. Highest Minimum Year Month States Affected and Category Sea Level Category by States U.S, Pressure (Mb.) 1900 Sept. Tex. 4N 4 931 1901 July N.C. 1 1 - 1901 Aug. La., Miss. 2 2 972 1903 Sept. Fla. 2SE, 1NW 2 976 1903 Sept. N.J., N.Y., Conn. 1 1 990 1906 June Fla. ISE 1 - 1906 Sept. S.C., N.C. 3 3 947 1906 Sept. Miss., Ala. 3 3 958 1906 Oct. Fla. 2SE 2 967 1908 July N.C. 1 1 - 1909 July Tex. 3N 3 958 1909 Aug. Tex. 2S 2 - 1909 Sept. La. 4 4 931 1909 Oct. Fla. 3SE (Keys) 3 957 1910 Sept. Tex. 2S 2 965 1910 Oct. Fla. 3SW 3 955 1911 Aug. Fla. lNW; Ala. 1 1 - 1911 Aug. Ga., S.C. 2 2 - 1912 Oct. Tex. IS 1 - 1913 June Tex. IS 1 - 1913 Sept. N.C. 1 1 - 1915 Aug. Tex. 4N 4 945 1915 Sept. Fla. lNW 1 988 1915 Sept. La. 4 4 931 1916 July Miss., Ala. 3 3 948 1916 July Mass. 1 1 - 1916 July S.C. 1 1 980 1916 Aug. Tex. 3S 3 948 1916 Oct. Ala. 2; Fla. 2NW 2 972 1916 Nov. Fla. 1SW (Keys) 1 - 1917 Sept. Fla. 3NW 3 958 1918 Aug. La. 3 3 955 1919 Sept. Fla. 4SW (Keys);Tex. 4S 4 927 1920 Sept. La., 2 2 975 1920 Sept. N.C. 1 1 - 1921 June Tex. 2C 2 979 1921 Oct. Fla. 3SW, 2NE 3 952 12 Table 4b. (Cont'd.) Highest Minimum Year Month States Affected and Category Sea Level Category by States US. Pressure (Mb.) 1923 Oct. La. 1 1 985 1924 Sept. Fla. 1NW 1 985 1924 Oct. Fla. 1SW 1 980 1925 Nov. Fla. 1SW 1 - 1926 July Fla. INE 1 980 1926 Aug. La. 3 3 955 1926 Sept. Fla. 4SE, 3SW, 3NW; 4 935 Ala. 3 1928 Sept. Fla. 4SE, 2NE; 4 929 Ga., S.C. 1 1929 June Tex. IC 1 982 1929 Sept. Fla. 3SE, 2NW 3 948 1932 Aug. Tex. 4N 4 941 1932 Sept. Ala. 1 1 979 1933 July/ Aug. Fla. ISE; Tex. 2S 2 975 1933 Aug. N.C., Va. 2 2 971 1933 Sept. Tex. 3S 3 949 1933 Sept. Fla. 3SE 3 948 1933 Sept. N.C. 3 3 957 1934 June La. 3 3 962 1934 July Tex. 2S 2 975 1935 Sept. Fla. 5SW (Keys), 2NW 5 892 1935 Nov. Fla. 2SE 2 973 1936 June Tex. iS 1 987 1936 July Fla. 3NW 3 964 1936 Sept. N.C. 2 2 - 1938 Aug. La. 1 1 985 1938 Sept. N.Y., Conn., R.I., Mass. 3* 3* 946 1939 Aug. Fla. ISE, 1NW 1 985 1940 Aug. Tex. 2N; La. 2 2 972 1940 Aug. Ga., S.C. 2 2 970 1941 Sept. Tex. 3N 3 958 1941 Oct. Fla. 2SE, 2SW, 2NW 2 975 1942 Aug. Tex. IN 1 992 1942 Aug. Tex. 3C 3 950 1943 July Tex. 2N 2 969 1944 Aug. N.C. 1 1 990 1944 Sept. N.C., Va., N.Y., Conn., R.I. 3*; Mass. 2* 3* 947 1944 Oct. Fla. 3SW, 2NE 3 962 13 Table 4b. (Cont'd.) Highest Minimum Year Month States Affected and Category Sea Level Category by States U.S. Pressure (Mb.) 1945 June Fla. 1NW 1 985 1945 Aug. Tex. 2C 2 967 1945 Sept. Fla, 3SE 3 951 1946 Oct. Fla. 1SW 1 980 1947 Aug. Tex. IN 1 992 1947 Sept. Fla. 4SE, 2SW; La. 2 4 940 1947 Oct. Fla. iSE; Ga., S.C. 2 2 974 1948 Sept. La. 1 1 987 1948 Sept. Fla. 3SW, 2SE 3 963 1948 Oct. Fla. 2SE 2 975 1949 Aug. N.C. 1 1 980 1949 Aug. Fla. 3SE 3 954 1949 Oct. Tex. 2N 2 972 1950 Aug. Ala. 1 1 980 1950 Sept. Fla. 3NW 3 958 1950 Oct. Fla. 3SE 3 955 1952 Aug. S.C. 1 1 985 1953 Aug. N.C. 1 1 987 1953 Sept. Me. 1* 1* - 1953 Sept. Fla. 1NW 1 985 1954 Aug. N.C. 2; N.Y., Conn,, R.I. 3* 3* 960 1954 Sept. Mass. 3*; Me. 1' 3* 954 1954 Oct. S.C., N.C. 4*; 4* 938 Md. 2* 1955 Aug. N.C. 3; Va. 1 3 962 1955 Aug. N.C. 1 1 987 1955 Sept. N.C. 3 3 960 1956 Sept. La. 2; Fla. 1NW 2 975 1957 June Tex. 4N; La. 4 4 945 1959 July Tex. iN 1 984 1959 July S.C. 1 1 993 1959 Sept. S.C. 3 3 950 1960 Sept. Miss. 1 1 981 1960 Sept. Fla. 4SW (Keys), 2NE; NC.,4 930 N.Y. 3*; Conn., R.I. 2*; Mass., N.H., Me. 1* 1961 Sept. Tex. 4C 4 931 1963 Sept. Tex. IN 1 996 1964 Aug. Fla. 2SE 2 968 1964 Sept. Fla. 2NE 2 966 1964 Oct. La. 3 3 950 14 Table 4b. (Cont'd.) Highest Minimum Year Month States Affected and Category Sea Level Category by States U.S. Pressure (Mb.) 1964 Oct. Fla. 2SW, 2SE 2 974 1965 Sept. Fla. 3SE; La. 3 3 948 1966 June Fla. 2NW 2 982 1966 Oct. Fla. 1SW, (Keys) 1 983 1967 Sept. Tex. 3S 3 950 1968 Oct. Fla. 2NW 2 977 1969 Aug. La., Miss. 5 5 909 1969 Sept. Me. 1 1 980 1970 Aug. Tex. 3S 3 945 1971 Sept. La. 2 2 978 1971 Sept. Tex. 1C 1 979 1971 Sept. N.C. 1 1 993 1972 June Fla. iNW; N.Y., Conn. 1 1 980 1974 Sept. La. 3 3 952 15 Reference Appendix B. A note of caution is needed to avoid misinterpretation of these graphs. Because of the different population ranges from graph to graph, the total increase in a county with a large population but relativel-y-slow growth rate may be larger than a more sparsely populated county with a rapid growth rate. One other point - if the core (direct hit) of a major hurricane affected only a sparsely populated section of a heavily populated county (e.g., Dade County, Florida - BETSY 1965), it was considered to be an indirect hit in these graphs, but that portion directly affected was included in Table 2. While these graphs give a complete hurricane climatology on a county-by-county basis, it would be quite difficult to determine how the individual hurricanes affected larger areas if one had to compare county graphs. Appendix C has been prepared to read- ily supply this information. Reference Appendix C. This appendix has been designed so that each toldout is a geographical area likely to be affected solely by a given hurricane. However, foldouts can be combined into a single, continuous display for the entire Gulf and Atlantic coasts. With the data from the individual graphs of Appendix B combined in this form, many facts can be derived easily on a county, state, or regional basis. For example, an idea of the size of a hurri- cane can be obtained by the number of counties alffe-cted (although. tracks relative to geographical configurations can be misleading in a few instances). Also, one can readily count how many direct or indirect hits of any category have occurred, or how long it has been between any hurricanes, or those of a particular category. Reference Appendix D. See Procedure. Reference Appendix E. As in Appendix C, these graphs were pre- pared so that each adjacent section can be combined into a single, continuous graph for the entire Gulf and Atlantic coastline by placing the zero distance scale over the right hand limit of the previous graph. These graphs can be used to estimate the impact (direct and indirect) of future hurricanes on coastal sections affected. 16 SUMMARY Populations continue to increase along most sections of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States. This trend, along with the relatively low frequency of hurricanes in recent years and low hurricane experience levels of some 28 million coastal resi- dents, has become an item of major concern at the National Hurri- cane Center. It is hoped that this report will help to some degree in substituting education for hurricane experience. When a hurricane crosses the coast, many persons feel its effects; however, only a small percentage of the coastal residents experi- ence a direct hit by its intense inner core, the major death and damage producer of the hurricane. Most residents experience in- direct hits, or fringe effects, during hurricane situations (or direct hits by relatively weak hurricanes - categories I and 2) and can be lulled into a false sense of security by feeling that they have experienced the worst part. In view of this, the disaster potential of subsequent hurricane situations might be inaccurately assessed by many coastal residents. While the increase in coastal populations is alarming, it is felt that the figures presented in this report are conservative. Since 1970, unofficial estimates indicate that most Gulf and Atlantic coastal populations have continued to increase, sharply in some areas. In addition, these population statistics are for permanent residents and do not take into account summer tourism which may increase some county population totals tenfold during weekends or holidays. Another major concern, not discussed in this report, is that many thousands of the coastal county residents live in mobile homes which are extremely vulnerable to hurricanes of any category. Acknowledgements. Dr. Neil Frank, Director, NHC, conceived the idea of combining population graphs and hurricane climatology and suggested the preparation of this report. Mr. John Hope, Principal Hurricane Specialist, contributed significantly to the preparation of many of the materials used. Ms. Mary Watson did virtually all of the drafting work, and Ms. Lilias Wilson did the typing. Many miscellaneous but important tasks were performed by Ms. Dottie Mixon, Ms. Wanda Lund, Mr. Norman Nixon and Mr. Bill Drybala, all of NHC. 17 REFERENCES Cry, G.W., 1965: "Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic," Technical Paper, No. 55, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington D.C., 148pp. Dunn, G.E., and B. I. Miller, 1964: "Atlantic Hurricanes," Revised Edition, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 377pp. Kraft, R.H.: "Great Hurricanes, 1955-1965,'" Mariners Weather Log, Vol. 19, No. 6, Nov. 1966, pp. 200-202. Ludlum, D.M., 1963: "Early American Hurricanes 1492-1870," American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 198pp. Simpson, R.H., and M.B. Lawrence, 1971: "Atlantic Hurricane Frequencies Along the U. S. Coastline," NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-58, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service, Southern Region Headquarters, Fort Worth, Texas, 14pp. Sugg, A.L., L.G. Pardue, and R.L. Carrodus, 1971: "Memorable Hurricanes of the United States Since 1873," NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-56, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service, Southern Region Headquarters, Forth Worth, Texas, 52pp. Tannehill, I.R., 1956: "Hurricanes," 9th Edition, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 308pp. U. S. Department of Commerce, 1970: "Census '70," Bureau of the Census Pamphlets (18 States - Population Statistics for Earlier Years), Washington, D.C. U. S. Department of Commerce, 1971: "1970 Census of Population, Number ofInhabitants - Texas, etc...," Final Report PC(1)-A45 Texas, etc... (18 States), U. S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. 18 APPENDIX A THE SAFFIR/SIMPSON3 HURRICANE SCALE The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale is -used by the National Weather Seiv'ice to give public safety officials a continuing assessment of the potential for wind and storm-surge damage from a hurricane in progress. Scale -numbers are made available to public-safety officials when a hurricane is within 72 hours of landfall. Scale numbers range from I to 5. Scale No. I begins with hurri- canes in which the maximum sustained winds are at least 74 miles per hour, or will produce a storm surge 4 to 5 feet above normal water level, while Scale No. 5 applies to those in which the max- imum sustained winds are 155 miles per hour or more, or has the potential of producing a storm surge more than 18 feet above normal. Dr. Neil Frank, present NHC Director, has adapted atmospheric pressure ranges to the Saffir/Simpson scale. These pressure ranges, along with a numerical break-down of wind and storm surge ranges, are listed in Table 1. The Weather Service emphasizes that the scale numbers are not forecasts, but are based on observed conditions at a given time in a hurricane's lifespan. They represent an estimate of what the storm would do to a coastal area if it were to strike with- out change in size or strength. Scale assessments are revised regularly as new observations are made, and public-safety organiz- ations are kept informed of new estimates of the hurricane'ss disaster potential. The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale indicates probable property damage and evacuation recommendations as listed below: Scale No. I - Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage and unanchored mobile homes. No real damage to other structures. Some damage to poorly construct- ed signs. And/or: storm surge 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low- lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings, 3Developed by Herbert Saffir, Dade County, Florida, Consulting Engineer, and Dr. Robert H. Simpson, former National Hurricane Center Director. 19 Scale No. 2 - Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable Damage to shrubbery and tree foliage, some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major damage to buildings. And/ or: storm surge 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal roads and low- lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Ma- rinas flooded. Small craft in -unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required. Scale No. 3 - Winds of Ill to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn trom trees, large trees blown down. Practically all poorly con- structed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. And/or: storm surge 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain 5 feet or less above sea level flooded inland 8 miles or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences within several blocks of shoreline possibly required. Scale No. 4 - Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down, all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or: storm surge 13 to 18 feet above normal. Flat terrain 10 feet or less above sea level flooded inland as far as 6 miles. Major damage to lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation of all residences within 500 yards of shore possibly required, and of single-story residences on low ground within 2 miles of shore. Scale No. 5 - Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down, considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industri- al buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors. Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or: storm surge greater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of shore. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possibly required. 20 APPENDIX B INDIVIDUAL COASTAL COUNTY HURRICANE CLIMATOLOGY/POPULATION GRAPHS, TEXAS TO MAINE The set of population graphs in this appendix illustrates popu- lation trends along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States during the period 1900-1970. Indications are that this increasing trend in coastal populations has continued into 1975 in most areas; however, no estimates are included here. Assum- ing this to be the case, hurricane experience levels and the disaster potential for many areas are even more critical than indicated in the following county climatology/population graphs. Hurricane climatology along the bottom of each graph is indicat- ed by arrows and Saffir/Simpson scale numbers for the period 1900-1974. Each hurricane is represented by either a solid or a dashed arrow along with the appropriate scale number and is enter- ed at the year of occurrence. Solid arrows indicate direct hits, and dashed arrows denote indirect hits. For direct hits of cate- gory 3 hurricanes or higher, a vertical dashed line has been in- serted between the arrowhead and the population curve. This gives a convenient, quick reference to the number and frequency of direct hits in each county by major hurricanes (scale numbers 3, 4 and 5) since 1900. The key to symbols used in connection with hurricane climatology along the bottom of each graph, along with examples, is shown below. Key for Symbols used in Hurricane Climatology (NOTE: Dual symbols were needed when using scale numbers in tabular form, without arrows, such as in Appendix C.) t- Direct Hit ()or I- Indirect Hit or Q - Exiting or Inland IN- Forward Speed 30 mph or Greater (In effect, may increase/decrease Saffir/ Simpson scale number by as much as one on strong/weak side, respectively.) 21 Examples (Symbols used in Hurricane Climatology/Population Graphs) - -Direct Hit by a Category 2 Hurricane I- Indirect Hit (or fringe hit) by a Category 2 Hurricane 4Direct Hit by an inland or exiting (moving from land to water) Category 3 Hurricane O~j -Direct Hit by Hurricane Carol, Category 3, moving 30 mph or greater Tw*ieto nietht i h aeyawt h or Category 3 hurricane occurring first. (If a direct N N ~and indirect hit both occurred in the same year, they were offset slightly and plotted adjacent to one another.) 4Direct Hit by a Category 4 Hurricane in the eastern part of Monroe County, Florida. (Note: W indicates the western part of Monroe County. No letter desig- nation indicates the entire county was affected. W ~This notation is used only in Monroe County - the Florida Keys - because of geographical configurations and hurricane frequencies.) NOTE: Names of hurricanes are entered beside arrows 1950 - present. 22 INDEX OF INDIVIDUAL COASTAL COUNTY GRAPHS (NOTE: The 175 graphs in this appendix are arranged in approximate geographical order from the Lower Texas coast to the upper coast of Maine. Major cities or well-known locations are indicated for some counties.) 1. TEXAS (17) Cameron (Brownsville), Willacy, Kenedy, Kleberg, Nueces (Corpus Christi), San Patricio, Aransas, Refugio, Calhoun (Port O'Connor), Jackson, Matagorda, Brazoria, Galveston (Galveston), Harris (Houston), Chambers, Jefferson (Port Arthur, Beaumont), Orange. 2. LOUISIANA (11) Cameron, Vermilion, Iberia, St. Mary (Morgan City), Terrebonne, Lafourche, Jefferson, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, Orleans (New Orleans), St. Tammany. 3. MISSISSIPPI (3) Hancock (Bay St. Louis), Harrison (Biloxi), Jackson (Pascagoula). 4. ALABAMA (2) Mobile (Mobile), Baldwin. 5. FLORIDA (38) Escambia (Pensacola), Santa Rosa, Okaloosa, Walton, Bay (Panama City), Gulf, Franklin (Apalachicola), Wakulla, Jefferson, Taylor, Dixie, Levy (Cedar Key), Citrus (Homosassa), Hernando, Pasco (New Port Richey), Pinellas (St. Petersburg), Hillsborough (Tampa), Manatee (Bradenton), Sarasota (Sarasota), Charlotte (Punta Gorda), Lee (Fort Myers), Collier (Naples), Monroe (Key West), Dade (Miami), Broward (Fort Lauderdale), Palm Beach (West Palm Beach), Hendry (Clewiston), Glades (Moore Haven), Okeechobee, Martin (Stuart), St. Lucie (Fort Pierce), Indian River (Vero Beach), Brevard (Cape Canaveral), Volusia (Daytona Beach), Flagler, St. Johns (St. Augustine), Duval (Jacksonville), Nassau (Fernandina Beach). 6. GEORGIA (6) Camden, Glynn (Brunswick), McIntosh, Liberty, Bryan, Chatham (Savannah). 23 7. SOUTH CAROLINA (5) Beaufort (Hilton Head, Colleton, Charleston (Charleston), Georgetown (Georgetown), Horry (Myrtle Beach). 8. NORTH CAROLINA (17) Brunswick, New Hanover (Wilmington), Pender, Onslow, Carteret (Moorehead City), Pamlico, Beaufort, Hyde, Dare (Cape Hatteras), Tyrrell, Washington, Bertie, Chowan, Perquimans, Pasquotank (Elizabeth City), Camden, Currituck. 9. VIRGINIA (15) (NOTE: Several independent cities are listed instead of counties. See notes in Virginia table, Appendix C.) Virginia Beach, Chesapeake (Chesapeake, Norfolk and Ports- mouth Cities), Nansemond (Suffolk City), Isle of Wight, Surry, James City (Williamsburg City), York (Hampton City, Newport News City) Gloucester, Mathews, Middlesex, Lancaster, Northumberland, Westmoreland, Northampton, Accomack. 10. MARYLAND (14) Worcester (Ocean City), Somerset, St. Marys, Calvert, Anne Arundel (Annapolis), Baltimore (includes Baltimore City), Harford, Cecil, Kent, Queen Annes, Talbot, Caroline, Dor- chester, Wicomico. 11. DELAWARE (3) Sussex (Rehoboth Beach), Kent, New Castle (Wilmington). 12. NEW JERSEY (10) Salem, Cumberland, Cape May (Ocean City), Atlantic (Atlantic City), Burlington, Ocean, Monmouth (Asbury Park), Middlesex (Perth Amboy), Hudson (Jersey City), Bergen. 13. NEW YORK (8) Richmond (Staten Island), New York (Manhattan), Kings (Brooklyn), Queens, Nassau (Jones Beach), Suffolk (West- hampton), Bronx (Bronx), Westchester. 24 14. CONNECTICUT (4) New London (New London), Middlesex, New Haven, Fairfield (Bridgeport). 15. RHODE ISLAND (5) Newport (Newport), Bristol (Bristol), Providence (Providence), Kent, Washington (Narragansett Point), 16. MASSACHUSETTS (8) Bristol (New Bedford), Dukes (Martha's Vineyard), Nantucket (Nantucket), Barnstable (Cape Cod), Plymouth (Plymouth), Norfolk, Suffolk (Boston), Essex (Gloucester). 17. NEW HAMPSHIRE (1) Rockingham (Portsmouth), 18. MAINE (8) York, Cumberland (Portland), Sagadahoc, Lincoln, Knox, Waldo, Hancock, Washington (Eastport), 25 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATICN (thousands) 1900 1900 I Soo~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 1930 - I N m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~14 -- - - 1940 19-0 I C c0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C -< I z 195~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 C) z1 z 1950 - 1950 >.-A 1950 - x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BEULAH BEULAH BEULAH 190- - - - ------------ 1970 - 19~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0~~~~I�c POPULATICN (thousands) POPULATION (hundreds) 1901900 2 -1910-' 4 1920 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~22 1920 K-0 m 1940 1940 - 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z z 1960 - 1960 - QELAH___ 3 eE'.M 3 CEL~~~~~~~~~k~~~go 3~~~90 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) h 2900 I I 3 ---3- 4-4 i920 - I I C), 2930- t ~ 1910 Go m 2 - 1040 - 1940- - O C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C o 2 -4 2 :<Z z 1950 - -4 1950 1 4--!'360 4 F 1960 - 190 CARLA CARLA 3 I1973 0- - -i -- � 3 CE~~~~~~fl~~~~t,72 r 1 1 F~~~~~~~~~~~ELIA 3 VE-RI POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) I n 1910 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~90 I 4 1940 I 1940 - 3 ---3 .- 1 -�I C) 2 z 1950 - 41950-- 60 C L194 0 - 4 4 4c CELI( 3- -.iz-. -~7.-- I - I POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousarldsi N 0 0 N 0I 0 0)POO 2900 2 ; ; ; ; Q900 1910 - I 1910 - 4 4 ~---l - I 1930 p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 c~. 0 1930- I I 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ c c3 190 40 1950- I 90- 196 -�L. 4 --'--- CARLA 1970 - 3 FE F Rj 197 P I PI .,j 4_L4~ POPULATION (thousands) POPULAVOIN (thousands) N) N N) U 9 - 00---I3 1910 4 -.-- - ~~~~~~~~~~4 - , 4 2 2--- i--------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~50 - a, 2 :< I -4 4CARLA - -- . I- 4-L~----- --------~ I 1970 2 V--4C- I - -�-- ( ) IERI0 2 je C 2 - I~50 - D~~a~~n ~ ~ I 1 I i 1~~~~~~~60 ' 13i- L CARLAAL 1970 - 1970 - i FR FERIi1 I 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ~~~~~~~~~I!r POPULATION_ (thousands) POPULAION (thousands) 4 l9QQ00) ~~_ 4 -190C 3 -----b--- 1910 - 1910 4 - I 2--~~~ Lo 1930 9 4 40 m V)) 4 ,J 4 ---4 0 3A~~~I 0 3L2I I - I i -b5-o 2 ~~ - 1 2 I I I~ 4 1970 - 1970 I0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~G~~~~~~~~- POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) N N o o o o o or o o o N W 0 1900 0 Cal 1910 - \I I iI I9 I 4 4 - 3-----4 I~ I 1920 - 1920 - m C- 0 1930 - 7 1930 CI~~~~~~~1 m~~~~~~ (A~ I w 2 --134Gr i i i I o 5 --'340~~~l) I P I o I~~~~~~~~~~ z - I - - -I 2~~~~~~~~C I -4 -~ 1)60 - I 4 J;t CINDY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CRLA CINDY (970 - f 1 970 - IO~y l 9 I I I~e0 ORANGE COUNTY, TX. 80 70- - ------_____ -- ----- ___ co- 10- V~~~~ C iio- . 0 ot o0 0 ol o 0' 0'I 0 0)CI 10) I� ' 0.I __ -I I- _I - HF ,, ~N. N - END OF TEXAS COUNTIES 34 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 1%) I 0) -J 1900 I I. 1 i : ' 1 1900 1910 - j 1910 1320 - 1920 m 1930- 1930 II 0 4 4 1960-(90 1970 - 2 - EDITH 3 * 1990 i 19C0 POPULATION (thousands) PCPJLAT:ON (Inousands) d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- U, - lO 1900 1910- 1910 1920 I 3 ]030 Y,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~13 10 - 1930- 3 - 9� 1940 - I -\ 1940- IL 1950 - 1950 - I I 1 1960 - 1960 - HILDA3 1370~~ 1970 970 I I 2 2 ------- I CP�7f:J POPULATIC N (thousands) POPULATICN (thousands) 1900 i I \: : ( 1900 ~ jj~-19100 4 ------- - 1910 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -90 2 --1920-' -i 2 -1920-. _ 4 . - .-- L I 19,3 0~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 93 -I':- ~1930 - 190 I c~~~~~~ m 3 -----a- i I -o I 1940- -\14-I m 1340 - 1950 - i C O� I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- I 1950 -15 1990- 96 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (tncusands) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 9920- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920- -a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1930 III ~~1940 1940- ISSO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~~~~~~~~~~~~I2 F L O SSY ILTHEL 1 9 I60- ~~~~~~IBETSY 3US CAP'Ii 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~970pf.1+ 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~ POPULATION (ihousands) POPULATION (thousands) 2 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 - . 41910i-11 1920- I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920- 192~~~~~~~~~~~0 19,0 - 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r 1930- z 1940- 30 950 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1950- 1960 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1960- 8"y BTSY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1990 ST. TAMMANY PARISH, LA. 70----- 60- �2 50-- 10- - oZ / END OF LOUISIANA COUNTIES 40 40 POPULATION (thousar~ds) POPULATION (thouscnds) 1920 1920 1940- 90 I I I I~~~~C z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ 1950 -13-C '-4~~ETE Is 0 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5 19-3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~90- JACKSON COUNTY, MISS. 80 60 In C' 20: I �- --t--- -I ... I i Nq .1 - ! , - , �B l |Iel | t I -i _ [ I - Ui- END OF MISSISSIPPI COUNTIES 42 POPULATION (thousonds) PCIPULATIN (thousands)- I -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~q0 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3.2 .3 23 1929-i20 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-1930- z C 1940 - o ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1940- I-1950--~ 1960 -1960 - 1970 -1970 - 1990 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1930 POPULATION (thousands) PCPULATICN (thousonds) 0 g U'~~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i~~~~~~~~~~~~9000 0 0 19000 3 ---------110 - 1910 - t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 023 3 2 --3 -, > ~~1940- 1940 - I p a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z: 3 v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 1960 - I930 - 1940 - 0 1940- I n 0 C I ZI z -4 naXER - 9050 - < ? P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* 1960 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1060 - 1970 - 1970 - I ~~~~~~I~s POPULA'T;CN (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) C.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~2 -. 1900 1920- 291~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~15 21j9190- - 1960- 190 970- POPULATION (thousands) POPULATICN (thousands) 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1900 1910 - 19fo 920-3 1920 1920 - I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -9 2~~~~~~~~~~ 2 C: > 1~~~~~~~30 ~ ~ ~ ~ P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I '1 1950- 1950-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~15 r 1950 - \ I I I r I FLOPA. _NC 1960 - 1960 0 1970 - AG~iS - I I AGNE3 as~o I 1990 POPULATION (thouscnds) POPULATION (thousands) m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 033 f3lo 10 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1920 1920 - 22 I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: I'-3O - 1950~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; C z r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 ALM 2 z z - -I~~~~~1 - 1950 - 1960 - 3960 - ALMA ALMA 1970- 1370~ ~~ ~ - AGNES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1990 1?90~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~93 POPULATIOIN (thousands) PCPULATICN (thouscndS) 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~1900 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~910- f920- 1920- -n 00~~~~ m 194~~~~~~~~~~~0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1950 'n- 1940~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r - 196~~~~~~~~~~~0 1960- 90 2 ALMA2 1970- I 1970- 1990 I l2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M0 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) * 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~900 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~910 -33 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920-12 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~< 2- -P 2 -'- I 32~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40- 5- 3 EASY- 3960 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1960 2 ALLEA I-2 3I70 1 970- I3 3290 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) o O c c' a 0 0 o a 19co 1910- 1910 1920- = 1930 z I C, I 0 1340- C) 1940 O c o z C -I 0 -I 0 3 ~~~-.'C.0---- -n 3 I-I o--I EASY 1960 - 1960 GLA~DYS . 2GLADYS 2 IWO h 1970 1990 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 1900 1900 1910 - 1910 3 3L~ 1390- 1930- I~rI I r U) 0 1940 - 1940- 0 0 C 3 ICZ ____ I Z - -i \ - I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-4 EASY :< EASY I-TI 3 --105G-- I 3-1250--- I IA60 - 1960 - 2 GLua9YS2 1070 1970- I0r0 I 9~0 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 1900 1900 191.0 -1910- Ul 1 90- 10 1940 1940 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 -----9-5Ct 3 - - i950~~~~~ _< 1960 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ EALM 1960 - 107- l oqo l~i )O POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) g w - u ) 0 0~ 0, 0D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1900 l930 1910 3 -I1910- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-1920- I 2 1920 - I~~~I2 1940 I~~~~~~ 3 --- C- z 3 -------- I 1950 - 3 3O 2 2 DONNA~ ~~ 196 -- 3 -1960---- 1970 1970 - 19'30 1 1940 POPULATION (thousands) PCPULATION (thousands) NUP~~~~~~~~d~~~~20 0 0 08 0 29o00� I10 3 -1910- 3 -1910 1920- 1920 m '~~~~~~~~ ;0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~1940 C r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 ----- -< 3~3 255;0 - 1550 - I950~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I LONNA IDONNA 4 -960------ ' -- 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1970 - 19q 19:0] POPULATION (1housands) POPULATION (thousands) e ~ ~ o o o o 10 0 a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~319100 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~WI 1920 w-1920-� * I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~WI - 4~~~~~~~~~3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~E3I o E3 - 4 - I ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~1930 -~z I~~~~~~~ 0i z E2-- 3 - -I * ---- F z 41~ ==--- --: I- -< E 2IN 7W3,2K K~~~~~~IN G * EASY - DONNA. D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ON NA 4 --9 60- E4 -1960-- 3CE W2 ELT q-E !I- - IFE TSy- BETSY AFETD AI 4LYTHEIiOESTEA!9 AREA E 1970~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I9NE POPULA-ION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) c, a,~~~~~c o a o o 0 0 0 a 0 a o a o a 0 0 0 0 0 0 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 I I -- O~Zifl- I 0--- 1910 -~i i1910 1920 - 920 CD 3 --- m 2 1940 197940 z~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I 0~~~~~ ___ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z --- - 19-30 4 90C 2A ) _ _ _ _ 2 CI- O Sl~~~~~~~~~~florc-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~- 3 -I'? KING I - K~.O ' I '1 I-r 1960 - 4 --t'C0-O' 1970 - 70 - 10,0 1930 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATICN (thouscnds) 0 - ~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~CD -4 0 0 0C 0 0 0 0 0 1900 'I O I 2 lI-~2 -1910- 2---19101 1~~ I 3 - -910 1: 1920 4~~~~~~I 4 ------- t 1 1C30--- - 2" I 0 2, -----1 I IC~~'40 - ) CZ 2 --------e I I I ; I I z Z ------*O2 3 -A VONNJA DON':A 2 -'6.-2 --1560- 2 LSBEL 1970 -1970 - I9~~~~~~~~~O 9%~~~~~~~~~ POPULATION (thouscnds) POPULATION (tnousands) - N W - ) W O C 1Q 19~~ 0 0 0 2 93 19)0 2 ------- I 0 ------- 1910 - 1910 - 1920- 1920 ul~~~ 3 m 3 ------- 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~c---- 1930 I 4 ---� Z O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 m m U4);0 - 1940 3 zU - vN 2 ------- _____ -r 3 3 KING :<I-G 1960 D OONNA 2 --1960 1970- 3970- 1970 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thouscnds) POPULATIO)N (thouscnds o~~~~~~~ Cl O C~b ru~ ~ ~~~~* o o, o) o O C ' 10 0 1900 1920 41910 - 191~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~90- 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 192 190- 1920 - >~~~~~~~~~ 19,0 ~~~ ~ ~ ~04 -4 lC Ln 4 ....~ ~. 4 -~~~~~~~ :<0~~~~~~~r j� ---- \I f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ('3 0C- 0 90 -4' 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ...,- :7 ;1 Ij; Ij., O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- r- J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1960 - 1970 - 1970 - 1990 POPULATION (th~ousands) POPULATION (thousands) -~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ t -4 a)W ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1910 C)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m C: , U) M 194~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 1940 - cn C)-4 - - - I970 - -T0 19970 - -O PCPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 1;0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1(0 --------- -4 1920 I U) � 1 2.2 . .- 1920 1' En I----- T r 1930- I m 11340- 0 190 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C C z 1950- 1950 I i T1 r"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' RIINNA 2DORA 2 Lq-R 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 1970- 1970 1990 I"?U POPULATION (thousands) - ~~~POPULATION (thousands) 0Po 00 1900 1920- 1920-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~>1~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CZ Q~40 -0U4 C:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C IS5~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~I0 1960, - 1.c ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 CORA 1970 -17 1030 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 1900 19UO 1910 1910 - 1920 - 1920 - *30~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~90 1930 - - 2: 1040- g 90 Z 2:I Io .-< 1950- 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1950- 1970 - 1960- 190-1970- 90 I l~~~~~90 I POPULATICN (thouscnds) POPULATION (thousands) 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 1900 1910 1920- 1930- 1930 w 1940- I -4 I C)C 1050 O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~< 1 5 1960- 1960- 1970 - 1970- 1990 PCrULATICNI (thousands) PIGPULATION (thousands) 0 0 c 0 0 a - N) u -4 CD 0 ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ 01'a GO ~I SooI -::~~~~~~~~ K I I ~~~~~~~~~~~1920 - (D j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~930 - z 194~~~~~~~~~~~0- 2 -1940- P940 a *~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 - I a~0 -< -5- :<1C50C t~~~~~~eo - P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~960 - 1970- 9Q POPULATICIN (thousands) PCPULATION (tnouscr~ds) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920- 90 1930- m z 2-1940.- 2 --1340- o 0 C: 3AbLE I o 1970- I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1970- 1990- 8 POPULATION (thousands) POUL'.'l -Jucns ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I -~0 1920- i I10- 0-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 --90 z 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~z 1940- 1~~90-.0 ; *4~~~ ~ ~~ cn 0 1950- I - *4 1?90 9L HORRY COUNTY, SC 80 Go 70- ---- --- co o frO------ 40 C)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 hil a-. 0a..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: 10)- ________I- ---- In o o I o o to o BII t; END OF SOUTH CAROLINA COUNTIES 68 P0PijLAT;CN (thom.sands) POPULATION (thousands) 19 0 0 10 i 910 -~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CZ, z 1970- 1940- POPULA-:1'N' (housands) POP'WLATION (thousands) 0 0 0 0 0-U, 0 . W $90 0 90 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SOOI 0 0 $940. j n I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ D40 I *~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~4 14 z~~~I7 -z 19,3 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ IA POPULATION (thouscnds) POIPULATION (thousands) 1900 19.)o I-----p- I - 19!- 1910 I -- I r ---e 1920- j 1920 1930- 1930 I 3 r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~f 3 - ~ - m r r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m o 1o 1940 I C) 0 C -< I3 ---c 4 1950 - - ' I O I 3 --- -- - ---- 3 ~.t ~----' 1 3,3 - *3 --1~c-------- *3 -IrO- 1"0- I 1'.70 1990 POPULATION (thouscnds) POPULATION (thoujscnds) Wo o 0 0 0 0 00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920-90 92-1920- �9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~130 -C: 2 -n1 ID40 C: ~ ~ *3 -. - - ~C: :<z ~~~~~~~~~~I z 1 5 2, �~ - 2.2 D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o0J: iA '70 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~970 POPULATION (thousands) ~~~~~~~~POPULATION (thousands) IT-00~~I 1920- 2 19i0 - 9 I -< ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~930- 2J _ _ 2,3 C~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C 1940 - I 940-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -97 19 ,' 7 -0 POPULATION (fto-iscnds) PCP,;LATIC,1 (thousands)- 1920- 1920- rD 1930- -~~~ ~1930 m C) VI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z 0 ID4 194~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 O 1950 * 29 POPULAT IBM ',fllouscmds) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~POPULATION (thouscnds) _0 ~ ~ ~ ~ IS-30 J IC30-I z Q50 - 490 -I OOPA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- IC5 1970- 1970 PCPULATIC (thoiusaids) POPULATION (11-mus.-ds) 1000 Isco~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 1910- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1910- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920- 90I 1930- 193L i m 1940- � o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1940- *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 - I S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ICN'E ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ 1970 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1970- I 1P 9io CURRITUCK COUNTY, NC 8 7-~ ~ -- ~- ~~~ --~.-. ..........._ '-, ~ ~ _ _ Or D I __ _ o I I~ I~~~~ 0~~~ ~ ~~ I I IU I- - __ '__ __ ,__ , ,,____ _-I END OF NORTH CAROI N CO~IE 77J POPULATION (Thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I1920 > lozo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1940- rn *3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C CL 0 *f2) ----MAZEL C-0-N ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~o N-i E CONNIE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C -97 19C 10io~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 10~lN POPULATION (thouscnds) 0m 0 - 0 -,o o 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 1900 1900 1910 - 1920- 1920- I~~~~~~~~~~ Z I190 - I n rrl ID40 - f - I-IC *12 tL __7LI.__ C C 1950 19 950- 1960 - 1960 - o 1 Oco:~ii;- \I x 1970- 1970- N30 I9O0 POPULATION (thicuscr~ds) POPULATION (thousands) -- 193~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 1920 Z290 19~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~230- 1940 0 C: -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Is - 0~~~~90 -< 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~970 - * HAZEL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <~~~93 PGPL;LA-, ICN (Inousands) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PFICWLAT ION (thousands) 190- 1910- 1920 IS20 I 2 00 (7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~) c: 8 1930- c ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1930- - cD - 1:14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 114 12)~~~~~~~ 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~90~~~~~~~~~~~~~ POPULA"DON (thousands) PCPULAT iON (thousands) ISC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 010 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1930 1910- 90 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920- 90 192 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 90- m 1940- 100, 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C: C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z z - 1950 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~16 1960 1970- 1970- P C PuL ATI C 1 (thousands) POPULATION (flncuscrnds) Po~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 191 -190 1020- 1920- 00~~ ~ 1930- (A ~~1930 W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ V940 - 1 940- 195~~~~~~~~~~0 1950 90-< 1960 -90 1970- f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1970- 19 7 ~ ~ ~ ~~I90 P3PULAT!ON (thouscr.ds) POPULATION (thousands) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.0 1920 1910 I 1910 1920- I 19250 ~~~~~~~~~~~ 0IWO 19,0cn -4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-I 930-1930-O r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m 1950 - 1950 - z 33~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, OONrA *3* --I jrO. 1960 - 1970- I 170 -K 1990 I I '190 P P UL ATN (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 1910 -11 1920- 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920- 192~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 co~~190 1930- I ~~~~~1040- 1940- 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C: *3 ~IZ~ -4 19~~IC50- 1950- J DONV --19*3--i0- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1970- 90 1930 I13 POPULATION (thousands) PCPULATION (thousands) 0 ~~ 0 0o C~ 0 0 0 1900 1910 1910 1920 U,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~v 1930 00 1930 L 0 a m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1940 z - z z 1950 1950 c *210 SAM. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~16 1960 1960 - 1970 -1970 1990 1990 POPULATIO14 (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 0 0 0� 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0' Z 03 0 0 0 0 K-00 i ; ; t i ) ;13 1910 - 1910 - U20 - 1920 - > z m c9o0 1930 - I -3~ I I 194~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 2940- 1 P2 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~040- l~5 - 250 :< 060 9 1970 1970 -0 Isio 1980~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ POPULATION (thousands) f CPULATION (thousands) 0 o - -D 0 COO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 191 - 19~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~20 19~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1940- 90 ri~~~~~~~~~~ C: z I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~16 ism ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~190 POPULATION (thousands) OL ATN(csad) I9~~~0 c I ~~~~~~~~~1910- 1910 1950 - 15 1960 - 1960- 1970 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1970- 1990 19 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) !9Io - i i i I I 1 1910 1920- 1920- to~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m 1930 1930- z z z 0 C' 04 1940 - L z a I -I I I 1960 - 1 1960 - 1970- IVO - 1970 1970 1390~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19 POPULATION (thousands) POPULAT ION (thousands) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - w A 0, - 1900 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1900 1910- 1910- 1920 - I 1920 - Ia 0 o~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '0 1930 - 90 I m 1930 - I, z 1 l$40 - 0 C t~~~~~~~~~~~~~ z Z 1950 - 1970 1980 1960 - l9'50 - 1970 - 1970 - 1980 1980 WICOMICO COUNTY MD 80 To 50 - 40- CL 2o 0 -J40 O~~~~~~~~~(OE 30- a- 0 a. 20- Cl 1 01 01 01 0) 01 01 0 (N0OJE) END OF MARYLAND COUNTIES 92 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) l9jO I 1930 1910 - 1910 1920 - 1920 - w 1,0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V 1930 - cn1930 Z W m x z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 o 2 ~~~1940 - s4 -lI *3 ----.- z 1950 1950- m~~~~~~~~~~ DONNAa 1960 - *3 OO1flA 1970 - I I i)1970 1980 1 I I 1 1990 NEW CASTLE COUNTY, DE 800 700 - 600 - "OG 500 o 300- 400- Z 200 - 00 o o o o o o o o o - N C) N Is (NONE) END OF DELAWARE COUNTIES 94 POPULATICN (thousonds) POPULAITION (thousands) -s A:" " 8 , ooog~o~ 0 0,u 0' 0 C A 9A t. CP ow co 0 0 0 0 0 0o 0 0 pi 0 A cm 03 1900 1900 1910 - 1910 - 1920 - 1920 0 C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D 19, 0 c-fl IVO - m >~~~~~~~~~~~ 0194 Z 2 o 1940 - 1940 1950~~~~~~~~~~~~ - :<15 z O t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~zC C 1960 - Z 1960 1950 -1970 19;5 PCPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (tflouscnds) - Ci ~~~~~A v 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 I Soo M~~~~~~I 1910 -1910- 1920 -1920- to 2 1!-jIW O 1930- M z i~1 o - 1940- 1940- 0 o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 *3 -----* *3--- 1950 -1950-z DONNA DONNA *3 --`6O*03--90 1970 - I19,70- I 9,30 1930 POPULAT ION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) o o 0 ~~ ~~~0 0 0 C --4 1930- 1930- I*11 ~~~~~~~~~~~z 1940~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1940 - -C Cl :< z C- DONNA *3DONNA *3 --4~~~~~~~~~~~~~0.-~-190 1970 - 1970( - POPULATION (thousonds) POPULATION (thousands) -) C3I 0 -J -U 00 o a a a a o a 0 0 00 0 0 1900 . : 1900 1910 - 1910 1920 - 1920 - 0 1940 1940 01 0 c 2~ x I z 0 1940 - 1940 - z z -J ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-4 1950 - I050 - I z z DONNA 1960 - *3 -Ur 1970 - 1970 - 1990 1I0o POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 0az 0 0 0 08 1900 1900 1910~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 - 1910- 1920 - 1930 - CD a c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~1940- 194 190 C: z --i -I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: 1950 - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1950- z C- 1960 1960 - 1970- 1970 - 199 POPULATION (thouspgrds) , POPULATION (thousands) 0C 1%) (W N 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1[00 1900 1910- 1910 1920 - I 1920 - z m H-1 19W- I lj 1 - 0- 01930 O ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~I I - <O zo 2 *3 60- I 1960- 1940 r, o1940 z z 1960 - 1960 1970 - 1970 I ~pu 1990 POPULATICN (Ihous~~~~~~nds) ~~ POPULATION (thouspjids) 08 2 2 ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~19000 1910 -1910- 1920 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920- -93 C 1930- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CD *3 ----*3 1940- o V40- 0 C *3 z-~.-* 1950 - -150 Iz - 9001960- 199013-990- POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) A-~C N S. r 0 0 0 ~~~0 a 1900 1920- z 1930- I 0) '130 - ' co) I 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C: 1*4 1940 *3~~~~~~~~~~~~ *3 3 *3 1950- 1 DO0NNA 1960 - *3. 1361 1- - ----- 1970~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j7 - 190G ANES POPULATION (thousands) ow m POPULATION (thousands) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 1900 -, 0 0 oo o o o o 1900 V: MO00 1910 1910 19209- 9920 - 3:3: -~ W m o~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TI I i \ 1940 *3I \r 1940 C *3 ----.- 0 *3- z 1950 1950 Z z 1960 - 1'360 - 1970 - 1970 - 19,O 0 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) -W fo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 0 I S M 0 0 l1.00 11910 1910 20-1920 1 lgZO - - - P1 J90 C, 19~~~~~~~~~~~I400 *3c +3 I o c *3 ------ C 1950 - o *3 CAR O L .... z 1050 -3*3 CAROL __ 0 *3 ---- DONNA *2 -IC:604 DONNA *2 --V60- 1970- I1l70 - 139W POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) - 1%) (A V* - - (A (P -Ja o oo00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1910 -1910- 1920- 1920- C) f~~~~~930- 193 U, _~~94 1940- *3 C: *3 C: -4 -4 I~~~~~~~50 - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : 1950- *3 ~-. 3C 1070 -1970- 19,40 - _____ oq POPULATIO'N (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) a o o o o o a a 0 0 0 ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 00 0 19100 1910 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1910- 1920- 1920- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19 o ~~190 *3 - 1940- 90 C 0~~j5 *3 CA- *3 cAO *2 -19I60- DONNA *2-F-60- 1970- 90 1?90 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATICN (thousands) cj0 O 0 0 0 - O O O O 8 0 0 1900 900 1910 - 1910 - 1920 - 1920 - 1930- 1930 I z -I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*3 C) 1940 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1940- z I 1950~ - 1950 - *3 5ARO~. *3 CAROL � - DONNA DONNA *2 1-6.0*- *2 -1'-6 0-. 1970 - 1970 - 1940 WASHINGTON COUNTY, RI 80 / co , 050- C 1 i I 2 END OF RHODE ISAND COUNTIES 104F108 ,i' I I POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousonds) 1900 19~0 1910- 1910- 1920- 1920- C) ~~1930- 1930- 3940 - 340- *2 2 *2 -.z 1950- 00NNA 1970 -1970 I0110 POPLILA-10N (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) ~~~~~~~~~~0 0 0 19200 w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z *2 ----~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~cn 19---0 C: F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-I ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~*3 AC CD ~~1940 -1970 0 1990~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I* 0 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 1900 1910 1910 1920 - I -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 1920 0~~~I2 1930- ~i>o ~~~~~1040 * 3 CI 1940 ) 0 1�1970 90C 1950 -94 - *2 ---U0-~ 1970 - 97 I 9~~~~~0~ I950 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 0 0 0 - (LI b -d W o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 IKO0 1900 1910 1910 - 1920 - 1920 - 194(0 194O 0 m O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 194 - 8 O ----e 190 o z C: ----.4- �--- 1950 - 1950- >~~~~~~~~~~~ DON"A OOkKA *( -60 * -1960- 1970 - 1970 - 1980 ROCKINGHAM COUNTY, NH 800 700 - 600 500 '4 400 0 300 o. 200- I00-- 0 o o o o o o o0 0 o . .. -' END OF NEW HAMPSHIRE COUNTIES 113 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) 0 0 0 00 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 o o 0 o 0 0 0 0 I 900 1910 1910 - 1920 1920 - 1920~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 1930 o I9:!0 -m W Iii r- 1940 c 31940 z C: Z 1950- m 1950- - m DONNA DONNA s�-I'60- *0--) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~90 I-0 3910~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1t - 19t0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9-i I9'tO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1~ POPULATION (thousands) PMC,"LAT::N (thousands) 1900 1900 1910- 1910 1920 1920 U) IS3~~~~~~~~~~0 0 *0 140 - 1960-0 197~~~~~~~~~~0 -4 C l?-5 - 1970 - I I1 I 9 I~ 111I *0 -190- * 0 -1960.- 1970-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- I:5 l95O POPULATION (tncus-'d:) POPULATION (thousands) h) yl C- Q) a) h) W % cr O) - 4 1900 1900 1910 - 1910 1920 1920 1930 Z 1900 Cr) x 2� 0 023940 1I940 - Z 1950 - Is-so - Il 2960 1960- 1970 1970 - lo1930 39~0 POPULATION (thousands) POPULATION (thousands) a c c 0 C 0 0 -) A WPO 1900 1910 1910 - 1920 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1920 - 1920 1930 - z 1930- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-L C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C C) CI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -1 0 :940 - 19~140 z -i 1950 -: *1 APOL 1950- LIONA 1' g 1960- 1960- *1 -Ea 1970 - 1960 1290 APPENDIX C A TABULAR HURRICANE CLIMATOLOGY BY COUNTIES, TEXAS TO MAINE, 1900-1974 This climatology is a convenient reference for the hurricane history of individual coastal counties as well as for states. It is apparent at a glance when any particular county was last affected by a hurricane. Also, it can be determined whether a hurricane was large or small by the number of counties affect- ed. The severity of a hurricane, of course, is indicated by its Saffir/Simpson Scale Number classification. Another useful fea- ture of these tables is that the time between hurricane occurrenc- es is readily apparent both for counties and states. One point to keep in mind is that while some areas have not experienced a major hurricane during this century, severe hurri- canes have been recorded prior to 1900. Examples of this include Savannah, New York City and Panama City, as indicated below: Savannah: It is obvious at a glance that the Georgia coast has had very few direct hits in this century. However, Savannah was devastated by a severe hurricane (possibly a category 4) in 1893. Panama City: Climatology indicates that Bay County, Florida (which includes Panama City), as well as six adjacent counties, has not received a direct hit by a major hurricane in this century. Here again, records indicate that severe hurricanes have affected that area prior to 1900. Excluding earlier hurricanes, such as in 1856, which probably moved inland very close to Panamna City, four hurricanes moved to within 50 miles of Panama City during the 12-year period 1887-1898. One, in 1894, had winds of 120 mph - a Category 3. A total of nine hurricanes moved to within 100 miles of Panama City during the 13-year period 1886-1898. New York City: Early records indicate that a major hurricane affected the New York City area in 1821. This hurricane possi- bly was as severe as the New England hurricane of 1938. However, New York City has not received a direct hit by a major hurricane during the 20th century. In fact, records indicate that the 1821 hurricane is the only major hurricane whose center passed over a part of New York City in the last 200 years. The main point to be illustrated by the above examples of hurri- canes prior to 1900 is that no particular area along the Gulf or Atlantic coast of the Unit-ed States is immune to dlr-6ct--F1ts Eavm-ajore hurricanes, regardless 'of-how ft-e climato-Iogy appears to T'v~ee~en in recent years. 118 As indicated in Appendix B, dual symbols were necessary in illus- trating the hurricane climatology. Arrows were used with the graphs in Appendix B, while arrows were not appropriate in a tabular presentation such as in this appendix. The key for symbols (non-arrows) is repeated below along with examples of Saffir/Simpson Scale Numbers as used in this appendix. Key for Symbols Plain Number -Direct Hit ( ) -Indirect Hit -Exiting or Inland * - Forward Speed 30 mph or Greater Examples 1 - Direct Hit by a Category 1 Hurricane (1) - Indirect Hit (or fringe hit) by a Category I Hurricane 2 - Direct Hit by an Inland or Exiting (moving from land to water) Category 2 Hurricane 3* - Direct Hit by a Category 3 Hurricane moving 30 mph or more (3*). - Indirect Hit by an exiting Category 3 Hurricane moving 30 mph or more 3,2 - Direct Hits by a Category 3 and a Category 2 Hurricane in the same year, with the Category 3 Hurricane occurring first (3,1,3) - Indirect Hits by Categories 3, 1 and 3 Hurricanes in the same year. Occurrences were in the order listed. E4 - Direct Hit by a Category 4 Hurricane in the eastern part of Monroe County, Florida. (See example in Appendix B) 119 This page intentionally left blank and unnumbered. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TEXAS LA. miss. ALA. FLA. -' c.,, A~~~~~~~~o (N.W.) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ey YEAR $ & * d ,' ' ~~~~~~~~~~~I 1 4 1 LI 4 '1 4j ~~~~~~~~in I II ICE117 MN; ~ ~ i I I I I II IQ')Q~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ 1 4 4 7 9 I ItS (L)I () ____ 4 11 41 4L ~UsZl4)JI L 4 121~~. 1(Zll(3)l2 J 3 17 3 _____- 1 37173(1) I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 13 11 1l ( I i_ mn~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I i . i .9 I191/ I I I I i9 7 ()I (2 I 2 1 22 3)3 I I 1Q24 1 922 i I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I 2 2 -1.93r I I I 1 1937 1 I 1 . 4 T741 I i I (3 (3 3 3 ; I ~ ~~~~~ (1 3 l)13 (3)1 1 1 I (1) 1QAI QI I (9 1 2 2 2 (2)I I ~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ 2 2 2 Z 21(2) (2 1515) j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3fi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~v 1--- (11 11 L:I (3 1 .37 3 3 (3 5 I (5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1() 2I F II I _Wn~ 9,) A3( 33i 34-7(~ ~F 117~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i11 1 A 11 '14uq~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 2 2() GA. S.C. N.C. VA. i�F` 4 c~~~ ~ F~~4- YEAR d X Z1 ll1V~ _ThtI I.-- .-LJ __ -4----. 1qO2.-II FTP-i- I-:-+ I It -- -I -j-4 --i------- t t- -4-~- I ~ -f=i- I Ti -;-~--- I-":-'-- .___i jI). ZI9Q4Z - ___ __ ___ - ] j_ _ _ _ - ---- � 4-- il I i_ I t[i(3Ml 8 I * INDEPENDENT CITY. CONSOLIDATED WITH PRINCESS ANNE COUNTY IN 1963-- ___ ___ IL CHESAPEAKE, NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH - INDEPENDENT CITIES. rr T .-*------� --- -b----4---. COMBINED BOUNDARIES INCLUDE WHAT WAS FORMERLY NORFOLK 91__C7 I r 471: 1.4. - - I COUNTY AND SOUTH NORFOLK CITY. ----- Ioii i I . 1 -- -- INCLUDES THE INDEPENDENT CITY OF SUFFOLK. I_ ~. ' I I 1 ,a--~----r ------- INCLUDES THE INDEPENDENT CIY OF WILLIAMSBURG. 1t--i--i INCLUDES THE INDEPENDENT ClvIE. OF HAMPTON AND NEWPORT NE 11 I 4-i------L AND THE FORMER COUNTIES OF ELIZABETH CITY AND WARWICK CITY. 191(41 I I I II NOTE: NO HURRICANES ARE LISTED 1900 - 1923. -1 9' Imx j A95b i I --l - I 9 I 2 1(2 _ _ _ _ _ _ I- 19 4 1 1 1 11 ' --1941 _ I U P 11) I I I I I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~( C2) (2) (2* (2) 1) W I (2')I -I. - I I I j I 1 1 1 (11: * (3) (3). 3(3) i13 (3 i I - I I I I --T x i -4 ~ ~ ~ t- I i 1 :i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~A ---------- C2) (2').-!2 )- (2 ). (2){2~~~~~~~~~~~--+- L2").- ~ ~-~I-t-t---~ ~I Ii i __ _-~ r~ --� --- ------ - - ______ -- -*--- --'--- -- 1,3~---t 1U) . _______ * - -- - ----- .-- - - -+ 1 2 . ( I Z I ' t I /iI V__ _ 191rn~~~~~ r-- I __________--, 19~~~~~9~ -4--l-4---4---i ---------t --- -- ---- -ii~I C -_ !r)5n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _____ (llifl _____------__I _ zi57 - . I , I i I - __ - - -z -- - - - ----- --_+~i~J-~ i ___ I ____ __________ .___ _ I i : L1�~~~~+ i i-;, ---: __ -- - - a-m - t -- -. ~ ---- - --- - - -.---- T --~~~~~~�IL~ -rc- - r,,---------4Y--.-,Z Lt~ 212 ____ fa---t -a- -tif- -. ~- - f-- -; f - -- --;-- ~- -- 4- ,I ----- -- '-. --- -- - -- --- -_ _ I I -----a -"-'~~~"7+~' -1---T----t-F- -, 'if - - -- ----I------*-------~- � - -.- - 77iX7.~. --1--1 -.-_ I.~ :-_I_- ______~ ~~~ ___- II-t ___ Ii- ___- -- 121 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - -- j~-;-- -------c------------- --�---�1_ _ ___ FLORIDA C,~~~~~~~~~~~~~ & (5 J~ YEAR d~5 iv I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L I7 I. I III I ncl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I -E3 -An~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 1 . 1 (2) 1q1A 9 ~ I (9 1 I I i I WI I I 21-).'(21 I (1 j.9D7 I 1 CIl _ Iq I q?3 ----- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 1 i i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I I iII1 ION 3 I i(9___ 7 I()12 I 1 Iq11i i i I i I I I i~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ I ()1,WI c).9!9 I I , II , MT~~~~~~~~~~ I ()3~3 3 33 (3) (3) I 2i --Tnb3~~~~~~~~ I II I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I Tf I 1 3 3 2(2)(2) I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2~~~~~~~~~3 ~~~~~(LI) (14Xi 1) (12 2 jjjj~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G 3 3 9- (3) I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E() (2)' MI 1 _ A7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I i I I I 9 71 1 I(3)i(3J4A3I43L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AMI1!VAM)ThA4UY~~~~~~~~~~~.2.2 2 I2)2 19364.9(3)~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 21 2(23)~( 1q3 2 7--QTiTz) I 1q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Rj~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . .... I iiq.3. I1 ()117' L 1 l 1 2 2 MD. DEL. N.J. YEAR vq *Q" -?,i i.I_ _ -.-_1_ -_ .----t-- -. -it--~ INCLUDES THE INDEPENDENT CITY OF BALTIMORE. -----1-- -- 19 j I jT , i:-- -~~~ -~~ r~~~ - --- -------- - - ---.---------L- ---------t-- ---c---t t~~~~~~~~~~ 1930II 1 I 1 j I I1q13r, I i i I I _-- 2 1 i iI I I I I i - F F I I I --.-------- -197 r I I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --1975 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _i --t -1974 1930 2 F F I F ii F -i I F F ~~~ ~~~~~~~II i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I IF I I I I If St- ~~~~~~~~~3C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ~ ~ ~ ~ I I~ _uis-3i~l7~3;o F F 3 IFI I l _ _ _ j9qL6 (1iI F I FI (1 IH F A94 F F F F F F I ~i- --~--I I I J~~~q~~~A7I F F 1 F F F F I F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I F j953l - I t I r Fl I I -t� I I F~i __ ------ L- 3J13-YL3Xi3 ~~~~~9~~~~~~~i~~ ~ -.1 __ _ _~---. ___ _____ I ______ _____ -,------,-i-$---r-_-I-----------4' -� -- -4___________ ___ (V'Z z1~J9 _ --,----4---------�-,- --____ +--+ - - ----c ____ ----.-"-- --.-- - 1967_.lc_~__~~_t_ , 123_ N.Y. CONN. R.I. MASS. N.H.ME --~~~~~~~~4' I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~----4-.I __ _ IQ99~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I ___ _ Tq23 I Z 1 I I ~ ~ ~~I J I I PAI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i I I ii ~~~(* 3-TB) I5 I I .1970 1q79;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i f I I__ J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I F I i I F I ~~1 2 APPENDIX D STATE COASTAL COUNTY POPULATIONS AND PERCENTAGE OF STATE POPULATIONS IN COASTAL COUNTIES, TEXAS TO MAINE The main purpose of this set of graphs is to illustrate the growth rates of coastal populations by states and to indicate that a higher percentage of most state populations live along the coast now as compared to earlier years. State population graphs (coastal counties only) are presented for each of the 18 Gulf and Atlantic coastal states for the period 1900-1970. Also shown is the percentage of each total state population in the coastal counties. 125 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) o Ogl 0 U 0a o 1900 1910- 1920 - ' 0 r ~~I9 g~~~3~0 - 1940 - > X 0 C Z -4 % 1960 - X, 1970 - 1980 - 0, \ 00_ _ 0 ( COASTAL COUN TIES PERCENT C T xtoo) \ STATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 126 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) o o 0e 01 O 1900 I 1910 - I 1920 - -1 \ I 0 C: \I r- 1930 - \I o Z oI C 1940 - \> 1950 - \ \ � 0 m 1960 - \ \ I 1970 - l 1980 PERCENT( COAST1AL COUNTIES X \ oSTATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 127 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) O _ N - 0) 1900 1910 - 1920 - " 0 0 ~~~I 0~~C 1930 - 0 o 0 0 -o 1940- 3 \- 0 1950 - \ \ O C 1960 - \ \ 1970 - \ 1980 r0 0 0 0 an 0 0 PERCENT (COASTAL COUNTIES X loo STATE TOTAL 00 (DASHED LINE) 128 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) 0 - - N ()8 (3 l 0 I \ 1900 - 1910- 1920- I - C ~~I \~ ~ ~~ I~~~~~~~~ 1920 - ~ "'X 1930 - , \ ~~~Z ~1980- \ g D 0> 1940 - r- 1950 - | 0 m 1960 - I 1980 - PERCENT COASTAL COUNTIES X 10c) PERCENTTATE TOTAL X (DASHED LINE) 129 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) o 5 O O o O o 1900 1910 - 1920 - \ , \ '' O \ \s C r 1930 - \ "I 0 Z -I I 1940 - D 1950- 0 C '~ ~.~__ \ H 1960 - \ ci) 1970 - 1980 o o . o o o o 0 0 0 0 PERCENT (COASTAL CUNTIES 00 STATE TOTAL 00 (DASHED LINE) 130 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) o 0 0 0 0 0 0 1900 1910- ~I \ ~~0 1920 - I -X r- >3 1930- - O z C) 1960- \ o \o 1940 - 1 3: 1970 - 1980 _N w(p 7 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERCENT COASTAL TIS X 100) ' \ STATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 131 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) 0 C D ol ., 1900 I 1910 - I 1920- 0 i C I 1C1) 1930- I � 1940 - > C0 r0 i r- 1950 - I 1960 - I 1970 - I 1980 PERCNT (STATE TOTAL ) (DASHED LINE) 1 32 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) O -- Ul v O 0 1900 i 1910 - I I O 1930 - '0 0 r- 1940- - I, I \ - 1950 - 0 - 0z 1960 - > 1970 - 1980 O O o � o o O 0 0 0 00 PERCENT (COASTAL COUNTIES x t00 N \ STATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 133 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) 0 rN P ) a) o0 1900 1910 - 1920 - i " I 0 1930 - 0 1940STATE TOAL 1 ~ ~r34 (o 1950 - I*) 1970 - 1980 PERCENT(COASTAL COUNTIES ic,, (DASHED LINE) 134 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) o i X3 19 aJ O o 1900 1910 - 1920 - -\ I O I C 1930- > - I Z 1950 -. / / z / crm 1960 - / C 1970 - / 1980 o0 0 0v e) 0 a0 PERCENT (COASTAL COUNTIES X 100) STATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 135 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) 0 b N CM 0) 1900 1910- z z 1920 - m 0 C ;D r m 1930 - -i m 0 1940 - > 1950- z a -I - z M~ m H 1960 - > U) 1970- 1980 136 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) 0 ) o 0 QO) 1900 1910- \ 1920- -\ I 0 I r Io 0 C- 1940 - '> ir r It \ H 1950 - 1980 1960 - C, 137 1970 - 1980 PERCENT (COASTAL COUNTIES XIO0) STATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 137 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) o o 0 0 0 0 o 1900 I 1910 - \ 1920 - 0 C 1930- - z m 1940- - 80r 1 1960 - CD 1950 - I 19800 0 , o CPERCENT DASHED L 180i -! 1970 - I 1980 (DASHED LINE) 138 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) - N N O a CD N O P 1900 \ 1910 1920- \ I 0 1930- I I I I I I z 1920 - I 0l I 1970 - 1940- - D 1970 - 1980 190 0 0 s - PERCENT (COASTAL COUNTIES xloo) STATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 139 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) o co 0 Nor 1900 - 1910 z 1920 - 0 > G' -i3 1950 C: m 1930 - - I o 197~~~~~~0 198~~~~~~~~0 19340- Z 1950 - OZ 7 z z -I 1960 - ) C ,) 1970 -~~~~~~~~~~ 1980~~~~~~~~~~~ 140 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID [NE) 4 4 I~~~~~~~ 0 O o 0 1900 1910 1920 - I 0 C 1930-1> I I Z1 cn (n~ I > rm0 1940 - I w ,~~~ I0- 1950 - z 1 4o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-r m \ >~o0 1960 - 1970 - 1980 N ,~,,, io' o -- i050 0 0 0 (COASTAL COUNTIES x 10) STATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 141 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) O - o . 1900 1910- 1920 - I o ~I ~~~C z 1940 - \840- M ~~~~~~1950 1960 - I "0 r 7 1970 - \ " 1980 950 - 0 O O O � O O O PERCENT {COASTAL COUNTIES ITI \ SlATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 142 POPULATION (hundreds of thousands) (SOLID LINE) O _- 1 () 1900 I I I 1910 - I I 1920 - - X 0 0 I C , 1930 - cZ ~Io i z' 1950 - C 1960 - I ,1 I 1970- 1980 PERCENT ( ASATE TOTAL (DASHED LINE) 143 APPENDIX E GULF AND ATLANTIC COASTAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION - 1970 This set of nine graphs was designed as a rough guide to indi- cate approximately how many persons reside along any particular segment of coastline from Texas to Maine. The same distance scale was used for all states, so the graphs can be regarded as continuous when the appropriate end points are connected. 144 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) t~o -45i 0~~~~~~~~~~ RIO GRANDE I PORT ISABEL CAMERON WILLC PT. MANSFIELD KENEDY' 0 I KLEBERG - CORPUS CHRISTI I NUECES C: PT ARANSAS AN RICIO z z- o ARANSAS z m REFUGIO O> o fs- CALHOUN 0 -PT. OCONNOR co) JACKSON o I\ -> o MATAGORDA I MATAGORDA 0 jz > w BIRAZORIA 0 FREEPORT -4 o- lO HARRIS COUNTY (HOUSTON) (POP. I.7 MILLION) GALVESTON GLESTON CHAMBERS SABINE PASS JEFFERSON P~~~~ ORANGF I aCITIES COUNTIES 145 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) 0 o0 0 0 o 0 o 0 OI I I I I CAMERON MERON I PECAN ISLAND _ _|VERMIULION >o Z, I -4 ST. MARY z MORGAN CITY zo 0m I C > HOUMA - D - HOUUA | TERREBONNE _ z no~~~~~~~ I~ c:z g | LAFOURCHE 0z g' 4 NEW ORLEANS I ORLEANS *1 0 SURRWOOD ST. TAMMAN BURRWOOD |ST. BERNARD I rn . I H n I 1 o I I I CITIES COUNTIES 146 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) N E -4 a N , U~0 0 0 O 1o O BAY ST. LOUIS HANCOCK j GULFPORT HARRISON BILOXI JACKSON D3 PASCAGOULA X MOBILE MOBILE >o - W BALDWIN O9 - 4ESCAMBIA r- W PENSACOLA > >."3 > z i SANTA ROSA z, m1 \ FT. WALTON > BEACH OKALOOSA- 0 ZO jWALTON Cg o I > PANAMA CITY Ci) BAY , OBAY En PORT ST. JOE U0 GULF APALACHICOLA O m o j FRANKLIN I. ST. MARKS WAKULLA ) JEFFERSON ) I TAYLOR STEINHATCWHE DIXIE .b SUWANNEE i DIXE 0 CITIES COUNTIES 147 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) 144 O ;n o CEDAR KEY LEVY HOMOSASSA CITRUS HERNANDO PORT RICHEY PASCO m0 ST.PETERSBURG I O -EPINELLAS Xm TAMPA HILLSBOROUGH > O -- -4 BRADENTON MANATEE SARASOTA - I_4 / LSARASOTA -o z z n PUNTA GORDA CHARLOTTE > _ FORT MYERS LEE O NAPLES � COLLIER z EVERGLADES I 1 0 1 g I~ ~MONROE rI KEY WEST MIl 0 1 I ! I ! ! 0 CITIES COUNTIES 148 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) ca 0 Ca O O O O o � O MIAMI ; - DADE -3 FT. LAUDERDALE X I /- BROWARD x H PALM BEACH BEACH m -O STUART MTIN z z 0( FT. PIERCE ST. LUCIE ~m >I U r r VERO BECH INDIN RIVER zo ~cj) o --- O COCOA BREVARD zC O DAYTONA BEACH VOLUSIA H1o- BUNNEL IFLAGLER r1- ST. AUGUSTINE ST.JOHN JACKSONVILLE | DUVAL FERNANDINA .P BEACH NASSAU o CITIES COUNTIES 149 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) ea (A -4 ; 0 g 1 o UE ST. SIMONS I CAMDEN I I ----- -- GLYNN MC INTOSH >Q LIBERTY -3 BRYAN m SAVANNAH CHATHAM x _0m m BEAUFORT BEAUFORT I rc: COLLETON QD z 0 Z CHARLESTON CHARLESTON c: rr 00-~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~; I zo 0 o cO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c 0~~~~~~~~~~~ GEORGETOWN GEORGETOWN r Z C,)I MYRTLE BEACH HORRY -I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ISO F18-~~~~~~~~~5 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) 0 o 0 0 o o0 0 0 o 0 o CAPE FEAR \BRUNSWICK WILMINGTON I NEW HANOVER PENDER o I -, :~ ~>g I) z >0 1,C - MOREHEAD CITY /CARTERET O m o 0 > -v, | 'FAMUCO 8 BEAUfORT I r z o , zZG DARE z RELL D m WASHINGTON r - D C� -,i CHOWAN En PERQUIMANIS o 8C~~~ IPASOUOTANK O ,~ CAMDEN z u) CURRITUCK VIRGINIA BEACH j VIGINIA BEACH CITY CHSAPORTSMOUAK, N NORFOLK z NANSEMOND AI o - N EWPORT NEWS, J I mo - HAMPTON NW, C SURRY U) JAMES CITY CAPE CHARLES NORTHAMPTON GLOUCESTERRK ~~~~r ,1U)~~~~ (n MATHEWS rem 1 H MIDDLESEX rll LANCASTER ACCOMACK NORTHUMBERLAND WESTMORELAND CHINCOTEAGUE STMRLAND .) I I I I I I � CITIES COUNTIES 151 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) o: r0 LI 0~ ~~ I~ I I ( \SOMERSET OCEAN CITY WORCESTERMD . SOMERS > T. MARYS z WICOMICO I 5j /DORCHESTER o3J ICALVERT I I~~~~~ mO REHOBOTH SUSSEX,DE m T BEACH OT - 0 >) X CAPE MAY H0 > 0- CAPE MAYJ 9> KENT, DE ANNE ARUNDEL ;K m p QUEEN ANNES P1 0 ATLANTIC CITY ATLANTIC, NJ r CDW m KETBALTIMORE (POp 5 UILLIO(>;..P NEW CASTLE,DE * HA RD FD~~~ > HROO- > A IL Z I 1 OCEAN, NJ z r A SBURY PARK COUNTIES 0 - MONMOUTH rn C) PERTH AMBOY MIDDLESEX ~~~~~~~a c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c 0 o JERSEY CITY I -I~~ ZUBE RICHMOND GERGEN -i NEW YORK > KINGS Cg A i z QUEENS -.4 Ho- oo zRNX a r�� PESTCH~~CmESTER T M10I - P 3 LONG BEACH NASSAU r I~~~12~ --c MORICHES SFO 0 CITtES COUNTI'bES 152 POPULATION OF COASTAL COUNTIES (THOUSANDS) ro 0 o4 0, 0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 BRIDGEPORT I FAIRFIELD NEW HAVEN I JN EW HAVEN I D |I'DDLSEX O ~O o O NEW LONDON NEW LONDON Z .o..x I zm C -BLOCK ISLAND HINGTON KENT m PROVIDENCE PROVIDENCE BRISTOL r NEWPORT> z z 0TE NEW BEDFORD BRISTOL PLYMOTTH . _ -LYMOUTH 0 I r r DU :ES O -- Co )z 0 HYANNISPORT BARNSTABLE c i ANTUCKET. o I Dg~ E~NORFOLK c TO SUFFOLK LYNN SSEX PORTSMOUTH ROCKINGHAM NH - H 0 PA o PORTLAND I CUMBERLAND IAGADAHOCH LINCOLN r I U) ROCKLAND KNOX WALDO BAR HARBOR HANCOCK EASTPORT IWASHINGTO I o CITIES COUNTIES 153