[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]












                                                                                File #CZI:93.02PD



                        Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program
                                 (Fairmount Water Works
                              Esplanade Walkway Exhibits
                                            Final Report







                                                                @Nw














                                                                      01













                           Bronzefisherynan, "A Celebration of Water," an exhibit
                             on the Fairmount Water Works Esplanade Walkway.


                           Prepared by the Philadelphia Water Department
                                             Philadelphia, PA
                                            September, 1994









                        Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program



                Fairmount Water Works Esplanade Walkway Exhl           bits

                                       Final Report








                                      September, 1994


                                Grant Task No. CZI:93.02PD
                                       ME No. 93190



                    A REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF
              ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES TO THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND
                      ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION PURSUANT TO
     @n                       NOAA AWARD NO, NA370ZO351



                                   00astat

                     PENNSYLVANIA
                      mom
                                                   lon


          Project was financed in part through a federal Coastal Zone Management
          Grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, with
          funds provided by the NOAA. The views expressed herein are those of the
          author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its
          subagencies.
                                                         (111, A.'4 0 Ile










                                TABLE OF CONTENTS




         SITE PLAN SHOWING EXHIBIT AREA  ............................    2


         PROJECT BACKGROUND    .....................................    3


         PROJECT REPORT   ..........................................    5


         INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMS OF THE EXHIBITS   .....................  8


         FINAL EXHIBIT DESIGNS .....................................   10


         PHOTOGRAPHS OF EXHIBIT INSTALIATIONS   ...................... 14







                                                                                               PHILADELPHIA
                                                                                               MUSEUM OF ART




    /fill
                                                J







                                                               0







                                                              0,


                                  WATER WORKS
                          INTERPRET
                                    IVE CENTER


                                                                             0




      HISTORIC FAIRMOUNT WATERWORKS                           WATER WORKS
                                                              ESPLANADE
             ESPANADE WALKWAY EXHlBIT9
                                                                   SCHUYLKILL RIVER

       File #CZ1: 93.02PD
                                                                                             SITE   PLAN









            ESPLANADE WALKWAY EXHIBITS FINAL REPORT: CZ1:93.02PD


            PROJECT BACKGROUND



            The Philadelphia Water Department (PVVD) began as the Watering Committee

            in 1798, charged with providing the City with a pure and plentiful supply of

            water. Today it recognizes that an important part of the charge is to educate

            the public about the fragility of this vital natural resource.



            In 1986, the Water Department, with assistance from the Coastal Zone

            Management (CZM) Program, began the groundwork for a museum and public

            education center at the historic Fairmount Water Works, The Water Works, a

            National Historic Landmark, is owned by the City of Philadelphia and

            administered by the Fairmount Park Commission. The space in the Engine

            House which contains the historic pumping machinery and the adjacent Water

            Works Esplanade have been dedicated to the Water Department for the

            Fairmount Water Works Interpretive Center.



            The mission if the Interpretive Center is educate the public on the pivotal role

            of the Water Works in the nineteenth century and to take advantage of the

            exceptional location to explore the fragile relationship between the urban and

            natural environment, raising public awareness about the need for wiser

            management of coastal resources to improve the quality of Pennsylvania's

            water resources.





                                                   3








            The Interpretive Center is committed to attracting and serving a culturally

            diverse audience which includes inner-city school children, educators,

            community organizations, special interest groups, and senior citizens as well

            as the casual visitor. Although the site is in the process of being restored and

            the Interpretive Center space is unfinished, nearly 20,000 people have

            participated in the Center's programs and visited its exhibits since 199 1. The

            success of these programs and exhibits has confirmed the value of the use of

            the Fairmount Water Works to communicate to the general public relatively

            sophisticated ideas about urban development, technology, and the natural

            environment.




            The installation of interpretive exhibits on the Fairmount Water Works

            Esplanade Walkway has provided the Interpretive Center with an outdoor

            classroom and gallery space along which the public may explore, firsthand,

            Philadelphia's vital water resources.



            The walkway plan is based on a 1989 CZM funded design by Tourbier &

            Walmsley, Inc. (TWI) for an Interpretive Esplanade. The working drawings and

            specifications submitted earlier and used for the fabrication and installation of

            the walkway exhibits were produced by TWI and are faithful to that original

            1989 design.







                                                    4










            PROJECT REPORT OCTOBER 1993 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1994




            October 1993 through March 1994: Contract No. CZI:93.02PD between the

            City of Philadelphia Water Department and the Department of Environmental

            Resources, Bureau of Land and Water Conservation was executed.




            A Personal Services contract between PWD and the firm of Tourbier &

            Wamsley, Inc. of New York City and Philadelphia was negotiated, executed, and

            conformed. Anthony Walmsley, ASLS, AICP, a principal in the firm, conceived

            the original designs for the Interpretive Esplanade and its Wayside Stations

            (exhibits) under a 1989 CZM-funded grant. PVVTD was pleased to be able to

            retain the original designer, assuring continuity of design and vision for the

            project.



            March through May, 1994: The design process began in earnest. In a series of

            three meetings the texts for Wayside Stationsl, 3 and 4, and for the

            Introduction panel were refined, edited, and finalized. Images for the Wayside

            Stations were located, borrowed if necessary, and modified to balance the

            overall interpretive intent and visual effect. 'fWI had subcontracted the

            fabrication to Sears Iron Works of Ottsville, Pennsylvania which was

            represented at these meetings to assure that the design elements selected could

            be reasonably produced.






                                                   5








            Images and artifacts from the collections of the American Philosophical Society

            and The Franklin Institute Science Museum in Philadelphia, the Hagley

            Museum and Library in Delaware, and the New Jersey State Museum in

            Trenton were incorporated into the Wayside Station designs. All these

            institutions have been credited in the introduction panel. Final design

            drawings were sent to CZM for approval.



            June through September 1994: A camera-ready positive (2600 dots/inch) of the

            approved designs were sent to the Sheidow Bronze Co., Kingswood, West

            Virginia. From these positives photographic transparencies of each of three

            Wayside Station designs and the Introduction panel were made and transferred

            to polyfilm, creating patterns. The patterns were backed to the desired

            thickness, then sent to the sandcasting department where sand molds were

            made. The molds then went to the foundry where they were cast into bronze

            plaques, sandblasted, and finished. In the meantime, original Lenape fishing

            implements borrowed from the New Jersey State Museum were cast locally to

            be attached to the bronze plaque of Station I during installation.



            On the Esplanade itself, the words "WATER FOR THE CITY" were sandblasted

            in the concrete pavement around the circular bench of Station 3. The knock-

            out panels for Stations 1 and 3 were removed from the Walkway, and holes for

            the Introduction Panel and Stations I and 3 were excavated. A "French" drain

            was dug for Station 1 and concrete pads for all four exhibits were poured.

            (Station 4's pad was poured above the walkway level on an existing concrete


                                                   6








          pad covering an abandoned sewer manhole).



          The granite frame of Station 1 produced at H.C. Wood Monuments in

          Lansdowne, PA was laid, and each of the four bronze plaques were installed on

          the concrete pads, secured by pins and an epoxy and concrete mixture. A brick

          paving "frame" was laid around the Introduction Panel and the site was

          cleaned.













































                                             7










            INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMS OF THE EXHIBITS




            The Introduction panel, Philadelphia and the SchLiylkill River, is a plaque cast

            of bronze located at the top of the stairs leading down to the river-side

            Esplanade. The panel text introduces the main interpretive goal of the

            Esplanade, the relationship between man and the Schuylkill River. In

            addition, it recognizes the agencies and institutions whose generosity has

            made this project possible.



            Station 1, Lenape Seasonal Fishing Camp, begins the interpretation of the site

            describing and illustrating man's earliest use of the Schuylkill River for

            transportation and food.      This exhibit is recessed and represents an

            archaeological dig complete with a meter stick and outline of the "dug"

            quadrant represented in a granite block frame. A bronze plaque set within the

            granite frame includes text describing how the Lenape fished and features cast

            66 artifacts" which archaeologists might find, were they to excavate a Lenape

            fishing camp along the river. These cast "artifacts" are chelt or axe blade,

            sinkers from a fishing net, and sharpened points or arrow heads.



            Station 3, Water For The City: The Centre Square Waterworks, describes the

            first time Philadelphians harnessed the water of the Schuylkill River for

            drinking, cleaning, and fire-fighting. A bronze plaque with an image of the

            interior of the Centre Square waterworks includes text which describes the

            innovative technology which ultimately lead to the failure of that system and


                                                   8








            the building of the Fairmount Water Works.



            Station 4, Water For The City: The Fairmount Water Works is a bronze plaque

            with images of the waterwheels and turbines, the two technologies used during

            the "Golden Age" of Philadelphia's second and most famous pumping station.

            The text describes the social implications of bring water to Philadelphia during

            the Nineteenth century.


































                                                    9


	


							Station #0
							set at 10% of the final size
							set in Galliard bold
							5/31/94

							SRS-1


				  			  Philadelphia and the Schuylkill River


				  			  The Schurylkill River has shaped human 			nineteenth century, to todays's renewed
				 			  activity for thousands of years.  As their	      respect for the river's life-giving qualities.                                          
							  times and cultures differed, peoples' daily			  			
							  use of the Schurylkill differed. One thing		These exhibits were made possible by the		 
							  was constant: all left traces of their lives on	Philadelphia Water department and							
							  the river. Indeed, the rive's name itself		through federal Coastal Zone Manage-			    			  
							  (pronounced "skool-kill") shown the influ-  		ment grants from the Pennsylvania 
 	  						  ence of early Dutch settlers; in their native		Department of Environmental Resources 							  
			         	E		  language, "schuilkil" means "hidden			with funds provided by the National
				   			  creek."								Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
																U.S. Department of Commerce. Co-
				    			  The exhibits you see along the Esplanade		operating institutions were the American
				    			  are imaginary, but faithful, re-creations		Philosophical Society, The Franklin
				   			  showing how people and the Schuylkill			Institute Science Museum, the Hagley
				   			  have made their way together over the			Museum and Library, the New Jersey
				   			  years-from the time of the Lenape people,		State Museum, and the Philadelphia
				  			  through the explosive urban growth of the		Flower Show, Inc.						
						 	 	
				    

					E

                                         
 









                                                 Station #1
                                                 set at 10% of the final size
                                                 set in Galliard bold
                                                 5/31/94

                                                 SRS-2








                                                 Food from the
                                               River, about 1400



                                  Native Americans, beginning around 12,000 years ago, used the
                               Schuylkill for food and                    transportation, leaving
                               a faint mark on the                            river and its history.
                               The Lenape people                              practiced a mixed
                               economy of farming,                            hunting, dad fishing.
                               They fished the river                          intensively from
                               Much to May, when                             it teemed with shad
                               and other fish. Lenape                       men caught them by
                               any means they could -                      with nets, traps, books
                                 and spun. Their families cooked and preserved the catch for we
                                     in winter months. The dig shown here contains worked
                                       stones. They are an axe head, arrow heads, and a
                                          pile of sinkers that held a rope-like net under
                                            the riven surface. The vegetable fiber
                                                  net has long since decayed.
 




				Station #3
				set at 10% of the final size
	 			set in Galliard bold
				6/20/94

				srs-3



					The First Water Works, 1801-1815





					Philadelphians in 1800 drew								water from the river to a
					their water from backyard								water tunnel under Chest-
					and public wells, which were								nut Street, then raised the
					often close to household pri-								water to elevated tanks in
			E		vies. Worried about polluted								Centre Square (where City
					wells, the City Councils								Hall now stands). Gravity
					engaged a young English									forced the water from the
					architect/engineer, Benjamin								tanks through wooden
					Henry Latrobe, to design a								pipes to homes, businesses
			E		better system.										and public hydrants. Even
																	though this system failed-
					Latrobe's pioneering water-								it was too small, too costly
					works called for steam eng-								to run, too undependable-
					ines, a new source of power.		CENTRE SQUARE WATER WORKS		the City's next waterworks
					Steam engines pumped									also ran on steam.







                                        station #4
                                        set at 10% of final size
                                        set in Galliard bold


                                        SRS-4




                                               Fairmount Water Works, 1815-1909

                                               Frederick Graff, once Latrobe's          refreshment saloon and public
                                               assistant, designed the Fairmount        gardens added to the attraction.
                                               Water Works, which first served          These gardens were the beginning
                                               Philadelphia in 1815. It featured        of Fairmount Park, established to
                                               reservoirs atop Paire Mount, now         protect the water supply from
                                               the site of the Art Museum. River        pollution and to provide public
                                               water pumped into the reservoirs         recreation.
                                               flowed down to the City in cast-
                                               iron pipes. Between 1819 and 1822,
                                               a dam was constructed across the
                                               river so the City could replace
                                               steam power with waterwheels to
                                               run the system's pumps. Demand
                                               for water grew. By 1870, many
                                               middle-class Philadelphians had
                                               indoor baths and plumbing.



                                                                                        The Water Works expanded as
                                                                                        water power technology improved
                                                                                        and the City's population increased.
                                                                                        But growth in the City and the
                                                                                        communities upstream took its toll,
                                                                                        and the waters of the Schuylkill
                                                                                        became increasingly polluted. By
                                                                                        1900, the typhoid fever epidemics
                                               Philadelphians took great pride in       caused by contaminated river water
                                               their Water Works. They came to          forced Philadelphia to build sand
                                               admire the massive machinery and         filtration plants to purify the water
                                               the neoclassical architecture; they      supply. The Fairmount Water
                                               brought their friends. In 1835, a        Works was closed in 1909.










                                                                           13
 

























                          JF















                             1. (ahove) Installation of introductory Station "0".
                             2. (below) Station "0" introduces the Interpretive
                                Esplanade's exhibits and credits the responsible
                                organizations.



                                                                         _7




                                 AW -"











                                                      14





                                                      L WJJ I








                                  N pppr-

















                      3. (above) Preparation of the granite border for Station 1,
                         Lenape Seasonal Fishing Camp, at H.C. Wood Monuments.
                      4. (below) Mock-up of the arrangement of "artifacts"
                         for Station 1.



                                     IW*11
                                                7W!





                               Ni_









                                         'IN







                     C.4









                                                                       N.,


                                    -.womb--
                                  V




                              .4
                                     -00






                                 ,ED-


















                           5. (above) Installation of Station 1.
                           6. (below) Station 1, Lenape Seasonal Fishing Camp,
                              installation completed.














                        IN.
                         IT




















                                                                               *Vt@rks, 1801


                                                                                                Fz



                                                                       ere





                                                                                                                           tank-, th,-Eh
                                                                                                                            Pip- w 1'.
                                                                                                                            and pub".


                                                                                                                               '@s too small, too CINIXII
                                                                                                                              to run, too
                                                                                 CENTRE SQUARE INAT&R ING                     th, c:JtY' 5 "c%t
                                                                                                                               -also ran on Steam.









                                              7. (above) Station 3, Water for the City:                                            The Centre
                                                    Square Water Works, installed.
                                             8. (below) Fishermen enjoy the amenities of Station 3.










                               97




















                                                                                           . ... ..... .....

                                                                        ........ ......        ... . .. .....
                                                                                   ........ . ... .... ... ....




                                                                                    7




                                                                                   'i'l- W-1- W-k- -V-A@d
                                                                                            -h-l"Wy i-p--d
                                                                                   --1 0- c4T" V-Puk.6.. in--A-
                                                                                   14- gr-th in the City -d ih,
                                                                                              P.@- -k;- -Al'
                                                                                   ..d th. -T-1 f th. Schuylkill
                                                                                   b-e             j,[email protected]. Wy
                                                                                   1900. tl- typhoid fev-
                                              Phii-ldclphil-s t-ok g-eat pride in  ciL@cd by contaminated rivtr water
                                             their @Vjtvr Works. Thel, came to     forced Philadelphia to build sand
                                            jdmirc the n2assive machinery and      Filtration plants to purify the watitr
                                            the ncoclissicd architecture, the%,    supply. The Fairmoxint Water
                                           bro"ghr their ti-icti cls, 111 183 5, a Works was closed in 1909.





                                          9. (above) Station 4, Water for the City: The Fairmount
                                               Water Works, close up.
                                        10. (below) Station 4, installed on the Interpretive
                                               Esplanade.











                              .-T
                                                                                   OP








                                                                                   Wit.
















                                          mew --@ww

                                                                    X"

















                        11. (above) Man and goose share the Fairmount Water
                           Works Interpretive Esplanade with the Fisherman
                           (Station 6, installed 1988).
                        12. (below) Two young fishermen enjoy the Schuylkill
                           River from the Esplanade.



                                                                            '7  i@7



                                                                                      4





                                                                   Jf
                                                                                    C




                                                                    .4-





                                                                                                                                      NOAA COASTAL Sbmvl@.*



                                                                                                                                      3 6668 14112D'2 3