Castine comprehensive plan

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Cast'ine
Co prehensive
an COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

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CASTINE PLANNING BOARD
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5692 CASTINE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING COMMITTEE
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.M3 MARCHs 1979
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1979

Financial assistance for the preparation of this document was provided by a
grant from MATNE'S cnASTAL PROGRAM, through funding provided by the U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Coastal. Zone Management, under the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972 as amended.

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Planning Board
TOWN OF CASTINE
Castine, Maine 04421

March 16, 1979

Dear Castine Citizens:

The Castine Planning Board and the Castine Comprehensive Planning
Committee are pleased to present the final draft of the Castine Com-
prehensive Plan: 1979. Copies for each Castine household have been
prepared and we would appreciate your review and comment. The Plan
is a major update of the existing plan which was prepared in 1966.
This document affects each one of us, and your thoughtful considera-
tion of its contents is in all of our interests.

The Plan has been approved by the Planning Board, but you should be
aware that your comments, sugqestions, and recommendations, if sub-
mitted in writing, will be given careful consideration by the Planning
Board. Where necessary or pertinent, amendments to this plan may
be made by the Board.

A great deal of work went into the preparation of the Plan, and I
feel that it will be useful in helping to guide the town in the
future.

Respectfully submitted,
z_
Edgar S. Bowden
Chairman of the Planning Board

r-,,Operty of CSC LibrarY

U DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE N00
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2P,14 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
Ch RLF S."TION SC 29405-24 13

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
Summary of Findings ........................................................ 2
Summary of Recommendations ................................................. 3

II. REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Introduction ............................................................... 4
Immediate Region ........................................................... 4
Influences External to Immediate Reqion ..................................... 13
Summary .................................................................... 16

III. HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE
Background and Population Trends ........................................... 17
Economic Trends in Castine ................................................. 22

IV. HUMAN COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC BASE STUDY
Introduction ............................................................... 24
Population Growth .......................................................... 24
Population By Age .......................................................... 26
Education Levels ........................................................... 28
Seasonal Population ........................................................ 29
Population Forecast ........................................................ 29
Community Organizations .................................................... 30
Attitudinal Survey ......................................................... 31
Employment Characteristics ................................................. 33
Conclusions ................................................................ 35

V. COMMUNITY LAND USE, SERVICES, AND FACILITIES
Introduction ............................................................... 37
Government ................................................................. 37
Taxation ................................................................... 38
Municipal Services ......................................................... 41
Transportation and Communication ........................................... 50
Human Services ............................................................. 52
Land Use and Ownership ..................................................... 54
Housing .................................................................... 59

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont)

Page
Vi. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Topography and Boundaries ........................................ 64
Surficial Geology ................................................ 64
Soils ............................................................ 67
Bedrock Geology .................................................. 71
Climate .......................................................... 71
Wildlife .......................................................... 73

Marine Resources ................................................. 74
Vegetation ....................................................... 75
Hydrology ........................................................ 75
Groundwater ...................................................... 76
Critical and Fragile Areas ........... ............................ 79
Historic/Natural/Scenic Areas ..................................... 81

VII. CRITICAL ISSUES
Maine Maritime Academy ............................................ 88

VIII. FUTURES

Introduction ..................................................... 95

Probable Future .................................................. 95

Alternative Future ............................................... 96

Desired Future ................................................... 96

Ix. ACTION PLAN ...................................................... 98

X. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 102

xi. APPENDICES
A. List of Plants Found in Castine and Vicinity ................. 109
B. Castine Community Survey ..................................... 113
C. Comprehensive Planning Committee Members ..................... 119

FIGURES, TABLES AND MAPS

Page
Figure I Population Levels: Castine Region ............................. 5
Figure 2 Population Levels: Island Communitits ......................... 6
Figure 3 Taxable Sales in the Mid-Coast Economic Area ................... 9
Figure 4 Estimates of Demand at Public Recreation Areas in the Maine
Coastal Zone ................................................... 14
Figure 5 Population Trends: Castine .................................... 19
Figure 6 Comparison of State and Castine Age Distribution: 1978 ........ 27
Figure 7 Climate Monograph .............................................. 72

Table 1 Historical Population: Castine ................................. 24
Table 2 Castine Age and Sex Distribution: 1978 ........................ 26
Table 3 Castine Resident Education Levels .............................. 28
Table 4 Population Density ............................................. 29
Table 5 Social - Religious - Civic Organizations: Castine ............. 30
Table 6 Place of Employment ............................................ 33
Table 7 Employed Labor Force By Industry ............................... 34
Table 8 Retired Labor Force By Industry From Which Retired ............. 34
Table 9 Castine Enterprises ............................................ 36
Table 10 Major Financial Indicators ..................................... 39
Table 11 Expenditures and Receipts ...................................... 40
Table 12 School Enrollments: 1961 - 1978 ............................... 43
Table 13 Open Space and Recreation Areas: Castine ...................... 47
Table 14 Street Lengths on Castine Peninsula ............................ 51
Table 15 Land Ownership Patterns: Castine .............................. 56
Table 16 Housing Type and Condition ..................................... 59
Table 17 Occupancy - Year-round Housing Units ........................... 62
Table 18 Building Permits: 1974 - 1978 ................................. 63
Table 19 Projected Number of Dwelling Units ............................. 63

FIGURES, TABLES AND MAPS (cont)

Page

Map I Gulf of Maine .................................................. 7
Map 2 Castine Region ................................................. 8
Map 3 Transportation ................................................. 11
Map 4 General Land Use ............................................... 12
Map 5 Major Industries ............................................... 15
Map 6 Plan of Penobscot: 1915 ....................................... 18
Map 7 Site Locations: Castine ....................................... 45
Map 8 Town of Castine Zoning Map: 1979 .............................. 55
Map 9 Future Land Use: 1978 ......................................... 58
Map 10 Castine Housing: Town .......................................... 60
Map 11 Castine Housing: Peninsula .................................... 61
Map 12 Topography ..................................................... 65
Map 13 Slope .......................................................... 66
Map 14 Soils .......................................................... 69
Map 15 Water System and Soil Types .................................... 70
Map 16 Hydrology ...................................................... 78
Map 17 Special Flood Hazard ........................................... 80
Map 18 Major Historic Sites: 1978 .................................... 82
Map 19 Harbor Chart ................................................... 87

I
Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Purpose

The purpose of this Comprehensive Plan for the Town of Castine, Maine is four-
fold: first, it is to update the Comprehensive Plan of 1968; second, it is to
be used as a basis for setting new codes, for rewriting established ordinances
where changes are required , and for establishing the legality of these codes
and ordinances; third, it is to give the Castine Planning Board a foundation
for future action; and fourth, it is to provide a plan for achieving long range
planning goals in Castine.

The long range goals which the Planning Board has chosen to pursue are as
follows:

1. To preserve water quality in Castine.

2. To preserve and enhance the small town character of Castine and its unique
colonial village center.

3. To preserve and protect the open, rural character of the land, as well as
its natural and scenic resources.

4. To encourage a diversity of housing opportunities and housing types.

5. To encourage the development of a vital community composed of a variety of
types of people who feel a strong sense of community spirit.

6. To encourage the development of attractive commercial activity in those
zones where such activities are permitted.

Authorization

This project has been authorized by the Board of Selectmen of the Town of Castine,
Maine. Funding for the project has been made available through the Comprehensive
Training and Employment Act, the Town of Castine, and the Federal Coastal Zone
Management Program. Technical assistance and consultation has been provided by
the Hancock County Planning Commission in Ellsworth. Computer and copying services
have been provided by the Maine Maritime Academy.

Approach

The Castine Planning Board, with the assistance of a Planning Aide, completed
this plan with input from:

1. Interested citizens,

2. A community attitudinal survey which both year-round and seasonal residents
completed in the first six months of 1978,

3. Officials representing various public and private organizations,

4. The 1968 Castine Comprehensive Plan, and the

5. State Planning Office and Hancock County Planning Commission.

-1-

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. The most important issue, with regard to the physical environment of
Castine, is the potential widespread contamination of the water table in
the Witherle Woods and north Castine. The lack of a Harbor Ordinance
will also continue to effect the environment of Castine.

2. Problem areas, as identified by the Comprehensive Planning Committee, are
the town dump, which has a life expectancy of only two to five years; the
Castine cemetery, which does not have an adequate land supply to accomodate
future needs; the Pollution Control Facility, which has a water infiltration
problem; and the critical shortage of downtown parking space.

3. Past and present trends, with regard to population and development, indicate
that Castine has changed significantly. Extending these trends into the
future shows that the citizens of Castine must be prepared to deal with popu-
lation growth and development activities.

4. Castine's population includes a substantial number of retirees and elderly
.who affect the town's employment opportunities, housing styles and condi-
tions, social attitudes, community health care facilities, and population
age distribution.

5. Some of the town's ordinances and enforcement provisions are not effective
and all of them need periodic review and revision.

6. The Maine Maritime Academy (MMA) has numerous positive and negative effects
on the Town. Most importantly, it provides valuable services and contri-
butes substantially to the economy of the Town, particularly in terms of
employment. The Academy does, however, remove a large quantity of land
from the tax roles and its building program has changed the appearance and
the historic character of the Town.

7. Castine needs to stay informed on regional issues and developments which
may have short and/or long-term effects on the Town.

-2-

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on its findings, the Comprehensive Planning Committee, made up of
Planning Board members, citizen representatives, and town officials, with
information from public hearings, makes the following Summary of Recommen-
dations.

1. Castine should initiate a review of all town ordinances and should consider
new ordinances which are necessary to protect the character and resources
of the town.

2. Castine should protect both its ground and surface water resources from
contamination.

3. Castine should examine the possibility of improving its public safety
program. In particular, it should carefully examine the various aspects
of full time local police protection.

4. Castine should begin a land acquisition program near its school, cemetery,
swimming pool and commercial area.

5. Castine should encourage economic development which is consistent with
the town's history and which will provide employment opportunities to
townspeople.

6. Castine should initiate a program which will protect its historic sites,
buildings and records.

7. Castine should maintain an awareness of regional problems and prospects
with special regard to major industrial developments.

8. Castine should pursue a better working relationship with the Maine Maritime
Academy in order to profit from future opportunities and to avoid future
conflicts.

-3-

11
Regional
Perspective

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Introduction

Castine depends to a great extent upon its immediate region for many goods and
services. Its relatively isolated location is becoming less and less of an
impediment to tourists, retirees, and developers interested in visiting Castine,
settling in the town, or developing its seasonal and year-round commercial
potential. The Castine region is delineated on Maps 1 and 2.

Immediate Region

Castine, similar to other coastal areas, has soils that are composed of clay,
sand, and glacial till. Groundwater quality is generally satisfactorY for most
uses, though the quality of the town's marine waters is no longer high because
of the pollution in upper Penobscot Bay.

Spruce-fir forests are the dominant form of vegetation in the region. Because
of damage from winds and storms, coastal growth is poorly shaped and slower
to mature than inland growth.

Population levels for the region have remained nearly constant in the last
century. Figure I describes the population levels of the region, except for
island communities which are described in Figure 2. Individual towns have
varied considerably--some have increased 211 percent, others have decreased
85 percent.

Between 1960 and 1970 the region grew substantially, and is continuing to do
so. Island communities, on the other hand, have depopulated about 50 percent
during the past century and 10 percent during the past decade. All towns in
the region experience summer increases in population.

Manufacturing (14 percent of the Penobscot/Hancock County region's employment)
includes wood and paper products, processing marine products, and many small
miscellaneous industries. 19 percent of the region's employment is in farm
wage and salary employment and 67 percent is "non-manufacturing" services.

The coastal zone lags in growth of total taxable sales behind the economy of
the state as a whole. The coastal region is becoming dependent on summer peaks
from tourism, a development which has occurred primarily during the last fifteen
years. However, at least one local merchant reports that year-round business
is on the increase, probably as a result of the increasing retirement community
here. Figure 3 shows the nature and extent of the increasing dependence of the
region economy on tourism. The region's economy rests on tourism, wood products
and fisheries.

-4-

Figure I

POPULATION LEVELS: CASTINE REGION (Based on 1970 U.S. Census)

(EXCEPT ISLAND COMMUNITIES)
Population
1870 1970 Change Change
TOWNSHIP/PLANTATION Pop. Pop. 1870-1970a 870-1970

St. George 2318 1639 -679 -29.3
S. Thomaston 1693 831 +419 +24.9
Owls Head b 1281 b b
Rockland 7774 8505 +731' + 8.6
Rockport c 2067 c c
Camden 4512 4115 +1670 +37.0
Lincolnville 1900 955 -945 -49.7
Northport 902 .@744 -158 -17.5
Belfast 5278 5957 +679 +12.9
Searsport 2282 1951 -331 -14.5
Stockton Springs 2089 1142 -947 -45.3
Prospect 886 358 -528 -59.6
Bucksport 3433 3756 +323 + 9.4
Verona 352 437 + 85 +24.1
Orland 1701 1307 -391 -23.2
Penobscot 1418 786 -632 -44.6
Castine* 1303 1080 -223 -17.1
Brooksville 1275 673 -602 -47.2
Sedgwick 1113 578 -535 -48.1
Deer Isle 3414 1211 -912 -26.7
Stonington d 1291 d d
Brooklin 966 598 -368 -38.1
Blue Hill 1707 1367 -340 -19.9
Surry 1242 623 -619 -49.8
Ellsworth 5257 4603 -644 -12.2
Hancock 974 1070 + 96 + 9.8
Lamoine 612 615 + 3 + 0.5
Trenton 678 392 -286 -42.2
Bar Harbor 1195 3716 +2521 +11.0
Mount Desert 918 1659 +741 +80.7
Tremont 1822 1003 +838. +46.0
Southwest Harbor e 1657 e e
Franklin 1042 708 -339 -32.0
Sullivan 796 824 +227 +28.5
Sorrento f 199 f f
Gouldsboro 1709 1310 +629 +36.8
Winter Harbor 9 1028 9 9

TOTALS 62,561 63,036 +475 + 0.8

Notes:
a. 1870-1970 population change figures have been adjusted to reflect
changes for minor civil divisions which have been divided into
additional townships (see notes below).
b. Set off from S. Thomaston in 1921.

*Includes Maine Maritime Academy Students

-5-

Notes: (continued)

c. Set off from Camden in 1891.
d. Set off from Deer Isle in 1897.
e. Set off from Tremont in 1905.
f. Set off from Sullivan in 1895.
g. Set off from Gouldsboro in 1895.

Figure 2

POPULATION LEVELS: ISLAND COMMUNITIES (1970 U.S. Census)

Population Percent
1870 1970 Change Change
TOWNSHIP/PLANTATION POP. POP. 1870-1970 1870-1970

Cranberry Isles 350 186 -164 -46.8
Long Island Plt. 177 56 -121 -68.4
Swan's Island 632 323 -309 -48.9
Matinicus Isle Plt. 277 90 -187 -67.5
North Haven 806 399 -407 -50.5
Vinalhaven 1851 1135 -716 -38.7
Monhegan Plt. 145 44 -101 -69.6
Islesboro 1230 421 -809 -65.8

Isle au Haut 300 45 -255 -85.0

TOTALS 5768 2699 -3069 -53.2

Source: Interim Comprehensive Plan for Isle au Haut, Maine;
T-Haskell and Associates, Hallowell, Maine)

Maine Register, State Year-Book and Legislative Manual;
T76wer Publishing Company, Portland, Maine; 1969)

-6-

BANGOR9 CASTINE

PORTLAND

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THE REGION

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TAXABLE SALES IN THE MID-COAST ECONOMIC AREA

$ 4000

$ 3000

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$ 2000
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$ 1000

1958

$ 0

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Source: Maine State Bureau of Taxation/Coastal Planning Group,
State Planning Office.

Interim ComRrehensive Plan for Isle au Haut, Maine
TFa-s-Fell and Associates, Hallowell, Maine)

-9-

The region's transportation system is shown on Map 3. The maj&ity of
passenger and freight transportation within the region is by highways,
which are heavily congested during summer months. Railroads serve Rockland,
Belfast, Searsport, Stockton Springs, Bucksport, Ellsworth, Hancock, Franklin,
and Sullivan. Various airfields--10 commercial and private--are scattered
throughout the region. Searsport, a major port facility served by rail and
having oil storage facilities and a pipeline terminal, is second only to
Portland in the amount of tonnage it handles per year. Regular ferry service
connects many islands with the mainland.

Nearly 31 percent of the region's housing stock is for seasonal use. In
Castine, 36 percent of the housing stock is for seasonal use. During the
last four years, 13 year-round and 3 seasonal homes have been built in
Castine.

Acadia National Park, the most significant recreational attraction in the
area, draws more visitors than all other federal and state parks in Maine.
It is interesting to note that the region's federal and state recreation
facilities account for 64 percent of all visitor days to such facilities
in Maine, but the region comprises only about 36 percent of the State's
land area.

Regional land use patterns are generalized on Map 4. The majority of the
area is rural, with low densities. Development activities in the region
are characterized by "strip" development along the roads and waterfront
areas. Agricultural land use, located in the rural areas, is limited
because of the relatively poor soils.

According to the 1978 Castine Community Survey, Castine depends to a large
extent on Bucksport, Bangor and Ellsworth. Most Castine residents buy their
groceries in Bucksport; prices, variety of stock, and shelf-life of goods
are the primary reasons for this reliance. The purchase of clothing, furni-
ture, and appliances is distributed between Bangor and Bucksport. A
significant number of townspeople purchase hardware, building supplies, and
garden supplies in Bucksport as well. It is interesting that more people
shop in Bangor than in Ellsworth. The relationship with Bangor is appar-
ently a throwback to the days when Castine, as a Penobscot River town,
had daily contact with Bangor through shipping and river transportation.
If for no other reason than that a trip out of town provides a needed break
fn the routine of Castine life, these places will probably continue to play
an important role In providing Castine with goods and services.

_10-

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Bucksport provides grocery stores, hardware stores, automotive parts stores,
barber shops, clothing stores, an appliance store, and a building supplies
center, among others. Bangor has many automobile sales and service establish-
ments, restaurants, clothing stores, etc., many of which are located in
shopping malls which provide shopper convenience. In recent years, Ellsworth
has experienced a significant commercial boom, and in the future a larger
number of Castine residents will probably turn to Ellsworth for their shopping
needs.

Influences External to the Immediate Region
External influences include the demand for recreational use and development;
pressures for industrial development within the region; problems associated
with mainland support of off-shore oil drilling; various legal and economic
influences on the fishing industry; trends towards regionalization of govern-
ment and government services; social and cultural influences; and various
levels of land'use planning. 1.

Figure 4 outlines various estimates of future recreational demand on the
Maine coast. The most steadily increasing and influential demand since
World War II has been for recreatfonal us.e and development.

Figures of-3.9 million visitor days for coastal recreation facilities pro-
jected for 1980 by one study were realized in-1971. A key question is:
will this growth be checked by breakdown of support systems (e.g. highway
congestion) and deterioration of the environment from overuse and over-
development, or by careful planning that will maximize benefits while
minimizing adverse effects? Historically, there has been no coordinated
planning policy to control recreational use for the public's benefit.

The location and types of existing and proposed industrial activity within
the region is shown on Map 5. Industrial pressures have occurred in the
form of proposals for nuclear power plants, oil ports, coal burning power
plants, oil refineries, and associated industries such as plastics.

Because of its cold water and comparatively low population densities, it is
likely that the region will continue to experience substantial pressure for
nuclear power plant siting.

Although an oil refinery proposal for Searsport was turned down in recent
years, it is possible the region will support related industrialization
involving refinery products if one or more oil refineries are eventually
constructed in the coastal zone. Consideration has also been given to
expanding the existing dock facilities in Searsport, and 'new dock facilities
have been built recently in Winterport. Under Maine's coastal zone Planning
program, both Searsport and Penobscot are designated as areas for possible
heavy industrial expansion.- It is also possible that the Maine Maritime
Academy, because of its facilities in Castine, might play a role in the
increased shipping potential on Penobscot Bay.

-13-

Figure 4

ESTIMATES OF DEMAND AT PUBLIC RECREATION AREAS IN THE MAINE COASTAL
ZONE

Million Visitor Days

Estimate 1960 1969 1980 2000 2020

NAR Rate a 1.7 3.0 4.2 6 11

Acadia Rate b 1.7 3.0 4.7 10 22

Maine Coastal Rate c 1.7 3.0 7.0 33 155

Notes:

a. Rate estimated by North Atlantic Regional Water Resources Stud)t
(27.5 percent per decade)

b. Rate slightly below recent Acadia figures (40.0 percent per
decade)

c. Rate approximately equal to recent rate for Maine coastal zone
parks and less than national rate for national parks (80.0 percent
per decade)

Source:
ReQional and National Demands on the Maine Coastal Zone; (New England
River Basin Commission, Boston, Massachusetts; 1971)

Interim Comprehensive Plan for Isle au Haut, Maine; (Haskell and
Ts-sociates, Hallowell, Maine)

-14-

CASTINE

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The general economic trends of the region are likely to affect the Castine
community. The increasing value of coastal properties already affects the
local residents; young families and middle income families have difficulty
purchasing property within the town. Increasingly, coastal properties in
the region are being purchased by retirees. Another trend is the increasing
price of energy for transportation which will add to the existing problems
of mobility in the area.

Another area of influence may be identified as the various systems and levels
of land use regulation and planning. The federally sponsored Coastal Zone
Management Program and subsequent state level programs are examples of t 1
planning. There are also various air, water, and land use laws administered
by the state.

Summary

Similar to many coastal towns in the region, Castine experiences numerous
internal and external development pressures. Among the more important are
recreational (primarily seasonal), and industrial, especially in connection
with Searsport and the Penobscot Bay.

-16-

III
Historic
Perspective

HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE

Background and Population Trends

Castine's geographic location at the head of Penobscot Bay, and at the mouths
of the Penobscot and Bagaduce Rivers, has been the primary factor in the
settlement and development of the town. Indian relics and shell heaps,
believed to be from the Abnaki Indians, have been found in Castine and are
evidence that the peninsula was a frequent camping ground for this nomadic
tribe. In 1613 the town was occupied by French traders and was the first
town in Hancock County to be permanently settled.

The combination of this geographic location and a large, safe, deep-water
harbor assured the continued occupancy of the town. Known variously at
different periods of its development as Majabigwaduce (or varients of the
same), Pentagoet, Penobscot, and Castine, the town has a rich historical
heritage. Here the governments of three European nations--France, Holland,
and England--vied for control of the northeastern portion of the North
American continent with its rich reserves of fish, fur, and lumber. As
early as 1670, the excellent fisheries at Castine were documented; however,
fur trading was the staple of the area's economy during the early settlement
period.

When the British had finally gained control of the colonies, land grants
were made available to loyal subjects and the population of the area began
to increase rapidly. The accompanying map of the town indicates the dispo-
sition of these early grants (see Map 6). The peninsula of Castine became
militarily strategic because of its location near the vast forests of Maine.
William Hutchinson Rowe, in The Maritime History of Maine, suggests that,
"The necessity of holding as much of Maine as possible ?o the purpose of
retaining (the source of the supply of masts) was the chief factor in the
British occupation of Castine throughout the Revolution. The interest of
Britain in the Penobscot country was to be eyidenced again a generation later
by her occupation of Castine again in 1814 ." During the Revolutionary War,
Castine was considered to be so important to the Americans that they were to
suffer their greatest naval defeat, the Penobscot Expedition, in an attempt
to wrest control of Castine from the British occupying forces.

Trends in Castine's population growth are shown on Figure 5. The U. S. first
began to take a census in 1790; at that time, Castine's population was high
because its area also included the towns of Brooksville and Penobscot. The
population continued to grow until 1860 when Castine's economy of fishing,
farming, trapping, and shipbuilding reached its peak. The decline in Castine's
population corresponded to a great decline In the town's economy beginning
about 1850; the decline in the population continued until about 1940.

iWilliam Hutchinson Rowe, The Maritime History of Maine: Three Centuries of
Shipbuilding and Seafaring; New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.,
1948, p.43

-17-

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Staff Hous*,80ston
1915
MAP 6 ROCOPW by ftv@k Counry PA-vC-@m 1978
Is

POPULATION
1500

7500-

500-

1 j%6 -Al 0 -A- -L-() A- A A. -7@0(
0 la 1820 183 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 ItO 19410 1920 19'30 itM 1430 &3 r970 75 AM 19t3
YEARS

SOURCES: U S. Census

H
ISTORIC POPULATION of CASTINE

FIGURE 5

Of the events that combined to cause Castine's economic demise in
the mid-1800's, probably the most important was the cancellation of
the bounty paid to fishermen by the U. S. government. As Ellenore
Doudiet points out in Majabiqwaduce, "On the first of January .....
the fishermen gathered in Castine to receive the 'bounty' with which
the United States government encouraged their arduous vocation. The
amount paid in this way every year made an important addition to the
income of the fishermen, and, as the result shows, was indispensable
to the continuance of the business. From the time when the govern-
ment ceased to pay the bounty, the business declined, and, so far as
this region is concerned, has come to an end. The Deputy Collector
reported that in the year 1857--probably one of the more prosperous
years--bounties were paid to this office to three hundred and four-
teen vessFls, to an aggregate amount of more than fifty-nine thousand
dollars."

Castine's marine economy was based upon the salt which was used to
preserve the fish; as George S. Wasson reports in Sailin2 Days on
the Penobscot, "...Castine became the great salt depot of Northern
New Engla Castine had "practically a monopoly" on this commodity:
"Castine, in her own ships, imported salt from Cadiz, Liverpool, and
other ports, stored it in large salt houses built on the wharves,
and selling it by the ton to hundreds of vessels from all quarters,
established a trade which, to a great extent, accounts for the many
fine old dwellings in the town .... In the heyday of fishing, nearly
five hundrid craft have been counted in the spacious harbor, waiting
for salt."

William Hutchinson Rowe sums up the relationship between the fishing
bounty and the salt business, and its effect on Castine: "The
Civil War marks the close of an era in the Maine fisheries. The
bounty which for nearly three-quarters of a century had eked out the
scanty returns received by the fisherman was removed by Congress.
The result was that the salt cod fisheries decreased over one-half
in five years and steadily dwindled so that in 1900 only six Maine
vessels were thus engaged. This brought disaster not only to the
men and vessels engaged, but also the merchants along shore. Many,
who had built great salthouses and maintained large general stores
to supply the bankers and seiners, found their profitable business
gone.

"Up to this time Castine, the wealthiest town in Maine in proportion
to its population, had been the great salt depot of eastern Maine...
The fishermen assembled in the capacious harbor in the spring waiting
to take in salt and other supplies for the four-month voyage to the
Grand Banks or the Bay of Chaleur. During the summer would come the
salt fleet from Cadiz or Liverpool, Castine ships with great cargoes
of coarse salt, to be stored in the staunch salthouses and sold by
the ton to the fishermen ... In the fall the fishing fleet would return

2Ellenore Doudiet, Majabigwaduce: Castine, Penobscot, Brooksville,
Castine, Maine: Castine Scientific Society, 1978, p. 58, p.
3George S. Wasson and Lincoln Colcord, Sailinq Days on the Penobscot:
The River and Bay As They Were In The'Old Days, Salem, Massac-Fu-setts:
Ra-Fir-ne Research Society, 1932, pp._rA_9_-TgO.

-20-

with the harvest of the sea and dispose of their cargoes. Again in
January they returned to collect the bounty with which the United
States encouraged them in their labors.

"After 1857 Castine's importance as a fishing and shipping center
rapidly decreased. Great losses were sustained by the principal
merchants during the Civil War, and the once numerous fleets of
fishing schooners became smaller and smaller as such ports as
Portland and Gloucester gained an advantage, being nearer the market.
There were only left the fine old homes and the massively framed
salthouses on the wharves to testify to the importance of the trade
in the salt cod era."4

1857 was probably the last prosperous year in Castine, because it was
the year of the great panic. "The panic of 1857--," writes Gorham
Munson, "brief but disastrous for six thousand business concerns--put
a stop to clipper building. The panic was the explosion after the
nation-wide inflation that had ensued on the discovery of gold in
Calif.ornia."5 Not only the building of clipper ships was 'curtailed by
the panic, but also the entire shipping industry was effected.
Louise Dickinson Rich writes that, "The decline of the Maine shipping
started before the Civil War. In 1857 the whole country was subjected
to a severe depression, which amounted to a disaster to the shipping
interests. Once proud vessels rotted at their anchorages, and trade 116
was at a standstill. The Civil War completed what was already begun.
Another blow to Castine's economy had been the removal, in 1836, of
the county seat from Castine to Ellsworth, and later the removal of the
Castine Customs House.

Wasson concludes his discussion of Castine's economic decline: "After
the general decay in shipping, and especially of the great lumber
trade in which Castine had many vessels engaged, attempts to conduct
manufacturing of various kinds followed, but all seemed destined to
ultimate failure. Singular inaccessability of the town was no doubt
its chief reason, for at all seasons the thirty-six mile drive to
Bangor was an experience not to be forgotten. In winter the roads
were often blocked by heavy snow; the clay soil of the region pro-
duced deep, sticky mud until late in the season, and on long, steep
hills, seldom to be equalled, protruding ledges of granite that must
be climbed at intervals. No wonder that the Castine road was known as
the worst among the many poor ones in the vicinity, and that steamboats
took the bulk of travel in all directions when ice did not prevent.

"Castine, near the tip of the peninsula, and eighteen miles from any

4Rowe, pp. 282-283
5Gorham Munson, Penobscot: Down East Paradise, New York: J. B.
Lippincott Company, 1959, p. 134.
6Louise Dickinson Rich, The Coast of Maine, Revised Edition, New
York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1965, p. 88

railroad, had, at first, sailing and then excellent steam communication
with many ports. As commerce neared its vanishing point, the town was
among the first to feel the beneficial effects of summer visitors,
who bought land, built many fine cottage and transformed a moribund
old seaport into a noted summer resort."

Another factor contributing to Castine's economic decline was the
development of steam power, and especially of the railroads. Also,
the heavy industrialization of the northern states, occasioned by
the Civil War, caused a considerable exodus of people from this area
who wanted to take advantage of the new employment opportunities in
the urban areas to the south. The boom days of the Maine coast
economy were over.

As noted above, the population of Castine continued to decline until
1940, but since then it has increased steadily. The chief causes of
the increase have been the establishment of the Maine Maritime Academy,
the post-World War II baby boom, the exodus of large numbers,of
people from the overpopulated urban areas to the south, and the move-
ment here of a significant number of retirees to the relative peace
of the State of Maine.

Economic Trends in Castine

Today it is difficu 'lt to imagine the extent of commercial activity
which was once carried on in Castine. The original economy of the
town, up until the middle of the 18th century when expansion really
began, was based mainly on fur trading, fishing, and agriculture.
Castine was in-an ideal spot, located as it is at the mouth of the
Penobscot River, to receive the furs which were sent down the river
from the vast wilderness to the north. Later on, Castine's location
was excellent for ships engaged in the lumber trade on "Bangor River,"
as the Penobscot was known. The fishing was also excellent at the
time of early settlement, and Castine was ideally located for easy
access to the fishing grounds. Agriculture during this period was
carried on primarily to sustain each-individual family.

In 1784, Daniel Low built a tannery, which is the first recorded in-
dustry in Castine. After this, there was a great deal of commercial
and industrial activity; in 1789, the first Custom's House was
established at Castine, an institution which greatly increased the
prestige of the town and the activity of its harbor and port. In
1793, the first schooner to be documented was built at Castine; this
was the schooner Nanc Thus began Castine's development as a great
shipping and ship ng port; for many years Castine ships were
seen in every major world port. Rowe reports that, "In 1799 Castine
owned 3 ships, 1 brig, 10 schooners, and 2 sloops, all built in the
town. The next decade therp were added to them 2 'ships, 6 brigs,
6 schooners, and 2 sloops."I Shipbuilding was a mainstay of the
Castine economy for nearly a century.

7 Wasson and Colcord, p. 192
8 Rowe, pp. 66-67

-22-

Between the years 1795 and 1804, commercial expansion included a hat store,
a brick yard, a rope walk, a pump and block making factory, a sail loft, a
chair factory, and other miscellaneous manufacturers. In 1779 Castine got
her first settled physician, Oliver Mann.

The peak years for the Castine economy were those from about 1810 until 1850;
ship building, salt shipping and storage, lumber shipping, and fishing, as
well as the myriad of occupations associated with shipping, formed the
heart of the economy. As Rowe points out, "The shipyards developed many
allied trades. In the larger towns practically everything that went into
their vessels was fabricated .... For example, for years in Castine, Hatch
and Mead were the chain makers and shipsmiths, John Sampson manufactured
pumps and blocks,,,8ohn Dresser conducted a rope walk, and William Chamberlain
baked ship bread. In 1810, the shipping trade centered around rum, fish,
groceries, and West India goods. In 1814-15, when the British were occupying
Castine, many English goods were imported to the town. By 1816, the commercial
activity had increased to such a pitch that the Castine Bank was established.
Newspapers were also published here.

In 1820 the first dentist settled in Castine. In 1835 a flour mill and a
chain manufactory were established; rope-making was already a thriving
business, one which lasted into the 20th century.

In 1840, when the population of Castine was 1188, 79 men were involved in
agriculture, 107 were manufacturers or tradesmen, 47 were navigators of the
ocean, 10 were navigators of rivers, canals, and lakes, and only 9 were
members of the learned professions or engineers. There were 4 pensioners
for revolutionary or military services. Also in 1840, there were seven
schools distributed throughout the town to educate the 346 children.

With the decline in shipping, Castine underwent a great decline in business
between 1850 and 1875. It was the rediscovery of Castine as a resort town
in the late 1800's and early 1900's which, as Wasson reminds us, probably
saved the town from serious economic crises. From that time until the
present, seasonal "tourist" trade has been a siqnificant part of the Castine
economy. Other input into Castine's economy toaay comes primarily from the
Maine Maritime Academy, real estate sales and financial services, health
services, and from the large retired community (see Economic Base Study).

9 Rowe, p. 137

-23-

IV
Human Community
and
Economic Base Study

HUMAN COMMUNITY

Introduction

A town's principal resource--its people--is of primary importance in the
comprehensive olanning process. Since a basic objective of planning is to
provide for existing and future populations, this element must be studied,
evaluated, and projected before town plans can be appropriately developed.
This section is concerned with population growth, natural population changes,
population distribution by age and sex, population distribution by area,
seasonal population, and future population estimates. In addition.to these,
regional and historical aspects are also incorporated to give a broad pic-
ture of the people in Castine.

The door-to-door survey conducted by the Town Planning Aide has provided the
statistical information which has been incorporated into the figures and
tables that are included in the study.

Qualitative Factors

The birth rate in Castine was high in the eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries when large families were usual. In-migration also helped to raise
the population to a peak of 1,357 in 1860. This was the,year when Castine's
economy of fishing, trapping, farming, and ship building was most active.
In addition, the export of timber from the inland reaches of the Penobscot
River attracted many settlers to this area.

As the transportation within the country shifted from sea to rail, the main-
stays of Castine's economy became outmoded and the population began to
migrate to the industrializing urban areas. This trend continued for 90
years until 1940, when the population reached a low of 662.

Population Growth

The total population by decade from the United States Census is given in
Table 1 for the Town of Castine.

TABLE I
Historical Populat4on
Town of Castine, Maine
Year Year Year

1790 1048* 1860 1357 1930 726
1800 671 1870 1303 1940 662
1810 1036 1880 1215 1950 793
1820 975 1890 987 1960 824
1830 1155 1900 925 1966 1105**
1840 1188 1910 938 1970 1080***
1850 1260 1920 743 1978 1328****

-24-

Included Penobscot and Brooksville

Hans Klunder Survey for 1968 Comprehensive Plan

U.S. Census--included approximately 490 Maine Maritime Academy students

Castine Community Survey--includes year-round residents plus 633 Maine
Maritime Academy students.

There was a steady increase in population in Castine after the establishment of
a permanent English colony in 1760. With the cessation of the Revolutionary War,
the economy became stable and people were drawn to Castine.

In 1860 the Civil War and its effect on the area's economy stimulated population
movement out of Castine. This decline in the town's population continued into
the twentieth century, although the population of the state as a whole was
increasing.*

The 1960 census shows an increase in Castine's population, the first major change
since 1860. This increase was due in part to the Post-World War II baby boom.
Growth continued at an increasing rate as the 1960 census and the 1966 Hans
Klunder census for the 1968 Comprehensive Plan indicate. W 'hile the population
increased 3.9 percent during the decade from 1950 to 1960", it increased 34.1
percent during the period of 1961 through 1966***. This large increase (the
largest increase in the population of Castine in the last centuryt) has been
followed by a smaller increase of 20% (1105 to 1328) during the period between
1966 and 1978. This increase may be attributed to the expansion of the Maine
Maritime Academy and a large increase in its student population. Castine's
year-round population in 1978, excluding approximately 633 MMA students, is 695.
It is interesting'to note that the population as long ago as 1810 was 1036 which
is roughly the same as Castine's year-round and seasonal populations combined
in 1978 (see table 2).

Natural and Migratory Population Changes

The 1978 Castine Community Survey revealed that a total'of 138 people have
moved into Castine during the last seven years; this figure represents a 10
percent increase of the total year-round population. In addition, the student
population of the Maine Maritime Academy has increased by 143 (490 to 633)
since 1970. Since some of the non-students are associated with the Academy,
it is clear that the expansion of that institution has been the primary cause
of in-migration during the past seven years.

Between the years 1850 and 1940, the population of the state increased
steadily from 583, 169 to 847, 226 (with a slight decrease following
the Civil War); the population of Hancock County, however, decreased
between these years from 34,372 to 32,422.
U.S. Census figures include MMA students
Included 142 new Maritime students and 151 new-residents.

-25-

Population By Age

The vitality of a community often depends on the balance of its people with
regard to age and sex. The Castine Communitv Survey, as shown on Table 2,
revealed most residents are over forty-four. Also that 53 percent of the
total resident population are female. Non-resident totals show the 45 to
64 age group is the majority with more females than males. Figure 6 is a com-
parison of the age distribution of the town to the State of Maine.
TABLE 2

Castine Age and Sex Distribution*
1978

Under 5 37

5 - 17 167

18 - 44 287

45 - 64 315

65+ 224

TOTAL POPULATION 1030

Resident

MALE FEMALE

Under 5 18 14

5 - 17 54 55

18 - 44 101 95

45 - 64 84 98

65+ 70 106

TOTALS 327 368

RESIDENT TOTAL POPULATION: 695

Non-Resident
(Seasonal)

MALE FEMALE

Under 5 3 2

5 17 28 30

18 44 48 43

45 64 60 73

65+ 18 30
TOTALS 157 178
NON-RESIDENT TOTAL POPULATION: 335
* Figures do not include approximately 633 Maine Maritime Academy students.
Source: Castine Community Survey; 1978 -26-

COMPARISION OF AGE DISTRIBUTION
STATE OF MAINE AND TOWN OF CASTINEw CASTINE
1978 Ej STATE of MAINE

50- 50

45- -45
z
0
P: 40
40

a- 35- -35
0

30- '30

0
25- -25
U.

UJ 20
20
C.9

z 15- -15
ui

cr ...
ui 10
10

5 -5
... .... ...

.0
0-
o-4 5-17 18-44 45-64 65+

"Does not indWs M.M.A.StWents AGE GROUPS
... .. ....
... .. ....
... ... .....
... .. .....
... .. ......
... .. .....

FIGURE 6

Education Levels

The median number of school years completed for Hancock County residents is
12.2 years. The average for the State of Maine is slightly lower, between
11 and 12, and for Castine slightly higher (see Table 3).

TABLE 3

CASTINE RESIDENT EDUCATION LEVELS*

Grade Male Female

Grade School 0 - 8 -- --
9 3 1
10 -- --
11

High School 12 22 26
13 1 6
14 6 16
15 5 3

College Degree 16 29 23
17 1 --

Post Graduate 18 17 8

No Response -- 5 7

* Does not include retirees

Source: Respondents to Castine Community Survey: 1978

Population Distribution by Area

The overall density of Castine, excluding MMA students but including seasonal
residents, is 130.38 people per square mile; density is higher if MMA students
are included (see Table 4). This indicates a high density for the town but it
does not reflect the distribution of population in Castine. The natural
separation formed by the British Canal on the Neck marks the line between the
compact area of the peninsula and that of the "Neck" or northern portion of
town. Within the urban area on the peninsula there is a definite pattern of
population distribution. Because the early economy was oriented toward the
sea, the northern area of the peninsula, from the golf club west to Blockhouse
Point and to the British Canal, did not develop. Thus the population formed a
dense pattern around the commercial harbor area. Population outside of the
compact area is stretched along Route 166 and Route 166-A and is oriented toward
the road and the shore.

-28-

TABLE 4

POPULATION DENSITY

Percent Change
Square Miles Persons Per Square Mile 1970-78

1970 1975 1978

Castine* 7.9 136.7 160.3 168.1 23.0

Hancock County 1,692.82 20.7 23.1 N/A N/A

Maine 31,884.85 31.2 33.2 34.1 9.3

* Includes Maine Maritime Academy students, not seasonal population

Sources: 1978 Castine Community Survey
SPO Statistical Reports, Population Projection Series PPS-1, July, 1977

Seasonal Population

The 1978 Castine Community Survey indicated that there are 335 seasonal residents
owning 156 seasonal dwelling units. These owners represent 17 states and the
Panama Canal Zone. The fact that almost all of the homes are owned rather than
rented indicates the seasonal population is not transient and indeed is well
represented among those retiring to Castine on a permanent basis.

Population Forecast

The population pressure from southern New England will continue to affect the
region and town of Castine. In fact, Hancock County is currently one of the
fastest growing counties in the State of Maine. The state prediction that
Castine will continue to grow is reinforced not only by the upward trend in
population since 1940, but also by the firm commitment of the Maine Maritime
Academy to its facilities in the town.

Population projections based on the 1,030 population figure (year-round and
seasonal residents) indicate a 1980 population of 1,048, a 1990 population of
1,128 and a 2000 population of 1,216. Providing that the student population
at the Maine Maritime Academy remains stable, the population at the turn of
the century would total around 1,850 (year-round, seasonal, and MMA students),
an increase of 186 people.

-29-

Community Organizations
There are numerous social, religious, and civic organizations in Castine.
These are listed in Table 5 with the frequency of meetings and facilities
available for the organizations use. In general, there appear to be
sufficient opportunities for interaction between town residents and its visi-
tors-.

TABLE 5

SOCIAL - RELIGIOUS - CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS

Castine, Maine

Frequency Facilities
ORGANIZATIONS Mee?Tngs Available

SOCIAL
Eastern Star Monthly Grange Hall
Masons Grange Hall
Rebekahs Bi-Monthly Grange Hall
Castine Grange W ekly Grange Hall
Castine Golf Club Seasonal Golf Club
Castine Yacht Club Seasonal Yacht Club
Cold Comfort (Drama) Varies E,merson Hall

RELIGIOUS
Unitarian Weekly First Conqreqational Churc.
Espiscopalian Weeklv Trinity Chapel
United Church of Christ Weekly Federated Church
Catholic Weekly Our Lady of Holy Hope
Unitarian Alliance
Dr. Mary Cushman Circle
TriAity Guild

- CIVIC GROUPS
- Castine Women's Club Monthly Emerson Hall gr MMA
_MMA Womenis Club MMA Faculty Club
Castine Men's Club Bi-Monthly MMA Faculty Club
-Castine garden Club ly Private Homes
Hospital Auxiliarv
Fire Department Auxiliary
Ambulance Corps Bi-Monthly Witherle Library
Castine Conservation Trust Emerson Hall

-30-

Attitudinal Survey
The Castine Community Survey, 1978, identified many important issues which
concerned town residents. Two of the attitudinal responses are toward the
need for better local law enforcement and toward making a change in Castine's
present zoning ordinance to allow two-family dwellings within the residential
zone. To the question, "Do you feel that Castine needs a law enforcement
officer?" 69 percent of the year-round residents (133 of 192) and 82 percent
of the seasonal residents (55 of 67) answered yes. Of those favoring better
law enforcement, 65 percent of the year-round residents and 82 percent of the
seasonal residents would prefer a law enforcement officer that is paid and
employed year-round.

In answer to the question, "Should the present zoning ordinance be changed to
allow for two family dwellings within the Residential Zone?", 68 percent of
the year-round residents (105 of 155) and 44 percent of the seasonal residents
(24 of 55) favored changing the ordinance (total response was 129 of 210, or
61%, in favor).

Other related issues concern the establishment of an architectural review
board, protection of Castine's downtown business district and growth of the
Maine Maritime Academy.

In response to the first issue, "Would it be desirable to have an 'architectural
review board' to exert influence over the outside design and appearance of
buildings in or near the built up areas of town with the idea of preserving
the historic flavor of the community," 55 percent (105 of 190) of the year-
round residents and 81 percent of the seasonal residents (54 of 67) favored
establishment of such a board.

In response to the question, "Do you consider the Maine Maritime.Academy to
be an asset to the town?", 81 percent of the responses, both seasonal and
year-round residents, answered affirmatively. However, to the question,
"Would you like to see the size of the Academy increase, decrease, or stay
the same?", 52 percent (116 of 222) of resident's-a--n-T -seas-on-a-T -respondents
favoreT-no qrowth; 14 percent favored an increase; 15 percent favored a decrease
in size, and 19 percent had no opinion. When asTed, "If the Academy shouTd
increase in size, would you prefer it to do so vertically or horizonta@y
most (93 of 145 respondents, or 64 percent) said they would prefer horizontal
growth. Most respondees stated a preference for horizontal growth only within
existing MMA boundaries.

With regard to community-wide growth, a majority of year-round and seasonal
residents were in agreement that, "Castine must keep a balance between being
large enough to be able to afford and provide the services its citizens desire,
yet not so large that its unique small town atmosphere is lost." (Total
response to this opinion was 143 of 226, or 63 percent). 78 respondents felt
that Castine is big enough, and only 5 agreed that Castine should encourage
expansion.

-31-

Most Castine residents oppose the location of any industrial activities in
Castine. 84 percent of the respondees (216 of 258) agreed that, "Castine
must be kept predominantly residential and service oriented and discourage
manufacturing or industrial activities." 13 percent (34) disagreed, and only
3 percent were uncertain. Clearly, Castine residents wish to maintain the
status quo.

Finally, the attitude of Castine residents toward protection of natural or
scenic areas in town is almost unanimously positive: 196 of 214 respondents
(92 percent) favor protection of such areas; 8 oppose protection, and 10 are
of no opinion.

In conclusion, Castine residents can be seen to have a conservative attitude
toward future community expansion. Although year-round and seasonal resi-
dents differ on some issues, concern for protecting Castine's natural, his-
torical, and scenic resources is great in both groups.

-32-

ECONOMIC BASE STUDY

Employment Characteristics

The majority (76 percent) of the employed town residents contacted in the
Castine Community Survey work in the town (see Table 6). Of that percentage,
32 percent (34 persons) were employed by the Maine Maritime Academy, the
town's largest employer.' 22 of 107 respondents (21 percent) indicated that
they are self-employed. Other major sources of employment for town residents
are the health services--primarily at the Castine Community Hospital--real
estate and insurance sales, and the St. Regis Paper Company.

TABLE 6

Place of Employment

Place of Employment Number of Residents Percent

Castine 74 76%
Bucksport 8 8%
Bangor 3 3%
Rockland, Portland, Bath 3 3%

Bar Harbor 10
Blue Hill 1%
Orland 1%
Hancock County 85 88%
Penobscot County 3 3%
Out of State 6 6%

Town residents responding to Castine Community Survey: 1978

Summarized in Table 7 is the employed labor force by industry for the year-
round residents of Castine. Summarized in Table 8 is the retired year-
round residents by the industry in which they were oncp employed.

-33-

TABLE 7

EMPLOYED LABOR FORCE BY INDUSTRY (Year-round Residents)
Town of Castine, Maine

TYPE of INDUSTRY in which EMPLOYED NUMBER OF RESIDENTS PERCENT OF TOTAL

Maine Maritime Academy 34 32%
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 12 11%
Health 10 9%
Wholesale and Retail Trade 8 7%
St. Regis Paper Company 7 7%
Repair Services 7 7%
Shipping 6 6%
Other Educational 5 5%
Other 5 5%
Construction 3 3%
Administration 3 3%
Personal Services 3 3%
Agriculture 1 1%
Fishing 1 1%
Clergy 1 1%
Not Reported 1 1%

Total Respondents 107

Source: 1978 Castine Community Survey

TABLE 8

RETIRED LABOR FORCE BY INDUSTRY FROM WHICH RETIRED (Year-round Residents)
Town of Castine, Maine

TYPE of INDUSTRY in which EMPLOYED NUMBER OF RESIDENTS PERCENT OF TOTAL

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 11 13%
Other 10 11%
Professional Services 9 10%
Education 8 9%
Military 7 8%
Maine Maritime Academy 6 7%
Retail and Wholesale Trade 6 7%
Repair Services 6 7%
Health 5 6%
Entertainment (Music) 3 3%
Administration 3 3%
Shipping 2 2%
Clergy 2 2%
Personal Services 2 2%
Agriculture 1 1%
St. Regis Paper Company 1 1%
Fishing 1 1%
Not Reported 3 3%

Total Respondents 86

Source: 1978 Castine Community Survey -34-

There has been a slight increase in the number of commercial enterprises
since Castine's 1968 Comprehensive Plan; however, the amount of space
utilized by business has decreased. From the Castine Community Survey,
164 of 219 respondents (75 percent) favored some kind of protective measures
for the downtown business district; 39 respondents (18 percent) did not
favor such measures, and 16 (7 percent) had no opinion. Most of those
favoring protection felt that a healthy business district, centrally located,
is essential to the life of the town. When asked how important a problem
loss of business to other communities is to Castine, 1 of 243 respondents
felt that it is a problem which must be solved immediately; 14 (6 percent)
felt that it is of very great importance; 25 (10 percent) considered it of
great importance; 104 (43 percent) considered it of at least some importance;
and 99 (41 percent) felt that it is of no importance. Possibly the greatest
business loss in Castine during the past 25 years has come as a result of
the retirement of many of its skilled laborers, particularly carpenters and
others associated with the building industry.

The 1968 Castine Comprehensive Plan reported that of the 27 businesses operating
in Castine, 14 had indicated that over 51 percent of their business was trans-
acted during the summer months. Although current statistics are not available,
with the establishment of such summer programs as the Downeast Chamber Music
School, and with the increased use of MMA facilities as a summer conference
center, it is possible that seasonal increases in business have been greater
since 1968. (See Table 9).

Conclusions

The Maine Maritime Academy exerts a siqnifcant influence on the town's economy.
Although figures on the amount of money spent and invested in Castine by the
Academy, its facility and students is not available, its affect is obvious.
Other important influences on Castine's economy are tourism and its attendent
seasonal population,and the retired population.

-35-

TABLE 9

CASTINE ENTERPRISES

Name Service

Acadia Book Service Bookstore
Bagaduce Studio/Gallery Commercial/Fine Art Work
Barb's Beauty Shop Hairdresser
Bayview Beauty Shop Hairdresser
Cap'n John's (seasonal) Restaurant
Ormand Bowden, Contractor Carpentry
Roy Bowden, Contractor Painter/Electrician/Steeplejack
Candle Shop Oift Shop
Castine Art Company (Vincent J. LaFlamme) Art Appraiser/Dealer
Castine Cottages Motel

Castine Inn Hotel/Restaurant
Castine Real Estate Realty
Castine Variety Variety Store
Eaton's Boatyard Building/Repair Boatyard
Kenneth Eaton Snow Plowing
Richard S. Hale Lawnmowing
Fred W. Hassen and Son Realty/Insurance
David Hatch Painter/Snow Plowing
Holiday House and Real Estate Hotel and Realty
H.O.M.E. (seasonal) Crafts

Hooper's Garage Ford Sales/Service Station
K & L Grill Lunch Stand
Leach's Garage Service Station
Leach's Greenhouse Greenhouse
Merrill Trust Company Bank
John Martin Antiques
Nemeth's Cabinet Shop Cabinets
Pentagoet Inn Hotel
Russell's Books Used Books
Security Enterprises Watchguard and Patrol Agent

Simpson's Mobile Home Court Trailer Park
Donald Stewart, Sr. Hardware Store/Plumbing/Electrical
Donald Steward, Jr. Plumbing/Electrical Repair
Three Crown Electric Electrical Repair
Tozier's Market Grocery Store
Stanley Trott Printing
Frederick S. Wardwell Realtor
Webber Oil Company Fuel Oil
Windmill Hill Antiques Antiques
Waterwitch Clothing

Water St. Realty Real Estate
Yellow Brick House Antiques

-36-

V
Community Land Use,
Services and Facilities

COMMUNITY LAND USE, SERVICES, AND FACILITIES

INTRODUCTION

The Community Land Use, Services, and Facilities section is an assessment of
many aspects of community life: its government, land ownership, transportation,
communication, human services, and municipal services and facilities. It iden-
tifies the available institutions, services and facilities through which both
townspeople and visitors interact with each other.

GOVERNMENT

Castine employs a Town Meeting/Town Manager form of government. The elected
officials include the Selectmen, the Town Clerk/Register of Voters, the Tax
Collector/Treasurer, and the School Committee.

The Selectmen are responsible for the daily operation of the town. They are
able to make decisions on only those issues that are delegated to them by the
voters at the annual town meeting or by state legislation. These include super-
vision of town agencies, departments,and officers and, when necessary, filling
vacancies in the town government.

The Town Manager is appointed by the Selectmen. The Manager's responsibilities
include the administration of local departments. Other responsibilities include
purchasing supplies and equipment for the town, negotiating contracts, preparing
reports for the Selectmen on the activities of the departments under him, and
supervising the town's property and business affairs.

The Town Clerk is responsible for overseeing vital records and dispersing
licenses. The Clerk also serves as secretary and bookkeeper to the Town Manager
and the Selectmen, and as secretary/bookkeeper and Bill Collector for the
Castine Pollution Control Facility. The Clerk is also the Notary Public for
the town.

The Tax Collector/Treasurer collects the town's taxes and excise taxes, records
and discharges liens, and serves as municipal agent for the Maine Motor Vehicle
Registry. In addition, this position is responsible for maintaining the town
payroll and accounts.

Castine also has a number of appointed officials including: Fire Chief,
Assistant Fire Chief, Civil Defense/Public Safety, Witherle Memorial Library
Trustees, Health Officer, Health Committee, Harbormaster, Planning Board, Sewer
Operating Board, Water District, Cemetary Association/Board of Directors, Board
of Appeals, Conservation Committee, Budget Committee, and Historic Signs
Committee.

-37-

TAXATION

The following tables and graphs portray recent trends in valuation, taxation, and
expenditures of tax money in the town. Table 10shows that every category has
increased, greatly, between 1960 and 1977. The town's total valuation has
increased 2392 percent, due largely to two revaluations in 1962 and 1971. In
1960, the tax burden was fairly evenly shared between residents, owning 53
percent of the property, and non-residents, owning 47 percent. This, however,
has changed so that the residents now own 67 percent and the non-residents
33 percent. Similar conclusions can be reached for real estate taxes paid by
residents and non-residents.

As town valuation and real estate have increased taxes, the tax rate has increased
77 percent (most of this increase has come since 1975 when the pollution control
facility was constructed). This is indicative of the relationship between
valuation and tax rate - that revenue from taxes can'be increased by increasing
either the valuation or the tax rate; in Castine's case, the valuation has been
increased the most.

Appropriations have risen also. In nercpntaqp they have increased somewhat
slower than real estate taxes. This indicates tha@ the town has been able to
tax for capital improvements rather than go deeply into debt.

Education has always been the largest item of the municipal budqet, usually
consuming 45 to 50 percent of total municipal appropriations'. One can expect
the rising costs of dealing with sewage and solid waste will become a larger
percentage in the years to come.

Table 11 shows major budget items have increased in the six year period
1972-77. When comparing the "total" columns of this table to the "Appropriations
Total" column of TablelO, it can be seen that the town is receiving aid from
other sources. These other sources are the state and federal governments and
the amount of aid is indicated in the "Federal Revenue", "Cash Receipts", and
"Other Credits" columns.

The large increase in expenditures between 1975 and 1977 is primarily due to an
increase in costs to the Highway Department and Schools,and to the repayment
of the loan/bond for the pollution control facility.

-38-

Table 10
MAJOR FINANCIAL INDICATORS

ercent
Percent JjPercent Percent Percent rease
1960 1 1965* lIncreasi 1970 ncreasel 1975* I.Increase 1977 lincrease

Town Valuation

Resident 346,135 2,315,545 569.0 3,001,440 29.6 10,484,800 249.3 10,807,20 3.1 3,022

Non-Resident 301,289 1,476,875 390.2 1,761,780 19.3 5,380,029 205.4 5,306,75C -1.4 1,661

TOTAL 646,424 3,792,420 486.7 4,763,2201 25.6 115,964,829 235.2 16,113,95C .93 2,392

Real Estate Tax

Resident 39,399 49,556 25.8 89,994 81.6 117,570 30.6 226,44C 92.6 474

Non-Resident 32,651 31,661 -3 52,853 66.9 59,345 12.3 111,163 87.3 1 240

TOTAL 72,050 81,217 12.7 142,847 75.9 176,915 23.8 337,603 90.8 361

Tax Rate 118/1000 2211000 -81.3 31/1000 40.9 11211000 261.3 210/1000 87.5 77

Appropriations

Education 38,098 39,986 4.9 76,581 91.5 125,628 64.0 154,66E 23.1 305

Non-Education 38,460 43,957 14.3 71,579 62.8 54,788 -23.4 183,72E 235.3 377
TOTAL 76,558 83,943 9.6 1 148,1601 76.5 180,416 21.8 338,392 87.6 342
* Revaluation in 1962 and 1971

Table 11

EXPENDITURES AND RECEIPTS
CASTINE, MAINE
1972 1977

EXPENDITURES
1972 1973 1974 1975* 1976 1977 LZ2-77

Government 41.954 @6,541 39,858 50,763 58,730 66,758 59.'0%

Protection 15,932 17,258 23,179 19,336 55,235 22,568 41.6%

Health & Sanitation 1,738 2,523 3,130 3,470 3,237 7,032 304.0%

Highways 8,484 18,533 23,637 24,345 29,713 63,169 644.0%

Charities 488 897 280 0 0 140 -71.3%

Recreation 4,894 7,954 11,558 9,211 12,663 24,425 399.0%

Debt & Interest 240 423 0 0 19,979 61,900 25,691%

Unclassified 78,331 19,441 22,080 38,607 27,352 29,350 -62.5%

Education 105,138 109,431 115,219 148,076 254,679 248,722 136.5%
Capital Construction 0 2,000 3,000 2,000 0 0 --
and Reserves I I I I
TOTAL+ 257,199 1 215,001 1241,941 1295,808 1461,588 524,064 103.7%

RECEIPTS

Balance 8,118 17,542 22,023 32,358 82,893 120,889 1389%

Local Taxation 164,334 160,768 181,868 179,157 321,761 335,534 104.1%

Federal Revenue 0 31,108 40,000 40,000 40,000 50,000 --

Cash Receipts 49,829 19,638 17,325 97,982 120,628 115,838 132.4%
r-
Other Credits 60,873 16,935 20,039 51,744 32,551 47,766 -21.5%
L-TOTAL 1283,155 1 245,9921281,255 1401,242 1597,834 1670,028 1

Does not include first year expenses for sewage plant.

+ Due to rounding totals are slightly below actual figures.

-40-

MUNICIPAL SERVICES

Public Safety

Police

Castine has no full-time police force. A constabulary system of law enforce-
ment is presently used with additional help available from the Hancock County
Sheriff's Department and the Maine State Police. The increasing incidents of
vandalism and traffic law abuse haveidentified the need for a new system.

In the Castine Community Survey approximately three-quarters of the respondents
agreed that better law enforcement of Castine's present laws would make Castine
a better place to live. This same group felt the town should have a law enforce-
ment officer(s) which would be a paid, year-round position(s).

Fire Department

The Castine Fire Department is located on lower Court Street. The firehouse,
constructed in 1962, is made of cinder block and fire resistant materials and
is maintained by the town. Presently it is manned on a volunteer basis by a
32 man force. In addition, the Maine Maritime Academy maintains a fire brigade
manned by students and faculty which can be called on for assistance.

The Fire Chief and the Assistant Fire Chief are paid $800 and $500 for their
responsibilities. The volunteers are paid on an hourly basis for assisting
at fires and grass burning. Sometimes the regular volunteers donate their
wages from grass burning to the department in order to purchase supplementary
equipment.

The following is a list of equipment owned by the Fire Department:

Three trucks
Indian tanks - for controlling grass fires
Scott Air Packs - self-contained breathing units for protection
from smoke inhalation
Deluge gun
High band two-way radio

Water services include fire hydrants in the village, the Ice Pond, and Dunks'
Meadow.

The department volunteers undergo different training courses, which in the past
have included Arson Training (detection of set fires), Breathing APDaratus
Training, Forest Fire Training, Pumps and Pumping (to improve efficiency in
the use of pumps), Electrical Fires and Hazardous Materials Fires. Training
in First Aid and CPR is currently scheduled.

-41-

Street Lighting

Castine village is supplied with street lights which are owned and maintained
by the Central Maine Power Company. In 1977-78 the town appropriated $4,000.00
for lighting and spent $3,932.44.

Education

Castine is a member of School Union 93; the office of the Superintendent of
Schools is located in Blue Hill. Other schools and towns belonging to this
Union are the Blue Hill Consolidated School (elementary), Brooksville Elementary
School, Penobscot Consolidated School (elementary), and George Stevens Academy
(secondary) in Blue Hill.

Grammar school education for the children of Castine is provided in the Adams
School on Court Street. The original Adams school building, built in the 1850's,
is one of the oldest buildings still in use as a grammar school in the state.
The building overlooks a picturesque village green typical of Maine's seacoast
communities of the 18th and 19th centuries. The site was bought for $250 in
1852 from Jotham S. Gardner of Castine. The Adams School Annex, added in 1969,
houses the kindergarten and grades one and two as well as the kitchen and office
facilities.

At the 1978 Town Meeting, the townspeople voted to appropriate $260,000 for
building and renovation. this money is to be used to completely renovate and
equip the Adams School building, repair the Annex, and build a connecting
structure between the old building and the Annex. The project will provide
additional space for classrooms and resource and music rooms.

The school is staffed by five full-time teachers (one of whom also acts as the
principal), a teacher's aide, and two music teachers (associated with Union
93). One teacher instructs kindergarten, and each of the others is responsible
for two grades (1 and 2, 3 and 4, etc.) through eighth grade. Last year there
were 89 students enrolled in the Adams School, so the ratio of students to
teachers in the school was 17.8 to 1. Lunch at the Adams School complex is
provided at cost.

Playground space at the Adams School site is limited. The town common is used,
however, for such activities as baseball and volleyball. The athletic facilities
of the Maine Maritime Academy are also used for some physical education classes.

Currently, there are 40 high school students in town. 30 of them attend
Bucksport High School, while the remaining 10 attend George Stevens Academy in
Blue Hill (see Table 12). There are also two students in private schools.
The cost of tuition is paid by the town at the acceptable state level for
secondary education.

Transportation for students is provided by two town-owned buses. One of the
buses carries high school students to Bucksport. The other bus is used to
transport elementary school students. No transportation is provided for high
school students attending George Stevens Academy.
Post-secondary education in Eastern Maine can be acquired in Bucksport (adult
education), Ellsworth, Bangor, Machias, Calais, or at the University of Maine
at Orono. The Maine Maritime Academy provides adult education courses, and is
a source of specialized post-secondary education.

-42-

Table 12

SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS 1961 1978
CASTINE
1961 F1962 1963 1964 1965 11966- 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 11972 1973 1974 1975 1976 .1977 1978
Kindergarten 13 -- -- -- -- I -- -- -- -- -- 11 6 9 9 13 14 11 13
1 13 12 5 4 8 10 7 7 9 8 13 12 6 10 10 11 1 10 10

2 7 12 12 6 3 8 10 4 8 9 9 12 11 7 10-- 10 11 10
3 6 6 14 10 7 5 11 13 9 11 9 6 10 11 6 11 12 9

4 12 6 5 12 11 6 4 10 8 9 10 10 7 7 8 10 9 1 9
5 8 14 8 5 13 10 7 2 8 11 9 9 7 7 12 10 7 9

6 7 7 15 4 4 10 11 7 2 8 9 9 11 8 11 12 10 6
7 9 7 8 13 4 2 4 6 7 2 11 11 7 10 8 11 12 10

8 11 8 7 7 12 3 3 3 4 6 2 11 10 9 9 8 12 13
Elementary
Total 86 72 74 61 62 54 57 52 55 64 83 86 78 78 87 97 94 89

9-12 34 37 35 24 28 35 34. 32 25 26 25 34 32 32 30 39 1 42 39

Secondary
Total 34 37 35 24 28 35 34 32 25 26 25 34 32 32 30 39 42 39

Total 120 109 109 85 90 89 91 84 80 90 108 120 110 110 117 136 136 128

1961 was the last year of the Castine High School.
Elementary totals do not include 7th or 8th grade students who attended Junior High School in Bucksport
during the mid/late 60's.
Secondary totals do not include students attending private schools out of state.

Cemetery

The main cemetery of Castine is located on the peninsula'off the north end
of Court Street and encompasses approximately ten acres (see Map 7 In
addition, there is some land currently owned by the trustees of the
cemetery. The Cemetery Committee hires one or two caretakers each year and
provides them with funds for the maintenance of the cemetery. The secretary
of the Committee has a detailed map of the cemetery which lists the names
and locations of all those known to be buried in the cemetery, including early
settlers. There are also at least eight small burial plots located in North
Castine.

Despite the recommendation of the 1968 Comprehensive Plan that, "....at least
an additional five acres adjacent to present property be acquired to assure
adequate land area for burial grounds within the town of Castine," no action
has been taken to this date.

Solid Waste

The existing town dump is situated on 57 acres of town-owned land on Route
166-A. Formerly an open burning site, the dump has recently been converted
to a land-fill type operation in keeping with state and federal regulations.
The town owns and maintains a front-end loader to facilitate the land-fill
operation. Although Castine is relatively well-off in its solid waste situa-
tion when compared to surrounding towns, estimates of life expectancy for the
site vary from two to five years. Efforts are currently under way in Hancock
County to provide solid waste incineration on a multi-town basis. Castine has
expressed its interest in joining a solid waste incineration program with
surrounding towns in the western half of the County and Town Officials are
participating in the planning process for such a program. In 1977 the dump
cost $5,833.35 to operate. The town provides a collection service twice a
week (Tuesdays and Fri.days).

Library

The Witherle Memorial Library was established by Town Meeting in 1855. Since
that date the number of books has expanded so that today the library contains
approximately 20,000 volumes. The library is kept up to date with publicly
and privately supported acquisitions. In addition, the library can obtain
materials through libraries participating in the inter-library loan system,
such as the Bangor Public Library and the Folger Library at the University
of Maine at Orono. The library maintains a regular librarian and a part-time
helper as well as receiving help from volunteers. Other services provided by
the library include exhibitions, workshops, films (through inter-library loan),
and cooperation with the school. (The library attempts to accomodate the
special needs of the school and to enhance school programs in any way that it
can).

Castine citizens may also use the Maine Maritime Academy Library, located off
Battle Avenue, which contains an outstanding maritime collection And a (.70nd
general collection.

-44-

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Recreation

Although opportunities for outdoor recreation are plentiful, Castine has no
organized recreational program. Recently there has been an increase in
recreational opportunities due largely to the accessability of athletic
facilities at the Maine Maritime Academy. Public recreational facilities
include the town wharf and the swimming pool/backshore beach area. Semi-public
facilities include the Castine Golf Club and Tennis Courts and the Castine
Yacht Club (see Table 13). The Maine Maritime Academy has indoor and outdoor
tennis courts, squash, handball, and racquetball courts; and indoor pool and
track; sauna; a weight room; a bowling alley; and basketball courts. Also,
townspeople are occasionally allowed to use the MMA athletic field for
softball.

Prior to its conversion to a state park, Fort George was used as a town baseball
field. As a result, the town can no longer provide this kind of facility.
According to the Community Attitude Survey, this was the most frequently
mentioned recreational facility that the residents would like the town to
acquire.

The Public Wharf and Rest Rooms - The public dock (rebuilt in 1971) offers a
protected deep water facility for townspeople and visiting yachtsman, and a
focal point for residents and tourists. The centrally located rest rooms
facilities are adequate for peak seasonal use.

Swimming Pool - The Town owns a salt water pool located on the backshore at
Wadsworth Cove. It has proven to be a popular attraction but difficult to
maintain. A large number of respondents to the 1978 Community Survey mentioned
the pool as a unique and worthwhile recreational asset.

Historic Signs - Historic signs are posted at significant historic sites
throughout the town. This provides a more leisurely source of recreation for
those who are interested in learning more about the history of the town. The
town provides a yearly appropriation (in 1977 it was $100) to the Historic
Signs Committee for the upkeep of the signs.

Town Garage
The Town Garage is located in the old fire station (orig inally the Western
School House) on lower Pleasant Street. It is now being used as a storage
facility for the small school bus, some town equipment, and the ambulance.

The structure shows signs of deterioration, despite some work that has been
done over the years to improve the building. Past efforts to acquire grant
funding to restore the building as an historic site have been-unsuccessful.
Attempts in the past ten years to appropriate funds for the construction of a
new Town Garage have also been unsuccessful, despite the recommendation of
the old Comprehensive Plan to establish a reserve fund for its construction.

-46-

Table 13

OPEN SPACE & RECREATION AREAS
CASTINE, MAINE

Name Type* Acres Ownership Description

Adams School 4 .7 Town Playground

Backshore 5 .6 Town Picnic Tables

British Canal
Hatch's Cove 1,2 11.5 Private Marshland
Castine Cemetery 1 10.0 Town Cemetery

Castine Golf Club 3,6 71.0 Semi-Pub. Golf, Tennis

Dice's Head- 1 3.5 Town Stairs to Shore

Fort George 1,2 2.8 State Tour Signs
Fort Goslin 2 .3 Town Open Space
Fort Griffith 2 1.0 Town Onen Space

Fort Madison 1,2 2.2 Town Picnic Tables

Swimming Pool 5 2.0 Town Playground
The Squ re
Dunk's Aeadow I Private Marshland

Town Common 114 1.0 Town Open Space

Town Wharf 5 .5 Town Docking

Witherle Woods 1 203.9 Private Paths

Yacht Club 5 .3 Semi-Pub Docking

*Type of Facility
1. Picnic areas, unique scenic or natural areas.
2. Historic sites
3. Golf courses
4. Areas for active recreation, such as playfields and playgrounds.
, @e* I

5. Water-related facilities, such as beaches and boat launch areas.
6. Other intensIve recreational facilities, such as campgrounds, shooting
ranges, ski areas, etc.
NOTE: Not all areas are formally dedicated parks, preserves, etc.

-47-

Emerson Hall

Town affairs are conducted in a building called Emerson Hall,
erected about the turn of the century. This building serves as the keystone
of Castine's social, municipal, and (in years past) educational functions. The
structure is located diagonally across from the town common on Court Street.

Emerson Hall serves many group functions for both summer and year around resi-
dents. The first floor is used for a conference room and municipal offices as
well as for the storage of records and headquarters for conducting town affairs.
The second floor houses a stage and auditorium.

The Castine Pollution Control Facility

The pollution control facility has been in operation since 1974. The facility
provides service to most of the residents south of the British Canal, with the
exception of the Wadsworth Cove Road and the Mayo Point Road. The main treat-
ment plant is located at the corner of Court and Spring Streets. There are
three pumping stations, two located on Perkins Street and one on Sea Street.
The outfall is located near the treatment plant in Oakum Bay.

The plant is designed for secondary treatment of municipal sewage. This means
that the solid material in the sewage is taken out and the remaining fluids
are treated with chlorine before they are discharged. While the plant is
designed to handle a maximum capacity of 400,000 gallons of sewage per day,
the average use is about 159,040 gallons per day. Maximum daily use varies
due to weather conditions and the age of the pipes.

The sewer line of the Pollution Control Facility was constructed using many of
the pipes of the old (circa 1894) sewer system. Approximately seventy percent
of the line consists of old pressed clay pipe. Consequently, there is some
problem with water leaking into the system. The additional water causes extra
expense, since more chlorine is needed in the treatment process and the plant's
electric motors must run longer in order to treat the additional volume of
water. It is believed the town's storm drain system is separate from the
sewer system,and it is possible this system may be causing some of the water
infiltration problem.
The additional thirty percent of the system's pipes are new 8 inch pipes made
of polyvinyl chloride, cement or iron. These pipes are located under Court
Street (from the plant to the intersection of Main Street), under most of Perkins
Street, under Sea and Water Streets, and a short run under Pleasant Street.
According to the engineer, the plant should be able to handle an@ further
expansion on the peninsula, barring any kind of major developmen .
Efficiency might be increased if the additional water leaking into the system
could be eliminated.
The facility serves 234 year-round households, 62 seasonal households, and eight
Maine Maritime Academy buildings. Use rates are figured on the basis of the
water bill plus ten percent and are sent out quarterly. Use of the Castine
Pollution Control Facility is regulated by the Sewer Regulations of the Town
of Castine, Maine.

-48-

Sewage disposal in the remainder of the,town is primarily by septic tank.
There are some privies which, similar to septic tanks, are subject to state
guidelines.

Castine Water District

Castine has a two-level water system which was contructed in order to impose
reasonable control over water pressures. The system was purchased by the
Water District, a municipal entity, in 1961 from the Castine Water Company,
a private utility. The Water District is controlled by a Board of Directors
whose duty it is to manage the District during the bonding period and to pay
off the debt. The Water District will terminate in 1981, at which time con-
trol will revert to the town.

The existing water system consists of an upper level system and a lower level
system. The lower level system serves the town from sea level to approximately
100 feet in elevation. The upper system starts at 100 feet and serves to
217 feet above sea level. The two systems are interconnected.

The lower level system consists of three wells and pumping stations, located
on State Street, Spring Street, and Battle Avenue. These three sites have a
storage capacity of approximately 12,635,000 gallons of water. The high level
system consists of the Witherle Park Reservoir which has a storage capacity of
365,000 gallons. These two systems are interconnected to maintain pressure and
to continue service in case one system fails to work properly.

Since 1961, the Water District has developed four wells, installed a pressure
filter system at the main control building at Battle Avenue pumping station,
and replaced old, undersized pipe.

Four water samples are collected and sent to the Department of Human Services
for analysis each month. This testing process only serves as a monthly check
on the content of coliform bacteria. The analysis of samples has always
showed favorable results. Hardness is not excessive; however, iron or man-
ganese have been found in some of the water samples. Hardness, iron, and man-
ganese are not harmful to health, but in excessive quantities can be a
nuisance in laundering clothes.

The rate schedule in effect in 1978 is as follows. Consumption in excess
of the amount allowed by the minimum fee is charged on a graduated scale which
is available at the Water District Office.
Minimum Charge Basis for Minimum
Meter Size Per Quarter Year Water Charge

3/4 inch $12.00 1200 Cubic Feet
1 inch $43.00 4000 Cubic Feet
1 3@ inch $52.80 6000 Cubic Feet
2 inches $69.00 9600 Cubic Feet

-49-

Most fire hydrants in town are less than 1000 feet apart. Water storage for
fighting and continued service during power failure is adequate for the present
size of the town. The estimated safe yield of the entire water system appears
to be in excess of the daily demand. There are between 325 to 330 users of
the system, including Maine Maritime Academy buildings. Of these, approximately
240 are year-round, 70 are seasonal, and the remainder are MMA. The average
daily demand is about 95,000 gallons.

The water supply for the remainder of the town north of the British Canal is
provided by each household, subject to state guidelines on plumbing and septic
systems.

Dice's Head Lighthouse

The Castine Lighthouse and the lighthouse keeper's residence were acquired by
the town as a gift from the federal government. The lighthouse keeper's
residence is currently being rented, which provides continuous occupation.

Other Community Facilities

1. The Castine Post Office is located on lower Main Street in the former
Castine Customs House.

2. There are two museums in Castine: The Wilson Museum, located on Perkins
Street, is open seasonally on Tuesday through Friday from 2 to 5. In
addition to the museum collection, there is a blacksmith shop. A
reconstruction of the Captain John Perkins house is located next to the
museum and is open to the public.

The Allie Ryan Museum of the Maine Maritime Academy is located on Pleasant
Stre7et next to the MMA athletic field. It houses an extensive marine
collection. Hours are Tuesday through Saturday from 8 to 4.

3. The Castine Grange Hall is located on Route 166-A approximately four miles
from__tFe__v_iM age. The Grange holds weekly meetings on Saturday evenings,
and public suppers and other events as advertised.

4. Castine has four churches:

- First Congregational Society (Unitarian), Court Street
- Trinitarian Parish Church (or Federated Church), Main Street
- Trinity Chapel (Episcopal), Perkins Street
- "Our Lady of Holy Hope" (Roman Catholic), Perkins Street

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

Castine's street and highway pattern has been dictated by the topography of
the town. Routes 166 and 166-A follow the coastline and surround the swampy
interior of the northern portion of Castine. The land around the harbor has
produced a tiered village with streets that follow the contour of the land.
The north side of the village is more sparsely settled and is served by
Route 166 and by the Wadsworth Cove Road.

_50-

Table 14

STREET LENGTHS

CASTINE PENINSULA

STREET LENGTH

Wadsworth Cove Road 5,750 feet
Battle Avenue 6,000
Madockawando 1,200
Battle Avenue to Light House 870
Perkins 5,000
LaTour 1,200
Tarratine 1,300
Water 3,050
Dresser Lane 300
Pleasant 1,700
Main 2,050
-Stevens 300
Green 600
Dyer 300
State 1,550
Court 4,250
35,420 feet

Source: 1968 Castine Comprehensive Plan

The major road connecting Castine to the neighboring towns is State Route 166.
This road is on the Federal Aid Secondary system which means that fifty percent
of the construction cost of this highway is contributed by the U. S. government
and the other fifty percent by the State of Maine.

State Route 166-A Is on the Maine state aid highway system and serves the western
shore of Castine. In general, the alignment and general condition of this road
appear to be as good or slightly better than Route 166, and it seems to receive
as much use as Route 166.

State Aid Route 199 connects Castine to Penobscot, Blue Hill, and other towns
along the coast. Only about 700 feet of this highway lie within Castine. This
route, and particularly its intersection with Route 166, has been improved in
recent years to accomodate increased traffic.

Other Transportation

There are no commercial bus services available in Castine. Taxi service has
recently been re-established by Castine Home Care. Greyhound bus service is
available in Bucksport, Bangor and Ellsworth. The nearest airport facilities
are located in Bangor (Delta Airlines) and in Trenton (Bar Harbor Airlines).
There is also a small private airport located in Belfast. There is no water
transportation available from Castine; however, the town does retain a Harbor-
master during the summer months. Water usage, speed control of boats, locations
of buoys and moorings, all are under the control of the Coast Guard.

-51-

Communication
Three newspapers print news of the town and are commonly circulated in town.
These include the Bangor Daily News, the Ellsworth American and the Weekly
Packet. Popular radio stations include WDEA, broadcasted from Ellsworth, and
WRKD, broadcasted from Rockland. Television stations include WLBZ, WABI, and
WPBN. Telephone service is provided by the New England Telephone Company which
has a central office in Ellsworth. Toll-free service is available to the towns
of Penobscot, Brooksville and Blue Hill.

HUMAN SERVICES
Hospital
The Castine Community Hospital, located on Court Street, was built in 1928 to
provide health care to area residents. A wing containing a waiting room, an
x-ray room, offices, and examination rooms was added in the 1950's. Currently,
the hospital has twelve beds and has been operating at approximately fifty per-
cent capacity during the last four years. The hospital has a Long Range Planning
Committee which is currently seeking to acquire contract management in an effort
to improve the use and services offered. In 1978 there were three staff doctors
and 32 to 34 full and part-time employees, making the hospital the second largest
employer in town.

The hospital has a monitored unit for coronary cases and a portable cardiac moni-
tor and defibrillator. Another service provided by the hospital is the recently
reinstated obstetrical care unit. This unit allows the mother and the newborn
baby to share the same room. The hospital also recently opened an office in
Penobscot in order to extend its services to other area towns. Office hours are
Monday thro ugh Friday from 8 to 3.

Ambulance
The Bagaduce Ambulance Corps was formed in October, 1977, as a non-profit, volun-
teer organization. It maintains one ambulance which is currently parked in the
Town Garage. The ambulance is equipped with a two-way radio that can maintain
continual contact with the hospitals in Castine, Blue Hill, Ellsworth and Bangor.
There are four volunteer ambulance crews consisting of three members each. Some
ambulance members are also members of the Fire Department.

On an average, the Corps has been making three calls a week. All emergency calls
are free, as is service within Hancock County, but mileage may be charged for
non-emergency calls outside of the County.

The Four Town Nursing Service, Incorporated
The Four Town Nursing Service was established in 1931. It is a non-profit Home
Health Agency, accreditied by Medicare and Medicaid with a top rating of 7A, and
by Blue Cross and Blue Shield. The Service has board members from all of the
nine towns that it serves: Blue Hill, Brooklin, Brooksville, Castine, Deer Isle,
Isle au Haut, Penobscot, Sedgwick, and Stonington.

Services provided include Skilled Nursing, Home Health Aide, Social Service,
Physical Therapy, and Psychiatric Nursing. The Nursing Service also helps its
patients by referring them to any service that it does not offer directly.
Funds to support the Service come from Medicare, Medicaid, Blue Cross, fees--.
per visit, town appropriation, personal contributions, and Federal and State
grants. In 1977, Castine appropriated $600.00.

-52-

In addition to these local services, there are a number of human services
available to all the residents of Hancock County. The following are a
few of the programs that are available and a brief discription of their
functions.

1. The Family Counseling Service Center is located in Ellsworth. The
counseli'ng center provides outpatient @ervices for the treatment of emotional
and psychological problems. To accomplish its objective, the counseling
center provides psychological testing and evaluation, psychotherapy, marriage
counseling, alcohol counseling, group therapy, and psychological consultation
with other agencies. There is also a 24 hour emergency telephone service,
a home health nursing program for those unable to get a doctor, and a Home-
maker Service which provides light housekeeping and other duties in crisis
situations.

2. The Maine Department of Manpower Affairs EmploXTent Securit@ Commission
maintains offices In both Bangor and Ellsworth to help people who are looking
for employment. The commission has many programs to help employers and job
seekers including employment counseling, aptitude testing, job analysis,
skill surveys, labor market information, unemployment insurance, and worker
complaints.

3. The Department of Human Services offers child welfare counseling (i.e.
foster care, adoption, and parent-child counseling), aid to families with
dependent families (AFDC), food stamps, and a medical assistance program to
help families or individuals to pay their medical costs. It maintains
offices in Bangor and Ellsworth.

4. Other hospitals which are available to the citizens of Castine when they
require more specialized treatments include the Eastern Maine Medical Center
in Bangor, St. Joseph's Hospital in Bangor, the James Taylor Osteopa-Mc
Hospital in a_ngor, the Maine Coast Memorial Hospital in Ellsworth, and the
Blue Hill Memorial Hospital in Blue Hill. The Bag-aU-uce Ambulance Corps is
available for emergency transportation to these facilities.

-53-

LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP

Land use is one of the most Important elements in comprehensive planning. The
term "land use" refers to activity on a certain lot or parcel of land. In 1978
the following land use activities were identified:

Identified Activities Acres

Residential 206.95
Federal Government .22
State Government 7.00
Local (town) Government 102.23
Semi-Public (this includes: churches, golf courses,
hotels, motels, yacht clubs, cemeteries,
hospitals, libraries, museums, etc.) 96.46
Commercial 7.50
Industry .00
Agriculture 72.00
Recreation 76.50
Transportation and Communications 90.00
Maine Maritime Academy 33.88
Total 692.74

Source: Castine Property Cards: 1978

Castine contains'approximately 4800 acres or 7.5 square miles. At present,,
Castine has four land use guidelines in effect: the Zoning Ordinance of the
Town of Castine, Maine (see Map 8 ); the Shore and Marshland Zon_Tn_q__Tr_dinance
for the Town of Cas ; the Town of Castine, Maine SuRivision Regulations;
and the Mobile Home-FrFinance of Town of Castine, Maine. -

Since 1968, the most significant land use changes in Castine have been the
declining amount of commercial space in the downtown business district and the
increase in residential land use of which the Evergreen Point (or Wilson Point)
subdivision is probably the most extreme example. In 1968, commercial land use
accounted for 11.5 acres which decreased to 7.5 acres In 1978. In the 1978
Castine Community Survey, 164 of 219 respondents (77 percent) felt that something
should be done to protect the shrinking business district. Residential holdings
have increased from approximately 151 acres in 1968 to approximately 206.95
acres in 1978, an increase of 27 percent. From 1974 to the present there have
been 16 new housing starts in Castine and yearly new construction has been in-
creasing. On Table 15 are the land ownership patterns in 1978.

-54-

RESIDENTIAL

LRR I
COMMERCIAL

AGRICULTURAL

RESOURCE PROTECTION DISTRICT (RP)

LIMITED RESIDENTIAL
RECREATIONAL DISTRICT (LRR)

GENERAL DEVELOPMENT(GQ ------------------- RP 3
LRRI

LRR 2

RP3

ljLRR3

LRR 3

RR I LRR 2
RR2
R p 2.
RPI
LRR 2
GDI

GO I
02
GO

GD3
R P 1111 RP4

TOWN OF
CASTINE
ZONING MAP
N 1979
LRR 3

1 24000
LRR3
20M 0 *00o ft,

MAP 8
JLRI
cpc
55

Table 15

LAND OWNERSHIP PATTERNS

Total Number of Landowners: 516
Percent of Resident Landowners: 61%
Percent of Non-resident and Seasonal Landowners: 39%
Publicly Owned Land: 205.91 Acres (4.5%)
Other Tax-Exempt Land: 33.88 Acres (.7%) Maine Maritime Academy

# of of % of
of Lots Lots Total Town
Size of Lots Lots w/Bldg Seasonal Acreage Acreage

One Acre or Less 357 294 128 158.47 3%
1.1 - 10 Acres 177 108 82 562.83 13%
10.1 - 50 Acres 81 39 37 2158.50 47%
50.1 - 100 Acres 18 5 8 1347.50 29%
100.1 - 500 Acres 2 2 --- 390.00 8%

Over 500 Acres --- --- --- ------- ---

TOTALS 634 448 225 4617.3* 100%

Figure does not include combined acreage of Castine Water District: Approxi-
mately 16 acres.

Source: Castine Property Cards: 1978

Subdivision activity has been limited since 1971 when Castine adopted its Sub-
division Regulations. The two major subdivisions in recent years in Castine, the
'Whitecaps/Evergreen Point area and the Backshore Road area, were formed before
the subdivision regulations were adopted and have accounted for much of the new
residential development in Castine. The Evergreen Point (Wilson Point) develop-
ment, which consists of 35 lots and approximately 70 acres, will continue to
account for new residential growth in 'the future. It is perhaps significant that
lots from 10.1 to 100 acres in size constitute 76 percent of Castine's total
acreage.

-56-

Of concern to future land use planning in Castine is the Maine Maritime Academy.
Since 1968 the Academy's holdings have increased by 3.88 acres (11 percent);
this increase represents residential properties acquired by the Academy to house
Academy personnel. The community attitude toward further expansion of MMA, as
gathered by the Community Survey, is as follows: 116 of 222 (52 percent)
respondents favored no further growth by MMA; 31 favored an increase in the
size of the Academy, and 33 favored a decrease. An additional 42 expressed no
opinion. 93 of 145 respondents said they would prefer horizontal growth, if
any, to vertical growth. Most of these said that they would favor horizontal
growth only within the Academy's present boundaries. Possible future MMA
expansion is shown on Map 9

Seasonal Ownership

Non-residents own approximately 39 percent of the lots in Castine and account
for 33 percent of Castine's population in 1978. It is difficult to determine
whether non-resident ownership has increased over the last ten years--periodic
checks have not been made on the relative amounts of resident and non-resident
ownership.

-57-

OuNc's
AKAOM

MW OAAAW

#a POND

AKL Pm

srnEcr

wirmgnLl lw"OMMVWD
PftrgcrmN ZONE

FUTURE LAND USE: 1978
CASTINE

0 kasoum
PROTTMON Mm" I
m"Noom kawrmu&
I LAND
r7
possou" KAMM
ry Exposm
4 COMMOMAL
ZONE EXPANOM
TOWN DUMP PROPOSO OPEN
AND RECLAMATION

s..Iv 1:24000

2000 0 4000 F1

"NCOCK tau"" PLmum

MAP 9
58

HOUSING

As of June, 1978, Castine had a total of 434 housing buildings. Of these, 402
(92.6 percent) were single family houses, 10 (2.3 percent) were two-family, two
(0.5 percent) were three-family, and 13 (3 percent) were mobile homes. (See Maps
10 and 11). Of this total number of housing buildings, 278 (64.0 percent) were
year-round and 156 (36.0 percent) were seasonal. The structural conditions of
the buildings are, on the whole, very good. 421 (97.0 percent) of the buildings
were rated "structurally sound," while the remaining 13 (3.0 percent) were rated
"deteriorating." (See Table 16).

HOUSING TYPE AND CONDITION
Housing Conditions
A B C
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number of of of of
of Total Total Total Total
Buildings Housing Number Housing Number Housing Number Housing

Single
Family 402 92.6 392 90.3 10 2.3
Two-Family 10 2.3 9 2.1 1 0.2
Multi-
Family 2 0.5 2 0.5 - -
Mobile
Home 13 3.0 13 3.0 - -

Mixed Res./
Commercial 7 1.6 5 1.1 2 0.5

Total Number
of Housing
Buildings 434 100.0 421 97.0 13 3.0

STRUCTURAL CONDITION

A = Structurally Sound
B = Deteriorated
C = Dilapidated

Source: Planning Aide Survey - 1978

-59-

o
o

0- ------ 0
0

0
0 ......

oump

*6 o
o
o

o o

o
o
o

o oooo
o

'1Z

CASTINE
HOUSING
1978
single family
0 soosonal horne
0 cornmercial/public

o S'... 6 24000

2
00 0 .00
0 0 F,

.Cm@c

mAP 10

0 o o

0 CA
oo o..130
00
o oo
o so o o

0
0

too 1060 F...

"copc

Housing in Castine is primarily owner-occupied. Of the 278 year-round
dwellings, 248 (89.2 percent) are owner-occupied. 19 (4.4 percent) are
being rented and an additional 11 (2.5 percent) are vacant or for sale.
This indicates the housing market in town is small. (Usually, a vacancy
rate of 5 percent is considered desirable to insure an adequate choice).
See Table 17.

Table 17

OCCUPANCY - YEAR-ROUND HOUSING UNITS

PERCENT OF
NUMBER TOTAL HOUSING

Owner-Occupied Units 248 57.1
Renter-Occupied Units 19 4.4
Total Occupied Units 267 61.5

Units For Sale 10 2.3
Units For Rent 0 0.0
Other Vacant Units 1 0.2
Total Vacant Units 11 2.5

Total Number of Units 278 64.0

Source: Planning Aide Survey - 1978

Housing construction from January, 1974 to June, 1978 has occurred at a
relatively slow rate of 3.5 per year. Of the sixteen houses built during
this period, 13 were year-round residences. (See Table 18).

-62-

Tabl e 18

BUILDING PERMITS

RESIDENTIAL

YEAR- MOBILE
YEAR ROUND SEASONAL HOMES COMMERCIAL OTHER TOTAL

1978* 2 1 0 0 1 4
1977 5 0 0 0 0 5
1976 3 1 0 0 0 4
1975 1 1 0 0 0 2
1974 2 0 0 0 0 2
Subtotal 13 3 0 0 1 17
Through June, 1978

Housing need projections for the next ten years show a need for about eight
new dwellings by 1980 and for 35 new dwellings by 1998. (See Table 19 ).
These projections, however, indicate a slower pace of building activity than
has occurred during the past four and one half years. These projections are
calculated based on the projected town growth rate for 1980, 1990, and 2000
and the average number of persons per dwelling unit which is 2.3 as Table 19
indicates. 2.3 is divided into the anticipated population levels resulting in
the following dwelling unit projections.

TABLE 19

PROJECTED NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS

CASTINE

TOTAL
PERSONS DWELLING
YEAR POPULATION PER UNIT UNITS

1975 1,030 2.3 448
1980 1,048 2.3 456
1990 1,128 2.3 490
2000 1,216 2.3 529

The future of housing construction will be affected by factors outside the
control of the local residents such as the availability of money for mortgages
and the interest rate for loans. Another factor is the availability and
price of petroleum and its relate products - gasoline, heating oil, etc. Both
factors may combine to stifle housing construction severely.

-63-

VI
Physical
Environment

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Topography and Boundaries

The Town of Castine is on a peninsula bounded on the north by the town of
Penobscot, on the east and south by the Bagaduce River, and on the west by the
Penobscot Bay. The town is five miles long (with a maximum width of two miles),
and is 7.5 square miles in area. In addition, there are five islands within
the town limits, including: Sheep Island (in Smith's Cove); Ram Island;
Holbrook Island; and big and little Negro Islands.

Drainage systems in the town are not well developed. Most of town contains
marshes and swamps. These and the steep, irregular coast line are typical
of the submerged, glaciated coast of Maine. Elevations range from sea level
to 220 feet just west of Fort George. (See Map 12).

The range of slopes within Castine is shown on the accompanying slope map.
Slope is the amount of rise or fall in feet for a given horizontal distance.
It is expressed in percent, such as 10 percent which means that for a 100
foot distance, the rise or fall in height is ten feet. Slope is important
for determining land use suitability for particular uses.

The majority of land in Castine is relatively level, with a slope of 0 - 8
percent. Slopes of 8 - 15 percent are common on the southern end of the penin-
sula. Slopes of 15 - 25 percent are common on the northern side of the penin-
sula and along much of the coast line of the Baga-duce River and Hatch's Cove.
Slopes greater than 25 percent are rare, located primarily on the western side
of the peninsula where there are steep slopes along the shore. (See Map 13).

In general, areas with slopes of 0 8 percent are rated'good to fair for most
urban uses. Areas with slopes of 8 15 percent are genera7Ty fa-f-rTor these
uses and areas with slopes greater than 15 percent are poor to very poor for
urban uses.

Surficial Geology

When the ice sheets of the last Ice Age withdrew from this region, they deposited
material which covered the bedrock. These surficial deposits are important
because they are the parent material of soils.

Five distinct surficial deposits exist in this region: till, ice contact
deposits, alluvial deposits, organic accumulations, and marine sediment. Till
is composed of boulders, sand, silt, and clay. It is the dominant cover
material found in Castine.

Glacial streams, resulting from melting ice, left residues known as ice contact
deposits which are most noted for their water storage potential. These deposits
formed distinct landforms which include eskers, kames, and deltas.

-64-

Wilson
P@(
Bo

0
08

Ttirner Pt

4
0:-

Perkins Pt o
Neg,
Is

cove
0
13) ovo tofu
C

Blockhowse Pt 0

Castir

Dice Head

TOPOGRAPHY
CASTINE
Ram I SCALE
10
Holbrook
,p@

The V@fat- of INS maP w8$ 108-Mly aK*d by a c0nVrGhWM0,0 rWanrAng gMM J- f'.
US DPM't-t 91 HMM-9 ..d Ulb- OftSM-f
MAP. 12

SLOPE

F-1 o-s%
om B-15%

15-25%

>25%

Rp A>

CASTINE

PREPARED BY THE HANCOCK COUNTY PLANNING COMMIGSION

MAP 13

Alluvial deposits consisting of gravel, sand, and silt, often accompanied by a
thin layer of organic matter, are found in floodplain areas. This substance
is the result of periodic flooding and is ideal for agricultural use.

The deposits in swamps, bogs, and salt marshes are a mixture of decayed organic
matter and silt. Such areas, unsuitable for agriculture, often serve as
important wildlife habitat.

Marine sediment is composed of sand, silt, and clay. Marine sediment, super-
imposed on the bedrock and glacial deposits, can be found throughout the region
in areas not exceeding 300 feet above sea level. Characteristically, these
areas are poorly drained.

Soils

The Soil Conservation Service completed its soil survey of Castine in 1978. The
following toil types are found in Castine (refer to the Soils and Slope Maps
in this section). The first number (i.e. 22, 32, 24) refers to the name of the
soil; the letter (A, B, C, D, E) shows steepness of slope:

SLOPES

A 0 - 3% Level or nearly level
B 3 - 8% Gently sloping
C 8 - 15% Moderately sloping
D 15 - 25% Strongly sloping
E 25 - 35+ Steep

Soil suitability information ratings can be obtained from the Soil Suitability
Guide for Land Use Planning In Maine (UMO, Extension Service, Ffsc-e-Maneous
Publication 667. Revised), copies of which are available at the Town Office.

Castine Soil Types

9C ---- Beaches
9M ---- Terric Borosaprists
9P ---- Saprists and Hemists
9RE---Rockland
9T ---- Typic Sulfihemists

188 --- Colton Variant, Gravelly Loamy Sands
22B --- Colton Gravelly Loamy Sand
22C---Colton Gravelly Loamy Sand
23B --- Duane Sandy Loam
24A --- Walpole Sandy Loam
27B --- Elmwood Fine Sandy Loam
28A --- Swanton Fine Sandy Loam

32B2--Buxton Silt Loam, Eroded
32C2--Buxton Silt Loam, Eroded

-67-

33A --- Scantic Silt Loam
34A --- Biddeford Silt Loam

42B --- Marlow Fine Sandy Loam
42C --- Marlow Fine Sandy Loam
42D --- Marlow Fine Sandy Loam
43C---Marlow Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam
43E --- Marlow Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam
44B --- Peru Fine Sandy Loam
44C --- Peru Fine Sandy Loam
45B --- Peru Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam
45C---Peru Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam
46B --- Ridgeway Fine Sandy Loam
48B --- Ridgeway Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam

52B---Hermon Sandy Loam
52C --- Hermon Sandy Loam
53B --- Hermon Very Stony Sandy Loam
53C --- Hermon Very Stony Sandy Loam
55B---Waumbek Very Stony Sandy Loam
58B --- Leicester Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam

62B --- Lyman Fine Sandy Loam
63C --- Lyman Very Rocky Fine Sandy Loam
63E --- Lyman Very Rocky Fine Sandy Loam
648 --- Berkshire Fine Sandy Loam
64C --- Berkshire Fine Sandy Loam
65B---Berkshire Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam
65C --- Berkshire Very Stony Fine Sandy Loam
68B --- Nicholville Very Fine Sandy Loam

Castine's soil types are similar to those of other towns in the Penobscot River
valley in that it has a preponderance of the Buxton - Lyman - Peru soil associ-
ation. These are somewhat excessively drained and moderately well drained,
shallow and deep soils. The Castine peninsula also shows a prevalence of
the Colton and Duane soils which are deep, well and moderately well drained
gravelly and sandy soils. (See Map 14).

Most of Castine's soil types are not particularly well suited for urban uses.
Buxton soils are fair* to poor for most uses, with the exception of sanitary
landfill (good); -9-uxton is RRO-r for houses with basements' and very poor for
septic systems. Lyman soils are poor to very poor for all urban uses. Peru
soils are fair to poor for most uses except I'andfills. Colton soils are poor
to very po-6-rfor most uses except houses with basements, road location, a_n_J_
roaT_f'1TF_Colton is poor for septic systems because it tends to be excess-
ively drained, a fact @Which is significant since most of the undeveloped land
surrounding the Castine Water District consists of Colton soils. (See Map 15).

A rating of fair indicates that with proper preparation, the soil will accomo-
date the proposed use without problems.

-68-

33-

I @.. t:

u q,P

-00

45
3
4@

4c P
. .. .... wam

33A

41.

@2.

CASTINE
SOILS MAP

IFIEWRIED .1 LISDA SOIL CONSERATION SERVICE-
JANUARY 1978.
DRAFTED BY HANCOCK COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION

111.0. 1 24ooo

90oo o aoo IF,

WAXIIIIIIIIIIIII COUK" PLANEW

MAP 14

-C
Scarlty drained 80"lon
PO 0
Te

Marlow Scontic
Cot Clays" "ll d,o.md
v?r!.poor ly dro .......

in a,
.4lit d,
RPOO@CT@Tr

I sru Lyman S c
oderotely itnill drained sticessi"It, drot d

d
*OIPIO @01"`
poor y

R,dq9brj
poorly do. ;@O* Peru
Lyman
C7
Cf a F.lk

Colton -
qitcese.Vsly@ drained

WAT

Duane

Hermon
S.Cfss'.*Iv@& in-

R.dgeb.,y
Roorly drained
por.'- P.-O'de r a I (@@l
drained c

d bitry

vrell dr,pried

,A, TLE AV,

Bedrock Geology

The bedrock underlying most of the town consists of metamorphosed volcanic
rock, with the exception of several small bodies of metamorphosed sedimentary
rocks located in the southern portion of town. A significant aspect of
Castine's bedrock geology is that it is one of the few places in New England
that has proven reserves of copper ore. The reserves have been estimated
between 50 to 1000 tons and occur in the form of "massive sulfides" such
as pyrite and chalopyrite. (Kinkle and Peterson, Copper in the United States).

Glaciers which covered the area (the last glaciers receded some 10,000 years
ago) sculotured the bedrock into irregular knobs and depressions and
in many areas the bedrock is exposed at the surface.

Climate

Temperature and Precipitation

The yearly temperatures in Castine range between a low of -10 degrees to a
high of 90 degrees Farenheit. Because it is located on the coast, Castine
is slightly warmer in the winter and slightly cooler in the summer than in-
land areas. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. The
total yearly precipitation is slightly higher along the coast due to "north-
easters" in the winter and thunderstorms in the summer. The average yearly
precipitation is 44 inches. (See Figure'7

Snowfall

Annual snowfall in Castine and other midcoastal towns averages 50 inches.
Normally there are twenty days of snow of one inch or more recorded. Each
winter several snow storms of five inches or more occur along the coast.

Other Climatic Features

Heavy fog is frequent along the coast and occurs on an average of one day
out of six. The annual number of clear days ranges from 80 to 120 days.

"Northeasters" generate winds and heavy rain or snow and can produce ab-
normally high wind-driven tides affecting beaches and coastal installations.
In Castine, "southeasters" are particularly destructive, especially when
combined with heavy rainfall and high tides. Castine's harbor and water-
front are poorly protected from a southeast wind and are susceptible to
damage when the wind blows from that quarter. There are usually one or
two of these storms a'year.

-71-

Figure 7
CLIMATE MONOGRAPH

PRECIPITATION

4 4 0

3 PF

2 2

0 0
i F M A M i i A s 0 N 0
Months

TEMPERATURE
70 70

60 00

50 so

40 40

so so

20 to

Je
10 000, 10

- 3tate of Maine
Hamock CA%Pty
0 -
i F M A M i i A s 0 D
SOURCE. 1975 Dole Months
National Climate Center
Ashville,N C.
-72-

During the summer, the predominant wind direction is from the southwest,
bringing a cooling sea breeze onto the land. Hardly a summer afternoon goes
by without a brisk southwest breeze springing up around 2 p.m.

Unfortunately, this southwest wind sometimes carries urban and industrial
pollution into the area from the large urban areas to the south. This situa-
tion occurs most frequently when a large low pressure weather front is situated
over the east coast of the United States causing extreme humidity. The resultant
low ozone level can be a problem to individuals who suffer from respiratory
ailments.

Growing Season

The growing season in Castine ranges from early May to mid-September. Due to
the moderating effect of the ocean, the life of a garden may be somewhat longer
if it is located close to the water.

Wildlife

A significant number of wildlife species are supported by the habitats found in
Castine. Some species use the available habitat during their annual migration
and at least one rare species is supported by the unique habitat found here.
The species which inhabit this area may be classified as big game, small game,
furbearers, migrating game birds, non-game birds and mammals, and rare and/or
endangered wildlife.

Big Game

White-tailed deer are common in Castine, and deer harvest appears to be sufficient
to prevent over-population. Yields in most Hancock County towns usually exceed
the State average. Black bears have occasionally been seen in Castine as well.

Small Game

Small game animals include such important species as ruffed grouse, pheasant,
snowshoe hare, red and gray squirrel, fisher, fox, raccoon, bobcat, lynx, and
various species of rabbit. Silver foxes were once raised commercially in
Castine and an occasional one can now be seen running wild.

Furbearers

The beaver is the most important animal in this group. Beaver dams create high
quality waterfowl breeding habitats. Castine's large swampy interior also pro-
vides habitats for muskrat, otter, and mink.

Migrating Game Birds and Waterfowl

The Woodcock and Jacksnipe are fairly common migratory �ame birds. The Bagaduce
River is an important Canadian Goose migration area.

-73-

All species of waterfowl common to the state breed in large numbers on the
inland waters and coastal islands of Hancock County. Tidal flats and stands
of eelgrass provide important feeding areas during migration and wintering
periods. Abundant marine invertebrates (shellfish, etc.) provide food for
several species of waterfowl.

The dabbling ducks which utilize the area include Black Ducks, Wood Ducks,
Green Winged Teals, and Bluewinged Teals. The divers include Ring-necked
Ducks, Greater Scaups, Goldeneyes, and Buffleheads. Common Eiders, White-
winged Scoters, Surf Scoters, common Scoters, and Old Squaws comprise the
Sea Ducks.

Nonegame Birds and Mammals

Most of the small birds common to this area can be found in Castine. Recently,
a large population of mourning doves has appeared in town. Gulls and other
sea birds, such as herron, are very common. Also, various types of owls have
been seen in town, includ4ng a great gray owl.

Nongame mammals include woodchuck, weasel, porcupine, and skunk. Coyotes have
been trapped in Brooksville and seen in Castine.

Rare and Endangered Wildlife

In the past, Ram Island has been an Osprey nesting area and there is reportedly
a nest near Blockhouse Point. Unlike aulls, which seem to thrive wherever
there are people, the Ospreys have done poorly.

Marine Resources

Marine bloodworms and sandworms, valuable as sport fishing bait, are dug
commercially in Castine's mudflats, particularly in Morse, Wadsworth, and Hatch's
Coves. Clams are also dug in these areas and along the Bagaduce River, but for
the most part, Castine's clam flats are depleted. Ram Island is a notable
exception, for clams are still relatively abundant there. Mussel beds, some
of commercial quality, are dispersed in numerous areas along the intertidal zone
and the shallow subtidal area.

Within the bays and estuaries of this region are found herring, striped bass,
harbor pollack, mackerel, flounder, rock crab, and in recent years, bluefish.
Dogfish (or sand sharks) are also fairly common.

Castine is located too far up Penobscot Bay to be an active lobster fishery,
though some residents do set traps as a second source of income or simply to
provide themselves with lobsters. During the summer when the lobsters move
inshore, the Bagaduce River yields a reasonably large number.

-74-

This region is one of the best scallop fisheries in Maine and a fairly large
number of local fishermen engage in scall.op fishing, usually as a second source
of income. There are good and bad years in the scalloping business. The last
good year, 1976, attracted a large number of outside fishermen and dra@g-ers to
the upper Penobscot Bay which seems to have reduced the number of scal ops in
the area.

Vegetation

Cover Types

There are five major cover types in Castine, including: softwoods, hardwoods,
mixed woods, agricultural lands, and old fields. The softwoods cover type is
forested land with softwoods comprising over 75 percent of the overstory. Soft
woods include pines, cedars, spruce, and firs. The hardwoods cover type is
forested land with hardwoods comprising over 75 percent of the overstory. Hard
woods include oak, maple, hickory, elm, birch and beech. Mixed woods are
forested lands with neither hard woods nor soft woods comprising over 75 percent
of the overstory. Agricultural lands are lands being used for the production
of food for man or livestock. Old fields are agricultural land that is reverting
to a natural vegetation condition.

The Witherle Woods on the Castine peninsula is an example of the softwoods cover
type. Red Spruce is the predominate species, with some white spruce and balsam
fir present. Mature white pine, northern white cedar, gray birch and hemlock
are also found in the Witherle Woods. Small areas of mixed woods and hardwoods
can be found on the peninsula as well,

In North Castine, the eastern and southern portion of the interior of "square"
is a softwoods area, while in the northern and western portion there is mixed
woods cover. The Wilson Point area is composed primarily of softwoods. The
area along the banks of the Penobscot River consists of equal portions of hard-
woods and softwoods. The area along the Bagaduce River and Hatch's Cove consists
of hardwoods, agricultural land and old fields. Large wet areas with scrub
cover exist in the "square" and in the area of the British Canal.

In the Appendix is a complete listing of the plants found in Castine and the
vicinity according to both their botanical and common names.

Hydrology

Groundwater

Groundwater is water that has infiltrated the soil and moved downward to the
water table. Approximately half of the annual precipitation infiltrates to
recharge the groundwater supply.

-75-

Water infiltrates at differing rates. The chief variables that determine the
infiltration rate are the soil moisture content, soil texture, veqetation cover,
slope, and frost penetration. Removing vegetation cover, paving,-and filling
in wetlands all increase runoff and decrease infiltration.

The direction of the flow of groundwater, as a rule of thumb, corresponds to
that which would be expected from the surface topography, flowing downhill
from high areas to low areas. Groundwater may resurface in lakes, streams,
and springs where the water table intersects the surface.

Sources of Groundwater

Aquifers are a major source of groundwater. An aquifer is a geologic deposit
that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to conduct groundwater
and yield significant quantities to wells and springs. The term has meaning
only relative to the demands and expectations of the people using the aquifer.
What we think of as an aquifer in Maine might be considered an aquicline, a
poorly permeable geologic deposit, in other parts of the country. "Aquifers
differ greatly in regard to their yields, depending on the materials of which
they are composed. High-yield sand and gravel aquifers occur in glacial deposits
including most of the ice-contact types (eskers, deltas, kames, and moraines)
and some of the outwash and alluvial deposits. The prerequisite for a high-
yield aquifer is a very permeable, unconsolidated material that is saturated
for a thickness of ten or more feet and has a source of recharge that can
sustain the rate of withdrawal." (Groundwater Handbook for the State of Maine,
Maine Geological Survey, 1978).

Surficial deposits are the major aquifers in Castine. The bedrock yields little
groundwater except from highly fractured zones and is not considered a signifi-
cant source. The Castine Water Works which serves the lower peninsula takes
water from three wells and from the reservoirs on Battle Avenue. Witherle
Woods, located at a higher elevation to the northwest of the reservoirs, is a
recharge area. Water flows down the hill discharging into the reservoirs.
There are two gravel packed wells located at the Spring Street facility, and
one at the Windmill Hill facility. These wells are about fifty feet deep and
yield approximately twenty gallons per minute. Although these wells cannot
be considered high-yield wells, they are sufficient for the present purposes
of the water system. The cemetery directly uphill from the Spring Street
facility probably serves as a recharge area for the aquifer. Although not
a recommended use of land to have near a water system, the cemetery is prefer-
able to other urban/industrial uses such as sanitary landfills, septic systems,
or sewage lagoons. The Castine Golf Course probably provides some recharge,
too. In North Castine the poorly drained, marshy interior is the major recharge
for wells in the area.

-76-

Donald Harris, District Conservationist for the United States Department
of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, cautions that, "Our recent review
of the Castine peninsula soil survey indicates a predominance of coarse
textured sands and gravels along with other sandy type soils. Most if
not all of these soil types provide little filtration and a good chance
of quick groundwater contamination. Existing agricultural or forestry land
use easements, some sort of zoning or farmland and open space protection
might be considered for this area."*

Surface Water

Surface waters In Castine, comprising approximatoly eight acres, include a
number of small fire ponds, the Ice Pond on Route 166-A, Dunk's Meadow on
Route 166, the Castine Water District reservoirs on Battle Avenue, numerous
brouks, and inland and coastal wetlands.

Typical of the glaciated northeast, a large section of the interior in
North Castine is poorly drained. The water tends to remain near the sur-
face and form swamps and marshes. The water that flows out of the area
goes in various directions: south into Wadsworth Cove via Bog Brook;
north to Morse Cove; and northeast to the Bagaduce River by way of Smelt
Brook.
Most surface water in Hancock County is rated B-1 by the Department of
Environmental Protection. Class B-1 is acceptable for drinking after
treatment.

Watersheds

All water in Castine drains into the Penobscot Bay, either directly or via
the Bagaduce River. (See Map16 ). The most important areas with regard
to Castine's water supply are the Witherle Woodsarea, the Spring Street
pumping facility area, and the wetlands portion of the square in North
Castine.

If Castine's on-peninsula water supply were to become contaminated, the
only alternative water supply would be the interior of North Castine.
Such a water system would require pumping from the square to the peninsula,
making it extremely expensive.

For more information, refer to State Policies for Management of Growth
and Natural Resources, State Planning Office, December, 1977.

-77-

HYDROLOGY

WETLANDS - i& sL

WATERSHED BOUNDARY ......

CASTINE

MAP 16

Wetlands

The term "wetland" is defined in this study as, "An area characterized
by low topography, poor drainage, and standing water which occurs at least
part of the year." It may also be viewed as the transition zone between
dry land and open water. Other terms associated with wetland areas are
swamps, bogs, marshes, and salt meadows.

Wetlands within Castine may be divided into inland wetlands and coastal
wetlands. Inland wetlands are areas within the normal highwater mark
of non-tidal flowing water, stream channels occupiod by non-tidal waters,
or other areas identified on the basis of soils and vegetation. Coastal
wetlands include any swamp, marsh, bog, beach, flat or other land above
extreme low water mark subject to tidal action.

As previously mentioned, Castine has a large inland wetland area in its
north-central area. Dunk's Meadow and the Ice Pond are the most notable
inland wetlands. Coastal wetlands include the British Canal, the Morse
Cove Inlet, the Mill Pond, Hatch's Cove, and areas along the Bagaduce and
Penobscot Rivers. Coastal wetlands also play an important role in the
Maine economy. The value of shellfish and worms harvested from these
areas is often many times higher than the yield from prime agricultural
land. However,in recent years, the value of this resource has diminished
considerably due to the closing of flats that have been polluted by man's
activities.

Wetlands also play a critical role in the natural cycle of life by pro-
viding essential breeding, nesting, and feeding areas for a wide variety
of fish and other wildlife. Wetland areas are among the most productive
parts of our environment. They provide a margin of protection for the
entire ecosystem by minimizing the impact of fluctuation within the envir-
onment.

Critical and Fragile Areas

Flood Plains

A flood plain is the land area adjoining a stream, river, lake, ocean, or
other body of water which may reasonably be expected to be covered at some
time by floodwater. Although this sounds straightforward, it is sometimes
difficult to determine the limits of a floodplain. Some land may be
flooded each spring, while other areas are subjected to flooding only under
extraordinary conditions.

Flooding in Castine within developed areas is a rare occurance. Flooding
is most common along the waterfront of Castine village where two storms in
the last three years have caused a substantial amount of damage to water-
front properties. Since coastal storms are often accompanied by extreme
tides, the combined impact of waves and tides can result in the flooding
of areas far above the normal high water mark. Many of the areas in Castine
designated as flood prone as indicated by the special flood hazard map
completed under the auspices of the Federal Flood Insurance Administration
are actually in little or no danger of flooding even under the severest of
conditions. (See MapT7). Building within the flood hazard areas desig-
nated on the special flood hazard area map is regulated by the Revised
Model Ordinance Relating to Flood Hazard Building Permit System ancT-Review
Procedure.
-79-

.........
CASTINE
...... SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREA
1975

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Historic/Natural/Scenic Areas

It is possible to divide Castine's rich inventory of historical sites into
four categories: (1) areas of military history; (2) buildin s of archi-
tectural merit; (3) sites of ecclesiastical importance; and 74) sites of
historic commercial concerns. (See MapJ8

1. Areas of Military History (in order of historical importance and
interest).

a. Fort Pentaqoet or Castine's Fort, located on the site of the 1613
French Trading Post, was built by Charles de Menou d'Aulney between
1636 and 1645. This is one of the oldest fort sites in the country
and was also the site of the first Catholic Mission.

b. The British Canal was dug in 1779 by the British to cut Castine off
from attacF-fr-om the mainland and to reduce British desertions.

c. Fort Georqe was built by the British in 1779 and named in honor of
King George III. This fort was taken over by the Americans in
1783, and reoccupied by the British in 1814. It was returned to
the Americans in 1815 and was the site of the @anging of Seth
Elliott and Ebenezer Ball, both convicted of murder.

d. Fort Madison, named after the American president, was an American
fort erec in 1811 and rebuilt during the Civil War.

e. Blockhouse Point (accessible by foot path) was used by the British
as an observatory in 1814. Near this spot, above Trask Rock (named
after a boy fifer who hid behind the rock during the battle) the
first American forces attacked the British positions entrenched
along the bluff in July of 1779. They captured a small battery,
but lost one-fourth of their men. The loss of men at this site
contributed to the defeat of the American expedition. The delay
after the initial battle allowed the British to assemble rein-
forcements from Halifax, Nova Scotia and rout the Americans.

f. Castine Cemetary located overlooking the Bagaduce, is also of mili-
tary significance. The Cemetery Association secretary has a recor.d
of those buried and the location of their graves.

In addition to these sites there are numerous military locations, which
though significant, offer less visual appeal. Included are a number of gun
batteries at various locations on the Castine peninsula, the most notable
being Forts Griffith and Goslin. These sites are indicated on the Historic
Sites map. Many areas throughout Castine are marked with signs commemorating
historic events.

-81-

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2. Buildings of Architectural Merit

In 1973 Castine was named to the National Register of Historic Places
because of the quality and diversity of its architecture.
a. The Castine Town Common is one of the finest examples of its type
in the Penobscot Bay area. Shaded by elm trees, the one acre green
is surrounded by fully restored homes circa 1800. The library, the
Unitarian Church and Parish House, and the Adams and Abbott Schools
are evidence of the central focus that the common has played in the
development of the New England Village. The Abbott School is now
used as a private residence, but the other three buildings are still
in use as public facilities.

b. The Captain John Perkins House was built in 1765. Formerly on Court
Street, it has been mo-v-e-T to-the Wilson Museum grounds on Perkins
Street. In 1969 the house was entered in the National Register of
Historic Places.

c. The Avery House, built about 1760, is one of the oldest homes in
Castine. It is located on Route 166 in North Castine. There are
also many other houses in North Castine that were built between
1760 and the early 1800's.

d. The Dearborn and Macomber Houses on Green Street are significant
old houses; oth have undergone some restoration recently. The
Dearborn House, which was built in 1814, retains part of the original
British barracks which were moved from Fort George in 1818.

e. Fine examples of fully restored homes of the Federal period (about
1800) are the Witherle and Johnston houses on upper Main Street,
the Gay (now Hooke) house overlooking Water Street, the four-chimney
Abbott (now Foote) house on the Battle Avenue Heights, the Hale and
Cate houses on Court Street, and the Whiting house on the common.
The Cate house, now owned by the Maine Maritime Academy, was entered
in the National Register of Historic Places In 1970.

f. The Lighthouse, built of granite at the western extremity of Battle
Avenue, was erected in 1858. The tower is forty-two feet above
the ground, and one hundred thirty feet above sea level. When in
operation, the fixed white light was visible for a distance of 17
nautical miles. At present, the town owns the light house property
and there is an automatic light on the shore.

g. Other houses of architectural merit include the Doty Little house
on the corner of Court and Green Streets, now owned by the Everett
Russell's; the Guild house on Route 166 at the entrance to the
Castine peninsula; the Elisha Dyer house on Dyer's Lane, now owned
by Robert O'Connor; and the Blake or Tilden house on Main Street,
now owned by Vincent LaFlamme.

-81-

h. Streets of notable architectural character include Main Street,
Perkins Street, Water Street, Court Street, Green Street, and Battle
Avenue.

3. Sites of Ecclesiastical History

a. The first Catholic church was built in 1648 by the French on the
site of the present Catholic chapel. St. Peter's Chapel, as
the first church was named, served as a Mission for the Indians.

b. The Unitarian Meeting House was built in 1790 on the Town Common.
The simple lines and the interior make this one of the most archi-
tecturally significant buildings in Castine. The steeple is from
a Bullfinch design and the bell was cast by Paul Revere's son.

c. The Second Congregational or First Trinitarian Church, located on
Main Street, was constructed in 1829. It has been enlarged and
renovated several times. It is crowned by a 120 foot spire and
it is noted for its stained glass windows given in memory of Castine
citizens.

4. Sites of Historic Commercial Concerns

a. The Argyle Street Landing on Perkins Street was the site of the
Noyes Shipyard. More than sixty ships were built in a number of
shipyards on the hill descending from Perkins Street to the Bagaduce
River.

b. Several old buildings at the foot of Main Street were used to store
salt for Georges Banks fishing vessels.

c. The Rope Walk on Water Street, a small section of which is still
standing, was built in 1900. It is now owned by Marie Wood. Other
rope walks were located on Pleasant Street.

d. The Ship Chandlery or Brick Block on Water Street, a fine brick
structure used for well over a hundred years, was built in 1804.
It is now occupied by a hardware store, a restaurant, a craft store,
a hairdresser, and several apartments.

5. Other Areas of Historical Interest

a. In North Castine in the vicinity of the Old Ferry Road is the remains
of a great Indian campground and burial ground.

b. Also in North Castine are the remains of several old mines of the
Revolutionary era; these mines supposedly yielded silver.

_84-

6. Natural and Scenic Areas

There are a number of natural and scenic areas in Castine which are
important, too. Significant natural areas include the Witherle Woods
on the Castine peninsula, the Castine harbor and its inlets, the water-
front, the beach at the Backshore, the British Canal wetland area, Dunk's
Meadow and a large portion of the interior of North Castine, Holbrook
Island, and the Ribame Beach area along the Penobscot River. All of
these areas have in common the fact that they are essentially undisturbed
open spaces.

The entire waterfront on the deepwater harbor of Oakum Bay presents
coastal scenery which is comparable to any in the State. Whether one
enters the town by Route 166 or Route 166-A, one will find scenic areas
overlooking the Penobscot and Bagaduce Rivers. One of the most scenic
areas in Castine is the view from Battle Avenue near the Foote residence.
Here is a vista which includes Brooksville, Castine Harbor, a large part
of the village, and much of the northern part of Penobscot Bay. Other
outstanding scenic areas are Fort Madison PUblic Park, Dice's Head Public
Park and the Castine Golf Course.

Castine Harbor

It used to be said that, "Castine... boasts the possession of a harbor in
which the navies of the world might ride at ease." Though the scale of
today's navies would preclude such a sweeping compliment to the harbor, it
is certainly one of the finest on the coast of Maine. The harbor, known as
Oakum Bay, is well protected and very deep as evidenced by the presence of
the Maine Maritime Academy training vessel, State of Maine, which rests
within 40 feet of the waterfront. It is easy to see why Castine's harbor
was so popular in the days of the sailing vessels. Today the harbor serves
chiefly as a pleasure craft port, though there are some small fishing vessels.
A few years ago, when the scallops were plentiful, a number of scallop draggers
made use of the harbor as a safe winter anchorage.

Until the advent of the steam engine, Castine was one of the most important
eastern seaboard ports; it is said that during the heyday of the sailing
ship, one could walk half way across the river on the decks of the ships
that were tied together and anchored there. Ships from Castine sailed to
such romantic places as Cadiz, Barbadoes, Dominica, Antiqua, Martinique,
Granada, and Liverpool. Castine's geographic location was considered so
important to the fledging Colonies that America suffered its greatest naval
defeat (the Penobscot Expedition) in an effort to regain the town from its
British occupiers.
Sailing vessels of all descriptions and sizes were built on the shores of
the Bay, most notably at the Noyes Shipyard which was located on Perkins
Street near the present berth of the State of Maine. The first ship built
in Castine was the schooner Nancy in the year 1793.

George Wheeler, History of Castine

-85-

Oakum Bay is located at the mouth of the Bagaduce River, which was once plyed
by schooners seeking loads of brick and granite at Northern Bay in Penobscot.
It opens onto the northern-most tip of Penobscot Bay and the mouth of the
Penobscot River. The bay contains a number of coves and islands. A distinc-
tive feature of the bay is the wreck of a five masted schooner which lies
just off Henry's Point in Brooksville. The ship burned in the 1930's as
she lay grounded for scuttling. The Harbor Chart (See Map 19), provides
a detailed view of the harbor and the waters of the surrounding area.

At the present time, Castine has no Comprehensive Harbor Ordinance. The
town hires a harbormaster during the summer months and pays him a small
stipend for his duties. The town has no launching facilities of its own,
and at present most boats are hauled-up, repaired, and launched at Eaton's
Boatyard.

Since Castine's economy is still largely dependent on its location on the
water, planning efforts for the Town of Castine should be carried on in
conjunction with intelligent harbor planning. Oceanographic programs
carried on by the Maine Maritime Academy and M. I. T. are no doubt bene-
ficial and advantageous to the town, since such programs provide first-
hand evidence of marine conditions.

-86-

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VII
Critical Issues

CRITICAL ISSUES--THE MAINE MARITIME ACADEMY

Introduction

The Maine Maritime Academy has been a part of Castine since 1941. It is the
largest employer in town, and it provides the town with a number of services.
It is of concern to some townspeople because it affects the tax base, creates
general uncertainty about future land acquisition, and disrupts their sense of
privacy and community.

History of the Academy

The Maine Maritime Academy, originally known as the Maine Nautical Training
School, was established in March, 1941. Though it coincided with World War II,
it was formed as a response to the proposition that a vigorous, expanding
American Merchant Marine was essential to national security, if not to the
security of the world. The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 had envisioned the
creation of a number of such training schools. Maine was a chosen site because
of the realization by the founders that Maine was rich in young men familiar
with seafaring and because it was felt that the school could provide a service
to the young men of Maine. Castine was chosen because of the availability of
the facilities of the Eastern State Normal School and because of its proximity
to a deep water harbor.

At the time of the Academy's formation, the Normal School consisted of three
brick buildings situated on the hillside overlooking Castine Harbor: Richardson
Hall (later renamed Leavitt Hall), which was a dormitory and dining hall; a
gymnasium (now the Administration Offices and Library); and the administration/
classroom building (now called Dismukes Hall after the Academy's first super-
intendent). The Nautical School's first class of 28 men was housed at the
Pentagoet Inn; classroom space was rented from the Normal School until it closed
in March, 1942, and the newly designated Maine Maritime Academy took control of
the property. Two months after its opening, World War II began which resulted
in an immediate expansion of the student body to 200 men. The school's first
training ship was the 84 foot sailing schooner Mattie--a considerable contrast
to later training ships and the present State oT-Ra7-ne. The student body and
the physical plant have expanded sporadically ever since, though now expansion
has supposedly reached an end.

Present Situation

The Academy currently encompasses just under 35 acres of the Castine peninsula,
including several buildings and dockage for the 533 foot training vessel State
of Maine on the Castine waterfront. There are 12 buildings containing classrooms,
athletic facilities, dormitory space, dining facilities, library, etc. In
addition, the Academy now owns a number of former residences on Main, Pleasant,
and Court Streets. Most of these homes are used to house Academy personnel;
notable exceptions are the MMA Faculty Club and the Allie Ryan Marine Museum
on Pleasant Street.

The student body has grown to 633 men and women, which nearly equals the number
of year-round residents. In addition, the Academy employs a professional and
non-professional staff of 140 plus CETA workers, making it the largest employer
in Castine.

-88-

Purpose

The purpose of the Maine Maritime Academy is to carry on Maine's heritage of
the sea by providing for its students, as U. S. Maritime Service Cadets, a
comprehensive course of instruction and training in a professional, intellectual,
and military environment. This training will qualify them for leadership as
officers in the U. S. Merchant Marine, the U. S. Naval Reserve, or the U. S.
Coast Guard Reserve. Academy Midshipmen, upon completion of a four year program,
earn Bachelor of Science Degrees, majoring in Marine Engineering or Nautical
Science. The program also qualifies them to be examined for third officer,
licenses (deck or engine) in the Merchant Marine and for commissions in the
U. S. Naval Reserve or Coast Guard Reserve. Each student is provided an oppor-
tunity to complete a minor program in such disciplines as Naval Architecture,
Oceanography, Marine Industrial Management, Ocean Engineering, Transportation
Management, Natural Science, Social Science, and the Humanities.

MMA is an agency of the State of Maine and receives assistance from the federal
government. In keeping with its responsibility and interest in serving the
state and nation in marine resource development, the Academy actively partici-
pates in and sponsers marine research conferences and programs. One such
program is the joint MMA-MIT summer ocean engineering program which features
research and practical application of marine and oceanographic equipment that
is designed and built by students from the two institutions.

The Academy also sponsers a variety of summer programs and hosts a variety of
outside business, professional, civic, and youth programs that use its facilities
for meetings, workshops, and recreation.

Recent Growth of the Academy

The Maine Maritime Academy's expansion program during the past ten years has
caused some controversy. The recent growth includes Baron Castin Hall, the
Alexander Fieldhouse, the Curtis Hall dormitory complex, the Dismukes Hall
addition, several residential holdings, and Bagaduce Hall on Water Street. In
addition, work on a library addition is currently in progress, and there are
plans for a renovation of and addition to Leavitt Hall. Most of the past
controversy about MMA's expansion has centered on Bagaduce Hall, located on
Water Street, which some townspeople feel conflicts with Castine's architecture
and spoils Castine's waterfront as viewed from the water.

There is some general uncertainty about future land acquisition by the Academy;
the prevailing sentiment among townspeople is aqainst further growth by the
school (see Attitudinal Surve y in the Human Community chapter). Most towns-
people feel that the school is large enough, an3_t_Fa_t_ it already occupies enough
land on the Castine peninsula.

Sources: Howard C. Jordan, Maine Maritime Academy: The Formative Years, Maine
Maritime Academy, Castine, Maine, 1979.

Castine, Maine Brochures.

_89-

In addition to new construction, the Academy has purchased several residential
properties and converted them into apartments for Academy personnel. Because
of MMA's tax free status, each house thus purchased and converted results in
a loss of tax revenue to the town, a situation which has long been a cause of
misunderstanding in Castine. It must be said in the Academy's favor that all
of this property is immaculately maintained and that usual town services have
been reduced.

Problem of Emminent Domain

Another cause for uncertainty about future land acquisition is the possibility
that the Academy should one day exercise its right of emminent domain, which,
as a state institution, it retains. This raises some interesting possibilities,
especially since it would appear that all of the Academy's land is now being.
utilized. Although expansion is supposedly reaching an end, it is difficult to
foresee what might happen to such an institution in the event of some national
crises.

Significant Positive and Negative Impacts of MMA

In general the interaction between the Academy administration and the town
government is advantageous to both groups and the positive aspects of
MMA outweigh the negative aspects.

Positive Effects of MMA: Employment

Without question the single most important positive impact of the Maine Maritime
Academy on Castine is employment. The 1978 Castine Community Survey indicates
that 34 of 107 year-round resident respondents (32 percent) are employees of
MMA.

Employment opportunities at the Academy attract a large number of young, college
educated professionals and young families to town; children of Academy employees
constitute a large percentage of the school population. These young people
help to balance the large retired population in Castine. Many of these young
families buy or build homes in town; they pay taxes here, and in addition they
contribute a considerable amount of money to the town's economy. The students
are also a source of revenue to local businesses.

Besides attracting a considerable work force from outside of town, the Academy
employs a large number of Castine natives who would probably be forced to move
elsewhere if not for the Academy's presence here. A number of residents of
nearby towns, most notably Penobscot, also work at the Academy.

At the present time, there are 150 MMA employees who draw on a payroll of
$2,000,000. Of this number, approximately 77 are residents of Castine, and
approximately 18 percent of these residents are Castine natives. There is also
a substantial number of part-time workers. It would appear that the revenue
generated by the Academy must balance to a large extent the loss of tax base
to the town for which the school is responsible.

_90-

Use of Facilities

Probably the most important service which the Academy extends to the town is
the use of its many facilities. Among these are the MMA athletic facilities;
for a small yearly fee, townspeople:may use the athletic complex. On Fridays,
use of these facilities is free to the public. Included in the athletic complex
are indoor and outdoor tennis courts (as well as instruction in that sport);
squash, handball, and racquet-ball courts; an indoor swimming pool and track;
a sauna; a weight room; a bowling alley; and basketball courts. Also, the
townspeople are usually allowed to use the MMA athletic field for softball.
In addition to providing these facilities to townspeople, the Academy makes
them available to the Adams School students for physical education classes;
during 1978-79 the cost for this service was $3100.00.

Other facilities which are often made available for public and private social,
cultural, and educational events are the Baron Castin Hall (which contains
a large auditor'ium), the MMA Faculty Club, and the Training Vessel State of
Maine (for dances and movies). Also, the public may use the MMA liE-rary,
wFTcT contains an extensive marine collection. Finally, the Academy's Allie
Ryan Marine Museum is open to the public, as well as the Academy store, which
is located in the Curtis Hall complex.

As mentioned above, the Academy also sponsers a variety of summer programs and
hosts a variety of outside butiness, professional, civic, and youth programs,
such as the "Camp Touchdown" summer football camp and the Downeast Chamber
Music School. The town is the recipient of the cultural activities of such
groups as the music school. In addition to these programs, the Academy some-
times holds night adult education courses, and makes some of its regular
courses open to the public.

Other Services

The town is also the recipient of some practical services; for example, the
Academy lends the town its power broom for street sweeping. The Machine Shop
is available for emergency repairs to town machinery, such as the town truck
and treatment plant equipment; welding and machining are provided.

The MMA student body also provides some important services to the community.
MMA students presently serve as scoutmasters for the Boy Scouts, and often
serve as coaches for town athletic teams. They also participate in a yearly
litter- pickup.

Negative Effects of MMA

Some of the negative effects of the Maine Maritime Academy, in the opinion of
some of the townspeople, are the continuing growth of its physical plant and
student body; its use of town services; the influx of a large number of student
automobiles into town and the resultant wear and tear on streets and highways;
noise, water, and air pollution; and loss of tax revenues.

_91-

Of the town services used by the Academy, the town dump presently constitutes
the greatest problem for the town. About half of all use of this facility is
by MMA. Dump life is currently estimated at only two to five years, and the
federally mandated land-fill is expensive to maintain.

At present, the Academy and the town share equally the expense of running the
dump: it contributes half of the labor costs, half of any equipment rental,
and half of the cost of covering the garbage. The Academy, however, does not
contribute to replacement of machinery.

If there is a truly negative impact to the town as a result of the Academy's
use of the dump, it is simply that the life of the dump as a landfill operation
is cut in half. Actually, Castine is in relatively good shape when compared to
neighboring towns as far as dump life is concerned; and attempts to provide
regional solid waste incineration are gaining momentum. On the positive side,
the Academy would probably incur half of the expense of the town for entering
such a program of regional incineration.

Other,services used by the Academy are the town water supply and sewerage dis-
posal. MMA is the largest water user in town, so it obviously contributes
the largest amount of revenue to the Water District. At present, the system
appears to be adequate to handle the Academy. However, further expansions of
Academy population need to be closely monitered in order to guage the impact
on Castine's water supply.

The Academy is also the largest user of the Castine Pollution Control Facility;
the school contributes $6,713.00 a year toward the payment of the facility as
well as capital and interest costs (payment on the 28 year note began in 1970;
the town's share is $10,000 a year). In addition, the Academy contributes,
by a payment formula, to the actual operation of the plant when,it pays its
bill. Even without the Academy, the town would need a treatment facility the
size of its present facility.

Another common complaint concerns the large number of student-owned automobiles
and their use. This problem is of particular concern to residents of Tarratine
and Pleasant Streets, where a large number of cars enter and leave the parking
lots next to Curtis Hall. In addition to the automobile noise problem, some
townspeople feel the student automobiles cause additional wear and tear on
Castine streets and highways. It should be noted that the streets surrounding
MMA are State Aid highways which incur no expense to the town.

Residents in the downtown area complain there is some air pollution and machinery
noise from Bagaduce Hall and that the State of Maine may be a potential source
of pollution to Castine Harbor. The Academy presi y uses the Castine dump
as a depository for bilge oil, and though this material is deemed acceptable
for dumping, it remains to be seen just how much of a hazard this procedure may
pose to the water table in the area surrounding the dump.

Although some townspeople complain that the midshipmen are not well enough
disciplined, the prevailing opinion seems to be the majority of the student
body are well behaved, friendly, and helpful. Most people feel that the
Academy's military organization is a great advantage in this respect.

-92-

The most significant negative impact of the Academy, in the opinion of most
townspeople, is the loss of tax revenues as a result of MMA property holdings.
Most of the controversy focuses on MMA's residential holdings; estimates of
the exact value of tax loss on houses formerly used for residential purposes
are between $5,000 and $7,500, or one to two percent of the 1978 tax
($338,392.95). Since most of the property is used to house Academy employees,
it represents a bone of contention between the townspeople and the school.
However, it appears that property used by MMA for residential purposes only
is not a significant cause of Castine's high taxes, as many residents sus-
pect.

Maine Maritime Academy--Planning Implications

Future planning for the town of Castine must recognize the implications of the
presence of the Maine Maritime Academy. The school is obviously of tremendous
importance to the town. Townspeople recognized this when they petitioned the
state legislature to keep the school in Castine when it was considering a move
to Portland in the early sixties. It is obvious also that the school is an
integral part of the community and that the town's future cannot be planned
separately from it.

In particular, the town should be aware of the positive effects of the Academy.
The town should consider MMA's importance to the town's economic base by pro-
viding employment and revenue; its sponsership of programs which benefit the
town culturally, educationally, and economically; and its impact in making its
various facilities available to the town. These things constitute a signifi-
cant resource for the town.

The Planning Board should also be aware of the possible negative Offects that
the Academy can produce in the town: it must decide at what point the growth
of the Academy's student body, physical plant, and various programs become more
of a detriment than an advantage; it must consider the limitations of town
utilities such as water, sewer, and dump; and it must consider the negative
effects of increased residential holdings by the Academy.

Maine Maritime Academy--Futures

Probable Future

The Probable Future for the Maine Maritime Academy includes 1) continued
improvements to existing facilities, 2) continued land acquisition within
the two blocks presently primarily occupied by MMA, and 3) unlimited build-
up in the event of a national or International crisis. This probable future
scenario presupposes that the policies of the present superintendent are
continued by his replacement.

-93-

1) Continued improvements - This covers the kind of growth that the Academy
is presently experiencing. It includes additions to existing facilities,
such as the library wing presently under construction and the,renovation
proposed for Leavitt Hall. Most new growth, therefore, will be confined
to existing MMA properties.
2) Continued land acquisition - This is actually a continuation of Academy
policy since the mid-1960's. The Academy has made no secret of the fact
that it would like eventually to gain control of all of the properties
in the following two areas: the block bounded on the north by Pleasant
Street, on the west by Battle Avenue, on the south by Tarratine Street,
and on the east by Court Street; and the block bounded on the north by
Main Street, on the west by Battle Avenue, on the south by Pleasant
Street, and on the east by Stevens Street. It should be noted that the
Academy is In no particular hurry to fulfill this goal. It should also
be noted that land acquisition outside of these areas is no longer being
considered, as was suggested in Castine's 1968 Comprehensive Plan.

3) Unlimited build-up - This applies only to a national emergency, when the
Academy and all similar institutions would be in an "all systems go"
situation. At this time, the Academy could support a 200 man increase
in the student body without a need for additional facilities, since the
additional students could be housed aboard the State of Maine. The likeli-
hood of an extensive takeover of the town is doubtful eve a crisis
situation.

-94-

Vill
Futures

FUTURES

INTRODUCTION

This section projects three different scenariosfor Castine's future. The
first, Probable Future, is what will probably occur if the status quo is
pursued. Alternative Future attempts to identify some aspects of community
life if present ordinances are not enforced and if the town tries to avoid
its responsibilities. Desired Futures explores the way the town could be
if the recommendations of this plan are implemented and if the townspeople
rise to the challenges of changing times.

Probable Future

Castine's probable future may be identified by extending the recent growth
and development patterns of the town into the future. The current policies
and regulations will remain active at the same level of achievement. If this
future is chosen by the townspeople, the following events may occur.

One or two large subdivisions are created in North Castine.
Increasing numbers of retirees move to Castine making real estate prices
rise by increasing demand.
Strip development on Routes 166 and 166-A increases.
Eatons's Boatyard closes and becomes residential property.
More of the commercial zone becomes residential and fewer local economic
opportunities are available.
Open spaces continue to be developed.
More housing produces a strain on utilities and services.
Government expenses continue to increase.
Vandalism and other disturbances result in a law enforcement crisis.
Adams School becomes surrounded by new housing, which negates the possibility
of expansion.
Possibility of acquiring more land for the cemetery is lost as all
surrounding land is sold.
Potential locations for parking and recreation are lost to various types
of private development.
Potential for drinking water pollution increases as a result of new
housing in unsuitable areas.
Industrial development in Searsport exerts pressures on Castine forcing
unwanted changes.
MMA acquires more residential properties and the Academy does not reim-
burse the town for lost tax revenues. Distrust between MMA and some
townspeople increases.
Land surrounding the cemetery is bought for private development, making
it impossible to accomodate future needs.

_95-

Alternative Future

Castine's alternative future is based on the assumption the town does not pursue
existing policies and assumes the townspeople no longer care about how Castine
develops. If this future is chosen, the following events may occur.

Witherle Woods and large portions of North Castine succumb to large sub-
divisions.
Industrial development in Searsport causes population and development
pressures in Castine.
Town services are inadequate to serve increased population levels,
MMA and the town are unable to agree over future MMA expansion and
cooperation deteriorates.
Local water supplies become polluted, and costly alternatives must be
examined.

The Mobile Home Ordinance is overturned in court and mobile home owners
win the right to place mobile homes anywhere in town.
The town dump reaches capacity and no alternatives are available.
Castine loses its present health services as a result of lack of support.
School expansion is needed to cope with increased school oopulation, which
forces the town to construct a new facility because no land around the
Adams School was acquired.
Town Zoning Regulations fail to adequately control new growth.
The harbor becomes polluted in marine accident as a result of no harbor
ordinance.
Marine resources are further depleted by improper local management.

Desired Future

Castine's desired future is based on the assumption the townspeople accept the
need of this plan's recommendations and work towards achieving them. If these
recommendations and the action plan are actively pursued, the following events
may occur.

The town's population continues to grow and is well distributed due to
adequate zoning.
Different type s of people are attracted to Castine.
A new mobile home court is established in North Castine to provide low
cost housing.
One new subdivision creates lower cost housing area.
Senior citizen housing is created on the peninsula.
Cluster zone prevents strip development and provides easy access for
services.
Houses vacated by the elderly provide needed housing in lieu of more new
housing.

-96-

Apartments are created in certain areas of town designated by town
ordinance.
Effort is exerted to attract suitable commercial concerns.
Commercial zoning is eased.
Commercial Zone is enlarged.
Suitable industries are defined and attracted.
MMA and town work together on new marine and shipping opportunities
caused in part by the expansion of the Searsport facility.
MMA and town work together on MMA expansion. Remuneration for MMA
residential holdings is worked out.
AppropriatO waterfront activities are created.
Water quality is safeguarded by watershed and/or aquifer ordinance.
Town services receive necessary support and therefore continue to improve.
Castine acquires an adequate law enforcement system.
Attractive architecture is encouraged, particularly in Castine village.
Regional solid waste disposal solves solid waste problem.
Castine continues to support and keep good health agencies.
Castine Improvements Program keeps services in pace with growth, provides
more necessary town owned land for recreation, cemetery, school, parking,
etc.
Town Ordinances are codified and updated continually, providing adequate
protection against unguided growth.
Wetlands and habitats are identified and protected.
Open spaces are designated and protected.
A Harbor Ordinance safeguards against pollution and other abuses. Marine
areas are cleaned up.
The town remains flexible in order to change with the times.

-97-

Ix
Action Plan

ACTION PLAN

This action plan identifies what actions were deemed necessary by the Castine
Comprehensive Planning Committee.to achieve and maintain a more vital and
desired community. It deals primarily with what actions town government should
take in the next 3 years to manage the town's resources, both human and
physical, in the most appropriate manner.

YEAR ONE

1. Town Meetings and Events

Articles dealing with the copying of Castine's historic records and the
location of commercial enterprises on Town property should be included
in the 1979 Town Warrant. The town should take immediate steps to
improve the system of publicizing town affairs so that all persons are
aware of what the town is doing. Agendas, containing meeting dates and
times, and placed in various locations around town, would help to
improve citizen involvement in town activities.

2. Publication of Employee Handbook

The town should publish an employee's handbook which would outline,
among other things, job responsibilities, vacation and sick leave policies,
salary schedules, employee benefits, etc. Contained within it would be
a policy pertaining to personnel evaluation which might be performed
every other year.

3. Committee Formation

The following committees should be formed to deal with specific issues
identified in the comprehensive planning process:

Committee Issues

Law Enforcement Committee Improvement of public safety
Land Acquisition Committee 1. Cemetery Lands
2. Acadia Wharf Pro.perty
3. Adams School Property
4. Swimming Pool Property
Book Distribution Committee Volunteer Program to distribute library
books
Transportation Committee Elderly Transportation
Historic Committee/Society Care of records; architectural review

4. Land Acquisition Capital Reserve

The town should initiate a land acquisition capital reserve. The yearly
appropriation would be determined by the Land Acquisition Committee and
would be used to purchase land identified by the Land Acquisition Committee
upon vote by the town. (Areas where land acquisition is deemed essential
are identified in Number Three above).

-98-

5. Ordinances

'The town should revise the Mobile Home Ordinance. Sections of the ordinance
earmarked for revision are: the designation of-additional areas for the
placement of mobile homes; clarification of'the regulations and guide-
lines concerning the construction and operation of mobile home courts;
better definitions of "mobile home" and "recreational vehicle"; and clari-
fication of the regulations regarding the overnight use of recreational
vehicles.

The town should prepare and enact a Harbor Ordinance. The ordinance should
regulate: traffic and use of Castine Harbor; use of the Town Dock and
Floats; mooring placement, sales, tental, and use.

The town should initiate a codification of town ordinances and regulations.

6. Municipal Facilities

Begin using Dice's Head Lighthouse rent solely for the maintenance of that
facility. The town should also consider establishing a maintenance fund
for the lighthouse. Major repairs currently needed are a new furnace and
chimneys.

YEAR TWO

1. Architectural Review

The town or the Historic Committee should examine the possibility of making
architectural review a step in the permit application process. Of particu-
lar concern should be the construction of homes and buildings in areas of
the town noted for their historic architectural merit, and proposed changes
to the exterior of homes more than 100 years old.

2. Ordinances

Revision of the Townwide Zoning Ordinance and Shore and Marshland Zoning
Ordinance, possi_bTy`_i_nc_T7uing: expansion of tfii Te-i-our-ce Protection Are
expansion of the downtown Commercial Zone; easement of commercial zoning;
provisions for multiple family housing; changing the nomenclature of the
"Agricultural Zone" to "Rural Zone" to better describe the land use situa-
tion in that zone; clarification of definitions for "frontage," "lot,"
"continguous lots," and other terms; inclusion of islands in the RPA; and
regulations for "cluster zoning."

The town should review and revise the Subdivisi6n Regulations so as to
eliminate conflicts within the regulat-ionsand to conform to changing
conditions. One possible change would be to include provisions for both
major and minor subdivisions.

The town should establish a watershed/aquifer protection ordinance as a
recognition of the extreme importance of its water resources and municipal
water supply. Areas of particular concern are the Witherle Woods and the
area surrounding the Spring Street Puinping Station, including the Castine
Cemetery and the Castine Golf Club.

_99-

3. Land Acquisition Capital Reserve

Begin using the reserve established in Year One to acquire lands adjacent
to the cemetery, the Adams School, and the swimming pool. Acquire the
Acadia Wharf property to alleviate the downtown parking problem. (All
acquisitions would be subject to town approval).

4. Maine Maritime Academy

Negotiate with the Maine Maritime Academy f6r payment in lieu of school
taxes for residential holdings.

YEAR THREE

1. Historic Records

Allocate funds for copying pre-1892 historic records. With the aid of
the Maine State Archivist, complete the copy process.

2. Historic Preservation

The town should consider including historic preservation measures in the
Townwide ZoninQ Ordinance or consider creating a historic preservation
UT'strict in order to protect its historic resources. The town should also
consider an ordinance that would protect all cemeteries within the town.

3. Municipal Services and Facilities

The town should consider combining the sewer and water districts for reasons
of economy and convenience.

A definite program to approach the law enforcement problem should be formu-
lated by Year Three. Investigations of cost, options, and effects should
be carried out.

A program for transportation of the elderly should be formulated.

Castine should begin construction of a town baseball field. This could be
a community project.

ONGOING--YEARLY

1. Municipal Services and Facilities

The town should continue to support its municipal facilities and services
as noted in the Recommendations.

_100-

2. Regional Awareness and Involvement

The town should continue participation in the multi-town effort to form
a solid waste disposal program in western Hancock County. (The town should
join the solid waste program when it goes into effect).

The town should continue its membership in the Hancock County Planning
Commission.

x
Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS

The Castine Comprehensive Planning Committee, after examining and evaluating
the various aspects of life in Castine, submits the following recommendations.

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE RECOMMENDATION

The Town of Castine should continue its participation in the Hancock County
Planning Commission; the Town should stay aware of commercial, social, and
industrial developments in the region; and the Town should take steps to
protect its interests in the face of regional developments.

HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE RECOMMENDATION

An article should be included in the 1979 town warrant to raise money for
the copying and preservation of Castine's vital records prior to 1892. It
is the feeling of the Committee that the originals of these records should be
placed in a safe place, and the working copies should be -kept in the Town
Office. The records are presently kept in the safe at the Town Office, where
they are not protected from fire damage, and where they are subject to fre-
quent handling, which will eventually cause them permanent harm. Records
have been kept with the state since 1892,.s6 it is only with records prior
to this date that the Committee is concerned.

HUMAN COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC BASE STUDY RECOMMENDATION

The Town of Castine should not discourage the location of economic concerns
which are in keeping with Castine's location, geography, existing economic
structure, and historic association with and dependence upon the sea. These
concerns might include enterprises such as boatyards or marinas and associ-
ated marine concerns; economic concerns associated with the Mai;e.Maritime
Academy; economic and commercial concerns associated with off-shore oil
exploration or increased shipping of freight on Penobscot Bay; and oceano-
graphic and archeological programs associated with WA.

COMMUNITY LAND USE, SERVICES, AND FACILITIES RECOMMENDATIONS

The town government should publish a comprehensive handbook which would define
the duties of all municipal employees, and which would also serve as an
employee handbook listing employee benefits, vacation time, etc.

The town should make public notification of town affairs and business a high
governmental priority; the Committee also recommends that an agenda be
published in advance and posted in suitable places or in the news media for
all town meetings (Selectmen's, Planning Board, etc.).

The Selectmen should establish a procedure for periodic evaluation of the
performance of all town personnel.

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MUNICIPAL SERVICES RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Public Safety

l.. Police

The Committee strongly recommends that the Selectmen study and make
provision for adequate police protection as soon as possible.

2. Fire Department

The town should continue to support the Castine Fire Department.

3. Street Lights

The old style street lights should be retained throughout the town,
and the town should discourage the replacement of these lights with
the mercury vapor variety.

B. Education

The Committee recommends the acquisition of additional land for playgrounds
in the vicinity of the Adams School, particularly in the area behind the
school building extending northwest as far as Battle Avenue.

The town should support the renovation of the Adams School and retain the
school in its present location.

C. CC eme- t e ry

The town should acquire more land for the Castine Cemetery adjacent to
the present site.

D. Solid Waste

The Selectmen should keep abreast of the present efforts in Hancock County
to obtain regional solid waste disposal. The Committee tentatively recom-
mends participation in a multi-town disposal program in western Hancock
County.

In the event that the town joins a regional solid waste disposal program,
the town should retain for the use of the citizens of Castine the land
presently partly occupied by the Town Dump.

E. Library

Support should be continued for the Witherle Memorial Library.

Support should be given to the use of volunteers to distribute books to
the elderly and others, particularly outside of the village.

_103-

F. Recreation

The Committee recommends continued upkeep of the Town Wharf and Restrooms.

The Committee recommends that the following articles concerning the loca-
tion of commercial enterprises on the Town Dock Parking Area be included
in the 1979 Town Warrant:

1. To see if the town is in favor of the Selectmen restricting all
commercial enterprises from locating on the Town Dock Parking Area.

2. To see if the town is in favor of making one space, to be d6signated
by the Selectmen, available for a commercial enterprise for the pur-
veying of food on the Town Dock Parking Area. The space shall be
let annually subject to a permit obtained from the Selectmen by
competitive bid. Any enterprise thus locating on the designated
space would be required to file evidence of liability insurance.

The town should consider acquisition of the Acadia Wharf property for a
combined boat launch facility and parking lot.

The town should consider acquisition of land in the vicinity of or adjoining
the swimming pool, With the idea of using some of this land for the
construction of a town baseball field.

The town should continue maintenance of the Castine Historic Signs.

G. Town Garage

The Committee recommends that although not considered a high priority,
a new town garage, if and when built, should be located at the present
site of the Castine dump.

H. Emerson Hall

Support should be given for continued upkeep of Emerson Hall.

I. The Castine Pollution Control Facility

The Selectmen should be required to retain the appointed sewer board to
oversee the operation of the Castine Pollution Control Facility. The
Committee feels that the Board is essential to the proper maintenance
and upkeep of the facility.

J. Castine Water District

The town should look into the possibility of combining the functions of
the Sewer and Water Boards. It is felt that these utilities are compatible
and that by combining their functions, the town could potentially save
money on their operation.

K. Dice's Head Lighthouse

The lighthouse should be rented strictly for the maintenance of this
facility; the possibility of establishing a fund for the maintenance
of this facility should be investigated. The Committee recommends this
because of reports by present and past tenants that some major repairs
are needed.

-104-

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION RECOMMENDATIONS

The Committee recommends no trees be cut on any highway or street without
prior consultation with the Castine Tree Warden or the Castine Conservation
Committee. The Committee recommends this as a response to incidents of
unnecessary cutting in Castine. (The State Highway Department should be
informed of the Committee's decision).

The wortt transportation problem in Castine is the parking situation in the
downtown business district. The problem is particularly severe in the summer
when traffic is heaviest. The addition of Tozier's Market on Water Street
has also contributed to the problem of congestion between Main and Green
Streets. Implementation of a seasonal, one way street designation for this
stretch of Water Street has helped to alleviate the problem; however, parking
space remains limited. At present, the Town Dock parking area serves as the
town's major parking area. and it will continue to do so; but it does not
provide enough space to cope with seasonal traffic demands.

For this reason, the Comprehensive Planning Committee recommends that the
town try to acquire the Acadia Wharf property adjacent to the town dock parking
area. This area would provide needed additional parking space, as well as an
ideal location for a boat launching facility. This is really the only avail-
able location for a much needed parking facility.

Since enforcement is the key element of any parking regulations and any parking
space alignment, the Selectmen should give emphasis to the enforcement of
any parking provisions. Since there is little space available for parking,
it seems obvious that a solution must come in the form of properly enforced
parking regulations.

The town should explore the possibility of acquiring public transportation for
Castine's senior citizens.

HUMAN SERVICES RECOMMENDATIONS

The town should continue to support, financially and otherwise, the Castine
Community Hospital in return for such services as immunization programs,
free clinics, disaster drills, and outpatient services. The Committee
also recommends that the town appropriate funds for the Bagaduce Ambulance
Corps and the Four Town Nursing Service, Incorporated.

HOUSING

The feasibility of multiple family housing in Castine should be investigated
by the Castine Planning Board. It is felt that in some cases multtple family
housing is preferable to separate homes,

_105-

The Mobile Home Ordinance of the Town of Castine should be reviewed as soon
as possible and periodicaT7y thereafter to assure its applicability to the
existing situation. The possibility of designating new areas for the location
of mobile homes and similar residences should also be investigated by the
Planning Board, and appropriate guidelines for the construction and operation
of mobile home courts should be included in a revised Mobile Home Ordinance.

The town should review and possibly revise the regulations regarding the over-
night use of "recreational vehicles" in the Mobile Home Ordinance. The
definition of "Mobile Home" should also be reviewed and pos__sllb@y clarified.

The Committee recommends that architectural review be included in the building
permit application process. Recommendations concerning architecture should
be of a strictly advisory nature, and not mandatory.

LAND USE RECOMMENDATIONS

Recognizing that the present subdivision regulations are onerous to
some small land owners, the Committee recommends that the Planning Board
look into the possibility and feasibility of separate regulations for major
and minor subdivisions.

If it is found to be feasible to do so, the Subdivision Regulations of the
Town of Castine should be re-written to include p ovisions for both maj-r-o-rand
minor subdivisions.

The Planning Board should investigate the possibility of allowing "cluster
zoning" in certain areas upon request. The Committee recommends this, as
well as the provision for minor subdivisions, as a possible means of alleviating
unsightly strip development in North Castine.

The Committee recommends that any change in the Zoning Ordinance of the Town
of Castine, Maine be made only after insuring that no conflict with the Castine
Shore and Marshland Zoning Ordinance exists.

The Committee recommends revising the Zoning Ordinance of the Town of Castine,
Maine in order to facilitate attractive commercial development in the existing
Commercial Zone; the Committee recommends a review of the minimum lot size
and setback requirements within the Commercial Zone in order to determine
whether the present requirements should be made less stringent; that if it
is found to be feasible to do so, particularly with regard to fire protection,
the present setback requirement be changed to allow new structures to be
built with lines contiguous with existing commercial buildings; the Planning
Board should also consider the possibility of extending the present boundary
lines of the Commercial Zone further northeast along the water side of Water
Street and further northwest up the south side of Main Street.

The Committee recommends that the Perkins Street side of the former Acadia Hotel
site lot be removed from the Commercial Zone.

-106-

The Committee notes that nothing in the Castine Comprehensive Plan or the
Zonin2 Ordinance of the Town of Castine, Maine precludes tFe possibility
of redesignating as 11commercial" a building in the Commercial Zone which
has been changed from a commercial to a residential use.

The Committee recommends changing the nomenclature of the "Agricultural" zone
to "Rural" zone. The Committee recommends this as better describing the land
use situation in that area, in that very little agricultural activity takes
place in Castine any more.

The Planning Board should look into the possibility of extending its Resource
Protection Area to include Castine's islands.

The town should consider extending the Shoreland Zonin5 Ordinance to include
in the Resource Protection Area those areas known as the MfTT-P-on-d (extending
as far as and connecting with the Bog Brook RPA) and the Ice Pond, and the
brook which drains into Morse Cove. Also, the Committee recommends amending
the Ordinance to clarify the boundaries of Resource Protection Area III, which
includes those areas known as Bog Brook and Dunk's Meadow. The Committee
recommends these changes as essential to protecting the water resources in
North Castine as well as to prevent unfavorable wood-cutting procedures in
fragile areas of North Castine.

The Committee recommends changing the Zoning Ordinance of the Town of Castine,
Maine to allow for the posting of all permit applications for seven days prior
to ssuance.

The Committee feels the recommended changes to Castine's zoning ordinance,
particularly in the Commercial Zone, are the best method of influencing the
economic/commercial situation in Castine and of influencing the composition
of the human community here.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Groundwater

Watersheds

Steps should be taken by tbwn ordinance to protect the town's water supply.
The Committee feels that protection of the water supply might be accomplished
by watershed or aquifer protection regulations. The areas of primary concern
to the Committee are the Witherle Woods and the area surrounding the Spring
Street Pumping Stat4on at the corner of Court and Spring Streets, including
the Castine Cemetery and the Castine Golf Club. The Committee recommends
this as a recognition of the extreme importance of its peninsula water supply,
and as a response to the recommendation of the Hancock County Soil Conserva-
tionist that these areas be protected from potential contamination.

Harbor

The Planning Board should prepare a comprehensive Harbor Ordinance to be
adopted by the town as soon as possible.

_107-

Historic Preservation

The Cdmmittee recommends that historic preservation measures be studied for
inclusion in the Townwide Zoning Ordinance and that the Planning Board should
consider creating a Historic Preservation District.

The Committee recommends that all cemeteries and burial plots in Castine be
designated and protected by Ordinance.

The Committee recommends that the possibility of preventing major alterations
to the exterior of homes more than 100 years old, within the perimeter of
Castine, be studied. The Committee also recommends that the possibility of
establishing an architectural review board to review requests for changes to
such homes be investigated.

The town should encourage the forination of a Historic Society Committee, Two
of its functions would be to advise the town concerning architectural review,
and to advise the town concerning care and placement of historic records.

CRITICAL ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS

The Committee recommends that the Maine Maritime Academy be considerate of the
Town of Castine in so far as building design and location is concerned; that
the Maine Maritime Academy not acquire any more residential holdings; and that
the town should secure payment from Maine Maritime Academy in lieu of school
taxes.

-108-

xi
Appendicies

APPENDIX A

-List of Plants Found in Castine and Vicinity.

R4qM0qN0qCU0qLAC0qI0q" (Crow Foot Family). An4qemone--N4qemorosa (wood anemone).
H4qep4qatqiqca--trqibol6qa, R4qa2qnunqcu0qluqn--Flammula (Sp0q;q-4qra4qrwort), Aerie
(Butterqcupq-s4qT, Abortqivuqs, bulbos2qus,q-4qT0qRtq-6qt4qer8qcupqs), P4qennsylva8qnqiqo8quqs
(Bristly Crowfoot) 6qC4qo0qptqiqs--trqif8qo0qlqi8qa (Three-leaved Goldthr0qead).
Aquqilegqi8qa--Canadenq;qiqs (wild Columbine),
4qNY6q2,4qH6qA0qE0qAC6qZ0qA0q1 (Water-lily Family). Nymph2qaea--Odorata (White Pond
Lily). Nuphar--Advena (Yellow Pond Lily).

0qSARRAqO0qLNIAC0qI6qA0qS (Pitcher Plants). Sarrac8qe4qnqta--0qpur0qpure0qa (Side-Saddle
Flower)

CRUCI4qF0qZRA6qZ (Mustard Famql y). qCa4qDs0qo4qlla--Burra-Paqstorqis (Shepherd's
Purse). q-4qUakqile--Americana (6qSea-Roqokqetq).q-Raphanus--Ra0qphanist4qr4qu4qm
(Wild Radish). Sqi8qnapqis--Alba (White Mustard), Nqi0qgra (Black Mustard).
6qSys8qymbrqium--Offqicqinals (Hedge Muqatard).
VI0qOqLAC2qE6qA6qN (Violet Family). Vqiola--bla4qnda (Sweet White Violet),
Cuqcullata (Blue Violet), Canadqe6qnsqis (Canada Violet), pubqeqacens
(Yqellow"6qVqiolet).

6qDR0qO4qS6qIR6qAqC6qZ6qAE (Sundqew Family). D. rotund4qfqifolqia (Round-leaved Su4qndqew).
6qHYPERICAC6qIA6qZ (St. Jqdhn's Wort Family). Hyperqiqcum--Mutqilum, Canadensqe.
CARYOPHY2qLLACEA2q1 (Pink Family). 6qptellarqt8qa (Chqickweed)--lon2qg-qifolqia
(Stqitc2qhwort), borealis (Northern 4qStqitqc0qawqort). Cerastqium--arvense
(Field Chickweed). 6qSpergularqia--rubra (Sandwort), Anyqchqia--dqichotoma
(Forked Chickweed).
PORTU0qLACAC2qK0qU (6qPurqslane Family). Portulaqca--olqer8qacea (common Purslanqe).
6qM6q&L0qVAC0qM (Mallow Family). Malva--s4qylvestrqiqs (High Mallow), rotund-
4qIf0qolqia qCqCq-ommon mallow), crqispa (Curled Mallow).
TILIACEA0qZ (Linden Family). Tqilqia--Amerqicana (Basswood).
OXALIDAC6qKA2qX (Wood-Sorrel Family). Oxalqis--Aqcetosella (Common Wood
Sorrel), qst8qiqlqeta (Yellow Wood Sorrel).

G2qZRANIACEA6qZ (Geranium Family). Geranium. Maculatum (Wild Craneqabqill),
Robertqia8qnu4qm (HerbRobert).

BA40qL40qSAMINAC40qIA36qZ (Balsam Family). Impat0qiensq-q-fulva (Spotted Touch-me-not).
ANACARDIAC32qKA36qX (Cashew Family). Rhusq-q-ty20qph6qi08qna (Staghorn Sumach),
co20qvall0qina (Dwarf Sumach).

AC32qERI36qN28qK44q" (Maple Family). A. 4qs12qachar4qin12qu08qm Sugar or Rock 4q18q408q&pl4qe0q)q--V08qar.
08qn0qi20qgrum (Black Sugar Maple), da8qs4qycar20qpum White Maple), rubru08qm (Red or
Swamp Maple), Pennsylv04qan4qcum (Striped Maple), S16qp2qicatum T24qP6q-ou04qnta6qin maple).

q_2q109q-

LEGUMINSAE (Pulse Family). Trifolqium--rqe2qD0qens (White Clover), Arvqense
TR-ab6qbqit foot or stone Clover), pratens4qe (Red Clover) a0qg arqium (Yellow
Clover), L4qathyrus--marqitqimus (Beach Pea), 0qpalu trqis qi2qYiarsh Vetqchlqing),
Vicqia--hqirsuta (Commol are)-
qZ2qV
ROSqIVAC6qE6q" (Rose Family). Prunus--marqitqima (Beach Plum), 2qDu4qmqil4qa
(Dwarf C rry), 0qP4qennsylvanqica (Wild Red Cherry), Vqir4qginqia4qnq_a_8q7qC0qRoke
Cherry). Spqirae8qa--tomqentoqsa (Hardhaqck), salqi2qeqlfolqia (Meadow Sweet),
Ulmarqia Pote4qntqilla--Ar6qg4qe4qntea (Five-Finger). 6qrra0qgarqia vesca (Wild
Strawberry). 'Rubus- is (Dwarf Raspberry), st4qr'qI6qRqOqS0qUqS Wild
Red Raspberry), vqillosus (High Blackb0qerry),anad4qe2qnsqia (Dewberry),
His8qpqidus (Swamp Blackberry). Rosa--luqcqida (2q5q@arf 4qV.ld Rose), blanda,
(Early Wild Rose), rubqi0qgqinoqsa (True Sweet Briar). Cratal q8--qcocqcqinea
rqy0q5u
(qScarlet-fruqlted Tho4qr8qnq)q 2qPy4qrus--ar6qbutqifolqia (Choke-ber Americana
(Mountain Ash).

SAXIFRAGAC6qF6qA6qX (Saxqifrage Family). Rqibqes--laqcustre (Swamp Gooseberry),
qprostratum (Fetid Currant).
HA.'-6qAM6qE0qLACqEAE (Witch-Hazel Family). Hamamelqls. Vqir6qgqinqiqca (Witch Hazel).
ONAGRAC2qEAE (Evening-Primrose Family). 6qEpqilobqium--an0qguqstqifolqlum (Great
Willow Herb), coloratum. O6qgnothera--bqiqennqis (Comm-on Evening Primrose),
qpqumqila.

CRASSULAC6qIA6qX (Orpqine Family). 0qSqedum--tqelqephqium (Lqive-for-ever).
qf-enthorum--sqedoqides.

UqMBEL6qLIFERA2qN (Parsley Family). Carum--c4qaruqi (Caraway). Lqiguqaticum--
qSc2t6qjqcu0qm ( otqiqnh Lovage). Sqlum--lqinqeare (Water Parsnip).
ARALIAC2qEA6qE (G4qensen Family). Aralqia--rac0qemos4qa (Spqiken8qard), nudqicaulqis
(Wild Saqiq;q_Aa6qFa4qrqllla8q@-

CORNAC2qZAZ (Dogwood Family). C. Canadensqis (Bunch Berry), florqida
TFlowqerqing Dogwood).

CqAPRIFOLIAC2qEA0qR (Honeysuckle Family)--Lqinoea--borealqIs (Twin Flower).
Viburnum--O4qpuluqe (Cranberry Tres). Sambucus--Canadensqis (Common Elder),
q24bens (Red-berried Elder).
RU6qBIAC6qKA6qX (Madder Famqily)--Galqlum--As0qprellum (Rough BedBtraw), trqiffqidum
qT-qSmall Bedqstraw). Cephalanthus--6qOcqcqidentalqis (Button Bush). Mqitchella--
re8qpens (Partridge Berry). Hou8qdo-n -qCoqerulea.
COMPOSITA6qN (Composite Family). 2qSupatorqium--perfolqlatum (Thoroughwort--
Boneset). Aster (Starworts--A4qster4qs)--Undulatu8qe, Cord6qifoli44q#us,
Macro52qph16qyllu8qs, dumosus, Tradescant4qi, lon20qg0qifol0qlu4qs, er6qe8qcordes, Mult6qiflorus.
8qieT2q-q.48qLn um. Sol0qida40qSo
6qEr0qigeron--str8qi20qgo8qsum (Fleabar 20q@u ld0qenrod qicolor,
alt6qis4qs6qima, an u0qst0qifol6qia. Ambrosqia-q-.tr2qif2qida (Great Ragweed). Bidensq-q-
frondosa (Beggar-Ticks). Ach6qill00qe04qaq-q-M0qillqefol6qium (Yarrow--M0qilfo0qll).
Tanacetum--vul16qgar6qe (Common Taney). Art0qem6qi4qs6qia--Abs0qinth6qi8qu04qm (Wormwood).
Gnaphal0qium--60qgolyce20qpha0ql08qu04qm (common Everlasting), decurren4qs (Everlasting),
ulqi16qg2qinosum (Low Cudweed)q, 2ur48q22qHrqeum (Purple Cudweed-2qY. C6qirs6qium--
Lanceolatum (Common Thistle), arvens4qe (Canada Thistle), pum0qilum
(Pasture T72qH6qi4qstl00qe). Sonchusq-q-olera8qc4qe04qus (sow-Thistle), Nabalus Frazer0ql
(Lion's Foot). Tarax6qi8qcum--D0qen4qe-l0qeo04qnis (Dandelion). L0qeontodon--

q-2q12q14q0q-

Autumndale (Fall Dandelion). "aruta--Cotula (Mayweed). Chrysanthemum--
Leucantthemum ('@,hqitqe weed). Erechthqitqes--Hqiqeracqifolqia (Fqireweed).

LOBELIAC2qEA2qE (6qLobelqia Family). Lobelqia--qcardqinalqlqp (Cardinal F13wer),
q1-qnflataq-q(6qYq-4qndqian Tobacco), Syphqilqitqica (Great Lobelqia).
qERICAC2qKA2qE (Heath Family). Gayluqssaci8qa--resqino8a (Black Huckleberry),
frondosa (6qD0qan6qgleberry--Blue Tangle). Vaccqinqium--Penn8Ylvanqic0qu0qm
TDwarf Blueberry), corymboqsum (Swamp Blueberry), OxycoccuqB (Small
Cranberry) macrocaroon (Common Cranberry). Kalqimqia--latqifolqia
qC-qIountaqin Laurel), angustqifolqia (6qLambkqillq), Pyrola--monotropa.

PLANTAGINAC6qEA8qR (Pla2qbntaqin Family). Plantago--Major (Common Plantain),
maritqima 6qTSq-ea-sqide Plantain).

PqUqJq@,-BAGIqNAC6qM (Leadwort Family). Statice--Lqimonqium (elarsh Rosemary).
PRIqI.6qV6qL2qACEA2qE (Primrose Family). Lysqimachqia--mimulasea (6qLoosestrqife).
SCROPHULARIACEA2qE (Fqi0qgwort Family). Verbascum--ThapsuqB q(,Mullqeqln).

LABIArA6qX (Mint Family). Mentha--vqirqldqis (Spearmint), Canadensqiqs
(Wild Mint). Hedqeoma--6qpule4qgqioqideq__ yroyal). Nepeta--catarqia
8q& 4qFPqeq-nn
(Catnip), Glec8qhoma (Ground Ivy). Brunqella--vul6qgarqis (Heal_-_qaq_q1q_q1__0qTq_,
St,3chyqs--6qpalUBtrq1s (Hedge Nettle).
BOR.4qRAGINAC2qEA8qK (Borage Family). Cynoglossu4qm--Morqisonqi (Beggar's Lice).

CONVOLVU2qLAC2qEAE (Convolvulvuqs Family). Cuscuta--Gronovqiqi.
qSOLANACEA2qX (Nightshade Family). qSolanum--2qDuqlcamara (Bittersweet).
Datura--Stramonqium (Jamestown Weed--Thorn Apple).

ASC6qL2qE6qPIA2qDACEA2qE (.v.2qAlkweqed Family). A8qcleqias--Cornutqi (Milkweed).

OLEACEA8qE (Olive Family). Fraxqinus--Amerqicana (White Ash), qsambucqifoli4qa
TBlack Ash).

PHYTCLAqCj'CAC2qEA2qE (Pokeweed Family). Phytolacca--dqecandra (Gar0qget--Pqigeon
Berry).

CHENOPODIAC2qKA2qX (Goosefoot Family). SAqlqlqcornqia--nubaceqs, (Glasswort--
Sa:np8qhqire). qSuaeda--marqitqima (Sea Gooqsefoot). qSalqsola--Kalqt (Saqltwort).

PC2qLYGONAqCFA2qE (Buckwheat Family). Polygonum--avqiculare (Goose-grass);
var. erectum. Persqicarqia--hqydro2qDqi0qpqeroqides q(q!,'q.qIld Water Pepper), acre
qFq.qmart Weed), a'00qrq-2qi68qfo (Black Bin 2q-
l2qium (Tear-Thumb), Convolvul04qV00qU8 dweed04qT12q7
dumqetoru6qm (False Buckwheat). Rumex--orbiculatu4qe, vert6qic6qillatus
4qTqSwamp Dock), cr0qispus (Curled Dock), acetos00qella (Field or Sheep Sorrel).

U4qRTI6qCAqI4qCE32qAE (Nettle Family). Ulmus--Amer2qicanus (White Elm), Urt2qica--
0qgrac6qil0qis (Tall Wild Nettle).

6qPqIATANAC24qEA28qE (Plane Tree Family). Plat2qinU8--occidentalqi0qs (Sycamore).

CUPULIFERAZ (Oak Family). Quqerqcus--qcoccqinea (Scarlet Oak), rubra
(Red Oak . Fagus--ferru4qgqinqea (American Beech). Corylus--Amerqicana
(Wild Hazel-Nut Tree). Carpqinus--Americana (American Hornbeam).
MY8qRICACEAE (Sweet-Gale Family). Myrqiqc4qa--Gqal4qe (Sweet Gale). Comp-
to8qnqta--a6qg6qpq-lenqifolqia (Sweet Fern).
B6qETU6qLAC2qEAE (Birch Family.) B papyracea (Paper Birch), lutea
Tq-Bqlaqck Dr Sweet Birch), alba qiWhqite Birch). Alnuqs--incana (Speckled
Alder), sqerrulata (Smoot8qE q-2qAqidqer).

qSALICAC2qKA2qZ (Willow Family). Salqix--cordata (Heart-leaved Willow),
qjuqcqida (Shqinqt Willow), Populuqs trqemuloqidqes (American Aspen),
qerandidentata0qn6qT6qLarch), balsamqifer-8qa-6qTq-Baqlqaam Poplar)--var. candicans
(Balm of Gilead).

qCONI2qY4qERA2qX (Pine Family). Pqinus--reqsqinosa (Red Pine), strobus (White
Pine). Abqies--balsamea (Balsam Fir), adensq18 (Hemlock Spruce),
qnqi2qera (Black Spruce , alba (White Spruce). La --Americana (Black
Larch--Haqckmatack). Taxus--Ca4qnadqensqis (Ground Hemlock). Thuja--
occqidqentalqlqs (Arbor Vitae), var. qerqicoqideB. Junqipe0qruqe--communqis
(Juniper).
ARAqCEA8qF (Arum Family). Arqt8oqema--trqi8qphyllum (Indian Turnip).
Acorus--ca
S%mplocarpus--foetqidus (Skunk Cabbage). laqmus (Sweet
Flag.)
Tq]2q2HAC2qKA2qX (Cat-Tail Family). Typha--latqifolqia (Cat-Tail).
ORqC0qHI0qD6qAqC6qRA2qE (Orchqis Family). Spqiranthes--6qgracilqis (Ladies' Tresses),
cernua.

NAIA4qDAC4qEA4qE q(4qP0qOndweed Family). Zostera--marqinqa (Eel-grass).

IRID2qAqCEAE (Iris Family). Iris--vqir0qgqi4qrqiqca (Blue Flag). qSqisyrqinqc8qhqlum-
Bermudqiana (Blue-eyed Grass).

LI0qLIAC8qEAE (Lily Family). Trqi.1lqium--erectum. 8qErythroqnqium--Amerqicanum
(Yellow 6qidder'qB-Ton0qgue).

qEk'0qUISETACEA2qE (Hor8e-Taqll Family). 8qEquqiqsetum--arvense. sylvaticum,
lqi;Uqoqs0quqm.

FILICES (Ferns). Polypodqium--Vul8qgarqe, Phe0qgo6qpterqiqs. Pterqis--aqguqilqina
TCommon Brake). Csmunda--cqinnamomea (Cinnamon Fq-e0qrn).

2qLYCOPODIACEA4q@q. (Club-Moss Family). Lycopod6qium--dqendroldeum (Ground
Pine), cl00qavatum (Club-MosqB0q)q, complanatum. Sala16qg6qinellaq--rupestr2qi0qa.
CYP32qER28qA2qCFAE (Sedge F00qaq%qj2qi0qly).

GRAMINEAE (Grass Family).

Source: George Wheeler, History of CaqFq-q.t2qiqr!e

APPENDIX B

Castine Community Survey

Contained below are the results of the Castine Community Survey, which was
completed during the first six months of 1978. Of the 259 persons that com-
pleted the survey, 192 were residents and 67 were non-residents.

1. Which of the following statements come closest to your opinion?

la. Castine should try to encourage expansion. It would mean more
customers for the local stores, more jobs for the local economy,
and more people to pay taxes.
Resident 4
Non-resident 1

lb. Castine is big enough. More growth will put a greater demand on
town services, bring more children to be educated in the schools, and
more traffic and parking problems.
Resident 65
Non-resident 13

1c. Castine must try to keep a balance between large enough to be able
to afford and provide the services its citizens desire, yet not so
large that its unique small town atmosphere is lost.
Resident 108
Non-resident 35

143

How important do you feel these problems are in Castine?

A B C D E
Of very Must Fe-
Of no Of some Of great great solved
Importance importance importance importance immediately
*R N T R N T R N T R N T R N T
2. Traffic Hazards 56 12 68 84 43 127 29 4 33 9 3 12 13--T 15
ITF-se,water or
3. air pollution 109 20 129 55 12 67 18 16 34 9 16 25
Inadequate
4. parking 141 21 162 34 29 63 8 8 16 4 4 8
Run down residentiaT
5. areas 87 12 99 72 32 104 16 9 25 4 10 14 1 0 1
Loss of business to
6. other communities 92 26 118 53 20 73 23 9 32 13 4 17 6 3 9
Lack of park and
7. 21aX spac 89 6 95 63 25 88 10 9 19 4 9 13 1 0 1
Inadequate public
8. money 64 26 90 74 29 103 24 8 32 12 2 14 13 0 13
Lack of available
9. housing 53 16 69 51 24 75 45 11 56 23 9 32 7 0 7
Unsightly residential and
10. commercial development 103 11 114 56 14 70 15 19 34 13 18 31 1 3 4

*R - Resident N - Non-Resident T - Total
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11. Castine is securing the best possible persons to run the town government.

Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 88 60 43
Non-Resident 17 6 43
105 66 86

12. Castine must be kept predominantly residential and service oriented and
discourage manufacuring or industrial activities.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 159 28 4
Non-Resident 57 6 4

216 34 8

13. It is alright occasionally to legalize land uses that do not conform to
our zoning regulations.

Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 104 67 20
Non-Resident 31 27 8

135 94 28

14. Public officials In Castine don't publicize their activities enough to
keep citizens informed on developments.

Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 110 52 29
Non-Resident 28 6 33

138 58 62

15. Some attempt should be made by local fund-raisers to work together so
there would not be so many separate appeals for money.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 108 65 15
Non-Resident 34 7 26

142 72 41-

16. Castine should have a Community Directory describing town services and
facilities and listing persons who live here.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 82 95 13
Non-Resident -33 20 11-
115 115 24

-114-

17. It would be desirable to have an "architectural review board" to exert
influence over the outside design and appearance of buildings in or near
the built-up areas of town with the idea of preserving the historic
flavor of the community.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 105 71 14
Non-Resident 54 9 4
159 80 18

18. More of our tax dollars should go to town beautification projects, such
as tree planting, park space and waterfront improvement.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 95 73 22
Non-Resident 41 12 12

136 85 34

19. Sufficient numbers of capable Castine residents are doing public service
type jobs for the town.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 109 47 35
Non-Resident 18 3- 46
127 50 81

20. Our children are receiving an adequate education in the town schools.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 138 11 41
Non-Resident 13 3 51

151 14 92

21. Strict enforcement of our present laws regarding littering, speeding, parking,
clamming, dog leashing, etc. would make Castine a better place to live.
Agree Disagree Uncertain
Resident 144 38 9
Non-Resident 48 7 12
192 45 21

22. Do you feel that Castine needs a law enforcement officer?
Yes No No Opinion
Resident 133 55 4
Non-Resident 52 8 7

185 63 11

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23, CIf Yes) Should that person be - Resident Non-Resident Total
paid and employed year-round 84 41 M 9
paid and seasonally employed 43 7 50
a volunteer working year-round 3 2 5
volunteer working seasonally

24. Are you a resident year-round in Castine, a non-resident summer visitor or
what?

Year-Round Non-Resident - Summer Other Total
189 59 11 258

25. Did not apply

26. How long have you lived in Castine?

0 5 years 6 - 10 years 11 years +
Resident 29 33 129
Non-Resident 7 13 45

36 46 174

27. Do you own this house (apartment, trailer); do you rent it; do you occupy
it without paying anything; or what?
Own Occupy Free Rent Other
Resident 169 1 19 1
Non-Resident 66 - - -
235 1 19 1

28. Do you feel that something should be done to protect the shrinking business
district and to assure that space will be available for existing and future
business enterprises?
Yes No No Opinion
Resident 119 33 10
Non-Resident 45 6 6
164 39 16

29. Do you consider the Maine Maritime Academy to be an asset to the Town?
Yes No No Opinion
Resident 133 24 4
Non-Resident 46 7 7
179 31 11

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30. Would you like to see the size of the Academy:
Increase Decrease No Opinion Stay the Same
Resident 22 17 25 96
Non-Resident 9 -16 17 -20
31 33 42 116

'31. If it should increase in size, would you prefer it to do so:
Vertically Horizontally
Resident 40 67
Non-Resident 12 26

52 93

32. Do you feel the unique scenic and natural areas in Castine should be
protected?
Yes No No 0 *nio
Resident M -7
Non-Resident 58 1

191 8 10

33. Should the present zoning ordinance be changed to allow for two-family
dwellings within the residential zone?
Yes No

Resident 105 50
Non-Resident 24 31

129 81

34. In the last five years, would you say that the quality of life in
Castine has:
Improved Stay the Same Worsen
Resident 53 70 30
Non-Resident 17 25 -13
70 95 43

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CONSUMER WHERE BOUGHT
GOODS &
SERVICES Castine Bucksport Ellsworth Orland Bangor Blue Hill Penobscot Catalog Other

Food 31 191 5 24 1 7

Clothing 3 50 33 95 10 61

Furniture
& Appliances 8 95 25 93 -- -- 1 24

Repair
Services 177 30 2 -- 15 3 7 -- 23

Doc tor 235 -- 2 1 5 2 1 7

Hospital 232 -- 3 -- 13 2 -- 4

Banking 210 16 4 17 1 7

Insurance 156 12 2 20 16 -- 45

Hardware &
Building
Supplies 116 107 10 15 -- 3 -- 5

Farm &
Garden
Supplies 50 91 35 -- 29 -- 17 16

Automobiles 109 11 13 3 43 13 -- 43

Source: 1978 Castine Community Survey.

APPENDIX C

Thanks are due to the following people who participated in the revision of
the Castine Comprehensive Plan:

Comprehensive Planning Committee Members (formea July, 1978)

Town Government Representatives: Max Margulies, Town Manager
Oscar Pedersen, Selectman

Planning Board Representatives: Edgar Bowden, Chairman
Leland Tolman
George Jacobs
Mae O'Neill
Edgar Biggie
Robert Flenner, Alternate
Harry Mason, Alternate
Albert Skidds

Citizen Representatives: Donald Small
Nancy Carr
John Gardner
Marjorie Babcock
Susan Hatch

Planning Aide: Harold Babcock

Special thanks are also due to James McCaffrey, who provided the initial
impetus for the project; and to Mrs. Leonard Mead, who formulated the
questionnaire used during the community survey.

DATE DUE

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