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HURRICANE EVACUATION DECISION MAKING GUIDE CITRUS COUNTY N-0 ........... . . . . . . . . . . Ui .Jo "X1,11111, R-, a AP . . . . . . . . . . .1@ HV @j; 635.5 R87 1984 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c.2 )pared by the WITHLACOOCHEE REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL July, 1984 HURRICANE EVACUATION DECISION MAKING GUIDE: CITRUS COUNTY Prepared by the Withlacoochee Regional Planning Council July, 1984 The preparation of this report was primarily supported by a grant from the U. S. Office of Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and the Florida Office of Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Regulation through the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended. Supplemental funding was provided by the Florida Department of Community Affairs. U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Coastal Services Center Library 2234 South Hobson Avenue Charleston, SC 29405-2413 WITHLACOOCHEE REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL BOARD OF DIRECTORS Citrus Count Wilbur H. Langley, Sr. N.R. "Nick" Bryant **S.H. "Sid" Kennedy* ***Charles A. Black Hernando County *Frank Fish, Secretary ***Ralph Shepard **Charles P. Fagan Henry D. Ledbetter Levy County **W.S. "Sammy" Cason J.L. Townsend ***Kathryn P. Harris, Chairwoman* Marion_County Roy Abshier Bruce Bartlett "Marianthe Coppedge ***Robert A. Schwalb, Jr. ***Nicholas Mansito, Jr. ***Eugene A. Poole, Vice-Chrm. City of Ocala *Sally Ann Knope** Sumter County **G.H. Tompkins *W. Tom Blackmon ***Eunice M. Neville *Executive Committee "Municipal Representative ***Governor Appointees TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II EXTENT OF EVACUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III PUBLIC SHELTER CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 IV EVACUATION TIMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 V WARNING INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 VI REGIONAL COORDINATIVE MECHANISM . . . . . . . . . 34 VII LOCAL COORDINATIVE MECHANISM . . . . . . . . . . . 41 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Hurricanes Generated By SPLASH . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 Vulnerability Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 Citrus County Evacuating Population-At-Risk and Evacuating Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4 Citrus County Evacuating Population-At-Risk and Evacuating Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5 Citrus County Primary Shelter Capacity . . . . . . 19 6 Citrus County Secondary Shelter Capacity . . . . . 20 7 Net Shelter Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 8 Gale Force Wind Analysis and Shelter Duration Period By Storm Type and Intensity . . . . . . . 24 9 Evacuation Times - Vulnerability Level 'A'. . . . 25 10 Evacuation Times - Vulnerability Level IBI. . . . 26 11 Sensitivity Analysis of Pre-Landfall Hazard Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 12 Reception Centers and Associated Primary Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 13 Citrus County Evacuation Routes to Public Shelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE I Hypothetical Hurricane Tracks . . . . . . . . . . 6 LIST OF MAPS MAP PAGE 1 Evacuation Zones - Citrus County . . . . . . . . . 11 2 Evacuation Network - Citrus County . . . . . . . . 15 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX PAGE A Citrus County Evacuation Zone Boundaries . . . . . A-1 B Citrus County Assigned Link Volumes and V/C Ratios . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 C Legal Authority to Issue an Evacuation order . . . C-1 iv INTRODUCTION As part of the Withlacoochee Hurricane Evacuation Plan, decision-making guides are to be furnished to each county in the region and the Florida Bureau of Emergency Management for use as a ready reference tool by decision-makers during the approach of the storm. The purpose of the guide is to provide information to assist local and state civil defense officials and other emergency management organizations to implement the critical actions necessary to prepare for, and respond to, a hurricane threat. Basically, the guides consist of two parts. The first part is largely an excerpt from the technical data report pre- pared for the coastal counties of the region. This excerpt provides information on the expected number of evacuees, needed sheltering and evacuation times according to the fore- casted intensity of the hurricane. The second part is concerned with the coordination of the evacuation. This includes information on the roles and responsibilities of agencies involved in the issuance of the evacuation order and the management of the evacuation. The chapter on local coordination is largely excerpted from the Hurricane Annex of the Local Peacetime Emergency Plans in each county. The chapter on regional coordination is excerpted from the technical data report. In addition, the coordination section includes a dis- cussion of the implications of the findings of the technical data report on local evacuation decision-making. Also, a quick reference guide is included which presents information on the expected number of evacuees and recommended evacuation order times according to several evacuation scenarios. CHAPTER I QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE The purpose of this chapter is to provide local decision- makers with a quick reference guide as to the number of per- sons vulnerable to hurricane hazards in Citrus County and the recommended evacuation order times according to the forecasted intensity of the hurricane. The population-at-risk and recommended evacuation order times are presented according to designated level of vulner- ability. These levels of vulnerability are based on the forecasted hurricane intensity. It should be noted that the remaining chapters in this document should be read prior to consulting this quick reference guide in order to gain familiarity with how these numbers were calculated. Vulnerability Level 'A' 1/ Population-At-Risk Surge-vulnerable residents: 11,928 Mobile-home residents: 14,368 Total: 26,296 Number requiring public shelter: 8,046 1/ See Map 1 and table 2 for definition of vulnerability levels. 2 Recommended Evacuation order Times 2/ Storm Type Storm Intensity3/ Evacuation Time Exiting 1 14 Hours Exiting 2 15 Paralleling 1 14 Paralleling 2 15 Paralleling 3 16.5 Paralleling 4 17.5 Normal 1 15 Normal 2 15.5 Vulnerability Level IBI Population-at-Risk Surge-vulnerable residents: 18,628 Mobile-home residents: 10,633 Total: 29,261 Number requiring public shelter: 8,954 Recommended Evacuation order Times Storm Type Storm Intensity Evacuation Time Normal 3 19 Hours Normal 4 20 Normal 5 18 Vulnerability Level 'A' w/Tampa Bay Population-At-Risk If there is a concurrent Withlacoochee and Tampa Bay evacuation, population-at-risk -Figures increase as follows: 2/ Chapter 1,V, Evacuation Times should be consulted for possib@e timing adjustments. 3 See table 1 and figure 1 for definition of storm types and intensities. 3 Total: 34,416 Number requiring public shelter: 16,166 Recommended Evacuation order Times Evacuation times do not change significantly if there is a concurrent Tampa Bay and Withlacoochee evacuation. Vulnerability Level "B" w/Tampa Bay Population-At-Risk Total: 36,473 Number Requiring Public Shelter: 16,166 Recommended Evacuation order Times Evacuation times do not change significantly if there is a concurrent Tampa Bay and Withlacoochee evacuation. Implications for Evacuation Decision-making Due to the long evacuation times required for certain intensities of hurricanes, readiness conditions may have to be accelerated (see Chapter VII, Local Coordinative mechanism). In addition, the amount of resources required to accommodate the expected number of evacuees may have to be increased. 4 CHAPTER II EXTENT OF EVACUATION The extent of the hurricane evacuation refers to the identification of those persons vulnerable to hurricane hazards in Citrus County and the calculation of this vulner- able population. Identification of Vulnerable Population There are primarily three hurricane hazards which necessitate or affect the evacuation of Citrus County: hurri- cane force winds, storm surge and rainfall. Hurricane Force Winds Hurricane force winds are defined as 74 mph or greater. A computer program called SPLASH, developed by the National Hurricane Center, was used to predict peak wind speeds resulting from hurricanes. The results indicated that peak wind speeds may vary from 84-174 mph, depending on storm type and intensity. Figure 1 and table 1 display the types and intensities of hurricanes used in the SPLASH program and their resultant wind speeds. Mobile homes are particularly vulnerable to hurricane force winds because of their lightweight construction and flat sides and ends. Although local regulations require that mobile homes be anchored so as to withstand wind speeds in excess of 70 to 100 mph. In addition, mobile homes are more vulnerable to flying debris. As a result of this vulnerability to hurricane force winds, the National Weather Service recom- mends that all mobile home residents should evacuate in the event of a hurricane. Storm Surge The storm surge is the rising wall of ocean water, mainly produced by hurricane-force winds, which impacts upon coastal fringe areas. The storm surge is by far the most severe hurricane hazard. It causes 9 out of 10 hurricane- related deaths and possesses the greatest damage potential. A comparison of figure 1 with table 1 indicates that, of the hurricanes in the SPLASH model which produce the greatest affect on Citrus County, peak surge heights are predicted to range from 5 to 25 feet, depending on storm type and intensity. 5 FIGURE 1 HYPOTHETICAL HURRICANE TRACKS* 4 2 6 8 9 14 15 16 1* PARRS020 6, EXTLS020 11. NORLS040 2. PARRSOUO 7. EXTRSOOO 12. NORLS020 3. PARLS020 8. EXTRS020 13. NORRSOOO 4. PARLS040 9. EXTRS040 14. NORRS020 5. PARLS060 10. EXTRS060 15. NORRS040 16. NORRS060 Scale: 1 inch = 66.6 miles *See table 1 for key to track identification. 6 TABLE 1 HURRICANES GENERATED BY SPLASH Input Parameters Results Pressure Storm Radius Of Direction Peak Surge Peak Wind Drop Speed Maximum Winds (degrees clockwise Height Speed Identification (millibars) (m.p.h.) (miles) from North) (ft.) (m.p.h.) NOR-01-LS040 30 15 20 45 9.6 86 NOR-01-LS020 30 15 20 45 11.6 86 NOR-01-RSOOO 30 15 20 45 11.6 86 NOR-01-RS020 30 15 20 45 9.8 86 NOR-01-RS040 30 15 20 45 8.7 86 NOR-01-RS060 30 15 20 45 7.4 86 NOR-02-LS040 40 15 20 45 13.0 99 NOR-02-LS020 40 15 20 45 15.6 99 NOR-02-RSOOO 40 15 20 45 16.0 99 NOR-02-RS020 40 15 20 45 12.9 99 NOR-02-RS040 40 15 20 45 11.8 99 NOR-02-RS060 40 15 20 45 10.0 99 NOR-03-LS040 60 15 20 45 19.6 121 NOR-03-LS020 60 15 20 45 23.6 121 NOR-03-RSOOO 60 15 20 45 24.2 121 NOR-03-RS020 60 15 20 45 20.2 121 NOR-03-RS040 60 15 20 45 17.9 121 NOR-03-RS060 60 15 20 45 15.2 121 NOR-04-LS040 80 15 20 45 26.4 140 NOR-04-LS020 80 15 20 45 31.8 140 NOR-04-RSOOO 80 15 20 45 32.6 140 NOR-04-RS020 80 15 20 45 27.2 141 NOR-04-RS040 80 15 20 45 24.2 140 NOR-04-RS060 80 15 20 45 20.5 140 TABLE I (cont.) HURRICANES GENERATED BY SPLASH Input Parameters Results Pressure Storm Radius Of Direction Peak Surge Peak Wind Drop Speed Maximum Winds (degrees clockwise Height Speed Identification (millibars) (m.p.h.) (miles) from North)- (ft.) (m.p.h.) NOR-05-LS040 100 15 12 45 24.8 174 NOR-05-LS020 100 15 12 45 26.0 172 NOR-05-RSOOO 100 15 12 45 33.1 172 NOR-05-RS020 100 15 12 45 29.2 174 NOR-05-RS040 100 15 12 45 23.6 174 NOR-05-RS060 100 15 12 45 21.4 174 PAR-01-LS060 30 15 20 120 8.2 86 PAR-01-LS040 30 15 20 120 8.3 86 PAR-01-LS020 30 15 20 120 8.0 86 PAR-01-RSOOO 30 15 20 120 7.3 82 PAR-01-RS020 30 15 20 120 5.2 73 00 PAR-02-LS060 40 15 20 120 11.1 99 PAR-02-LS040 40 15 20 120 11.2 100 PAR-02:-LS020 40 15 20 120 11.0 99 PAR-02-RSOOO 40 15 20 120 10.1 95 PAR-02-RS020 40 15 20 120 7.3 86 PAR-03-LS060 60 15 20 120 16.8 122 PAR-03-LS040 60 15 20 120 17.1 122 PAR-03-LS020 60 15 20 120 15.7 122 PAR-03-RSOOO 60 15 20 120 15.8 118 PAR-03-RS020 60 15 20 120 11.5 108 PAR-04-LS060 80 15 20 120 22.6 141 EXT-01-LS015 30 15 20 165 5.2 84 EXT-01-RSOOO 30 15 20 165 5.7 84 EXT-01-RS015 30 15 20 165 4.0 86 TABLE 1 (cont.) HURRICANES GENERATED BY SPLASH Input Parameters Results Pressure Storm Radius Of Direction Peak Surge Peak Wind Drop Speed Maximum Winds (degrees clockwise Height Speed Identification (millibars) (m.p.h.) (miles) from North)- (ft.) (m.p.h.) EXT-01-RS030 30 15 20 165 3.9 86 EXT-01-RS045 30 15 20 165 3.6 86 EXT-02-LS015 40 15 20 165 7.4 99 EXT-02-RSOOO 40 15 20 165 8.0 98 EXT-02-RS015 40 15 20 165 5.7 99 EXT-02-RS030 40 15 20 165 5.5 99 EXT-02-RS045 40 15 20 165 5.1 99 Key for identification: NOR - Path of hurricane normal or perpendicular to Gulf Coast PAR - Path of hurricane parallel to Gulf Coast EXT - Path of hurricane from point inland to Gulf Coast 01 to 05 - Hurricane intensity level based on Saffir/Simpson scale LS, RS - Path of hurricane located to the left side or right side of Cedar Key, facing the Gulf Coast 000 to 060 - Distance of path of hurricane to the left or right from Cedar Key in miles Source: SPLASH II computer output Due to the severity of this hazard, all residents of areas subject to storm-surge flooding should evacuate. The approximate limits of the areas in Citrus County subject to this hazard are shown in map 1. Vulnerability Levels. Each storm type and intensity listed in table 1 which affects Citrus County produces a different peak surge height. However, due to topographic changes in coastal areas, the extent to which the surge travels inland for several of these storm types and inten- sities does not change significantly. Therefore, these storm types and intensities are condensed into two vulnerability levels, as shown in table 2. The approximate geographic limits of these levels are shown in map 1. Rainfall Approximately 6 to 12 inches of rainfall can be expected to accompany a hurricane. However, the geographic distri- bution of this rainfall is difficult to predict prior to the arrival of the hurricane. Therefore, if heavy rains are predicted to accompany a hurricane, residents in areas sub- ject to severe freshwater flooding should be prepared to evacuate in the event a hurricane warning is issued for their area. Also, heavy rainfall can produce impedances in the evacuation process by causing difficult driving conditions. The effects of early rainfall on evacuation time are dis- cussed in Chapter IV, Evacuation Times. Population-At-Risk The number of persons residing within the surge-vulner- able areas, as shown in map 1, and the number of mobile home residents outside these areas constitute the population-at- risk to hurricane hazards in Citrus County.l/ This is shown below by vulnerability level: l/The number of persons evacuating due to freshwater flooding should be relatively minor. 10 MAP 1 EVACUATION ZONES CITRUS COUNTY 488 0 0 498 491 TSALA :ryslal River -POPKA LAK -P C 1.4 4 Inverness- TSALA APOPKA T. LA @KE 581 39 41 "A" FLOODING LEVEL FLOODINIC CS EVACUAT IONI ZOINIE 0 5 10 Graphic Scale Source: Post, Buckley, Schuh Jernigan, Inc. Scale In Mi les TABLE 2 VULNERABILITY LEVELS Storm Intensityl/ Vulnerability2/ Storm Type Category Level Exiting 1 A Exiting 2 A Paralleling 1 A Paralleling 2 A Paralleling 3 A Paralleling 4 A Normal 1 A Normal 2 A Normal 3 B Normal 4 B Normal 5 B 1/ Storm intensity category refers to the intensity level on the Saffir/Simpson scale. 2/Vulnerability levels are inclusive meaning that vulner- ability Level B includes allpersons residing within the areas bounded by Vulnerability Levels A and B (see Map 1). 12 Vulnerability Population-At Level Risk A 26,296 B 29,261 The difference between vulnerability levels 'A' and 'B' is the number of non-mobile home residents in surge area as shown in Map 1. Evacuation Destination Distribution As part of the technical data report for this plan, a statistically significant survey of hurricane response behavior was conducte&'-In the Withlacoochee region.@/ One of the questions asked in the survey was the evacuation destination. The destinations were public shelter, friend or relative and hotel/motel. Based on the results of this survey and discussions with the Regional Disaster Preparedness Advisory Committee, the following evacuation destination distribution was developed for the coastal counties: Evacuation Percentage of Population-At-Risk Destination Seeking Destination Public Shelter 30.6% Friend or Relative 40.6 Hotel/Motel 28.8 It should be noted that, for the hotel/motel destination, there is not sufficient hotel/motel capacity to accommodate the expected number of evacuees seeking this destination. Therefore, those evacuees unable to obtain a hotel or motel in Citrus County are assumed to seek such destinations outside the region. Tampa Bay Evacuees Based on a report prepared by the Florida Bureau of Emergency Management, approximately 30,000 evacuees from the Tampa Bay region are expected to enter the Withlacoochee Region via U.S. 41. Some evacuees will also enter the coastal counties via U.S. 301 and 1-75. Of these evacuees, approximately 17,000 are expected to need public shelter.37 2/Behavioral Surveys for the Withlacoochee Regional Disaster Prenaredness Plan, H. W. Lochner, Inc., 1982. 3/Renort on the Expected Coastal Demand for Inland County Shelter Facilities from the Tampa Bay and Southwest Florida Regions, Florida Bureau of Emergency Management, 1982. 13 The number of Tampa Bay evacuees entering Citrus County will depend on available public shelter capacity in Citrus County. According to the technical data report, if an evacu- ation order is issued for both the Tampa Bay and Withlacoochee regions, there is approximately 7,200 shelter spaces available for incoming Tampa Bay evacuees in Citrus County under a worst case storm. Assuming that through traffic from the Tampa Bay region heads toward 1-75 (which may require the use of traffic control personnel), this means that approximately 11,700 evacuees or-approximately 4,300 vehicles may enter Citrus County via U.S. 41. The additional 4,500 evacuees are accounted by the remaining available shelter capacity in Levy County who would pass through the county on U.S. 41. Evacuation Routes and Zones As part of a transportation model of a hurricane evacu- ation in the Withlacoochee region, the acuation roadway network for each county was designated This network is displayed in map 2 for Citrus County. Another task of the transportation modeling effort was to divide the counties into evacuation zones. Zones were based on the roadway network and other easily identifiable boundaries. These zones show the distribution of the population-at- risk within the county and thereby assists in the allocation of manpower and other resources within the county. Map I displays the evacuation zones developed for Citrus County. Appendix A provides a written description of these zones. Tables 3 and 4 show the distribution of the evacuation population and number of vehicles, broken out by evacuation destination, for vulnerability levels 'A' and IBI, respectively. 4/ Transportation Analysis: Withlacoochee Regional Hurricane Evacuation Plan, Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, August, 1983. 14 MAP 2 EVACUATION NETWORK - CITRUS COUNTY C2 488 cloo C115 C114 C*20 C116 00 498 C06 'b" Q /PrC 1'3 491 col CIO TSALA 'POPKA Crystal Ri/er C11 2 1 C115 C 12 LAKE 44 CIO-1. CIII Gi 12 C 1212 C 202 C 103 94 bCO5 Inverness C 119 b C02 90 1 1 105 6 C 106 C08 SALA I C107 APOPKA I C 108 C 121 LAKE Clio ID C07 \C) C 04 C 109 C03 480 39 41 C 203 LEGEND 0 STREET OR INTERSECTION LOCATION (NODE) 0 EVACUATION ZONE CENTER (CENTROID) C 102 NODE OR CENTROID NUMBER 5 l'o Graphic Scale Source: Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc. Scale In Mi les 15 TABLE 3 CITRUS COUNTY EVACUATING POPULATION AT RISK AND EVACUATING VEHICLES Evacuating Evacuating Population 1 2 3 4 Vehicles 1 2 3 4 Zone #CO1 4324 1970 1323 1756 1245 0 603 800 567 0 Zone #C02 4485 2044 1372 1821 1292 0 625 830 589 0 Zone #C03 3119 1421 954 1266 898 0 435 577 409 0 Zone #C04 1281 584 392 520 369 0 179 237 168 0 Zone #C05 1479 674 453 600 426 0 206 274 194 0 Zone #C06 975 444 298 396 281 0 136 180 128 0 Zone #C07 1014 462 310 412 292 0 141 188 133 0 M Zone #C08 971 442 297 394 280 0 135 180 127 0 Zone #C09 2675 1219 819 1086 770 0 373 495 351 0 Zone #ClO 2026 923 620 823 584 0 283 375 266 0 Zone #Cll 1633 744 500 663 470 0 228 302 214 0 Zone #C12 1162 529 355 472 335 0 162 215 152 0 Zone #C13 225 103 69 92 65 0 31 42 30 0 Zone #C14 927 422 284 376 267 0 129 171 122 0 26296 8046 1-0-67-7 5-7-4 0 11981 3666 4866 3450 0 1 Red Cross Shelter % Participation 100 Surge Zones COI, C02, C03 2 Friends Home Per Mobile Home Unit 2.3 3 Hotel/Motel per Other Unit 2.3 4 Do Not Know Avg. Veh. per D.U. 1.6 Veh. Usage % 65.5 Dist. %: S= 30.6 FR= 40.6 HM= 28.8 DK= 0 Source: Post, Bucklev, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc.. 1983. TABLE 4 CITRUS COUNTY EVACUATING POPULATION AT RISK AND EVACUATING VEHICLES Evacuating Evacuating Population 1 2 3 4 -Vehicles 1 2 3 4 Zone #CO1 4324. 1970 1323 1756 1245 0 603 800 567 0 Zone #C02 4485 2044 1372 1821 1292 0 625 830 589 0 Zone #C03 3119 1421 954 1266 898 0 435 577 409 0 Zone #C04 2006 914 614 814 578 6 280 371 263 0 Zone #C05 2822 1286 864 1146 813 0 393 522 370 0 Zone #C06 1872 853 573 760 539 0 261 346 246 0 Zone #C07 1014 462 310 412 292 0 141 188 133 0 Zone #C08 971 442 297 394 280 0 135 180 127 0 Zone #C09 2675 1219 819 1086 770 0 373 495 351 0 Zone #C10 2026 923 620 823 584 0 283 375 266 0 Zone #Cll 1633 744 500 663 470 0 228 302 214 0 Zone #C12 1162 529 355 472 335 0 162 215 152 0 Zone #C13 225 103 69 92 65 0 31 42 30 0 Zone #C14 927 422- 284 376 267 0 129 171 122 0 29261 8954 11881 8428 0 13332 4079 5414 3839 0 1 Red Cross Shelter % Participation 100 Surge Zones COI, C02, C03, C04, C05, C06 2 Friends Home per Mobile Home Unit 2.3 3 Hotel/Motel per Other Unit 2.3 4 Do Not Know Avg. Veh. Per D.U. 1.6 Veh. Usage % 65.5 Dist. %: S= 30.6 FR= 40.6 HM= 28.8 DK= 0 Source: Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc., 1983. CHAPTER III PUBLIC SHELTER CAPACITY Primary and Secondary Shelters Primary shelters consist of the public schools in Citrus County located outside of the surge-vulnerable areas. These shelters will be opened and used first in the evacuation process. Table 5 presents the capacity of the primary public shelters in Citrus County. Secondary shelters consist of churches and other civic buildings located outside of the surge-vulnerable areas. These shelters will only be opened if there is insufficient primary shelter capacity to accommodate the evacuees. Table 6 presents the capacity of the secondary public shelters in Citrus ounty which were inventoried for the technical data revU.L L.. V Table 7 displays the public shelter demand and capacities for each of the coastal counties. It can be seen that there ismore than adequate primary shelter capacity to accommodate the expected number of Citrus County evacuees. However, if an evacuation order is issued for both the Tampa Bay and With.lacoochee regions, all the primary and secondary shelter capacity in Citrus County may have to be utilized. The implications of a Withlacoochee and Tampa Bay evacuation on evacuation times are discussed in the next chapter. Shelter Duration Periods The shelter duration period is defined as the minimum period of time in which evacuees must remain in their evacu- ation destination until the hurricane passes. This is defined as the period of time before and after the occurrence of gale force winds (32 - 63 mph). Gale force winds are assumed to create hazardous conditions due to flying debris. These times were calculated from the results of the SPLASH model and are displayed in table 8 for each hurricane type and intensity. .1 -L./It should be noted that the list of secondary shelters in the Citrus County Peacetime Emergency Plan is more compre- hensive than this list. However, the total amount of shelter capacity is sufficient to accommodate the expected number of County and Tampa Bay evacuees. 18 TABLE 5 CITRUS COUNTY PRIMARY SHELTER CAPACITY Shelter Name Address Capacityl/ (Cl) Adult General and 504 W. Grace St. 423 Community Education Inverness, FL 32650 (C2) Citrus High School 601 W. Main St. 2,347 Inverness, FL 32650 (C3) Floral City Elementary Marvin St. & Old Floral 543 School City Rd., Floral City, FL 32636 (C4) Hernando Elementary N. US 41 & University 600 School Blvd., Hernando, FL 32642 (C5) Inverness Middle 1950 US 41 North 3,224 School Inverness, FL 32650 (C6) Inverness Primary 206 S. Line St. 1,397 School Inverness, FL 32650 (C7) Lecanto Elementary 1,869 Lecanto, FL 32661 (C8) Lecanto Middle School 2,519 Lecanto, FL 32661 (C9) Oak Hill School Van Nortwick Rd. & W. 188 SR 44, Lecanto, FL 32661 TOTAL 13,110 '/Based on 20 square feet of usable shelter space/person. Source: Citrus County School Board. 19 TABLE 6 CITRUS COUNTY SECONDARY SHELTER CAPACITY Shelter Name Address Capacity (ClQ) Assembly of God 200 W. Highland Ave. 400 Inverness (Cll) Church of God 438 S. Main Street 500 Inverness (C12) First Church of God Jasmine Dr. & U.S. 41 150 Inverness (C13) First Baptist Church 123 S. Seminole Ave. 610 Inverness (C14.) First Presbyterian 402 W. Grace St. 100 Church Inverness (C15) First United Methodist 401 W. Main Street 400 Church Inverness (ClG) Main St. Baptist Church S. U.S. 41 & Inverness Blvd. 250 Inverness (C17) Our Lady of Futima S. U.S. 41 & Louis St. 300 Catholic Church Inverness (C13) St. Margaret's N. Osceola Ave. & Tompkins St. 171 Episcopal Church Inverness (C19) Catholic Church G Roosevelt Blvd. 100 Beverly Hills (C2Q) Lutheran Church N. S.R. 491 & Pine Ridge Blvd. 75 TOTAL Beverly Hills 3,056 20. TABLE 7 NET SHELTER CAPACITY Levy County Primary Shelter Secondary Shelter Shelter l/ Net Shelter Capacity Capacity Demand Capacity 5,801 + 2,999 4,259 4,541 Citrus County 13,110 + 3,056 8,954. 7,212. Hernando County 9,126 + 3,664 7,833. 4,957 Coastal County Total 28,037 + 9,719 21,046 16,710 Coastal County Total Plus Tampa Bay Evacuees - 28,037 + 9,719 37,839 Sources: WRPC Staff analysis. Report on Expected Coastal Demand for Inland County Shelter Facilities from the Tampa Bay and Southwest Florida Regions, Florida Bureau of Disaster Preparedness. NOTES: Based on worst case surge vulnerability. 21 It should be noted that these are minimum shelter duration periods and that actual shelter duration periods may have to be increased depending on the results of the storm. 22 CHAPTER IV EVACUATION TIMES Evacuation times consist of three components: pre- landfall hazard time, behavioral response time and clearance time. Pre-landfall hazard time is the number of hours before the eye of the storm strikes or makes its closest point of approach in which gale force winds occur. It is assumed that evacuation must be completed before the occurrence of gale force winds due to the potential of hazardous driving conditions. Pre-landfall hazard times are presented in table 8 for each storm type and intensity. Behavioral response time is the amount of time it takes for the vulnerable population to respond to the evacuation order. These times were based on the survey of hurricane response behavior conducted in the Withlacoochee region and previous evacuation studies and were calculated as part of the transportation model. Clearance time is the amount of travel time it takes for the vulnerable population to reach their evacuation desti- nations. This time was calculated as a part of the anspor- tation model developed for the Withlacoochee region. Evacuation time is the sum of these comDonents. Tables 9 and 10display the evacuation times by each level of vulner- ability for each county in the Withlacoochee region. It can be seen that evacuation times are greatly increased in some counties, if both the Withlacoochee and Tampa Bay regions are issued an evacuation order. l/Clearance time is calculated by determining which link in the evacuation roadway network, displayed in Map 2, is the most congested during the evacuation process. This is called the "critical link". The amount of time it takes for the last vehicle to "clear" this link is the clearance time. Appendix B presents the distribttion of traffic on the roadway network in Citrus County according to the evacu- ation scenarios developed for this report. The critical links are denoted with an asterisk. 23 TABLE 8 GALE FORCE WIND ANALYSIS AND SHELTER DURATION PERIOD BY STORM TYPE AND INTENSITY Storm Storm Pre-landfall Shelter Duration Type Intensity Hazard Time Period Normal 5 7.01/ 12.01/ Normal 4 9.0 15.0 Normal 3 8.0 14.0 Normal 2 6.0 11.0 Normal 1 5.5 9.5 Paralleling 4 8.0 17.0 Paralleling 3 7.0 15.0 Paralleling 2 5.5 11.0 Paralleling 1 4.5 9.0 Exiting 2 5.5 13.0 Exiting 1 4.5 12.0 l/ Pre-landfall hazard time and shelter duration period for storm intensity category five are shorter due to a narrower radius of maximum winds Source: SPLASH II computer output. 24 TABLE 9-.. EVACUATION TIMES (in hours) VULNERABILITY LEVEL 'A' REGIONAL VULNERABILITY LEVEL Response A w/Tampa Bay -Curve A Evacuation Levy County A-Quick Response 8 3/4 - 12 1/4 8 3/4 - 12 1/4 B-Medium Response 11 3/4 - 15 1/4 11 3/4 - 15 1/4 C-Slow Response 14 3/4 - 18 1/4 14 3/4 - 18 1/4 Citrus County A-Quick Response 12 1/4 - 15 3/4 12 1/4 - 15 3/4 B-Medium Response 14 - 17 1/2 14 - 17 1/2 C-Slow Response 16 - 19 1/2 16 - 19 1/2 ul Hernando County A-Quick Response 8 3/4 - 12 1/4 29 1/2 - 33 B-Medium Response 12 - 15 1/2 24 - 27 1/2 C-Slow Response 15 - 18 1/2 30 3/4 - 34 1/4 Marion County A-Quick Response 9 1/2 - 13 1/2 2 21/2 - 26 B-Medium Response 12- 1/2 - 16 24 - 27 1/2 C-Slow Response 15 1/2 - 19 25 1/2 - 29 Sumter County A-Quick Response 9 - 12 1/2 22 1/2 - 26 B-Medium Response 11 3/4 - 15 1/4 24 - 27 1/2 C-Slow Response 14 1/2 - 18 1/4 25 1/2 - 29 SOURCE: Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc. and WRPC Staff. TABLE 10 EVACUATION TIMES (in hours) VULNERABILITY LEVEL IBI REGIONAL VULNERABILITY LEVEL Response B w/Tampa Bay -Curve B Evacuation Levy County A-Quick Response 10 3/4 - 14 3/4 10 3/4 - 14 3/4, B-Medium Response 13 1/4 - 16 1/4 13 1/4 - 16 1/4 C-Slow Response 16 1/4 - 19 1/4 16 1/4 - 19 1/4 Citrus County A-Quick Response 16 1/4 - 18 1/4 16 1/4 - 18 1/4 B-Medium, Response 18 - 20 18 - 20 C-Slow Response 20 - 20 - 22 r1j ON Hernando County A-Quick Response 15 1/4 - 18 1/4 32 - 34 1/2 B-Medium Response 15 1/4 - 17 1/4 32 1/2 - 34 1/2 C-Slow Response 17 1/2 - 19 1/2 33 1/4 - 35 1/4 Marion County A-Quick Response 12 - 14 25 1/4 - 27 1/4 B-Medium Response 15 - 17 25 3/4 - 28 3/4 C-Slow Response 18 - 20 28 1/4 - 30 1/4 Sumter County A-Quick Response 11 1/2 - 13 1/2 25 - 27 B-Medium Response 14 1/4 - 16 1/4 26 1/2 - 28 1/2 C-Slow Response 17 1/4 - 19 1/4 28 - 30 SOURCE: Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc. and WRPC Staff mmm @@Immklwmm MMMMM mm man Timing Adjustments Evacuation order Adjustment. The behavioral response time includes response time before and after the evacuation order is issued. The amount of response time before the evacuation order is issued should be subtracted from the evacuation times listed in tables 9 and 1.0 in order to arrive at the minimum evacuation order time. These adjustments are as follows: Behavioral Response Change in Evacuation Time A (quick) subtract 1 hour B (medium) subtract 2 hours C (slow) subtract 3 hours Early Arrival of Rainfall. The evacuation times set forth in this report include the number of hours before eye landfall (pre-landfall hazard time) when ambient high winds might prevent evacuation from being carried out. However, depending on the structure, size, or forward speed of the storm, hurricane-induced rainfall may precede this point in time. Historically, rainfall has occurred as late as two hours before eye landfall and as early as twenty hours before eye landfall. Such rainfall would reduce roadway carrying capacity because of limited driver visibility and wet pave- ment. This reduction has been estimated at approximately fifteen percent in past transportation studies. This adjust- ment requires a monitoring of the forecasted arrival of rainfall by the local weather service office radar. If the arrival of rainfall is forecasted substantially before the pre-landfall hazards time an amount of time equal to about fifteen percent of the clearance time should be immediately added to the evacuation time. The clearance time is the over- all evacuation time minus the pre-landfall hazards time. Based on the above, the following are the changes in evacuation time according to behavioral response: Behavioral Response Change in Evacuation Time A add 1.5 hours B add 1.5 hours C add 2 hours 27 Changes in Hurricane Parameters. Certain variables were used to Dredict wind speeds in the SPLASH model. If, according to the monitoring of the storm before landfall, these variables are different, the arrival of gale force winds could change and thereby affect pre-landfall hazard times. The parameters in the SPLASH model which can affect the arrival of gale force winds and thereby pre-landfall hazard times are the forward speed of the storm and the radius to maximum winds. As the storm speed increases, there is less time required for the arrival of gale force winds, thereby reducing pre-landfall hazard time. As the radius-to-maximum winds increases, gale force winds arrive sooner, thereby increasing pre-landfall hazard times. In order to ascertain the sensitivity of pre-landfall hazard times to the aforementioned, additional SPLASH program runs were made. Forward speed and radius-to-maximum winds were independently varied in each additional run. The results are presented and explained in table 11. Unpredictable Road Blockages. The intensity of traffic during a hurricane evacuation will always be accompanied by a certain number of traffic accidents and breakdowns. Although roadway shoulders are available for vehicles in dis- tress, the movement of such vehicles to these areas is often difficult and disruptive. It is recommended that at least two traffic control personnel be positioned at each key road- way link so that one can assist disabled vehicles as needed. A tow vehicle should also be positioned at each critical link to facilitate the removal of immobilized vehicles. Those roadways that historically experience flooding due to rainfall alone should be monitored for vehicle distress and help. To guard against an unpredictable, and thus unquanti- fiable blockage of evacuation routes that could add to the overall evacuation time, a safety margin of up to two hours will be added to the evacuation times. Such unpredictable blockages could include: disabled vehicles, traffic accidents and fallen trees or other debris. Recommended Evacuation Times. It is recommended that a medium behavioral response be used in determining the evacu- ation order time. It is also recommended that two hours be added to the evacuation time to account for unpredictable .road blockages. other adjustments in evacuation times should be made as necessary according to the previously mentioned adjustment factors. 28 TABLE 11 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PRE-LANDFALL HAZARD TIMES Storm Speed Intensity Level Change in Storm Speed Change in Hazard Time 1 +15 mph -1.5 hrs. 2 +15 -2.0 3 +15 -4.0 4 +15 -4.0 5 +15 -3.0 Radius to Maximum Winds (RMW) Change in RMW Change in Hazard Time 2/ -10 -2 +10 +2 +20 +4 +30 +6 l/ Changes in pre-landfall hazard times for other changes in storm speed can be determined from this table. For example, if the storm speed is forecasted 10 mph greater than the storm speed used in the SPLASH model, which is 15 mph, the resultant change in storm speed is proportional. The hazard times will increase only if the forecasted storm speed is less than 15 mph. 2/Generally there is a 2 hour change in hazard time for every 10 mile change in RMW. The RMW used in the SPLASH model are shown in table 1. SOURCE: SPLASH II computer printouts prepared by the National Hurricane Center. 29 Based on the above recommendations, the following are recommended evacuation order times according to level of vulnerability: vulnerability Level Recommended Evacuation Time A 14 to 17.5 hours 2/ B 18 to 20 hours These times represent minimum evacuation order times, excluding other adjustment factors. These times should be adjusted, using these factors, according to forecasted hurricane conditions. Implications for Evacuation Decision-Making As can be seen in tables 9 and 10, the evacuation times in Citrus County do not change if there is a concurrent Tampa Bay evacuation, whereas, in some other counties in the Withla- coochee region, evacuation times are greatly increased. There are two reasons why evacuation times do not change. First, Hernando County absorbs some of the traffic from Tampa Bay -on U.S. 41 before reaching Citrus County. Second, and more importantly, it was assumed in the transportation model that through traffic (that is, traffic not seeking public shelter in Citrus County) will gravitate toward 1-75 and therefore not produce as much congestion on the roadways. Even though the evacuation times are much longer in some other counties if there is a concurrent Tampa Bay evacuation, the evacuation times are still long enough in Citrus County such that readiness conditions may have to be accelerated. The effects of evacuation times on local preparedness activities are further discussed in Chapter VII, Local Coordi- native Mechanism. 2/ The difference in evacuation times for each vulner- ability level are accounted by changes in storm intensity for each level. Recommended evacuation order times are presented by storm intensity in Chapter I, Quick Reference Guide. 30 CHAPTER V WARNING INFORMATION Warning information refers to the flow of information on the need for hurricane evacuation from the National Hurri- cane Center to the general public. The purpose of this chapter is not to propose a new method for the dissemination of warning information, but rather to explain the existing system. Agency Participants and Warning Process The following are the principal Federal, State and local governmental agencies involved in the warning system: - National Hurricane Center, Miami - Tampa Area Office, National Weather Service, Ruskin - Florida Bureau of Emergency Management, Tallahassee - Central Florida Area Office, Florida (Bureau of Emergency Management, Wildwood) 1/ - Citrus County Hurricane Preparedness Committee - Citrus County Civil Defense Department - Public Media (TV/Radio) The warning process is initiated by the National Hurri- cane Center and reach s the public through the following five-step procedureT 1. A potential hurricane picked up in satellite images is usually the subject to the first in a series of advisory messages issued by the National Hurricane Center at six hour intervals (5 and 11 A.M. and P.M., Eastern Standard Time). These early advisories are aimed mainly at shipping and aviation interests. When the storm intensifies further into a tropical storm, it is given a name. 2. If the hurricane or tropical storm approaches land, the advisory information begins to focus on coastal and inland effects. 1/The composition and responsibilities of this committee are di@cussed in Chapter VII@ Local Coordinative Mechanism. 2 The following information was taken from the Pinellas County Hurricane Implementation Guide, prepared by t Tampa Bay Regional Planning council, June, 1981. 31 - A Hurricane Watch announcement becomes part of the NHC advisories when the storm threatens coastal and inland areas. This Watch covers a specified area and period of time and means that hurricane conditions are a real possibility. - A Hurricane Warning is added to the advisory when hurricane conditions, winds of at least 74 miles per hour, high water and storm tides, are expected within a period of up to 24 hours. The Warning identifies coastal areas where these conditions are expected to occur. 3. As the threat to coastal areas becomes more apparent, the advisories are then interspersed with inter- mediate advisories every three hours or as needed. 4. Once a hurricane becomes a threat to the Withla- coochee Region, then the Tampa Area office of the National Weather Service will add local statements to each NHC advisory and intermediate advisories. The local statements will consist of recommendations for precautionary actions and completion times, existing conditions of wind and tides, information regarding projected storm tides confronting counties of the region. 5. All normal warning information will be provided to the general public through the media (radio/TV) by the NHC and when necessary, local government. The warning information provided by the hurricane advi- sories, intermediate advisories and local statements will be used as a basis to alert local officials and disaster organi- zations of any potential hurricane threat. These warnings are augmented by restricted information to local governments also furnished by the NHC to assist those governments in preparation and evacuation decision-making. This restricted information is normally received over the National Warning System (NAWAS) by the Department of Civil Defense, or, when activated, the Citrus County Emergency Operations Center (EOC). On the basis of the aforementioned warning procedure, the Governor of Florida is advised by the State Bureau of Disaster Preparednes5/to issue an evacuation order for the affected local area; or, the chief elected official of each affected local political jurisdiction may issue the evacu- ation order, as advised by its disaster preparedness agency or committee. 3/See appendix C for the chain of legal authority to issue an evacuation order. 32 The Central Florida Area office will serve as the lead agency for coordinating an interregional evacuation, which is described in Chapter VI, Regional Coordinative Mechanism. Local disaster preparedness agencies and other agencies, such as fire districts, Red Cross and Sheriffs Departments will be the key agencies in carrying out the evacuation. Agency involvement and specific evacuation procedures are discussed in Chapter VII, Local Coordinative Mechanism. The following is a chronological summary of key warning conditions based on the above information, in relation to thQ numhQr of hourg bofore projectod hurricand eyo lanafall Or C105e5t POint Of dPproach; - 72 hours advisory: storm assigned Category number on Saffir/Simpson Scale by NHC - 48 hours before projected eye landfall: local areas placed under hurricane watch condition by NHC - 24 hours before projected eye landfall: local areas placed under hurricane warning condition by NHC - 12-24 hours before projected eye landfall: local area advised to evacuate by NHC advisory or local NWS office Local Action Statement - Governor advised by Bureau of Emergency Management to issue an evacuation order for the local area or Executive Group, Hurricane Evacuation Committee advised by its control grou R/ to issue an evacuation order for the jurisdiction. The local evacuation order should be issued according to the recommended evacuation order times in this guide. 4/ The composition of the executive and control groups is described in Chapter VII, Local Coordinative Mechanism. 33 CHAPTER VI REGIONAL COORDINATIVE MECHANISM Regional Evacuation Scenarios For purpose of this report, "regional" is defined as affecting more than one county. Accepting this definition, the hurricane is definitely a regional event. This is not only because its hazards can affect a relatively large area, but also due to the error in prediction as to where the hurri- cane will strike, or make its closest point of approach (CPA) during the hurricane warning period, typically 12 to 24 hours before CPA. It is possible that up to a 250-mile "warning area" along the coast may occur during the warning period due to this error in prediction. Therefore, it is possible that, for example, both the Withlacoochee and the Tampa Bay regions may fall under this "warning area" and, hence, have to be evacuated. It should be further noted that the rate of reduction of hurricane-force winds after the hurricane makes its closest point of approach is largely unpredictable. Therefore, it is assumed that the mobile-home residents in the inland counties will have to evacuate regardless of the type or intensity of the hypothetical hurricane tracks modeled in the SPLASH computer model, should an evacuation order be issued for the inland counties. Based upon the above information, three regional evacu- ation scenarios have been designated for purposes of this report. They are as follows: - Regional Scenario A: includes all of the residents within the evacuation zones associated with Vulner- ability Level 'A' in the coastal counties, the mobile-home residents in the remainder of the coastal counties and the mobile-home residents in the inland counties. - Regional Scenario B: includes all of the residents within the evacuation zones associated with Vulner- ability Levels A and B, the remainder of the coastal mobile-home residents and inland mobile-home residents. 34 - Regional Scenario C: includes all of the residents in Regional Scenario B and the number of persons entering the Withlacoochee region from the Tampa Bay region, based on the worst-case regional evacuation scenario for the Tampa Bay region. The aforementioned scenarios do not cover all the possi- bilities in that it is possible that, for example, only the northern counties of Levy and Marion need be evacuated should the "warning area" be further to the north. The same applies to the southern counties of Citrus, Sumter and Hernando; should it be further to the south. It is also possible that, for example, the Tampa Bay region may be evacuated without any of the counties in the Withlacoochee region evacuated. Thus, the regional scenarios should be viewed as worst-case planning possibilities, based on currently available information. The population-at-risk for each regional scenario is shown below: Regional Scenario Population-At-Risk A 98,742 B 112,232 C 255,742 Implications for Evacuation Decision-Making The implications of the regional evacuation scenarios -for evacuation decision-making in Citrus County are primarily in regard to the possible need for additional manpower and 1/ other resources necessary to accommodate Tampa Bay evacuees. Since the public shelter capacity in most of the other counties appears to be sufficient, there should be no evacuees from other counties in the Withlacoochee region entering Citrus County. In terms of evacuation times, there appears to be a negligible increase in time if there is a concurrent Withla- coochee and Tampa Bay evacuation. However, additional traffic manpower may be necessary to divert through traffic from U.S. 41 to 1-75. 1/The procedures for obtaining any needed additional resources for the evacuation is addressed in the next section and in Chapter VI.T, Local Coordinative Mechanism. 35 Regional Coordination Lead Agency To effectively coordinate a regional response to a hurricane emergency, a lead agency must be designated to pro- vide a linkage among the organizational participants. The lead agency must have jurisdiction over a multi-county area, and process sufficient expertise, staff and funding to effec- tively manage the evacuation. A reliable communication system is also crucial for the overall coordination of the evacuation. It is proposed that the Central Florida Area Office for the Bureau of Disaster Preparedness (CEFA) located in Wildwood, be designated as the lead agency for interregional evacuation management. While other entities were considered for desig- nation as lead agency, CEFA appears to be best qualified for terms of the criteria mentioned above. (See Figure 2.) As the lead agency with overall responsibilities for coordination in the Withlacoochee Region, CEFA will serve as the focal point for the flow of information on hurricane warnings, evacuations and shelter openings. Regional Entities Organizations that will be involved at the regional level include the Florida Highway Patrol, the Red Cross and the Health and Rehabilitative Services Department. The FHP maintains traffic control and maintains the progress of the evacuation. Continuous communication with the regional EOC will provide up-to-the-minute information on the evacuation and thereby improved decision-making during the emergency. The Red Cross will be involved at the regional level in the opening and staffing of shelters. The regional office of the Red Cross would assist in areas without a local Red Cross Chapter. The State Department of HRS provides manpower assistance to the Red Cross should insufficient personnel be available for staffing of hurricane shelters. 36 Procedures for Implementation of Interregional Evacuation Plan To be effective, the plan for interregional evacuation must contain a coordinative mechanism to establish procedures for the opening of shelters and reception sites in coordi- nation with evacuation movements. The proposed procedures for implementation of the interregional plan are described below for each phase of the hurricane emergency. Normal Conditions Representatives of the participating agencies involved in the plan will meet on a regular basis to enhance ongoing coordination among the agencies and identify problems with the implementation of the plan. This group should meet as a permanent committee, and focus on the regional aspects of hurricane planning and operations. Activities of the committee may include: - testing of the plan - review of the institutional arrangements for coordination - improvement of public awareness of hurricane hazards - exchange information on ways to improve disaster response and recovery. Emergency Conditions As a hurricane develops and threatens land areas, the National Hurricane Center will issue a hurricane watch twenty four to forty-eight hours before landfall. This alerts threatened areas to potential storm conditions. A hurricane warning should be issued according to the recommended evacu- ation order times in this report. These warnings are issued to the State Bureau of Emergency Management as well as county civil defense offices. 37 Post Emergency Conditions As the hurricane hazard recedes from the region, the Area Coordinator should continue to act as the liaison between coastal and inland counties. Information on when it is safe to return to effected areas can be transmitted to the inland county civil defense offices. The Area Office should also assist where ever possible in an expedient and effective disaster recovery process. After recovery has been completed, the interregional committee should meet to evaluate the plan as implemented and identify any problems that may have occurred. Public Notification During non-emergency periods, public information and education is disseminated by various agencies through news releases, news features, and radio and television programs. Such activity serves to increase awareness of emergency preparedness programs and provides the citizens with a knowledge of the basic precautions necessary during an emergency. During emergency periods, it is necessary to provide the public with clear, concise, and timely information and instructions to the general public. It is important that one single agency in each jurisdiction be designated as the sources of public information in an emergency. This will avoid the issuance of conflicting reports and provide a con- tinuous flow of information regarding governmental decisions, recommendations and instructions. Public notification and instructions will be issued by the civil preparedness agency within each respective jurisdiction. This information should be disseminated after consultation and coordination with the Central Florida Area office, Bureau of Emergency Management. While primary responsibility for public notification is conferred to the respective civil preparedness agencies, it is suggested that the procedures below be incorporated into the public notification process to improve interregional coordination. These suggestions are divided into three phases: normal, emergency, and post emergency conditions. 38 Normal Public information materials developed as part of the Regional Hurricane Evacuation Plan (and prepared by the Regional Planning Council) should be disseminated to coastal and inland residents. This material will educate the public on hurricane hazards, and provide instructions based on the findings of the inland shelter study. The material will identify the sources of further information and assistance during the emergency phase. Emergency It is suggested that as the emergency approaches, an emergency public information officer be activated to act as the only official sources of public information for that jurisdiction. This officer should be pre-designated and in constant communication with the National Hurricane Center, surrounding EOC's and CEFA. Evacuation and sheltering instructions on cassette tapes or radio scripts which have been prepared beforehand can be dissminated at this time. In the print media, area news- papers could print hurricane supplements which have been prepared in cooperation with the civil preparedness agency. Post Emergency In this phase the public information officer should continue to be the official source of public information and should receive information from various service agencies for dissemination to the public. The officer should assist State and Federal officers in local dissemination of infor- mation concerning their programs. Personnel for Reception Centers and Shelters Assignment and notification of personnel to emergency facilities is the responsibility of the county civil defense director. The mobilization of emergency personnel will follow the issuance of an evacuation order. Through consul- tation with CEFA, the civil defense director should have a good idea of the timing and scope of the evacuation in coastal areas. He may then mobilize county resources to the required level. 39 To ensure that shelters and reception centers are pro- perly staffed in an emergency, it is suggested that procedures be established for assignment and notification of personnel. These procedures should be developed as part of a plan of action that is consistent with the regional plan and relevant to the needs and resources of the county. Suggested Plan of Action Key members of county government, the Red Cross and other agencies should meet with the civil defense director as a group to establish the roles and responsibilities of the participants. A plan of action can be devised to acquaint each member with the duties that his organization is expected to perform. The group or committee is put on call with the issuance of the hurricane watch. Key members of the committee (those in charge of a county division for example) would meet with the civil defense officer to review plans, and determine readiness of equipment, supplies and personnel. Several hours prior to the recommended evacuation order times, the key personnel would activate their departmental or agency emergency plans, and alert and maintain communications with personnel. As evacuations are announced, the committee would monitor the situation and respond to instructions from the civil defense officer. Prior to the recommended evacuation order times, the EOC should be fully operational with each participant performing assigned duties and tasks. Emergency operations would be in full swing and involve several different areas: - communication with the Red Cross for shelter openings - broadcast of hurricane precautions - communications with public utilities - law enforcement: patrols, road blocks, rescues - coordination of emergency services and needs With the onslaught of the hurricane, activities in the affected areas are halted. The progress of the storm and emergency operations are monitored at the EOC. After the danger has passed, post disaster operations will be initiated. A written report and evaluation should be provided to the civil defense officer. 40 CHAPTER VII LOCAL COORDINATIVE MECHANISM The following information is extracted from the Citrus County Peacetime Emergency Plan. Some revisions have been made on the an of action, using the recommended evacuation order times The section on shelter assignments is extracted from the technical data report. Hurricane Preparedness Committee Organization A permanent Hurricane Preparedness Committee is hereby established to provide Citrus County with adequate protection to minimize death, injuries and property losses usually associated with hurricanes. This committee is to consist of an Executive Group, a Control Group and a Support Group, consisting of the following personnel: Executive Group Chairman, Board of County Commissioners, County Admini- strator, Director, County Department of Disaster Preparedness, Chairman, County Red Cross Chapter. Control Group Chairman, Board of County Commissioners. All County Commissioners to be members. All Mayors of Municipalities to be members. County Administrator, County Disaster Preparedness Director and county Attorney to be advisors. l/ It should be noted that these changes should be interpreted as recommendations and should not be construed as locally adopted evacuation times. 41 Support Group A. Chairman Director County Disaster Preparedness B. Vice Chairman Chief Law Enforcement Officer C. Director Department of Administration D. Director Department of Development E. Director Department of Public Works F. Director Department of Community Services G. Chairman Citrus County Fire Protection and Taxing District H. Director Citrus County Ambulance Service I. Director Citrus County Division of Animal Control J. Chairman Citrus County American Red Cross Chapter K. Member Citrus County Health Officer L. Member Citrus County Superintendent of Public Instruction M. City Manager or Designee City of Crystal River N. City Manager or Designee City of Inverness 0. Member Representatives of Utilities and Industry P. Managing Editor or Designee Citrus County Chronicle (Newspaper) 42 Department Heads, Constitutional Officers, or the Sheriff may designate a representative. For example, the Chief Deputy, the Deputy in charge of Uniformed Deputies, or another person may be designated to participate as a Member, but must have the authority to act for the Activity he represents. Governmental responsibility intime of disaster is, in general, the same as in normal times - the protection of life, public health and property and the maintenance and repair of public property. Disaster does not change the legal responsibilities of government, but rather increases the need for meeting them promptly and adequately under emergency conditions. The governing authority and respon- sibility will therefore remain in the hands of the duly elected officials of Citrus County and the Municipal officials situated therein. This local plan is promulgated to minimize loss of life and property within the political jurisdiction of the County government and authority has been delegated to the County Disaster Preparedness Director to implement this plan. Uncommitted county resources will be made available to the various municipal jurisdictions subject to their request and direction. Consultation will be requested by the Chairman as needed with the Governor's office, the State Bureau of Emergency Management Director, the Meteorologist in charge of the Weather Bureau and close coordination will be maintained with Departments and activities of the State, to include the Florida National Guard through the Coordinator, Central Florida Area Emergency Management. Situation Citrus County is subject to severe storms and hurricanes from June through November. This plan prescribes only those actions to be taken prior to and during storms in which winds reach, or are forecast to reach, velocities in excess of 74 miles per hour. 43 The Disaster Preparedness headquarters is'located in the basement at the County Courthouse Building located at 110 North Apopka Ave., Inverness, FL. Emergency Operating Center (EOC) capabilities have been established including emergency power. Agency Responsibilities Local Government 1. Develop the plans and organization from natural disaster operations to include: A. Issue official warnings and designated hazardous zones. B. Urge citizens to evacuate threatened areas. C. Provide means of rescue and evacuation and direct the means provided. D. organize and coordinate all government depart- ments and agencies. E. Develop systematic procedures to insure the rapid and accurate accumulation of disaster information and the automatic transmission of this information to the State Bureau of Emer- gency Management Director by the most expeditious means. F. Evaluate natural disaster damage to local public facilities as well as private interests. 2. Provide Emergency Conununity Services A. Police Services B. When disaster declared "major" by Presidential Order, temporary housing through the Federal Government. C. Safeguards to public health and sanitation D. Special police and fire protect for disaster areas E. Identification and care of dead, including temporary morgues F. Designation of hazardous buildings and areas. 44 3. Provide Assistance in Community Restoration A. Repair of sewerage, water system, streets and highways B. Removal of debris from public property C. Restoration of public transportation and communication facilities D. Repair of public buildings E. Inspection of private property for health and safety F. Salvage of unclaimed property 4. Provide Aid for Recovery A. Disaster loan program, such as those.provided by SBA, Farmers Home Administration, et cetera B. Specialized counseling and advise, such as that provided by public health and other agencies or departments. 5. Provide Public Education to Include: Continually advising the public through all avail- able news media, particularly during the hurricane season, of their responsibility to their community, family, and to themselves in natural disaster. Red Cross Responsibility To disaster-affected persons (Financed by Red Cross) 1. Provide emergency necessities of Life A. Medical, nursing, and hospital care B. Food C. Shelter D. Clothing 2. Render emergency services A. Relief communicable facilities B. Welfare inquiries C. Survey of family needs 3. Rehabilitate families A. Temporary maintenance B. Medical, nursing and hospital care C. Repairing and rebuilding of homes D. Household furnishings E. Occupational assistance Advise and refer individuals and families. 45 Disaster Preparedness Responsibility To all persons within jurisdiction (financed by government agencies) 1. Protect persons and property A. Warning of impending danger B. Evacuation C. Rescue and First Aid D. Maintenance of Law E. Fore precautions and protection F. Designation of hazardous buildings and areas G. Public health and sanitation 1. Water safety 2. Biologicals 3. Control of Communicable diseases H. Care of the dead (Coroner's duties) I. Traffic Control 2. Render usual services expanded as necessary A. Welfare and Health B. Public institutions C. Transportation (public) D. Communication (public) E. Removal of debris from public property F. Salvage of unclaimed property G. Inspection of buildings for safety 3. Restore public property A. Public Buildings B. Sewerage systems C. Water systems D. Streets and Highways E. other public projects 4. Render emergency services A. Transportation of disaster victims B. Transportation of supplies and equipment 46 Role Of The American Red Cross Under the provisions of Public Law 4, approved January 5, 1905 33 Stat. 599), as amended, the Red Cross is authorized by the Congress to carry on a system of national and inter- national relief in time of peace and to apply it in mitigating the suffering caused by fire, floods, and other great national calamities. The Red Cross charter is not only a grant of power but also an imposition of duties, and the Red Cross cannot abdicate the responsibilities placed upon it by the Federal Government. The ability of the Red Cross to organize effective disaster relief results from the voluntary support of the American people and their active participation in personal services as in contributing funds. The Red Cross chapter serves as the community agent for disaster relief, and in cooperation with other community interest must develop a plan of preparedness for combating the effects of disaster. The plan is built on the organized effort of many volunteers and community groups and on the recognized fields of responsi- bility of the individual, the family, the community, and the components of the community. Immediately following a disaster the Red Cross provides assistance to alleviate human suffering. Emergency assistance may include: 1. food, 2. clothing, 3. temporary shelter, 4. emergency first aid and medical care to supplement local medical resources, and 5. information and inquiry service. Rehabilitation assistance may include 1. food, 2. clothing, 3. basic maintenance, 4. repair or rebuilding or owner-occupied homes, S. household furnishings, 6. medical, 7. nursing and hospital care, and 8. supplies or equipment for occupational rehabilitation. Rehabilitation advise indi- cates that insurance or other assets of the company or owner are inadequate or cannot be applied for the relief of the per- son affected. Each citizen has two areas of responsibility. 1. To provide for his basic needs so as not to be a burden to others. 2. To help in meeting the needs of the groups of which he is a part, his family, neighborhood, community, state and nation. Volunteers of the local chapter are available for duty following a natural disaster. This disaster committee is not only a committee to be called upon following a Hurricane, but is ready to assist following any major natural disaster such as fire, flood, train accident, industrial accident that might affect the community. 47 Because the community and its services are legally defined and constituted, the normal channels for authoritive action must be recognized and support in an emergency. Deviations from the abandonment of action by constituted authorities can be expected to result in confusion and unsup- ported financial commitments, and even in damage and personal injuries. Plan of Action The Hurricane Preparedness Committee or Groups shall meet as often as need indicates. The Committee or Group shall meet at least once a year just before the beginning of the hurricane season to review the plan and to make sure each member is well acquainted with the duties his organi- zation is expected to perform in case of an emergency. The Executive Group shall convene every time a Hurricane Watch indicates a threat to its area of responsibility, and will remain in session or on call until the emergency or threat is ended. official weather forecasts will be obtained by County Disaster Preparedness from the U.S. Weather Bureau. Steps in the evacuation process include:l/ STEP 4: 72 hours prior to forecast arrival STEP 3: 36 hours prior to recommended evacuation order time STEP 2: 24 hours prior to recommended evacuation order time STEP 1: Recommended evacuation order time STEP 0: The period of actual onslaught of the hurricane STEP -1: All Clear. Submit after action reports to County Disaster Preparedness Step 4 General increased readiness. '/These timeframes are a revision of the Citrus County Peacetime Emergency Plan, using the recommended evacuation order times developed in the technical data report. 48 Ste2 3 Executive Group meets at the EOC to direct activities and review plans. All personnel of committee placed on call. One member of the Executive Group will remain on duty at the EOC at all times with other members immediately available on call. Department heads determine readiness of equipment, facilities, supplies, and personnel. Assigns priorities to improve readiness posture. Step 2 Activate EOC. Operations at required level. Control Group evaluates data and issues warning. Department heads will activate their plans, prepare department, municipal or county equipment, facilities and personnel to accomplish tasks as required. Alert and maintain communications with all emergency response activities and volunteer groups. Step 1 Fully Staff the EOC. Begin evacuation of those personnel not voluntarily complying after a determination of absolute necessity. Survey all emergency services of mutual aid or equipment requirements to meet emergency needs. Coordinate with Red Cross for opening shelters. Release broadcast information to EBS system giving general hurricane precautions. Request departments with radio on their frequency. Public Utilities - Florida Power Corporation - Sumter Electric Co-operative Inc. - Withlacoochee River Electric Coop, Inc. - Public Gas Co. - Empiregas Inc., of Crystal River - Northern Propane Gas Co. - Te-xqas Corporation - Florida Telephone Corp. A Every attempt will be made to maintain service in shel- ters and EOC. Utilities will keep the EOC informed as to the status of service, outages and time of expected restoration. 49 Sherif f Maintain law and order. Patrol settlements, trailer parks and evacuated areas to prevent looting. Deputy or Sheriff Possee member be assigned to each shelter. Transportation If County assets are inadequate for evacuation, carrying the injured rescue, movement of personnel, relief supplies and equipment, the National Defense Transportation Associ- ation (NDTA) will be contacted for assistance. Highway Patrol The Highway Patrol will set up roadblocks on all routes necessary and divert tourists and truck traffic to outside the threatened area. Information on all roads that are impassable to be relayed to the public through the EOC. National Guard To be activated only on the request of the Sheriff or Disaster Preparedness Director and when approved by the Governor through approved channels. If activated, their duties will be requested to support local plans. Step 0 Accelerate operations for the protection of life. Conduct only necessary operations to protect life and property. Routine work will not be permitted. Step -1 After the danger has ceased to exist, a report of the Departments preparations, function performed, and recommen- dations concerning future occurrences will be submitted in writing to the Director, Disaster Preparedness. @50 Traffic Control Points Traffic control points are points along the county evacu- ation network used to direct traffic, resolve congestion problems and to divert traffic to other shelter destinations when the capacity of public shelters is reached. It is recommended that the "nodes" indicated on Map 2 be used as a basis for designating traffic control points in the county. In addition, Appendix B shows the projected amount of traffic on each of the links in the evacuation network during the evacuation. This information can also be used to determine traffic control points. Shelter Assignments Shelter assignments refer to the assignment of vulner- able persons within each evacuation zone to a particular shelter destination in the same or another evacuation zone. The assignment of individuals to public shelter destinations is based on the results of the transportation model. The assignment of vulnerable residents requiring public shelter to public shelter destinations follow a three-phased procedure: designation of reception centers, assignment of intra-county evacuees and assignment of intercounty evacuees. Designation of Reception Centers. In order to prevent the unnecessary opening of public shelters and thereby con- serve needed evacuation manpower, evacuees will be first assigned to a reception center. A reception center is a key primary public shelter which will serve as a control point for opening additional public shelters. One reception center will be opened in each evacuation zone which contains at least one primary public shelter. During the evacuation process, as it becomes apparent that the capacity of the reception center will be exceeded, other primary public shel- ters in the evacuation zone or surrounding evacuation zones can be opened through a communications network. The criteria for the designation of reception centers are those primary public shelters in each evacuation zone which have the greatest shelter capacity and are the most feasible for use as public shelter. Reception centers and associated primary public shelters, for each coastal county are presented in table 12. 51 Intra-County Assignment. The goal of the intra-county shelter assignment is to minimize clearance time. As part of the transportation model, vulnerable intra-county resi- dents were assigned to primary public shelter locations in each county.2/ The logic of this shelter assignment can be seen by comparing table 13 with map 2. Table 13 shows the "paths" by which the vulnerable residents of an evacuation zone proceed to their primary shelter destinations. This is repre- sented conceptually on map 2 with evacuation zone centers, or centroids, and street or intersection locations, or nodes. By following these paths, it can be seen that the vul- nerable residents of each evacuation zone are assigned to the nearest primary shelter location until all the available pri- mary shelters in the destination evacuation zone are utilized. If there is any overflow, the remaining evacuees are assigned to the nearest available primary public shelter. Inter-County Assignment. In the case of both the Withla- coochee and Tampa Bay regions evacuating (Regional Scenario C), it is assumed that a certain percentage of the Tampa Bay evacuees will enter the coastal counties via U.S. 41. Under this scenario, the first reception center nearest U.S. 41 in each coastal county shall be designated as an inter-regional control center. These centers will monitor the number of incoming intra- and inter-regional evacuees and disseminate them, first among available primary shelter capacity and then to secondary shelters, if primary shelter capacity is exceeded. 2/ It was assumed in the assignment of intra-county evacuees that primary public shelters would be opened first. Since there is adequate primary shelter capacity for coastal county evacuees, no secondary shelters were used in the assignment. 52 TABLE 12 RECEPTION CENTERS AND ASSOCIATED PRIMARY SHELTERS Citrus County Evacuation Receptionl/ Associated Primary Zone Center Shelters C8 Citrus High School Inverness middle School Inverness Primary School Adult Education C9 *Floral City Elementary None School C10 Hernando Elementary None School C13 Lecanto Middle School Lecanto Elementary School Oak Hill School Asterisk indicates inter-regional reception centers. A 53 TABLE 13 CITRUS COUNTY EVACUATION ROUTES TO PUBLIC SHELTER C01-C102, C113-C13 or C01-C100, C101, C102, C113-C13 C02-C103, C104, C102, C113-C13 C03-C107, C106, C105, C111, C113-C13 or C03-C109, C108, C106, C105, C104, C102, C113-C13 C04-C108, C106, C105, C111, C112, C122, C119-CO8 C05-C104, C105, C111, C112, C122, C119-COB or C05-C104, C102, C113, C111, C112, C122,-C119-C08 C06-ClOl, C102, C113-C13 C07-C110, C112, C122, C119-CO8 C08-CO8 C09-CO9 or C09-C.121, C119-CO8 or C09-C120, C119-CO8 Clo-clo Cll-C116, C-1 C12-C122, C119-CO8 or C12-C117, C118, C119-CO8 C13-C13 * C14-C114, C102, C113-C13 or C14-C114, C200, C115-C13 Source: Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan, Inc. 54 I I I APPENDIX I I I I I I I I I I I A .4 APPENDIX A CITRUS COUNTY EVACUATION ZONE BOUNDARIES Evacuation Zone Zone Boundary Description Cl South of Citrus County line; west of US 19 and Crystal River city limit; north of SR 44; east of Gulf of Mexico C2 South of SR 44; west of h mile east of US 19; north of Homosassa River; and east of Gulf of Mexico C3 South of Homosassa River; west of US 19; north of Citrus County line; east of Gulf of Mexico C4 South of CR 490A,, west of two miles east of US 19; north of Citrus County line; east of us 19 C5 South of SR 44; west of two miles east of US 19; north of CR 490A; east of h mile east of us 19 C6 South of Citrus County line; west of one mile east of US 19 and one mile east of Crystal River city limit; north of SR 44; east of US 19 and Crystal River city limit C7 South of CR 490 and SR 44; west of CR 581; north of Citrus County line; east of two miles east of US 19 C8 South of Inverness city limit; west of US 41; north of CR 480; east of CR 581 C9 South of SR 44; west of Citrus County line; north of Citrus County line; east of CR 581, CR 480, and US 41 C10 South of Hernando northern town limit and Tsala Apopka Lake; west of Citrus County line; north of SR 44 and Inverness city limit; east of North Inverness Highlands western limit and Hernando western town limit A-1 APPENDIX A (Cont.) Evacuation Zone Zone Boundary Description Cil South of Citrus County line; west of Citrus County line; north of Hernando and Tsala Apopka Lake; east of CR 200, CR 491 and US 41 C12 South of CR 491; west of CR 200, Hernando and north Inverness Highlands; north of SR 44; east of CR 491 C13 South of SCL Railroad; west of US 41 and CR 491; north of CR 490; east of two miles east of US 19 and Crystal River C14 South of Citrus County line; west of SCL Railroad; north of two miles north of Crystal River; east of one mile east of US 19 A-2 APPENDIX B Citrus County Assigned Link Volumes and V/C Ratios TOTAL LINK VOLUME Service VOLUME/CAPACITY RATIO Link A A w/tb B B w/tb 7-5T-um-e A A w/tb B --B- 7w -tb 10 =-I 1 811 -6742 -77 TM-(T- OT1 7-07-1 075 -. 00- 101-102 1268 1268 1495 1495 25900 .049 .049 .058 .058 102-104 1924 1924 2502 2502 25900 .074 .074 .097 .097 103-104 2071 2071 1980 1980 10100 .205 .205 .196 .196 104-105 1772 1772 1752 1752 25900 .068 .068 .068 .068 105-106 1995 1995 2344 2344 32400 .062 .062 .072 .072 106-107 728 728 781 781 10100 .072 .072 .077 .077 106-108 1308 1308 1613 1613 25900 .051 .051 .062 .062 108-109 707 707 698 698 25900 .027 .027 .027 .027 102-114 429 429 453 453 14600 .029 .029 .031 .031 102-113 4030 4030 5184 5184 14200 .284 .284 .365 .365 105-111 2682 2682 3115 3115 14600 .184 .184 .213 .213 111-113 1766 1766 2772 2772 14600 .121 .121 .190 .190 110-112 509 509 572 572 14600 .035 .035 .039 .039 111-112 4347 4347 5867 5867 14200 .306 .306 .413 .413 112-122 4765 4765 6083 6083 14600 .326 .326 .417 .417 119-122 4551 4551 5729 5729 14200 .320 .320 .403 .403 115-117 177 177 189 189 14600 .012 .012 .013 .013 116-117 2505 2505 2871 2871 14600 .172 .172 .197 .197 117-118 2487 2487 2805 2805 14600 .170 .170 .192 .192 118-119 3000 3000 3482 3482 14200 .211 .211 .245 .245 119-120 1976 1976 2231 2231 14600 .135 .135 .153 .153 119-121 669 3233 782 3346 14200 .047 .228 .055 .236 200-115 0 0 0 0 14600 0 0 0 0 201-116 2034 2034 2271 2271 14600 .139 .139 .156 .156 202-120 2033 2033 2267 2267 14600 .139 .139 .155 .155 203-121 0 2564 0 2564 14600 0 .176 0 .176 APPENDIX C LEGAL AUTHORITY TO ISSUE AN EVACUATION ORDER In any hurricane evacuation, one of the most critical components of the decision-making process for local govern- ment officials is the timely issuance of the evacuation order to the endangered population. Within the State of Florida, the decision-making authority and power to order evacuation has been conferred or delegated to three different levels of government: state, county and municipal. Such emergency powers at the various levels of government are also innate responsibilities of the particular jurisdictions to safeguard the lives and property of their citizens. The Governor is empowered to issue an evacuation order; however, in the event that the Governor fails to order evacuation as early as required by local conditions, then the Board of County Commissioners may order evacuation within its physical boun- daries. The same is true for a mayor of any municipality in the region. However, the evacuation order of a higher level of government is binding upon a lower level of government. The authority to order evacuation of threatened Florida residents from an approaching hurricane is conferred to the Governor by Chapter 252.36 (5)(c) of the Florida Statutes, stating that the Governor may: "...direct and compel the evacuation of all or part of the population from any stricken or threatened area within the State if he deems this action necessary for the preservation of life or other disaster mitigation, response or recovery." This power to order evacuation from an approaching hurricane conferred upon the Governor by Statutes is delegated to the governing body of each political subdivision of the State by Executive order 80-29. The term "political subdivision" is defined under the Statute as "any County or municipality created pursuant to law." The delegation of authority em- powers the chief elected official of a county or munici- pality to order an evacuation from any approaching storm. The diffusion of the authority to issue an evacuation order does not create problems during a localized evacu- ation. However, in the case of a hurricane which threatens the coastal residents of the Withlacoochee or Tampa Bay Regions, it, by necessity, demands detailed inter-jurisdic- tional coordination. This is especially true in the event of the evacuation of the highly population Tampa Bay Region with its many municipal and county jurisdictions all with the power to issue an evacuation order. An evacuation order not C-1 coordinated between municipal, and county officials can have a devastating impact upon the evacuation jurisdiction as well as surrounding jurisdictions. Prior to the evacuation order, region-wide traffic control and coordinated opening of the shelters should be established. Since a portion of the Tampa Bay evacuees will seek shelter in the Withlacoochee Region, a mechanism of coordination is needed to alert officials in the probable "host" counties of the impending evacuation. A proposed mechanism to achieve this coordination is described in chapter VI, Regibnal-Coordinative Mechanism. C-2 WITHLACOOCHEE REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL STAFF James D. Mims Ed Isenhour Executive Director Planning Intern Lorene Finch William Scarff Administrative Assistant Research Assistant/Housing Rehabilitation Specialist Peggy Alexander Vivian A. Whittier Finance Director Research Assistant/Information Specialist Charlotte Neupauer Lynn Rich Full Charge Bookkeeper Research Assistant/Information Specialist William E. Taylor Glenda Roberts Graphics Chief Secretarial Supervisor Joyce E. Cusick Kim Greene Senior Planner/Community Secretary II Development Kevin Smith Dedra Freeman Principal Planner Secretary I *Mark Sinclair Tonja Edmondson Principal Planner General Clerical Assistant Oliver Pinkston Doris Pullings Planning Intern General Clerical Assistant Taylor Warner Planning Intern *Planner responsible for the preparation of this report. I 118111111M I - 3 6668 14104 0305 .1 - @ r I I 1, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I