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illow J If e4 HT 395 Y8 P84 1975 1h, .17 F tv I- . . ............... pi Jul AN 2P Q:l It, WL'y" Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico CENTRO GUBERNAMENTAL MIN ILLAS OFICINA DEL GOBERNADOR EDIF. NORTE AVE. DE DIEGO PDA.22 JUNTA DE PLANIFICACION APTDO. 9447 SANTURCE, P. R. 00908 C E R T I F I C A C 1 0 N YO, Teresa Biaggi Lugo, en mi cardcter de Secretaria de la junta de Planificacion, CERTIFICO que: El documento titulado Culebra, Plan de Uso de Terrenos 1975, segun revisado en marzo de 1975, que se acompana y IDS mapas que forman parte de este es copia fiel y exacta del documento adoptado por la Junta de Planificacion el 13 de agosto de 1975, mediante el informe Tercera Extensi6n a la Resolucion P.R. - 77 (Segunda Enmienda). Y para que asi conste y a peticion del Departamento de Recursos Naturales, expido la presente CERTIFICACION bajo mi firma y sello oficial de la Junta en San Juan, Puerto Rico, hoy dia Teresa Biaggi Lugo Secretaria Por:Alma Luz Cortes Subsecretaria H73@C, ?T ?yq I? 7r I MASTER PLAN FOR THE I 'LAND OF CULEBRA 76 PREPARED BY THE PLANNING BOARD OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR G-"rtifico que esta es c:--ia fiel y exacta dz.'- c'.:,cvc.,in-Lo original y que as! conste, SANTURCE, PUiERTC) RICO fir-a la pre3ente en San Juan, ruerto Rica REVISED MARCH, 1975 a 2 7 ASR lOj76 Secretaria "llodo Libre Asooldd* 89 Pttlf% OW M, PP'IiN IMIMA DEL 608ERNA00it 4!1 7-t@;F juNTA oE RLMMACION POR Sub.Secretarif COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR PLANNING BOARD SANTURCE, PUERTO RICO May 5,1971 RESOLUTION NO P.R. 119 RESOLUTION OF THE PUERTO-RICO PLANNING BOARD APPROVING THE CULE3RA CONCEPT Or' DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE FOR THE ISLAND OF Whereas, the Island of Culebra is, in its totality, rich in natural elenlents of irnporfance not only to the local. inhabitants, but to the inhabitants of all Puerto Rico and neighboring is',ands; Whereas, these conditions cause the main consideration to be that of establishing means for the protection and proper development of the island as a whole; Whereas, there already being proposals for the development of tourist installations, proiects for vccction homes, public projects, and others, it is the Planning Board's concern to see that the island of Culebra is developed in an orderly manner, In order to quarante-e the island's inhobitants a greater socio-economic benefit; Whereas, the Office of Master Plans of the Planning Board has made an evaluation of all projects approved or under study, concluding that it is necessary to adopt a general concept of development and land use, to serve as a guideline' in the'evaluciion of all puLlic and private projects being developed in the area; Whereas, there is a need to coordinate the development of hotel facilities in order to preserve the seashore for public use and counteract any tendency towards excessive con- centration of hotel facilit ies at any one point; Whereas., the Island of Culebra is in a priority position in contrast with the study of other areas of the country, due to international interest generated by its circumstances in the past; Whereas, the concept or' development is a major part of the Master Plan' for tourism and recreation for all of Puerto Rico; Whereas, the Office of Master Plans has developed the concept which constitutes the organizational design for land use, which forms part of the Master Plan for Puerto Rico; Whereas, the conceptual design, as approved, will be the object of public discussion and review before its adoption as part of the Master Plan for Puerto Rico; Whereas, with this developmental concept as a foundation, the Planning Board will hold public hearings, and will adopt a zoning mop and as many official maps as may be necessary for land use guidance, and in order to protect the-services planned, for the principal roads and transportation system for the .,Island of Culebra; Therefore, the Puerto Rico Planning Board resolves: Section I- That this concept of development and land use and general plan recommended for the Island of Culebra is approved in principle to be used as a guide in review and approval of all public and private Projects, includ'Ing, but not limited to, among others: a- Any acquisition, transfer,'or disposition of public lands, modification, relocation, and elimination of main roads, in accordance with the recommendations of the studies on transportation approved as of that date; and b- All plans for public improvements and public projects, and c- All projects having to do wii-h defining lots, construction, urbanization, urban renewal, etc. d- Private projec tl requiring the direct authorization of the Bocrd . Section 2- That the concept of development and land use for the Island of Culebra is to be used for the purposes enumerated in Section 1, until such time as the Master Plan for Culebra is officially adopted in accordance with the process established by the applicable low on pianning. Section 3- That the Board authorizes the Secretary to send certified copies of this resolution to any public agency or instrumentality which may so request. Section 4- That the following attached documents form part of this resolution: a- Conceptual plan indicating uses appropriate to natural conditions on Culebra. b- Conceptual plan for the development and utilization of lands on the Island of Culebra. c- General description of the objective program of the final design. Section 5- The measures thus adopted will begin to take effect immediately upon approval of this resolution, and will serve as a guide to the government offices concerned in programming the works necessary for the development of the area. Enrique Soler Cloquel I Chairman Salvador Y. Capestany Robert L. Net Member Member I CERTIFY: The aforesaid is a faithful and excct copy of the report adopted by the Puerto Rico Planning Board at its meeting held on May 5, 1971 and for 'Its Information and general use I issue same under my signature and the seal of the Planning Board. in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on July 29, 1971. /S/ Harry Maldonado Secretary by: Luz Marina Vargas Assistant Secretary COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR PLANNING BOARD SANTURCE, PUERTO RICO October 21, 1971 RESOLUTION NO P.R. 77 RESOLUTION OF THE PUERTO RICO PLANNING BOARD ADOPTING THE MASTER PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CULEBRA T he Puerto Rico Planning Board, being empowered by Low No 213 oy' May 12, 1921,2, as amended, to prepare, adopt, and amend Master Plans for the development of any rnunici- pali',y, or urban, suburban, or'rural area of.Puerto Rico;cnd Whereas the Planning Board, after carrying out the appropriate studies, has prepared the Mcster Plan for the Municipality of Culebra; and Whereas the Puerto Rico Planning Board held the corresponding public rree@ing on August 10, 1971 for the purpose of establishing the Master Plan for the Municipality of k-ulebra; and Whereas the proper announcements were published in the newspapers as required by low; and 41 Whereas an additional period of sixty (60) days having been granted for written submissions concerning said Master Plan, and that period having expired on October 9, 1.9711; and Whereas the citizens and the government agencies concerned having expressed themselves on said Master Plan, and there having been no disagreement as to it contents: Therefore, the Puerto Rico Planning Board resolves that: Section I- By virtue of the powers conferred upon it by Law, this Board adopts the Master Plan for the Municipality of Culebra, the section regarding Land Use is made a part of this resolution. Section 2- This Master Plan will be enforced 30 days afler its approval by the Governor. Section 3- This Master Plan will serve as a guide for public agencies and inOru7 mentalities in drawing up the program of work which will result in the implementafien of said plan, and it will be used in the reviewing and approval of: a- any acquisition, transfer, or disposition of public lands; b- street, and road plans, and permanent improvements; c- any private project,including subdivisions of lands. /S/ Enrique Soler Cloquell Chairman Salvador 1. Capestany Roberts L. Net Member Member I CERTIFY: The aforesaid is a faithful and exact copy of the report adopted by the Puerto Rico Planning Board at its meeting held on October 21, 1971 and for its information and general use I issue same under my signature and the seal of the Planning Board in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on November 19, 1971. /S/ Harry Maldonado Secretary /seal/ COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR PLANNING BOARD SANTURCE, PUERTO RICO December 31, 1974 RESOLUTION NO P.R,, -77 FIRST AMENDMENT PUE RTO RICO PLANNING Ba RD APPROV ING RESOLUTION OF THE %_7 AMENDMENTS TO THE MASTER PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CULEBRA WHEREAS! the Puerto Rico Planning Board adopted -the Master Nan of the Municipcil'Ity of Culebra 'In its meeting of October 21, 1971, empowered by Low No. 213 of May 12, 11942, as amended, to prepare, adopt and amend Master Plans for the development for any municipality or urban area, sub areal or rura I area of Puerto Rico; and WHEREAS/ the Planning Board after analizing the public recommendations, subsequent to the adoption of the Master Plan of,the Municipality of Culebra the 21sf of October, 1971, and after studying the report prepared in conjunction by technicians of the United States' D_-Partrrent of Interior, by technicians of the Department of Natural Resources and of Puerto Rico Planning Board, has prepared AMENDMENTS to the Master Plan of the Municipality of Culebra; WHEREAS, the amendments considered include the following improvements to the Proposed Land Use Plan in the Municipality of Culebra: I- Eliminate the proposed use as Residential Recreation in the general area of Punta.Almod6var and Punta Cabeza de Perro with the intention of avoiding possible urb.-In or residential development on the hillsides or slopes which extend to Puerto del Manglar where bioluminescent characteristics are found. 2- Eliminate the proposed use as Residential Recreation in the Ensenada Dakiti and Ensenada Malena in Punta Soldado, by being lands of the Marina in negotiation to be changed to state property. 3- Eliminate the agricultural use proposed for el Cayo Luis Peha where there have been found by the technicians of the Department of Natural Resources and United States Department of Interior species of aboriginal vegetation which can disappear if additional uses are introduced. 4- Eliminate the proposed highway, to the south of Resaca and Brava beaches for It is known that the lands are very undulating and this roule will be very costly in its construction and maintenance. The road does not lead to any town and is not considered necessary. WHEREAS, the Puerto Rico Planning Board held the corresponding public hearing on October I Ithr 1974 with the purpose of establishing said 'amendments to the Master Plan of the Municipality of Culebra; WHEREAS, the corresponding notices were published in the papers: El Mundo and the San Juan Star, in compliance with the law; WHEREAS, having been granted an period of 30 days for any party to submit a brief concerning said Master Plarif and having said period expired, the I Ith of November, 1974, and; WHEREAS, having the citizenry and concerned government agencies expressed their. reactions over the proposed amendments to the Master Plan, and in general terms favoring its content; THEREFORE, THE PUERTO RICO PLANNING BOARD RESOLVES THAT: Section I- In virtue of the powers confered by low,, this Board adopts the amendments to the Master Plan of the Municipality of Culebra, whose corresponding secti on to Lcnd Use is incorporated in the present resolution. Section 2- This amended Master Plan will be enforced inmmediately after being approved by the Governor. Section 3- This Master Plan, as amended, will serve as a guide to the agencies and public instrumentalities to form the work program which will result in the implementation of said plan, and will be used in the revision and approval of: (a) all acquisition, tranfer or disposition of public lands; (b) street plans, and permanent public improvements; (c) any private project, including land subdivison. /S/ Rafael Alonso Alonso President Francis J. Conway Luis Negran Zayas Member Alternate Member I CERTIFY: The aforesaid is a faithful and exact copy of the report adopted by the Puerto Rico Planning Board at its meeting held on and for it, information and general use I issue same under my signature and the seal of the Planning Board in San Juan, Puerto Rico on /S/ Teresa Biaggi Lugo Secretary /seal/ COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR PLANNING BOARD SANTURCE, PUERTO RICO August 13, 1975 THIRD EXTENSION TO RESOLUTION P. R. -77 (SECOND AMENDMENT) APPROVING AND ADOPTING AMENDMENTS TO THE MASTER PLAN PREVIOUSLY ADOPTED BY THE PLANNING BOARD FOR THE MUNICIPALITY OF CULEBRA WHEREAS: The Puerto Rico Planning Board (hereinafter referred to as "the Board") has the legal authority and responsability for guiding and controlling the urban, suburban and rural growth and development of the municipalities of Puerto Rico, including Culebra; taking into consideration a series of elements, among others the selection of the most appropriate land for such development and the conser- vation of agricultural zones within the municipalities; and WHEREAS: The Board has the unavoidable responsability for preserving, conserving and protecting the limited natural areas of Puerto Rico for the enjoyment of present and future generations, for protection of areas of exceptional beauty and avoidance of the occurence of scattered development that might cause the deterioration or destruction of such beauty; and WHEREAS: Culebra Island and the smaller islands which comprise this municipality, contain in common certain unique characteristics, such as places of historical value, socio-economic conditions, and natural physical settings; and WHEREAS: The islands that comprise the Municipality of Culebra constitute natural crecs with some of the mo st.extraord i nary environment and singular becuty in Puerto Rico; and WHEREAS: Taking into consideration al I of the above, and by virtue of Public Low No. 213 of May 12, 1942, as amended, (the former Planning Law) the Board adopted the Culebra Master Plan'on October 21, 1971; and WHEREAS: Upon the analysis of recommendations received from the public subsequent to the adoption of the Culebra Master Plan, and after evaluation of the report prepared jointly by the U.S . Department of Interior, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources and the Board, the latter prepared AMENDMENTS to the Culebra Master Plan; and WHEREAS: These AMENDMENTS w(-,r,-, at a public h(:arInq on 0oO[)','r 11, 1974 and adopted on December 3, 1974; and WHEREAS: Subsequent to the date of adoption of these AMENDMENTS, the Board agreed to propose new changes to the Culebra Master Plan, pursuant to the New Planning Law, Public Law No. 75 of June 24, 1975, and WH EREAS: These new AMENDMENTS were discussed at a public hearing held on August 11975; and WH EREAS: The citizenry and concerned government agencies having been given the opportunity to express their reactions to said AMENDMENTS for the Culebra Master Plan were in general terms in accord with its content, and WHEREAS: This Land Use Plan (Master Plan), as amended, will be a guide to public agencies and instrumentalities for the formulation of the capital program needed for the implementation of said plan, and must be used in the revision and approval of any of the following: (a)- all acquisition, transfer or disposal of public lands; (b)- street, road and permanent public improvements plans; and (c)- cny private project, including land subdivision; and WH EREAS: Perfect concordance exists between the provisions of Public Law No. 66 of June 221 1975 (The Culebra Conservation and Development Act), and the proposals included in this resolution for the Municipality of Culebra, prepared by virtue of the powers conferred upon the Board by Public Law No. 75 of June 24, 1975. NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE PUERTO RICO PLANNING BOARD, THAT THE FOLLOWING CHANGES TO THE CULEBRA MASTER PLAN, AS PREVIOUSLY ADOPTED BY THE PLANNING BOARD, BE ADOPT ED AND APPROVED: a- The Culebra Master Plan shall be known hereafter as "The Land Use Plan for the Municipality of Culebra." b- The road plan shall be amended by eliminating both the paving of existing rural roads and the construction of new rural roads on Pen"insula Fullcdosa; also eliminating additional construction of rural roads in the eastern section of the Island and the Flamenco sector. c- The vacationcl use proposals shall be amended to eliminate for such use the residential-vacation sector on the eastern side of the Island facing Bahia Almod6vor., leaving a total of five (5) sectors of this type on Culebra. The above resolution was agreed upon by the Planning Board in its regular meeting held on August 13, 1975 and attended by its Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and Alternate Member. In San Juan, Puerto Rico, August I3, 1975. /S/ RAFAEL ALONSO ALONSO CHAIRMAN FRANCIS J. CONWAY LUIS NEGRON ZAYAS Vice-Chairman Alternate Member I CERTIFY: That the preceeding is a faithful and exact copy of the Resolution adopted by the Puerto Rico Planning Board, at its meeting held on August 13, 1975 and, far its notification and general use, I issue the present under my signature and the Seal of the Board, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, this September 12, 1975 /S/ TERESA BIAGGI LUGO Secretary /seal/ TABLE 0F CONTENTS TEXT I- Introduction.............................1 I I- Analysis of Current Situation............6 and Growth Prospects Physical Characteristics ..............6 Topography and Climate..................6 Flora ..................................7 Fauna .......................8 Adjacent islands .....................9 Seashore and Settled Areas..................13 Beaches ...................17 Marine Resources .....................21 Socio-Economic Characteristics....................21 Population ................................21 Economic Activity .........................25 Agriculture ...............................25 Land Use .............................26 Characteristics of Farms ............................. 28 TI-te Labor Situation... 0 ...... 0 ............. # ......... 28 Remarks by Formers ................................ 29 Recommendations .................................... 29 Commercial Fishing ................... 0 ...... 32 Recommendations ................................... 33 Farming the Sea .............. 0 ....................... 33 134 Sport Fishing ........................................ Manufacturing ..................... 0 ............... 38 Business ............................................ 41 Government ....................................... 41 Tourism and Others ................................. 43 Unemployment 0 .... Q... 0. .0 0 49 Cultural and Educational Activities 51 Present SItuation . .................................. 51 Future 'Nleeds Recommendations ....................... 53 Regular Education .............................. 53 Education ................... Vocational and Technical 54 Special System of Scholarships ......... 57 Infrastructure and Services .............60 Health .....................60 Housing ........... ........61 Recommendations ......61 Recreational Facilities .......64 Government Buildings...........66 Water -Present System ..........67 Proposed Improvements............68 Electricity .................69 Sewer System ................70 Solid Waste ...................71 Recommendations................72 Transportation and Comunications......72 Transportation of Passengers.....72 Transportation of Cargo.......74 Facilities ...................74 Telephone Communications........76 III- Land Use 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 00 a . . . . . . . . . . 77 Proposed Urban Development 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 6 0 0 0. . . . . . . . . 77 Public Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . . . . .0. . . . . . . . 79 Density 0 ........ 4 ......................... 82 Policy of Keeping Direct Access to the Sea Open to the Public . 0 9 0 0 ................... 0 0 83 Land Ownership ...... .............. 0 ............... 0 0 86 Proposed Land Use .... 92 Public Lands ..................................... . 93 Mangroves .................... 98 Shoreline ...... ............. *....* ............ 98 Federal Properties .......... 99 Undeveloped Areas ................ o 100 Marinas ................. ......................... 102 Hotels ......... oo ........ 0.................. 102 Recomm end at ions o ...... ..................... o .... v 109 Footnotes ........ ........ ..................... 118 Append ix I ............. .......................... ........ 121 Proposed Land Use Maps 1990 122-123 Appendix 2 ................................................... 124 Zoning Maps 125-126 Append ix 3 ............................... .................. 127 1887 Property Map 128 129 Appendix 4 ................................................. 1972 Property Map 130 Appendix 5 ................................. ............... 131 Nauticdl Chart 132 Appendix 6 ......... ....... ......o ,....o ........ 133 Law Number 66 LIST OF TABLES soilk composition .... .......... ...... ............... Population and Rate of Increase 1899 to 1970 ................................................... 24 Present and Future Population and Density .......... ....... 25 Number and Area of Farms ................................... 26 Land Tenur . ...................................................... 27 Employment by Economic Sector .... ........................... 50 Population by Age Group-Enrollment and Necessary Classrooms by Educational Level - 1970, 1980 and 1990 00000 00 00000000006 04 ................. 59 Condition of Houses and Other Structures .............................. .................. 63 Condition of Houses by Type of Buildling ............ 0.... ............................. 9 64 Future Water Requirements 0............... 0 ..................... 68 Street and Rood Proposals . 0 a 0 0 0 a0 0 0 0 00 0 0 a 0 a 0 0 6................ 80-81 Area Sizes .................................. .................... -89 OwnersFip ........................................ 89-90 LIST OF MAPS Location of Culebra Island and Vicinity Culebra and Adjacent Islands ........................ o ....................... 11 Natural Features ................................................... o ...... 16 Cultural Features . .... .... ... .. .. ...... .................... 35 Topography o ............................................................. 46, Land Survey Map 1887 ..................................................... 88 Status of Federal Land as of. March, 1975 ........................................................ 91 Proposed Land Use Maps 1990- See Appendix I o ............................................................ 121 Zoning Maps See Appendix 2 ........................................................... 124 1887 Property Map See Appendix 3 ...... o.o ................................................ 127 1972 Property Map See Appendix 4 ........................................................... 129 Nautical Chart See Appendix 5 ............................................................ 131 ri Mom Aerial view of Dewey and Laguna Lobina. (ULEBRA FAJAIDO 7-1 UE Wro R i Cl 0 I S L A I X u @4A c Ao YA F@-' ca S V, rP, ki 6MADA (07 Ho*94 0 0 V.7 EE Y, LA,'UNA L OSIAIA 9 0 0 -1 9-Z E=3 MD r--,' M:3 L--l IDUO-@941 0 C3 zi C! mzR (1944) 00C RL ',I 0, 5MSc;,JADA, /0 04 V@, y < A\ V @'j E Y L)A A@ 41 A MASTER PLAN FOR CU LEBRA I- Introduction Culebra, one of the 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico, has exceptional beauiy and natural attractions which make it unique in the Caribbean area. Its shoreline, bordere d with crystal-clear waters, offers dramatic contrasts, with its boys, pentnsulas, and "-*ays. Sometimes the shore ends abruptly in the sea, and sometimes it ends in rocky sections, white sands/ beaches, or mangrove woods. Its coost is exceptional due to the prcfusion of coral reefs. Besides the spectacular beauty ot its coast, 1he island is rich in il' land- scope and natural contrasts, as, for example: its rocky area, with stones cf great siz-- and peculiar form, its great variety of trees; its excellent climate; and hills of moderate elevation, the highest being Mt. Resaca, rising some 650 feet above sea level, Completing the natu@al charm of Punta Molinos, nature has rnade fit a natural refuge for sea birds, which visit this northeast section of the island in great numbers. This ecological phenomenon is complemented by the fact that during the sanle period .'.')f the year marine currents bring to this area thousands of sardines, which constitute tile n a fural food of these birds during their gestation period. It was this natural condition 2 that broug'ht it about that, of the beginning of the century, it was declared a National I Bird Sanctuary by President Theodore Roosevelt. There exists on Culebra such a profusion of plants, birds'. and other woodland life (some of these species are unique in the world)2 that it has been most appropriately called "an ecological wonder", and "Puerto Rico's 3 jewel of nature." Culebra, colonized in 1880 by Don Cayetano Escuderc, and a handful of men, was originally called " Pasaje" . Later, during the Spanish regime, its name was chango to San Ildefonso de la Culebra.. The natural ch-arm of this island of 10.23 square mil'es is enhanced by the small number of residerits, who pass their lives in peace and serenity, for from the problems of congestion and contamination of other places which cre the direct consequence at present-day progress. Nevertheless, the population of this isiand aims, rightfully, to enjoy the benefits of economic development and progress which the rest of the Island of Puerto Rico enjoys. Culebra is passing through a period of ex1reme poverty, annual per capita income being approximately $700, less than half the figure for Puerto Rico in 1970. Nevertheless, it is about to experience a radical change. There is a firm determination on the part of,the government of Puerto Rico to see that all mun.cipalities participate ',-a a reasonable degree In the fruits of progress. Tob@rism is one of the industries with the greatest capacity to 1, 2, 3 See footnotes on page I IS 3 generate new sources of income. Many people see in Culebra a potential paradise for recreation and spiritual refreshment, since it is a virgin isle still in its natural state. Evidence of this is the increasing numbers of visitors, who go to Culebra on weekends to enjoy its fishing, beaches and reefs. Similarly, it can be anticipated that future development of recreational, residential, and tourist facilities on Culebra will- serve as the impetus for new economic activity and new sources of employment for the resident population. In June '1972, the Navy declared 1,285 cuerdas (IP246 acres) on the main Island of Culebra and on Culebrita as excess to its needs. 'rhe proposed disposition of these excess lands and other lands which may in the future be declared excess by the Navy, is dealt with later in this report. This means that a large amount of land belonging to a single owner can be restored to the municipali4, of Culebra to be devoted to better use, in harmony with the area's natural resources and the needs of its present cnd future population. Anot@er cons"d- erable portion of the island area is divided into large land, tracts. This means that many ownerships in small lots, which is one of the serious limitations elsewhere, does not exist -on Cuiebrcs as a problem. 4 To sum up, there is a unique opportunity to orient the development of this part of Puerto Rico in such a way that, besides harmonizing with. the aspirations and resources of the area, it will not destroy the natural ecology of the environment to the point of affecting the charms with which nature has so generously endowed it, For this purpose, t@e develop- ment of the island,must be carried out in such a way as to preserve its unique naturai chcrac- terlstics, and appropriate measures must be taken to preserve and use in the most, careful manner the magnificent reefs, the beautiful beaches of Flamenco, Resaca, Brava, Lamo cild Cuiebrita, Punta Molinos, and the'fishing grounds of Ensenada Honda and Puerto del Mcnglar. Also, the area used by the sea birds for nesting on Punta Molinos must be preserved, and, similarly, the lagoons, mangrove swamps, forests, and islets now in existence musz:- L-e prWected. If the programs sketc"hed in the following pages are properly carried out, and if its development is properly constituted, the island would develop in a coordinated and adequare manner. 5 gR Wq"Q ?"' ! Wl 471, Wcz Aerial view of Dewey from the west, 6 11- -Analysis of Current Situation and Growth Prospect-, Physical Characteristics Topography and Climate 'Culebra's mean temperature is around 74.40 Fahrenheit. For the whole area, the mean rainfall is 39 inches a year. Periods of heavy rain occur during the months from August to November. Culebra's topography is so varied in elevation that, while presenting no drarnafic con- trasts, it creates the impression that the island is much larger than it really is. Its hills are rounded, and its valleys and its interior spaces are in perfect scale with the mountains surrounding them. There are only two areas distinct in themselves which we can classify 'ley known as La Pe16, as plains. The first, in the center of the island, is the central val from which the sea cannot be seen; at the northwest of the valley is NO. Resacc, Cule'O,Q's highest point (650 feet) and to the northeast, Cerro Balc6n, which rises to an impressive height. The Island's other plain area is where the airport is located, and some of the area south of the airport in the vicinity of Clark. The rest of Culebra is an adventure of mountains and never-ending spaces, changing color with the rain, and changing atmosphere according to the uses to which man puts it. C'ulebra's topography is one of the most important elemenits for 7 its development, and, therefore, it must be conserved, avoiding excessive road construction, which , in the case of Culebra, would dangerously shorten the distance which creates the impression of a sizeable island. A road connecting Dewey with Playc Larga, allowing fast driving, would make the trip very monotonous, since the traveler would make the trip in a minimum period of time, thus diminishing both scale and interest. On Culebra., roads permit- ting fast driving would be merely scars difficult to obliterate, which would lead to over-rapid development. F lora Years ago, Culebra was nothing but forest, rich in fauna and in the variety of its flora. There grew around 80 species of trees, with, *cmong them, varieties which have been found on!y on Culebra. Today, there remains only about 20 percent of this forest cover; the rest has been giving way to agriculture and other uses . The land use plan for the island must provide for conservation of the flora, and reforest- ation of other areas, to help create an appropriate balance. On this will directly depend the island's economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to mention the areas of mangrove, which play such an important role in conservation of the coast and in their function as a natural environment for the reproduction of marine life, which, upon completion of the cycle, is one of the steps that make fishing possible,and, as a consequence, the development of that industry. Without the mangroves and the coral surrounding Culebra, part of the population would lose their livelihood, and it is quite certai that other elements connected with eco- nomic development would disappear. The master plan proposes that these areas be conserved and protected from the hand of man, for his own benefit and for the welfare of future generatons. SOIL COMPOSITION Percent of Total Area Fraternidad series 2.2 Ameelia Cascajo, 6 clay, loan 8.8 Catano series 2.1 Playa Costera series 0.9 Descalabrado series, clay, loam4 51.9 Volcanic rock5 series 30.4 Jacona series 3.7 100.0 Fauna In contrast with Puerto Rico, where there is danger of total extinction of birds and other animals, on Culebra there are still to be found species as the mangrove chicken, tropicals, doves, and the endangered Bahama pintail which utilizes Laguna Flamenco. Each year, the 4, 5, 6/ Footnotes are on page 118 migratory sea birds known as boobies, or sooty terms, visit Punta de Molino, and Lobito, Yerba Raton, and Los Gemelos cays. It is impossible to describe in such a general report as this the experience of discovering these birds during the time of their visit to Culebra. Their numbers are incalculable, and many observers have estimatetd that when they take to the air again, there are as many as 50, 000 or 100, 000. When laying their eggs, these birds do so at a ratio of one per square foot of land; in an area of 12and 15 cueras(1 cuerda equals 0.97 acre), there are to be found many more than 50,000 eggs. As mentioned above, this area is part of a region declared a National Bird Sanctuary by President Theodore Roosevelt at the beginning of the century. The master plan proposes the proposes the preservaton of this entire area and it vicinity of approximately 158 cuerdas (153 acres), if and when it is declared excess by the navy, as part of the Culebro National Wildlife Refuge. Adjacent Islands In addition to the small cays which are part of the Culebra system there are also three main islands which must be included in the land use plan: Cayo Luis Pena, Cayo Norte, and Isla Culebrita. Cayo Luis Pefia and Cayo Norte are currently used for grazing, however, the natural characteristics of Cayo Luis Pefia which includes anexecellent forest, natural gardens, and unique wildlife should be protected in the future. In contrast, the shores of Cayo Norte Footnotes are an page 118 10 ........... Culebrita Island from Culebra. 11@ I ;I h 1.1 A @ , , P, I, I ti I 1, 1ttill I jjj,@R r y 41 A N P. R.e... A "I E;@@ c 0 -1 -,j.. ,- r-t@ eta, PU T.--d. G-de P,4 T-Indo D.Al N.U C@ - Pu N"t. d. e. M.S., 4r z E Q U Ir, M.Pew by G-* "'.1 S.-I SCkE .1 WiM O.t-, W-.1 A -1- lend themselves to recreational uses such as water sports. For the moment, the conditions and location of these two islands point to environmental preservation and recreation as the most appropriate uses. However, Culebrita has other characteristics which we cannot overlook. Besides having one of the most execeptional beaches in the Caribbean, it has a light house house built in 1874, both of which elements make the island appropriate for a recreational area. Culebrita is separated from Culebra by the Cayo Norte passage. and the trip by water to the island could be considered as part of the recreational activities There is one cay deserving special attention due to its location and the urgency of its being appropriately used. We refer to Cayo Pirato, located in Ensenada Honda, a short distance from the Dewey and Clark coast. On two occasions, this cay has been threatend by the invasion of squatters seeking plots for the construction of clandestine houses. A maine museum could be located here, a kind of municipal park with foot paths. This museum could become a great attraction, since there exists on Culebra a valuablr collection of seashells which, in the absence of an appropriate place to house them, could, in the future, be sold, or otherwise disappear. Pirate Coy lends itself particularly to the construction on its shores of a natural acquarium, in which its species could be observed and studied. This project deserves attention becase it would be relatively inexpensive, and because of the interest it would arouse among Culebra's population and visitors from Puerto Rico and elsewhere. Seashore and Settled Areas Culebra's beaches -onstitute one of its chief attractions. Its coasts are a saflor's d ream, and a challenge to his skills, and provide the most fabulous place for a seaman to drop anchor. Culebra's coastline creates a series of bays and anchorages which would be difficult to equal in other parts of the Caribbean. Its Ensenada Honda. was the favorite hideout of pirates and navigators who needed protection from hurricanes and attacks on their vessels. Ensenada Honda is similar in form and size to Bahra de Gu6n1ca in Puerto Rico, but W;th an additional advantage -- it is deeper, and it is relativefy uncontaminated.. Only when we study this body of water from the town of Dewey do we get an idea of its great area, and from that spot it.cppears as a great inland take, since its connection with the open sea passes unnoticed. This Ensenada Honda is so meaningful for Culebra's development that it deserves a special chapter. History tells us that all the people of the world settle near bodies of water, rivers, lakes, and coasts. Through the ages this seems to have been an inviolable rule, and even in the interior of Puerto Rico, the populated places are on or near the banks of streams. Culebra cannot be an exception. Consequently, if we follow natural development, we see that on Culebra all urban concentrations that may arise must be in direct relation to its Ensenada Honda. 14, There, Culebra's colonization began with the town of San Ildefonso. Fr that location, so am outstanding for defense and use of the seacoast, colonization proceeded to the area known as Cayo or Poblado Roosevelt, on the east of Ensenada Honda, and more towards the moulh of the bay.. Another group moved to the Laguna Lobina sector, on the scddle linking the pen'insula of Fullaclosa to the main island. With time, this second town, which is now called Dewey, became the site of the mun"icipality, and consequently achieved more rapid Ord per- manent development. In 1932, Laguna Lobina was dredged, opening it to, the open sea and connecti-rig Ensenada Honda with Pasaie de Vieques in a very intelligent way. However, it is now again shallow. The future natural seaport of Culebra could be created here. It is as large as the public square in Ponce, and may have an incalculable potential for the economic development of the population. It is impossible to give a numerical interpretation of what an impact Laiguna Lobina can mean for Culebra if we do not keep in mind a global picture of its potential. We can only look backwards, and seek for answers among the people of the Mediterranean coast. Venice, and others are merely examples of What the proper development of Lobina can mean for the tourist industry and a commercial waterfront which will make tomorrow's dream of hope come true for the population, which has been forgotten for. a hundred year-, but which is still full of hope and confidence in their love for their land. 15 Laguna Lobina from the bridge. 16 @ niq le g e ... ....... +S L- A DIE: C-U L@ E; B q.- OU'rS-rAND!NG NArL;RAL PEArURES OF CUI-MBRA, If we were to regard this as a small matter, if we continue to look at Culevra's shores, we realize that the island is truly rich in natural resources of its coastline. There are, among others, Ensenada de Fulladosa, Dakity, Malena, Bahia Tamarindo, Puerto del Mangler, Bahia Mosquito, the line from Corales de Punta Soldadao to Ensenada Honda, Punt Melones, Punta Tamarindo, Punta Malinos, Bahia Flamenco, Play Resoco, Playa Brava, Plye Largo, Bahta Sardinas, the cays of Pelo and Pelaita, Los Mangles in the area of Punta Cobra, and San Ildefonso, and others covered in the development plan. Its coast being Culebra's principal resource, it is natural for any development and socio- economic projection to be oriented toward use of that coast. This would be the wisest course for Culebra, and qite certainly, it would make the most effective copy for its tourist promation. Beaches The excellence of the beach on Culebrit has already beenn desibed. Flamenco, on the northern coast, is the best beach on the ain island of Culebra. The beach is broad; its sand is fine and white. Its water is clear, and its depth in the bathing are does not exceed four feet for a considerable distance out to sea. This beach has the beach has the peculiarity of providing two different types of use. Those who enjoy waves and movement will find it 18 4f'! - Playa Flamenco from Punta Flamenco. 19 12@N, JA Vt 7, Playa Larga fmm the west. 20 near the shore, and those who enjoy a calm and safe sea can find it a little further out. Except for that on Culebrita, this beach has no equal in the whole island of Puerto Rico. East of Flamenco is Playa Resaca, followed by Playa Brava, both magnificent virgin beaches, where we do not recommend establishing bathing facilities, because the sea bathing is not adequate, and is actually dangerous on account of the waves. Then comes Playa Larga, which is suitable for a bathing resort. 'Back of it are coconut Palms, and among them a small lagoon. The next beach has special characteristics, since this is the submarine beach of the Pel6 and Pela'Ito cays, which is frequently visited by people in boats. The bottom of the Playa Sardinas has deteriorated because of the accumulation of refuse from Dewey and from power boats at anchor. One possibi I ity is that the beach of Punta Tampico in Sardinas could be reconditioned by bringing in clean sand, and by means of the natural movement of the marine currents in the area. There are other beaches and stretches of waterfront considered in the proposed used plan, but these do not have the same justification for development as, for example, Playa Flamenco. Marine Resources The waters around Culebra and its smaller islands abound with fish of many types and varieties.- In the waters to the north sailfish, blue marlin, and* dolphins are plentiful . Some even approach the channel between Culebra and Cayo Noite. The highly prized bone fish is to be found on many of the reefs and ot@er shallow areas adjacent to Puerto del Manglar and Culebr i to. These fish constitue an enormous and untapped resource to support a fishin sport t industry. In addition,- lobsters are plentiful in many of the waters surrounding Culebra and even now comprise a substantial commercial fishery. Socid--@Ec_onbmic Characteristics Pdpuldtion According to the 1970 Census of Population, the Municipality of Culebra had 866 inhabitants. More recent estimates show a population of 977 inhabitants in February, 1975. This figure does not include students who come back for the weekends and spend their vacations with their families. Likewise, there is a substantial number of people who visit Culebra on weekends as tourists and those families who maintain vacation homes there. These groups are a floating population not considered in the permanent populat.ion projections, however, their inclusion in projections for future service needs and public facilities is basic. 22 Culebra's historical growth pattern is best described as having been eratic Its largest population was experienced in 1910 at 1,315 inhabitants. Culebra maintained its lowest population as recorded in the 1960 Census of Population all- 573, inhabitants. In the Jollowing decade, Culebra experienced a substantial increment in population to 866 residents in 1970. Fluctuation in'Culebra's past population were caused by the-pendulum effects of its economy. Families who abandoned the land years before seeking better opportunities' are returning to Culebra as employment opportunities materialize. Given this premise, Culebra's future population growth is dependent on the realization of projected employment, and therefore, the implementation of this plan. The plan provides for opportunities to satisfy the social and economic aspirations of Culebra's residents. At the same time, it fosters a pattern of normal growth for future increase in population to the year 1990. 23 -7k 14:@- 5.7 Jk -Ar x, Z4 C4 -W, Aerial view at Clark from the west. 24 POPULATION AND RATE OF INCREASE 1899 TO 1970 Year Population Rate of Increase 1890 704 1910 1,315 87 1920 839 -36 1930 847 1 1940 860 2 1950 887 3 1960 573 -35 1970 866 51 Source: Population censuses 25 PRESENT AND FUTURE POPULATION AND RATE OF INCREASE Ac tua I F o r e c a s t 1975 1980 1990 Population 1,057 1,144 if 221 Rate of Increase --- 8.2% 7.5% 6.75% Economic Activity Agriculture- Since agriculture constitutes one of the current most important resources on Culebra, in terms of employment and income, -it was considered necessary to undertake an investigation so as to learn the real situation in this area. 'Of the information obtained, the following points have special relevance for the problem that concerns us, that is, determining possibilities of improving the agricultural sector of the Island of Culebra. NUMBER AND AREA OF FARMS CULEBRA 1971 Size of Forms Number Area of Farms (-.n cuerdas) of Farms Percent (in cuerdas) Percent Tota 1 29 100 31485 100 15 to 49 8 28 215 6.2 50 to 99 8 28 553 5.9 100 to 174 6 20 788 22.6 175 to 259 4 14 820 23.5 260 or more 3 10 1,109 31.8 Source: Report by Department of Agriculture Land Use The area under cultivation in the 29 farms studied on Culebra covers a total of 3,480.81 cuerdas, of which 3,058 are pasture. Of this area, 54 percent was improved, ond the rest was natural pasture.. The reclamation of the latter would benefit thosz farm. s 27 crid &,e economy of the municipality, as the area could be devoted to beef cattle, which constitutes the land's principal business. In 1971, on Culebra 1.7 cuerdas of improved and natural pasture are being used per year per animal. The"San Juan Agricultural Region, which includes the municipality of Culebra, had among its goal projections the reduction from 2.33 cuerdas of pasturage per adult anima@f to 1.61 cuerdas for the year 1971. This means that Culebra was already on the point of achieving the goal set up for its region. It is obvious that 1here remains need to improve pasturage in order to achieve maximum use crid, at the same time, maintain more animals per cuerda. Land tenure is shown *in the following table LAND TENURE Type of Tenure Number Percent Number of Cuerdas Percent Owners 18 72.0 2,764 79.3 Owners and Tenant's 2 8.0 206 5.9 Managers 1 4.0 40 1.2 Tenants 4 16.0 475 13. 6- Tota 1 25 100.0 31485 100.0 From the 1971 Master Plan tudy. Characteristics of Farmers In 1971 an analysis showed that a large number of farmer, 72 percent, owned their farms, and operated 79.3 percent of the agricultural area. Any agricultural program bene fitting Culebra's farmers will possibly meet no opposition, since the land is still cintrolled by its owners. Of a total of 22 operators of farms who gave their age, only was under 45 years old. Unfortunately, 40 percent of those interviewed failed to state ho far they had gone in school, but from those who gave this information, it was learned that only 12 percent finished high school. Of the operators, 76 percent did not live on the farms they ork. This lack of inti- mate contact with the land they work is a drawback for those operatons that require the farmer's constant attention. The Labor Situation Of the farmers interviewed, 16 percemt said they had poblems in hiring laborers. The rest seemed to have no labor problems, as they work their holdings with the labor provided by their own families. 29 Remarks by Farmers Here.are the needs mentioned by the farmers during the inquiry: I- Purebred heifers. 2- Breeding bulls. 3-' Improvement of pasture land. 4- Construction of ponds and wells. 5- Facilities for weighing cattle. 6- Facilities for marketing cattle. 7- Slaughterhouse. 8- Incentives for construction of fences. 9- Need for electrical facilities. Recommendations The form owners of Culebra must be the ones who have to adjust the most to the peculiar conditions of the area Agricultural improvement efforts must revolve oround the main business now in existence -- beef cattle raising as a commercial enterprise. A program of agricultural development (beef cattle raising) has to include vigorous measures for soi I conservation and water co-n-sorvation, and, consequently, an intensive program of improve- ment of the natural pasture land now in existence. 30 The various government agencies which deal with this municipality as part of their working- programs must be aware of the problems of the area, and treat them as a special case, on account of climate, topography, position, etc. They must coordinate *and plan their services as a single technical working group, with joint approaches toward the solution of the problems of the people of Culebra. We know that the cattle business per se does not produce great profits, bul it is the best use that can be made of the lands, which can not be devoted to the production of staple foods of large local demand, especially since there is not enough cattle in Puerto Rico to supply the demand for meat.- Hog raising on the land could be succ.essful if ther'e were assurances of a regular supply of concentrated feed. The raising of goats is recommended in those areas where there are guarantees that 'd not be affected by disease or parasites. they coul Also recommended is small-scale poultry farming to supply local demand for poultry and fresh eggs. There is urgent need to establish a slaughterhouse on the Island of C61ebra. "This could have the minimum facilities demanded for approval by the Federal Department of Agriculture. In conversations with local agricultural officials of the Department of Agriculture, it emerged that the project would have their endorsement, as well as that of the Federal Department of Agriculture. At present, the municipality has $201 000 for the construction of this slaughterhouse. It is recommended that an approach be made through the Department of Public Works, and that the Department of Agriculture undertake the study, in order to determine what facilities will be necessary, -and locating them in accordance 'with the proposed development plan. Another possibility is irrigation of crops to help reduce the complete reliance of the people of Culebra Island on imports of fresh vegetables and other foods. Although fresh water supply is scarce on the island, the use of the purified effluent from the new disposal plants for. irrigation is worth investigation. It seem obvious that it would be wise to avoid wcsting this water and its nutrients by dumping it into the sea when it could be much better used for crop production purposes. It was noted that the fcrmers make little use of long-term credit facilities. I@ is recommended, therefore, that credit agencies, especially the Agricultural Credit Corporation, gram establish an advisory pro '. for the proper use of credit by these farmers, since the lurnish ng of credit for the cattle business is of fundamental importance. 32 Commercial Fishing Statistical data published by the Department of Agriculture show that the most important catch is lobster, which produced around $23,000 in 1969, while the other varieties of fish . and mollusks brought scarcely $4,500. The report of the Environmental Quality Board estimates a total production of 48/ 000 pounds of lo bster for 1970, showing a 50 percent reduction over the last 10 years. -1 here are different points of view as to the cause of this lossl but lo,,%,er production parallels the lower number of people engaged in fishing. It was found that only four persons engage in fishing as a regular occupation, and IS more do so periodically; th'ere are only 14 fishing boats registered. The four full-time fishermen are also buyers of fish. The most important problems mentioned are the following: I- Destruc'i;on of equipment and death of fish due to practice explosions by the U.-S. Navy. 2- The scarcity of ice, making it difficult to keep the catch fresh. 3- The destruction of some coral banks, which are the ones producing the hcbitat necessary for the species of lobsters and mollusks which constitute* the most important part of the catch. 33 4- Low prices on Culebra, which discourage people from entering the occupation, and favoring instead the seeking of government jobs. 5- Access by the boats to the facilities constructed by the Department of Agriculture south of Laguna Lobina; but this seems on the way to solution. Recommendations Commercial fishing in Culebra's w*aters seems to offer certain possibilities which would make greater efforts worthwhile. A stimulus to commerc ia I fishing would be of great benefit to that sector of workers with li,ttle education. A study should be made of the possibility of offering special incentives to industries which might be established for the purpose of handling products related to fishing. Fishing is a means of providing a permanent, adequate income, just as it provides food for a better diet. Farm, ing the Sea Commercially speaking, sea fanning is 'the artificial production of lobster, shrimp musseis, etc. Culebra's environment is favorable to sea forming, since its beaches are uncontami noted, an indispensable requirement for this type of pro ie--t. 34 Although sea farming requires little space and little labor, it offers other advan- tages in regard to increasing the product of the agricultural sector; it increases and improves the quality of the island's food supply, and would help greatly to reduce import of such products. The Economic Development Administration has carried out studies for the purpose of advising future investors interested in these projects. Furthermore, the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico included this type of project in 'the Tax Exemption- Law. as additional incentive.for their establishment. For the purpose of lobster conservation, lobster being an important resource foi- Culebra, the Municipal Governmeni- has suggested the need for a subsidy which would allow compensation to fishermen turning over live* egg-bearing females. It is recommended that some action in this sense be taken, since the need is obvious for a measure to effectively protect this species. it is also suggested that a study be made of the possibility of extending this subsidy to such other species that may be losing ground or are threatening to disappear. Sport Fishing The sport fishing resources in the waters around Culebra and its adjoining islands have a great potential for development.' T he sailfish and marlin just a few miles north N 0 L OBSERVATION p1t. R_ POINT' @AIRPORT a cap R@ c EMETER Y@ rLp, _RVATION CAYO C,-A P;,Or S, WASTE LMS e DISPOSAL PO!NT PENA TELE T?O@W. D-V C-21 poato MOO P.di INDUSTRY Pk. T-pk ca..J. ell 36 low 41 Ensenada Honda from Calle Romero or northeast of the Island from the basis for highly-prized fishing experiences on which sportsmen are willing to spend substantial sums. The same goes for bone fishing, which is available but not utilized to any great degree in the reefs and other shalllows along the southeastern shore of Culebra and Culebrita. The development of a sport fishing industry has the potential of bringing great econo- mic returns to the people of Culebra through providing goods and services to the sports fishermen. These sportsmen need lodging amd food and are willing to pay top prices for them. They need places for shelter and servicing of boats--marinas. They need boats and fishing guides and again are willing to pay top prices for them. they need fishing of all kinds from rods to lures to lines to loading nets. They need places and relax and enjoy themselves between fishing trips such theatres and other places of entertainment. With all of Culebra's natural advantages for sport fishing , including good fishing grounds and good harbors, the sport fishing industry could bring hundreds of thousands of dollars into local economy. Furthermore, sport fishing industry on a scale such as desribed in the preceeding paragraphs, that the Tourism Development Company promote sport fishing in the waters surrounding Culebta throough a massive advertisment campaign directed at stateside and local fishing enthusuasts. waters surrounding Culebra through a local fishing enthusiasts, 38 Manufacturing The only manufacturing plant on Culebra is the Travenol Laboratories, which is occupying a building constructed by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Government and formerly occupied by a firm called Manor Research South. The Culebra Travenol plant manufactures disposable hypodermic syringes, tubes for blood analysis, and other similar artic les . The parent firm of this Company is located in Illinois and it has plants in other parts of the United States as wel I as in Puerto Rico. Raw materials are shipped to the plant by truck trailer utilizing the ferry from Fajardo. After it is unloccled in the plant, the some trailer is loaded with products form the plant and shipped out. As of February 1975, the plant employed 140 people of which 93 were women. It is expected that the plant will employ still more people as it expands to its maxim.un capacity of 155 employees. 39 The inadequacy of the economic infrastructure (lack of water resources, scarcity of skilled labor, etc.) has obstruc-led the island's industrial development from the very beginning. But the scarcity or' water and electricity belong to the past. The conrection of a 38 kilo-volt cable from Fajardo to be completed in 1975 and a clesalination plant installed by the Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority has solved these two fundamental problems. So far as the scarcity of skilled labor is concerned, the various projects detailed under the heoding "Cultural and Educational Activities" will insure in the near future adequate training of the labor force. It must be kept in mind that development of any community must be planned in terms of the particular nature of the area (types.of land, labor capacity, etc.), in order to betLier adapt the type of development to the available resources, both human and natural. !n the case of Culebra, the t-ype of employment and land use to be encouraged must be oriented towards a combination of the tourist industry, which appears to be the mainstay, and a certain type of light manufacturing which is non-polluting, and which can be related to, or at least be made compatible with tourism. Analysis indicate that certain types of light industry could be ideally adopted to Culebra's environment, in terms of both natural resources and human resources. These are boat building and handicraft articles, including paintings, souvenirs, etc. The boat building industry represents an important source of male employment, generating a considerable proportion of local ages (59 percent of the value of production). In Puerto Rico, demand for the product has shown a sustained growth of 27 percent per year for the last decade. At the present time, there are on Culebra two groups interested in engaging in the production of fiberglass production of fiberglass boats for fishing boats and for pleasure craft. The Council of Churches is alsostimulating the creation of a handicraft cooperative for the production of costume jewelry, using the debris from the se which is found on the beach (coral, fish scales, shells). In making these handmade articles, Culebra's jasper could also be used. This industry could be the backbone of rapid economic development along sure and traditional lines, which would guarantee a more stable income and population. Industrial development in harmony with the development of tourism will generate sufficient economic, activity to guarantee an improvement in the standard of living of the peoples of Culebra. 41 This does not mean that there will not continue to exist such industries as cheese making and others which, by their very nature, could be located in areas zoned cominerciaf, along with the manufacture of handmade souvenirs, workshops for ceramic jewlry, etc. The boat building yards would also be located away from the areas designated for industry. Business The business sector is assuming greater importance in Culebra s economy. In the decade 1950-60, there was a marked drop in employment in business, leaving around 66 persons unemployed. However, the business census of 1960 reported that for that year there were on Culebra 18 es@ablishments with 26 jobs. In 1970, according to the report, "An Island in Transition--Culebra 1970", there were 34 business establishments on Culebra, The Plan assigns 40 additional jobs related to business to 1990. Expected growth in this sector is based on the assumption that the dredging of Laguna Lobina to create a commercial- marina will stimulate business enterprises in the direction of tourist related services. Government On Culebra, there are I I government offices, employing approximately 52 people. The offices currently offering their services to the public are:8 Footnotes are on page 118 42 D epartment of Consumer Affairs Department of Justice Aqueduct and Sewers Authority Department of Health Department of Education Communications Authority t Department o' Social Services Parks and Public Recreation Administration Department of Public Works Treasury Department Port Authority In addition Lo these state offices, there are a Postmaster and about 45 persons regularly employed by the municipality. The United States Navy in the past has emplo yed 42 local residents for maintenance and security work on its lands and facilities. The departure of the Navy from Culebra on July 1, 1975 wi I I foster a situation of temporary unemployment for these people. The proposed employment projections for Culebra assumes that these employees. will be absorbed into the local labor market. 43 Tourism and Others Economic activities with the best outlook for the future' are to be found in tourism. The hope for an increase in employment and investment is based on a substantial increase in government and tourism activity, resulting in a greater number of construction projects, and in improvements and expansion of transportation and public services. An analysis of the island's particular characteristics shows that tourism development of the first rank could be promoted on Culebra, in harmony. with its environment. Culebra's residents have sold that they do not want. the island to become another St. Thomas or Condado. They are not interested in casinos or big hotels. At all costs, they wish to maint-cm thellir environment, and prefer an intimate and personal type of tourism. They are interested in being part of the industry, and in promoting internal as well as international relations. To this end, they hold the best trumps, which are the island's natural areas and its population. Its peop!e are friendly, obliging, and hospitable. The island has magnificent beaches, a monumental stone mountain, wooded areas, pure air, and water frontage which cannot be improved upon for marinas or for pleasure and fishing boats. To accommodate tourists'. the Plan recommends the development of a modest hotel with a capacity of 40 to 60 rooms within the Town of Dewey. At present Dewey has two 44 hotels, which might be classified as "comme rc ia I -tourist", according to the definitions of the Tourism Development Company; the "Seafarers Inn", which has 15 rooms, and the "Puerto Rico Hotel", with 27 rooms. Once the Laguna Lobinc project is developed, it may be possible to build, within its marine-commercial and tourist frontage the type of modest hotel accommodations proposed in this plan. An alternative sitefOr the development of the modest hotel is located on the northeast side of Culebra. Visitors would have easy-access to Playa L6rga, and to Culebrita. The site would be located in an area where strictly controlled development would not destroy the natural surroundings and would offer hotel guests a combination of recreational activities that would be appealing. A second type of tourist installation already present on Culebra are the quest houses, or pensiones. There are approximately 4 guesthouses. It is recommended that this number remain constantin order to insure the viability of the total system of quest facilities. This does not preclude the possibility of future expansion of this type of facility if demand surpasses supply. Employment in hotels and guest houses is projected at approximately 50 people by 1990. The third type of tourist installation to be developed on Culebra is the construction of vacation houses. .Although these houses belong to absentee owners, who are classified as belonging to the floating or tourist population, they serve a.special type of tourist. Their owners use them for short days, and they would be available to rent for the rest- of the year. The jobs generated here are fewer, and of a temporary nature, but they do represent jobs for one person per 10 units on a part time basis. Fivesectors have been marked off for this purpose. But tourist installations are not limited to facilities for lodging in hotels, "pensiones", and vacation houses. We also hav'e the tourist who travels for a short stay of a single -day, or perhaps on ly a f ew hours. Th is type of tourist, al though not requ i ring a room, wi 11 surely go to a restaurant or buy articles in the shops, and in this way wil I help the tourist industry and help create direct or indirect jobs. Tourism, which means so much for Culebra, has a solid foundation on the islandf since the principal ingredient in the trilogy of elements basic to its esta6lishment has already put down and founded a tradition here. For many years, people have been traveling to Culebra as tourist, in the true sense of the word, and have gradualiy become faithful clients and devoted boosters., The immediate need is for the second basic element, which involves the appropriate physical instal lotions. The third element -- the environment,. with. i ts.haturo I areas and its people has been present since the beginning of history. 46 A N 0 A T d. M@- v6 @F.L An Pta T-@@ r-d@ -p- s ID C@ Pu -,0 P. M.L.- PU T,,p:co PI.A@@A 17.k;Z blN ASZ- TI E Q E S sc@E I ro@ jw 47 J @'. @- R ;@m M, u Playa Resaca and Cayo Norte from Punta -Flamenco 48 "IFTS: Aff OWN 7q, -own Ensenada Honda and Cayo Pirata from the west 49 'The Government could develop a recreation complex on Cayo Pirata (a small ;slot in the middle of the bay of Ensenada Honda), wh ich would have a museum, an aquarium, an open air theater, a free area, and an area for recreation and rest. There are also plans to expand to 20 houses the vacation complex of 8 summer homes for rental purposes existing on Punta Aloe, and various proposals for hotels are under study by the Tourisr@i Development Company. Unemployment An informal poll taken in connection with this study shows an estimate of une-inployment 9 of around 23 percent of the labor force. This statement must be clarified since the rate of 10 participation of the population of the 14 to 65 age group was estimated at 62 percent, significantly higher than the rate of Puerto Rico. Analysis of the population looking for jobs also yielded the following data regarding education: 40 percent had completed high school 26 percent. had completed 9th grade The others, that is, 34 percent, had left school somewhere In between. 91 10 Footnotes are on page 118 50 EMPLOYMENT BY ECONOMIC SECTOR PAST, PRESENT AND PROjIECTED Sectors 1970 1975 1980 1990 Tota 1 296 364 419 525 Agriculture 53 41 52 56 Manufacturing 5 143 158 158 Government 109 100 143 166 Tourism and others 129 80 66 145 I I/ Footnotes are on page 118 51 Cultural and Educational Activities Present Situation The most recent data available concerning the population's educational level are those of the 1970 Census of Population. They indicate that, for 1970, out of a population of 433 males and females 25 years and over only 75 hod completed their high school education. Culebra has four schools, which, among thern,' offer instruction from grades I through 9. High school classes were offered from 1967 to 1970, but were. suspended temporarily until 1974 when high school courses were offered at night to approximately 20 people. Total enrollment in 1970 was 183 students, with heavy concentration from grades I through 6. The total number of teachers is six which means that there is some combining of grade levels. There are only eight classrooms, four of which are in a poor condition, and will be repJaced by new classrooms to be built in the near future. Comparative analysis of the Census of Population figures and information available concerning enrollment by grades.show that there are no dropouts at the elementary and junior high levels. Never-the-less, from interviews and from research it appears that there are dropouts from junior high, an'd that this problem becomes more -acute in high school, because ol the lack of space, as well as staff, and also the necessary facilities. 52 The lack of a high school forces students or their families to move to where there are adequate educational facilities. Students could go to Vieques and Fajardo, but there are two drawbacks: depenclance on a transportation system which is slow, irregular and infrequent; and the cost of the trip. For some months, a religious group has been offering classes in vocational education in boat building, handicraft (costume jewelry or articles for personal use made from the debris of the sea); film--theater, and agriculture. Earlier, the Department of Education offered some courses, which were discontinued, due to administrative and financial problems. It is hoped, however, that the Department wi I I soon start a number of vocational course. Traditionally, the meager prospects for employment, lack of cultural motivation and the scarcity of recreational activities were determining causes for the constant emigration of the young and ambitious, who, paradoxically, constitute the most important potential for a people's economic and social development. Although the educational panorama was very poor in recent years because of the irregularity of high school courses, the absence of movies, theaters, libraries, museums, etc., projects now developing show that very soon such acti vities will be available. Films are being shown already in a temporary location, and a theater group is being J organiz .ed which is thinking of bringing to the stage works by Culebra's authors. There are already certain resources for the construction of the museum on Cayo Pirafa, and the municipality owns a movie projector, and is seeking to equip certain places as open-air theaters for concerts and performances by choral and artistic groups, both local and foreign. 1f,these projects materialize, Culebra is going to become a community rich in cultural activities. Future Needs-- Recommendations Regular Education According to the projections for schools to 1,980, a 46% increase is projected-with an enrollment at 268 students. For 1990, the projected 6nrollment declines to 166 students. Despite the decrease in projected enrollment after 1980, it is recommended that the number of classrooms be increased to 12 and the teaching staff likewise, be increased io the some number to make it possible to separate the students into individual grade levels, and to accommodate the need for high school classrooms in the short-run. The plan also e.nvisions that a separate junior high-high school complex be bui It when funds for this purpose become available. To these basic necessities must be'added 'the corre- 's, sponding number of ancillo facilities, such as; cafeterias, libraries, laboratories, play ground 9TY etc., to try '.-a provide and adequate education for Culebra's youth and its adult population. 54 Due to Culebra's isolation, we recommend an increase in the number of excursions h paid by the Department of Education, so that students at all levels may participate in t e educational and cultural facilities of the island of Puerto Rico, It might also beposible to apply for a special subsidy to attract lecturens, theatr,cal groups, and musical choral groups, documentary and educational films, slides, and art exhibits, in order to compensate in some degree for Culebra's geographical isolation and low level of economic development. Pending solution of the problem of lack of a high school, we suggest organizing a campaign to d;scourage dropouts after the 9th grade. It would be worthwhi le to promote a program to pay for transportation and/or lodging for students, whether at Vieques, Fajardo, or Humacao. Vocational and Technical Education The Master Pian proposes a program of economic development adequate for 'Culebra, resulting from the increase which would be achieved in all economic sectors. In order for the people of Culebra to take part and help in this development, it will be necessary to carry out a series of programs of vocational and technical education on the Island of Culebra. Although there is as yet no project to build a vocational school per se, since its small population does not justify such an outlay, it is necessary to provide regular vocational courses in the following specialties: I- Training for domestic service. 2- Business education. 3- Distribution and M.arketing. 4- Hotel School and training for restaurant staffs, etc . 5- Building and repair of fishing and pleasure craft. 12 12 6- Handicrafts and Ceramics, paper flowers, work in wood and shel Is, etc. 7- Commercial fishery development. 13 These courses can be offered at the high school or postgraduate study level, but the special situation of Culebra's population makes it desirable to aim to have the majority of courses offered to adults and young people who.have not been able to complete their aca- demic studies (junior high or high school.) Private and public efforts must be complementary, rather than competitive, An order, to offer the student a greater selection of.courses. 12,13/ Footnotes are on page 118 56 Under study is a coordinated handicrafts program utilizing the resources of the Institute of Culture (the possibility has been menti'oned of sending two teachers from Vieques); of the Department of Education (technical, administrative, and Financial counselling); and of Cooperative Development (provision of materials and sale of some of the articles in the metropr?l itan area). Another program which appears feasible in the near future is boat building and repair, also financed by federal, funds througi@ the Department of Education, with the technical assistance of the Department of Agriculture Since a similar program organized by a private group is already in operaflon, a preliminary study will have to be carried-out. The Department of Education has shown its interest'in promoting these courses with the help of federal resources, but it requires that they be part of an integrated development plan for the area, which is indispensable for the success of this program. The business courses could be complemented through a periodic series of lectures given by the Federal Small Business Administration. This agency also manages the Loan Program of the Office of Economic Opportunities and other types of financial aid, which could help both established businessmen and those who are about to enter We field'. Special System of Scholarships Even if a high school is built, it will not be possible to offer students the variety of courses offered by other municipalities of larger populaton. It is necessary to establish a supplementary system which will offer the student advantages similar to those of any other town in Puerto Rico. Also, such a system must be programmed in accordance with Culebra's future needs. At the high school level, whether through the use of Federal or State Funds, the extra expenses of travel and room and board must be reimbursed to the family of the student whose vacation and optitudes require courses unavailable on Culebra. At the university level, we suggest a special system of scholarships to pay the expenses of study and the student's personal needs. The program of scholarships in various specialized fields must be established in proportion to the number of professional people which Culebra will need within ,4 or 10 years, as the case may be, Ideally, the scholarships would involve a contract calling for the graduate to return to the island with an automatic assignment to a professional position. In this way, the specialized needs in human resources of a community such as the projection of Culebra for 1990 will ne provided by its own inhabitants. 58 This system would eliminate the difficulty of bringing professionals to small and isolated communities. On the other hand, a native of the place has social ties and experiences which would motivate him to come back to the island to offer this services, once.his specialized training has been completed. It would also permit the gradual incorporation of professionals into various occu- pational and economic fields on the island., thus facilitating greater expansion of cultural progress at al I economic. and social levels, creating a better integrated community, and one with pride in its achievements. It would also maintain and strengthen community spirit, which is one of the determinating factors of the environment in which one lives, and which is the more relevant in a small community. 59 POPULATION BY AGE GROUP, ENROLLMENT, AND NECESSARY CLASSROOMS BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, 1970, 1980, AND 1990 1970 1980 1990 Population, ages 6-12 141 127 .93 Projected enrollment, elementary 127 93 Current enrollment (1970) 141 Classrooms necessary 6 6 Population, ages 13-15 38 72 38 Projected enrollment, junior high school 64 34 Current enrollment (1970) 34 Classrooms necessary - 3 3 Population, ages 15-18 40 69 35 Projected enrollment, high school 48 24 Current enrollment (1970) 8 Classrooms necessary 3 3 Source: Past figures, Department of Public Instruction and 1970 Census. Prclections, Planning Board, Bureau of Master Plans. Infrastructure and Services Health Both medicai services 14 and health services could be improved for a community of 980 inhabitants, but the difficulty of going to other medical centers outside of Culebra makes it necessary to provide locally for a whole series of services which, on the island of Puerto Rico, would be available in a larger community. Apparently, health problems on the island are limited to: 1)poor dental health, which could be due to the lack of regular dental attention, because of the lack of a dentiston the island, or to the fact that flouride is not added to the drinking water, and that it is poor in essential minerals; 2) mental health problems, whose courses ought to be investigated; 3) a high incidence of hereditary diseases, which often occurs in small isolated communities because of the frequency of marriage between close relatives. An expansion of medical services is expected, since a new health center is scheduled for completion in 1975 with space for 4 to 12 beds, plus the additional facilities required. including a pharmacy and an odontological unit, which fill a vital need for Culebra. Local authorities regard as desirable the creation of tow "lunch centers", which would help provide better physical development for preschool children. 14, 15 Footnotes are on page 118 61 Housing Generally speaking, houses on Culebra are similar to those of Puerto Rico. In 100, 38% of the homes were of wood constructiorif the remainder were concrete, or wood and concrete structures. Thirty-five percent of the total housing stock were considered to be inadequate. Deterioration was more common in the wooden structures. Sixty-seven percent of the latter were in poor condition, compared to 11% of those in concrete. The housing problem is compounded by the absence, of adequate sewer service. At present, wastes are discharged into Ensenada Honda or the sea. Outhouses are still common. Lack of continuous water service increases the problem. In recent years, there has been a great increase in illegal squatters, especially vacation or weekend houses for persons who are non-residents. Many of the houses occupy federal lands and beaches, specifically, along the shores of Ensenada Honda. Recommendations a) Stimulate the proposal by CRUV (Corporacl6n de Renovaci6n Urbana y Vivienda; Urban Renewal and Housing Corporation) for the construction of homes south of Laguna Lobina. 62 7 77 Dewey (partial view) and Ensenada Honda 63 b) Provide sewer and water service to all structures within the urban centers of Dewey and Clark. c) Squatters who have established Tesidencies, on public land should be removed before '1983 with the provision that altemctive.liousing nearby be made available at public expense for those squatters viho have no other home.** CONDITION OF HOUSES AND OTHER STRUCTURES Total Condition Number dood Unsatisfactory Housescompleted 205 127 78 Shops 23 22 1 Buildings under construction 17 17 - Institutions 27 22 5 Tota 1 272 188 84 Source: Report by the Environmental Quality Board, "An Island in Transition, Culebra 1970". Subsequent to the preparation of this document the Puerto Rico Commonwealth Legislature approved Law Number 66, establishing the Culebra Conservation and Development Authority, which affects -the solution of this problem. See Appendix 6. CONDITION OF HOUSES BY TYPE OF BUILDING Type of Building Tota I Good Unsctisfcctory Concrete 120 109 11 Houses completed 103 92 11 Buildings under construction 17 17 Mixed 18 7 11 Houses 18 7 11 Wood 84 28 56 Houses 84 28 56 Source: Report by the Environmental Quality Board, "An Island in Transition, Culebra 1970". Recreational Facilities The people of Culebra do not have a public bathing beach, and the existing recreational facilities must be expanded ardimproved. This plan suggests the following steps: a)' Expand the recreation facilities next to.the athletic field, with.three courts and a spectator-area. 65 b) Build three plazas or urban parks over the next 15 yeas, one in the northern section of Clark, and two in Dewey, c) Build two children's playgrounds, one next to Dewey's elementary school. d) Make a public bathing beach with facilities on Playa Flamenco. e) Construction of a marina on Laguna Lobina. f) Construction of two camping grounds, one on Culebrita, and one on P.layo Flamenco. g) Construction of a recreational complex on Cayo Pirata, to include a museum, open air theater, aquarium, etc.,. in a spectator's recreation area. 66 Government Buildings Public buildings now in existence are: a) Town Hall b) Telegraph Office c) Telephone Office d) Post Office e) Police Station f) Firehouse g) Electric Plant h) Schools i) Health Center j) AirTerminal The Departments of Health, Education, and Transportation have plans to establis"n, their respective projects on the island. Considering the most pressing needs, the proposals of the plan are: a) Construction of a Government Center. The Center would house the offices of all state agencies having to deal with the development of Culebra.. 67 b) A new firehouse, to avoid leaving Dewey and Clark without services of a fire brigade if, for any reason, the bridge at the entrance to Loguna Lobina should be blocked. c) The construction of four temporary classrooms and the future establishment of a a junior high - high school complex. Water Present System Culebra's water supply system consists of four cisterns or catchment areas in concrete, four deep wells, and a desalination plant. This system is interconnected by pipes whose capacity ranges between two and four inches in diameter Until recently, Culebra was dependent on a water supply from one cistern located on a hill near the town of Dewey and water production from four wells, their capacity at 25,000 to 30, 000 gallons a day, and three distribution tanks with a capacity of 350, 000 gallons. The wells are located one kilometer north of the San Lldefonso sector. This area contains more than half a square kilometer of alluvial deposit formationm which makes it ideal as a water- bearing system for subterranean production. A new desalination plant located at San Lldefonso produces 30,000 gallons of water daily, which has increased Culebra's water production capability to 60,000 gallons a day. FUTURE WATER REQUIREMENTS Estimated population Per capita consumption (gpd) Average daily demand (mgd) Maximum daily demand (mgd) Maximum hourly demand (mgd) Proposed Improvements As indicated in the foregoing table, average daily demands for the year 1975 is approximately 64, 000 gallons,. which must be compared with the system's current production, which is 60, 000 a gallons a day. This confirms the inadequacy of Culebra's present water supply system. For 1980, it will be necessary to expand the system by an additional 15,000 gallons per day, to allow supplying an average daily demand of approximately 75,000 gallons. This figure is based on the need to provide an increase in service for the various sectors including a floating population, industrial demand, and domstic use. 69 For the year 1990, the Plan calls for a further expansion of approximately 26,000 gallons per day as necessary to meet a daily demand of 101,000 gallons for a projected population of 1,221 inhabitants and to supply, concomitantly, increases in demand from the sectors previously mentioned. Explicit is the need for an additional water supply in order to achieve the economic aspirations proposed in this plan. Therefore, it is recommended that the Aqueducts and Sewers Authority initiate c series of feasibility studies to determine the viability of several alternatives for increasing the water supply on Culebra. These would include the formation of a resevoir-lake north of San Ildeforiso, or as another altemative, extending to Culebra the proposed submarine water pipeline to Vieques. A third alternative wou Id be to construct' another desalination plcnt. Electricity' In the post, the municipal government was responsible for electric service on Culebra. Unti 1 1971, Culebra depended exclusively on two generators of 250 kilowatts each, which, although serving the whole island, were unable to provide permanent and relicble service. This constituted an obstacle to economic development both in, tou rism and industry. A 600 kilowatt p!ant was linstalled with a capacity considered sufficient to meet Culebra's current needs. 70 The recent installation of a 38 kilo-volt submarine cable on Culebra by the P.R. Water Resources Authority is considered to be more than sufficient to meet new demands for electricity through the period of this plan. Sewer System At present, the island of Culebra does not have an cdequate sewer system and this is the only municipality in Puerto Rico without this service. The absence of a sewer system has deteriorated the quality of the water in Laguna Lobina, Playa Sardinas and Ensenada Honda. Only the existence of a limited population has prevented greater damage to the environment. Within'the last few years an observed increased in population has shown the need for a sewer system to serve both urban areas, Dewey and Clark. Dewey Recommended for construction is a sewer system including a secondary trea tment plant with a capacity of 50,000 gallons a day, a pumping station with an ocean outfall. This project is of prime necessity in order to raise the quality of like for Culebra's inhabitants, but also., for the development of the area as Culebra's principal tourist attraction. Clark Construction of a sewer system is proposed for this community which would discharge into Dewey's system. 71 Solid Waste Quoted below is a report by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board prepared for use in connection with this plan. t -At the presen' ime, a total of 3,000 pounds of garbage a day is generated, it is expected that by 1990 this.figure will be two times larger. "The Municipality of Culebra has no master plan for the collection and final disposal of garbage. At present, "garbage is collected by means of a dump truck. Streets are kept clean by a street sweeper. Collection is carried out daily by a team consisting of a driver and three workmen, making up a total of five employees collecting solid wastes in the urban area" . "The Municipal dump is located in swamp fland very close to the mangrove crea. It is two miles from the urban zone, in'the Barrio Deliclas, Romana sector. This dump has-been in operation 17 years, and occupies an area of about two (2) cuerdas. The method used is dumping and burning in the open air of all solid wastes generated by the community and the Navy. At present, this dump endangers the health of the inhabitants, and also is a source of environmental pollution" The muni6ipality's present garbage collection staff is sufficient. 72 Recommendations a) The present dump must be relocated. Recommended is a minimum of 3 cuerdos of land to develop the sanitary fill system (1 cuerda per 10,000 inhabitants per year). This area would be sufficient to cover the needs to the year 1990. b) Purchase of the necessary equipment, that is: 1) One D-4 or D-6 bulldozer to bury garbage daily; 2) a 16 or 10 cubic yard compactor truck, which would improve collection service in the urban zones. c) Establish ordinances regulating operating hours for the dump. d) Recruit the necessary personnel to operate the dump: 1) One bulldozer operator; 2) One watchman. Transportation and Communications Transportation of Passengers, The principal means for transporting passengers is the air service, Culebra has regular air service only with San Juan, although there are at present flights to 73 Humacao and Vieques, provided there are passengers. There is also, generally, a weekly flight to St. Thomas, Altogether, there are eight flights to San Juan, in addition to the I ine that holds the contract for the mai I. Apparently, the air service is satisfactory, cid flexible enough to adapt to the demands. On the other hcnd, sea transportation is very limited, inconvenient, and has little flexibility, probably for inherent.reasons. There is a doi.ly soiling Monday th.-aigh Friday, which links Fajardo with CiAebra by way of Vieques, which lasts three hours, and, on weekends, a direct trip from Fajardo to Culebra of a two-hour duration. Due to the excessive delay in transportation by sea, and the limited timetablej demand does not begin to cover carrying capacity on these trips. Recommended in the plan is a feasibility study for boat service to Fajardo, leaving Culebra early in the morning and coming back the same- evening, thus filling the requirements of a sector which is now inadequate, and making it easier for the people of Culebra to visit' the island of Puerto Rico at low cost for business, visits to the doctor, special classes or shopping. 74 Transportation of Cargo, At the present time, Culebra imports most oF its needs for personal consumption and industrial use by the weekly ferry from Fajardo to Culebra. Due to insufficient warehouse facilities , the considerable increase in per capita consumption (which .is a universal phenomenon in our society), and the increase of Culebra's population in recent years, this weekly saiiing is insufficient, and it is recommended that there be two sailings per week. Facilities Two projects of extreme importance for Culebra's development are recommended: a) Dredging Laguna Lobina, which is basic -,car: 1) Fishermen to benefit from the facilities constructed by the Department of Agriculture; 2) Facilitating the creation of a commercial and tourist center on one Pf its shores. 75 Cargo Pier - Front of Dewey in Bahta Sardinasz V6 b) Im rovement of the air terminal and final lenghthening of the runway to a -p total of 3,200 feet. This project includes facilitie's for local and commercial -0 airlines, and communications facilities IF r domestic and foreign lines. Plans also include facilities for parking aircraft and automobiles. Telephone Communications The Communications Authority serves the community of Culebra. There are & present 109 telephones and 76 cpplicafions pending. The system is presently under expansion and more lines will be ready for February 1975. This will allow for the system to provide service to the pending applications. 77 111- Land Use Proposed Urban Development Proposed urban development must concentrate on two'points: tile town of Dewey and the "Parcelas Clark", which can absorb improvements without altering their character. With very little government investment, Dewey could become a major tourist attraction. Laguna Lobina which forms the town's southern shoreline, is the strategic point for development, with its natura I harbor. Any other development would not be in harmony with Dewey. An internal marinq, with its breakwater and commercial and hotel frontage, on what is now the rear facade of the houses surrounding the lagoon, is what the town needs to acquire vigor and insure its economic future. The proposed land use for Dewey is oriented in the direction of moderate density in the small nucleus by modifying existing structures. To parcel out the land around'Dewey, permiting its expansion to the point of linking up with Clark, would destroy the-character of the town, which is precisely what must be preserved The town of Clark ought to beirected in the some way, increasing its density but not its area. In this way, there would be two population nuclei, with what would be a good scaie for Culebra, a good length of walking distance, and other physical elements necessary to any community. 71 AMP.,-* Aerial view of San Ildefonso from the South. Original site of the town of Culebra. 79 Culebra's expansion must be limited to these two towns, and if necessary, to its original settlement of San Ildefonso, southeast of the cemetery on the pen"Insula north of Bahra Grande. Since, on Culebra, everything is linked with the sea, its development must tcke the form of seashore towns. With reference to the residential expansion proposed south of Laguna Lobina in the town of Dewey, non-residential land uses such as those cppropriate for a possible government center in the event that one may be required, are to be permitted when no other location is available within the urban central core. Public Roads Because of its very nature, the island has a limited capacii-y with regards to public roads for motor vehicles. Recommended is the.establishment of a simple transportation system operated by the municipality. The island has approximately 14 kilometers of highways and paved streets, and about 23 kilometers of unpaved roads. The plan recommends that the condition of the highways now in existence be improved, and that the system be extended to some 18 kilometers of paving. The rest, about 19 kilometers, of existing and proposed roods should be kept in their natural state, leaving unchanged its island character, with its natural areas predominating. 80 STREET AND ROAD PROPOSAL (IN KILOMETERS) U R B A N Approximate Dewey Clark Son Ildeforiso Rural Total Cost 1- Existing paved roads to be improved A- Streets 1.90 1.60 0 B- Roads 3.20 6@70 2- Paved roads to be built A- Streets 0.70 0.90 0.30 B- Roads 3.50 5.40 3- Existing roads to be paved A- Streets 1.30 0.24 0.40 13- Roads 4.70 6.64 81 U R 8 A N Approximate Dewey Clark San Ildeforiso Rura I Total Cost 4- Existing roads to be maintained 3.20 1.84 0.40 26.10 31.54 5- Roads to be built 0.70, 0.90 0.30 3.50 5.40 Total kilometers 3.90 2.74 0.70 29.60 36.94 Total cost $4621340 $267,216 $166,600 $161,680 $1,057,836 Note: The numbers used to compute the estimated cost for improvements and construc tion were provided by the Estimate and Budget Office of the Puerto Rico Highway Authority. (1971 f igures) Excavation 7.00 per running meter Stone foundation 1.80 per running meter Concrete paving 10.00 per running meter Concrete sidewalk's 6.00 per running meter Concrete curbs and drains 15.00 per running meter Cutting and fi I I for new roads 6,000.00 per kilometer 02 Density The two residential centers of Dewey and Clark have a combined total area of approximately 39.5 cuerdas with 12.5 cuerdas in Dewey and 27 cuerdas in Clark. The average density is 6 families per cuerda (15 per cuerdo in Dewey and 3 per cuerda in Clark). To accommodate the projected increase in island population through the plan period, the town of Dewey will maintain its present density of 15 famillas per cuerdal Ffied to 6 famflFes per cuerda. ff the -ncrements i p pulatfon however, Clark wi I I be denst n a surpass projected growth for the plan period, it is recommended that Dewey be densified as needed to a maximum of 25 families per cuerda and to maintain the density of Clark at 6 families per cuerda. Son I Ideforiso could be developed as a third center of population once these two centers reoch their proposed maximum densities. Because Dewey and Clark have been developed to some extent, infrastructure costs 01' future development would be lowered, with minimum further impact on the environment, and the moderate density recommended is in keeping with the characteristics of the present residential areas. Except for waste treatment facilities, the backbone of the infrastructure necessary to support't,he population is already present, although it must ba expanded. 83 To this nucleus must be added a floating population consisting of residents visiting the island for short stays. This second residential classification pertains to the residential centers for tourists divided into about 5 sectors across the entire island. Its density would be approximately I unit per cuerda, but constructed in groups or clusters, leaving free the greatest amount of space possible. This is a special concept of development in which there would be no subdividing of lots, but there \,@ould be construction of units in concentrations within the propeilies themselves, allowing just use of the entire property by all its inhabitants. The uses of land proposed by the Culebra Master Plan will redound to benefit not only the inhabitants, but the land itself, and will not after the han-nony of its natural resources. Policy of Keeping Direct Access to the Sea Open to the Public Life in Culebra is directed essentially towards the sea. Because of its intImacy with the water, it is necessary to establish rules for controlling access to the water. Culebra's coast must be kept public, without any exception, even within the urban section included in Dewey. This implies that the use of fences or the construction of walls *in any of the properties adjacent to its shores in any manner will not be permitted. In this way, buliding on the shore is avoided, and ;ree access to its beaches is quaranleed. 84 The provisions of the moster plan are specific in this respect, and emphasize 'hot the whole coast of Culebra is public land. 85 @75 @Zc, 1, Dewey from the east. 86 LAND OWNERSHIP A] I of the land and surrounding waters on Culebra Island and the adjoining smoller islands were owned by the Government of Spain until 1881. Initial land grants were maje in that year on a provisional basis even though no surveys had been made. There was no charge for the land butthe applicants for grants were required to furnish proof of cultivation for a period of six months before title wa's transferred. In 1887, the first surveys were carried out. Subsequenily lots were designated by a numbering system that essentially still is in use. The original intent was to lay out tracts in 25, 50, and 100 acres plus smaller- lots or parcels for miscellaneous causes. This system could not be followed completely because of occupancy which existed prior to surveys. Among other things, this resulted in a number of tracts of various odd sizes. In 1888, the requirement for furnishing pro T of o' cultivation was raised to four years. Following the Spanish-American War, all lands in Puerto Rico, including those located on Culebra and the adjacent island@,owned by the Spanish Crown were ceded to the United States. This was one of the provisions of the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1888. From that date to the present, all of the lands formerly held by the Spanish Crown have been owned by the United States Federal Government. In the Treaty of Paris all existing private 87 titles were honored so that only lands which had not been granted passed to the United States. After the Treaty of Paris was concluded, the United States Congress granted management rights to the Government of Puerto Rico. Subsequently however, in 1901 and 1903, public lands on the Island of Culebra and the adlacent cays were ceded to the jurisdiction of the United States for use by the United States Navy. Subsequently, the Department of the Navy acquired additioncl lands so that its total holdings came to 2,743 acres. The boundaries of the tracts ceded to the United States from Spain were not marked on the ground. Over the years a great many adverse uses have developpd by the construction of buildings and other improvements on these Federal lands, as mentioned subsequently. Among other areas, the Federal lands obtained from Spain in the Treaty of Paris included a relatively narrow strip around the entire border of the Island just above high tide mark. None of these shoreline strips were included in grants to private parties. On the following page is a map of Culebra Island traced from a blueprint having the following notation: Plaro de la Isla de Culebra y su Divisi6n en Lotes Puerto Rico a 8 de octubre de 1887" k T G) E) ... ........ . G CULEBRA A 0 ........ . ... . ..... 0. 0. LUIS PENA 0- ENSENA DA HONDA IT, ILLMB 9 ASC rW THIS NAP NECE3311ATED THE FOLIOWING @ 11-1- -' :: ---S ..S 1111-0- S -w.-l TER M. AR.L.I.IMS SCALCD Ul.NQ V-631' Al 10-LF. 'UK- VMR. Nn 321 o-to ?@ 5. WHICH DRANING INDI"TED IT'S BASE WASA PR141 Of AN 04161-L SURVEY MADE BY RANON GAKI& -.t. 89 The map was prepared for the Spanish Government in 1887, It clearly shows that the shoreline strips were not included in grcnts of lands to private parties. -Area Sizes The areas of Culebra and the surrounding islands are: Culebra (main island) -6/ 747 acres Cayo Luis Peria 315 Cayo Norte 303 Culebrita Island and Cayo, Ladrones 266 Cayo del Aqua 9 Miscellaneous small keys 60 Total 7,700 acres Ownership The ownership is as follows: U.S. Government (Navy.) 21F 743 acres Private 41? 957 Total 7,700 acres 90 On the main Island of Culebra, the ownership is as follows: Percent U. S. Government 2,093 acres 31 Private 4,654 69 Total 6,747 acres 100 The Culebra National Wildlife Refuge (650 acres) includes all of the islands in the Culebra group, except the main Island of Culebra and the'privctely-owned Cayo Norte. The Refuge was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in an Executive Order of February 27, 1909, subject to use for Naval and I ighthouse purposes. National Wildlife Refuges are administered by the Bureau of S'ort Fisheries and Wildlife of the Department p of the Interior. A large number of private recreational -type cottages and cabins have been con- structed along the shoreline of "Ensenada Honda. Some are on piers., some are on, filled areas where the mangrove border has been destroyedi and others extend into shallow water. There are located on Navy lands. Their removal is proposed in the plan for no later than 1983, 91 M-7 A 0 C'. E A N 0 NO fl...-O 4.00 Vq Lao VS,M Pf&T-@d. ROW 60 he" Log- CAYO LU;S PE&A 4. T"616 0 . , fS "0". Private F.M. Idd X, f Navy PLOPS 6. CO"Cle Recently Excessed by Navy Culebra NWR-Fomerly Ui;ed by Navy Recently ExcOssed 4o,,, "Pit. Culebra NWR- Used by Navy Culebra NWR-Disputed or Unclear 92 PROPOSED LAND USE The plan proposed here for the use of the lands and waters of Culebra is based on the firsil-priority requirement that the lovely and fragile natural resources of Culebra and its surrounding islands be protected. Subject to this requirement, it is proposed thla, a modest level of development, based chiefly on the outdoor recreation potential of the island groups, be carried out so as to provide for limited. increased human use. of t@e Island's resources for the benefit of the local economy. 16 The proposed land use is based on the implementation of the following policies: itats or I- That publicly owned areas of outstanding importance as wildlife habi ecological associations shall be set aside as wildlife or biological preserves. 2- That, of the publicly owned areas remaining after designation of wildlife refuge, those which are best suited for recreation, shal I be designated as public recreation areas for the enjoyment of Culebrans and visitors. Any public recreational facilities shall be in keeping with the goal of preserving the quality of these resources. Great care shall be taken to preserve the recreational values of these areas and of the surrounding waters. 16/ Footnotes are on page 118 93 3- Thai- development in Culebra be accommodated at moderate densities within the limited areas of the two residential centers of Dewey and Clark with intensified urbanization of these two centers to accommodate any increase in island population. If and when the population increase necessitates further residential development, a third population center should be located at @an Ildefonso. Modest hotels (40-60 rooms) could be built in rural and urban areas and 5 vacation home sites could be developed in specific areas with stric't controls to protect the natural surroundings. Neither the quantity nor the quality of development shal I be allowed to impair the unique natural resources of Culebra. 4- That those areas which are not specifically set aside for wildlife refugel recreational use, or development, be designated as conservation areas, that is, an open spccefor agricultural and other low intensity uses consistent with the natural character of the land. The proposed land use plan for Culebra,. is depicted on maps which appear or page 96 Public Lands Generally speaking, it prov,des.that all of the lands declared excess by the Navy i n June 1972 on the main Island of Culebra and on Culebrita Island would be transferred to the for management. These *areas include a strip of beach area from Commonwealth of Puerto R'ico the central part of Playa Brava around the southeastern tip of the Island to the eastern side of 94 San Ildefonso in Ensenada Honda and from the western side cf San Ildefonso PenTnsulo around the remainder of the inside of Ensenada Honda, including the airstrip area. The southeastern long the southwestern shore of Culebra to the tip of the Fulladosa Penrnsula and the beach al border of the Navy area on the Flamenco Penrnsula are also included. The Secretary of the Interior would be authorized to issue to the Commonwealth Ing a requirement that the lands be utilized in Government deeds to these properties containi accordance with the Joint Report of the Governor of Puerto Rico and thel Secretary of the Interior. The properties would be returned to the ownership of the United States if they were ever used in violation of the Jbint Report. Uses proposed for these areas are as follows: Culebrilla, which is mainly valuable for recreational and historical purposes would be developed by the Commonwealth for those purposes. Swimming, snorkeling Ond sport fishing, hiking, sightseeing, interpretation, camping, and picnicking would be- the uses provi ec f -1 he beach on the north side of Culebrita is one a,' the f inest in the World. The water is crystal clear and the sand is white. Waters along the southeast side of Culebrito contain, lovely coral reefs where bone fishing is good. 95 7, NZ, 14, Aerial view of the beach on the north side of Culebrita. 96 The Commonwealth Government would provide on Culebrita wcter storage, butane toilets.. foot trails, sun shelters landing docks, buoys, interpretive displays, and camp grounds. The principal historic value of Culebrita is the 100 year old lighthouse on the top of the hill on the Island. it is a point of historical interest and a place for visiting and picture taking. Culebrita is now part of the Culebra National Wildlife Rel'uge. it was a parl, of the area designated for wildlife, subject to use for naval and lighthouse purposes by the President in 1909. As noted, Culebrita (except for 3.7 acres near the old lighthouse' is part of the area designated by the Navy as excess to its needs. However, under current Interior Department policy, Culebrita should not be retained in the National Wildlife Refuge System because its principal values are recreational and historical rather than foil wild life conservation. The area north of Clark on Ensenada Honda shown on the map is the location of the Culebra birstrip. It is proposed that this tract be made available for management by Puerto Rico Ports Authority, for airport development purposes. Among other things, it would be a good plan for the Commonwealth Government -- with the support of the Federal Aviation Administration to construct a modem terminal 97 P PS, QA E I Faro - Culebrito Island. W building to ropiace soveral small inoxponsivo woodon structures which now constiftuto thu, terminal facilities for the several airlines which serve Culebra. Mangroves The mangrove areas to the east of San Ildefonso on Ensenada Honda should be preserved by the Commonwealth Government in their natural state. These are perhaps a ified by develop- the finestmangrove are's in the Culebra vicinity and should not be modt ment of any kind. "Puerto del Manglar", 'at the southeastern end of the main Island, is one of i ts; most beautiful areas and also one of its most fragile. It has bioluminescent waters, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, and sand banks adecuate for bathing purposes -- all surrounded by a heavy growth of mangroves. The uses of "Puerto del Mcnglar" should be planned so as to allow for people to enjoy its fine natural values without. damaging or destroying them. Shoreline It is proposed to transfer to the Commonwealth Government the narrow strip of Federal land and water around the Island.above high tide. It is proposed that this land. be maintained in the ownership of the Commonwealth in perpefuity so as to assure free and easy public access to att the beaches of the Island. 99 Federal Properties The Navy transferred its operations from Culebra on July 1, 1975. Thereafter Navy lands declared excess fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of interior. At a future date, the Secretary of the Interior, upon agreement with the Governor of Puerto Rico, wi H designate those remaining federal lands at Culebra and its adjacent keys to be conveyed to the Commonwealth with a schedule and details of such conveyances. These areas are included on a property map on page 91. They indude Flamenco Pentrisula, Ae high area around Punta Flamenco (the location of the observatic@n base); the Navy's lower base at San Ildefonso in Ensenada Honda; Cayo Luis PeRa off the west end of Culebra; and the smaller islands to the northwest of Luis Peha and Flamenco Pentrisula. Upon transfer of excessed lands to the Commonwealth, the northwest third of Flamenco Penr.nsulal, which includes Punta Molinos, would be added to the Culebra National Wildlife Refuge. As mentioned previously, this is an area of enormous concentration of sea birds of many typesand should be added to the Refuge. The remainder of Namenco Pentinsula would be transferred to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for limited public recreation use. All of the remaining keys which from the Culebra system, except for Culebrita and Cayo Norte, should be maintained in their natural state, and therefore, designated for preservation as wildlife or biological preserves, The large trcct of land southeast of Punta Flamenco and the Observation base including; the area of Mt. Resaca and El Vigia along with Playa Resaca and part of Playa Bravo, it proposed to be added to the Culebra Natonal wildlife Refuge and run by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the Department of Interior, except for the beach areas which would be transferred to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for recreational use. Undeveloped Areas The Mt. Resoca and El Vigia areas arecharacterized by excellent forests, natural orchid gardens, unusual geological formations, and substantial wildlife use. Simce this area contains the highest points on the island, the scenic vistas fom them are fantatically beautiful. The resources of the Mt. Resaca an El Vigia areas are extremely fragile. Over- development and over-use would be a serious mistake, even a tragedy. Itis proposed that only foot trails be provided for peopleto move around within the area. No road would be constructed inside it. There could be sheltered rest areas, interpretive facil- ities, and observation sites. Elimination of grazing would be reqired to fill the planned use for this area, 101 5"Ity INRI , wo@ Monte Resaca. 102 South-east of Pen@insula Flamenco lies Laguna Flamenco, a lovely combination of vegetation and water just behind Playa Flamenco. This area is already owned by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It will be preserved in its natural state to maintain a habitat for the endangered Bahama pintail duck. Marinas A marina should be developed on Laguna Lobina. The marina should be adeq'Late to supply fuel and offer minor services for boats and their engines. Also, grocei ies of the type needed for camping and picnic trips, beer and soft drinks, as well as fishing tackle and other @gear would be sold along the commercial waterfrontage of Laguna Lobina. Hotels' It is also proposed that a modest, 40 to 60 room hotel be constructed with the Town of Dewey, or at another potential location near- Playa Largo on the eastern end a," the Island. The location near Playa Largo would afford quick access to the beach and also to Puerto del Manglar and its excellent recreation resources. 103 WNO!*'@ Laguna Flamenco - 104 Giant Stones on Punta Flamenco 105 Dewey and Clark would be developed as the need.arises with more hotels and shops to serve an expanding economy. Laguna Lobinc, the smal I body of weter adjoining Dewey on the southeast, would be dredged to a depth of six feet to allow for pleasure craft to enter the marina from the ocean to the west and also from Ensenada Honda to the east. Among other things, this would provide for needed water circulation in the upper end of Ensenada Honda. Other than the uses and plans described earlier, no other development of any kind would be permitted on public or private lands on the Culebra island and surround'ing islets. When this plan is approved by the Planning Board and the Governor or' Puerto Rico it has -ce of law with- respect to uses of privitely-owned lands as written in Law 75 of the fo. a June 24, 1975., The Land Use Plan will serve for the revision and approval of: 1) proposed land use, 2) land acquisition for public use, 30) pians for the location, design, construction and improvements to roads and streets, 4) plans for the development of public and private urban areas, 5) plans for the construction of structures close to the right of way and intersections of principal public ways and recommendations on progrcms of permanent improvements and 6) public projects -of any nature and other matters of public interest. 106 It has been noted that it is proposed that the strip around the shoreline, now owned- by the Federal Government --except for the lands under Nov, jurisdiction would be conveyed to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico by the Secretary of the Interior with a proviso in the deeds of conveyance that the lands would have to be used in accordance with the Joint Report or else the ownership would revert to the United States. Such a proviso would be activated by any adverse use whether or not approved by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Should title revert to the United Statesf the Federal Government could prevent use of the strip along the beach area until the adverse use was eliminated, 107 7-7- Aerial view of Culebrita. 108 % -Sag"6 w -ww'- qm TK ','g Sea birds (boobies) over Punta, Molinos. 109 RECOMMENDATIONS Agriculture a- Take steps for soil conservation. b- Moisture conservation, improving existing natural pastures. c- Continue raising hogs. d- Goat raising. e- Establishment of poultry farming. f- Establishment of a slaughterhouse. g- Establish a counselling program on use of credit by farmers. Fishing a- Stimulate sport and commercial fishing b- Study the possibility of an incentive program for industries connected with fishing. c- Offer a subsidy to fishermen turning in live egg-bearing lobsters. Sea Farming a- Stimulate artificial commercial production of lobster, shrimp, mussels, and oysters--throug counselling and tax exemption. Manufacturing a- Stimulate establishment of boat building and hand',,crafts. Business a-- Stimulate business in Dewey by dredging Laguna Lo.bina, and building paths, a m,arina, a pier, and a waterfront. Tourism a- Permit and encourage the building of a modest hotel with a capacity of 40 to 60 rooms in the Town of Dewey or on the northeast side of Culebra near Playa Lcrga. b- Permit the construction of vacation houses for termporary rental in 5 sectors. Cultural and Educational Aspects a- increase to 12 the number of classrooms and teachers to insure the necessary staff and separation of grade levels for grades I through 12. b- Build a juniorhigh - high school complex. y c- Stimulate excurs=s to the Island of Puerto Rico, to be paid for 6 the Department of-Education. d- Apply for special subsidies to attract lectures, theatrical groups, and choral musical groups, films documentaries, art exhibits, etc. e- Start a campaign to eliminate f- Establish regular vocation courses in: training in domestic service; business education; distribution and marketing; hotel school; boat building and repair; handicrafts and ceramics; commercial develop- ment of fishing, etc. g- Organize a series of lectures by the Federal Small Business Administration. h- Create a special system of scholarships to meet those specialized human resource requirements which will be called for an Culebra in the future. Health a- Due to the peculiar isolated position of the island, facilities to be built must supply Culebra's future needs. The necessary development must be adequate to meet the standard set by Puerto Rico. b- Creation of two "lunch centers" for preschool age children. 112 Telephone Communications a- Increase the number of lines to permit good communications with the Island of Puerto Rico Public Roads and Internal Transportation a- Extend the system of paved roads to a maximum total of 18 kilometers, and maintain the remaining 1.9 kilometers of existing and proposed roads wi-1hout paving. b- When necessary, establish a public transportation system, to be operated by the municipality. c- Add an additional weekly trip to the cargo transportation services from Fajardo by ferry. Direct Access to the Sea a- Prohibit construction of fences or walls on properties whose boundaries coincide with the waterline. 113 Urban Nuclei a- Permit the expansion of the town of Dewey to about 12.5 cuerdas and maintain its density at 15 families per cuerda. b- Maintain Clark's present area.. but increase its density up to 6 families per cuerda. Housing a- Stimulate the prompt implementation of the CRLJV project for the construction of houses as a public project south of Laguna Lobina. b- Provide sewer and water service to al I stiuctures within the urban centers of Dewey and Clark. c- Removal of squatter housing from public lands before 1983 with the provision that alternative housing be made available at public expense for those squatters who have no other home.** Recreational Facilities a- Complete the recreational facilities next to the athletic field with three playing courts and one spectator area (there is at present one baseball f-eld and a basketball court). Subsequent to We ie F. pqqa7ion of this document the Puerto Rico Commonwealth Legislature ap stablishing the Culebra Conservation and Development Author,@Y, ,Proved Law Number '06, e which affects the solution of"i-his problem. See Appendix 6. 114 b- Create three "plazas", or urban parks; one in the northern sect-on of "'lark, and two in Dewey, over the next 15 years. c- Build two children's playgrounds, one next to the Dewey elementary schooll and the other ct the elementary school which is planned to be built in Clark. d- Create one public bathing beach on Playa Flamenco. -e- Construct a marina on Laguna Lobina. f- Creation of two camping areas, one on Culebrita, and one on Playa Flamenco. g- Build a recreational complex on Cayo Pirata, to include @acxlities for a museum, open air theater, aqucrium, etc., in a spectator's area. 115 Government Buildings a- The construction of a Government Center. The Center wi If house those state offices dealing with the development of Culebra. -b- The new Firehouse, which will provide service to the towns of Dewey and Clark in case anything should happen to the bridge over the entrance to Laguna Lobina. Services and Public Facilities: Priorities I- Dredging Laguna Lobina and building a wharf and port area on its shores,, This is, perhaps, the most important project for Culebra, because from its accomplishment would spring all the other activities we have mentioned,, which are indispensable for development of the Island: the fishing village, the commercial waterfront, Culebra's plaza, shops, refreshment stands," hotels, industries, landing places, a lighthouse and tourist-ccimmercial activities. The dredging must be such as to allow the entrance of pleasure boats and freighters with supplies. 116 f 2- Promote the establishment of a pharmacy, a gas station, a dentist's a' ice, another ice plant, a bakery, and the Government Center. T he Center will provide space for the following agencie@: Public Works, Social Services, Agriculture, and such other's as may be deemed necessary. In addition to providing furhter permanent fobs in the government sector, these offices will help in the implementation or projects of primary necessity. 3- Improve transportation services with the outside world, and creote an internal system. in harmony with the Island. 4- Extend the runway, as indicated in the plan, and complete the air terminal facilities, with parking areas in accordance with the project of the Munici- pality, For now, this would suffice to solve the problems connected with the airport facilities. Within about five years, there will be in operation equIpment for air transport with fewer landing space requirements than at the present time. 5- Construction of a sewer system and treatment plant. 117 6- An aqueduct or reserve water system, 7- The theater. 8- A slaughterhouse, etc. 9- Construction of a drawbridge where today stands the bridge which links Dewey with the Ful!cdosa Pen'insula. T his br idge, which architecturcHy can serve as a benchmark for the'development of Laguna Lobina, con become a source of municipal revenue by charging for *te entrance and departure of boats and ycchts. 118 FOOTNOTES I- Executive Order No. 1042, February 27, 1909 - The White House. Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt. 2- The Natural History Society of Puerto Rico - Conservation Committee - Report on Culebra, September 25, 1970. 3- Environmental Quality Board - "An Island in Transition Culebra 1970" 4- These are shallow soils, mostly to be found on upper@slo'pes and 'on high and narrow ridges. From 75 to 85 percent of the area is in pasture, and the rest in brush and trees, due to the rocky and shallow soil, the unfavorable gradient, and the dry climalf-e. 5- This soil occurs on gradients of 60 percent or more. It covers about 2, 123 cuerdas. It is used only for woods. 6- This is deep soil, well-drained and acid soil of alluvial and colluvial origin, found on the lower slopes of lightly inclined or indented mountains. It has a hard surFace, which is brittle when dry. These soils are of moderate natural fertility, and are hard to work. Lack of water, cultivation difficulties, and poor germination mean that these soils can be used only for pasture. Under good management, they give a good yield. There is a 11-otal of 6112 acres of this type. 119 7- Number of eggs estimated during an inspection of site at the time when the birds were nesting in 1970. Samples were taken at various locations in the area and an average was then estimated. Puerto Rico Planning Board - Culebra Master Plan -Study Team. 8- This information was taken from the report of the Environmental Quality Board, "An Island in Transition - Culebra. 1970". 9- The size of the labor force was calculated by adding the number of persons presently employed to those seeking employment (the latter taken from a list furnished by the Mayor). 10- This figure was derived by applying the. age-group distribution from the 1970 census to the estimated popuiation, in accordance with studies made locally. I I- Including employment in the sectors of construction, transportation, communicati6ns,, banking, insurance, real estate, and other services. 12- A private group is already offering these courses. 13- The suggested course will be a special one, and its curriculum will have to be adjusted to CulebraIs specific needs. There will have to be negotiations with the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in order to obtain appropriate teaching services. .120 14- Culebra now has two beds for emergency cases, and one for general care. 15- Report by the Environmental Quality Board, "An Island in Transition-Culebra 1970". 16- The four land use policies are part of the Joint Report as signed by the Secretary of Interior and the Governor of Puerto Rico. October 291 1973. 121 APPENDIX I PROPOSED LAND USE MAPS 1990 122 dbi ji;I 8EWEY 1/5 1Z e/7 -Z -qA CLARK @@110 111DI 41" ATA A A ENSrN 'V'o 4 LOS LIMITES DZ COLINDA AREAS PUBLICAS DE CONS AREAS PUBLICAS DE PRE SON APROX;MADOS Y S J, DETERMNARSE EN FORMA POR LA AGE14CIA PUBLICA C -\", y DEWE 4-4 124 APPENDIX 2 ZONING MAPS fU p p p P p ------ RG 25-C p RO 25 RO 2 5-C NO 2! -C, x1 wl - p I , 1, - 7 Ix p- p p p Rol -C P P, R025 Ot RO 25-C. C. LMS PERA p IT p MAPA DE ZONIFICACION DE CLLEBRA 4i R:i @Jj 127 APPENDIX 3 1887 PROPERTY MAP 128 7c) 14,1- 0 G LK s- -,N-CV A L -j -;"I LUIS PERA f-V66VADA TLUIS @PERA 129 APPENDIX 4 1972 PROPERTY MAP 130 C.- .0.lE 77 14. C. LM nZA 131 APPENDIX 5 NAUTICAL CHART 132 7: oE/ L A ISLA DE CUIXBRA "D APP"OACU- t 133 APPENDIX 6 LAW. NUMBER 66 Subsequent to the preparation of this document the Puerto Rico Commonwealth Legislature approved Low Number 66, establishing the Culebra Conservation and Development Authority. (P. del S. 1380) Ley Num. 66 Aprobada en 22 de junio de 1975 Para establecer la politica publica sobre la conservacion, desarrollo y uso de los terrenos de Culebra, crear la Autoridad de Conservacion y Desarrollo de Culebro; adscrito al Departamento de Recursos Naturales; establecer sus poderes, deberes, derechos, obligaciones y para asignar fondos. EXPOSICION DE MOTIVOS El retiro de la Armada de los Estados Unidos de la isla Municipio de Culebra, pro- gramado para el 1ro. de julio de 1975, representa una magnifica oportunidad para el Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico para preservar sus bellezas y recursos naturales y pro- piciar un desarrollo integral arm6nico. La pequena Isla comenzo a poblarse a fines del Siglo XIX-1880-y ya para el ano de 1899 tenia una poblacion de 704 residentes dedicados a la pesca y la agricultura. El desarrollo normal de la comunidad se vio afectado por activdodes que la Armada de los Estados Unidos llevo a cado en el las aguas adyacentes de Culebra. La Isla de Culebra es de belleza excepcional y sus atractivos naturales la hacen unica en la region del Caribe. Su litoral, bordeado deaguas cristalinas ofrece dramatico contraste con sus bahias, peninsulas y cayos. Su costa es execepional por la profusion de arrecifes de coral. Existen, adem6s, bellas playas de arena blanca, asi como manglores y bosques. La Isla Municipio, de Culebra es una con caracteristicas unicas, tanto de naturaleza historicas, socio-economicas, asi como fisicas y naturales Culebra debe lograr un crecimiento normal y necessario, de conformidad con sus ambiente natural; remediar los quebrantamientos habidos a sus condiciones naturales, hacer unuso optimo y adecuado de sus tierras, aguas y otros recursos naturales; y lograr un desarrollo integral. Actualmente el municipio, la Junta de Planificacion, la Junta de Calidad Ambiental, el Departamento de Recursos Naturales y otras agencias del Gobiemo, vienen haciendo esfuerzos porque estos objetivos se logren y continuaran haciendolo. Es necesario, sin embargo que, data las caracteristics especiales de esta Isla Municipio, se creen instrumentos adicionales que, en coordinacion con el municpio, las agencias e instru- mentalidades del Gobierno, concentre esfuerzos y recursos de diverso indole en ayudar a que los objetivos ya mencionados se logren plenamente. Este es el proposito de esta "Ley de Conservacion y Desarrollo de Culebra", a saber: reconocer las caractertsticas unicas de estas Isla Municipio, establecer unas politicas publicas dentro de las cuales se enmarque la conservacion y el desarrollo de Culebro; y proveer un instrumento corporativo que constituya una herramiento adicional a las ya existentes para lograr los objetivos aqui descritos. Decretase por la Asamblea Legislativa de Puerto Rico: Articulo I.-Titulo Corto- Esta ley podro citarse con el nombre de "Ley de Conservacion y Desarrollo de Culebra". Articulo 2.-Politica Publica e Intencion Legislative Se declara que es politica publica del Estado Libre Asociado de Purto Rico preserver y conservar la integridad ecologica de Culebra, incluyendo sus cayos, islas y agua circundantes y asegurar que el continuo desarrollo de Culebra proteja y conserve, al maximo, su extroordinario ambiente natural, que es parte del patrimonte de Puerto Rico. A estos fines, es propio que exista un organismo dedicado a la conservacion y desarrollo intefral de Clebra mediante todos los medios adecuados, incluyendo, pero sin limitarse, al establecimiento de planes de adinistracion, reglas y reglamentos, la posesion y manejo de terrenos de domino publico, infraestructuras y estruc- turas adecuadas para el establecimiento y ejecucion de programas que propendan al mejor cono- cimiento, preservacion y sabio uso de los recursos naturales de Culebra. Articulo 3.-Definiciones- Los siguientes vocablos, dondequiers que aparezcan usados o aludidos en esta ley, tendran el significado que a continuacion se expresa, excepto donde el contexto claraente indique otra cosa: (a) "Agencia"-Cualquier departamento, negociado, comision, juntom oficina, depen- dencia, municipio, instrumentalidad, corporacion publico, subdivision politica o cualquier otro organismo gubemamental del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. (b) "Autoridad"-La Autoridad (c) "Culebra"-El area comprendida entre los 18' 15' y 18' 25' latitude norte y entre los 65' 12' y 65' 25' longitud oeste. Esta area incluye la Isla de Culebra y sus cayoss, isltes y aguas circundantes. (d) "Departamento"-El Departamento de Recursos Naturales del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, creado por la Ley num. 23, de 20 junio 1972, segun anmendada. (e) "Junta"-La Junto de Directores de la Autoridad de Conservacion y Desarrollo de Culebra. (f) "Persona" -Todo persona natural o juridico,incluyendo cualquier agencia, tal como se define en esta ley. (g) "Secretario"-El Secretario del Departamento de Recursos Naturales. (h) "Hagar Propio"-Estructura ocupada como residencia principal por una familia o por una persona que vive solo. S61o podro existir un (1) hagar propio para un determinada familia o persona que vive sola. (i) "Informe Conjunto"-Documento que establece la filosofia, los principios y las normas relativas a la transferencia y administracion de terrenos federal execedentes a las ne- cesidades de la Marina en la Isla de Culenra y los cayos adyacentes, sometido el 29 de octubre de 1973, por el Gobernador de Puerto Rico y el Secretario de lo interior de los Estados Unidos, al Comite de lo Interior y Asuntos Insulares del Senado de los Estados Enidos, en cumplimiento de una Resolucion de dicho Comite adoptada el 16 de junio de 1971. Articulo 4.-Autoridad-Creacion, Adsripcion; Junta de Directores, Director Ejecuti (a) Por la presente se crea un cuerpo corporativo y politico que constituia una corp- racion publica o instrumentalidad gubernamental can personalidad jurdica propia, la cual se conocera como la Autoridad de Conservacion y Desarrollo de Culebra. (b) La Autoridad estaro adscrita al Departmento de Recursos Naturales y tendra a su cargo la formulacion,adopcion y administracion de planes y pogramas para la conservacion uso y desarrollo de Culebra, conforme can la politica publica establcida en esta ley, las normas y reglamentos de la Junta de Calidad Ambiental y can el Plano Regulador y el mapa de zonificacion adoptado por la Junta de Planificacion de Puerto Rico para la isle de Culebra, incluyendo islas y cayos adyacentes, sequn pueda ser anmendado, a tener con lo establecido por la Ley num. 213, de 12 de mayo de 1942, sequn enmendada. 139 Los planes que formule, adopte y administre la Autoridad, tomar6n en consideraci6n los programas del Gobiemo Municipal de. Culebra. La Autoridad te.ndr6 su sede y of icina prin- cipal en el municipic, de Culebra, donde regulaffnente se celebrar6n tanto las reuniones de la Junta de Directores coma, las vistas p6blicas y administrativas que la Junta cofivoque. (c) La Autoridad ser6 regida par una Junta de Directores compuesto de cinco- (5) miembros a saber: dos (2) miembros ex-officio, siendo uno (1) de ellos el Secretario de Recursos Naturales, quien la presidir6, y el Alcalde de Culebra. Los tres (3) miembros restantes, ser6n personas nombra- das par el Gobernador, de reconocido interes en la conservaci6n y uso de los recursos naturales y el desarrollo integral de Puerto Rico., Una (1) de ellas ser6 nombrada a recomendaci6n del Secretario de lo Interior de los Estados Unidos; par el t6rmino de tres (3) affos y las otras dos (2) provendr6n del sector privodo y ocupar6n.el cargo par el t6rmino de dos (2) y un (1) amo, respec- tivamente, los.t6rminos subsiguientes de was miembros ser6n por tres (3) aflos. Los dos (2) bras del sector privado ser6n residenieslbona fide de Culebra durante el t6rmino de su miem incumbencia. Transcurrido el t6rmino de los nombramientos de los miembros de lo Junta,. que no sean ex-officio, los mismos continuar6n ejerciendo sus funciones hasto que sus sucesores sean nombrados y tomen posesi6n. En caso de renuncia, incapacidad a muerte de cualquiero de los miembros de la Junta, el Gobemador nombrar6 su sucesor par ei t6rmino que restore el anterior incumbente. (d) Los poderes de la Autoridad se ejercer6n y su poirtica p6blica se determinar6 par la Junta. (e) Los miembros ex-officio de la Junta no recibiran remuneracion por sus services. Los miembros que no sean ex-officio tendran derecho a cobraruna dieta de ciencuents (50.00) dolares por coda dia de reunion a que asistan. Por reglamento se dispondra lo relativo al pago de los gastos de viaje en que incurran los miembros de la Junta cuando realicen gestiones proplas de su cargo. (f) La Autoridad tendro un Director Ejecutivo nombrado por la Junta, cuyo sueldo sero quince mil (15,000) dolares anuales. (g) Se faculta a la Junta a delegar en el Director Ejecutive los poderes que ella estime necesarios para que este ejerza adecuadamente sus funciones. No seron delegables los funciones de establecer la politica publica de la Autoridad ni la facultad de enojenar inmuebles. El Director Ejecutivo desempefenara los deberes los dberes y tendro los esponsabilities que la Junta la asigne y ayudara a esta en la implementacion de la ley. Articulo 5.-Poderes y Deberes- (1) La Autoridad ejercera todo los derechos y poderes que sean necesaries o convenientes Para llevar a cabo la politica publica legislativo y los propositos de esta ley, incluyendo, pero sin limitarse, a los siguientes: (a) Tener duracion perpetua; (b) Adoptar, alterar y usar un sello del cual se tomarra conocimiento judicial; (c) Formular, aprobar, enmendar oderogr las reglas y los reglamentos que adopte para regir sus actividades y cumplir con lo reglas y los reglamentos que asimismo aprobara normas para su funcionamiento interno y para ejercer y desempenar los poderes y deberes que por esta ley se la imponen; (d) Llevar a cabo la politica del stado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, segun se formula en esta ley; (e) Ejercer pleno dominio o intervencion sobre todas u cada una de sus propiedades; (f) Determinar el car6cter y la necesidad de todos sus gatos y el modo como deberan incurrirse, autorizarse y pagarse; (g) Demandar y ser demandada, sujeto a las disosiciones de la ley num. 104 de 29 de junio de 1955, (h) Recibir donaciones de cualquier otra naturaleza de toda persona, segun so efine en esta ley, y del Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos, sus agncies, depar- tament o instrumentalidades; Recibir y aceptar asesoramiento y ayuda tecnica de personal especializado que trabaje con el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos como empleado regular, como consultor o por contrato; (j) Contratar, firmar, o autorizar el otorgamiento, en la forma que considere con- veniente, de todos los documentos necesarios para llevar a cabo la politica le gislativa y los propositos de esta ley; 142 (k) Negociar, firmar convenios y documentos con el Departamento de lo Interior y otras agencias del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos relativos a: (1)La transferencia de titulos de propiedad de terrenos o areas bajo la ju- risdiccion del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos o sus agencias e instrumentalidades en Culebra a favor del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico o de la Autoridad. (2)La administracion de los terrenos, propiedades o areas bajo la jurisdiccion del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y sus instrumentalidades en Culebra. (1) Conservar, custodiar, administrar, desarrollar y llevar a cabo estudios de toda clase de bienes corporales o incorporales, para el mejor conocimiento y disfrute por la ciudadanla del patrimanio natural de Culebra, de acuerdo con las funciones encomen- dadas bajo esta ley y realizar estudios al efecto, cuyos resultados podra divulgar a traves de distintos medios de comunicacion. (m) Asesorar a la Junta de Planificacion, a la Junta de Calidad Ambiental y al Departamento en la redaccion y aprobacion de los reglamentos que promulgue cualquiera de dichas agencias para tener aplicacion en Culebra. (n)Aprobar, enmendar y revocar sus reglamentos para llevar a cabo la politica publica y los propositos de esta ley. Estos reglamentos podran referirse entre otros asuntos a: (1) La proteccion de la fauna y flora; 143 (2) El uso o aprovechamiento de las aguas superficiales; la extraccion de aguas subterraneas y de materiales de la corteza terrestre; la custodia y proteccion de la zona maritimo-terrestre y de las aguas navegables; (3) El movimiento de tierras; (4) La proteccion de sitios o cosas de valor natural, cultural o ecologico; (5) La evitacion o terminacion de la ocupacion de terrenos publicos; Dichos reglamentos seran aprobados, adoptados, enmendados o revocados por la Autoridad, previo aviso y celebracion de vistas publicas y previa aprobacion del Gobemador. (o) Dictar ordenes de hacer y de no hacer y de cese y desistimiento para que se tomen las medidas preventivas o de control necesarias a juicio de la Autoridad, para lograr los propositos de esta ley. La persona contra la cual se expida tal orden, podra solicitar la celebracion de una vista administrativa, en la que expondra por escrito las razones que tenga para que la orden sea modificada o revocada y por lo que no deba ser puesta en vigor. Enlas vistas a que se refiere este inciso (o), se seguiran los siguientes procedimientos: (1) Las vistas se celbraran ante una Junta Examinadora formada por el Secretario o su representante, quien la presidira, el Alcalde de Culebra y su representante, cuando el Secretario lo considere necesario, un abogado y un tecnico en la materia a que se refiera la vista. 144 (2) La Autoridad senalara dia, hora y sitio donde so habran de celebrar las vistas y notificara a las parts contra las cuales se ha expedido la orden, con no menos de diez (10) dias de anticipacion a la fecha de la vista. Las partes podron comparecer por si o por abogado; (3)Cualquier persona que se creyere con derecho a intervenir en la vista, debero redicar una Mocion de Intervencion, no mas tarde de la fecha fijada para la vista y la Junta Examinadora que presidira la vista decidira, en la fecha de esto o posteriormente, si admite o no la intervencion solicitoda, la cual debera acompa- narse de un escrito con las alegac iones que tuviere que hacer en contra o a favor de la Orden objeto de la vist. Tanto lo Mocion de Intervencion como las alega- ciones, deberan ser notificadas por correo certificado, en la mismo fecha de su radicacion, a la parte contra la cual se hubiere dictado la Orden o a su abogado y se regiron en todas las demas materias por las Reglas de Procedimiento Civil que regulan el procedimiento de Intervencion; (4)Celebrada la vista, la Junta Examinadora rendira su informe escrito a la Autoridad, dentro de los treinta (30) dias siguentes a la fecha de su terminacion; (5)La Autoridad dictara Resolucion, con conclusiones de hecho y determina- ciones de derecho, y emitira su dictamen dentro de los cuarenta (40) dias siguientes a la fecha en que reciba el informe de la Junta Examinadora. 145 (6) La Resolucion o dictamen que dicte la Autoridad debera ser notificado por correo a todas las partes y contendra una certificacion acreditativa de tal notificacion y su fecha, la que debera ser firmada por el secretario que nombre la Autoridad, si alguno, o por el oficial a cargo de los documentos de la Autoridad; (7) Cualesquiera de las partes que hubiese intervenido en la vista, podra solicitar la reconsideracion de la Resolucion de la Autoridad dentro los quince (15) dias siguientes a la fecha del archivo en autos de copia de la notificacion de la Resolucion o dictamen. Dicha Solicitude de Reconsideracion debera ser notificada a las demas partes en la misma fecha en que se radique en la Secretarla de la Autoridad y, de no hacerse asi, debera ser desestimada; (8) La Autoridad podra declarar sin lugar la Reconsideracion sin vista previa o celebracion de vista. La radicacion de una Solicitud de Reconsideracion suspen- dera el termino para la Solicitud de Revision ante el Trivunal Superior, hasta tanto se emita y notifique la decision recaida, en la misma forma que se establece en el inciso (6) de esta seccion (0); 146 (9) La Autoridad debera emitir su decision sobre la Solicitude de Reconsideracion no mas tarde de diez (10) dias despues de haberse radicado y si no tomarse accion alguna pasaso ese termino, se entendera denegada; (10) Cualquiera de las partes podra acudir ante el Tribunal Superior de Puerto Rico Sala de Humacao en solicitud de revision de la Orden orginial o de la Orden emi- tida en Reconsideracion, dentro de los treinta (30) dias siguientes a la fecha del archivo en autos de copia de la notificacion de la misma y debera notificar con copia de su Solicitud de Revision a la Autoridad y a las demas partes que hubieren intervenido en el caso. Esta notificacion podra hacerse por correo, pero sera en la misma fecha en que se radique la Solicitud de Revision. En los casos en que la Autoridad no tomase accion sobre una Mocion de Reconsideracion, el termino para la radicacion del recurso de Revision comenzara a contarse al expirar el termino de diez (10) dias desde la fecha de radicacion de la Mocion de Reconsideracion. La Resolucion que dicte el Tribunal Superior sera firme a los treinta (30) dias de haber sido notificada y solamente podra ser revisada por Certiorari ante el Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico, el cual se expedira a su discrecion; (11) La radicacion de un recurso de Revision ante el Tribunal Superior de Puerto Rico Sala de Humacao, no suspendera los efectos de la Resolucion recurrida, a menos que el Tribunal asi lo ordene a solicitud de parte, previa vista que se senalara preferen- temente y mediante causa o razon debidamente probada; 147 (12) De decretarse la suspension de los efectos de la Resolucion, el Tribunal debera emitir Resolucion escrita y fundada con Conclusiones de Hecho y Determina- ciones de Derecho de la cual, la parte adversamente afectada, podra acudir por Certiorari ante el Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico, dentro de los treinta (30) dias siguientes a la fecha en que se le notifique la Resolucion de suspension; (13) La vista de la Peticion o recurso de Revision en su fondo, se senalara para no mas tarde de sesenta (60) dias despues de su radicacion. La vista del recurso de Revision, tal cual se contempla en el inciso (10), considerara a todos los efectos per- tinentes, el record de los procedimientos en el foro administrativo, pero las partes podran presentar prueba adicional si el Tribunal, en el ejercicio de su discrecion, lo permitiere, previa la presentacion de una Mocion a estos efectios; (14) Las Determinaciones de Hecho a que Ilegare la Autoridad al emitir su Resolucion, seran concluyentes y obligatorias, si estuvieren sostenidas por la prueba presentada. (p)Adquirir bienes en cualquier forma legal, incluyendo, pero sin limitarse, a la siguiete: Por compra, opcion de compra, compra a plazos, publica subasta, arrendamiento, manda, legado, cesion o sin condiciones, permuta, donacion, herencia, o mediante el ejericio de poder de expropiacion forzosa en la forma que provee esta ley y las leyes de Puerto Rico; por herencia, 148 y retener, conservar, usar y servirse de cualesquiera bienes muebles o inmuebles, incluyendo, pero sin que se entienda una limitacion, valores y otros bienes muebles o inmuebles o derchos reales o cualquier interes en los mismos, que considere necesarios o convenientes para realizar sus fines. (q) Dar y tomar en arrendamiento o enajenar, a titulo gratuito, bienes muebles e inmuebles cuando la otra parte sean agencias o el Gobierno Municipal de Culebra. (r) Nombrar todos sus funcionarios, agentes y empleados y conferirles los poderes, facul- tades, responsabilidades que la Autoridad estime convenientes; imponerles sus deberes, fijarles, cambiarles y pagarles la remuneracion que determine, sujeto a la politica, reglamentos y proce- dimientos aprobados por la Autoridad. (s) Dar y tomar dinero a prestamo para sus fines y garantizar el pago de sus obligaciones mediante pignoracion, hipoteca o cualquier otro gravamen sobre cualquiera o cualesquiera de sus contratos, rentas, ingresos o propiedades. A fin de facilitar a la Autoridad la gestion de fondos que le permita llevar a cabo sus fines corporativos, las obligaciones autorizadas o suscritas por la Autoridad como evidencia de dinero tomado a prestamo, asi como el ingreso que se devengue de los mismos, estaran y per- maneceran en todo momento exentos de toda contribucion. A estos efectos sera aplicable la Ley num. 272 de 15 de mayo de 1945, segun enmendada, o fuese enmendada en el futuro. 149 (t)Enajenar y disponer de cualesquiera de sus bienes o de cualquier interes sobre los mismos a titulo oneroso en la forma, manera y extension que la Autoridad determine. (u)Aceptar, a nombre propio o a nombre del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, ayuda economica, incluyendo subsidios, donaciones con o sin condiciones, anticipos y atras similares, del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico o sus Agencias y del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos, sus agencias o instrumentalidades y de personas particulares; hacer contratos, arrendamientos, convenios u otras transacciones oon cualesquiera de dichos gobiemos, inclu- yendo las agencias, instrumentalidades y municipios del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos e invertir el producto de los fondos recibidos para cumplir con los fines de esta ley. (v)Ejercer todos los poderes y derchos necesarios para desarrollar proyectos de con- servacion, proteccion y rehabilitacion de terrenos. (w)Adquirir cualquier derecho, interes o servidumbre en cualquier propiedad para propicial el desarrollo, aprovechamiento y conservacion de areas abiertas en su estado natural para proteger las aguas o cuerpos de agua; conservar los suelos y bosqu es; preservar la belleza de los parjes pars uso del publico, incluyendo las areas verdes y los parques publicos; y facilitar el uso y desarrollo de areas reservadas para proyectos de interes publico relacionados con los fines de esta ley. 150 (x)Construir y operar y conceder subvenciones, incentivos y ayudas economicas para que se construyan y operen aquellas obras y facilidades en Culebra, incluyendo empresas comerciales, agricolas y pesqueras que sean beneficiosas para sus habitantes y visitantes, siempre que las mismas no afecten desfavorablemente los atributos geologicos, ecologicos y climatologicos de Culebra y tiendan a mejorar la calidad y las condiciones de vida alli. (y) Estimular y participar en la habilitacion de nuevas areas, dentro del marco de normas que aseguren el mejor equilibrio en cuanto a las necesidades de las futuras comuni- dades, dando consideracion, entre otros factores, a preservar los valores naturales de las tierras, sus playas, bosques, y paisajes; asegurar las mejores condiciones de salubridad, se- guridad, comodidad y facilidades recreativas. (z) Realizar todos los actos o casas necesarias o convenientes para llevar a efecto los poderes que se le confieren por esta Ley o por cualquiera otra ley de la Asamblea Legislativa de Puerto Rico o del Congreso de los Estados Unidos de America que sea compatible con la Ley de Relaciones Federales entre los Estados Unidos y Puerto Rico. (aa)Tomar accion judicial necesaria, valiendose de los servicios de los abogados del Departamento o de los que al efecto la Autoridad contratare, para cumplir con los propositos de esta ley, incluyendo, pero sin limitarse, a Injunctions, Mandamus, Reivindicaciones. Se confiere jurisdiccio exclusiva al Tribunal Superior de Puerto Rico, Sala de Humaca, para cualquier procedimiento judicial que radique la Autoridad en relacion con esta ley. En caso de Injunctions, la Autoridad estara exenta de la prestacion de fianza. (bb) Ordenar la destruccin de las estrucuras ilegales existentes o en proceso de construccion, y la destruccion o paralizacion de las amplicaiones de estructuras ilegales existentes, todo ello mediante Orden que podra dictar dictar al efecto, y que se notifira per- sonalmente al dueno, su agente o empleado que se encuentre en la finca u ocupante de la estructura. En caso de que no fuere posible hacer notificadas, se exige an-procedera a fijor sobre teriormente, en cuanto a las personas que deben ser notificas, se procedera a fijor sobre la estructura copia de la notificacion a que se refiere esta seccion y ademas se fijara una copia de la notificacion en la Casa Alcaldia de Culebra. En tal caso, la fijaion en las estructuras de dicha copia constituiro, para todos los efectos de esta ley suficiente noti- ficacion. Esta notificacin no quedara invalidada por el hecho de que la copia debidamente fijada se haya desprendido, deteriorado u destruido, o consecuencia de fenomenos naturales o de actos de personas sin autoridad para hacerlo. El Secretario certificara que dia la no- tificacion fue fijada en la estructura concernida. Esta certificacion sera remitida al Secretario de Estodo, quien la conservara como un documento publico, a todos los fines de ley, diso- niendose que las personas que tengan establecido su hager propio en estructuras, ubicadas en terrenos publico y los utilicen como tal con anterodad a la vigencia de esta ley, tendran derecho a ser compensados por el valor en el ,ercado de las estructuras, sequn sean tasadas conforme se ordena en el Articulo 5 (2)(b) de esta ley. Los duenos de estructuras emplazadas en terrenos puoblicos, que no constituyen un hogar propioo no recibiran compensacion alguna por las mismas al removerse 6stas mediante Orden aprobada por la Autoridad a tal efecto En los casos en que, segun el porrafo anterior, se requiere al pogo de compensacion6 luego de dictada Orden a que se refiere este articulo en su Seccion (bb) y consignada que fuere lo compensacion del valor tasado en el Tribunal Superior de Puerto Rico, Sala de Humacao, a favor del dueflo a aceptada la compensacion por este en documento publico que al efecto se otorgue, lo Autoridad podra acudir ante dichal Sala del Tribunal Superior de Puerto Rico, mediante un escrito jurado en el que solicite se soliite se ponga en efecto la referida Orden de la Autoridad y se decrete el lazamiento de las personas que ocuparen la estructura Con vista de dicho escrito jurado y de la Orden dictada ppor la Autoridad, el Tribunal citara a las paratrs para que comparezcan a mostrar las razones que tengan por las cuales no deba decretarse su lanzamiento. La parte quellada contestara por escrito, can notification a la Autoridad. Olda la prueba, elTribunal dictora resolucion, no mas tarde de quince (15) dias despues de la vista. Si lo Resolucion pusiese en efecto la Orden de la Autoridad, el Tribunal debera ordenar el lanzamiento de los ocupantes, en un termino no menor de treinta (30) dias ni mayor de sesenta (60) dias, despues de la notificacion de la resolucion. El lanzam ino que se decrete debera ser diligenciado por el Alguacil. En todo caso en que se decrete un lanzamientol' la parte contra la cual se dicte podr6 recurrir par Certiorari ante of Tribunal Supremo, de Puerto Rico, dentro de ios treinto (30) dTas siguientes a la notificaci6n de la resoluci6n del Tribunal de Instancia. El Auto de Certiorari ser6 expedido a discreci6n de dicho Tribunal. En los casos en que la Orden que se dicte a tenor con lo dispuesto en esto Secc16n (bb) no so haya constituido hogar propio en la estructura, una vez notificada personalmente la Orden, la Autorldad podr6 acudir ante al Tribunal Superior de Puerto Rico, Sala de Humacao, mediante un escrito jurado en of que solicite se pongo en efecto la referida Orden, copia-de la cual deber6 unirse al escrito, y solicitar el lanzamiento de las personas que se hallaren ocupando las dstructuras. La Autoridad acreditar6 en el escrito jurado que someta al Tribunal, el haber notificadc, personalmente a los dueflos u ocupantes de la estr'uctura, con copia de la Orden Administrativa disponiendo, el lanzamie'nto. Si la resoluci6n que en su dta dictare el Tribunal, previa celebraci6n de vistas, adoptare a pusiere en vigor la indicada Orden, dicho resoluci6n dispondr6 que el dueno a los ocupahtes de la estructura deber6n desalolar la mismo en un t6rmino no mayor de treinta (30) dros, contados a partir de la f echa de notif icaci6n de la resoluci6n. La Resoluci6n que dicte el Tribunal.ser6 diligenciada por el Aiguacil. (2) La Autoridad deber6: (a) Aprobar y adopatar un plan para el manjo y administration de sus funciones bajo esta Ley, no mas tarde del primero (1ro.) de julio de mil novecientos setenta y seis (1976), el cual debe ser aprobado por el Departamento y la Junta de Planificacion. (b) Preparar no ma tarde del primero (1ro.) de julio de mil novecientos setenta y seis (1976) un inventario de todas las estructuras ubicodas en la zona maritimo terresire y otros terrenos del Gobierno Federak a ser trabferudis a la Autoridad de conformidad al Informe Conjunto, y en terrenos de domoinio publico y patrimoniales del Estado. En el inventario se har constar cuales de estas estructuras constituyen en hogar propio, la fecha en que el mismo fue establecido y los nambres y direcciones de todos los duefios de dichas estructuras y nombres y direcciones de sus ocupantes. Despues de la corres- poncliente investigacion, la Junta determinara el derecho que abone a los propietarios y poseeclores de estructuras emplazadas en terrenos publicos, y establecera, asimismo cuales de ellas constituyen, a los fines de esta ley, estructural ilegales o clandestinas. La Junta ordenaro una tasacion de todas las estructuras que. constituyan hogar propio. El inventario sera un documento publico. Los tasadores tendr6n derececho de entrada a las fincas, previa identification. St habiendo el tasador solicitado entrada a la finca, esta le fuera negada, podra solicitar del Tribunal de Distrito al exponer la situacion,que se ordene al dueno, o al ocupante de la finca, permitir la entrada,bajo apercibimiento de desacata. (c) Notif icar por correo, a cada uno de los dueflos de structuras, la informacion que sabre su propiedad aparezca en el inventario y el valor tasado de la misma. (d) Promulgar reglamentos para prohibir las edificociones clandestinas a ilegales en terrenos de dominio publico y patrimoniales de la Autoridad a del Estado Libre Asociodo, a terrenos transferidos a estos por el Gobierno de las Estados Unidos y sus agencias a instrumentalidad y establecer vigilanc para evitar que tales edificationes sean construrdas. Artculo 6.Prohibiciones Ninguna agencia aprobar obra a proyecto privado alguna en relacion con la Isla de Culebra que conflija con los planes y politicas formuladas y adoptadas por la Autoridad, segun dispuesto en el Articulo 4 (b) de esta Ley. A esos efectos, el promovente debera obtener un endoso favorable de la Autoridad. No se aprobara desarrollo alguno que pueda intervenir en forma alguna con el libre acceso del publico al mar y a las playas y tampoco aquellos desarrollos que conlleven o impliequen el disfrute privado o exclusivo, o ambos del mar y playas, en detrimento a perjuicio del legltimo derecho del Pueblo al Libre uso y disfrute de las mismas. En los reglamentos y normas que regulan la cornstruccion de ediflcios en Culebra, se prohibir6 la ereccion de estruturas que sobrepasen la altura de doce (12) metros o cuatro (4) plantas en la zona urbana y de nueve (9) metros o tres (3) plantas en el 6rea rural. Articulo 7. -Politica Publica y Guias o normas- En el ejercicio de sus poderes y obligaciones, la Autoridad debera considrar la polr- tica exprexada en esta ley, la legislacion ambiental vigente y las siguentes normas generales. (a) Crecimiento normal-debera estimularse el crecimento normal a los fines de elevar los niveles de vida de Culebra la los nivales promedios en la isla principal de Puerto Rico. Se deslentara el crecimiento excesiva que pudiera resultr en un aumento poblancional mas rapido que el de la tasa de crecimiento poblacional para la Isla prin- cipal de Puerto Rico. (b) De conformidad conel ambiente natrural todo desarrollo de terrno y proyectos de construccio, debera respetar la topografia y el ambiente natural, reduciendo al mi- nimo sus alteraciones. (c) Remediar Quebrantamientos eliminar no mas tarde del primero (1ro. ) de enero demil novecientos ochenta y tres (1983), los siguientes quebrantamientos a la condi- ciones naturales de Culebra: (1) Las decargas de desperdicios en las aguas de Culebra. (2) La posesi6n uso o disfrute ilegal de terrenos publicos en Culebra. Debe proveersele un solar a las familias que al que al 27 de octubre de 1973, fecha del Informe Conjunto, tenian su hagar propio emplazado en forma ilegal o clandestina en terrenos federales a ser tranferidos a la Autoridad, segun lo provisto en dicho Informe, y en terrenos de dominio publico o patrimoniales del Estado. (3)La Junta dara los pasos que sean precisos para que se descontaminen\ de artefactos explosivas las area utilizodas por las pracicas de tiro por la Armada de los Estados Unidos. (d) Consistencia con Uso Optimo de Tierras y Agua -el uso de las tierras y las aguas debe ser consistente con el designado en el citado Informe Conjunto para las dis- tintas areas de Culebra. Al efecgo, deben tenerse presente los siguientes propositos basicos de polltica publicas: (1) Las extensiones de terrnenos publicos de extraordinaria importancia como morada (*habitat*) de vida silvestre o las asciacioners ecologicas, deben ser re- servadas para la presevacion biologica o de vicda silvestre; (2) de los terrenos publicos remanetes, despues de designados los refugios de vida silvestre, aquellas que mejor se adapte pare la recreadion,seran designados como areas de recreo para el disfrute de los culerenses y visitantes. Todas las facilidaedes de recreo deberan guardar armonia can el proposito de preservar la calidad de estos recursos. Debe tenerse gran cuidado de preservar los valares re- creativos de estas areas y de las aguas circundantes; (3) El desarrollo de Culebra debe mantenerse a desidades moderadas dentro de las areas comprendidas aen las poblacianes. no debe permitirse que ni la cantidad ni la calidad de desorrollo a agectorse menoscabe los recursos naturales unicos de Culebre; (4) aquellas 6reas publicas que no sean separadas especificamente para regugios de vida silvestre, uso recreative o desarrollo, deben se designados\ para uso agricola como areas de conservacion. Articulo 8. -Bienes y Declaracion de Utilidad Publica- Se faculta o la autoridad para adquirir bienes inmuebles mediante expropiacion for- zosa, segun dispone la Ley General de Expropicion Forzosa de 12 de marzo de 1903, segun ha sido enmendada. Todos los biennes muebles a inmuebles o el derecho sobre ellos que utilice o necesite la Autoridad para lograr sus fines se declaron de utilidad publica. en caso de que la autoridad decida arrendar o vender terrenos adquiridos por expro- piacion tendron preferncia, para adquirirlos en arrendamiento o venta, los anteriores duarios y colindates en la forma establecida en la Ley num. 441 de 14 de may 1947, segun enumendoda. Articulo 9. -Transferenias- Se autoriza al Gobernador a transferir a la Autoridad, por recommendacion de la Junta las funciones, fondos, propiedades, personal y archivas de los departmentos, divisiones y de- pendecias del Gobierno Estadudque sean conformes; guarden relaci6n a sean necesarias o con- venientes para el ejercicio de las funciones de la Autoridad descritas en esta ley. Toda trans- ferencia debera hacerse por el gobermador mediante Orden Ejecutiva. 159 la Autoridad y el Muncipio detrminaran de comun acuerdo el nucleo urbano original que constitita el poblado de Dewey, acordando los limites de su extension urbana y el area urbana adicional que sea necesaria l los fines del mejor desenvolvimiento municipal. La Autoridad tranferir6 al municipio, de las terrenos que le sean transferidos o por el Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos, los referidos terrenos. Estos terrenos transferidos al municipio seran utili- zados para sus propias usos y para asegurar a las familias que ocupan en esa area residencias bona fide al continuo disfrute de los terrenos que ocupen, en la forma que convenga a la Autoridad y al municipio y con las salvaguardas necesarias para que, en todo momento, se cumplan los fines de esta ley. Articulo 10. Ttula y Colindancias de Terrenos- La Autoridad gestionra y velara por que se clarifiquen los titulos y se delimiten las areas y colindancias de los terrenos que le sean transferidos por Estados Unidos de America o cullquiera de sus departamentos, agencies o instrumentalidades, o por el Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico o cualquiera de sus agencias. Articulo 11.0 exencion de Cerechos y Contribuciones Estaran exentas de pago de toda close de derechos, contribuciones, aranceles o impuestos estaduales o municipales, impuestos o que puedan imponerse or ley, los bienes que sean propidad de la Autoridad, y cualiquier interes que esta tenga en cualesquiera bienes. Esta exencion se hace 160 extensiva al arancel notarial para el otorgamiento de toda clase de documento, la tramitacion de procedimientos judiciales de cualquier naturaleza o la expedicion de certificaciones regis- trales y las incripcionesen las distitas secciones del Registro de la Propiedad de Puerto Rico Articula 12.-Deposito de Fondos- Todos los dineros de la Autoridad se depositaran en instituciones bancarias aceptadas para depositos de los fondos del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, pero se mantendran en cuenta o cuentas separadas e inscritas a nombre de la Autordad. Los desembolsos se haran por la Autoridad de acuerdo con sus propios reglamentos y presupuestos Aticulo 13.- Penalidades- Toda persona que viole cualquiera de las disposiciones de esta ley a los reglamentos que en sudia se aprueben por la Autoridad, sera culpable de delito menos grave y convicta que fuere, sera castigada con multa que no excedera de quinientos (500) d6lares o con carcel por un t6mino que no excedera de noventa (90)dias, o ambas penas a discrecion del Tribunal. Por cada uno de los dias que subsista la infraccion,segun se disponse en el parrafo anterior, se entender6 cometido un delito separado. Aricula 14.- Asignacion- Se asigna la la Autordad la cantidad de ciento cincenta mil (150,000) d6lares de fondos no mocpromentidos en el Tesoro Estatal para llevar a cabo los propositos de esta ley. Los fordos 161 necesarios para aflos subsiguientes, se consignaran en el Presupues to General. Articulo 15.- Vigencia- Esta ley entrara en vigor inmediatamente despues de su aprobacion. 44 IJI IP Ai IN US Department of Commerce Coastal Services Center Library 2234 South Hobson Avenue Cbarleston, SC 29405-2413 3 6668 14101 7055