Guam coastal management program technical reports

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

GUAM

COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

TECHNICAL REPORTS

Volume I

COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER I.

HT
395
.G8
G85
1977
v.1 BUREAU of PLANNING
GOVERNMENT of GUAM
AGANA,GUAM

SEE EDGE INDEX
ON BACK COVER

GUAM COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

TECHNICAL REPORTS

VOLUME I

US Department of Commerce
NOAA Coastal Services Center Library
2234 South Hobsom Avenue
Charleston, SC 29405-2413

October, 1977

This volume was funded by a grant David A. Bonvouloir
from the Office of Coastal Zone Program Coordinator
Management, U.S. Department of
Commerce.
Patrick D. McMakin
Edi tor/Pl anner

FORWARD

The small size of Guam is not an adequate index of the magnitude
or complexity of land-use problems and interrelationships. Problems
cover the same range as in larger mainland areas. Increasing numbers
of people are seeking employment, houses, services and space for re-
creation and development on Guam. It is clear that if a quality en-
vironment and responsible development are included among the goals of
a developing territory, care will be required in the allocation of
land and water resources. Logic suggests that development should
occur in a manner responsible to environmental limitations.

In its approach to balanced land-use planning, the Guam Coastal
Management Program has delineated areas of particular concern (APCs).
These are areas of ecological, economic, historical or scenic value
such that performance guidelines are needed to ensure their responsi-
ble development or preservation. Areas of significant hazard such as
airport sound and crash zones, floodplains or seismic fault zones are
also considered areas of particul*ar concern. The APCs are mapped and
described in the Land-Use Plan which provides a basis for the Guam
Coastal Management Plan.

Within the Bureau of Planning, the Coastal Management Section has pre-
pared in-house documents which serve to outline basic resources, federal
lands and public opinion concerning land and water use. The delineation
of APCs has necessitated pioneer efforts to define such activities and
areas as power production, aquaculture, coral harvesting and pristine
terrestrial ecosystems. Consultants with specific area expertise were
contracted to provide studies which serve as the essential base data
for delineation of APCs. This volume is comprised of these technical
reports and published as a source book, not only for the purposes of the
Bureau of Planning, but also as an aid to functional planning divisions
within the government and for developers needing specific information
for responsible land and water use in their sector.

CONTENTS

Analysis of Results: CZM Land-Use Opinion Survey

An Inventory of Present and Projected Coastal Land and Water Uses

A Summary of Major Federal Agency Land Holdings in the Territory of Guam

Future Power Production and Transmission: Alternative Plans, Guam, USA

Aquaculture and Its Potential Environmental Impact on Guam's Coastal Waters

The Extent of Coral, Shell and Algal Harvesting in Guam Waters

An Ecological Survey of Pristine Terrestrial Communities on Guam

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
CZM LAND-USE OPINION SURVEY

January, 1977

The survey questionaire used for this study was prepared
by David A. Bonvouloir. Robert Gomez trained the survey
interviewers. Pat Cawunder tabulated the data and Sally
Coy assisted in computer programming. Michael Cruz and
Pat Cawunder wrote the analysis of results.

Coastal Management Section
Bureau of Planning
Agana, Guam

Preliminary Raw Data Analysis

REGIONAL ATTITUDES CONCERNING
COASTAL LAND USE

During January, 1977, the Bureau of Planning and the Bureau of Labor

Statistics administered a Land Use Opinion Survey to identify certain

local attitudes toward land and water use. A total of 931 residents

were surveyed, 776 (83%) from northern districts and 155 (17%) from

southern districts. The survey's results are discussed under four major

sections: Shoreline Devel opment, Recreational Facilities, Property

Ownership, and Citizen Participation.

Shoreline Development

To determine the desireability of certain types of shoreline development to

island residents, three questions were asked. The questions and responses

are presented in Table 1:

Table 1: Regional Attitudes Concerning
Shoreline Development
(in percentages)

North South Total
guestions Yes No No Op..Yes No No Op Yes No No Op

1. Residential Development 58 28 14 54 26 20 57 28 15
should be strictly limited

2. Tourism Development should 46 43 11 46 31 23 46 41 13
be strictly limitMA
ed

3. Business and Industrial 52 36 12 48 35 17 52 36 12
Development should be
strictly limited

The majority of respondents (57%) feel that residential development should

be strictly limited along the coastline. Since 1970, many homes have

.encroached upon shoreline areas which has severely limited shoreline use

by the public. Although there is a slight difference between the north

and south in their attitudes toward residential development, the south
exhibits a surprisingly high percentage (54%) of respondents who feel that
residential development should be strictly limited. Presently, the south is
characterized by compact.coastal settlements with little room for expansion.
Government subdivisions and other government efforts to provide facilities
and services in the south have been hampered by existing residential land use
patterns. To experience the benefits of government investments in sorely
needed road, water, and power systems would entail a certain degree of change
in these patterns. However, strictly limiting residential development along
the southern coast will alter the traditional living patterns and relation-

ship$ in the south.

Local opinions lean toward restricting tourism development along the coast.

However, the northern region exhibits a stronger tendency to accept coastal

resort development than the south. Contrary to expectations, a higher per-

centage of northerners oppose resort limitations (43 vs. 31). The difference

may be attributed to the 23% of the southern sample who have no opinion.

Although resort development results in certain benefits, it is also accompanied

by numerous costs. Many southerners have not taken a position on this issue.

Generally, residents feel that business and industrial development should

be strictly limited along the coastline. Apparently, any development

that does not contribute to the.environmental qualities of coastal areas

would be opposed. Minor regional differences in attitudes exist with the

southern residents undecided over the costs and benefits accruing from

business and industrial development.

Judging from the responses to the three questions, southern residents

appear to be cautious in pursuing future residential, tourist, business,

and industrial development in the south. The historic, social, and

environmental qualitities have made the south attractive to both island

residents and tourists and the benefits of rapid growth as experienced in

the north will probably be carefully reviewed by southern residents in the

years to come. On the other hand, northern residents are definitely

conscious of the negative impacts that have accompanied development. They

appear to be against many types of development that may occur along the coast.

Thus far, the Shoreline Protection Act has functioned as the major regulatory

mechanism to control coastal-development. As shown in Table 2, however, only

7% of the respondents feel that 30 feet is adequate to restrict coastal devel-

opment and ensure coastal protection. Although 25% feel that 300 feet is an

adequate boundary, most respondents feel that more variables should be

analyzed prior to delineating a boundary. Presumably, the more appropriate

shoreline boun dary would not be a uniform designation since it would depend

upon the peculiar characteristics of specific geographic areas.

Table 2: Regional Attitudes Concerning the Adequacy
of the Shoreline Protection Act
(in percentages)

Shoreline Protection Act North South Total
1. 30 feet is enough 6 11 7
2. The distance should depend on things like type 40 43 40
of land, existing buildings, or road locations.
3. Should be 300 feet 26 18 25
4. No permit should be required 3 4 4
5. No Opinion 25 24 24

Table 3 compares the response totals of this year to last Year's survey.

Basically, previous attitudes toward residential development have remained
consistent--a majority of respondents feel that residential development
should be strictly limited along the coastline. However, a higher percentage
of persons in the recent survey feel-that tourist and business and industrial
development should be strictly limited (see Table 3). Apparently, more resi-

dents are beginning to realize that@these development should be strictly

regulated and that coastal areas should be protected.

Table 3: A Comparison of the 1976 and 1977 Surveys
(in percentages)

1976 Totals 1977 Totals
Questions Yes No No Op Yes No No OP
1. Limit Residential Development 59 26 16 57 28 15
2. Limit Tourist Devel opment 38 40 22 46 41 13
3. Limit Business and Industrial 57 27 16 62 36 12
Development

Assuming that certain development located near a respondent's home would

have a more direct impact on residents, the survey inquired about the

desire ability of these development. Table 4 presents the responses.

Table 4: Regional Attitudes Concerning the
Location of Specific Land Uses
(in percentages)

North South Total
Questions Yes No No Op Yes No No__g2 Yes No No Op
1. Object to hotel develop- 49 44 7 39 53 8 47 45 8
ment near home
2. Object to other Resort 36 58 6 32 61 7 35 58 7
Facilities near home
3. Object to a new housing 27 65 8 32 58 10 28 64 8
development near home
4. Object to major business 30 63 7 31 .63 6 30 63 7
establishmdnt near home

It must be emphasized that Table 4 reflects attitudes toward particular
projects that may locate near (1/2 mile qualification) a respondent's home

and does not necessarily reflect attitudes toward coastal development.

In questions 2, 3, and 4 above, the majority of respondents do not object

to these developments locating near their homes. This is particularly true

in the south. Commerical and residential development would tend to

increase property values in adjacent areas as well as increase convenience

to nearby shopping facilities.

Whereas supporting tourist facilities can be used by local residents, hotels

per se would primarily cater to a transient population. Forty-seven percent

of the sample object to hotels locating near homes. The neighborhood cha-

racter of communities would be destroyed if hotels located there. Northern

residents tend to object to hotels locating in proximity to residents more

than southern respondents since hotel development has primarily occurred

in the north. The prospect of bringing some of the amenities to the south

where few facilities exist is enticing to southern residents.

Recreational Facilities

Table 5 aggregates the questions and responses regarding beach access.

Table 5: Regional Attitudes Concerning Beach Access
(in percentages)

North South Total
guestions Yes No No Op Yes No No OPIYes No No Op
1. Public Access should be
guaranteed along the 76 12 12 63 12 25 73 13 15
coastline
2. Owners of coastal property
should be allowed to refuse 30 54 16 23 61 16 29 55 16
access to adjacent beaches I
3. Have you ever been turned 27 69 3 30 65 5 28 68 4
awal, fr6m private, -beaches

Our survey indicates that 17% of the southern sample own coastal property

whereas only 5% in the north own coastal property. Consequently, we would

expect that a higher percentage of southern residents would object to public

access. The reverse is true probably because many of the desirable beach

areas are located in the south and that more southern residents have been

refused access by adjacent property owners. Many northern beaches are

inaccessible because of the topographic features of the northern plateau

and are less desirable because of the comparatively rougher waters. The

probability for owners to refuse access is less in the north. Generally,

however, the majority of respondents feel that public access along the

coastline should be guaranteed, although beach access through private

property to get to the coastline is less desired. -

As indicated by the survey, a large majority of respondents feel that Guam

lacks sufficient recreational facilities and areas. Also, those that are

available are dirty and littered. Table 6 presents the specific responses

to recreation-related questions.

The consensus is that Guam lacks recreational facilities and that public

funds should be used to upgrade existing facilities. However, when

certain facilities cater to particular user groups such as boat owners,

respondents are less apt to agree that public funds should be utilized to

construct these facilities. Although 86% of the sample indicated that more

walking trails and scenic overlooks are necessary, these facilities would

probably not be utilized by the local population. This statistic probably

reflects the importance of tourism as perceived by the sample population.

The frequent media coverage of tourism and proposals to further attract

tourists has definitely contributed to this perception.

Table 6: Regional Attitudes Concerning the Quantity
and Quality of Recreational Facilities and Areas
(in percentages)

North South Total
Questions Yes No No OP Yes No No Op Yes No No Op
1. Are there enough coastal 19 72 9 14 73 13 18 72 10
recreational facilities now

2. Have you gone to a beach 62 35 3 72 25 3 64 34 2
or park in the past month - ____ - -1
3. Should there be more 80 13 7 76 8 16 79 12 9
beaches and swimming areas
4. Should there be more parks 89 6 5 88 1 11 89 5 6
and picnic areas
5. Should we build more walk- 86 8 6 .85 5 10 86 7 7
ing trails and scenic overlooks
6. Should the government 48 32 20 43 30 27 47 32 21
spend tax money to build
marinas and boat launching ramps
7. Are public beaches and 76 16 8 72 14 14 75 16 9
shorelines dirty and littered
8. Should military beaches 63 24 13 75 12 13 65 22 13
be opened to the public
9. Should the government 75 14 11 59 26 15 72 16 12
spend tax money to clean-
up public beaches

Table 7 presents the responses to the questions regarding fishing and coral

collection. Although more southerners still practice the traditions of

fishing, the majority of islanders surveyed do not fish regularly.

Table 7: Regional Attitudes Concerning
Fishing and Fish Control
(in percentages)

North South Total
guestions Te-s No No OP Yes No No Op Yes No No Op
1. Does any member of your 29 68 3 51 45 4 32 65 3
household go fishinq regularly
2. Should there be laws that 45 42 13 32 58 10 43 45 12
restrict fishing and coral
collectin-g

There is little agreement on restricting fistring and coral collectiny.

Apparently, the fish and coral population are not perceived to be

declining and therefore, restrictions are unnecessary at this time.

However, this perception can be expected to change if proposals for

encouraging the commercial fishing industry were implemented or if Guam

succombs to pressures for shoreline development.

Since the survey was administered during the off-season of fishes that are

in high demand, the results may not accurately reflect public opinion. A

majority of southerners do fish regularly and do not want any type of

restrictions place on this practice.

Property Ownership

As indicated in the survey, 65% of the sample feel that property owners

should be compensated if affected by government controls. Little regional

difference in attitudes is seen between north and south. Apparently,

government controls are perceived to have an adverse effect on property

owners and are not perceived in the light of an overall public good.

Government controls are established to ensure rational development and

public health and safety. The consensus on Guam is that these controls

take away development rights.

As shown in Table 8, of the 65% of the sample that possess the attitude of

compensation for losses incurred by implementing development controls, a

clear majority feel that they should be compensated either with money or

with land exchange. A slightly higher percentage feel that compensation

should be in the form of land exchange indicating the relatively strong

values toward land ownership.

Table 8: Regional Attitudes Toward Compensation
For Losses Incurred Through
Development Controls
(in percentages)

North South Total
Questions NA* Yes No No Op NA* Yes No No Op NA* Yes No No Op
1. Should govern-
ment pay for 28 58 7 7 27 56 7 10 27 58 7 8
losses
2. Should govern-
ment exchange 28 59 6 7 27 59 4 10 28 59 6 7
land for losses

Those answering "no" on the question relating to compensating
property owners are affected by government controls.

Implicit in these questions is the government's ability to compensate

property owners with either money or land. In these austere times, the

government does not have the financial resources to compensate property

owners. It is also questionable whether the government has enough land

to compensate these owners. Again, although development controls have been

implemented to promote the public welfare, these controls have an impact

on individuals. Since the general public is composed of individual

citizens, the dilemma of identifying the general public; i.e., who benefits,

who does not, and how should these group interests be accommodated increases

when the government is confronted with the problem of controlling development.

Citizen Participation Through Public Hearing

The survey posted many questions regarding participation at public hearings.

As expected, a large majority (79%) of respondents have not attended a

public hearing in the last year. In the south, howeve r, more people have

attended public hearings. The smallness of the area, the close personal

relationships, and other southern characteristics,may contribute to this

regional difference.

In general, those that do attend public hearings have found out about them

a variety of sources. Of these sources, the newspaper, the commissioner,

and friends and relatives are the most common sources of findi ng out about

public hearings.

Public hearings are the most common form of soliciting public responses to

development projects. Table 9 presents the responses to some of the

reasons for not attending public hearings.

Table 9: Some Reasons for Not Attending
Public Hearings
(in percentages)

Why Didn't You Attend? North South Total
1. Not Applicable 19 32 21
2. Waste of Time 6 10 7
3. My 0 inion Would Not be Used 4 3 3
4. Inconvenient Time 25 25 25
5. Did Not Affect Me Personally 13 13 13
6. Too Technical .2 2 2
7. Other 31 15 29

Although all of the reasons apply to a certain degree, one-fourth of those

surveyed felt that public hearings were held at inconvenient times. Table

10 presents responses to the most appropriate time for public hearings.

Table 10: Appropriate Time for Public Hearings
(in percentages)

North South Total
Questions Yes No No Op Yes No No Op Yes No No Op
1. Weekday Evenings 48 32 20 40 41 19 46 34 20
2. Weekends 51 31 18 52 28 21 51 30 19

Apparently, the respondents are ambivalent toward holding public hearings

on weekday evenings. They generally feel that weekends would be an

appropriate time. With all the weekend activities that occur, it is still

questionable whether many residents will attend weekend public hearings.

Before any proposals for weekend meetings are entertained, the other

reasons stated in Tab le 9 must be studied.

As shown in Table 11, respondents are generally split on the question of

whether public hearings provide an appropriate forum to voice opinions.

Surprisingly, respondents rule out contact with the commissioner as a

viable mechanism to obtain public opinion. In many cases, commissioners

are not thought of as knowing exactly what village residents desire. It is

generally felt that the size of the village has contributed to the decline

in contacts with the commissioners with his constituents, with the northern

commissioners suffering most. However, the southern respondents have

similar opinions of their commissioner. The rapidly changing, complex of

society of today may mean frequent contacts with residents themselves over

and above contact with commissioners.

Table 11: Regional Attitudes Toward
Participation Mechanisms
(in percentages)

North South Total
Questions Yes No No OP Yes No No Op Yes No No Op
1. Do public hearings provide 38 24 38 35 35 30 37 26 37
,opportunities to voice opinions
2. Does your village commis- 23 65 12 32 59 9 25 64 11
sioner know your opinion

Apparently, most respondents feel that numerous forms of participation

should be established and utilized. Table 12 provides these responses.

Table 12: Regional Attitudes Toward Various
Participatory Mechanisms
(in percentages)

North South Total
How Should Planners Identify
Future Village Needs Yes No No Op Yes No No-Op Yes No No Op
1. Ask commissioner 74 18 8 74 12 14 74 17 9

2. Ask church 36 49 15 20 57 23 33 50 17
3. Village meetings 87 4 9 79 6 15 85 5 10
4. Appoint a village 67 20 13 56 22 22 65 20 15
representative
5. Ask civic groups 65 19 16 40 37 23 61 22 17
6. Form special advisory 73 13 14 50 27 23 70 15 15
committees

As a whole, the respondents to the-survey feel that other mechanisms over and

above public hearings should be established and utilized. Respondents are

ambivalent that public hearings along provide enough opportunities to voice

opinions. However, the role of the church in providing guidance and shaping

public opinion on contemporary issues is rapidly diminishing.

Conclusions

Many of the results of the survey were expected. Of interest, however, is

the frequent "no opinion" response of the southern sample. In nearly every
question, southern residents have a greater no opinion response percentage

than northern residents. This may indicate the increasing pressure for

development that the south is and will be experiencing. The tradeoffs

between development and preservation have not been explicit and most southern

residents have yet to take a position on this developing situation.

In summary, the survey brought out the following important points:

1. In general, all coastal development should be strictly limited.

2. Along the coastline, public access should be guaranteed although

access through private property is less desired.

3. The boundary established by the Shoreline Protection Act in many cases

is inadequate to protect Guam's coastline and needs to be re-defined.

4. Recreational areas and facilities are tremendously inadequate.

5. Public taxes should be utilized to maintain and construct only those

recreational facilities that cater to a large number of users and

not specific user groups.

6. Subsistence fishing is not widely practiced and consequently should

not be strictly regulated.

7. Property owners should be compensated for implementing controls

that affect the ability of owners to develop their property.

8. Citizen opinions should be obtained through a number of participatory

mechanisms.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTER-RELATIONSHIPS
IN THE COASTAL MANAGEMENT LAND-USE OPINION SURVEY RESULTS

After the straight tabulations of the Coastal Management Land-Use Opinion

survey were analyzed, a set of cross-tabulations was done to establish

whether there were inter-relationships between age, ethnic group, and

other variables and the opinions expressed concerning the government's

role in land use. This report contains an analysis of the cross-

tabulations.

In all of the opinion questions, there was a fairly high rate of "no

opinion" responses (ranging from 6% to 34%, but averaging about 15%). It

may be that many of these people did not understand the questions, and

would have expressed an opinion if the questions could have been presented

in a more meaningful framework.

Table I
Various Characteristics of Different Age Groups
Percent of Age Group:

Age Group With Ed Level With Ed Level Who Owned
6th Grade or Lower 9th Grade or Lower Property

16-29 0% 10% 44%
30-44 4% 17% 63%
Older than 44 38% 51% 74%

Who Responded
"No Opinion" (Average)

12%
15%
18%

Table I gives a comparison of educational level, property ownership,

and "no opinion" response for the different age groups. Within the last

generation there has been a great change in the average educational level

of the adult population. The property ownership column shows a signifi-

cant difference in the percent of age group who own property. All other

factors held constant, we would expect the age group, with some property

owners, to have fewer "no opinion" responses. As the last column of the

table shows, the situation is the reverse. More older people have "no

opinion," about those issues, than younger people.

It is the opinion of this analysis that the situation is a result of

differences in educational level. If older residents of the community are

to have a voice in planning for the island, special attempts will need to

gain their input.

In this report, all response to opinion questions are presented as the

percentage of respondents who answered yes from those who answered either

yes or no. This provides the simplest solution to the problem or people

who may well have an opinion but were too polite to tell the interviewer

that they did not know the meaning of some of the words in the questions.

Significant Differences

Whenever a question is asked of two different samples of people, some

difference between the two answers is expected. If the answers are

presented as the percentage of yes responses to yes and no responses, the

expected difference depends on the sample size and the percentage itself.

If the same questions were repeatedly presented to different samples of a
population, 95% of the time the percentage would be written t-N percent.
in N = 2=
S

where P = the percent and S = the sample size.

Roughly speaking, a difference of 11 percentage points or more is

significantly different. Any smaller difference may be due to random

variation and sampling error. This memo only reports significant

differences. Attached to this report are copies of the.questionnaire

with the percentage of yes responses to each opinion questions for each

of the ethnic groups, and for different age groups. The reader may wish

to examine the pattern of differences in answers to all questions.

Ethnic Differences

In response to the statement "All Development Should Be Allowed," 45%

of Filipinos agreed, as did 30% of Guamanians, and 14% of Caucasians.

This difference of opinion between ethnic group was one of the greatest

in the survey. Generally, Caucasians were the most strongly in favor

of strict actions on development. (Residential 80%, tourist 71%,

business and industrial 81%.) The majority of Guamanians desired to

limit development (residential 59%, tourist 52%, business and

industrial 55%), but slightly less than half of the Filipinos sampled

wanted limitation on tourist development (45%) and business and

industrial development (46%). Interestingly, a healthy majority of

Filipino people wanted to limit residential development (70'110).

Respondents were asked if they objected to each of the following being

built near their home: tourist hotel, other tourist-related business,

a new housing development, or a major business or shopping center. The

only time the majority of an ethnic group objected to any of the items

was the Guamanian population and a tourist hotel. Fifty-seven percent

of the Guamanians interviewed would object to a tourist hotel being built

near their home. A tourist hotel was the least popular of the items for

all ethnic groups (Caucasians 49% object, Filipinos 41%). Generally,

fewer Filipinos objected to any of the items than did the other ethnic

groups. Guamanians and Filipinos object about equally to residential

development as to business and industrial development; but more Caucasians

object to business and industrial development (36%) than to a housing

development (20%).

There were no significant differences of opinion among ethnic groups

concerning shoreline development. A large majority of all ethnic groups

believed there should be more coastal recreational facilities, but 91%

of Guamanian versus 78% of Filipinos wanted more beaches and swimming

areas. People were asked if tax money should be spent to clean up public

beaches, and to build marinas and boat launching ramps. Responses are

given in Table II.

Table II
Tax Money Should be Used to:

Clean Up Beaches Build Marinas

Guamanians 77% 56%
Filipinos 88% 61%
Caucasian 82% 62%
All Other 87% 72%

Clearly, cleaning up beaches is a more popular activity than building

marinas. Guamanians are less enthusiastic than the other ethnic groups

about spending tax money for either activity. The grouping, all other,

which was 15% of the sample, may include more boat owners and thus

want tax money to be spent on marinas.

Concerning fishing and shelling, and laws restricting these activities,
Guamanians are the most active (40% fish regularly) and Caucasians the

least (20% fish regularly). Seventy-six percent of Caucasians are in

favor of laws restricting fish and coral collecting, as opposed to 43%

Guamanians and Filipinos and 47% of all other ethnic groups. This question

produced the greatest divergence of opinion among ethnic groups.

There was a significant difference of opinion among ethnic groups about

the best time to hold public hearings. Seventy-five percent of Caucasians

favor week-day evenings, while a greater proportion of Filipinos and

Guamanians favor weekends. Perhaps two public hearings, one during the

week, and the other over the weekend, would allow everyone a chance to

participate. Property is owned by significantly more Guamanians than
the other ethnic groups (74% as opposed to 56% Filipinos, 37% Caucasians,

and 42% other ethnic groups).

Difference of Opinion Among Age Groups

Difference of opinion among age groups are important because they may

reflect trends for the future. In response to the question on shoreline

development, 49% of young adults believe the distance should depend on

characteristics of the area, as opposed to 39% of middle-aged people and

31% of older adults.

Concerning public input to the planning process, 52% of young adults

believe public hearings to be adequate, as opposed to 64% of middle-

aged people and 59% of the older group. The only other strong difference
was in response to the question "should planners ask the church to find

out your opinion." Forty-two percent of the older group said yes, but

only 25% of young adults wanted the church to represent them. This may

reflect a growing independence away from the Spanish tradition of a church

dominated society.

Other Inter-Relationships

Other cross-tabulations were done that depict how people answered one

question by the way they responded to another. For example, a count was

made of people who fish regularly or not by whether there should be laws

that restrict fishing. The results showed that 53% of people who do not

fish regular ly want restrictions on fishing while only 39% of fishermen

want such restrictions. Thus there is a reversal of majority opinion

between the general population and fishermen. This is the only question

for which a reversal of opinion was found. As we might expect, slightly

fewer people who own ocean property thought public access should be

guaranteed (78% as opposed to 86%). However, the difference does not

matter because such a large majority of both groups support public access-

Of the 18 possible inter-relationships examined in this way, more than

half of them did not show a significant relationship. This is evidence

for the overall consistency of responses to the survey, and shows that

even people who might have a bias because of a special interest support

the common good instead.

AN INVENTORY OF PRESENT AND PROJECTED

COASTAL LAND AND WATER USES

ON GUAM

COASTAL MANAGEMENT SECTION

BUREAU OF PLANNING

GOVERNMENT OF GUAM

ALEXANDER C. CHAN

FEB. 1977

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES .....................................................

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................

I. INTRODUCTION ..............................................

Objectives ................................................ I
Methodology ............................................... 2
Research Design ........................................... 2

II. COASTAL WATER CATEGORIES .................................. 5

III. EXISTING COASTAL WATER USES ............................... 8

Sport and Commercial Fishing .............................. 8
Recreation ............................................... 11
Waster Disposal and Pollution Discharge .................. 15
Miscellaneous ............................................ 38

IV. EXISTING LAND USES ADJACENT TO COASTAL WATERS ............ 39

V. PROPOSED SEASHORE ACTIVITIES ............................. 43

By Categories ............................................ 43
By Projects ............................................... 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................... 58

LIST OF TABLES

NO. PAGE

1. Sector Locations ................................................ 3

2. Existing Coastal Water Uses - Water Categories ....................6

3. Existing Coastal Water Uses - Sport and Commercial Fishing .........8

4. Results of Twelve Aerial Fisheries Surveys by Area and ............ 9
Fishing Method

5. Existing Coastal Water Uses - Recreation .......................... 11

6. Recreation - Surfing Sites on Guam ............................... 12

7. Existing Coastal Water Uses - Waste Disposal ...................... 15

8. Sewage Treatment Plants of Guam (Having an Impact on .............. 16
Coastal Water)

9. Point Source Discharges - Coastal Waters ......................... 17

10. Existing Coastal Water Uses - Miscellaneous ....................... 38

11. Existing Land Uses Adjacent to Coastal Waters .................... 39

12. Proposed Activities Affecting Coastal Waters ..................... 43

13. Proposed Projects Affecting Coastal Waters ........................ 46

LIST OF FIGURES

NO. PAGE

1. Map of Guam Showing Sector Boundaries and Fringing ............... 4
Reef Flat Areas

2. Map of Guam Showing Coastal Water Categories as Related ........... 7
to the Twelve Coastal Sectors

3. The Island of Guam Divided into Twelve Fishing Areas ............. 10

4. Maps of Guam Showing Surfing Sites as Related to the ............. 14
Twelve Coastal Sectors

5. Archaeology Sites of Guam ....................................... 41

6. Map of Guam Showing Wetland Areas as Related to the ............. 42
Twelve Coastal Sectors

INTRODUCTION

Objectives

A major goal of Guam's CZM Land-Use Planning Program is to maintain and

improve the quality of the coastal and marine environment; the statutory

basis of the CZM Program being the impact of land and water use upon

coastal waters.

Even though the entire Island of Guam is considered to be a coastal

zone, those present and projected uses adjacent to the seashore obviously

have the greatest immediate impact on coastal waters. The objectives of

this study are to:

1) Identify Guam's existing and projected coastal land and water uses

in a concise format and;

2) establish a base by which the impacts of these uses can be evaluated.

Previous studies have been carried out by various Government of Guam

agencies concerning recreational use, parks,fishing, etc. However, a

consolidated format has not been designed which takes all present and

projected uses into consideration. This report will provide such information.

In the preparation of this study, the researcher interviewed a number of

Government of Guam agency officials as well as analyzing all available

plans, studies, and environmental impact statements relative to the

scope of the project.

Methodology

1) Reviewed the Coastal Survey of Guam (August, 1974 by Richard H.

Randall and Jeanne Holloman) for pertinent information. The preliminary

information was extracted from Randall's survey in a section entitled

"Development and Use Patterns, Culturally Important Areas, and

Features." In this study, Guam'is divided into twelve sectors on

geographical coastal divisions as set forth by Randall (see Figure

1 and Table 1).

2) Set up charts based on Randall's sector divisions and established a

list of activities which may occur in any of the sectors.
3) Data collection.- The type of data used was obtained from the

Bureau of Planning library, personal interviews with Government

officials, field work, and information gleaned from private and

government publications.

4) Data organization and presentation.

Research Design

The research design follows the basic procedural concept of general to

specific. The first section is mainly introductory in nature, while

Section II deals with the coastal water categories set up by Guam's

Environmental Protection Agency. Section III deals with Guam's existing

coastal water uses including sport and commercial fishing, recreation,

waste disposal, and miscellaneous. Section IV deals with the existing

land uses adjacent to coastal waters. Section V deals with proposed

seashore activities explaining each activity both by category and by

project.

Table I

Sector - Locationsa

Sector Location

1. Northeasterly from Pago Bay to Pati Point, then westerly to
Tagua Point.

2. Westerly from Tagua Point to Tarague Channel, then northwesterly
to Ritidian Point, and finally southwesterly to Falcona Beach.

3. Between Hilaan Point and Falcona Beach.

4. Between Hilaan Point and Fafai Beach.

5. Between Ypao Point and Fafai Beach (Tumon Bay).

6. Between Ypao Point and Oka Point (between Tumon and Agana
Bays).

7. Between Oka Point and Cabras Island. (North-facing coastline
of the central part of the island).

8. Includes all of Apra Harbor, the northern coast of Orote
Peninsula, Cabras Island, and Glass Breakwater.

9. Located along the seaward coast of Orote Peninsula, extends
from Orote Island southwest to Neye Island.

10. Between Orote Peninsula and Cocos Barrier Reef (southwest
coast of Guam).

11. Includes the Cocos Barrier Reefs and enclosed Cocos Lagoon,
Cocos Island, and the coastal region lying between the mouth
of Mamaon and Manell Channels.

12. Southward from Taogam Point to Manell Channel (southeast coast
of Guam).

a Note that these sectors and locations are taken from Randall and
Holloman's Coastal Survey of Guam.

0 2 4 6
MILES

FIGUW 1. Mp of Guam showing sector boundaries and fringing
and reef flat areas (shaded regions).
Source:, Randall @nd Coastal Survey of Guam, University of Guam,
Atrine Ta oratory,-Ttchnical Report No. 14, Aug. 1974 P.228

COASTAL WATER CATEGORIES

The following are the coastal water categories quoted from the Water Pollution

Control Act:

1. Category AA Waters

The uses to be protected in this category of waters are marine research,

propagation of aquatic life (particularly coral reef organisms), conser-

vation of wilderness areas, aesthetic enjoyment, and such recreational

activities as do not impair the other established uses. This category of

waters shall remain free from pollution attributable to domestic, commercial

and industrial discharges or agricultural, construction and other land-use

practices that impair their protected use. No pollutant discharges will be

permitted therein.

The categorization of any water area as Category AA shall not preclude other

uses of such waters compatible with these objectives and in conformance with

the standards applicable to them.

2. Category A Waters

The uses to be protected in this category of waters are recreation (includ-

ing swimming, surfing, skin and scuba diving, skiing, and other primary

contact sports), aesthetic enjoyment, propagation of aquatic and associated

wildlife, commercial, industrial and navigational uses. It is the objec-

tive that discharges of any pollutant be controlled to the degree necessary

to protect the waters for their specified use.

Figure 2 shows the categorized coastal waters established by the Government

of Guam Environmental Protection Agency. The categorized coastal waters

are further divided into sectors based on geographical coastal divisions as

set forth in Randall's Coastal Surv@y of Guam. Coastal water categories

based on Randall's sectors are as follows:

Table 2

Existing Coastal Water Uses,
Water Categories

GEPA Sector

Water Categories 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A+ A+ A A A A A A+ Aa A+
AA AA AA AA AA AA

aThe Guam Environmental Protection Agency is in the process of trying to reclassify
the Cocos Lagoon area from Category A to AA.

MARINE WATER
AA CONSERVATION AA
A GENERAL USE N AA

4 AA
A 6 5

8
A

9
A
A

AA io 12

A
0 2 4 6
@ILES-

Figure 2. Map of Guam showing coastal water categories as related
to the twelve coastal sectors.

EXISTING COASTAL WATER USES

Cm of Guam's major natural resources is the ocean. The marine environment

provides potential camercial, educational, recreational, and transportatia-ial

activities. The ocean is also an ideal place for waste disposal and a variety

of other uses. Th make better use of this resource under pressure and to focus

for future inprovements and developrmnts, existing coastal water activities

must be examined.

The following existing coastal water uses are divided into sport and ccmmrcial

fishing, recreation, waster disposal, and miscellaneous. Locations are based on

sector divisions (see figure):

Table 3

Existing Coastal Water Uses
Sport and Camercial Fishing

Sector
Method
1 2 3 A -5 6 7 8 9 '10 3.1 12

Gill: &- iliit* Fis hing X X X X X X X

Throw Net Fishing X X X X X X X

Fish Traps- (gigao) X X X

Spear Fishing X X X X X X X X X X X X

Bottan Fishing X X X X X X X X X X X X

Trolling X X X X X X X X X X X X

spinning or lbok X X X X X X X
& T.i Fishing

Subsistance Reef X X X X
Glewung a
idle-ter Fishing X X X X X X X@ X X X
a
Including shell fishin g for edible shells, crustaceans, algae, etc.

The researcher was able to review the Job Progress, Guam Fish and Wildlife

Investigations, Period Covered: July 1, 1974 - June 30, 1975. The number of

fishing activities extracted directly from the progress report area as follows.

Figure 3 shows the twelve fishing areas.

Table 4

Results of Twelve Aerial Fisheries Surveys
By Area and Fishing Method

Fishing Areas (Not Coastal Sectors Used in this Tnventory)
Method Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Bottom Fishing
(boats) 2 1 5 1 3 1 2 15 bts.

Hook & Line 3 11 2 3 8 27
Spearing 2 1 b4 1 bt 4 bts.
12 42 - 16 10 5 2 16 5 108

Gill & Surround 13 111 42 21 11 1 6 1 36 241
Net

Throw Net 11 2 3 6 6 2 11 41

Trolling (boats) 22 8 10 5 2 12 6 5 1 1 4 76 bts.

Spinning 4 10 16 30 1 3 2 2 2 70

Unidentified
Fishermen 14 13 23 9 11 1 4 10 2 8 95
Boats 3 3 2 a 2 2 20 bt%

bts. 27 14 12 6 2 25 8 9 4 2 6 115 bts.

Tbtal 24 178 103 87 1 38 5 24 10 72 2 8 582

Source: Fish and Wildlife Division, Goverrment of Guam Department of Agriculture,
Job Progress Report, Guam Fish and Wildlife Investigatims, Period Covered:
July 1, 1974 - June 30, 1975.

*See Figure 3 for "sector" delineation used in Fish and Wildlife Division's survey

zPa t i
P t.

N. C. S.
2 Lovers
\
T MA
@ G.M.H. agat Pt.

Alupat is.

Cn CL sw
Apra m n

re Agat Ylig Sa>o
Nimitz 10
Togcha Bay

Facpi Pt.
Cetti Talolfo-,570 Bay
Umatac

Merizo
Inapian

Cocos Is.

Figiare 3 The Island of Guam divided into twelve fishixig areas.

Source: Fish and Wildlife Division, Goverment of Guam
D%mrbitnt of Agriculture, Job Progress B@port, Guarn Fish and
!@1@1@0:--Investigations, period Covered: July 1, 1974 Ttge 30,
1975, 11.

Table 5

Existing Coastal. Water Uses

Recreation

Method Sector

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Surfingi X X X X X X X X X

Scuba Diving X X X X X X X X X X X X

Skin Diving X X X X X X X X X X

Snorkeling X X X X X X

Swimming X X X X X X X X

Water Skiing X X X

Power Boating X X X X X X X X X X X X

Sailing X X X X X X X X X X X X

Boat Launching X X X X X X

Boat Anchorages X X X X X

Shell Collecting X X X X X X X X X

Reef Walking X X X X X X

lSee Table 6 and Figure 4 for site location and description

TABLE 6

RECREATION

SURFING SITES ON GUAM

SECTOR SITE LOCATION DESCRIPTION

1 A Mangilao "UndexcIMUnd Cave" private property, body
surfing..

1 B Mangilao "Marbo caves," small swell

2 A Yigo "Castro's Beach," private property, surfing
inside reef, very large swell.

3 A Dededo "Double Reef," very good rights and lefts,
popular.

4 A Dededo, "Sugans Reef"

11114C
4 B Tamuning CS Beach," small swell.

4 C Tamuning "Gun Beach," small swell.

7 A TaTmming "Rick's Reef," north swell, ridden frequently.

7 B&C Agana "Agana Boat Basin," northwest, most popular
all-year-around. Lefts and rights.

7 D Asan "Left-Overs" channel, small swell.

7 E Asan "Coral Reef," large west swell.

7 F Piti "Magoos," large north and west swell.

8 'A Piti "Magundos," lefts and rights. Best surf m
Guam, any swell, very popular.

8 B Piti "Spanish Rock," huge swell.

8 C, D S F Piti "Disneyland," huge swell.

8 F Santa Rita "Gabgab Reef," huge swell.

10 A Santa Rita-Agat "Rizal," largest ridable wave on Guam 10'-
201. 4

10 S Agat "Cemeteries," large west swell.

TABLE 6 (OONTINUED)

SEMR SITE LOCATICN DESCPJ-PTICN

10 C Agat "Meetings," rights large swell.

10 D Agat "Rosey's Island," popular lefts.

10 E Agat "Corner Pocket"

10 F Umatac "Point Perfection."

10 - G Umatac "Umatac Bay," very popular west swell.

10 H Merizo "Deef Reef."

10 1 Merizo "Rock-Bottom"

10 & 11 J&A Merizo "Merizo," lefts and rights, very popular,
good on northwest, west and south swell.

11 B Merizo "Beach Side Cooos," small swell.

12 A&B Merizo "Mistoe's," very good on east or south
swell.

12 C Inarajan "Inarajan'Bay," large east or south swell.

12 D Talofofo "Talofofo Bay," large east swell, beginners
only.

12 E&F Talofofo "Number 9," small east swell.

12 G Yona "YLIG," good on east swell.

12 H Mangilao "Marine Lab - Gold Spot." Body surfing,
small waves.

A
04

fi F

FO
10

0 2
mILES

Figure 4. Map of Guam showing surfing sites as related to the twelve
coastal sectors, (based on information provided by Guam Surfing
Association).

Table 7

Existing Coastal Water Uses
Waste Disposal

Method Sector
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Untreated Sewage
Outfall 4 1
Treateda'Sewage
Outfall
Thermal Discharges lb 2c 2d

Siltation X X X X X

Industrial Waste 2

Agriculture Waste
(Experimental 3
Aquaculture)

Solid Waste 1

Storm Drains 81 33 11 6

aSee Table 8, Figures 5a and 5b for additional information.
bCooling intake and outfall.

cCooling intake.
dCooling outfall.

Note: 1) Number in the table represents quantity.

Table 8

Sewage Treatment Plants of Guam
(Having an Impact'on Coastal Water)

Sector Location Name Treatment Type

10 Agat Agat STP-PUAG Secondary Activated Sludge
8 Cabras Islandl Commercial Port Secondary Activated Sludge

12 Pago Bay Pago Bay Estates Secondary Commercial Activated
Subdivision Sludge (Aeration)
12 Pago Bay2 Yona-Pago Bay, PUAG Secondary Commercial Jet Aeration

9 Tipalao Point Navy STP Secondary Activated Sludge
Santa Rita

IPUAG asking for "after-the-fact" permit. See COE noticePODCO Notice-01256-S
of February 7, 1977.

2
Scheduled for disconnection. Flow will be diverted to the Agana outfall through
Route 4 Interceptor.

Table 9 Point Source Discharges - Coastal Waters
Revised Per Field Inspection, GEPA, 1977

POINT
1AP SOURCE RECEIVING
10. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

11 Cl Thermal discharge Tanguisson Philippine Sea 5C-57 56,045 57,515
Power plant

Cla Drainage from Tanguisson Philippine Sea 5C-57 56,030-57,505
Traveling screen Power plant
10" RCP pipe

1 C2 Stormwater Okura Hotel Tumon Bay 5B-55 55,975-55,100
(constant flow)
1-27" RCP parking
lot 2-24" RCP-
cooling tower

I C2a Stormwater drain Okura Hotel Tumon Bay 5B-55 55,980-55,075
and drainage
from pool deck

I C2b Drainage from Okura Hotel Tumon Bay 5B-55 55,970-55,075

@7 C3 Stormwater, 1-24" Okura Hotel Tumon Bay 5B-54 55,945-54,955
RCP-roof top
drain and parking
lot

POINT
MAP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

47 C4 Stormwater, 1-24" Guam Reef Tumon Bay 5B-54 55,875-54,715
RCP-roof top Hotel
drain & parking
lot

47 C5 Stormwater (from Guam Reef Tumon Bay 5B-54 55,910-54,680
holding tank Hotel
300' above
shoreline)

47 C6 Stormwater and Dai Ichi & Tumon Bay 5B-53 55,155-53,670
air conditioning Tropricana
effluent, 1-3011
RCP pipe

47 C7 Stormwater, Continental Tumon Bay 5A-53 54,575-53,465
2-8" RCP pipe Hotel

47 C7a Stormwater from Continental Tumon Bya 5A-53 54,515-53,425
parking lot & Hotel
platform of Pala
Pala

47 C8 Stormwater, 2-30" Continental Tumon Bay 5A-53 54,475-53,405
RCP pipes Hotel

1AP POINT
10. SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

@6 C9 Stormwater,2-24" Guam Hilton Tumon Bay 4F-53 53,845-53,465
pipes Hotel

16 Clo Stormwater, 1-12" Alupang Cove Agana Bay 4E-52 52,195-52,325
RCP pipe 30 ft. Cond.
above shoreline

16 Cil Stormwater, 36" Alupang Cove Tumon Bay 4E-52 52,350-52,375
RCP, 100 ft. Cond.
above shoreline

@6 C12 Stormwater, long Tamuning Agana Bay 4E-52 52,55-52,225
ditch served by Trailer Park
two 26" CMP pipes Camp Watkins
above shoreline Road Marine
Drive

16 C12a Stormwater, two Lagoon Apts. Agana Bay 4E-52 52,595-52,200
gutter-type drains
on each side of
apt. bldg.

@6 C13 Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Bay 4E-51 52,515-51 000
natural ditch Camp watkins
(constant flow) Road

@6 C14 Stormwater, bridge Marine Drive Agana Bay 4E-51 52,185-51 090
culvert

AP POINT
0. SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

6 C14a Stormwater,2-3" House Agana Bay 4E-51 52,135-51,015
pipes and 1-6"
pipe in wall

2 C15 Stormwater*, 1-48" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4E-50 52,050-50,890
RCP with 6 outlet
buffer channels

2 C16 Stormwater, 2-24" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4D-50 51,915-50,760
RCP pipes in front of
Guam Dry Cleaners

C17 Stormwater, 1-8" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4D-50 51,665-50,635
RCP pipe across Shining
Fine Furniture

C18 Stormwater, 2-8" Marine Drive in" Agana Bay 4D-50 51,305-50,515
RCP pipes front of Shells
of Micronesia

C19 Stormwater, 2-8" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4D-50 51,065-50,465
CMP pipes back of Saigon
Nite Club

POINT
MAP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

42 C20 Stormwater, 1-12" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4D-50 51,045-50,4
RCP pipe

41 C21 Stormwater, 1-12" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4C-50 50,835-50,4
RCP, 2-10" pipes, J & G Motors
& 2-10" CIP pipes & Repair Shop

41 C22 Stormwater, 1-36" Marine Drive, Agana Bay 4C-50 50,670-50,4
RCP pipe Bridge beside U. S.
culvert Naval Cemetery
& Palomo Park

41 C22a Sink Drainage, Open sink Agana Bay 4C-50 50,575-50,4
211 pipe

41 C23 Stormwater, 24" Paseo Grounds Agana'Bay 4C-50 50,370-50,3
pipe, almost
filled with
gravel

41 C24 Stormwater, 1-24" Paseo Grounds Agana Bay 4C-50 50,360-50,5
pipe, filled
with gravel

41 C25 Stormwater Paseo Grounds Agana Bay 4C-50 50,085-50,5

POINT
MAP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

41 C26 Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Boat 4B-50 49,970-50,465
1-24#1 pipe Paseo Grounds Basin

41 C26a Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Boat 4B-50 49,920-50,390
2-24" RCP pipes Basin

41 C26b Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Boat 4B-50 49,905-50,390
1-24'1-pipe Basin

41 C26c Sink Drainage Harbor Patrol Agana Boat 4B-50 49,860-50,450
sink Basin

41 C27 Sewage, raw Domestic and Agana Bay 4B-51 Agana Outfall
discharged out- Industrial
side reef 1-36" Sewage
CIP

41 C28 Stormwater, 1-24" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4B-50 49,710-50,400
RCP pipe

41 C29 Stormwater, 1-24" Marine Drive Agana Bay 4B-50 49,500-50,415
RCP pipe

- POINT
MAP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

41 C30 Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Bay 4B-50 49,300-50,410
1-16" RCP
Pipe

41 C31 Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Bay 4A-50 489985-50,455
1-24" RCP
pipe

41 C32 Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Bay 4A-50 48,745-50,555
1-24" pipe

41 C33 Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Bay 4A-50 489530-50,580
1-10' pipe

fl C34 Stormwater, Marine Drive Agana Bay 4A-50 48,345-50,565
3-36" RCP pipes Ricky's Auto
half filled with
sand

10 C35 Stormwater, Marine Drive Asan Bay 3F-50 47,430-50,510
1-14" pipe

@O C36 Stormwater, Marine Drive Asan Bay 3F-50 47,214-50,490
1-1411 pipe

10 C37 Stormwater, Marine Drive Asan Bay 3E-50 46,860-50,265
4'x4' concrete Coral Reef
culvert channel
half filled
with debris

POINT
MAP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

40 C38 Stormwater, Haloda Bldg. Asan Bay 3E-50 46,505-50,080
1-16" & 1-41'
pipes in wall

40 C39 Sewage overflow Homes Asan Bay 3E-50 46,455-50,040
drains from two
holding tanks,
no flow

40 C40 Leachate, four House Lot Asan Bay 3E-50 46,425-50,035
411 pipe from
backyard

40 C40a Stormwater, 6-2" House lot Asan Bay 3E-49 46-5315-49,960
pipes in wall
behind residence
house lot

40 C40b Stormwater, 4-8" House Asan Bay 3E-49 46,255-49,950
pipes in wall
behind home

40 C40c Stormwater, 1-4" House Asan Bay 3E-49 46,210-49,955
pipe in wall
behind home

40 C40d Stormwater, Asan Annex Asan Bay 3D-50 45,540-50,050
2-24" RCP small
flow

POINT
AP SOURCE RECEIVING
0. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

9 C41 Stormwater, Marine Drive Piti Bay 3C-49 44,775-49,400
2-24" CMP
pipes

9 C42 Stormwater, Marine Drive Piti Bay 3C-49 44,605-49,350
2'-24" RCP Tepungan
plugged with
sandand silt
deposits

9 C43 Sewage Outhouse Piti Bay 3C-49 44,220-49,220

9 C44 Stormwater, Marine Drive Piti Bay 3C-49 44,095-49,180
2-24" RCP pipes Tepungan

3 C45 Stormwater, Marine Drive Piti Bay 3B-49 43,880-49,110
2-48" RCP pipes Tepungan
2-12" CIP pipes

3 C46 Sewage, animal Outhouse, pigpen Piti Bay 3B-49 43,785-49,110
waste

3 46a Washing machine House Piti Bay 3B-49 43,750-49,080
drainage, 1" hose

C47 Stormwater, ditch Piti Village Piti Bay 3D-49 43,700-49,055

POINT
AP SOURCE RECEIVING
0. No. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

9 C47a Stormwater, USO, Hoover Piti Bay 3B-48 43,370-48,860
1-8" pipe Beach
in wall'

9 C48 Treated Sewage Commercial Philippine Sea 3F-48 41,120-48,835
Port STP

9 C49 Industrial GORCO Debal- Philippine Sea 2E-48 40,820-48,995
wastewater lasting facility

9 C50 Thermal Power Barge Outer Apra 2F-46 41,355-46,895
discharge Induct. Harbor

4 C51a Leachate from Navy Landfill Rizal Beach- 2E-42 40,250-42,585
landfill

4 C50b 211 pipe Na vy Rizal Beach 2E-42 40,220-42,340

4 C50c 6" pipe House Agat Bay 2E-42 40,420-42,165

I C51 Stormwater, Route 2 Agat Bay 2E-41 40,495-41,750
1-2411 pipe

I C51a Washwater House Agat Bay 2E-41 40,385-41,475
emptying into
stormdrain

POINT
AP SOURCE RECEIVING
0. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

4 C52 Stormwater, Route 2 Agat Bay 2E-41 40,400-41,450
3-36" pipes

4 C52a Stormwater, 1 House Agat Bay 2E-41 40,360-41,440
pipe in wall
2" pipe, sink
drainage

4 C52b Stormwater, 8-4" House Agat Bay 2E-41 40,355-41,420
pipes draining
from wall

4 C52c Sink, washwater House Agat Bay 2E-41 40,345-41,385
drainage, 4"
rubber hose
draining from
wall

4 C52d Stormwater, 4" House Agat Bay 2E-41 40,340-41,375
pipe draining
from wall (also
4" pipe from
sand)

4 C53 Stormwater, 36" Route 2 Agat Bay 2E-41 40,350-41,315
pipe

I C54 Stormwater, Route 2 Agat Bay 2E-40 40,210-40,635
pipe

POI NT
@P SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

C55 Stormwater, Route 2, Agat Agat Bay 2E-40 40,135-40,525
open trench Agat Jr. High

I C56 Stormwater, 10" Route 2 Agat Bay 2D-40 39,960-40,490
pipe

I C57 Treated Agat STP Agat Bay 2D-40 39,470-40,435
sewage

I C57a Sewage Outhouse Agat Bay 2D-39 39,530-39,950

C58 Animal Waste, Pigpen, house Agat Bay 2D-39 39,530-39,940
open sink drain

I C58a Sewage Outhouse Agat Bay 2D-39 39,520-39,915

3 C58b Sewage Outhouse
Agat Bay 2D-38 39,300-38,900

3 C59 Stormwater, Route 2 Agat Bay ZD-38 39',945-39,635
3611 pipe

C60 Stormwater, Route 2 Agat Bay 2D-38,39,155-38,360
36" pipe

C61 Stormwater, Route 2 Agat Bay 2D-38 39,105-38,155
3611 pipe

POINT
AP SOURCE RECEIVING
0. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

B C62 Stormwater, 36" Route 2 Agat Bay 2D-38 39,070-38,030
pipe

,7 C63 Stormwater, 36" Route 2 Talefac Bay 2C-37 38,785-37-330

7 C64 Clear water Unknown (may Talefac Bay 2C-37 38,750--37,255
flowing from be spring)
10" pipe

5 C65 Sewage & Houses & animal Umatac Bay 2E-30 40,090-30,695
animal waste, pens
numerous small
drains along
shoreline

5 C65a Stormwater, 1-2" La7ing's HamL, Umatac Bay 2E-30 40,295-30,685
pipe, 1-16" burger stand
pipe

5 C65b Stormwater, 6 House Umatac Bay 2E-30 40,345-30,680
pipe

5 C65c Stormwater, Route 4 Toguan Bay 2E-28 40,360-28,835
1-36" RCP

C65d Animal waste, Animal pen Amo Creek 2E-28 40,540-28,230
2" pipe

POINT
RP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

C65e Animal Waste Pigpen Bile Bay 2E-28 40,530-28,210

6 C66 Sink drainage House Bile Bay 2E-28 40,540-28,140

5 C67 Animal waste Rabbit pens Bile Bay 2E-27 40,470-27,965

5 C67a Stormwater, Route 4 Bile Bay 2E-27 40,420-27,865
1-36" RCP filled
with-debris-

5 C67b Sewage, sink Outhouse, sink Bile Bay 2E-27 40,41027,850
drainage

5 C67c Stormwater, 6" House Bile Bay 2E-27 40,390-27,825
pipe in wall

5 C67d Animal waste Pigpen Bile Bay 2E-27 40,450-27,470

5 C67e. Stormwater, 5-4" Gas Station Bile Bay 2E-27 40,475-27,435
pipes, 1-6"
pipe in wall

5 C67f Stormwater, 1-18" Route 4 Cocos Lagoon 2E-27 40,535-27,365
RCP pipe

5 C67g Stormwater, 1-18" Route 4 Cocos Lagoon 2E-27 40,620-27,195
RCP pipe

POINT
1AP SOURCE RECEIVING
10. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

6 C68a Stormwater, sink Evergreen Cafe Cocos Lagoon 2E-27 40,700-27,120
drainage 6"
storm drain

6 C68b Sewaqe, wash- Outhouse, washing Cocos Lagoon 2E-27 40,710-27,115
water machine

6 C68c Stormwater, House Cocos Lagoon 2E-27 40,890-27,050
series of
small pipes
from wall

2 C68d Stormwater, RCP Route 4 Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,015-26,970
completely
covered with
debris

C68e Sink drainage Open sink Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,085-26,925

C68f Sewage Outhouse Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,160-26,875

C68g Washwater Washing Machine Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,180-26,855

C68h Sink drainage Torres Store Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,200-26,845

POINT
AP SOURCE RECEIVING
0. NO. @DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

2 C68i Sink drainage Open sink Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,210-26,830

2 C68j Sink drainage Open sink Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,235-26,805

2 C68k Sink drainage Open sink Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,250-26,800

2 C681 Sink drainage Open sink Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,270-26,780

2 C68m Sewage Outhouse Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,230-26,730

2 C68n Sink drainage Open sink Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,335-26,710

2 C680 Animal waste Pigpens Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,620-26,580

2 C68p Sink drainage Open sink Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,660-26,505

2 68q Sink drainage, Open sink, Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,680-26,080
Washwater washing
machine

2 C68r Animal waste Pigpen Cocos Lagoon 2F-26 41,720-26,020

2 C68s Animal waste Pigpen Cocos Lagoon 2E-25 41,760-25,970

POINT
4AP SOURCE RECEIVING
40. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

)3 C69 Animal waste Pigpen Cocos Lagoon 3A-25 42,000-25,720

)3 C69a Stormwater, 1-36" Route 4 Achang Reef 3B-25 43,820-25,280
RCP pipe Waters

)3 C69b Stormwater, 2-36" Route 4 Achang Reef 3C-25 44,020-25,210
RCP pipes Waters

)3 C69c Sewage, sink Outhouse, open Achang Reef 3C-24 44,580-24,930
drainage sink Waters

)3 C69d Leachate House Achang Reef 3C-24 44,720-24,910
Waters

13 C69e Stormwater, Route 4 Achang Reef 3C-24 44,820-24,900
2-36" pipes Waters

C69f Stormwater,
1-36" pipe Route 4 Achang Reef 3D-24 45,51.0-24,930
Waters

@4 C69g Stormwater, Route 4 Achang Reef 3D-24 45,685-24,970
1-36" RCP pipe Waters
filled with
debris

4 C69h Stormwater, 2-36" Route 4 Achang Reef 3E-25 46,120-25,150
pipes 1-18" Waters
RCP pipe

POINT
MAP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

04 69i Stormwater, Route 4 Pacific Ocean 3F-25 47,790-25,500
3-36" pipes

05 C69j Stormwater, Route 4 Pacific Ocean 4A-26 48,325-26,295
3-24" pipes

05 C69k Stomwater, Route 4 Pacific Ocean 4A-26 48-580-26,630
2-24" pipes

09 C70 Stormwater, Route 4 Agfayan Bay 4A-27 48-,795-27,245
1-36" Pioe

09 C71 Stormwater,
1-36" pipe Route 4 Agfayan Bay 4A-27 48,885-27,270

09 C71a Stormwater, Route 4 Agfayan Bay 4B-27 -49,070-27,315
1-36" pipe

09 C71b Stormwater, Route 4 Pacific Ocean 4B-27 49,235-27,440
1-36" pipe

09 C71c Stomwater, Route 4 Pacific Ocean 4B-27 49.380-27-545
1-36" oioe

09 C71d Stormwater, Route 4 Pacific Ocean 4B-27 49.435-27-550
1-36" pipe

POINT
AP SOURCE RECEIVING GRID COORDINATES
0. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER

9 C71e Stormwater, Route 4 Pacific.Ocean 4B-27 49,585-27,645
1-3611 pipe

9 C72 Sewage over- Inarajan Elem. Pacific Ocean 4B-27 49,00-27,685
flow, storm- School.&
water 1-30" leaching
pipe field

9 C73 Sewage, flows Several Homes Inarajan Bay 4B-27 49,800-27,990
in ditch to
shore

9 C74 Stormwater, Inarajan,
ditch channels Route 4 Inarajan Bay 4B-27 49,615-28,205
to shore

9 C75 Sink drainage Open sink Inarajan 4B-27 49,820-28,400

6 C75a Leachate, Talofofo Bay Talofofo Bay 4D-34 51,355-34,785
partially ex- restrooms
posed leaching
field

2 C75b Stormwater, 2-10" Jones Beach Mana Bay 4E-36 52,200-36,900
pipes, several area
4" pipes

2 C76 Stormwater, 2-36" Route 4 Pacific Ocean 4D-38 51,900-38,210
pipes

POINT
MAP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

28 C77 Stormwater, air Country Club Pacific Ocean 4E-29 52,205-39,060
conditioning of the Pacific
effluent
swimming pool
drainage, 2-36"
pipes above
beach flow to
shore

35 C78 Stormwater, 1-24" Pago Bay Pago Bay 5A-44 54,100-44,660
pipe possibly Subdivision
hooked up to STP

35 C79 Stormwater, 1-18" Marine Lab, Paqo Bav 5B-44 55,120-44,955
pipe UOG

35 C80 Aquarium Marine Lab. Pago Bay 5B-44 55,110-44,945
effluent, 6" UOG
pipe

35 C81 Sewage, flows Mangilao-UOG, Pacific Ocean 5B-44 55,755-44,780
into rock shelf G.W.H.S. sur-
before entering rounding apts.
water, 2-48" RCP
culvert goes to
cliffline then
to ocean

49 C82 Untreated Marbo Housing Pacific Ocean 6C-51 62,855-51,190
domestic sewage,
1811 pipe av@rage
flow-0.4

POINT
4AP SOURCE RECEIVING
NO. NO. DESCRIPTION SOURCE WATER GRID COORDINATES

62 C83 Untreated Andersen Pacific Ocean 7E-59 70,225,59,130
domestic sewage, Housing
15" RCP pipe
(average flow
1.5 MGD)

62 C84 Untreated Andersen Pacific Ocean 7E-59 70,190-59,840
domestic Housing
sewage, 16"
RCP pipe (average
flow 0.015 MGD)

62 C85 Washtack waste- Air Force Pacific Ocean 7E-60 70,685-60,850
water, 6" RCP Maintenance
pipe (average
flow 0.015 MGD)

Table j,(.)

Existing Coastal Water Uses
Miscellaneous

Activity sector
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Dredging X, X.

Landfill X X

Submarine Cables X X X

Transportation X X X X
Networka

Marine Laboratory X
Military Reservation X X X X X X X

aIncluding piers, marinas, sea terminals, boat ramps, etc.

I V

EXISTING LAND USES ADJACENT TO COASTAL WATERS

Beach areas are a precious resource for Guam, especially in light of

the island's tremendous recreational growth along the seashore. The

development and improvement of seashore activities lie in the examination

of existing land uses adjacent to those coastal waters. It is necessary to

evaluate the existing coastal land uses in order to ascertain how each sector

is fulfilling it's role in satisfying those activities. It is hoped that in

doing so, this will serve as a guide to the future preservation, improvement,

or development of our coastal lands in the most beneficial and economical manner.

The following depicts the existing land uses adjacent to coastal waters:

Table ii

Existing Land Uses
Adjacent to Coastal Waters

Sector
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2

Agriculture X X X X X

Residential X X X X X X X X X
Commercial X X X X X X

Industrial: Fuel Storage X
Industrial: Transportation X X X
Networka

Industrial: Ammo Wharf X
Industrial: Utility Network X X
(Power production)

Table 11 (Continued)

Sector
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Industrial: Mining and x x x x
quarrying
HistoEic and archaeological x x x x x x x x x x
sites

Recreation: Public x x x x x x x
beaches, parks and reserves

Recreation: Camping and x x x x x x x x x
picnicking

Recreation: Resorts x x

Recreation: Vistas x x x x x x

Wetlandsc X, x x x x

Solid Waste Disposal x x
(dump)

Cemeteries x x x x

Hospitals x

Schools and University x x x

Police and Fire Protection x x

Communication and x X; X x x
Navigation Facilities

Conservation: Forest and
Wildlife Preserve x x x x x x

Military Reservation x x x x x x x

aIncluding piers, marinas, sea terminals, boat ramps, yacht club,
wharves and ship repair facilities.
bFigure 5 is a map showing Archaeology Sites of Guam.

cFigure 6 is a map showing wetland areas.
A f)

Sp. 2 2 7
1
MSG 7 2 MOGY
x
6 3
3 .4

MOGD
3
.2 MaGY-5

M&G Ta
2

MDG(
7
6\

10 MCGY
7

6, MaGMa

2
7
9
10
@48GMa

2,1 4.
3 000

GY0 N

GT
7 12

0 1
t - MILES
A
3 7,,
121
MAOU 2 13%
5 14 t,
6 G1
IG%-
17
19'
MOGO 23
MSG 9 25.
3

M 12 2
3. maw

aGI-27
MaGme GI-26

FIGURE 5
Archaeology sites of Guam. Map modified from Reinman
(unpublished manuscript).

Source: Randall and Holloman, Coastal Survey of Guam,University of
Guam, Marine Laboratory, Technical Report No. 14, August, 1974,
P. 227.

6\5

8 0 AGANA SWAMP

0 SASA RIVER

9 0 ATANTANO RIVER
0 PAG\
0 0 RIVER
0 NAMO FLOODPLAI

12
10 TALOFOFO RIVER

0 UMATAC MARSH

INARAJAN MARSH
EUS RIVER
0 0 AGFAYAN BAY
AJAYAN BAY 0 2 4 6
IZO MANGROVES MILES

Figure 6 Map of Guam showing wetland areas as related to the
twelve coastal sectors.

PROPOSED SEASHORE ACTIVITIES

This section serves as a reference to readers who wish to examine

the proposed activities to ascertain the implementation value of each

activity or project in terms of benefits and economics, as well as social

and environmental factors.

The first part of this section presents the reader with a general

knowledge of the proposed activities by category. The second part of this

section presents the proposed projects (including a general description).

Proposed projects may involve more than one type of activity.' For example,

construction of a marina may involve dredging, landfill, etc. Table 12

is a listing or proposed activities affecting coastal waters. Table 13

is a listing of proposed projects affecting coastal waters.

Table 12

Proposed Activities Affecting Coastal Waters

Activity Sector
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12

Residential X X X X

Archaeology Sites X X

Agriculture (Experimental X
Farm)

Aquaculture X X X

Urban Renewal X

Dredging X X X X X X X

Landfill X X X X X X

Transportation Network: X X X X X X
Marina

Table 12 (Continued)

Activity Sector
1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Transportation Network: X
Harbor Expansion

Transportation Network: X X X X
Piers i

Recreation: Resorts X X X X X

Recreation: Swimming X X X X X
Area (Pool)

Recreation: Artificial X
Reefs

Recreation: Beaches, beach X X X X X X
parks, parks and reserves

Recreation: Picnicking/ X X X X X X X
Camping

Recreation: Beach Access X X X X

Recreation: Fort X

Recreation: Caves X

Recreation: Stone Bridge X

Recreation: Bell Tower and X
Conbento. (Preservation)

Submarine Cables X

Flood Control X X

Waste Disposal Sewage X X X X X X
Treatment Plant and Outfall

Water Line X

Shore Protection X

Table 12 (Continued)

Sector
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sea Water Inlet x

Thermal Discharge x x

Industrial: Ammo Wharf x x

Storm Drains x x

Industrial: Utility Network x x x
(Power production)

TABLE 13

PROPOSED PROJECTS AFFECTING COASTAL WATERS

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

I Residential Sasajyan Kaiser Housing; roads laid out, no
recent development.

1 Archaeological Pagat Preservation: 1) Access road,
Site parking, ranger's station,. 9helter
and trail. 2) Archaeological
investigation and visitors
facilities.

1 Recreation: Marbo Campanaya Point Located on the cliffs at Campanay4
Caves Pt. on the northeast coast. Devel-
opment.

2 Ammo Wharf Tarague Channel Proposed facilities to off load ammo
barges from Orote Ammo Wharf.

2 Residential Uruno Point Development, high density hotel and
condominium.

2 Recreation: Resorts Uruno Point Development.

2 Recreation: Swimming Uruno Beach Development. Three swimming pools
Pool on the reef flat of Uruno Pt.
including landfill and dredging.

2 T@ansp. Network: Uruno Point Development including landfill
Marina and dredging.

2 Beach Access Uruno Beach Access being sought from U.S. Air
Force by developer.

2 Waste Disposal: Uruno Point Two plants and one outfall, second-
Sewage Treatment ary treated effluent.
Plant and Outfall

4 Submarine Cable North of Tanguis- Additional cables crossing the reef
son Power Plant flat.

4 Recreation: Park Tanguisson Pt. Beach development, Hilaan Beach

TABLE 13 (Cont'd

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

4 Power.Plants Tanguisson Pt. Future expansion of power plants.
Outfall designed for thermal waste.
4 Recreation Park (Two Harmon Village Also called Puntan Dos Amantes.
Lovers Pt.) Beautification and development
(portion completed), restroom,
water supply, additional picnic
facilities and landscaping.
Further development into a
regional park serving northern
Guam; small damping area, addi-
tional picnic facilities, hiking,
trails, shelters, and perhaps
restaurant, interpretation and
landscaping.
4 Waste Disposal: Tanguisson and Sewage system under constr. Centralized
Sewage Treatment Plant Hilaan (near NCS) wastewater treatment facility with
and Outfall. open-ocean disposal of primary
treated effluent. Proposed inter-
ceptor sewer for the northern link,
sewage-pump station and connection
from the southern link, the waste-
water treatment plant, and the
marine outfall for the Northern
District Sewerage System also
called the Northern Integrated
Wastewater System.

5 Transp. Network Tumon Bay P.L. 12-127 authorized the appro-
(Launching Ramps, San priation for construction.
Vitores Beach)

5 Recreation Swimming Tumon Bay Dredging in Tumon Bay and Okura
Area (Dredging) Hotel

5 Recreation:Beach Matapang Reach Development: Small beach park,
Tumon Bay outdoor recreation facilities,
including landscaping, picnic units,
restrooms, showers, parking and
utilities. Heart of the resort
strip along Tumon Bay.

TABLE 13 (Contd.

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

5 Recreation: Beach Sirena Beach Development: 1) Picnic units,
Tumon Bay, shelters, bathhouse, restrooms
Tamuning and recreation facilities, park-
ing and landscaping.

5 Recreation: Resort Sirena Beach Mandarin Hotel to develop.
Tumon Bay,
Tamuning

5 Recreation: Beach Ipao Beach, Tumon Beach improvement and development.
Park Bay, Tamuning Beach cleaning, pavilion, renova-
tion park signs, park benches,
barbecue-:pit repairs, car barriers,
open-air theater, restrooms, picnic
units, shelters and parking.

7 Transp. Network: Sleepy Lagoon Small boat basin with dredging
Marina Tamuning and construction of causeway.
Status uncertain.

7 Recreation: Resort Sleepy Lagoon, Hotel Condominium. Status
Tamuning uncertain.

7 Recreation: Park Padre Palomo Improvement: Adding picnic units,
Park next to park benches, landscaping and
cemetery, East enclosing an open-drainage canal.
Agana

7 Flood Control Agana River Creating.levees and channel improve-
ments to control flooding of the
Agana River. (COE study).

7 Cultural Center Agana Swamp Develop multiple use recreation
compatible with the value of the
swamp as a unique environmental
ecosystem.

7 Recreation: Park Paseo de Susanna, Development: Additional parking,
Agana shelters and picnic units.

7 Drainage Camp Watkins, Storm drainage at East Agana Bay.
Tamuning Expansion of existing drainage.

TABLE 13 (Cont'd.

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

7 Transp. Network: Marine Drive, Widening of road with right-of-way
Road Widening Tamuning and East on the beach park area. Elimina-
Agana tion of some recreational area.

7 Drainage East Agana Bay Storm drains 5 ft. by 18 ft. for
runoff from Tamuning.

7 Drainage San Ramon, Agana Storm drainage at Agana River.

7 Capitol Buildings East Agana Bay Proposed filling of reef flat to
build Government buildings.

7 Transp. Network Agana Bay, Agana Improvement of the existing Boat
Agana Marina Basin, expansion and development
(under construction) of a larger marina (including land-
fill and dredging). The proposed
Agana Sewage Treatment Plant is
also located in this area. Picnic-
king area will also be provided.
Project is underway.

7 Recreation Agana Marina, Within the Agana Boat Basin plan.
Picnicking Agana

7 Waste Disposal: Agana Marina, Wastewater System - This plant will
Sewage Treatment Plant Agana serve sewers from sewer systems in
and Outfall the center part of the island,
(under construction) including sewer system of Barrigada,
NAS, Chalan Pago, Ordot, Yona,
Mangilao, Mongmong-Toto-Maite,
Tamuning, Asan, Piti, Sinajana,
Agana, and Agana Heights which are
under,construction.

7 Recreation: Beach Agana Beaches, Development: Two stretches of
Park Agana beach along Marine Drive, including
picnic facilities, shelters, rest-
rooms, parking area and landscaping.

7 Urban Renewal Agana Bay, Agana Development from Paseo de Susanna
to A'niqua, including moving busi-
nesses from seashore.

TABLE 13 (Cont'd.

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

7 Urban Renewal Asan Community Development Projects
Acquire lands, improve sites,
relocate families and businesses
and rehabilitate structures.

7 Recreation: Beach Piti Improvement: Drainage improvement,
picnic units installation and
bench rejuvenation.

7 War in the Pacific Asan Point, Asan Federal property - National Park
Historic Park service - War in the Pacific
National Historical Park, plans
completed.

7 Aquaculture: Prawn Asan Point, Proposed GovGuam hatchery to
Hatchery Asan provide stock for aquaculture of
fresh water prawns.

7 Recreation: Beach Piti Beautification: Upgraded and
Park expanded picnic facilities, beach
shelters, drinking fountain, improve
landscaping, and fence and rejuve-
nate beach.

7 Recreation: P.C. Piti
Santos Memorial Park

8 Aquaculture Apra Harbor Good location for aquaculture in
Guam at east end of outer Apra
Harbor.

8 Industrial Development Cabras Island Cannery, factories, etc., proposed
after removal of old Ammo Wharf.

8 Port Development Cabras Island Expanded port facilities.

8 Transp. Network: Apra Harbor, Harbor expansion, including dredg-
Apra Harbor Piti ing and landfill. See also Ammo
Wharf, Apra Master Plan.
8 Transp. Network: Piti Channel Boat ramp to be built next to Cabras
Boat Ramp Power Plants for recreational boating.
8 Power Plarvts Cabras Island Additional power plants to be built
in 1980's.

TABLE 13 (Cont'd.

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

8 Recreation: Marina Naval Station, Piti Small boat marina, included in
the Commander Naval Force, Marianas
Recreation program.

8 Transp. Network: Apra Harbor COE study planned for 1977 to deter-
Recreation: Boat mine feasibility of Harbor of Refuge
Facilities for sailboats and small fishing
boats.

8 Agriculture Naval Shore land Navy leasing of coastal lots for
Apra Harbor agriculture.,

9 Ammo Wharf Orote Point, Final engineering studies underway
for first of three phases, including
additional enhance to Apra and
Tarague Barge Wharf.

9 Navy Sewage Treat- Tipalao Point, Near Apra Harbor, upgraded and
ment Plant and Outfall Santa Rita expanded treatment plant (from
primary to Level 1 secondary treat-
ment) and outfall will be repaired.
Flows from both military and civilian
sources. Agat Treatment Plant will
be abandoned. Sewer from Agat-
Nimitz Sewer System will go to
Navy Treatment Plant but not
officially approved.

10 Cement Plant Southeast of Paga- Proposed location for cement manu-
chao Subdivision, facturing facility including quarry,
Agat crusher, kiln, storage.
10 Transp. Network: Agat (Gaan Pt.) Development including dredging and
Agat Marina landfill, launching ramp, boat
dock and revetment; study being
carried out under COE funding.

10 Recreation: Nimitz South of Agat, Improvement - Parking, beach pavilion,
Beach Park Agat repair barbecue pits, park benches;
these are two Japanese anti-aircraft
guns, inclusion in.the War in the
Pacific National Historic Park,
questionable at present time.

TABLE 13 (continued)

PROPOSED PROJECTS AFFECTING COASTAL WATERS

.SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

10 Recreation: Talafac Agat Preservation (restoration
Stone Bridge development); adjacent site considered
a probable area for proposed Agat
Boat Basin.

10 Recreation: Talafac Agat near Nimitz Preservation including repair,
Tolai Ancho (Bridge) Beach stabiliz 'ation of brfdge structure',
interpretation and restoration.

10 Super tanker mooring Agat Bay Plan for single paint mooring for
and off loading super tankers@ to off load via
submerged pipe to GORCO Refinery.
Environmental Study Complete.

10 Flood Control Namo River, Agat Protect low lands from flooding.
(COE Project)

10 Transp. Network: Nimitz Beach, Agat P.L. 12-127 authorized the appro-
Launching Ramps priation-for construction. No action
at present.

10 Recreation: Arti- North of Nimitz Fish and Wildlife's Division proposes
ficial Fishing Reef Beach, 60 ft. to sink barge as fish habitat.
deep

10 Transp. Network: Umatac Bay, Umatac P.L. 12-127 authorized the appro-
Launching Ramps priation for construction. No
action at present.

10 Recreation: Park Umatac Bay, Umatac Development and Improvement - Upgrade
Bay beach areas, improve picnic areas,
parking areas, shelters, picnic units,
landscaping/barriers, and Magellan
Monument Interpretation. Temporary
Pier constructed, possible site of
a Guam's "Sea Life Park" develop-
ment by private interests.

10 Recreation: Fort Umatac Bay, Umatac Preservation (rest/development),
clearing, restoration, walkway,
picnic units, parking and interpre-
tation.

TABLE 13 (Cont'd.)

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

10 Recreation: Fort Umatac Bay (near Rest/development. Phase I
entrance, Umatac Archaeological investigation and
stabilization. Phase I - Access
and parking, trail, interpretation.

10 Recreation: Fort Umatac Bay, Umatac Scenic overlook - Development not
completed.

10 Sewage Outfall Umatac Bay, Umatac Ocean outfall. Dead issue.

10 Treatment Plant Toguan Bay Ocean outfall, proposed in initial
With Sewage Outfall Umatac/Merizo studies by Gillham, Koebig & Koebig
as primary site.

11 Recreation: Bell Merizo Preservation - Picnic units, shelters,
Bell Tower & Conbento parking, interpretation signs, owned
by Catholic Church, federal funds
available from Historic Preserva-
tion program.

11 Recreation Cocos Island Development - Portion for destina-
Merizo tion area, boat dock,
picnic units, shelters and bath-
house-restroom.

11 Recreation: Resort Cocos Island Illegal development begun of prior,
groin, restaurant by owners.
Proposed casino.

TABLE 13 (Collt'd-)

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

11 Transp. Network: Mamoan Channel, Proposed private venture; concept
Paradise Pier Merizo approved, no project development
to date.

11 Transp. Network: Mamoan Channel Adjacent access channel, seawall
Merizo Pier Merizo backfill and boat ramp.

11 Transp. Network: Mamoan Channel Cross-shaped commercial launching
Merizo Pier Merizo pier and mooring facility (accommo-
date six vessels, Public Notice
No. PODCO-01247-3, 9/15/76).

11 Recreation: Merizo Merizo Development proposed by Government
Pier Park of Guam.

11 Transp. Network: Adjacent to Cocos Temporary boating facility, accommo-
Guam Marine Co. Lagoon, Merizo date four to six 30-foot boats for
Marina berthing.

11 Transp. Network: Achang Bay Dredging and filling at the head
Boat Basin Channel, Merizo of Manell Channel, Merizo to
provide small boat launching and
berthing facilities while channeliz-
ing the creek flow over the reef-
flat area.

11 Transp. Network: Geus River Boat basin at.the mouth of the Geus
Merizo Marina and Merizo River. Development - Involved
Pier dredging and landfill, including
1) parking area, twenty slip
marinas, two launching ramps, water
supply, 2) fuel facilities, supply
shop, eight picnic units, two
shelters, playground, and beach (swim-
ming).

12 Waterline Inarajan, Merizo Along the coast.

'FABLE 13 (Cont'd.)

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

12 Recreation: Swimming Inarajan Improvement on parking, picnic
(Saluglula Pool) units, shelters, renovation of
existing facilities, landscaping
and camp-site park.

12 Waste Disposal Pauliluc Bay Inarajan Sewage System, including
Sewage Treatment Inarajan-Malojloj a small treatment plant (secondary
Plant and Outfall treated) with an ocean outfall.
(See Vol. II, Waste-Water Facilities
Plan, p. 11-15).

12 Agriculture Next to Pauliluc UOG Agriculture Experimental Farm.
Experiment Farm Bay, Inarajan-
Merizo

12 Aquaculture: Prawn Next to Pauliluc Possible alternate location of
Hatchery Bay, Inarajan- Government prawn hatchery.
Merizo

12 Recreation: Beach Bebesbes Beach, Development of picnic units, shelters
Inarajan restroom bathhouse, access road,
parking area, water supply and power,
game area and landscaping.

12 Aquaculture: Commer- Agfayan Bay Eel farming in raised concrete
cial Fish Ponds tanks.(under construction)

12 Recreation: Beach Talofofo Beach, Development.
Talofofo

12 Shore Protection Talofofo, Riprap protection of the beach and
recreation areas and roads at
Talofofo.

12 Transp. Network: Talofofo River New road alignment and bridge at
Bridge river mouth.

12 Recreation: Beach Ipan Beach Development of Ipan camping area
Talofofo (trail and campsite construction
area).

12 Large-scale Recreation Talofofo River Private development.
Talofofo Waterfall Park River Valley

TABLE 13 (Cont'd.

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION CONMENT

12 Reservoir Ugum River Hydrological study completed by
COE.

12 Recreation: Beach Tagachang Beach, Improvement and Development:
Yona Initial development and improvement.
Phase JI-area into regional park
serving the east central portion of
Guam. Facilities include campsites,
group camp area, picnic units, mile
trail, outdoor games area, beach
conditioning, access road and-toilet
facilities.

12 Water Treatment Plant Ylig W.T.P., Yona This is on the Ylig River; no funds
spent. Source of drinking water
with filtered waste disposal
down stream in river.

12 Transp. Network: Pago Bay, Yona Public Law 12-127 authorized the
Launching Ramps appropriation for construction.

12 Transp. Network: Talofofo Bay, Public Law 12-127 authorized the
Launching Ramps Talofofo appropriation for construction.

12 Transp. Network: Inarajan Bay, Public Law 12-127 authorized the
Launching Ramps Inarajan appropriation for construction.

12 Transp. Network: Ylig Bay, Yona Public Law 12-127 authorized the
Launching Ramps appropriation for construction.

12 Transp. Network: Ylig Bay, Yona Development - Launching ramp,
Yli.g,Boat Ramp parking area and a dock along the
shore for transit tie up.

12 Transp. Network: Ylig Bay, Yona
Public Marina and
Launching Facility

12 Recreation: Resort Ylig Bay, Yona Hong Kong Land Co., high use
condominium resort@ hotel.

TABLE 13 (Cont d.

SECTOR ACTIVITY LOCATION COMMENT

12 Residential Pago Bay, Yona Cal-Island Devolopment Co.
Residential Housing.

12 Residential Pago Bay, Yona Frank Loright Co., Town House type
residential housing located on
south side of Pago Bay.

12 Educational- Marine Lab-UOG Seawater inlet and possible
Recreational Mangilao development of aquarium and
botanical ga@den.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank David Bonvouloir, Michael Gawel, Armand Speidel, and Patrick
McMakin, of the CZM planning staff, for their assistance through personal inter-
views. Interviews were also conducted with Frankie Acob, Engineer, GEPA and Steve
Landers, Planner, Department of Parks and Recreation. Patrick McMakin updated and
edited this report.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agana Marina Develo ment Plan.. Gillian, Koebig and Koebig, Inc., for
DPW, Nov., 1976

Agat Small Boat Harbor Study. Background Information. U.S. Amy COE, 1977

Aquaculture and Its Potential Environmental Impact on Guam's Coastal Waters,
CZM, BP, August, 1977
Asan Communi U Development Project Report. Juan C. Tenorio and Assoc., for
GHURA, 1977.
Atlas of the Reefs an-d Beaches of Guam. R.H. Randall and L.G. Eldredge,
RP, CZM, 1977.

Boating ActiviU in the TerritoEy of Guam, 1974. Gillham, Koebig and Koebig,
Inc., for U.S. Army COE, 1976.

Coastal Surm of Guam. Richard H. Randall and Jeanne Holloman, UOG Marine
Lab. Tech. Report No. 14, August, 1974.

Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Ammunition Port Facility, Orote
Point, Guam, Mariana Islands. U.S. Naval Magazine, Guam for Commander
7
in i7Cief U.S. Pacific Fleet, March, 1977.

Draft Environmental Im act Statement Harbors and Rivers in the Territory of
Guam, Interim Report on Flood Control, Agana River, Guam. U.S. Army COE,
May, 1975.

The Extent of Coral, Shell and Algae Harvesting in Guam Waters. Steven E.
Hedlund, UOG Marine Lab. Tech. Report No. 34, July 1977.

Final Environmental Impact Statement, Flood Control Projects, Namo River,
Territory of Guam. U.S. Amy COE, Sept., 1974.

Future Power Production and Transmission Alternative Plans, Guam, U.S.A.
Whal-ter F. Pinckert and Associates for BP, CZM, 1977.

Guam Coastal Planni,nq Bibliography. Michael J. Gawel, BP, CZM, Sept., 1976.

Guam Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan. Department of Parks & Rec., 1977.

Guam Comprehensive Transportation Plan. DPW, 1975.

Guam Environmental Protection Agency Fourth Annual Report, GEPA, April, 1976,
March 1977.

Guam Historic Preservation Plan. Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Jan., 1976.

Guam Inventory of Planning Information. BP, June 1976.

Guam Water Quality Standards. Guam Environmental Protection Agency, Aug. 6, 1975.

Hydrological Study for Potential Water, Supply Reservoir, Ugum River, Territory
of Guam, Sunn, Low, Tom and Hara for U.S. Army COE, March, 1977.

Inventory and Mapping of Wetland Vegetation in Guam, Saipan and Tinian,,M.I.
Moore, Raulerson, Chernin and McMakin, U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers, 1977.

Job Progress Report, Federal Aid to Fish and Wildlife Restoration, FY 1976.
Dept.. of Agriculture, Divisio-n--o-TAquatic and Wildlife Resources, 1976*.

Marianas Yacht Club Master Plan, Prepared for the Guam Coastal Mgt. Program,
April 22, 1977.

Marine Environmental Baseline Re2ort Commercial Port, Apra Harbor, Guam,
UOG Marine Lab. Tech. Report No. 34, April, 1974.

Marine Environmental Survey of Piti Bay and Piti Channel, Guam. James A. Marsh,
Jr. ana Gregory D. Gordon, UOG Marine Lab. Environmental Survey Report
No. 3, June 1971.

Marine Survey of Agat Bay. UOG, Marine Lab. Tech. Report No. 31, Jan, 1977.

The Merizo Water System Sanitary Survey, GEPA, Feb., 1977.

Planning.for Southwest Guam. Barton, Gartner, Govoni and Lotz. Dept. of Parks
and Recreation, March 1, 1976.

Point Source Discharges, Coastal Waters, Revised Per Field Inspection.
GEPA, Guam, July, 1977.

Talofofo Beach Shore Protection, Detailed Project Report. U.S. Army COE,
June, 197-T-

Territory of Guam Comprehensive Highway Safety Plan 1976-1977. Arthur D. Little,
Inc., for DPW, May, 1975.

A Thermal Study of Piti Channel, Guam and Adjacent Areas, and the Influence
Of Power Plant Operators on the Marine Environment, J.A. Marsh, UOG
Marine Lab. Tech. Report No. 6, June, 1973

Wastewater Facilities Plan for Guam. Gillham, Koebig and Koebig, for DPW, 1977.

A SUMMARY OF MAJOR FEDERAL AGENCY
LAND HOLDINGS
IN THE TERRITORY OF GUAM

Coastal Management Section
Bureau of Planning
Agana, Guam

January, 1977

INTRODUCTION

This reporthas been developed in response to requirements of
Sections 304(a) and 305(b)(1) of the Coastal Zone Management
Act of 1972:

304 (a) "Excluded from the coastal zone are lands the use
of which is by law subject solely to the discretion
of or which is held in trust by the Federal Govern-
ment, its officers or agents."

305(b)(1) "Such management program shall include an identifi-
cation of the coastal zone boundaries subject to
the management program."

Although Federal lands are technically excluded from the provisions
of the Coastal Zone Management Act, actions upon these lands judged
to have a "spillover" impact upon adjoining areas identified as
Guam's coastal zone must be "consistent" with the objectives of
the approved territorial CZM Program.

Previous studies have been carried out by the Department of Land
Management (GovGuam), and the U.S. Navy concerning an extent of
Federal lands. Comparisons of the two reports indicated certain
discrepancies which this study attempts to resolve.

A., Objectives

1) To identify federally owned or controlled lands on Guam in
order to determine the boundaries of Guam's coastal zone.

2) To provide Federal and local offices an up-to-date summary
of Federal land holdings, identifying as accurately as possible
supporting data which would be of use in land and water use
planning.

3) To establish a mechanism for Federal and local agency review
and comment on major CZM products, reports and program
development.

B. Organization

This report is divided into four (4) sections as follows:

I. Introduction, Objective, Organization, Methodology,
Acknowledgements.

II. Patterns of Federal Land Ownership (Summary Table) 1976.

III. Summary of Major Federal Agency Land Holdings:

This section is the main part of the report indicating:
(1) Map Code: The parcel number of the area appearing on
the 1:25,000 scale key map.
(2) Document: Indicates the specific document or drawing
from which data was obtained.
(3) Place Name: The name of the installation.
.(4) E-ocation:' Municipality where place name is located.
(5) Aqency Responsible: Indicates what agency controls
suFj`ect area.
(6) Area: Indicates size of parcel in square meters and
acres.
(7) Use: A general description of the area's use.
(8) Grid Number: Indicates general location of area
according to Uniform Grid System's grid identifier.
(9) Remarks: As far as possible indicates method of
acquisition and changes to the parcel in question
subsequent to acquisition.
IV. Appendix: Sup 'porting material used in the preparation
of this report.

C. Methodology

Approach to the task included:

1) Research of all pertinent studies, reports and documents in
the Bureau of Planning and related local agencies (I mm).*

2) Extensive interviews with locally-based Federal officials,
map compilation (1.5 mm).

3) Draft summary of findings (1 mm).

4) Revision of draft summary for mailing to all Federal offices-
involved (2 mm).

5) Mailing of pre-final summary to appropriate agencies for
comments 0 mm).'

6) Revision of pre-final according to comment received (3'mm).

7) Mailing of follow-up letters to agencies not responding
within 90 days (05 mm).
8) Final revision and final document preparation (2 mm).

9) Drafting of 1:25,000 map delineating boundaries.

mm = man months

C. Acknowled2ements

The Bureau of Planning's Coastal Management Section would
like to thank the now non-operational Navy Real Estate
Office for the time and effort required to supply the
reproducible maps for the majority of Navy and Air Force
Lands on Guam. Special thanks goes to all agencies, Federal
and local, that spent the time to review this document
for accuracy.

Alexander C. Chan, planner with the Bureau of Planning was
responsible for the research in the preparation of this report.
David A. Bonvouloir was the program coordinator.

E. Map Note

A map for identified Federal lands has been prepared on
the 1:25,000 scale base map mylar reproducible and is
available at the Bureau of Planning, 4th floor, PDN Building.
Arrangements should be made in advance by contracting the
Bureau of Planning, telephone 477-9639/9502 or 472-8711.

PATTERNS OF FEDERAL LAND OWNERSHIP (SUMMARY TABLE) 1976

% of Federal
Agency Acres Square Meters Land Held

A. Military

Air Force 20,544.54 83,142,605 46.1%

Navy 22,069.24 89,313,021 49.5%

Coast Guard 71.99 291,340 .2%

Subtotal: 42,685.77 172,746,966 95.8%

B. Non-Military (Federal)

FAA 833.18 3,371,812 1.91%

Department of Interior 988.66 4,001,066 2.3%

Subtotal: 1,821.84 7,372,878 4.2%
Grand Total (A&B)3 1,801,198.44 100.%
7,

*1 Total areas do not include submerged lands adjacent to property owned by the U.S.
*2 Assuming total acreage approximately 212 square miles x 640 acres/square miles,(calculated w

*3 Differences in conversion factors used account for approximately@5% error in acre/square met

III. SUWMY OF FEDERAL AGENCY LAND HOLDINGS
TERRITORY OF GUAM
JANUARY, 1977

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION RESPONSIBLE

1 Y&D PWG Ritidian Communica- Dededo Yigo NAVY
737254 tion Area
& (U.S. Naval Facility)
1069486
(RESM)

2 Y&D DWG Northwest Guam Dededo Yigo AIR FORCE
597-464 Air Force Base

3 NAV FAC..DWG Tarague natural Yigo Dededo AIR FORCE
1268476 wells (area #25)

4 NAV FAC DWG Andersen Air Force Yigo AIR FORCE
1268475 Base (area #46)

5A) NAV FAC DWG Naval Communication Dededo NAVY
1268676 Station (R)
Finegayan "A"

B) "B" Dededo, NAVY

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

1,345,772.04 S.M. Terminal equipment 6L69 1) 602,321.00 S.M. or 148,836
332.546 acres building, warehouses, acres acquired by Civil No.
Administration Building 29-62, Y&D DWG #737254.
communication antennas 2) 743,451.04 S.M. or 183.71
and miscellaneous sup- acres comprising the 182.4
port building. acres & 1.3 acres of access
road within NW Field. Air
Force transferred to Navy,
classified Ltr. of 3/24/58
(previously under "permit"
use).

17,719,143.61 Radar installation 6L65 Orginal area = 18,462,594.65
S.M., 4,378.40 storage S.M. or 4,562.11 acres as
acres shown in Y&D DWG #597-464
later 743,451.04 S.M. or
183.71 acres comprising the
182.4 acres & 1.3 acres of
access road within NW Field
transferred to Navy under
classified Ltr. of 3/24/58.

19,726,401.50 S.M, Fresh Water Source 6R65
4,874.39 acres 7L65

24,980,350.13 S.M, Housing Administrative 7L61
6,172.64 acres Building, Air Field, 7R61
Commissary, Air Force
Headquarter, storage

2,799,123.11 S.M. Antennas field, 5R61
691.67555 acres receiver site, housing 6L61
areas.

9,659,925.55 S.M. Maintenance and Adminis- 5R57
2,387.00981 acres trative Buildings. 5R61
i2,459,048.66 S.M
3,078.68536 acres

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCA"nON RESPONSIBLE

6 Y&D DWG Aviation Gas, Tank Dededo AIR FORCE
556-711 Farm #12

7 APWO DWG FAA Site (Naval Dededo FAA
11551 Radio Station (R)
& Finegayan)
Y&D DWG
1069308
(RESM)

8 Y&D DWG Air Force Global Dededo AIR FORCE
737129 Communication Statioi
& (R) Finegayan Area
Y&D DWG'# 16A
1,069,308
(RESM)

9 Y&D DWG A) Tanguisson Point Dededo NAVY
1001898 Power Plant &
B) NCS Beach

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

78,317.00 S.M. Gas Storage 61,61
19.352 acres

3,198,923.00 S.M, Headquarter, primary 5R61 1) See Attachment 6
790.467 acres electronic control 2) U.S. Weather Station in
station, housing, site area=18,564.67 S.M.,,
radio station and 4.587 acres (weather
air ground and control station, septic tank,
of navigation. quonset, water value).

3,513,893.00 S.M,Communications facility 5R57 (Andersen Communication
868.283 acres and antennas field, 5R61 receiver) transferred
receiver site. Ltr. dated 5/4/60,
Navy to Air Force.

A) 108,922.37 S.M, A) Power Plant 5L57 Original area for
26.92 acres (joint use) Tanguisson Power Plant
B) 69,255.01 S.M B) Outdoor recrea- and NCS Beach is 182,405.55
17.1132 acres tional area S.M. or 45.0732 acres (Y&D
Total: DWG #1001898). But 1.0448
178,177.38 S.M@ acres or 4,228.17 S.M.
44.0284 acres within parcel, transferred
to GovGuam (GPA for power
for power plant) by deed
dated 9/3/70, Dept. of
Land Management instrument
# 96732. Access and
utility R/W to area under
permit from Air Force to
Navy Beach is now being
use by public. See NAV
FAC DWG # 127269 for
Tanguisson Power Plant
increment #2.

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCA-nON RESPONSIBLE

10 NAV FAC DWG# Andersen Air Force
1268677 Base

"All Dededo AIR FORCE

"B" AIR FORCE

Y&D DWG Tumon Maui Well Tamu, ning AIR FORCE
7371'/8

Water Tunnel

12 Y&D DWG Mt. Barrigada Barrigada NAVY
475-750 V.H.F. Station
& site (area #69)
MA DWG
10337

13 DOC: 77898 Lot No. 7133 Yigo Dept. of Interior
quitclaim
deed

14 AAFB Sump Yigo AIR FORCE

15 DOC: 37496 AACS Radio Range Dededo AIR FORCE

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

Marbo Engineering Depo t (part)

3,321,869.97 S.M 5L57
820.8340 acres 5R57

512,307.75 S.M. 5R57. Marbo Engineering Depot (part)
126.5935 acres
Total:
3,834,177.72 S.M
947.4252 acres

30,332.00 S.M. Water Storage 5L53
7.4950 acres

14,468.86 S.M. Water Storage
3.57525 acres
44,800.86 S.M.
11.07039 acres

3716.12 S.M. VHF Area 5R53 Navy has revocable use permit
.918 acres of area together with access
DW Road "G".

-185,867.72 S.M. 6R61 No Survey Data
45.93 acres

Negligible 7L61 No Survey Data

92,794.80 S.M. Radio Beacon 5R57
22.93 acres 6L57

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCA11ON RESPONSIBLE

16 Y&D DWG Air Force areas Yigo AIR FORCE
683217 "All

"B"

11CIT
(Mt. Santa Rosa)

17 MA DWG Air Force Yigo AIR FORCE
10758 Mt. Santa Rosa
10759 Reservoir Site

Overflow basin

Drain and overflou
line

Water line R/W

18A) NAV FAC DWG# Andersen So. AFB Mangilao AIR FORCE
1268581 (Marbo Base Command) Dededo
"All Yigd

B) "B"

C) tIC11

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

22,325.00 S.M. Long-range radar 2 7L57 Access road to area
5.52 acres remote communi@ation A.B.C. transferred to
38,778.00 S.M. air ground facilities. GovGuam, Ser. 1282,
9.58 acres Joint use - FAA. April 8, 1970.
24,117.72 S.M. Located in Mount Santa
5.96 acres Rosa (Air Force land).
Total:
85,220.72 S.M.
21.06 acres

Water Storage 7L57

5,205.00 S.M.
1.29 acres
7,186.00 S.M.
1.776 acres
1,728.25 S.M.
.427 acres

10,120 S.M.
2.501 acres
Total-.
24,059.25 S.M.
5.944 acres

il25,170.85 S.M. War Dog Cemetery 6L53
30.9297 acres Water Well

8;148,560.38 S.M. Andersen Administration 6L53
2013.5092 acres Housing Area 6R53
Water Wells

1,598,903.214 S.M Power Plant 6L53
395.0889 acres Exchange Warehouses 6R53
Total:
9,872,634.44 S.M.
2439.5278 acres

MAP DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION AGENCY
CODE RESPONSIBLE

19 MA DWG Sewer Disposal Mangilao AIR FORCE
10456 area. (Former
Marbo base command
area)

20 Y&D DWG Andersen Air Force Dededo AIR FORCE
524-082 Base AV Gas Tank
Farm

21 Y&D DWG Harmon Field Dededo AIR FORCE
683-257 Quarry

22 Y&D DWG Harmon sink and Tamuning NAVY
702-230 Pit No. 2
&
Y&D DWG
1069470

23 Y&D DWG Clear zone runway
- 737577 24 right. NAS
Agana
1) Part 1 Barr4ada NAVY

2) Part 2

3) Part 3

GRID
&REA USE NUMBER REMARKS

20126.00 S.M. Sewage Disposal 6L53 Access road to area.
4.97313 acres

56,914.00 S.M. Gas Storage 5R53 Y&D 702181 shows AV Gas
14.06 acres fuel system. AAFB to NAS
Agana (easement).

93,118.55 S.M. Andersen Quarry Annex 5R53
23.01 acres

95,175,00 S.M. Storm Drainage System 5L53 1) Document shows storm
23.518 acres drainage system from
16,536.00 S.M. NAS Agana to Harmon
4,086 acres sink.
Total: 2) Document indicates
111,711.00 S.M. location of ditches.
27.604 acres (Area #2).
3) Navy has perpetual
easement (fee) for
storm drainages.

Parts 1,2, and 3 are fee
acquisition. Part 4,5,
and 6 are easement acqui-
482,009.00 S.M. sition.
119.107 acres Air Field 5R53 Part 4 area 223758.00 S.M.
5.624 acres.
5,234.00 S.M. Part 5 area 13,488.00 S.M.
1,293 acres 3.333 acres.
Part 6 area 628,079.00 S.M
40,879.00 S.M. 155.201 acres
10.101 acres Y&D DWG #903-195 shows
Total: Real Estate requirements
528,122.00 S.M. for flight clearance.
130,5.01 acres

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION RESPONSIBLE

24 NAV FAC DWG# Radio Barrigada Barrigada NAVY
1268580 "All Mangilao

"B"

11C11

25 NAV FAC DWG# Naval Air Station -Barrigada. NAVY
1268586

2-6 MA -DWG# Aceorp Maui Well Tamuning NAVY
10397

MA 'DWG#
6529

27 Y&D DWG# U.S Coast Guard Barrigada U.S. Coast Guard
1001108 Section Marianas

GRiD
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

8,020,644.93 S.M. Transmitter station 5L49 1) 25.36 acres lease
1981.93641 acres antennas field, Navy USA to RCA for antenna
Golf Course. 5R49 Farm
287,351.70 S.M. 2) Perpetual easement
71.00588 acres 6L49 for off-site drainage
system. (USA to GovGuam
293,075.11 S.M. (NOY(R)-68872)
72.42014 acres 10.3 acres.
Total:
8,601,071.83 S.M.
125.3 3 acres

7,087,409.85 S.MJTwo runways operational 4R49 7.5 acre portion of NAS Agana,
1751.3299 acreF Administrative and which is in the process of
supply activities. En- 5L49 being transferred to the U.S.
listed men's quarters Postal Service.
and related personnel 5L53
support facilities.
BOQ's, officers and en-
listed housing and a
few miscellaneous oper-
ational and personnel
support activities.
(Civil aircraft utilize
the runways jointly
with the Navy. (Joint-@
Use Agreement)

24,179 S.M. Water Storage (inactive R Original area 32,996 S.M.
5,97474 acres (MA DWG#10397), later trans-
ferred to GovGuam, Tamuning
Telephone Exchange is within
this well area.

37,286.54 S.M. Coast Guard 5L49
9.2137 acres Command Facilities
Air Detachment area
Ive)

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCA11ON RESPONSIBLE

28 Y&D DWG# Clear Zone runway Mongmong-Toto-Maite NAVY
903-194 left.

1069470
(RESM)

29 Y&D DWG# Navy Cemetery Agana NAVY
1118265 (Lot 2001)

@LM DWG#
61-67T 29

30 Y&D DWG# Global Communication Barrigada AIR FORCE
737-133 Station (T) (Mangilao)
.1069330 Barrigada Area 15@
(RESM)

31 Y&D DWG# Agana Diesel Elec- Mongmong-Toto-Maite NAVY
475741 tric Generating
Plant (Area #35)

32 Y&D DWG# Agana Spring Sinajana NAVY
458-620 (Areas 72)

Y&D DWG#
1103863
(RESM)

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

75,958.00 S.M. Air Field Flight 4R49 A) Clear Zone fee acquisition
18.769 acres clearance zone area.
B) Flight Clearance is easement
area.
Area 25,694.00 S.M. 6.349
acres

2,996.00 S.M. Cemetery 41,49
0.740 acres

3,000,653.00 S.M. Communication facility 51,49
741.461 acres and antennae field 5R49
(transmitter site)

24,059.30 S.M. Power plant with fence 4R49 2,678 S.M. outgranted to GPA
5.954 acres for terminal end of 115KV
transmission lines.

108,025.69 S.M. Provides area for 4L49 DOC: 117122 license for non-
24.91 acres study of freshwater federal use. U.S. Navy lease
biology by students. 4R49 to Gov Guam, 8/4/72, the
entire area outlined on the
map by an AS-1 through AS-22
designation is under the
auspices of the Guam Science
Teachers Assn. In this five-
year lease will be up for
renewal in 1977.

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION RESPONSIBLE

33 HO-D-1427-2 FAA Vortac Site ASAN FAA

34 NAV FAC DWG# U.S. Naval Hospital Agana Heights NAVY
1268428 (Permanent area # 2)

35 Y&D D'6'G# Incinerator area Agana Heights NAVY
597-762 U.S. Naval Hospital
(permanent) (L64-3)

36 Y&D DWG# Adelup Reservior
475-775 area #24 Asan NAVY

1118264 (RESM)

37 NAV FAC DWG# Asan Point Housing
1322951 "A" (North) Asan G.S.A.

"B"

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

226,573.62 sq.ft. Aeronautical Facilities 3R49
21049.46 S.M. antennas, minimal-re-
5.2014 acres quirements to accomplis].
it function.

487044.97 S.M. Hospital and all ancil- 4L49
120.3509 acres lary activities.family
housing.

5120.23 S.M. Public Works Center,
1.265 acres incinerating area. 4L49

9011.00 S.M. Water Storage
2.2,acres 3R49

121748.56 S.M. Leased to Government of Area A: excessed by Navy to GSA
0.0846 acres Guam for purpose of leasing (Agree-
ment to use) to Government of
- 3R49 Guam (Dept. of Parks and
Recreation). For educational
and/or Recreation License
for one year issued to
Government of Guam.
@130746.25 S.M. Asan Elementary School Area B: 19 acres (Lot #462)
32.30797 acres Medical Storage leased for 25 years to
Total: Government of Guam for Elem-
252494.81 S * M entary school site.
62,39257 acres NOY (R - 68880 remaining areas
for medical warehouse.

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCAMON RESPONSIBLE

38 DOC: 108908 Asan Point Overlook Asan Dept. of Interior
NAV FAC DWG# Guam.

39 NAV FAC DWG# Nimitz Hill Annes Asan NAVY
1268478 Naval Station
(formerly command
center)

"All

"B"

11C11

llDll

41 Navy's long t(rm, lease expired June 30, 1975.

42 Y&D DWG# Sasa Valley Tank Piti NAVY
458-686 Farm (Area #26)

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

66,588.22 S.M. Site for War in the 3R49 Transferred from Navy 8/4/70.
16.4542 acre Pacific National His- Being a portion of the U.S.
torical Park. Naval Hospital Annex, Asan
Point (Area "A") comprising
portion of Lot Nos. 436, 437
& 438.

Public Works, contains 3R29
family housing. NAVSTA
used for administratiOT
community/r ecreational,
bachelor housing pur-
poses.
220,158.36 S.M.
54.4021 acres

1,806,911.06 S.M.
446.4956 acres

989,981.72 S.M. COMNAVMAR
acres Headquarters

1,882.35 S.M.
.4650 acres
3,018,933.49 S.M.1
745.9915 acres

1,428,860.49 S.M. Water Storage 3L45 Reference MA DWG# 10002
358.078 acres 3L49 ) 12@

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION RESPONSIBLE

43 NAV FAC DWG# Apra Harbor Reser-
1323321 vation
1323322

"All Santa Rita NAVY

piti NAVY

VIC11 piti NAVY

"D" piti NAVY

"Ell Viti (Cabras-I.sland) NAVY

"F" Piti Santa Rita NAVY

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

3142.58 S.M.
0.7765 acre 2R41

3585265.34 S.M. Black Oil 31,45
885.9348 acres Storage

23615.63 S.M. 3L49 1) 5 acres required for use
5.8355 acres in connection with Piti
Power Plant
2) See Y&D 702-166 proposed
cutback Apra Harbor
Reservation

22108.33 S.M. USO Beach 31,49 APOW DWG# 11372 Hoover Park
5.4631 acres Recreational area- JUSO area-15,000 S.M. 3.7 acres
parking, quarters, Navy to Gov't of Guam - Piti
basketball court, Power Plant site. License for
general storage, dres- Inon-federal use of real property
sing room, diving plat- DOC: 92658 from January 70 to
form, rain shelter, December 70, 800 sq. ft. of
etc. land. (to above rt. 11 and new
power plant cooling channel-
Cabras Island)

847,092.00 S.M. Commercial and indus- 31,49 35 + acres
209.3201 acres trial (Mobil petroleum out granted (Lease License
storage) (sewage treat- Permits) to Mobil, U.S. Lines,
- ment plant). Matson Lines and United Seamans
Service for industrial purpose

19,000,726.95 S.M Command areas, harbor 21,45 Original area is 19,258,027.14
4694.915 acres facilities, wharves, S.M. or 4758.4955 acres.
Total: supply depots, housing 257,300.19 S.M. or 63.58 acres
23481950.83 S.M. areas, barracks, F.O. transferred to GovGuam by deed
5802.2455 acres tank farms, power plant dated 3/29/76
recreational beaches (DOC: 268358)
and parks 1) for (GPA) Cabras Island
Power Plant- (33.33 acres)
and;
2) GPA fuel tank farm (30.25
acres).

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCMION RESPONSIBLE

44 Y&D DWG# U.S. Coast Guard Santa Rita U.S. Coast Guard
1015410 Loran Station

45 Y&D DWG# U.S. Coast Guard Santa Rita U.S. Coast Guard
1015409 Buoy Depot

746 NAV FAC DWG# Apra Heights HousinE NAVY
1268582
"All Santa Rita

"B"

47 NAV FAC: DWG# Naval Magazi ne
1268583
"All Santa Rita NAVY

"B" Agat-Santa Rita

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

201,641.0. S.M. 2L45
49,8264 acres

52,412.49 S.M. 2R45 Parcel I is a transfer (U.S.
12.9514 acres Coast Guard)
(Parcel 1) Parcel 2 is license to use
(1964).
Area:
3,188.95 S.M. 0.7880 acres
Additional area of 0.97 acres
adjacent to Parcel 1, license
to use (106 to 1981)

Housing Area

51,106.93 S.M. 2R41
-12.6287 acres

865,349.91 S. M. 3L41
.213,8318 acres
Total:
S.M.

acres

Ammunition Storage
3141 30 j; acres within "A" leased
859,085.11 S.M. PWC water treatment to GovGuam
212.2837 acres and water storage 3R41 for Agat-Santa Rita School
(NOY W-68869, dated
3L37 9/15/74 for 25 years)
24,634,500.86 S.M. PWC Housing-i NAVMAG
6087.2928 acres Administration (Fena 3R37
'Total: Valley Reservoir)
25,493,585-97 S.M.
6299.5765 acres

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION RESPONSIBLE

48 Y&D DWG# C.A.A. Site Yona' F.A.A.
475-773 (area #90)

49 Y&D DWG# Fena Valley Agat
458-654 watershed area Talofofo NAVY
#22

50 Y&D DWG# (Former U.S. Coast Merizo NAVY
475716 Guard Loran Station USCG LORAN Sta-
Cocos Island area tion Cocos Is-
#29 land transferred
NAVSTA Recreation to Navy in 1966.
area, Cocos Island)

51 Y&D DWG# NASA Apollo Track- Inarajan Private lease to
1015408 ing Station. NASA
Dandan area

5Z DOC: 115867 Lot 259 Piti Dept. of
Quit claim deed Interior

53 DOC: 115867 Dept. of
@uit claim deed Lot 260 Piti Interior

54 DOC: 115867 Mt. Tenjo Piti Dept. of
Interior

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

L51839.04 S.M. Low frequency radar
37.52 aeronuatical facilities 4L41
Mineral requirement to
accomplish its function

13581498.73. S.M. Fena Valley 2R33
885.004 acres Reservoir & watershed 3L33
I_ are,9.

87.817.14 S.M. Picnic, swimming 2L25 Under no-cost (5year) License
21.70 acres snorkeling, scuba to Government of Guam from
diving, fishing U.S. Navy
NOY (R)-68893 April 1975-1980

13319553.16 S.M. Apollo tracking station 4L33 Parcels 1,2,3,4,6, of Dandan
@3291.3201 acres acess road, collimation Estate Lot "B"
tower, cable easement,
etc.

354678.00 S.M. War in the Pacific 3R49 LM DWG#
87.6 acres National Historic Park E4-70T 668 & 9

40317.00 S.M. War in the Pacific 3R49 LM DWG#
9.96 acres National Historic Park E4-70T 668 & 9

809374.60 S.M. War in the Pacific 3L45 LM DWG#
200 acres National Historic Park 3R45 E4-70T 668 & 9

MAP DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION AGENCY
CODE RESPONSIBLE

55 DO'C: 115867 Dept.of
Quit claim de& 194-2-1 Agat Interior

56 DOC: 108908 Nimitz Beach Agat Dept,of
Land transfer Interior

57 DOC: 108908 Pedro C. Santos Piti Dept. of
Land transfer Memorial Park
PWC DWG#12440 (Hoover Park)

Y&D DWG#
1118110
Ltr. of
transfer
dated 5/27/6
SECNAV TO
SECINT

58 DOC: 108908 Asan Point Tank Asan Dept. of
Land transfer Farm Interior
Y&D DWG#
1069075
(RESM)

59 DOC: 94353 443 Part 2 Agat Dept. of
Quit claim deed Interior

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

13,293.67 S.M. War in the Pacific 2L37 LM DWG#
3.3 acres National Historic Park 2R37 E4-70T 668 & 9
(Recreational area
beach)

48,523.33 S.M. Inclusion in the war 2L37 1) Y&D DWG #458-612
11.99033 acres in the Pacific 2R37 2) Parks and Recreation of
National Park. Recrea- GovGuam indicate Interior
tional area - boating owned only 7 acres
facilities, camping,
picnic, scuba diving,
swimming, snorkeling

25,793.20 S ' M. Basketball, parking 31,49 1) Also called Bill Daniel Park
6.3736 acres snorkeling and (part of Hoover Park)
swimming 2) YO DWG #857-448 proposed
cut back for Apra Harbor
Reservation excess property
area 13,109.00 S.M.
3.239 acres

167,378.67 S.M. 3R49 Transfer from Navy 5/27/63
41.36 acres LM DWG #E4-70T 699

12,900 sq.ft. War in the Pacific 2L37 LM DWG #E4-70t 699
1,199.29 S.M. National Historic Park 2R37
.296 acres Recreational area,
beach activities.

MAP A%ENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LOCATION RESPONSIBLE

60 DOC: 94353 443 Part 1-R4 Agat Dept. of
Quit-claim Interior
deed

61 DOC: 94353 446 Agat Dept. of
Quit claim Santa Rita Interior
deed

62 DOC: 94353 499 (Asan Ridge Asan Dept. of
Quit claim Battle Area) Interior
deed

63 DOC: 94353@ 497-1 Asan Dept. of
Quit claim Ridge Battle Interior
deed Area)

64 DOC: 115867 497R-1 (Asan Asan Dept. of
Ridge Area) Interior

65 DOC: 108908 Apra Harbor Reserva- Piti Dept. of
ion (situated at the Interior
Intersection North-
east of Rt. #1 and
Rt. #6).

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

293,807 sq.ft. War in the Pacific 2L37 Part of Agat- Sumay
27,295.67 S.M. National Historic Park 2R37 Memorial Park.
16.745 acres No activities in this LM DWG #E4-70T 699
area.

639,056.12 S.M. War in the Pacific 2L37 LM DWG #E4-70T 669
157.9 acres National Historic Park 2R37 Part of Mt. Alifan Battle
site (national parks service).

1,181,529.97-S.M. War in the Pacific 3R49 LM DWG #E4-70T 688
291.96 acres National Historic Park letter from Interior indicates
they own area of 297.3 acres

205,328.00 S.M. War in the Pacific I 3R49 LM DWG #E4-70T 668
50.7 acres National Historic Park

170,064.51 S.M. War in the Pacific 3R49
42 acres National Historic Park

64,778.00 S.M. 3L49 1) Y&D DWG #702-166 proposed
16.008 acres transfer to GovGuam.
2) NAV FAC #132332 GovGuam, Dept
of Education.
3) DOC: 108908 Land transfer
from Secretary of Defense to
Interior.

MAP AGENCY
CODE DOCUMENT PLACE NAME LocAnON RESPONSIBLE

66 Public Law All submerged lands Adjacent to proper- U.S.
93-435; 88 adjacent to proper- ty owned by the
Stat. - 1210 ty owned by the U.S. U.S.
NAV FAC DWG# Above the line
7009862 mean high tide.

GRID
AREA USE NUMBER REMARKS

For more detail please refer
to public law.

Presential Proclamation 4347
of 2/l/75, reserved to USA and
placed under the administration
jurisdiction of the Navy:
a) Submerged lands of inner outer
Apra Harbor
b) Submerged lands in the
vicinity of Jinapsan Beach
and Uruno Point.

APPENDIX 1: CONVERSION FACTORS USED FOR THIS REPORT

CONVERSION FACTORS

Linear - Area

L I N E A R

UNITS CENTIMETERS METERS KILOMETERS INCHES FEET
Centimeter 1 0.01 0.00001 0.39370 0.032808
Meter 100 1 0.001 39.37 3.28083
Kilometer 100000 1000 1 39370.00 3280.83
Inch 2.54 0.0254 0.4/0254 1 0.083333
Foot 30.4801 0.304801 0.3/0304801 12 1
Miles 160934.72 1609.3472 1.60935 63360 5280

A R E A

SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE SQUARE
UNITS INCHES FEET ACRES MILES METERS
Square Inches 1 0.006944 0.6/0159423 0.9/02491 0.3/p6451
Square Feet 144 1 0.4/0229568 0.7/0358701 0.092034
Square Acres 6272640 43560 1 0.0015625 4046.873
Square Miles 4014489600 27878400 640 1 2589998
Square Meters 1549.9969 10.76387 0.3/0247104 0.6/03861006 1
Hectares 15499969 1076387 2.47104 0.00386101 10000

Notations like 5/0, 6/0 etc. are to be replaced by ciphers, e.g., 0.0000062137

1 Land Square = 9.652525 Square Miles
I Land Square Unit = 250,000 Square Meters 61 .776 Acres = 2,690,962.5 S(
1 Land Square Unit = 25 Hectares
I Land Section 6,250,000 Square Meters = 625 Hectares 1 544.4 Acres
1 Land Square 25,000,000 Square Meters = 2500 Hectares 6,177.6 Acres

FUTURE POWER PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION
ALTERNATIVE PLANS
GUAM, USA

Prepared For

Coastal Management Section
Bureau of Planning
Agana, Guam

Walter F. Pinckert & Associates
Engineers and Consultants
P.O. Box 2636
Agana, Guam

June, 1977

F 0 R E W 0 R D

The contents of this report are primarily centtred around

existing and future progressive expansion of facilities

that will be needed to produce energy for the people of Guam

and the military establishments. Included are progressions

developed to,show (1) optimized capability of new plant as

needed to supply future power demand (2) annual projected

increase in estimated KWH generation (3) corresponding fuel

oil needs (4) pass thru of fuel oil cost to consumers and

(5) fuel oil refinery capability on Guam and other facets re-

lated to power production and future projection.

I N D E X

Section Page

I. Maps and drawings of power related
facilities. 1 3

I-11. Generating station capability, date
on stream, expected life and real
property interest. 4 - 6

I-1-1. Esthetics of overhead power lines. 7

Ii. Power demand projection to meet needs
of the military and local economy,
Guam, USA. 8 - 11.

III. Projected power generation and fuel
oil consumption, island-wide power
s@stem. 12 - 17

IV. Fuel oil bulk storage tanks. 18 - 19

IV-1. Life expectancy of fuel oil storage
tanks and pipe lines. 20

V. Load growth projection. 21 - 23

V-1. Load shedding schedule. 24

V-1-1. Industrial expansion and development. 25 - 26

VI. Guam Oil and Refining Company. 27

VII. Solar Sea Power. 28

VII-1. Tide current generators. 29

IX. Additional Comments and Discussion 30

I. Maps and drawings of power related facilities

a. NAVFAC Drawing No. 7.900.500. This drawing gives the

location of the Navy owned and operated Piti power plant

and adjacent fuel oil storage tanks. The building housing

the steam turbine-generators is numbered "4910". It con-

tains. 3 x 11,500 KW De Laval turbine-generators and

2 x 22,000 KW Allis-Chalmers turbine-generators. All units

are in serviceable condition except one of the De Laval

11,500 KW taiits, which is beyond economical repair.

b. Drawing No. 70-38-3 is the boundary survey of the Cabras steam

,power plant before site development was undertaken.

Drawing No. 1001-5 is the plot plan of the Cabras steam power

plant.

The above mentioned facility consists of 2 x 66,000 KW, 1800

psig, 1000/1000 deg F reheat steam turbine-generators. The

site development included accommodations for installation of 2

future turbine-generators of equal or approximately 50%

greater capacity. The Cabras steam power plant is wholly owned

and operated by the Guam Power Authority.

c. Drawing No. 73-88-01 is the boundary survey of Guam Power

Authority's bulk fuel oil storage tanks.

Drawing No. GPA 99-74 is the plot plan of CPA's bulk

fuel oil stora ge tanks. This facility consists of

2 x 268,600 bbl fuel oil storage tanks, each 200 ft. in

diameter by 48 'Lt. in height. The land area is ample in

size for the installation of two additional future

storage tanks of the same capacity.

d. Drawing No. 05-008 is the plot plan of the mooring facility

for the power barge "Inductance". The power barge is

owned by the U.S. Amy, Corps of Engineers, made available

by lease agree_:aeat to the Guam Power Authority under admin-is-

trative control of the Navy/GPA power pool agreement.

The barge houses 2 - each 15,000 KW equivalent steam boilers

and 1 x 30,000 KW turbine-generator...

e. Drawing No. 1102205 is the plot plan of the Tanguisson power

plant. This installation consists of 2 x 26,500 KW steam

turbine-generators. Unit No. 1 is owned by the Navy, unit

No. 2 is owned by the Guam Power Authority. This facility is

operated by GPA under the joint GPA/Navy power pool agreement.

Navy wap showing route of the 8-inch fuel oil pipe line from

the Navy's Sasa Valley pumping station to the Tanguisson Power

Plant.

g. Navy map showing fuel oil pipe lines from fuel off-

loading piers to fuel oil transfer pump station and

storage tanks.

h. Navy plan and profile drawings, fuel pipe lines from piers

to pummp house. Three sets, drawings No 474046, 474047,

and 474048.

Map showing proposed line of easement for GPA's proposed

20-inch fuel oil pipe line from Navy Fuel Wharfs "D" and "E"

Apra Harbor.

j. Plot plan of GPA's main power transmission lines.

k. Drawing No. B-74-023, GPA Distribution, Island-wide Power

System.

Gencrating station capability, date on stream,
expected life and real property interest

Island-wide power generating stations are enumerated as follows

with respect to (1) nominal capability (2) approximate date on

stream (3)* remaining expected life and (4) real property vested

interest:

Cabras Steam Power Plant

(1) 2 x 66 MW units = 132 MW

(2) Unit No. 1 on stream August 1974; No. 2 on stream June 1975.

(3) 30 years from on stream date Unit.No. I will come to the end

of its.allotted service life, i.e. in the year 2004; No. 2,

2005.

(4) Cabras plant site is on land that was originally submerged;

reclaimed by land fill. Title thereto granted to Guam Power

Authority by-an act.of the Congress, USA.

Piti Steam Power Plant

(1) 2 x 22 M? units and 2 x 11.5 W units = 67 MW

(2) 2 x 11.5 MY units went on stream in 1951; 1 x 11.5 MW unit in

1955. 2 x 22 MW units in 1964. 1 x 11.5 MW unit, because of

accidental damage, is out of service. Cost of repair may

preclude restoration to serviceable condition.

(3) End of allotted service life of the 2 x 11.5 MW units (30

years) in 1981; the 2 x 22 M units in 1994.

(4) Piti Plant site is on land owned by Navy.

Tanguisson Steam Power Plant

(1) 2 x 26.5 MW units = 53 MW

(2) Unit No. 1, on strew October 1971; Unit No. 2, December 1972.

(3) 30 years from on stream date Unit No. 1 will come to the

end of its allotted service life, i.e. September 2001; Unit

No. 2, September 2002.

(4) The Tanguisson Power Plant site is on land acquired thru pur-

chase from owners by Guam Power Authority.

Tamuning Diesel Power Plant

(1) 4 x 2 MW units = 8 MW

(2) These units went on stream in April 1970. Currently because

of the high cost of diesel fuel oil and maintenance they are

used only as a source of emergency power.

(3). 20 years* from on stream date these units will have reached

the end of their service life, i.e. 1990.

(4) The Tamuning Diesel Power Plant is on land acquired thru pur-

chase from owners by Guam Power Authority.

Dededo Diesel Power Plant

(1)' 4'x 2.0 MW diesel units = 8 MW

(2) These units went on stream in October 1972. Currently because

of the high cost of diesel fuel oil and maintenance they are

used only as a source of emergency power.

(3) 20 years from on stream date these units will have reached the

end of their service life, i.e. 1992.

(4) The Dededo Diesel- Plant is on land acquired thru purchase

by Guam Power Authority.

Power Barge Inductance

(1) 1 x 28 MW steam floating power plant. This plant is leased

to Guam Power Authority by the Navy.

(2) It has been on stream at various locations since 1943.

(3) This facility reached the end of its allotted service life

in 1973. Because of low KW11 output in. relation to fuel oil

input it is used primarily for standby and emergencies.

(4) The barge is moored adjacent to Navy owned land. However,

the moor@ng wharf was built and is owned by the Guam Power

Authority.

*Expected life of 30 years for steam power plants and 20 years for

diesel power plants conforms with regulations of State and the

Federal Power Commission.

Esthetics of overhead power lines.

With the advent of polyvinylchloride and other plastic

insulations considerable impetus was given to the

installation of underground power transmission and distri-

bution lines. The choice is primarily a matter of cost vs

esthetics, opinion polls are overwhelming in condemning

overhead line construction as esthetically objectionable, not

in structural concept but as environmentally inharmonious.

Considerable success has been achieved through unfettered,

balanced design of structures and transmission towers, includ-

ing the routing of power lines to produce a low environmental

profile, thereby avoiding an offensive skyline silhouette. The

cost of these measures is, of course, greater than conventional

design, nevertheless, it has become the accepted practice of

the industry to be mindful of esthetic values, often with

startling results in betterments at little additional cost. In

heavily populated urban areas todays power distribution lines have

no other place to go except underground.

In suburban housing areas and shopping centers it is becoming

almost universal practice, primarily for esthetic reasons, to

install power lines uriderground. The added cost of going under-

ground, which averages approximately 2 to 3 times the cost of

overhead lines, is passed on as part of the site development cost

of the project.

II. Power demand projection to meet needs of the military and
local economy, Guam,-USA.

Capability, Guam Power Authority and Military owned power

plants:

Cabras SPP*, 2 x, 66 MW** units, owned by GPA 132 MW

.Piti SPP, 2 x 22 MW and 2 x 11.5 MW units,
owned by Navy 67

Tanguisson SPP, 2 x 26.5 MW units,
Unit No. 1 owned by Navy; unit No. 2, GPA 53!,0

Tamuning, 4 x 2.0 MW diesel units, owned by GPA 8

Dededo, 4 x 2.0 MW diesel units, owned by GPA 8

Inductance Power Barge, 1 x 28.0 11W Steam unit
leased to GPA by Navy 28

System Total. 296.0 MW

Maintenance outage, largest unit
ip system 66. 0

Total remaining 230.0 MW

Forced outage insurance, next largest
unit in system 28.0

Remaining to meet demand 202.0 MW.

Current demand 150.0

Remainder to meet projected load growth 52.0 14W

.*SPP: Steam Power Plant

**MW 106 watts

Therefore: 150 (,+Y)n - 150 52. (1+Y)n = 1.347, where

y = rate of load growth; n time period of growth, 150 = current

power demand.

For y = 6%, n 5 years, (,+Y)n = 1.338
Thus with a 6% annual load growth new plant should go on stream
within 5 years.

For y = 5%, n 6 years, (1+y)n = 1.340
Thus with a 5% annual" load growth new plant should go on stream
within 6 years.

For y = 4.5%, n 7 years, (,+Y)n = 1.361
Thus with a 4.5% annual load growth new plant should go on stream
within 7 years.
For y = 4%, n 7.5 years, (,+Y)n = 1.342
Thus with a 4% annual load growth new plant should go on stream
within 7.5 years.
For y = 3@%, n 83-2 years, (,+Y)n = 1.334
Thus with a 3@% annual load growth new plant should go on stream
within 8@ years.
For y = 3%, n 10 years, (,+Y)n = 1.344
Thus with a 3% annual load growth new plant should go on stream
within 10 years.

On or about the time new plant goes on the line, the Inductance will

probably be beyond economic serviceability, and should therefore be

retired for salvage. This would also apply to Piti units No 2 and

3; a total of 51 MW to be retired from the system.

Furthermore, when the new plant is added the ratio of reserve genera-

tion should remain approximately equivalent as insurance against load

shedding during emergencies. Thus, it is reasonable that with new

plant added, outage reserve generation consist of the largest unit

plus two of the next smaller units, i.e. 66 + 2(26.5) = 119 MW.

- 9 -

New Plant capability.

150 (1+y.)rl retired plant + reserve generation -xisting
plant = new plant capaOility, where y annual load growth;
n = time period of loa(i growLh, years.

Expressed in numbers, new plant capability
150 (1+y)n + 51 + 119 - 296 = 150 (I+y)l 126
For y = 6%, n 5 + 5*, 150 x 1.0610 - 126 143 MW
For y = 5%, n 6 + 5*, 150 x 1.0511 - 126 131 MW
For y = 4.5%, n 7 + 5*, 150 x 1.04512 126 128 MW
For y = 4%, n 7.5 + 5*, 150 x 1.0412.5 126 119 MW
For y = 3@%, n 81-2 + 5*, 150 x 1.03513.5 - 126 113 MW
For y = 3%, n 10 + 5*' 150 x 1.0315 - 126 = 108 MW

*Years beyond on stream date of new plant until another unit must
be added.

Optimizing for best results in minimizing cash flow and dollars per

KW in plant investment:

a. Anticipated load growth say 5%. Do not wait out the

6-year time limit for new plant, start with the

purpose in mind of new plant on stream in 4-years and

include only 4-years until a second unit will-be

scheduled to go on stream, thus:
.150 x 1.058 - 126 = 96 MW. Add 1 x 87 MW unit with

10% 4-hour minimum overload capability, total 95.7 MW.

b. Anticipated load growth say 4%. Reduce 7.5-year time

limit to 5-years plus 5-years for second addition thus:
150 x 1.0410 - 126 = 96 MW. As in a. above add 1 x 87 MW

unit with 10% 4-hour minimum overload capability,

total 95.7 MWI.

Continuing on the theory that power demand will increase by 5%

annually; Cabras No. 4 must be on stream in 1985. Computed as

indicated under "new plant capability" above:
150 (1.05)13 + 51 + 149* - 392 = 91 MW

*Reserve power computed as the new unit plus 2-units at Tanguisson.

Because of the small difference,install a second 96-MW unit to

match No. 3 at the Cabras plant. With the additions as indicated

Cabras will now consist of 2 x 66 MW units plus 2 x 96 MW units; a

total installed capability of 324 MW. This will take care of

projected power demand at 5% per annum to 1990.

Projections at the same rate of power demand beyond 1990 are computed

as follows:
150 (1.05) 18 + 95* + 149 - 488 = 117 MW

*Piti units No. 4 and 5 retired for salvage.

Install one new 120 MW unit on the old Piti site. This unit to be on

stream early in FY-1990. It will take care of load projection to 1995.

The capacity of the new unit to be installed in 1995 is computed as

follows:
150 (1.05 )23 + 95 + 173* - 608 = 121 MW

*Reserve power equal to the new unit plus 2 units at Tanguisson.

Install one new 120 MW to match the first 120 MW unit. Both units to

be installed on the old Piti site. This will take care of load pro-

jection at 5% to the year 2000.

J
III. Projected Powerd Generation and Fuel Oil
Consumptinn, Island-wide Power System

a. The pattern of island-wide power generation became erratic

after typhoon Pamela, affecting FY-76, 77 and 78, thereafter

the rate of growth is expected to revert to a stable con-

dition. Thus at 5% annual increase in power generation, the

progression representing growth is in the form of y(l+x)n

where y = preceding FY generation, x = rate of annual increase,

n = number of years projected. Fuel oil heating value assumed

at 147,000 Btu/gal, the approximate current value.

For FY-76 gross generation = 994 x 106

For FY-77, gross generation is estimated at 1,018.4 x 106 KWH.
For FY-78, gross generation is estimated at 1,117.4 x 106 KWH.

Following FY-78, power production, estimated at 5% per annum,

results in the Following procressive growth in generation:
1,117.4 (1 + 0.05)1 1173.3 x 106 KWH. 5-years beyond FY-78 in

FY-83, generation will have reached approximately:
1,117.4 (1 + 0.05)5 = 1426.1 x 106 KWH.

b. Fuel oil consumption is projected as follows. First, however,

recognition must be given to the variables involved in power

generation. All plants are not equally efficient, there is also

a difference in efficiency resulting from the load carried by

each plant from minimum to full load. Thus the result will depend

on the makeup of the mix and load carried by each plant. At the

-12-

lower end of the spectrum is the power barge Impedance and

the older units in the Piti plant which will produce from

10 to 11 KWH per gallon of fuel oil. At the upper end is the

new Cabras steam power plant which will produce from 15 to 16

KWHs per gallon of fuel oil. Assuming normal plant maintenance

routine without forced outages fuel oil consumption, based on

5% per annum increase in power generation beyond 1978, is

expected to range as follows, where (Gross KWH generation)

divided by (KWH/Gallon of fuel oil attainable under most favor-

able conditions times the proportionalty factor of the plant

mix as related to the combined operational efficiencies times 42,

the number of gallons in a bbl of fuel oil) = bbls of fuel oil

consumed.

1) For FY-76, as indicated in a. above, gross generation=
994 x 106 KWH. Fuel consumed = 1,802,000 bbls No. 6 resid;

5,050 bbls diesel grade No. 2.

2) For FY-77, as indicated in a. above, projected gross genera-
tion = 1,018 x 106 KWH. Fuel consumed = 1826.811 bbls No. 6

resid; 5,200 bbls diesel grade No. 2.

3) For FY-78, as indicated in a. above, projected gross genera-
tion = 1,117.4 x 106 KWH. Fuel consumed = 1,886,842 bbls

No. 6 resid; 5,200 bbls diesel grade No 2.

4) For FY-79: (1,173.2x106 / (15x0.94x42) = 1,981,087 bbls of

No. 6 resid; diesel fuel oil estimated at 5,200 bbls.

-13-

5) For FY-80: 1,231.8xlO6 /(15xO.93x42) = 2,102,407 bbls

of No. 6 resid; diesel fuel oil estimated at 5,200 bbls.
6) For FY-81: (1,293.4 x 106) / (15xO.92x42) = 2,231,539 bbls

of No. 6 resid; diesel fuel oil estimated at 5,200 bbls.

7) For FY-82: (1,358.1x106) x (15x0.92x42) = 2,343,168 bbls
of No. 6 resid; diesel fuel oil estimated at 5,200 bbls.
8) For FY-83: (1,426.0x106) / (15xO.9lx42) = 2,487,354 bbls of

No. 6 resid; diesel fuel oil estimated at 5,200 bbls.
9) For FY-84: (1,497.4 x106) / (l5xO.91.x42) 2,611,896 bbls of

No. 6 resid; diesel fuel oil estimated at 5,200 bbls.
10) For FY-85: (1,572.3x106) / (15xO.90x42) = 2,773,016 bbls of

No. 6-resid; diesel fuel oil estimated at 5,200 bbls.

In the above chronology, Cabras reaches maximum utilization in..

FY-78. Thereafter, use of less efficient plant must be increased,

resulting in a decline of the mix from 0.94 in FY-79 to 0.90 in FY-85.

The effect of operation of old inefficient plant is illustrated as

follows:

In FY-80 plant mix economy will decline from 0.94 to 0.93, resulting
in an increase in fuel oil consumption of 2,102,407/ (1-0.93)=
0.94

22,366 bbls of ruel oil because of decline in plant mix operation of

1-point from 0.94 in FY-1979 to 0.93 in FY-1980.

For FY-85 the excess fuel used comes to 2,773,0163(1-0.90)=
0.94
118,000 bbls of fuel oil. because of projected decline in plant mix

-14-

operation of 4-points from 0.94 in FY-1979 to 0.90 in. FY-.985.

The foregoing equates to 22,366 (1.39464)n in excess fuel, where

n -years beyond FY-80, thus:

FY-80 22,366 bbls

FY-81: 22,366 (1.39464) 31,193 "
FY-82: 22,366 (1.39464)2 43,502 "
FY-83: 22,366 (1.39464)3 60,670 "
FY-84: 22,356 (1.39464)4 84,613 "

FY-85: 22,366 (1.39464)5 118,000"

Total FY-80 thru FY-85 360,344 bbls

Fuel oil pass thru rate per KWH

GPA rates for energy for any monthly billing period shall be in-

creased or decreased by $0.016 per KWH for each increase of $0.010

per million BTU in the cost of fuel for electric power generation,

above $0.44 per million BTU. Thus:

BTU/bb1 x $0.044 x 10-6 = cost per bbl as base without escalation.

Increase beyond $0.44 per million BTU
Cost/bbl
$0.44) x $0.016 - fuel oil pass thru to consumer

per KWH consumed.

Example,assume fuel oil cost at $10.00 per bbl; heat value

147,000 Btu/gal or 6,174,000 Btu/42 gal bbl:
$10.00 $1.61969/m Btu
6,174,000

$1.61969 - $0.44 $1.117969

$1.17969 x $0.016 = $0.018875, the fuel oil pass thru.

per KWH consumed.

Economics of Power Generation vs Fuel Oil Cost Pass Thru

a. At. 14 KWH/gal of fuel containing 147,000 BTU in heat units

plant operating efficiency

14 x 3413 32.50%, where 3413 = BTUn/KWH.
147,000
14 x 42 = 588 KWH/bbI

147,000 x 42 = 6,174,000 BTUn/KWH.
6,174,000 x $0.44 x 10-6 $2.71656/bbl, the base price,

no escalation.
$10.00 - $2.71656 = $0.0123868/KWH
588
Pass thru = $0.018875/KWH

$0.018875 - $0.0123868 - $0.006568 per KWH for station,

line losses and uncollectable accounts, representing 35%

of the pass thru rate.

b. At 13 KWH/gal of fuel containing 147,000 BTU in heatt units,

plant operating efficiency=

13 x 3413
147,000 30.18% 13 x 42 545 KWH/bbl
$10.00 - $2.71656 = $0.01334/KWH
546
$0.01887 - $0.01334 = $0.00553/KWH for station, line losses

and uncollectable accounts, representing 29% of the pass

thru rate.

At 12 KWH/gal. of fuel. containing 147,000 BTU in heat

units, plant operating efficiency

12 x 3413 27.86%
147,000
12 x 42 504 KWH/bbl.
$10.00 - $2.71656 $0.01445/KWH
504

$0.01887 - $0.01445 $0.00442 per KWH for station,

line losses and uncollectable accounts, rcpresenting

23%. of the pass thru rate.

IV. Fuel. Oil Bulk Storage Tanks

The existing fuel oil storage tanks serve as bulk storage

to fuel the island-wide steara power plants, including

both Navy and Guam Power Authority's installations. Tanks

are located in the near vicinity of the Navy owned Piti

power plant. The storage tanks including the fuel oil

transfer pumping station are owned by Guam Power Authority.

The pumping station transfers fuel from the main storaoe

tanks to the island-wide steam power plants, including the

pumping of fuel through the overland pipe line to the

Tanguission power plant. Each of the two storage tanks has a

capacity of 268,600 bbls. They are standard API cone roof

type tanks, each installed within a separately diked contain-

ment area.

The storage capacity of the two tanks mentioned above will be

adequate for fuel storage needs up to the time unit No. 4 is

programmed for installation at the Cabras site, when consider-

ation must be given to the installation of storage tanks No. 3

and 4 of the same capacity as existing tanks No. 1 and 2. There

is ample land area within the existing site for the installation

of future tanks No. 3 and 4. However, on or before the approach

of the year 2000 additional land should be acquired for future

fuel oil stor,,.ge requirements.

The existing tanks as well as future additions can be

fueled from (1) Guam Oil and Refinery Company's Agat

refinery (2) direct from the Guam Oil and Refining Com-

pany's Apra Harbor fuel wharf or (3) from Navy's Apra

Harbor fuel wharfs t"D" and "E". However, in the latter

instance a fuel pipe line must be installed from the

interconnection of wharfs "D" and "E" to the bulk storage

tanks.

IV-1. Life expectancy of fuel oil storage tanks and pipe lines.

Storage tanks as well as pipe lines are usually accorded a

life expectancy of 40 years. This assumes that the storage

tanks will be protected with anti-corrosion paint and under-
ground:pipe lines taped to resist corrosion and cathodically

protected. All fuel oil pipe lines serving the Island power

plants were installed within the past 3 years, except the

8-inch overland (17.5 mile) Tanguisson pipe line installed in

1969.

2 0

V. Load Growth Projection

a. Civil Economony

The following items are believed to be of significance

in projecting the load growth pattern. Percentages

assigned will vary with time, but the sum total may not

be too far from realization.

Population growth, including housing,
public schools, utilities, etc. 1%

Improved standards of living k%

Tourist industry 2%

Commercial enterprises

Light iridustry

Agriculture

Total 5%

In the light of current efforts to achieve economy in the

use of electricity, the above estimate may be a bit optimis-

tic initially, since demand will, for a while, be offset by

frugality in use of electricity.

b. Military Installations

The present military construction program calls primarily

for rehabilitation of existing installations,as the after-

math of typhoon Pamela. However, included in,the program

- 21

are the following items:

1) Under construction by Navy:

Post Office Bowling alleys (2)

Armory Medical/dental facility

Gymnasium Cold storage warehouse

2) Under design by Navy:

Secondary sewage plant

Night recreational facilities

3) Under construction by Air Force (AAFB)

Commissary refrigerated warehouse

Commissary expansion

500 housing units

It is estimated that the above construction programs will result

in an increase in power demand of approximately 5%. However,

this may be offset somewhat initially as the result of the eco-

nomy program in the use of electricity.

Since civilian and military power demands are computed as con-

current, the resultant overall system projected power demand is

5%. Presently the military contributes approximately 45% to the

total power demand; civilian 55%.

22 -

The subject matter tinder this section has been

developed from sources considered reliable. However,

because of the unpredictable nature of the variables,

confirmation should be obtained from the affected

agency with respect to any specific developments.

V-1. Load shedding schedules.

Load shedding when necessary, because of forced outages, is

accomplished by means of outage rotation within roughly three

of Guam's central metropolitan areas in equal on/off hourly

periods. There are no power interruptable facilities on Guam

for either short or long outage periods, either military,

industrial, commercial or public utility. Although the military

has scme emergency generation, these are for emergencies only

to protect essential services.

Companies in the US get a break thru interconnection to protect

each other and to reduce the cost of power plant needed only

during maintenance and forced outages. This is, of course, not

possible on Guam. It should be noted that scheduled maintenance

outages are not of short duration, e.g. each of the boilers in the

steam power plants must be shut down annually for not less than

3 weeks to accomplish essential maintenance.

Major power outages in FY-74 thru FY-76 were caused by (1) Typhoon

Pamela which caused widespread damage to primary and secondary

power transmission and distribution facilities (2) two direct

strikes by lightning which damaged substation apparatus and

(3) outages on two occasions, with damage to substations, caused

by snakes crawling up into and short circuiting overhead bus

installations. Remedial measures have been taken to prevent re-

occurrence of short circuiLs by snakes in station overhead bus work.

Industrial Expansion and Development.

The GORCO refinery will probably expand only moderately in

future years unless a foreign market can be found for

gasoline, a product currently not being produced by the

GuamIrefinery. Gasoline is marketed on Guam by Exxon and

Mobil; demand is not sufficient to warrant local production.

Assuming Saipan and other Mariana Islands were included,

this still would not suffice in quantity for economical pro-

duction by the Guam refinery. If foreign marketing for long

term sales could be developed, the Guam Oil & Refining

Company has ample real estate for expansion of refining faci-

lities to 200,000 bbls of products per day.

Air Travel Potential

Guam is acknowledged to be strategically located with respect

to air travel in the South Pacific. Thus Guam is in a fortunate

position to benefit through service oriented logistics for air

travel. The research needed for projection of future facilities

to support traffic growth, including possible need for reloca-

tion of the airport to permit expansion.in a less congested

area is beyond the scope of this report.

Mariculture as an Industry

Through support and coordination of the University of Guam Marine

Laboratory, maricultural pursuits, where most favorable within

- 25--

the area of the Mariana Islands, could possibly be

profitably d-aveloped as a viable food product industry.

It is suggested that this could apply to cul tivation of

salt water plants as well as the growing of salt water

fish and shellfish.

Horticulture products to support industry

Probably one of the many tropical products enjoying a

profitable worldwide market is palm oil extracted from a

species of palm tree bearing huge clusters of small nuts from

which edible oil is extracted for use in homogenized filled

milk, oleomargarine and a host of other food products. This

species of palm is native to Africa, not the kind of coconut

palm tree common to Guam and the Mariana Islands. There are of

course many tropical plants grown to supply ingredients for

food products, pharmaceutical preparations and other needs of

industry. Research might uncover some exceptional possibilities.

VT. Guam Oil and Refininc, Company Production Estimate***

Fiscal Fuel Oil Clean
Year Throughput Yield BBL/D@sy Products*

1977 30,000 25% 7,500 22,500

1978 35,000 45% 15,750 3.9,250

1979 40,000 45% 18,000 22,000

1982** 50,000 45% 22,500 27,500

*Clean Product Approximation

Fuel oil, light 43% JP-4 26%

DFM 19% JP-5 10%

As&alt 1.9% LPG 0.1%
100.0%

**Since future market conditions are unpredictable, estimates

beyond 1982 would have no meaningful connotation.

***Bedausei,of.the unpredictable nature of the variables, con-

firmation should be obtained from Guam Oil and Refining Company

respecting any specific development.

VII. Solar Sea Power

Guam is probably one of the wor-ld's MOSL Favorabl.e sites Jor

the development of solar sea power. The following paper is

submitted herewith to illustrate feasibility of solar sea

power as an alternate source of energy:

a. Letter prepared by the writer, dated 19 August 1974 with

inclosure depicting temperature profiles, addressed to the

Honorable Antonio B. Won Pat, Congress of the United

States. (See Page 28A and 28B)

The bathymetric chart, Geology and Hydrology of Guam, Mariana

Islands, US Geological Survey 403B:31-B76 indicates very favorable

submarine profiles for location of land based solar sea power

generators in the vicinity of the Cabras Steam Power Plant site,

southwesterly off Cocos Island or just off Facpi point, south of

Nimitz Beach. In the case of a site near the Cabras Power Plant

the old Navy quarry site might conceivably be set aside pending

decision of feasibility studies.

GUAM POWER AUTHORITY
PO BOX 2977
AGANA, GUAM 96910

August 19, 1974

The Honorable Antonio B. Won Pat
216 Cannon House Office Bldg,
Congress of the United States
House of Representatives
Washington D.C. 20515

Dear Congressman Won Pat:

The purpose of this letter is to enlist government interest in
seriously considering the Island of Guam as potentially advantageous
for development of solar sea power. Because of its pollution free
and. self-renewing characteristics solar sea power has taken on added
importance at a source of energy totally independent of fossil or
atomic fuel.

Thus for the purpose of showing the potential possibilities of
development of solar sea power on Guam, we are enclosing thermal
profiles of sea water temperatures from surface to a depth of 3000
feet. Although the temperautres were measured at 2.5 and 3.5 miles
from the shore, it in felt that it would be practicable to come
close enough to land for construction of a shore based station
without sacrificing too much in terms of reducing the temperature,
differential. For example, the charts show that at a depth of
1500 to 2000 ft temperature changes diminish rapidly with the
result that within this range depth would probably bottom out at an
optimized break even point. Thus at 82o F surface water and 45o F
at a depth of 1500/2000 ft the differential would be 37o F. We
believe that this compares favorably with conditions prevailing in
other tropical zones. Another favorable factor is that the waters
surrounding Guam remain markedly constant in the 82/85o F range
throughout the year.

The Japanese are presently contemplating the installation of two
(2) 10 MW land based solar sea power generating units on the Island
of Nauru in the South Pacific for the Nauruan government as a
continuous source of 10 MW (1-unit standby), sufficient for all
Island Power needs. Also of special interest is the fact that cold
water from the depths of the sea is extremely rich in nutrients

28A

Honorable A. B. Won rat
Page 2

and that shell fish will grow very fast in feeding on the
micro-organisms contained therein. Thus after serving the purpose
as the condensing medium (heat sink) for power generation, the
warmed water could serve to support a maricultural industry.
Given time for development, this could result in a major food
production enterprise for the island of Guam.

It is our premise that the potential possibilities here on Guam
for the development of solar sea power way be better or approxi-
mately equal to other potential of practicability. We, therefore
developments hold promise of practicability. We, therefore,
respectfully request the cooperation of your good office in placing
this petition for the consideration of Guam as a potential site for
solar energy development in the hands of those who have been
designated as agencies of the government to research, promote and
implement this source of inexhaustable energy.

In view of the encouraging potential possibilies for development
of solar power of Guam, your early attention to the foregoing will
be greatly appreciated.

Respectfully,

E. W. SCHAARDT
Chairman, Board of Directors

EWS/WFP/tmd

Enclosure

28B

VII-1. Tide current generators.

It is believed that studies of tidal flow in narrow channels

between islands or submerged reefs may reveal areas where

tide flow generators would be feasible and practicable for

the generation of power. Tide flow would, of course, be

variable'in direction and magnitude, nevertheless, it is

believed that where currents are pronounced a considerable

amount of power could be generated during each tidal cycle.

Research and exploratory work might well be worth the effort.

IX. Additional Comments and Discussion

The following amplification notes refer to letter of 3 May 1977

from the Coordinator, Coastal Zone Management Section, Bureau of

.Planning, Government of Guam.

Land holdings, leases, rights-of-way

The planned expansion of main and primary pox-.7er transmission lines

is shown on GPA Drawing No. B-74-023. The dates given are subject

to change depending on the magnitude and direction taken by load

growth. It is suggested that it would be good policy for the govern-

ment to take options or lease rights-of-way at the earliest

practicable date'for all lines planned to be in operation 5 years

hence. There is no alternative to early acquisition of rights-of-way,

it will pay dividends in avoiding delays and cost of lease holds.

Aerial surveys will prove invaluable in site feasibility studies and

plotting of alternate routes.

Regulations and Permits

1) Corps of Engineers Permits

Except for a pemit stipulation on building a small boat launching

ramp and trailer car parking area, GPA has no outstanding U. S.

Army Corps of Engineers permit obligations respecting the siting

of the Cabras Steam Power Plant.

In the case of the Tanguisson Power Plant site, the U. S. Army

Corps of Engineers permit was a matter resolved between the Corps

and the Navy, since constr-tiction of this facility was initiated

and completed by the Navy.

2) The Clean Air Act

GPAls Federal EPA compliance schedule for sulfur dioxide was

amended by Court decision dated 23 August 1976, this decision

extended GPA's compliance date calling for eitber stack gas

scrubbers in operation by 31 July 1981 or low sulfur fuel oil by

Agusut 1979. This is in reference to the Cabras Steam Power Plant,

which comes under Federal New Sources Performance Standards.

3) Water Pollution Control Act

GPA applied for and was qualified under the "less stringent" re-

gulations of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Under "less

stringent" GPA must submit plans for review by EPA, 9th Region

showing measures proposed for no increase in temperature of the

waters discharged from the Cabras or Tanguiss6n. Power Plants above

the normal temperature of the receiving waters. It is a further

requirement, unless the law is amended, that zero temperature

difference be accomplished by 1981.

Load Shedding (reference Section V-1)

Since GPA has no consumers taking large blocks of power that could be

committed to an interrupLable load schedule, resort must be had to power

outage rotation by areas within districts served from the principal load

distribution centers. Currently reserve for maintenance and forced

outages has, it is understood, been established as the sum of

the largest and next largest turbine--generator in the system,

i.e. one 66 MW Cabras unit plus the power barge Inductance;

66 + 28 MW respectively or a total of 94 MW.

Major power outages (reference Section V-1)

Major power outages are usually caused by line faults of sufficient

magnitude to trip out main generators and problems related to getting

main generators restored to the line. For the past several years

line faults per se have caused outages of relatively short durations,

minutes to a matter of about 4 hours.

Rate structure anf fuel oil price pass-through (ref. Page 15, Sec. III)

Rate structure and application of fuel oil price pass-through is des-

cribed under "Fuel oil pass thru rate per KWH" on page 15 of this

report.

Electric power needs beyond the year 2000 (ref. Page 11,Section II)

Beyond the year 2000, in 2005 plans must be ready for the installation

of the first unit in the 150 MW size, assuming a continuing load

increase of 5% annually. Since the Tanguisson and Cabras units will

have reached retirement age a second 150 MW unit must follow shortly

after the first 150 MW unit is installed. This will tarry power needs

beyond the year 2010.

Life expectancy of present ifuel oil pipe lines (ref. Section IV-1)

This item is covered in Section IV-1 of this report. Note that

all pipe lines installed underground are cathodically protected

and should therefore last for 40 years, the'expected life span or

longer.

Market logistics for GORCO products (ref. Section V-1-1)

Logistics, land use and other developments are discussed under

Section V-1-1 of this report.

Solar Sea Power (ref. Section VII)

As mentioned in Section VII of this report the old Na.-%-y quarry site

on Cabras Island could probably serve as a land based solar sea power

plant site. In the case of Cocos Island or Facpi Point, site develop-

ment would involve reclamation of reef area by dredge operation.

Feasibility studies should be trade to pinpoint the most favorable site

with respect to environmental Impact and economic factors.

Transmission Line Size

The existing 115 KV transmission line and planned expansion will be

ample in voltage for Guam's power needs to the year 2000. Right-of-

way width depends on conductor configuration, which will probably con-

tinue as at the present Lime with two-circuit vertical configuration.

In this case the line right-of-way will be approximately 100 feet in

width and greater depending on length of span and height of tower.

Transmission line towers, conductors and insulators are generally

given a service life of 60 years, although the actual expected

service life could exceed this figure by many years. GPA will

need to take action at an early date to acquire right-of-way for

extension of the existing power transmission system.

The same right-of-way can be used jointly for overhead power trans-

mission and underground fuel oil pipe lines. This would also apply

to underground fuel oil pipe lines and underground power lines

assuming that there is adequate separation between fuel lines and

power cables. Isolation is usually achieved by installing under-

ground power cables,on one side of a highway; fuel lines on the

opposite side.

Other items in reference to transmission line rig4ts-of-way are

covered under the previous paragraph titled "Land holdings, leases,

rights-of-way".

Visual impact of future transmission lines (ref. Section I-1-1.)

Discrete routing of power transmission lines can often avoid

objectionable skyline and other exposed effects. Life cycles of the

new plastic forms of underground cable insulation have not been his-

torically determined except through life acceleration tests, thus a

limit of 20 years is currently assumed, although this may not be

realistic; only time will tell. Also, note Section I-1-1 on the

esthetics of overhead power transmission lines, and comparative costs

of undergrouzid lines.

Improvements in environmental @nd esthetic !impacts
(reference Section I-1-I)

It is believed that discrete routing of high-tQnsion transmission

lines including, where appropriate, use of line supporting

structures of stream lined, unencumbered design will result in

public acceptance without severe criticism or obvious ruthlcss

scarring of the environment.

Real Property Resources (ref. Page 11,Section II)

With reference to real property resources, CPA is fortunate in that

the Cabras Plant, within its present boundaries, can be expanded by

the addition of 2 additional steam turbine-generators. After the

Cabras area is fully occupied CPA can move into the Piti Power Plant

area, owned by Navy, for installation of additional generating plant

capable of supplying power to the year 2000. Reference thareto is

contained in Section 11, page llof this report. It is, also, to be

noted that CPA owns real property for fuel oil bulk storage tanks to

take care of needs to the year 2000.

Major chan&es in fuel oil pipe line systems (ref. Page 18, Section IV)

No major changes or additions will be required in fuel oil delivery or

transfer pipe line systems to take care of power plant fueling needs to

the year 2000.

GORCO's real property assets vs production (ref. Section V-1-1)

In reference to GORCO refinery's -real property assets in relation to

production capability reference is inade to Section V-1-1 of this report.

Routes proposed for future extension of power
transmission lines

Extensions of transmission lines are marked on GPA drawing

No. B-74z-023, included are dates when the indicated extensions

will probably take place.

Load growth projection weights (ref. Page 21, Section V)

The weights given to load growth projection may be off the mark in

the assignment of unit values in some instances, however, it is

felt that in. the plus or minus aggregate the sum may balance.

Obviously 2% growth is too high a mark if nothing is going to be

done to encourage tourism, it will continue to slide downhill with

a negative mark for load growth. Tourism as an industry is very com-

petitive, but in spite of this if made attractive it is self-

perpetuating. At the present, the reverse is true on Guam, e.g. a

safe well lighted broad-walk along Tumon bay beach is long overdue,

neither is beach frontage being improved, bicycle trails or non-

existent, etc. Tourists continue to be victimized by thieves and

thugs in or out of tourist hotels. Work done for tourists in

improving beach fronts, etc. would also benefit local residents. If

overdue improvements are not gotten underway soon, more hotels may

close down.

Life expectancy of power generating units (ref. Section I-1)

Values of life expectancy are given under Section I-1 of this report.

AQUACULTURE AND ITS POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ON GUAM'S COASTAL WATERS

William J. FitzGerald, Jr.

August, 1977

This study was funded by a grant from the
Office of Coastal Zone Management, U.S.
Department of Commerce

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

LIST OF TABLES .................................................... ii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................... iii

INTRODUCTION ...................................................... I

LAND RESOURCES .................................................... 3

WATER RESOURCES ................................................... 6

SPECIES APPLICABLE FOR CULTURE ON GUAM ............................ 11
Freshwater Organisms ......................................... 12
Brackishwater and Saltwater Organisms ........................ 20

FACILITIES FOR AQUACULTURE ........................................ 25

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DUE TO AQUACULTURE PRACTICES AND POLLUTION
ABATEMENT MEANS ................................................... 32
Pollution Parameters ......................................... 33
Pollution Abatement .......................................... 41
Public Health ................................................ 46
Exotic Species ............................................... 46

ROLE OF AQUATIC AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES ............................ 48

CONCLUSION ......................................................... 51

ACKNOWLEDGMEMTS ................................................... 52

LITERATURE CITED .................................................. 53

LIST OF TABLES

.TABLE PAGE

Land area suited for aquaculture ............................ 5
2. Minimum water flow record .................................. 8

3. Discharge measurement at low water flow (partial record
stations) ................................................. 9

4. Nitrate and phosphate values ............................... 40

INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture has the potential of suppling a substantial portion of

Guam's consumption of fishery products, which is almost exclusively im-

ported to the island at present. Some of the world� countries obtain

20 to 40 percent of their aquatic food products through aquaculture, in-

cluding Indonesia, India, and China; while in the United States an esti-

mated 2 percent of fishery products consumed (mainly oysters, catfish, and

trout) are produced by aquaculture (Corbin, 1976). In addition to the on-

island market, aquaculture is an industry that can produce an export pro-

duct. Together, these features give aquaculture an important potential

role in Guam's economy.

A properly managed, vertically integrated aquaculture system covers

the whole spectrum of the production of aquatic SDecies from energy input

to the marketing of the product (i.e., hatchery operation,.grow-out phase,

manufacture of feeds, processing, and marketing of the product). The ex-

pansion of aquaculture into a large capital generating enterprise encom-

passes [email protected] managerial problems that must'be overcome to be success-

ful. The major areas of concern are species for culture, biological tech-

nology, engineering technology, site location, feed, manpower, marketing,

as well as legal, institutional, and financial considerations. Such systems

are being developed in the United States, especially in the culture of the

channel catfish.

The development of aouaculture facilities, both marine and freshwater,

requires a well thought out islandwide plan, that will take into considera-

tion its positive as well as neqative aspects in regards to the economy and

environment. Guidelines must be placed on the development not to hinder,

but to restrict abusive use of the island's natural resources. These

guidelines will have to be part of a comprehensive plan and enforced by

the involved qovernmental agencies.

LAND RESOURCES

Aquaculture development should be limited to the central and southern

area of Guam, since the use of water from the lens system which is the main

source of potable water for Guam would possibly put an excess demand on this

finite water supply. In addition, the major part of the northern area consists

of limestone which would be unsuitable for pondages due to its permeability.

Plastic-lined or concrete tanks would be required. Full explotation of

southern sites should be the priority.

Criteria for land to be used for aquaculture ponds are as follows: The

soil should be of character to retain water, preferably having a minimum of

25% clay. Fertile soil is prefered, but marginal soil can be used through the

addition of fertilizers and lime. The area should be free of flooding or cor-

rective means can be made without excessive investment. The soil should be free

of pollution that might endanger cultured species. Prior knowledge of the land

use would be informative to the type of pesticides or chemicals used. The con-

tour distance should be greater than or equal to 100 -ft. (30.9 m) for every

10 ft. (3.1 m) horizontal rise (slope maximum 10%). The size of the ponds be-

comes smaller as the contour interval approaches 100 ft.; beyond this, pond con-

struction of small ponds becomes too costly. The land to be useable must be

accessible by vehicle year round. This is a requirement for proper management.

The area must have suitable topography so as to allow the complete drainage of

ponds.

An estimated total land area suitable and available (no permanent structures)

for aquaculture on Guam is 3652 ha. This estimation is based on the soil type

and terrain. Figure I shows the delineated areas and Table 1 shows the quantity

of area within each site. The preferable soils are Pago and Inarajan clays. Of

the two clays under the soil type number 6, the Agat clay is not suitable for
ponds, mainly due to its excessive slope. The Atate clay (#6) is marginally
acceptable. It depends on the depth at which the C horizon is located. There

are ponds constructed on this soil type. The total estimated suitable land area

does not indicate the potential developable land,since each site must be consider-

ed seperately with referral to the type and quantity of water supply available.
This will then determine how much of a given site can be developed. Naturally,
conflicts with other uses of the land (e.g., agriculture, housing development) will

further limit the development.

All aquaculture practices within the marine environment are considered to be

in navigable waters and thus require a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers.

Aquaculture sites for the culture of marine organisms are limited to areas that

afford a reasonable degree of protection from surf, and storm damage. The major

sites that afford such protection are Apra Harbor between the drydocks and Polaris

Point (Sasa Bay) and Cocos Lagoon primarly in the area around Achang Bay (possible

siganid culture in sea grass beds). The Inner Habor of Apra Harbor and the salt

water pond adjacent to San Luis Point have suitable sites, but are restricted due

to Naval operations. In addition, the Piti Channel area has suitable physical

features; however, the possibility of toxic effluents from the nearby power plants

have to be concidered. Small protected bays along the southeast coast of Guam

(e.g., Pauliluc Bay, Agfayan Bay) can be utilized for small scale culture oper-

ations. The use of large areas of reef flats around Guam would be ill-advised

due to the environmental impact such operations would have and the very limited

degree of managebility of such sites without major construction and alteration

of the reef flat areas. However, the impoundments on the reef flat created by

the construction of the sewage disposal plant in Agana could be technically

utilized for aquaculture.

Table 1. Land Area Suitable for Aquaculture.

Map Section Soil Types
#2 #3 #6 #9
Toto Clay Chacha-Saipan Clay Atate-Agat Clay Pago Clay Inara
Hectares Hectares Hectares Hectares He
Total Available Total Available Total Available Total Available Total

East Guam
1. 8 8 793 238

West Guam
1. 45 45 16 0 162 130 40 16 25
2. 7 0 11 10 12 0 90
3. 79 35 4 4 60 0 10
4. 2 0 3 2 129 97 16
5. 20 0 20 10 89 45 125
6. 30 0 119 30 26 13 13
7. 10 0 34 0 56 56 54
8. 36 0 63 0 21 21 15
9. 11 0 145 36 29 29 2
10. 4 4 90 90 7
11. 4 4 78
12. 152 152 21
13. 26 26 40
14. 3 3
15. 136 68
16. 172 172
17. 2 2
18. 27 27
19. 19 19

South Guam
le 86 69 4 4 32
2. 25 25 3 3 @4
3. 20 20 26 13 15
4. 32 16 3 3 3
5. 6 6 24 0 145
6. 7 7 17 17 9
7. 35 35 6 6 2
8. 43 43 24 24 23
9. 15 15 52 52 64
10. 5 5 285 285 4
11. 579 579 5 5 2
12. 36 36 3 3 59
13. 161 129 10 10 8
14. 39 39 5 5
is. 31 31
16. 5 5

Total 53 53 1,004 273 2,231 1,759 1,019 797 866

WATER RESOURCES

Aquaculture is dependent on an adequate quantity and quality of water.

The latter can be influenced by the use of pesticides or other chemical

agents, sewage and other pollutants from the adjacent land. In the case

of marine aquaculture it is also susceptable to oil spills. Possible del-

eterious effects of toxins or pollutants on cultured organisms are mortality,

injury, interference with growth or other vital functions, concentration

in the organisms to such an extent as to render them unfit for human con-

sumption or making them unpalatable. Organisms under intensive aquaculture

practices are often under physiological stress due to artificial diets

being incomplete in nutritional needs, and unnatural crowded living condi-

tions that possibly cause hormonal or other biochemical imbalance. There-

fore, they are rather susceptable and vulnerable to further deterioration

of water quality, often more so than organisms in the wild.

The average daily quanti.ty of water that needs to be added to a pond

to maintain the water level is 1.3% of the total volume. This is the water

lost due to evaporation and seepage. Some water is gained through rainfall,

but there is an average net lost of 34,000 gal/day/ha of pondage. Thus,

this requires a minimum continuous water flow of 23.6 gal/min/ha. This

figure is based on the actual operation of the Division of Aquatic and

Wildlife Resd.Vrces; ponds at Talofofo during 1974 to 1975. During this

period, precipitation averaged 0.275 in/day and evaporation averaged

0.200 in/day. During periods of drought a larger volume flow will be

required. Likewise, during periods of excessive rainfall, less volume

will be required.

A large-scale development of pondage would necessitate the construction

of a dam to assure an adequate flow of water during the dry season and to

allow the full potential of the area to be developed. For the construction

of a dam, a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers is required for rivers

having an average annual flow of 5 cu. ft/sec or greater. A permit is also

required from the Guam Environmental Protection Agency for the construction

of any obstruction of a waterway. The construction of government-funded
dams (e.g., proposed Ugum River Dam) should be encouraged so as to allow

the fuller utilization of the island:'s water resources. Aquaculture would

be greatly benefited by such conservation measures of the island's water

supply. If no dam is to be constructed at the pondage site the maximum

area that can be developed should be based on the minimum flow months of

the year (Table 2&3. Following this procedure would greatly reduce the

area that could be supported by the water supply. Drainage and filling of

ponds should be coordinated to best utilize the water supply. Tables 2 & 3

gives the maximum area that can be developed using the average flow over

a number of years for a given river system that has been monitored by the

U.S. Geological Survey personnel. The criteria for this area of develop-

ment is the damming of the river with the option of 25, 50, or 75% of the

average flow being utilized for pondages. In areas with the river systems

flow rate not being monitored, an estimated average discharge for one square

mile of drainage area on Guam is 2 million gallons per day (personal com-

munication, Chuck Huxel).

The use of wells and springs can serve as a main or supplemental water

supply in the southern areas. Thorough aeration is generally required of

well water before use in the ponds. This type of water supply has the

Table 2 - Minimum Flow Recorded Permanent Monitor Stations. 1) 34,000 gal/day/ha. 2) 1.3% Eva
water/day. 3) 1 cu ft/sec =.646317 x 106 gal/day.

Station Finile River Umatac River Geus River Inarajan River

Number of Years Monitored 15 23 22 23

Cu ft/sec/month 3.25 6.30 0 32.89

Gal/day 70,018 135,727 0 708,579

Pond Area Supported Hectares
(100% Utilization) 2.1 4.0 0 20.8

Long Term Average Flows

Cu ft/sec/month 42.0 251.7 90.6 513.0

Gal/day 904,845 5.422,600 1,951,877 11,052,020

Pond Area Supported Hectares
(25% Utilization) 6.7 39.9 14.4 81.3

Pond Area Supported Hectares
(50% Utilization 13.3 79.7 28.7 162.5

Pond Area Supported Hectares
(75% Utilization) 19.9 119.6 43.1 243.8

Imong River Almogosa Spring Almogosa River Maulap River Ylig River Pago Riv

14 19 4 4 23 24

18.39 0.28 10.07 12.43 4.72 2.53

396,192 6,032 216,947 267,791 101,687 54,506

11.7 0.2 6.4 7.9 3.0 1.6

Long Term Average Flows

297.6 103.0 169.8 129.3 846.0 720.0

6,411,465 2,326,741 3,658,154 2,785,626 18,226,139 15,511,608

47.1 17.1 26.9 20.5 134.0 114.1

94.3 34.2 53.8 40.9 278.0 228.0

141.4 51.3 80.7 61.5 402.0 342.2

Table 3. Discharge Measurement at Low Flow-Partial Record Station.

Average Area Supported
Number of Minimum Flow (100% Utilization)
Years Measured Cu Ft/Sec/Month Gal/Day Hectares

Fonte River 15 6.27 135,080 4.0
Masso River 11 5.52 118,922 3.5
Faata Springs 13 5.61 120,861 3.6
Taleyfac River 17 21.15 455,653 13.4
Cetti River 8 9.72 209,407 6.2
Lagafua River 23 19.14 412,350 12.1
Piga Springs 21 4.56 98,240 2.9
Astaban River 16 4.35 93,716 2.8
Laelae River 16 17.67 380,681 11.2
Toguan River 25 5.07 109,228 3.2
Siligin Spring 19 1.83 39,425 1.2
Ajayan River 14 8.61 185,492 5.6
Agfayan River 14 20.07 432,386 12.7
Aasamano River 16 28.68 617,879 18.2
Yledigao River 16 28.59 615,940 18.1
Fintasa River 16 23.22 500,249 14.7
Fensol River 16 5.10 109,873 3.2
Asalonso River 25 12.54 270,160 7.9
Agum River 16 82.38 1,774,786 52.2
(Above Bubulao)
Bubulao River 16 113.01 2,434,676 71.6
Ugum River 16 213.90 4,608,240 135.5
Manengon River 16 19.11 411,704 12.1
Tolaeyuus River 6 150.78 3,248,389 95.5
Lonfit River 3 43.83 944,269 27.8
Sigua River 3 48.63 1,047,680 30.8
Atantano River 5 28.92 623,050 18.3
Madag River 16 7.47 160,933 4.7

advantages of a relatively stable quality, free of pollutants, and free

of unwanted aquatic species.

SPECIES APPLICABLE FOR CULTURE ON GUAM

Guam affords an ideal climate for the culture of warm water species.

Year round warm temperatures allow growth to be at its maximum rate with

subsequent high yields. For species to be of value to culture on Guam,

there would have to be an existing demand or a potential demand located on

Guam or within an economical shipping radius (which would have to be defined
for each species). The majority of cultured species will be exotic (intro-

duced species) to Guam. It is highly preferable to use species of which

the complete life cycle can be controlled. Species of subtropical and trop-

ical orgin are most suited for Guam's climate. Temperate species will often

be at their upper limit of temperature tolerance and unsuitable for econ-

omic culture due to raised metabolism, thus reducing the food conversion

ratio.

In determining which species are suitable for aquaculture, both fresh

and marine, the basic criteria is economic feasibility. All other factors,

biological, technological, environmental, management, and market demand con-

tribute to determining the economic success of a species.

Aquaculture on Guam inevitably will be limited to a few species that

are proven to be most profitable to culture. The limited resources avail-

able (land and water)on Guam deters diversification of cultured species due

to the economics involved in large scale culture, namely labor costs, opti-
mumUesign for containment of a species (including a hatchery), pr ocessing

costs, and market establishment.

Aquaculture can be divided into the raising of aquatic organisms caught

from the wild, which would be called fish farming, and a second catagory,

fish culture, which would be the raising of aquatic organisms through their

entire life cycle in captivity. Aquaculture practises involving low stock-

ing (from wild stock), low capital investment, no or minimal control of the

aquatic environment, no supplemental feeding, little or no fertilization,

low production/area, and being labor-intensive are considered extensive aqua-

culture practices. This type of aquaculture is common in underdeveloped

countries throughoust southeast Asia. At the other end of the managerial

spectrum in aquaculture is intensive aquaculture, which involves supple-

mental feeding, control over the complete life cycle, maximum control of

the aquatic environment, high stocking density, high production/area, and

is capital intensive. This paper deals mainly with the latter.

Aquaculture is similar to agriculture in that a selected species or

group of species are confined to a given area from which a maximum production

is obtained by the application of fertilizers, feeding, disease control,

environment quality management, and control of predation. Biological and

technological factors favoring intensive culture of a species have a low

trophic level, (efficient food conversion), disease resistance, gregarious

nature, rapid growth rate, control of the complete life cycle, high fecundity

and survival, and hardy nature. A reliable source of juveniles is a necessity

to a successful aquaculture business. This , in most cases, would necess-

itate knowledge of propagation and rearing of larval stages in a,hatchery,

since total reliance on wild stocks will result in unpredictable production.

Freshwater organisms

Macrobrachium rosenbergii

The giant Malaysian prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is endemic to

the southeast Asia and Indo-Pacific area, with its furthest northeastward

extent being to the PAlau Islands. Preliminary work on culture of M.

rosenbergii was done by Ling (1967) with subsequent investigation into the

mass cultivation of the larvae by Fujimura (1970). Culture of this species

is practiced in S.E. Asia, United States, Mexico, South America, Philippines,

Micronesia, South Pacific, Taiwan, and Japan.

This is one of the most thorough scientifically investigated species

with the intent of optimizing knowledge of its culture. The majority of

the research has been carried out in the U.S. This extensive info-MationCcon-

tributes to the desirability of this species for cultivation, along with

characteristics of complete control of the life cycle, relatively free of

disease, suitable for polyculture, luxury product demanding premium prices,

omnivorous feeding habits and applicable to intensive or extensive culture.

The production capability of this species on Guam is 4637 kg/ha/year

(FitzGerald, 1975). This is based on the harvest of two crops per year.

This production was carried out in a stagnant pond (no water discharge,

only maintenance of water level). Supplemental feeding of a commercially

prepared food, turkey starter (28% protein), was used. The use of a poly-

culture system is recommended, with Chinese carp being the secondary species.

As with other crustaceans theaccurrenceof molting in'the pond makes the

prawns vulnerable to cannibalism; however, this can be minimized by providing

numerous shelters.

At present the entrepreneurs engaged in the culture of this species

on Guam receive post-larvae for stocking from the Hawaii Fish and Game

Department through Guam's Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources at no

cost, except for air freight charges. Hawaii has set a limit in the past
of one million post-larvae (sufficient for stocking.5 hectares).as the

maximum it can supply Guam. As Hawaii's prawn industry has grown its ability

to supply Guam with post-larvae will terminate. A hatchery will have to

be developed on Guam and a temporary alternate source of post-larvae found

(e.g., Palau) to sustain existing farms and to meet the demands of the

growing industry. Sixt@ the addition of a hatchery for prawns on Guam, the

management and production capabilities will increase. Year round production

of post-larvae will allow the use of a staggered stocking method which

can increase production and allow a continuous supply of harvestable prawns

to be available. Guam imports an estimated 500,000 pounds of shrimp per

year. Production of M. rosenbergii could fill a large portion of this local

market demand. Japan presents an enourmous foreigh market for prawn and

fishery products with premium prices paid for 16-20 prawns/pound size.

Anguilla japonica

The freshwater eel Anguilla japonica is a catadromous species with the

migration of mature eels to the sea for spawning and the return of the

elvers to rivers. It is at this point that the elvers are captured and

held before stocking in grow out ponds. All pond culture of this species

is dependent on this capture of wild stock. Progress has been made on the

artificial propagation of A. japonica, but it is still only on an experimen-

tal bases. The source of juveniles for stocking are Mainland China, Korea,

Taiwan, and Japan, with the later two countries usually not being able to

meet their own demand. There is the possibility of,substituting a similar

Australian - New /Zealand species, Anguilla australis, since the supply

of wild elvers is not always available in adequate quantity from the prev-

iously mentioned coutries. Other species suitable for culture are the Euro-

pean A. anguilla and the American A. rostrata.

Culture of this species is intensive and usually as a monoculture.

The eels are carnivores by nature, but are fed on a commercially prepaired

balanced diet. Production varies with the method used from less than-, I kg/
M2 in earthen ponds up to 60 kg/m2 in concrete environmentally controlled

tanks. Guam's Aquatic and Wildlife Resources' experimental eel culture was

on a polyculture basis in a earthen pond. Growth was shown to be very rapid

under the warm water conditions, with harvestable size obtained as early

as after 4 months of culture. A key factor in good production results of

this species is the ability to have close management control. This is

mainly needed for the required sorting of size classes during the grow out

phase, in addition to disease prevention, and observance of the general

condition of the eels which is usually evident in feeding behaviour.

Guam has one entrepreneur engaged in eel culture. This is with the

use of concrete walled ponds with an area of 2 hectares which will be expand-

ed with future demands. The expected production from these ponds will be

mtons/year. The major market for the eels is Japan. There is a small

local market, but future expansion of eel culture will be solely for an

export market.

Pangasius sutchi

The S.E. Asian catfish Pangasius sutchi is generally grown as a mono-
culture, but polyculture can be used with suitable species (e.g. , carp).

They live in rivers, and lakes, and can be raised in ponds or cages. They

will not reproduce in ponds since they require moving water for reproduction

to occur. This fish has great potential for Guam due to its capability of
high production per unit area (e.a., 75,000-95,000 kg/ha/year) (personal

communication, Nukit). The species isomnivorous and is usually fed on a

mixture of vegetable matter and fish. The main draw back to their produc-

tion on Guam is the requirement of 20% or greater protein in their diet

to obtain the desired growth rate. They also require a high feeding rate

of 10-12% body'weight/day. This necessitates an abundant supply of an in-

expensive food source to fulfill dietary requirements. Possible areas of

a cheap food source would occur with the development of a proposed vegetable

cannery, livestock slaughter house, tuna cannery, or utilization of acti-

vated sludge from the waste treatment plants. The initial cultivation on

Guam by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources met with unfavorable

results which were mainly attributed to improper diet and the competition

for food with Tilapia. There is a breeding stock being held at Aquatic

and Wildlife Resources for future artificial propagation.

Clarias (Clariidae)

Clarias (C. batrachus, C. macrocephalus, and C. fucus) are other

southeast Asian catfish that offer high production per unit area (80,000-

90,000 kg/year/ha). They are easily bred in captivity, of hardy nature,

and feed on a wide variety of vegetable and animal matter. C. batrachus

is favored for culture through southeast Asia due to its more rapid growth

rate. C. batrachus occurs on Guam and is usually found in swampy areas

that are subject to drying up during periods of low rainfall. It has the

characteristic of having an accessory air breathing organ that enables it

toexist in oxygen poor waters and to leave pondages in search of food.

The advantages of the ability to withstand low oxygen waters is obvious;

however, its ability to leave a body of water and niove across land requires

precautions. It has the ability of burrowing into the mud to survive

extensive dry periods. Due tothis ability, a pond used for this species

should not be altered with the culture of species that might become prey

of the catfish (e.g., prawns), since complete eradication from a pond would

be difficult as the result of their ability to burrow into mud. A possible

solution to this would be a concrete tank culture system. The culture

of these catfish would require a fencing enclosure around the pond to

prevent escape. Clarias is presently imported to Guam's fish markets.

The Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources is examining the feasibility

of the commercial culture of C. batrachus on Guam.

Chinese Carp

These fish are mainly recommended on Guam as a secondary species to

increase overall production by more fully utilizing the three dimensional

space of the pond, and help maintain a balanced pond environment. Grass

carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) are herbivores that help control grasses

growing along the pond banks. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

are microphagos herbivores, feeding on the phytoplankton. Big head carp

(Aristichthys nobilis) are microphaqos carnivores, feeding on zooplankton.

Common carp (Cyprinu carpio) are detritus feeders. At present, stock is

obtained from Taiwan, but they can be artifically propagated on Guam once

a breeding stock is established.'

Tilapia sp.

. This genus of fish has a variety of feeding habits, but in general is

an aggressive opportunistic feeder. They breed naturally at a high rate

in ponds, thus overpopulating, causing a general reduced growth rate, and

a crop of an unsuitable size mixture for marketing. Monosex culture would

be the only suitable means of culture on Guam. This is done by the crossing

of species to produce a hybrid progeny of all males, or by hormone in the

feed of sexually indetermined fry to produce an all male population. In

general, Tilapia are an invader species (often interfering with the culture

of highly valued species) and are hard to eradicate from ponds where they

are not desired. Their aggressive feeding takes food away from the desired

cultured species. Tilapia would be suitable for use in stabilization ponds

where they would feed on the natural productivity of the pond. It's low on-

island market value would eliminate the desire to be cultured on a large

commercial scale on Guam, unless market chanqes are made through product

promotion. The catering to the Japanese tourist resturants with a live

product to satisfy culinary tastes would support a limited production.

Soft Shell Turtle

The soft shell turtle (Trionyx sinensis) is a high-priced item that

is considered a delicacy in Taiwan and Japan. Its culture is carried out

in ponds with concrete or stone walls with an overhang to prevent escape.

T. sinensis are mainly fed on trash fish and animal products. Growth of

the turtle normally takes approximately two years before it reaches a

harvestable size (600 g); however, this growth period could be reduced to

about one year on Guam due to its favorable climatic conditions. Stocking

varies according to the size of the turtle, and size segregation must be

practised to prevent cannibalism. Reproduction occurs in special rearing

ponds in which mature turtles (3 years or older) are placed. Egg laying

occurs in a small brick enclosure with a sand floor. Hatching takes approx-

imately 50 days.

Soft shell turtle culture on Guam was initiated on a small scale by

a private entrepreneur. The initial venture proved unsuccessful due to an

inadequate enclosure to prevent escape. A second entrepreneur has construct-

ed three small ponds (7 m x 17 m) for the culture of turtles and carp. The

marketing will be mainly in Taiwan. This is a rather limited culture for

a special market.

Bait Fish

A key factor in the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in this area

of the Pacific would be a suitable supply of bait fish. A number of species

have been considered and used as bait fish including Tilapia mossambica,

Dorosoma petenense, Poecilia vittata, Poecilia mexicana, Sardinella melan-

ura, Engraulus japonicus, Chanos chanos, Kuhlia sandviciensis, mullets, and

cyprinids (Gopalakrishnan, 1976). Live bait pole and line method of cat-

ching skipjack tuna is the most productive means at present for harvesting

skipjack. Large purseseining boats have not proved to be viable in this

area of the Pacific to present.

Important factors influencing the selection of a suitable bait fish

are: to be prolific, continuous breeding, gregarious, of good growth
rate, hardy (both in culture and during holding in bait wells), show suit-

able behavior, size, color, and shape to attract tuna, and must be accepted

by fishermen for use. A promising genus that is presently being worked
on in Hawaii and American Samoa is Poecilia (Baldwin, 1974; Swerdloff, 1973).

This genus is suited to mass culture (Baldwin, 1972).

Brackish Water and Saltwater

Chanos chanos

The milkfish or sometimes called bangus (Chanos chanos) is.a eury-

haline fish with a tolerance'of 0-35 L. It has been cultured on Guam

on a small scale in freshwater by Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (FitzGerald,

1975), and in salt water by a group of Filipino workers. There is no means

of artificial propagation at present. All stock must be caught from the

wild. The closest possible supply of milkfish fry at present is Palau or

Yap; however, their runs are too unpredictable in quantity and time to be

a dependable source. Runs of fry have been reported on Guam but are too

few and unpredictable, also. The major area of abundant milkfish fry runs

is in the Philippines; however, they have enforced a moritorium on the

export of milkfish fry. Until artificial propagation can be practised

with this species or a stable supply of wild stock is established, further

pursuit of the culture of this species on Guam would be futile.

Grey Mullet (Mugilidae)

The mullet is a marine species of fish, which enters estuaries and

the lower extents of rivers. The salinity tolerance is similar to the

milkfish in that they can adapt to freshwater or saltwater. Their dis-

tribution is wide spread with &91
_Ll cephalus (the preferred.species for

culture) being a circumtropical species. Some of the favorable character-

istics of this species are euryhaline 0-38 % , eurythermal 3-35 C, low
trophic level (herbivore), and high quality flesh: . cephalus naturally

reproduces in salt water, but artificial propagation has recently become

successful on a practical scale (Shehadeh and Norris, 1972).

Cultivation of mullets is usually in brackish water ponds, where they
feed on plankton (both zoo and Phytoplankton), benthic algae, and detritus.

They also accept artificial feed. Growth varies with density of stocking

and feeding from 200-500 q in one year. They can be raised as a monoculture,

but more commonly are raised in a polyculture situation. On Guam, their

culture would be mainly as a secondary species, filling a niche that the

primary species does not occupy. Mullets are stocked at low densities.

Their low production per unit area will eliminate their desireability for

large scale culture on Guam.

Scylla serrata
The mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) is an extremely territorial and

aggressive species which makes its economic culture very difficult. It

is a high valued product, but the low production capability per unit area,

under present culture methods, makes its cultivation unlikely for Guam.

It does occur naturally on Guam. An unsuccessful small scale culture was

attempted by Aquatic and Wildlife Resources in conjunction with one of the

commercial pond operators, and a basic growth and natural history study

was done at the Universtiy of Guam Marine Laboratory (Dickinson,1977).

The ability to culture S. serrata through its larval stages is known

(Ong Kah Sin, 1964). A culture of this crab on a capital intensive rather

than labor intensive scale is presently not practical. Developments along

this methodology, which would be similar to that of the American lobster

(Homaru americanus), is possible in the future. Its culture in Asian

countries is on an extensive basis, and is usually only held for a short

fattening period after its capture from wild stock before being marketed.

Its commercial pond dulture prospects being of significant importance is

unlikely (Ong Kah Sin, personal communication).

Crassostrea gigas (Oysters)

An experimental culture of C. gigas was conducted at various locations

around Guam by Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (FitzGerald, 1975). The gen-

eral lack of biologically rich marine waters around Guam makes the culture

of filter feeding organisms less productive than areas of productively

rich waters. The Apra Harbor area appears to be the only feasible site a-

round Guam for oysters or other filter feeding bivalves on a large commer-

cial scale. Some of the sheltered small bays may afford a suitable area

for a family consumption type of culture.

Mytilus (Mussels)

This bivalve mollusk is one of the most efficient feeding animals.

It has a rapid growth rate with a high nutritional value, and excellent

palatability. Mytilus culture would be limited to the same areas as

oyster culture, namely the Apra Harbor area. The major means of culture

would be raft culture.

Penaeid Shrimp

A number of penaeid species are suitable for culture; however, Penaeus

monodon (the Philippine sugpo) along with P. japonica would probably be the

most desired. Penaeid culture is usually carried out in tidal ponds. The

filling and emptying of the ponds are correlated to the spring and neap

tides. The maximum difference of a tidal cycle on Guam is 3.5 ft. This

would be a limiting factor in the ability of this culture method. Util-

ization of pumps for water exchange would be necessary. Gravid females are

usually caught from the wild, with the subsequent raising through the

larval stages to post-larvae in captivity. Development of bringing about

maturation and ovulation in captivity by eye stalk ablation is being refined

so the whole life cycle can be completed in captivity.

Siganids

Rabbitfish (Siganu spinu , and 5, argenteu ) are very popular reef

fish on Guam and throughout Micronesia. There is a wild stock available on

Guam. In addition, artificial Propagation is known (Bryan,et. al., 1975).

@. spinu and S. argenteu are the two species that usually have large juve-

nile runs on Guam (Kami, 1976). Preferably S, argenteu , due to its

better growth rate, would be stocked into ponds or enclosed areas of the

reef or floating cages (Tsuda, et. al., 1976). The major drawback to the

culture of this species is obtaining an economical food source that will

produce an acceptable growth rate. Conditions for the culture of the

prefered alga food for this species is known (FitzGerald, 1976), but supple-

mental protein has to be added to the diet to obtain rapid growth.

Grouper, Sea Bass, and Snapper

These species (Lut.ianus arg ntimaculatus, Latps ralcarifer, and

Epinephelus tauvina) are suited for cage culture. They are high valued

species. They are carnivores and require an inexpensive supply of scrap

fish. This is the main deterent to culture of these species on Guam. If

a tuna cannery or fishing industry develops on Guam, a possible cheap source

of protein would be available. The complete life cycles of these'species

have been acheived in captivity (Wongsomnuk and Brohmanonda, personal

communication).

Algae

Commercial culture of algae would be very limited due to the res-

triction on available areas that would be feasible for its culture on

Guam. The only areas that would afford adequate protection from storm

damage to crops wouldbe Apra Harbor and Cocos Lagoon. There is no developed

local market so all of the production would have to be processed for export.

Genera that could be used for culture on Guam would include Eucheuma,

Gracilaria, Gelidiella, Caulerpa, Porphyra, and Enteromorpha. Eucheuma,

Gracilaria and Gelidiella could be used in marine colloid production.

Enteromorpha, Gracilaria, Porphyra, and Caulerp could be used as human

food. The use of alga as an animal feed (e.g., Enteromorpha in Siganid

culture) could be feasible, but would be most economically based on the

utilization of a waste nutrient source (e.g., effluent from pond culture).

Various other genera have been used as cattle fodder (Jensen, 1972).

Present methods of algal culture are mainly labor-intensive. This

will discourage its development on Guam until an efficient economically

capital-intensive means of culture becomes viable. As for example an

annual net income from a family-operated 0.5 hectare labor-intensive

Eucheuma farm in the Philippines is $1360 (Deveau and Castle, 1976).

Guam would be incapable of competing on a world-wide marine colloid

market with such competition from labor-intensive countries. Capital-

intensive methods of growing Eucheuma are being examined in Florida, but

have not yet proven economically viable (Deveau and Castle, 1976).

FACILITIES FOR AQUACULTURE

Ponds

Earthen pond culture is the oldest and most widespread,means of con-

taining cultured species. Ponds vary greatly in size from less than 0.1

ha to over 40 ha. This depends greatly on the species being cultured, the

intensity of the culture, and the terrain. The present general trend is

.towards smaller ponds (e.g., 0.1-1.0 ha ponds)-since they afford closer

management practices. Earthen ponds are constructed by the excavation

of the soil from the pond area to form dikes. Heavy equipment (bulldozers

and backhoes) should be equiped with LGP tracks (low ground pressure)

since most ponds are constructed in areas consisting of soft soils. Con-

ventionally equipped machinery would frequently become stuck or inoperative.

As the soil is excavated and placed along the dikes it is firmly packed

so that the bank does not allow leakage or possible breakage due to insuf-

ficent compaction. The soil should be free of vegetation, roots, and large

rocks. It is preferable to minimize alteration as much as possible of the

bottom and banks that are formed naturally by the terrain, since this soil

is already compacted and less likely to allow seepage or breakage.

The actual lay-out of the ponds depends on the terrain. In V-shaped

slightly obliquely truncated valleys, small diversion ponds can be con-

structed. In rounded off V-shaped valleys, barrage ponds oy@ a series of

linked diversion ponds are constructed. In V-shaped valleys that are

slightly horizontally truncated, strongly truncated or totally t runcated

the use of linked or parallel diversion ponds is recommended (Huet, 1970).

The type of soil the pond is constructed of is crucial. The soil must

have the characteristic of water retention. This usually requires a mini-

mum clay content of 25%. Fertile soils are naturally preferred, but mar-

ginal soils that are unsuitable for agriculturial use can be utilized by the

addition of fertilizers and lime (acidic soils). Mineral content of the

soil should be examined. A high salt content can be deleterious to the

culture of some species. Previous use of the land should be known. If

pesticides were used the area may be unsuitable or require considerable

leaching to remove the pesticide residue.

The width of the dikes depends on their use other than retaining the

water. If vehicle access is required the width should be at least 6 m at

the base and 3 m at the berm. Dikes separating ponds running parallel to

each other can be of a reduced width if they are not intended for vehicle

passage.

The slope of the banks varies according to the size of the pond. For

ponds of the 0.1-1.0 ha size, an inside slope of 1:2 and an outside slope

of 1:1 is recommended. Larger ponds require a 1:3-1:4 slope. The main

purpose of sloping the banks is to reduce erosion of the banks by water

movement. The dike height should be at least 30 cm above the surface of

the pond water. Water level inside the pond should be 0.7 to 1.2 m deep.

Historic review of maximum flood water height should be made, with the sub-

sequent construction of the dike height to prevent entrance of flood waters

into the pond. The addition of a grass with good soil retaining capabilities

is also recommended as a cover and soil binder to extend the life of the

banks. The planting of vegetation with large woody root systems is dis-

couraged since this weakens the dikes and facilitates leakage.
The pond bottom should have a slope of 0.2 to 0'5% towards the drain'.

It should be uniform in construction with no pot holes or roots remaining.

It should also be compacted if possible while being bulldozed. A collec-

tion basin may be constructed at the drainage site. This basin should not

exceed 10% of the pond area. The pond should be capable of complete drain-

age to facilitate eradication of undesired species, control of disease

problems, and mineralization of the bottom soil.

Water addition to the pond is done at the end opposite to the drain.

Dispersion of water is in a manner to prevent erosion of the bank and bot-

tom. Aeration is accomplished by splashing or spraying the water as it

enters the pond. The water-source should be screened sufficiently to prevent

introduction of unwanted species. It should be free of pollution, also.

Drains (e.g., sluice gate, monk, stand pipe) also vary in design and

construction. However, the basic functions are to control water level

(overflow), prevent escape of cultured fish (also introduction of undesired
species from drainage canals), and to allow complete drainage of the pond.

The preferred flow of water out of the pond is in such a manner that the

bottom water is drained. Each pond should have its own drainage system

that empties into a drainage canal. It is ill-advised to link ponds through

the drainage, since this decreases management efficiency, and also increases

the possibility of spreading of disease through all the ponds.

Culture of species in impoundments where a stagnant water flow method

is used would impose the least direct burden on the environment due to its

limited discharge (except during complete harvest). In addition it requires

the least amount of water resources to maintain the system.

Flow-through systems for species requiring a very high water quality

or so intensely stocked that a continual flow is necessary to maintain basic water

quality requirements would be a means of culture that adds a continual and

often substainal quantity of waste water.

Raceway Culture

Raceways are designed to allow a continuous large flow of water through

the enclosure to facilitate flushing of wastes, maintenance of high oxygen

levels, and in the case of circular designed raceways, the movement with

the current of species of fish that tend to continually swim. Raceways

are commonly used in trout and channel catfish (Ictalurus unctatus) culture.
P .

Due to the high water quality maintained in raceways, the stocking density

is greater than that used in ponds, thus giving a higher production per

unit area.

The application of a raceway to the culture of aquatic organisms

can be diverse. Culture of filter feeding organisms (e.g., oysters) is

feasible with the introduction of a water source containing a high density

of planktonic food organisms. The system can be of an open or closed

circulation type with flow rates suited to optimize delivery of food organ-

isms, removal of waste products, and maintenance of desired oxygen level.

The practice of polyculture is feasible within a raceway system as demon-
strated by Ryther (1975) in the production of fish (Pseudopleuronectes

americanus , shellfish (Crassostrea virginica, Mercenaria mercenaria),

lobster (Homarus americanus), and macro-algae (Gracilaria foliifera,

Agardhiella tenera) within a raceway system.

Raceway culture is a sophisticated capital intensive means of aqua-

culture. Its use on Guam could be applied to both fresh and marine-cultured

species. However, the requirements of large water volume flow through a

raceway would limit its use, especially for freshwater, unless the

water is filtered and recycled.

Floating Cage Culture

This method of culture originated in Cambodia and has spread through-

out the Mekong River system. Modified versions are used in the culture of

numerous species both in fresh and marine waters throughout the world.

Cage culture allows the utilization of an existing body of water
(lake, river, ocean) for the culture of species that will tolerate intense

stocking in a confined space. This method of culture has the advantage over

pond culture of usually requiring less initial capital investment. Oper-

ational expense can also be less (e.g., no water pumping expense); however,

the life expectancy is less than that of a pond. Frequent cleaning of algae

growth from the cage is necessary to prevent obstruction of water circu-

latiian,which is necessary to flush wastes and renew oxygen levels.

Greater stocking densities are usually practiced in cages than ponds.

Thus a species to be suitable to this type of culture must tolerate crowding.

Examples of species that are used in cage culture are Pangasiu sutchi,

carp, sea bass,grouper, and red snapper.

The sizes of cages vary from a cubic meter to 625 cubic meters, which

are essentially floating cages upon which the entrepreneur lives in a hut.
A practical size range for use on Guam would be 10 m3to 200 m3. A cage can

be constructed of a number of materials, but the type that would be suit-

able to Guam would basically consists of a framework forming the structural

shape of the cage, around which a netting material is attached to form the

enclosure. This structure is attached to floating devices, or fastened to

poles secured into the substratum where a tidal fluctuation does not occur.

The net must extend beyound the water surface sufficiently to prevent the

escape of the fish or introduction of undesired species. In cases with

species that tend to jump (e.g., Pangasius sutchi) netting must be extened

over the top.

On Guam, the utilization of cage culture can contribute very substan-

tially to the total aquaculture production. For example, obtaining the

use of a portion of Fena Lake for the purpose of fish cage culture would

be a productive means of utilizing an existing asset. Possibly,..a coQper-

ative venture could be arranged with the Navy, who .@controls the lake. In

addition, it could be used to augment production within dammed areas ad-

jacent to large fish culture operations. This culture method would be

very applicable to marine species also. In most cases this being the pre-

ferred means, since it does afford a higher degree of management as compared

to penning in an area of a reef flat. However, the use of cages in the

marine waters would require that they do not obstruct passage of vessels.

Areas where this might be practiced would be Apra Harbor and Cocos Lagoon.

Raft and Stick Culture

Raft and stick culture methods are used for oysters and mussels.

Stick culture being limited to shallow water. Oyster spat that have

settled on collector shells are attached to a stick which is anchored

into the substratum. This method of shellfish culture is susceptable to

predation by benthic organisms and aerial exposure due to tidal fluctua-

tion.

The raft culture method is more productive per area and a more man-

ageable means of culture. This consists of a raft constructed of cross-

members (usually wood) which are floated (e.g., attachment of 55 gallon

oil cans). Fr om the crossmembers are hung the culture lines. The materials

used for construction and design vary.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DUE TO AQUACULTURE PRACTICES

AND

POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEANS

Intensive culture of aquatic species within ponds or other enclosures

with the addition of fertilizers and supplemental feeds results in the pro-

duction of large quantities of wasteproducts both directly from the cultured

species and from biological activity associated with this eutrophic envir-

onment. The discharge of this effluent into receiving waters can be a con-

siderable pollution source, if not properly managed. Since the pond can

be considered as a point source of eutrophication, pollution abatement

measures must be designed into the system. The costs of these abatement

measures can become the limiting factor in the viability of an operation

and'deserves careful examination by the entrepreneur. Three broadly grouped

categories of polluting factors from the effluents of fish culture activ-

ities are recognized (Hinshaw, 1973). The first category includes the

passing of pathogens and parasites into natural waters from hatcheries or

ponds. The close proximity of species during culturing facilitates the

transmission of disease. A second category is the prophylactic or thera-

peutic use of chemicals and drugs to control diseases and parasites. These

can be introduced directly into the impoundment or through the feed. The

third group are factors that affect the chemical or physical water quality

of the recieving waters. Metabolic wastes from the fish, unused food,

algae, and detritus from ponds can have adverse affects on the receiving

waters. Increased biochemical oxygen demand, carbon dioxide, ammonia,

nitrate, and nitrite levels would be associated with this effluent. The

dissolved and suspended solid level would also contribute to the pollution

factor of the effluents.

Water pollutants may alter natural conditions by reducing the dissolved

oxygen, by changing the temperature, or by direct toxic action that can

be lethal or more subtly, can affect the behavior, reproduction, and physi-

ology of the organisms. Although a substance may not directly affect a spe-

cies, it may endanger its continued existence by eliminating essential

sources of food and metabolics. Furthermore, conditions permitting the sur-

vival of a given organism at one stage of its life may be intolerable at

another stage.

Physical alteration of the environment during construction and the

resulting physical structure of aquaculture ponds can cause a lastingeffect

on the biological community by altering water flows and circulation, es-

pecially in estuary areas where blockage of large sections can prevent

flushing (Odum, 1970; Copeland, 1.968). Effective planning to allow for

natural circulation is needed or the addition of an artificial circulation.

Alteration or destruction of estuary areas, that may serve as a nursery

for numerous species, may secondarily affect sport or commercial fisheries

by reducing the natural stock. As with any construction envolving the

grading or moving of earth the potential for sedimentation is increased.

Pollution Parameters I

Water pollution is defined by Warren (1971) as any@impairment of the

suitability of water for any of its beneficial uses, actual or potential,

by man-caused changes in the quality of the water. A more workable defini-
tion, limiting effluent discharge, is used by the Guam Environmental Pro-

tection Agency as the water quality below the discharge Doint must be equal

to or better than that above the discharge.

Parameters and their effects contributing to water pollution of the

receiving waters of fish pond effluent are as follows:

Nitrates

Nitrates are the most highly oxidized phase in the nitrogen cycle.

They can reach high concentrations during biological oxidation. High

concentrations are indicative of.organic pollution. Nitrate concentration

in natural waters usually ranges from 0.5-5.0 PPM (Hutchinson, 1957).

Nitrates are the most usable form of nitrogen for plant growth. Generally

an increase in nitrates is followed by an increase in algal production

and an increased productivity of the whole ecosystem. However, an increase

of nitrate level beyond 20 PPM has detrimental effects for fish culture

(Spotte, 1970).

Nitrite

Nitrite is an intermediate of the nitrification process (ammonia-nitrite-

nitrate). It can accumulate during the development of nitrifying activity,

due to elevated ammonia levels, or when the normal nitrification path is

interrupted, for example, by addition of chemotheraputics to the water.

Nitrite can be toxic to fish by means of reducing oxygen transport efficiency

of the blood resulting in hypoxia in extreme cases. 'The nitrite oxidizes

hemoglobin to methemoglobin which is incapable of releasing oxygen on
demand (Smith and Russo, 1975). Lethal levels for nitrite range from
0.14-0.55 mg NO 2-N/l (Forster et.al., 1977). Concentrations as low as

0.096 mg/l NO2 showed a small, but sign.ificant increase of methemoglobin
in trout which were exposed for 8 days (Smith, 1975). A LC 50 of 0.23 mg
NO -N/I was found for trout (Brown and McLeay, 1975).
2

Ammonia

Ammonia originates from mineralization of organic substances by bacteria

and from excretion by fish. Unionized ammonia is very toxic to fish and

should not exceed 0.1 PPM. Toxicity varies by the concentration of undisso-

ciated ammonium hydroxide in the water, which in turnis a function of the

pH and temperature. Spotte (1970) notes that even at sublethal levels

ammonia will have four adverse effects to fish populations: (1) increased

susceptibility of fish to other unfavorable conditions such as low oxygen,

(2) inhibited normal growth, (3) decreased fecundity, and (4) decreased

resistance to disease. High levels affect the gill tissues and reduce the

ability of hemoglobin to combine with oxygen. High, but nonlethal, ammonia

concentrations will cause extensive proliferation of eithelium '...,hich prevents

normal respiration (Smith, 1972). Spotte (1970) sites chronic ammonia

levels as the most serious problem that the fish culturist must deal with.

Settleable and Suspended Solids

Settleable solids and suspended solids can be organic or inorganic in

origin. They have a greater effect on fish populations in a natural en-

vironment than in fish ponds where artificial feeding occurs. Light pene-

tration would be limited, thus reducing algal growth which is the basis for

the food chain. In aquaculture, the suspended solids may cause a buildup

of sludge on the bottom, consisting mainly of the remains of plankton

which decompose and increase the BOD in the pond. High loads of suspended

solids may cause gill tissues to be affected and should remain below 80 PPM

for optimum health in fish culture (Wedemeyer and Wood, 1974). The com-

position of suspended particles in surface waters are important because

of their effects on light penetration, temperature, soluble products, and

aquatic life. The mechanical or.abrasive action of particulate material

is of importance to the higher aquatic organisms, such as mussels and

fish. Gills may be clogged and their proper function's of respiration and

excretion impaired. Blanketing of plants and sessile animals with sediment

as well as the blanketing of important habitats, such as spawning sites,

can cause drastic changes in aquatic ecosystems. If sedimentation, even of

inert particles, covers substantial amounts of organic material, anaerobic

conditions can occur and produce noxious gases and other objectionable char-

acteristics, such as low dissolved oxygen and a decrease in pH. Odum (1974)

sites the increase of sedimentation under rafts, mainly due to feces and

pseudofeces, in the case of oyster culture.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical oxygen demand is the quantity of oxygen required for the

biochemical oxidation in a given time at a given temperature of organic mat-

ter. The introduction of effluent with a high BOD into a stream puts an

excess burden upon it. This type of pollution can be very destructive

when relatively large amounts of putrescible organic materials, which require

oxygen for their decompostion, are introduced into the waters. The oxidation

is dependent upon the availability of dissolved oxygen in the waters and

the ability of the body of water to maintain this oxygen level above the

BOD through exchange with the atmosphere and the photosynthesis of algae.

If the dissolved oXyqen falls below that required by the BOD loading, an-

erobic conditions arise.

Toxins

Since we are dealing with the culture of organisms, the use and occurr-

ence of toxins are avoided. Usually the only time a toxin is introduced

into a pond is after drainage. However, a class specific toxin may be

used during culture to rid the pond of pest species (e.g., fish from prawn

culture ponds). A fish toxin may be introduced to eliminate undesirable
species that may remain in small bodies of water or ihe mud/water interface.

This should be held in the pond for the prescribed period of time for

deactivation of the toxin before refilling or further discharge. The

addition of chemical oxidants can speed up this process. Careless use of

the toxins with its entry into the receiving waters can cause large fish

kills. Trained personnel should be available for supervision during the

administration of toxins. Toxins from tank culture systems can include

algacides, and chemicals used in cleaning the tanks.

Coliform

The quantity of coliform bacteria is a standard means of indicating

pollution levels. Coliform bacteria (Escherica coli and similar gram

negative bacteria) are normal inhabitants of fecal discharges from warm

blooded animals. Total coliform counts can be misleading since certain

coliform bacteria occur naturally associated with various vegetation. The

Guam Water Quality Standards specifies fecal coliform counts as a standard

testing of Guam's waters for pollution. The presence of fecal coliform is

used to indicate a degree of pollution (possible presence of human patho-

genic organisms) in waters; however, since fecal coliform is restricted

to warm blooded ani-mals this is notrelevant as a pollution indicator from

fish ponds. As previously mentioned, the use of a total coliform count also

is not a reliable indicator of pollution since certain species of coliform

bacteria occur naturally in the environment. Certain coliform bacteria are

part of the natural nitrification process, and most likely due to the increase

in ammonia (metabolic waste) within fish ponds, the presence of this coliform

bacteria will increase.

If it were possible to monitor a common intestinal bacteria restricted

to fish, this would be more suited as a pollution indicator from fish

ponds than fecal or total coliform counts. The monitoring of other para-

meters (e.g., ammonia, nitrate, phosphate) will be a more useful guide to

the degree of pollution a fish pond contributes to the receiving waters.

Study of Hatchery and Pond Effluent

A study conducted at six hatcheries in the United States showed a

degradation due to hatchery effluent of the receiving waters (Hinshaw, 1973).

Of the parameters tested, ammonia (major nutrient contributing to the efflu-

ent), BOD, MPN coliform, and suspended solids were the factors contributing

significantly to a change in the receiving waters. A correlation was

found with the water quality above the discharge point to that below. A

high quality water showed degradation less than in water of lower initial

quality. Waters with a high degree of enrichment prior to use resulted in

hatchery effluents that were considered a possible public health problem.

Contrary to this, waters of high quality, prior to hatchery use did not

significantly degrade receiving waters below the discharge point. In

general, hatchery effluents showed a significant increase in MPN coliform

counts, which could pose a potential public health hazard (Hinshaw, 1973).

BOD levels were increased significantly, which were mainly attributed to

the use of animal offal or wet feeds that were not consumed. The enrich-

ment of the receiving waters by hatchery activities has increased the

growth and propagation of many fish food organisms.and supplementally in-

creased the fish population supported by the waters. This could be con-

sidered a desirable affect depending if the species of fish were of use

to a sport or commercial fisheries. However, the number of pollution in-

tolerant benthic species tended to decrease. In contrast, the organic

enrichment from a water quality and public health stand point may not be

desirable.

Data recorded by Aquatic and Wildlife Resources' (FitzGerald, 1975) for

the parameters of nitrate and phosphate sampled from their demonstration

ponds and the water supply source (Talofofo River) indicate a significant

(p = 0.05) increase in phosphate in the pond waters over the river water

supply source (Table4). However, nitrate levels showed no significant in-

crease, and actually a slight decrease (not significant) in pond 2 as

compared to the river. This lowered nitrate level reflects its uptake

by the phytoplankton and*macroalgae populations within'the ponds. Pond 2

illustrates to a certain extent the efficiency of the use of a stabiliaz-

tion pond in pollution abatement. The operational proceedure of Aquatic and

Wildlife Resources personnel was to supply pond 2 with sufficient water

to maintain the water level by siphoning water from pond 1. Occassionally,

when additional water was needed or adverse conditions arose within pond 2

Table 4. Nitrate and Phosphate Values from Aquatic and Wildlife Resources
Experimental Ponds and Talofofo River (FitzGerald, 1975).

Pond I Pond 2 River
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Date Nitrate Phosphate Nitrate Phosphate Nitrate Phosphate

10/1/74 0.200 0.300 0.140 0.240 0.430 0.192

10/8/74 0.360 1.200 0.260 0.330 1.230 0.470

10117174 0.150 0.730 0.120 0.310 0.170 0.320

10/21/74 0.140 0.290 0.060 0.240 0.210 0.190

10/30/74 0.330 0.800 0.070 0.340 0.330 0.640

11/4/74 .0.940 1.390 0.210 0.410 0.820 0.530

11/20/74 0.222 0.258 0.249 0.444 0.167 0.228

12/3/74 0.610 1.529 0.249 0.944 0.167 0.159

12/20/74 0.360 0.241 0.167 0.797 0.222 0.228

1/3/75 0.332 2.133 0.277 1.084 0.250 0,334

3/10/75 0.332 1.588 0.222 0.419 0.111 0,119

4/4/75 0.279 0.719 0.580 0.211 0.049

5/4/75 1.387 2.280 1.218 0.419 0.775 0.089

n 13 13 13 13 13 13

x .434 1.035 .294 .476 .384 .273

water was pumped directly from the river. The data illustrates a reduction

of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) in pond 2 as compared to pond 1.

Pollution Abatement

Various means of minimizing the impact of aquaculture effluents on

the environment are by trickle filters, sand filters, stabilization ponds,

irrigation and spraying of crops.

Advanced waste treatment may be physical, biological, chemical or a

combination of these processes. Wastes from aquaculture can be treated by

the same means as sewage waste water is handled. Biological secondary

treatment is the most economical and most satisfactory means of processing

waste water (Parker, 1975). Disposal sources of waste water include fresh

water, oceans, underground injection, land surface, and.reuse.

Trickle Filters

Utilization of trickle filters would be restricted by economics to

sophisticated compact aquaculture systems such as hatcheries, raceways,

and systems where recycling is used. A trickling filter makes use of a

natural cleansing system in which nitrification occurs by biological means

(biological oxidation process). It consists of a bed of inert material

(oyster shells, gravel, plastic material) on which an aerobic growth of

organisms (algae, fungi, bacteria, protozoans, worms, and insect larvae)

grow. Waste effluent is trickled from above through the filter. Wastes

are removed by the biological community within the filter. This type of

filter does not mechanically strain the effluent since the space between

the filter media is relatively large (45% of total filter volume) to

allow gaseous exchange and rapid flow. Factors influencing the ability of

the organisms in the film to assimilate the organic matter depend s on

the flow rate, organic loading aerobic conditions, and temperature.

Sand Filters

Sand filters, especially slow sand filters, can be used in improving

the water quality of pond effluent. A sand filter consists of a layer of

sand 2-5 ft deep of 0.25 to 0.35 ml in effective size, underlain-by gravel.

Drainage is usually be perforated pipes laid under the gravel bed. Flow

of the water through the filter is by gravity. Mechanical and biological

cleansing of the effluent occurs within the filter. Flow rate is approxi-

mately 2.5 million gallons per acre of filter area per day. Higher flow

rates can be obtained with pretreatment of the effluent such as sedimentation.

The upper layer of the filter after a period of operation (varying with the

effluent) must be scraped off to prevent excessive clogging and reduction

of the filter efficency. The filtered water can then be recycled to the

pond, which reduces its total requirement from the water supply, or it

can be drained to the receiving waters if reuse is not desired.

Rapid sand filters require pretreatment of the pond effluent with

coagulants (e.g., aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate,

ferrous sulfate, and sodium aluminate) and sedimentation. Flow rates

are 125 million gallons of water per acre of filter surface per day

(Ehlers and Steel, 1965). The filter media consists of a gradation in size

of sand (0.4-0.8 ml effective size) 20 to 30 inches (50 to 76 cm) thick

underlain by 16 to 24 inches (41 to 61 cm) of gravel (1/8 to 2 112 inch

diameter). The sand filter consists of a tank, the inlet, the underdrain

system (perforated collecting pipes) filtering medium, rate of flow con-

trollers, and loss of head gauges.

Spray Irrigation

Spray irrigation systems are designed so they can take primary

treated waste water. The water can be taken directly from fish ponds or a

stabilization pond. This means of disposing of the effluent is most suit-

able where agriculture crops and aquaculture are done together. The nutri-

ent enriched waters from the fish ponds serve as fertilization to the

agriculture crops with no additional costs thus, best'utilizing the resources.

This would be a highly preferred method of effluent control from fish ponds.

Canal irrigation can be used to augment the spray irrigation for crops

for which this method would be preferable.

Stabilization Ponds (Oxidation Ponds)

The employment of stabilization ponds to effluent from fish ponds,

prior to its discharge back to the receiving waters, can be an effective

means of reducing BOD, nutrient levels, and suspended matter to acceptable

EPA standards. The stabilization pond basically consists of an impoundment

of water (less than 5 ft deep) that is held for a period of time to allow

the breakdown of waste materials through biological processes and a final

uptake of nutrients by algae. The period of holding varies with the BOD

loading. A decreased holding period can be obtained by added aeration

(mechanical) to the waters. Tsai (1975) points out the efficiency of

using a final pond for effluents in general. In periods of water shortage

this water can then be recycled to the fish ponds.

The basic concept behind the stabilization pond is that it allows

the suspended matter to settle; waste material is decomposed and fed upon

by bacteria and zooplankton; sludges produced are degraded by faculative

anaerobes, including bacteria, protozoa, insects, and worms; nitrification

of ammonia wastes products, uptake of nitrates, carbon dioxide and other

plant nutrients is done by algae. The further addition of suitable fish

species can convert the algae and benthic fauna into a final marketable

product (helping to defer construction costs).

In areas where a large quantity of flat unutilized terrain, adjacent

to the ponds, exists; it can serve as a simplified evapotranspiration system

along with a leaching field of the effluents. However, since land is usually

at a premium on Guam this would be an uneconomical use of the land.

Wastewater Addition To Fish Ponds

The use of fish ponds in the purification of sewage water has been

noted by numerous authors (Schuster et.al., 1954; Schroeder, 1975; Schroeder

and Hepher, 1976; Woynarovich, 1976). Light loads of either organic-rich

raw sewage or nutrient-rich biological treatment (secondary) effluent can

be channeled through aquaculture systems which would essentially be an

extension of the waste treatment process and simultaneously derive an

economic'benefit. Limiting factors to the use of aquaculture in waste

treatment would be the presence of toxic chemicals, petroleum, metals,

and pathogenic organisms above an acceptable level. Properly treated

(filtered, settled, and diluted) sewage water that does not contain signif-

icant poisonous industrial pollutants is a suitable medium for fish

culture. Fish culture associated with duck, chicken, and pig rearing as

the source of fertilization is common in countries throughout the world,

and is an effective solution to domestic animal waste management problems.

This is mainly an Asian fish culture practice, but is also a long practiced

method in Europe (Bardach et. al., 1970; Woynarovich, 1976) and Israel

(Schroeder and Hepher, 1976); and is used on experimental bases in the United

States (Buck et.al., 1976). Odum (1974)'also sites a study in Israel;

fish ponds serve as nutrient traps where most of the organic compounds

are either precipitated, lost to the atmosphere, bound by the sediments,

or tied up in fish flesh so that a minimum amount of nutrients leaves the

ponds. The amount of sewage that can'be put through a pond is determined

by maintaining the BOD level at a safe point to prevent oxygen depletion.

Daily rates of sewage addition can be inexcess of 1.5 tons/ha. These

sources of nutrients serve to enhance primary prodution along with a fauna

associated with eutrophic conditions. The mineralized portion of the

manure provides nutrients to the phytoplankton while the non-m-mineralized

portion serves as a food base for zooplankton. This food source is in turn
utilized by the stocked fish population (usually,Tilapi or carp). Util-

ization of carp in the treatment of nutrient-enriched waste waters is prac-

ticed in Indonesia and Germany (Bardach et.al., 1970). The carp feed on
the natural productivity of the waters. Recent studies (Carpenter, 1974;

Coleman et.al., 1974; Goldschmidt, 1970; Schroeder, 1975) have indicated

that fish improve the waste treatment capacity of pond systems. Utilization

of fish ponds for this purpose on Guam is feasible. They also have been

used in effluent wastes from dairies, sugar mills, slaughterhouses, and

starch mills. Part of pond ecology and proper management is the use of

species to utilize excess food thus affecting reduction of pollution,

improvement of pond environment, and greater production. Yiel'ds of fish

grown in such ponds, with no supplemental feeding, have been as high as
4000 kg/ha/year (Schuster et.al., 19'54; Schroeder and Hepher, 1976).

Public Health

Fish may serve as a passive carrier of infectious human diseases

such as Salmonella, Vibrio parahemolyticus. Shiqella, or other enterobac-

teria (Janssen, 1970; Guelin, 1962; Buttiaux, 1962). The occurence of

these diseases from fish, caught in polluted waters was noted by Shewan (1962).
However, the pathogens are confined to infecting the gut of fish (Allen,

Busch, and Morton, 1976), so that with proper precaution in preparation of

the fish this possible hazard could be eliminated. There is danger of

introducing Schistosomiasis as had happened in the Caribbean (Odum, 1974).

With rapid air transport of live aquatic species from tropical areas the

survival chances of waterborne stages of flukes and other pathogens has

increased (Courtney and Robins, 1975). The limited knowledge in this area

(Sonstegard, 1975)will require further research as aquaculture expands.

Exotic Species

The introduction of exotic species for the purpose of aquaculture is

often a necessity in establishing a viable aquaculture industry; however,

Gandidate species for introduction should be carefully examined in regards

to their ecology, behavior, reproduction, and marketability. Indescriminate

introduction can lead to the detriment of the endemic species and possibly

their elimination in addition to threats to established culture species

(Allen, 1949; Frankenberg, 1966; Lanchner et.al., 1970; Buckow, 1969;

Idyll, 1969).

Some detrimental effects that may result from the introduction of

exotic species are; reduced growth of introduced species due to less

favorable environmental conditions than those found in their indigenous

area, a population explosion of the introduced species leading to competion

with, and possible elimination of native species, introduction of new

pests, diseases, and parasites harmful to resident species, and destruc-

tive activitities of the introduced species affecting other fields of

economic interest (e.g., common carp in the U.S.) (Rosenthal, 1976).

ROLE OF AQUATIC AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

The Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources should continue to

play an instrumental part of the development and support of an aquaculture

industry on Guam. Aquatic and Wildlife Resources initiated investigation

into the prospects of aquaculture on Guam in 1973. The initial phase of

the program dealt with the investigation into feasible species for culture

on Guam with experimental-demonstration ponds located on the Talofofo

River. The second phase consisted of assisting in the establishment of

commercial ponds with extension service provided to the entrepreneur.

This is continued into the present program with the addition of the pursuit

in establishment of a hatchery on Guam, so that Guam can become self-

sufficient in production of the major cultured species juveniles.

All importation of live fish (including crustaceans and turtles)

requires a permit which is issued by Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. Ship-

ment of species from foreign countries (outside U.S. and T.T) requires,

in addition to the Aquatic and Wildlife Resources permit, a permit issued

by the Federal.Fish and Wildlife Service for some species. This system

is intended to screen out the introduction of undesireable species and

species originating from countries that have a high disease occurence or

the presence of a disease that does not occur on Guam that might be carried

by the introduced species. This also can restrict importation of species

that might be detrimental to established aquacul@ure,species.

The introduction of a large number of exotic species to Guam would

be ill-advised; however, the major species that will be most suitable for

aquaculture will be exotic to Guam. The utilization of species which have

proven their success as a culturable species should have priority for

examination of their potential on Guam. This usually involves an extensive

degree of technical and practical knowledge available on a species culture

and careful selection weighing all the pro and con arguments both concern-

ing its economic and biological impact. This regulatory and research func-

tion will have to be mainly fullfilled by the Aquatic and Wildlife Resources

Division. However, an interagency screening committee consisting of the

Guam Environmental Protection Agency, University of Guam Marine Laboratory,

and Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, should be formed to review all new

introductions.

For the aid in inforcement of an affective environmental protection

program the Aquatic and Wildlife Resources should keep the Guam Environ-

mental Protection Agency aware of scheduled large discharges (e.g., during

harvest). This allows for the proper monitoring of effluents. In addition,

Aquatic and Wildlife Resources should oversee application of toxic sub-

stances to fish ponds for the purpose of elimination of pest species.

Potential farmers should be advised of requirements an,d permits required
from other agencies. The construction of the aquacu,lture facilities should

be observed by Aquatic and Wildlife Resources along with other appropriate

governmental agencies to assure that excessive abuse of the environment

does not occur.

Aquatic and Wildlife Resources in conjunction with the Public Health

Department, should screen all imported aquatic species coming from areas

that infectious diseases can be carried by fish (fish or human pathogens).

This could consist of impounding in concrete tanks and treating with proper

prophylatic drugs. Specimens that are obviously diseased should be destroyed.

If local facilities were available for the propagation of these preferred

culture species then this would eliminate the need for importation and its

possible accompanying health problems.

CONCLUSION

Guam has the climatic and physical conditions for the development of

a diverse and productive aquaculture industry This potential, needs to

be recognized by both governmental agencies and private entrepreneurs, so

that proper and well-planned development can proceed.

A state program should be drawn up to cover the development of aqua-

culture and its supportive facilities (laws, policies, and administrative

procedures) to encourage its development. In addition, the over-seeing
of environmental protection measures should be realisticall.y enforced to

prevent abusive use of Guam's waters. Decisive effort is needed to put

into operation a viable aquaculture program that is consolidated into a

workable industry that will attract the businessman/farmer into this new

industry on Guam.

The governmental agencies involved in this formation of a state program

should be limited to those directly concerned with the functional operation

of an aquaculture industry, thus preventing an over diversification of

authority, which would hi-nder development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge Ken Morphew of the Guam Environmental Pro-

tection Agency for his very helpful assistance. I also appreciate the assis-

tance and information provided by Chuck Huxel and Otto Vander Brug of the

U.S. Geological Survey and Water Resources office. Alex Chan's assistance

in mapping is greatly appreciated.

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Coleman, M.S. et.al. 1974. Aquaculture as a means to achieve effluent
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Copeland, B.J. 1968. Impoundment systems. In Coastal ecological systems
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Courtnay, W.R., and C.R. Robin. 1975. Exotic organisms: An unsolved com-
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Deveau, L.E., and J.R. Castle. 1976. The industrial development of
farmed marine algae: the case history of Eucheuma in the Philippines
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Dickinson, R.E. 1977. The occurrence and natural habitat of the mangrove
crab Scylla serrata (Forskal), on Ponape and Guam. Master of Science
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Ehlers,V.M., and E.W. Steel. 1965. Municipal and rural sanitations.
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FitzGerald, Jr., W.J. 1975 Potential of aquaculture on Guam. Annual
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1976. Ecological parameters effecting the optimim growth of Enter-
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water system. In Developments in water quality research, ed. H.I.
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Gopalakrishnan, V. 1976. Status and problems of culture of baitfish for
the skipjack fishery in the Pacific region. FAO Technical Conference
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Ling, S.W. 1967. The general biology and development of Macrobrachium
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of Shrimps and Prawns, Mexico.

Kami, H. 1976. Notes of the annual juvenile siganid harvest in Guam.
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Odum, W.E. 1970. Insidious alteration of the estuarine environment.
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1974. Potential effects of aquaculture on inshore coastal waters.
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T_
Forskal, reared in the laboratory.. IPFC, llth Session, Kua a Lumpur
641 Tech 37.

Parker, W. 1975. Wastewater systems engineering. Prentice-Hall Inc.
New Jersey 412p.

Ryther, J.H. 1975. Preliminary results with a pilot plant waste recycling
marine-aquaculture system. Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. 75-41: 50p.

Rosenthal,H. 1976. Implications of transplantations to aquaculture and
ecosystems. FAO Technical Conference on Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan.

Schroeder, G. 1975. Some effects of stocking fish in waste treatment
ponds. Water Res. 9: 591-3.

Schroeder, G. , and B. Hepher. 1976. Use of agriculture and urban wastes
in fish culture. FAO Technical Conference on Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan.

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inland fishery management in rural economy. FAO Fisheries Study
No. 3, Rome.

Shehadeh, Z.H., and K.S. Norris. 1972. The grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.):
Induced breeding and larval rearing research 1970-1972. Oceanic Insti-
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as food. Ed. G. Borgstrom. Vol. 2. Nutrition, sanitation, and Ut-iliza-
tion. New York, Academic Press. 443-466.

Smith, C.E., and R.C. Russo. 1975. Nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia in
rainbow trout. Progressive Fish-Culturist 37(3): 159-152.

Smith, C.E. 1972. Effects of metabolic products on the quality of rainbow
trout. American Fishes and U.S. Trout News; 17(5): 7-8.

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viruses in the inductions of fish tumors. In The international confer-
ence on the renovation and recycling of was@E_ewaters through aquatic and
terrestrial systems. Ed. F. D'Itri. Michigan State University Press,
Institute of Water Research.

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Pacific Isl. Fish. Newsl. (9): 44-45.

Tracey, Jr., J.I., C.H. Stensland, D.B. Doan, H.G. May, S.D. Schlanger, J.T.
Stark. 1959. Military geology of Guam, Mariana Islands. Part II,
Engineering aspects of geology and soils. Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army.

Tsuda, R.T., W.J. Tobias, P.G. Bryan, W.J. FitzGerald, Jr., H.T. Kami, and
I.I. Ikehara. 1976. Studies on the genus Siganus (Rabbitfish) in Guam
waters. Sea Grant Publictaion UGSG-76-05.

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fish farming with special reference to duck and pig production. FAO
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Personal Communication

Brohmanonda, P. Chief, Songkhla Marine Fisheries Station, Songkhla, Thailand

Huxel, C. U.S. Geological Survey and Water Resources, Guam

Nukit, T. Department of Aquaculture, Fac. of Fisheries, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok, Thailand

Ong Kah Sin.. Senior Fisheries Research Officer, Ministry of Agriculture,
Glugor, Penang, Malaysia

Wongsomnuk, S. Fisheries Technologist, Songkhla Marine Fisheries Station,
Songkhla, Thailand

Appendix No. 1 58

Soil Types (Tracey et.a ., 1959)

2 - Toto Clay: Brown to pale-yellow, firm plastic, slowly permeable,
acid clay with reddish stains (Grumusol); ranges 5 to 30 feet in
depth and averages 10 to 20 feet; has very high shrinkage and ex-
pansion (large cracks in dry season; depressions ponded in'wet
season); prevailing surface gradient I to 8 percent.

3 - Chacha-Saipan Clays: Yellowish-brown, firm clay (Chacha), and red,
firm clay (Saipan); neutral to acid reaction; Latosolic intergrades.
These soils with concave survaces they are 10 to 60 feet deep; pre-
vailing surface gradient 1 to 8 percent.

6 - Atate-Agat Clay: Remnant benches or small mesas of an old red, gran-
ular, porous, acid Latosol (Atate clay) with deep, reddish, mottled,
plastic to too hard clay C horizon, pale yellow, olive, or gray in
lower part; and its truncated counterpart (Agat clay) with similar
C horizon of saprolitic clay, ranging in depth from a few feet to
about 100 feet and averaging about 50 feet; prevailing surface
gradient of Atate clay is 1 to 8 percent, and of Agat clay 8 to
15 percent.

9 - Pago Clay: Brownish, granular to firm and plastic Alluvial clay,
with gray mottling to within 24 to 30 inches of the surface; gen-
erally alkaline to neutral; soil depth is generally more than 10
and less than 150 feet; moderately well drained; subject to occa-
sional flooding; prevailing surface gradient 1 to 3 percent.

10 - Inarajan Clay: Similar to Pago clay but lower, wetter, and shal-
lower (thins out on coastal sands and bedrock); water table at or
near the surface (within 30 inches) most of the time; poor drain-
age mottlings (gray) within 6 to 12 inches of the surface; depth
to sand or bedrock ranges from 3 to 25 or more feet; reaction is
alkaline in water saturated zone; poorly drained; frequently flood-
ed; prevailing surface gradient 0 to 1 percent.

11 Muck: Black to brown, soft muck and peat, with some clay and silt;
depth to underlying material (chiefly limesand or shelly clay)
ranges from 3 to 20 feet, averages 5 to 10 feet; alkaline reaction
below the water table, which is generally at or near the surface;
prevailing surface gradient is level or very nearly level.

THE EXENT OF CORAL, SHELL,
AND ALGAL HARVESTING IN GUAM WATERS

Steven E. Hedlund

Prepared For

Coastal Management Section
Bureau of Planning
Agana, Guam

University of Guam Marine Laboratory

Technical Report No. 34

July, 1977

TABLE 017 CONTENTS

La_g e

INTRODUCTION I

Scope of Work 1

METHODS 2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2

Corals 2
Shells 7
Algae 12
Legislation 15
Corals 15
Shells 17
Algae 17

RECOMMENDATIONS 1.8

Coral 1.8
Shells 18
Algae 18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 19

BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

APPENDIX 21

Public Law 12-168 (Corals) 21
Regulation No'. 28 @Tri:jchus Shells) 23

INTRODUCTION

The single most important natural resource of a tropical Pacific
island is its coral reef, for without the reef there would be no island.
The coral reef acts as a barrier to reduce the force of wave action upon
the land. In addition, the reef provides a natural habitat for a variety
of plant and animal life which integrate with the environment to form
the most complex ecosystem in our world today. The people of Guam utilize
the reef for recreational purposes as well as a source of food. Because
of its beauty, economic and scientific value, along with the fact that
it is potentially exploitable, the coral reef has been designated as an
area of particular concern on Guam.

Ten years ago scientists felt that coral reefs were so very fragile
that man should not even think about harvesting the very substance from
which they are composed. Today this attitude has changed and reef orga--
nisms are regarded as harvestable and renewable resources. However,
these resources are potentially limited and therefore great care must be
taken to conserve them and regulate their harvest.

In recent years, more and more people have begun collecting corals,
shells, and algae for their ornamental beauty and food, and commercial
harvesting has also increased greatly. In order to assess the extent and
effect of harvesting these organisms from Guam waters, the Coastal Zone
Management Section of the Bureau of Planning contracted the University of
Guam Marine Laboratory (Graduate Student Steven E. Hedlund) to undertake
such a study.

Scope of Work

The specific objectives of this analyses are as follows:

(1) To determine which species of corals, shells, and algae
are b6ing harvested and to what degree.

(2) To determine where the majority of harvesting is being
done, and provide maps based on such data.

(3) To review and provide information on existing laws and
their enforcement.

(4) To make recommendations regarding protection of certain
species, stricter law enforcement, or change in existing
laws.

METHODS

This study was divided into four sections, with the main emphasis
being on the first section dealing with coral. The second section
analyses shells, followed by the third section which covers the algae.
The fourth and final section concerns existing laws and their enforce-
ment.

In order to ascertain which species of corals, shells and algae
are being harvested and to what degree, along with harvest locations, a
number of personal interviews were conducted with the owners, managers,
and sales clerks of stores that were found to be selling these natural
products.

In the case of corals, these interviews yielded information regard-
ing species, prices and amounts marketed, and in some instances led to
the source of supply. However, information was not freely given in
certain cases and therefore information pertaining to harvesting loca-
tions is not that extensive.

It was found that only one store actually markets local shells to
a very small degree, and an interview was conducted with the owner.
Since local shells are not harvested regularly on a commercial level,
a series of interviews were conducted with knowledgable sources. These
included amateur and professional conchologists, along with Andersen
Air Force Base Shell Club members and various divers.

currently, local edible algae are not markete6 on a regular commer-
cial basis. Therefore, what little data was gathered came mostly from
a study being conducted by Dr. Roy Tsuda and the author regarding the
mariculture potential of the red alga Gracilaria edulis. Additional
information was obtained from brief interviews with local fisherman who
sometimes gather edible seaweed.

Finally, in an effort to analyze and review existing legislation
and enforcement of laws regarding coral, shell, and algae harvesting
in Guam waters, interviews were conducted with Mr. Harry Kami, Chief of
the Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Division-Depa*rtment of Agriculture.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Corals

The natural beauty of dried and mounted coral make it a much desired
ornamental product of nature. Some species cut and polish nicely and

are thus in great-demand by local 'iewelers. These are the two main
reasons why corals are harvested from Guam waters,for ornamental use
and jewelry work.

Information regarding the species, amounts, dates and sources of
supply of locally marketed coral is presented in Table 1. From this
data, estimates of the monetary value of annual commercial consumption
were derived and can be found in Table 2.

An analysis of the data presented in Table 2 reveals that over the
last two and one-half years the commercial market for locally harvested
coral has been subject to fluctuation. In fiscal year 1975 a total of
$9,550 was sold as compared with $8,425 sold in 1976. This is primarily
due to an unreliable supply rather than a fluctuating demand. The
increase to $12,225 sold thus far in 1977 is due to the establishment
of the Elmar Corporation L.T.D., which deals with expensive coral
jewelry made from fossil and subfossil specimens.

Further analysis of the data from Table 2 showed that the most
common species of coral. which are harvested on a commercial level from
Guam waters are, in order of importance (most exploited).

(1) Ac.ropora irregularis
(2) Acropora spp. (fossil and subfossil origin)
(3) Acropora acuminata
(4) Antipathes dichotoma
(5) FunFzia fEnjg_L@es
(6) Heliopora coerulea*
(7) T@itipora musica*

In an attempt to determine the locations 6f local harvesting
activities, a number of interviews were conducted with the "sources"
listed in Table 1.

Dr. Blair Sparks, the owner of Shells of Micronesia, was inter-
viewed three different times, with each interview lasting no more than
ten minutes. Although Dr. Sparks did not wish to discuss his business
volume or harvesting location, some information was gathered regarding
the latter through outside sources. Dr. Sparks son, Sam, is in charge
of the collecting and his harvesting method involves breaking off huge
coral heads at the base with a heavy iron bar.' Fi'gure I shows the
main harvesting location and depth.

*At this Lime it is impossible to determine the extent that these two
species are exploited due to the fact that information was not freely
provided by the owner of the store where these species are sold. (See
Table 1)

Table 1. Species, amounts, dates an.d sources of supply of locally marketed coral.

Store Species Amount Date

Orient Co. (Julale) Acropora acuminata $50-100/month Jan.'75-May'76 U

Blue Pacific Gift Shop U
(Fujita) Acropora sp. $50/month Jan.'75-Dec.'75

Continental Gift Shop Acropora irregulari@- $50/month Jan.'75-Jan.'76
(D

Acropora irregularis D
Shells of Micronesia Heliopora coerulea
Tubipora musica M
X, Elmar Corp. L.T.D.
(I.T.C. Building) W/
outlets at Hilton, Acropora spp. $2000/month Jan.'77-June'77 M
Gibsons, Int. Gift Ctr., (fossil and sub-
Jennys Fashion, Joelle, fossil origin)
Okadaya

Gold Guild Custom Antipathes dichotoma $25-50/month Jan.'75-June'77
Jewelry (Julale)

Tritons Treasures
Jewelry Antipathes dichotoma $25-50/month Jan.'75-June'77 M

Duty Free Shoppers AS,@�ra@ irregularis $600/month Jan.'75-Dec.'76 W,
Fungia fungites $40/month Jan.'75-Dec.'76

*Information was not freely provided by owner.

Table 2. Estimates of the monetary value of annual commercial
consumption of the most commonly harvested corals from
Guam waters.

3pecies Harvested 1975 1976 1977 TOTAL

kcropora acuminata $ 900 $ 375 -- $ 1,275

A,cropora spp. (fossil -- -- $12,000 $12,000
and subfossil origin)

Ncropora irregulari@- $7,200 $7,200 -- $14,400

Acro2ora spp- $ 600 -- -- $ 600

Antipathes dichotoma $ 450 $ 450 $ 225 $ 1,125

Fungia.fungites $ 400 $ 400 -- $ 800

TOTAL $9,550 $8,425 $12,225 $30,200

Chall an River

Nimitz Beach
Park

5-30&f

5-30ft.

@imitz Taleyfac
%
Philippine Sea Channel 5-30ft.

GUAM

Figure 1. Location (indicated by dashed line) and depth at which Acropora irregularis is harve

The founder and owner of Elir,,.-Lr Corp. L.T.D. (Natural Flower
Coral) was interviewed twice for periods of one-half-hour. Mr.
Choi stated that he harvested a number of times all around the
northern tip of Guam. This is rather general data and I therefore
refer you to maps #77-89 in the Atlas of Reefs and Beaches of Guam.*
Mr. Choi's method of harvest involved a specially equipped boat
with deep sea dredge. He stated that he dredged at depths between
100-1000 ft. The main species harvested were Acropora spp. of
fossil and subfossil origin.

The only man working with the precious black coral. on Guam
is Mr. Mack, a science teacher at G.W.H.S. However, he only cuts
and polishes, and does not actually collect the black coral
Antipathes dichotoma. Mr. Mack obtains his coral. from a couple of
divers who wished not to be named. Their method of harvest involves
sawing off large fans at the base. Figure 2 show,-, the main harvest-
ing location and depth.

Shells

The natural. beauty of marine shells makes them a prime target
for the collector's eye. The main reason shells are gathered from
Guam's reef is for display in private collections. A very minute
quantity is sold in the curio shop Shells of Micronesia, and some
species are cut, polished and made into jewelry by local artists.
Various species of'marine gastropods and numerous bivalves are
gathered and eaten by the local population.

In recent years the number of shells to be seen on Guams reef
has been greatly reduced. In order to determine tbe most- common
species gathered along with amounts and locations of harvest, a
number of interviews were conducted which yielded the following
information.

From an interview wit@ Mrs. Cheryl Richardson, a conchologist
who has resided on Guam since 1973, and various members of the
Andersen Air Force Base.Shell Club, data were obtained regarding
the most common species gathered islandwide along with their
habitat preference. 'Phis information is presented in Table 3.

An interview conducted with Mrs. Richardson and Sergeant Jim
Rogers, another very capable conchologist, yield information
regarding the most commonly shelled areas of Guam along with the
most sought after species found in these areas. This datais
presented in Table 4, and locations are indicated on a Guam map at
1:25,000 scale.

Sergeant Rogers has been collecting shells for over twenty years
and lived on Guam from February 1961. until November 1-962, at which time
he was actively collecting. He returned to Guam in October of 1972 and

FEET SOO

Umatac
River

Umatac Bay

5G-200ft.

Figure 2. Location (indicated by dashed line) and depth at which Antipathes dichotoma is h

Table 3. C hecklist of the most common species of marine
gastropods gathered islandwide from Guam waters,
along with their habitat preference.

SPECIES HABITAT

Conus eburneus Sand

Conus pulicarus Sand

Cypraea annulus Under Rocks

Cypraea caputserpentis Reef Margin, Front

Cygraea erosa Sand, Coral Rubble

Cypraea moneta Sand, Coral Rubble

Cypraea ventriculus Reef Margin

Drupa morum Intertidal, Reef
Margin, Front

Drupa ricinus Intertidal., Reef
M.qrp
,in, P'ront

Lambis lambis Sand

Strombus 1uhuanus Intertidal

Strombus mutablis Intertidal

Terebra affinis Sand

Terebra dimidiata Sand

Terebra maculata Sand

Table 4. The most commonly shelled areas of Guam, along with the
most sought after species found therein.

LOCATION SPECIES
Scout Beach (E. of Tarague) Conus ebraeus
Thais aculeata
Trochus incrassatus
Trochus niloticus

Tarague Beach Cypraea maculifera

N.C.S. Beach Co.nus textile
Cypraea maculifera

Tumon Bay Cypraea lynx

-Adelup Point Conus textile
Conus tigrinus

Asan Conus imperialis
Cypraea ventriculus
Lambis truncata

Piti - U.S.O. Beach Cypraea poraria
@@rae@ talpa
Mitra spp.
Ter6bra babylonia

Apra Harbor (Hotel Warf, Cypraea mauritiana
Pine Tree Cove, Jade Shoals, Cypraea @@ @ris
Western and Middle Shoals,
Gab Gab Beach)

North and South Tipalao Cypraea jjnx
Cypraea mauritiana
Cypraea tigris
Cypraea vitellus

Rizal Beach Mitra terebralis

Agat Beach Cypraea testudinarja

Nimitz Beach-Anae Island Conus quercina

Cocos Lagoon _@@rae@a tigtis
'Conus @�2pard@js
Conus litteratus
i@@mbis _@run@@ata

thus was able to provide some interc-sting information regarding the
change in shelling conditions over the last fifteen years.

Sergeant Rogers stated that both Tumon and Agana Bays were
fantastic shelling areas in the early sixties. lie attributed the
drastically reduced gastropod populations not only to increased shell-
ing, but more importantly to increased pollution in the last five years,
especially in Agana Bay. The Cocos Lagoon area was also very rich in
shell life many years ago and has been depleted mainly due to increased
shelling. Sergeant Rogers stated that the helmet shell Cassius cornuta
was very abundant in the Cocos area when he first came to Guam, and that
only one specimen has been reported since his return in 1972. Another
gastropod whose population size has been severely decimated over-the
years is the triton trumpet, Charonia tritonis. This animal is a
natural predator of the coral eating crown-of-thorns starfish,
Acanthaster planci, and thus has been speculated to be an important
factor in controlling its population size.

Three additional marine gastropods which are considered very rare
include:

(1) Oliva miniacea (form marrotti)
(2) trombus aurisdianae
(3) trombus bulla

Sergeant Rogers feels that the best way to help increase the
population of shells in Guam waters is to educate the people. Ignorant
shellers cause a great deal of irreparable damage by leaving rocks
overturned and taking females with eggs. The public should therefore
be made aware of the basic rules of shell collecting, i.e.,

(1) Do not take females with eggs.
(2) Do not leave rocks overturned.
(3) Take only one of each species.
(4) Try to gather large adults rather than immature juveniles.
(5) Try to gather dead shells rather than live ones.

These facts could be publicized through short radio broadcasts,
newspaper articles, and signs posted at public beaches in both English
and Japanese. In addition, new swimmers and divers should be made
aware of these rules through their courses. In.this way marine
gastropods will have a better chance to reach reproductive maturity
and increase their population size.

An interview with Dr. Blair Sparks, owner of the curio shop Shells
of Micronesia, revealed that approximately $100 in local shells are-
sold each month. These include a wide variety and information regard-
ing species and amounts marketed along with location harvested was not
available.

Shells of Micronesia also sells earings and pendants fashioned
from the shell of Strombus luhuanus, a very common marine gastropod.
The store Tritons Treasures also markets this jewelry created by local
craftsmen. Creative art work from common shells should be encouraged.

Various species of marine gastropods are known to be harvested as
a food source. Two of the most commonly exploited species are Turbo
argyrostoma which is found on the reef bench and 'Trochus niloticus
found on the reef front and in intertidal areas.

Four species of marine bivalve were found to be harvested by local
people as a food source. These include Codakia tigerina, Periglypta
puerpera, Quidripagus palatam, and Tridacna maxima.

All of these bivalves are found islandwide in sandy intertidal
areas with the exception of Tridacna maxima which is found on the reef
front.

Algae

Probably the most important components of the coral reef ecosystem
are the phytoplankton and algae, for without these the reef could not
exist. These micro and macroscopic plants are the primary producers
and thus provide food and energy for the-multitude of other organisms
inhabiting the reef. Besides being a source of food to many creatures
which inhabit the reef, some species of macroalgae are eaten by man.

In an effort to determine which species of algae are harvested
from Guam waters, along with amounts and locations of harvest, inter-
views were conducted with knowledgeable sources, i.e., fishermen and
store owners.

A survey of island grocery stores and small markets revealed that
currently no local algae is marketed on a regular basis. However, it
was discovered that the green alga Caulerpa racemosa is sometimes sold
at the Saturday morning flea market for 25(,, a pound. This alga,
commonly known to Guamanians as "ado", is one of two marine algae eaten
by local people. (Codium spp. was also marketed at the Flea market for
25C a pound, but on ly Filipinos eat this alga). The other seaweed that
is harvested for food is the red alga Gracilaria. edulis, better known
as "chaguan tasi." This alga is currently being studied by Dr. Roy
Tsuda and the author at the University of Guam Marine Laboratory, in
relation to its possible mariculture potential. Although the local
people on Guam are not heavy seaweed.consumers, preliminary tests on
the marketing of Gracilaria-edulis were encouraging.

At the present time only two reef areas are known to be regularly
harvested for algae. In Pago Bay the green alga Caulerpa racemosa is
gathered and in Sella Bay Gracilaria edulis is harvested. These
locations are depicted in Figures 3 and 4.

Pago River

FEET 600

Pogo Bay.

pacific Ocean

Figure Location (indicated by dashed-line) where the green alga q@er@a racemosa is ha

0 FEET 800

Sella River

Asmafines
River

Pi nay P<

Sella Bay

Chii Point

Philippine Sea

Figure 4. Location (indicated by dashed line) where the red alga @.racilaria edulis is gathere

Legislation

In order to analyze and review existing legislation and enforcement
of laws regarding coral, shell and algal harvesting in Guam waters,
interviews were conducted with Mr. Harry Kami, Chief of the Aquatic
and Wildlife Resources Division of the Department of Agriculture.

Corals

It was found that on October 30, 1974, during the second regular
session of the Twelfth Guam Legislature, Bill No. 416 (introduced by
F. G. Lujan), was duly and regularly passed. The creation of Public
Law 12-186 was "An Act adding a new Article 4 to Chapter 4 of Title
XIII, Government Code of Guam to regulate the taking of live coral,
and for other purposes." A copy of Public Law 12-186 is appended. It
is divided into five sections:

Section 12380 states, "It shall be unlawful to remove live coral
from that area surrounding the Island of Guam extending from shore
outwards to the ten fathon contour, except in accordance with this
Article."

Section 12381 deals with the harvesting of coral, both commercially
and for other purposes.

Section 12382 deals with the nature of commercial permits.

Section 12383 states the penalties for any violation of this
law.

Section 12384 deals with the enforcement of this law.

In accordance wLth Section 12381 Part A, regarding the commercial
harvesting of coral, no permits had been issued as of May 27, 1977.

In accordance with Section 12381 Part B, regarding the harvesting
of coral for purposes other than commercial sale, only three permits
had been issued as of June 28, 1977. These include the following:

(1) Environmental Protection Agency

Issued December 9, 1975 - Expired June 30, 1976
Purpose: For reference collection.

(2) Aquatic Environments (Agat)
I
Issued June 12, 1975 - Expired June 13, 1975
Purpose: For aquarium use.

Issued February 24, 1977 - Expired March 4, 1977
Purpose: For aquarium use.

(3) Marine Laboratory (University of Guam)

Issued May 18, 1977 - Expired June 19, 1978
Purpose: Biological reference and research.

Over the last few years many hermatypic corals have been illegally
harvested from Guam waters for commercial use. However, it is believed
that a much larger quantity has been harvested illegally for purposes
other than commercial sale. This includes individuals who gather for
private collections and gifts, along with tourists who want a "souvenir"
from Guam. Also, Acropora spp. are sometimes gathered to make "lime"
for betelnut.

Interviews with coral gatherers and sellers revealed that few were
aware of or concerned about existing laws relative to their activity.
Clearly, a public information program is needed, especially if future
regulations are to be respected. This could be accomplished through
short radio broadcasts, newspaper articles and signs posted at public
beaches in both English and Japanese.

The existing Public Law 12-186 which prohibits the taking of live
coral above the depth of ten fathoms, is essentially a good law, how-
ever, it has been found to be unenforceable. (As of May 27, 1977 no
arrests had been made). Mr. Harry Kami believes that the law would
be more effective if it were amended to prohibit the taking of live
coral at any depth rather than to just ten fathoms. This would require
all persons wishing to collect live coral for any reason to apply for
a permit or license. In this way all doubt regarding a harvesters
legality would be alie-viated.

In addition, given the present lack of enforcement personnel at
the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, thought should.be given
to developing guidelines that could be exercised at the sales level,
for example a third copy of the receipt might be required for all sales
and presented to the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, thus
indicating the seller.

Mr. Dick Randall,.the coral specialist from the University of
Guam Marine Laboratory, believes that only three species of coral are
rare enough to warrent total protection. These include Euphyllia spp.,
Plerogyra sinuosa, and Tubastraea aurea.

Mr. Randall also feels that certain areas should be set aside as
underwater reserves with complete protection. One such area is in
the vicinity of Aneae Island, which is one of the fastest developing
sections of reef around Guam. Other reserve areas might correspond
with the Pristine Marine Environment study currently being conducted
by the Coastal Zone Management Section of the Bureau of Planning.

In addition, certain areas of reef might be determined where
controlled harvesting of live coral could be undertaken and monitored

on a continuing basis. The establishment of reserve areas and harvest-
able areas of reef are both possible through Section 12382 Part B of
the existing Public Law 12-186.

At this point in time the amount of live coral being harvested
from Guam waters is not that great. An estimated 2,000 pounds of
hermatypic and-precious corals are harvested annually. When compared
to the biomass of even a small area of reef this amount is very
negligible. The harvesting of dead corals of fossil and subfossil
origin has no adverse effect on the reef and should be encouraged.

The hermatypic coral that is presently being exploited to the
greatest extent is Acropora spp. This is also one of the most abundant
corals in Guam waters and therefore commercial and private permits can
be issued more freely to harvest these species. On tile other hand the
harvesting of the hermatypic corals Heliopora coerulea and Tubipora
musica along with the precious black coral Antipathes dichotoma should
be more restricted. There should be no restriction for harvesting
corals of fossil and subfossil origin.

In order to more precisely determine the environmental impact of
harvesting live corals, studies analyzing distribution patterns, growth
rates, and abundance of the most commonly harvested species should be
made. Some of these studies are presently being conducted by the
faculty of the University of Guam Marine Laboratory. If the coral
industry continues to expand in future years, certain stringent
controls may be necessary to avoid overexploitation of this resource.

Shells

The only existing legislation regarding marine gastropods concerns
the commercial harvesting of trochus shells. According to the Government
of Guam Department of Agriculture regulation No. 28, tile commercial
harvesting of Trochus niloticus, is limited by size, season, area and
requires a license-. A copy of regulation No. 28 is contained herein.
As of June 28, 1977 no arrests had been made and no one had applied
for a license.

Algae

At the present time no legislation exists regarding the harvesting
of marine algae. It is very doubtful that such legislation would need
to be enacted in the near future. In fact people should be encouraged
to gather the edible seaweeds as a natural and cheap additional protein
and mineral supply to their die@.

RECOMENDATIONS

It is hoped that the following recommendations regarding coral,
shell and algal harvesting in Guam waters will be an aid to future
management of these resources.

Coral

1. Amendment of Public Law 12-186 Section 12380 to read, "It
shall be unlawful to-remove live coral from Guam's reef,
except in accordance with this article."

2. In accordance with Section 12382 Part B;

a) Protection of the following species; Euphyllia spp.,
Plerogyra sinuosa.- Tubastraea. aurea.,,

b) Establishment of underwater reserves.

c) Establishment of reef areas where controlled harvesting
could be undertaken and monitored on a continuing
basis.

3. Requirement that all buyers furnish a third copy of receipts
for all purchases to the Division of Aquatic and.Wildlife
Resources, indicating the identity of the person selling.

4. Public information program to educate coral harvesters and
sellers of existing laws should be developed.

5. Study involving the analysis of distribution patterns, growth
rates, and abundance of the most commonly harvested species
should be intensified.

Shells

1. Legislation should be enacted to protect the foliowing
species, Cassius cornuta and Charonia tritonis.

2. Public information program to educate shell gatherers about
the basic rules of shelling should be developed.

Algae

1. Brief public information program to make people aware of the
nutritional value of edible algae.

ACKNOWLEDGENENTS

I am especially grateful to Dr. Roy T. Tsuda who arranged for
me to conduct this study, and reviewed the manuscript. His
suggestions and criticisms along the way were very much appreciated.

Many thanks go to Richard Randall who identified coral
specimens, reviewed the manuscript and gave many helpful. suggestions.
Dr. Lu Eldredge provided very useful literature and offered
constructive suggestions. Mike Gawel, as project coordinator, kept
me in line and provided many stimulating suggestions. Russell
Clayshulte and Richard Dickinson provided useful information regard-
ing harvesting locations and.shells respectively.

Thanks to Mr. Harry Kami for providing a copy of existing
legislation and offering very useful suggestions. Also, thanks go
to Mr. Mack, Mr. Choi, Dr. Blair Sparks and many, many others who
patiently answered my questions.

Thank you Mrs. Terry Balajadia for typing the entire
manuscript.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Grigg, R. W. 1976. Fishery management of precious and stony corals
in Hawaii. UNIHI-Sea Grant - TR-77-03. 47 pp.

Grigg, R. W., and L. G. Eldredge. 1975. The commercial potential
of precious corals in Micronesia. Part I - The Marianas
Islands. UGSG-75-01. Univ. of Guam Mar. Lab., Tech. Rept.
No. 18. 16 pp.

Randall, R. B., and L. G. Eldredge. 1976. Atlas of the reefs and
beaches of Guam. Coastal Zone Management Section, Bureau
of Planning. Agana, Guam. 191 pp.

Roth, A. 1976. Preliminary checklist of the Gastropods of Guam.
Univ. of Guam Mar. Lab., Tech. Rept. No. 27. 99 pp.

Wilson, B. R., and K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells. Tuttle
Publishing Co., Inc. Tokyo, Japan. 168 pp.

Public Law 12-168 ARTICLE V
Live Coral and Fishing Nets

� 12380. Taking of live coral: unlawful.
� 12381. Harvesting of coral.
� 12382, Commercial permits.
� 12383. Penalties.
� 12384. Enforcement.
� 12385. Mesh size of fishing nets: net, minimum size.

� 12380. Taking of live corak unlawful. It shall be unlawful to
remove live coral from that area surrounding the Island of Guam
extending from the shore of the island outwards to the ten fathom
contour, except in accordance with this Article.

12381. Harvesting of coral. (a) The commercial harvesting of
coral may be conducted by obtaining a license from the Director of
Agriculture and the payment of a fee as established by the Director.
(b) For purposes other than the sale of coral, live coral maybe taken
only by obtaining a license from the Director of Agriculture, such
license being limited in tirne to a maxirnumoffive (5) days atanygiven
time and to a specific location from which the coral is to be taken, and
for such license a fee may be charged. The Director may restrict the
amount of coral to be taken under any license and may impose such
other restrictions as may be necessary to insure the conservation of our
coral fields.

� 12382. Commercial permits. (a) Permits for the Commer-
cial taking of coral may be issued by the Director of Agriculture upon
the following conditions:
1. The permit must state the individual or individuals who will be
taking the coral;
2. The permit must state the time, date and location from which
the coral is to be taken;
3. The Director may limit each permit to a specified amount of
coral to be taken, taking into account the location from which the
coral is to be taken, the amount of living coral remaining and the
likelihood of damage caused to the reef area by the taking of the
coral.
(b) The Director of Agriculture may, by regulation, establish a fee
schedule based upon the amount of value of the coral to be taken
commercially; establish areas on Guarn where no coral may be taken,
limited coral may be taken or unlimited coral may be taken, and
impose any other restrictions necessary for the conservation of our
coral reserves, all subject to the permits as required by this Article.

� 12383. Penalties. Any violation ofthis Article or the regula-
tions and permits issued pursuant to it shall be a misdemeanor
punishable by 4 fine of not more than Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00)
or by imprisonment of not more than six (6) months or by both such fine
and imprisonment for each offense.

. � 12394. Enforcement. This Act shall be enforced primarily by
the Director of Agriculture and the Conservation Officers as au-
thorized by � 12302 of this Title and secoxidarily by Peace Officers
defined in � 851 of the Penal Code of Guam. [�� 12380-12384 added by
P.L. 12-186, effective November 20, 1974.1

� 12385. Mesh size of fishing nets: net, minimum size. Itshall
be unlawful for any person to use net (other than small scoop nets) with
a stretched mesh of less than l1b inch, provided however that:
(a) Persons may use nets of smaller mesh to take only manahae
during all months of the year. Manahac is defined as the post-larval
stage (total length of less than 21/2" of the rabbitfish, Family Teuth-
ididae.)
(b) Persons may use small niesh cast nets (talaya) for the taking of
fish other than the manahac during all months of the year.

(c) Persons catching live fish for aquarium purposes may obtain
permits from the Director of Agricuture for the use of small mesh nets
to capture aquarium type fish only. For purposes of this regulation, the
manahac, tiao (juvenile goatfish), ee Ouvenile carangid), and aguas
(juvenile mullet), are not considered aquarium type fishes. Also a
small scoop net is defined as a framed net, usually with a handle
attached and the greatest frame opening not exceeding twelve (12)
inches.
(d) Persons engaging in tuna fishing may apply for permits from the
Director of Agriculture to capture4ive bait fish such as menis (Spratel-
loides sp), ginyo (Atherinidae), fadya (Engra ulidae), and other suitable
bait fish; but will not include the aguas, tiao, ee, and manahac except
as allowed by provisions of (a) and (b) '
(e) That the above provisions stipulated in (a), (b), (c), and (d) are not
applicable in any areas designated as conservation areas where the
taking of all seasonal fishes are prohibited.
M The native inhabitants shall at all times enjoy their traditional
rights to conduct gadi and lalago fishing.
. Any violation of this. Act shall be punished as prescribed in
�� 12322 and 12323 of the Government Code of Guam. [Added by P.L.
12-215, effective January 29, 1975.1

COVEILWNT OF GUA14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

REGULATION NO. 23

TAKING OF TROCHUS SHELLS

Pursuant to the authority vested in the Director of Agriculture

by Sections 12007 and 12321, Goverment Code of Guam, the following

regulations pertaining to the harvesting of trochus shells (Trochus

niloticus) are hereby approved:

1. CCHMERCIAL HARVEST OF TROCHUS

a. SEASON: Commercial harvesting of trochus is allowed only

during the months of May, June and July.

b. HARVEST LIMIT: The total harvest limit of trochus; shall be

set by the Director of tgriculture before each season. once

this total is attained, the season will be closed for the

year.

c. SIZE LIMIT: The cut ercial harvesting of trochus shall be

limited to shells with a base diameter of 4 inches or greater.

d. AREA: The commercial harvesting of trochus is prohibited

shore-ways of the outer edge of the fr inging reef. This includes

the lagoons and channels that extend shore-ways from the outer

edge of the fringing reef.

e. LICENSE: Each comercial trochus fisherman must obtain a

license from the Departmeat of Agriculture. The license fee

shall be @5.00.

2.HARVEST OF TROCHUS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION PURPOSES

a. SEASON: For home consumption purposes, the harvesting
of

trochus shall be allowed all year round.

b. SIZE LIMIT: For home consumption purposes, there will be no

size limit except as provided in 2d.

c. AREA: Harvesting of trochus for home consumption is allowed

in all areas.

d. BAG LIMIT: For home consumption purposes, each person is

allowed no more than 50 pounds (shells included) per day;

provided that not more than ten (10) pounds of which shall

consist of shells with base diameters of less than two (2)

inches.

FOR PURPOSES OF THIS REGULATION

a. COMMERCIAL HARVESTING
is defined as the harvesting of trochus

for the purpose of selling either the shell or the meat.

b. HOME CONSUMPTION is defined as the harvesting of trochus for

use as food or other purposes for which no parts thereof

are sold.

Dated this 8th day of March,1658

/s/ Frank B. Aguon
FRANK B. AGUON
Acting Director of Agriculture

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PRISTINE TERRESTRIAL
COMMUNITIES ON GUAM

Philip H. Moore

August, 1977

This study was funded by a grant from the
Office of Coastal Zone Management, U.S.
Department of Commerce.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Plant Communities of Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Limestone Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Coastal Strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ravine Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Uruno Point Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

NCS Freshwater Pool Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Tarzan River Savannah and Ravine Forest Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Dandan Marsh Wetland Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 31

Cetti-Sella Bay Coastal Strand Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Recommended Performance Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Appendix No. 1 Endangered and Threatened Plant Species on Guam . . . . 43
Appendix No. 2 Endangered and Threatened Animal Species on Guam . . . 44

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 45

LIST OF FIGURES

No. Page

I Pristine Terrestrial Ecological Communities . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Zonation of Flora and Topography at Uruno . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

LIST OF MAPS

No. Page

I Uruno Point Limestone Forest and Coastal Strand . . . . . . . . . 6

2 NCS Freshwater Pool and Limestone Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Tarzan River Savannah and Ravine Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4 Dandan Marsh Wetland and Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5 Cetti-Sella Bay Coastal Strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

LIST OF PLATES

No. Page

1 Uruno Point Limestone Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 NCS Area Coastal Strand, Transitional Zone and Limestone Forest 16

3 NCS Freshwater Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 16

4 Nephrolepis acutifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Melothria guamensis . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 20

6 Erosion and Reforestation of Savannah Terrain . . . . . .. . . . . 26

7 Tarzan River Ravine Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

8 Dandan Reed Marsh and Surrounding Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

9 Close-up of Marsh Wetland Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

10 Cetti-Sella Bay Coastal Strand and Volcanic Stack . . . . . . . . 39

11 Sella River Spanish Bridge . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Def ini ti on

Terrestrial pristine ecological communities are basically the most untouched
representatives of the specific habitats known as limestone forest, ravine
forest, savannah, coastal strand and wetlands. These areas are primarily
valued as locations of utmost importance for scientific investigation, due
to their unique ecological character. Often, they contain some of the most
endangered and threatened plant and animal species on the island. The
presence of rare, endemic species contributes to the extremely fragile
nature of pristine communities and suggests that land and water use must
comply with performance standards that are much more rigid, from a conserva-
tion perspective, than those which are established for other areas of
particular concern.

Methodology

From extensive past fieldwork, the author in coordination with the Guam
Coastal Management Program located five of the most unique and pristine
communities on the island. Some of these areas are represented by a rela-
tionship between two of the distinct natural community types such as ravine
forest and savannah. Field transects were necessary for the listing of
flora found in each area. Relative incidence was designated as abundant,
common, seldom or rare. Fieldwork was conducted between June and September,
1977; thus, incidence may not reflect the annual growth cycle of some
herbaceous species. Much of the fauna in these areas, particularly birds,
are so reduced in numbers that lists can only be compiled from random
siting and past sitings within the communities. Hence, despite the
compilation of lists of animals for each area, the flora is the dominant
consideration in the delineation of these habitats. The areas were mapped
at a scale of 1:400 and the maps included within the written report.
Mapping at a scale of 1:25,000 was also provided for the Bureau of Planning.
Photographs include some of the most notable scenic views, area features
and vegetation found in these pristine communities.

The Plant Communities of Guam

Limestone Forest

The forested areas on the northern half of Guam are now generally regarded
as somewhat modified from the original vegetation, except on the virtually
inaccessable slopes and terraces found at the north end. In such places,
a mixed forest of purely native species can be found which is probably
representative of a forest that at one time covered much, or all, of the
northern half of the island.

Presently, existing vegetation on the plateau, where man has had the greatest
influence, has been altered considerably by the introduction of numerous
species which thrive as understory plants in places where native trees such
as Intsia @ J@ua Artocarpus Tariannensis, and Elaeocarpus sphaericus have
been cut or thinneU -out. Such introduced species as Triphasia trifolia,
Morinda citrifolia and Leucaena leucocephala grow up quickly to replace the
native species aFd often spread 6ut locally to form nearly pure 'stands.

-I-

In other areas, probably also representing secondary growth or certainly
modified growth, nearly pure stands of native plants such as Artocarpus
mariannensis, Mammea odorata, Merrilliodendron megacarpum or Cordia
subcordati--ran be found. Unfortunately, tFis rather odd distribution of
native an@r introduced species is not very clearly understood and establish-
ment of protected areas set aside for study is strongly recommended.

Coastal Strand

The strand is generally thought of as land directly adjacent to the sea
or the shoreline. However, because Guam is a rather small island, nearly
every species that grows on the strand can also be found inland.

Guam has a fringing reef that extends mostly south from NCS, around the
southern end of the island to Pago Bay and across parts of the extreme north
end of the island. These parts of Guam contain numerous bays and inlets with
long stretches of sandy beach separated by limestone headlands that meet the
reef'at the water's edge. The remaining shoreline, from Pago Bay north to
Pati Point and from Uruno Point south to NCS consists of mostly pitted lime-
stone cliffs fringed by an algal bench with no offshore reef.

In general terms, three types of shoreline can be described: emerged coral
limestone or rocky coastline, mangrove/marsh wetlands found at the mouths
of rivers and sandy beaches. On emerged limestone, the dominant strand
vegetation is Pemphis acidula, Scaevola taccada, Casuarina equisetifolia,
and Wedelia biflora wiTh -other -associated species. These strand plants are
salt f-o-lerant and c n grow in nutrient deficient soils. The other two types
of shoreline are described below.

Wetlands

The wetlands of Guam are confined to the southern half of the island and
are mostly coastal; occurring along stream beds where both brackish and
freshwater species can be found. In many instances, a remarkably clearcut
zonation can be seen where saltwater reed marshes merge into swamp land.

Marshes are generally thought of as places where the water table is perma-
nently at or near the surface and which supports an herbaceous type of vege-
tation, usually in pure stands. The particular species growing in a given
marsh will depend upon depth of water and whether it is freshwater or
brackish. When such marsh land becomes invaded by shrubs and trees due to
the buildup of sediment they are generally called swamps. Thus, mangrove,
Nypa and Hibiscus swamps can be recognized on Guam. A swamp forest of
particular interest is the Barringtonia racemosa swamp in the Talofofo River
Valley. This is noteworthy because B. racemosa is an endangered plant
species and may not occur elsewhere on the island. A description of this
and other major swamps can be found in (Moore, Raulerson, Chernin and
McMakin, 1977).

Wetlands occur also in the interior, well above sea level, where surface
drainage is blocked and water stands for most of the year. A good example
of this is a marshy area just east of Mt. Lamlam. Others occur in random
distribution on the savannah and can best be seen from the air.

-2-

Savannah

Grassland comprises a large portion of the southern volcanic part of the
island, particularly the hilly interior which is deeply weathered and dis-
sected by stream erosion. The soil is red, quite acid, and contains very
little organic matter. It supports a variety of grasses, the most impor-
tant of which are Miscanthus floridulus (swordgrass), Dimeria chloridiformis,
and Pennisetum setosum. In addition to these, a variety of other herbs,
shrt and small trees ccupy the various microhabitats within the grass-
land community. Examples of this are clumps of Pandanus tectorius or
Casuarina equisetifolia that have somehow escaped for a few years, the annual
fires h ravage t community. Also, patches of Phragmites karka or
Pennisetum purpureum, both aquatic grasses, can be found in wet areas where
drain ge is blocked- Weed communities are common on the savannah where land
slides have occurred and a succession of plants have volunteered to cover
the scar.

This plant community appears to be controlled by fire, at least in its
present condition. An area set aside as a government-controlled conserva-
tion preserve and protected by law, or as a pristine ecological community
with strictly-enforced performance standards, would provide a location for
scientific study that could answer ecological problems of plant succession
and distribution that are presently unknown.

Ravine Forest

The volcanic portion of Southern Guam is, in places, deeply dissected by
gullies or ravines resulting from stream erosion of weathered volcanic
material. Such features are commonly seen from the road in the southern
part of the island as components of some of Guam's most unspoiled views.

The vegetation in these areas comprise the ravine forest community and is
similar in composition to adjacent forests growing on limestone outcrops.
These may be seen on the slopes of Mt. Lamlam or Almagosa; and on the
northern limestone plateau.

With few exceptions, the plant species found in ravine forests can also be
found on limestone soil. However, there seems to be no species which will
not grow elsewhere if planted there. Notable examples of this are Areca
cathecu (betelnut), Glochidion marianum, Calophyllum inophyllum, and Cerbera
dilitafa.

-3-

31. IR 4R- rL ?p

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GUAM
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NCS Area

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Figure 1.
C el 1 a,
r e@ Terrestrial Pristine
'DW4 n d@
reai Ecological Comunities
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-4-

Uruno Point

The native vegetation of the Uruno area (between Uruno Point and Achae Point)
can be divided into four zones (See Figure 2) and is fairly uniform within
each zone, with the exception of Zone 2. Zone I involves a steep limestone
escarpment with little soil and characteristic limestone forest vegetation.
The steep and rugged terrain is accessible only by a private trail which
should remain in its present state. The forest is in a stage of development
short of climax and has been called a "typhoon forest" as it is held
indefinitely in this stage due to major typhoons that periodically visit the
island.

Zone 2 covers a more gently sloping terrace and may be divided into two seg-
ments, roughly north and south of the main trail from the escarpment to the
sea. The southern part is covered by a lateritic clay soil to a depth of
several inches and supports a diverse flora dominated by Aglaia, Pandanus
ssp., Neiosperma and Cycas. The northern part is rocky Wii-t-hvery little oil
cover. The dominant species here are Triphasia and Cycas with some larger
trees here and there. The presence of Triphasia, especially near the first
cliffline, indicates a disturbance caused, perhaps, by a recent typhoon.
A possible explanation could be that the prominent headland near the southern
end of the area protected the southern part while the section north of the
headland was exposed to heavy salt spray that killed much of the vegetation
that would normally be covering the area. (Environmental Statement Uruno).

Along the lowest terrace, a nearly continuous line of cliffside rock shelters,
potsherds, and latte sites give the area a particularly historical and
aesthetic appearance. The vegetative interface, that exists here, is a
transitional zone between the natural limestone forest and characteristic
strand vegetation along the beach. The flora is partly the result of man's
subsistence activity and the presence of a sandy gray soil. Ancient taro
pits can still be seen as sandy depressions in the land surface indicating
the location of a large precontact Chamorro village. Wild taro, Alocasia
macrorrhiza, and the introduced coconut palms, Cocos nucifera are dominant
species. In areas where firepit activity has enriched the soil with
organic material, scattered representatives of limestone forest species
can be found. Examples are Piper quahamense, Cycas circinalis, and
Pandanus tectorius.

The coastal strand is largely represented by flora which covers white sandy
beaches. Dominant species that form the exposed line of beach vegetation
are Messerschmidia and Scaevola. A thick tangle of Canavalia maritima and
T- ----a-F- -
Mucuna R_RLtea., o leguminous vines., can also be seen ong tEe sandy
beach. In areas that are exposed to salt spray near the water's edge,
Pemphis,,..Hedyotis and Bikkia are found growing from exposed rock. Inland
from the s_a_n_dy__b_each, T-arger trees of Barringtonia, Mammea, and Thespesia
are to be seen. The particularly large Mammea trees found here were badly
damaged by Typhoon Pamela.

The entire Uruno area is one of the most untouched examples of limestone
forest and is a critical wildlife habitat for endangered species. This is
mostly the result of restricted public access through adjacent Air Force
property. If access were to be granted to the civilian sector, performance
standards or other mechanisms of regulatory enforcement would have to be
immediately effective to preserve the existing ecological complexity of the
land.

-5-

Map No

Uruno Limestone Forest

LEGEND

Acha'...:
Limestone Forest Zone I Point

Limestone Forest Zone 2

Transitional Zone

Coastal Strand
1z

ANDERSEN AIR
FORCE 8 E

1101
00it

-6-

Plate No. 1 Uruno Point Limestone Forest

Limestone Forest
Zone 1

Limestone Forest
Zone 2

Vegetative
Transitional
Coastal
Sea Level Zone

Strand

Figure 2. Zonation of Flora and Topography at Uruno

-7-

Uruno Limestone Forest Zone I Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Aglaia mariannensis Mapunao Abundant
Annona reticulata Sweetsop Annonas Common
Artocarpus mariannensis Infertile Breadfruit Dugdug Common
Asplenium nidus Bird's Nest Fern Galak Dangkulo Common
Capsicum frutescens Hot Pepper Done Machalek Seldom
Carica papaya Papaya Papaya Common
Cestrum diurnum China Inkberry Tintanchina Seldom
Claoxylon marianum Panao, Kator Common
Cordia subcordata, Niyoron Abundant
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadang Abundant
Cynometra ramiflora Gulos Common
Davallia solida Pugua machena Common
Dischidia puberula Common
Discocalyx megacarpa Otut Common
Elatostema, calcareum Tapun Ayuyu Common
Eugenia javanica Wax Apple Makupa Common
Eugenia reinwardtiana A'bang Common
Eugenia thompsonii Atoto Seldom
Ficus prolixa Banyan Nunu Common
Ficus tinctoria Dyer's Fig Tagete Common
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halumtano Common
Guamia mariannae Paipai Common
Guettarda speciosa Panao Common
Hernandia nymphaeifolia Nonak Common
Intsia bijuga, Ifil Ifit Common
Jasminum marianum Banago Common
Laportea interrupta Palilolia Seldom
Macaranga thompsonii Pengua Common
Melanolepis multiglandulosa Alom Common
Melochia compacta . Sayafe Seldom
Microsorum,,punctatum Strapleaf Fern Galak Dikike Common
Morinda citrifolia, Indian Mulberry Lada Common
Neiosperma oppositifolia Fagot Abundant
Pandanus dubius Screwpine Pahong Common
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Common
Peperomia mariannensis Potpupot Common
Phyllanthus marianus Gaogao Uchan Common
Phymatodes scolopendria Kajlao Common
Piper guahamense Wild Piper Pupulu in Aniti Common
Pipturus argenteus Admahadyan Seldom
Pisonia grandis Umumu Seldom
Planchonella obovata Lalahak Common
Polyscias grandiflora Pepega Seldom
Premna obtusifolia Ahgao Common
Procris pedunculata Common
Psychotria mariana Aplokating Common
Pyrrosia. adnascens Common
Randia cochinchinensis Sumak Common
Spathoglo,ttis plicat@ Philippine Ground Seldom
Orchid
Taeniophyllum mariannense Leafless Orchid Sanyeye Common
Terminalia littoralis Talisai Ganu Seldom
Thelypteris interrupta Common
Vittaria elongata Seldom

-8-

Uruno Limestone Forest Zone 2 Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Aglaia mariannensis Mapunao Abundant
Artocarpus mariannensis Infertile Breadfruit Dugdug Common
Asplenium nidus Bird's Nest Fern Galak Dangulo Seldom
Caesalpinia major Wait-a-bit Pakao Seldom
Cordia subcordata Niyoron Seldom
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadang Abundant
Davallia solida Pugua Machena Seldom
Dioscorea esculenta Wild Yam Dago, Nika Common
Eugenia javanica Wax Apple Makupa Seldom
Eugenia reinwardtiana A'Abang Common
Eugenia thompsonii Atoto' Seldom
Ficus prolixa Banyan Nunu Common
Ficus tinctoria Dyer's Fig Tagete Common
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halumtano Common
Guamia mariannae Paipai Common
Guettarda speciosa Panao Common
Hibiscus tiliaceus Pago Common
Intsia bijuga Ifil Ifit Seldom
Ixora triantha Seldom
Jasminum marianum Banago Common
Macaranga thompsonii Pengua Common
Maytenus thompsonii Luluhot Common
Melanolepis multiglandulosa Alom Common
Microsorum punctatum Strapleaf Fern Galak Dikike Common
Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry Lada Common
Mucuna gigantea Small Seabean Gayi Dikike Common
Neiosperma oppositifolia Fagot Abundant
Pandanus dubius Screwpine Pahong Abundant
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Abundant
Phymatodes scolopendria Kajlao Common
Piper guahamense Wild Piper Pupulu A Aniti Common
Pisonia grandis Umumu Seldom
Planchonella obovata Lalahak Seldom
Pyrrosia adnascens Common
Premna obtusifolia Ahgao Common
Taeniophyllum mariannense Leafless Orchid Sanyeye Common
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry Lemondechina Abundant

-9-

Uruno Transitional Zone Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Aglaia mariannensis Mapunao Common
Alocasia macrorrhiza Wild Taro Piga Common
Artocarpus mariannensis Infertile Breadfruit Dugdug Common
Bambusa vulgaris Bamboo Piao Seldom
Canavalia maritima Akangkang Tasi Common
Capparis cordifolia Caper Atkaparas Rare
Carica papaya Papaya Papaya Common
Cocos nucifera Coconut Niyuk Abundant
Cordia subcordata Niyoron Seldom
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadang Abundant
Cynometra ramiflora Gulos Common
Elatostema calcareum Tapun Ayuyu Common
Eugenia javanica Wax Apple Makupa Seldom
Eugenia reinwardtiana A'Abang Seldom
Ficus prolixa Banyan Nunu Common
Ficus tinctoria Dyer's Fig Tagete Common
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halumtano Common
Guamia mariannae Paipai Common
Guettarda speciosa Panao Common
Hernandia nymphae-ifolia Nonak Abundant
Intsia bijuga Ifil Ifit Seldom
Macaranga thompsonii Pengua Seldom
Mammea odorata Chopak Common
Maytenus thompsonii Luluhot Seldom
Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry Lada Common
Neiosperma oppositifolia Fagot Common
Pandanus dubius Screwpine Pahong Common
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Abundant
Phymatodes scolopendria Kajlao Common
Piper guahamense Wild Piper Pupulu ; Aniti Common
Pisonia grandis Umumu Seldom
Premna obtusifolia Ahgao Common
Psychotria mariana Aplokating Seldom
Pyrrosia adnascens Common
Randia cochinchinensis Sumak Common
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry Lemondechina Common

-10-

Uruno Coastal Strand Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Barringtonia asiatica Fish-kill Tree Puting Common
Bikkia mariannensis Gausali Common
Bleekeria mariannensis Langiti Seldom
Canavalia maritima, Akangkang Tasi Common
Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Gago Seldom
Colubrina asiatica Gasoso Common
Hedyotis foetida Paudedo Seldom
Hibiscus tiliaceus Pago Common
Mammea odorata Chopak Common
Messerschmidia argentea Velvetleaf Hunik Abundant
Mucuna gigantea Small Seabean Gayi Dikike Common
Pemphis acidula Nigas Common
Scaevola taccada Nanaso Abundant
Terminalia littoralis Talisai Ganu Rare
Thespesia populnea Binalo Common

Uruno Area Fauna

Birds

Corvus kubaryi Marianas Crow Aga
Demigretta s. sacra keef Heron
Gallicolumba xanthanura White-throated Ground Dove 'Paluman Fachi
Halycon cinnamomina Micronesian Kingfisher Sihig
Phaeton lepturus White-tailed Tropic Bird
Ptilinopus roseicapillus Marianas Fruit Dove Totot
Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous-fronted Fantail Chichirika
Sterna fuscata oahuensis Sooty Tern
Streptopelia b. dusumieri Philippine Turtle Dove Paluman Senesa
Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper

Mammals

Cervus mariannus Marianas Deer Binado
Pteropus mariannus Marianas Fruit Bat Fanihi
Pteropus tokudae Little Marianas Fruit Bat Fanihin Tojo
Suncus murinus Shrew Chakan Akaleha
Sus scrofa Wild Pig Babui
Rattus sp. Common Rat Chaka

Reptiles

Anolis caroliniensis Green Lizard
Carlia fuscus Common Brown Skink
Emoia collisticta werneri Blue-tailed Skink
Hemidactylus frenatus Common Gecko
Typhops baraminus Blind Snake
Varanus indicus Monitor Lizard Hilitai

Amphibians
Bufo marinus Marine-Toad

Mollusks

Achatina fulica Giant AfricanSnail Akahelan Nipponis
Englandina rosea Pink Predator Snail Akahela

Crustaceans

Birgus latro Coconut Crab Ayuyu
Coenibita sp. Hermit Crab Umang, Dukduk

-12-

NCS Freshwater Pool Area

This area lies approximately one kilometer north of NCS Beach and the Tanguisson
Power Plant along the northeast coast of Guam. It is accessible by walking along
the beach and through shoreline paths. The area is comprised of a combination
of coastal strand and limestone forest with a unique freshwater pond being
located within the limestone forest.

Coastal strand borders the sandy beach between Hilaan Point and a small point of
raised limestone, over the narrow reef flat, at the southe 'rn perimeter of the
bay. The white sand beach is developed in relation to an expansive sand cut,
known as Shark Hole, which gives the area an extremely aesthetic appearance.

Federal property ownership and the distance form major traffic circulation has
helped keep the area in a pristine condition. However, it is frequented by man
for recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, picnicking, hiking,
sunbathing and nature observation. Unfortunately, litter is sometimes present
and shotgun shell casings attest to occasional poaching for fruit bats, doves
and blackbirds in the area. Coconut crabs are also hunted in the evenings
along the escarpment that borders the limestone forest.

The exposed limestone that fringes the northern and southern extremes of the
coastal strand,, hosts a growth of Pemphis. Bikkia is also seen at the northern
edge. The salt-tolerant Messerschmidia, known locally as hunik, forms the
first line of shrubs along the white i-a-nd, with scattered patches of Ipomoea
pes-caprae and Nedelia biflora. An occasional Cocos, Barringtonia or Scaevola
may als found Fe-r-e.

Inland of the thin coastal strand, a relatively level zone of gray sandy shioya
soil supports a zone of vegetation that represents a distinct interzone or
transitional area between the strand and the limestone forest. The dominant
species here is Cocos nucifera (coconut palm). Other large trees are common
such as Hernandia an& Ficus prolixa along with an abundance of small trees and
shrubs including.Pleturus, Pandanus and Macaranga. The profuse growth of coco-
nut seedlings at this time i-s -probably due to the effects of Typhoon Pamela.
Several herbs and terrestrial ferns are abundant in the area between seedlings,
the most common of which are Nephrolepis hersutula, Asplenium nidus, and
Phymatodes scolopendria.

The limestone forest lies inland, between the steep, rocky escarpment and
the vegetative interzone. The limits of this plant community are primarily
determined by terrain features. The jungle floor is composed of jagged,
eroded limestone that is covered with a very thin layer of soil and organic
material. Many species of herbs grow on bare rock with roots extending into
numerous crevices for moisture. Shaded by the overhead canopy, the herbs grow
on rocks which host a thick carpet of mosses. Among the most prevalent
herbs and ground cover vines are Peperomia,_ Elatostema, Melothria and
Nervilia. All of these are used -16-t-r-a-d@1tional Chamorro medicin-es and
the ar s occasionally used as a collecting site for these species. This
location represents one of the few areas where Melothria, known locally as
ahgag4, and Nervilia, known locally as sei aihagun, can be found. The
exisfience of these increasingly endang species in this area may be due
to the isolated location and specialized moisture requirements as well as
the relatively low density of giant African snails (Achatina fulica) which
have devastated many of Guam's fleshy herbs.

-13-

The diverse plant life of the limestone forest does not find any one species
of woody trees dominant. Rather, small stands of particular species are
clustered amidst the general variety because of seed distribution. The
upper canopy is represented by Merrilliodendron, Artocarpus and Ficus
prolixa. Guamia, Pandanus tectorius and P. dubius-are typical understory
plants.

One large and rare 'Heritiera longipetiolata can be found at the northern edge
of the forest along the edge of the escarpment. Another extremely rare species
of woody tree, Drypetes dolichocarpa, known locally as lana, was previously
sited in this area. Unfortunately, it was killed by Typhoon Pamela. Only
three other living trees of this species have been sited on Guam. Also found
in the area are Streblus pedulinus and Dendrocnide latifolia both of which
are endangered.

Lending a particularly lush appearance to the vegetation in the limestone
forest is the thick growth of epiphytic ferns to be seen on the woody trees.
The most common are Phymatodes, Davallia, Asplenium nidus and Microsorum.
All four of these species are valued in :Fhe traditio@_alcombination medicines
of the local curers, known as suruhanos.

Within the limestone forest, lies a round freshwater pool that is-approximately
20 meters in diameter and only 2-3 meters in depth at its deep@Fst point. It
is fed by freshwater seeps from the northern Dededo aquifer. Freshwater seeps
can be seen along the coastal strand, however, the water collects in this pool
because of a shallow depression that remains from a geologic time period
when the northern limestone plateau was uplifted by volcanic action. The
pool and its fringe area represent a microcosmic plant and animal community
that is ecologically unique and of particular aesthetic value. It is the only
habitat of its type on Guam as freshwater ponds are not characteristic
components of the limestone forest.

The pool hosts a school of cichlid mouthbreeders, Tilapia mossambica, which
feed on mosquito and dragonfly larvae and the smaller mosquitofish, Gambusia
affinis. A few introduced goldfish-type carp are present and two species of
freshwater snails feed on the algae-covered rocks beneath the pond's surface.

The wet fringe of the pond hosts a stand of Acrostichum aureum and Hibiscus
tiliaceus, known locally as pago. Several large Merrilliodendron and Ficus
prolixa sh de the surface of the pond. Two rare and beautiful ferns are
seen high in the Merrilliodendrons, the ribbon fern, Ophioglossum pendulum,
known locally as leston, and a long, hanging Boston type fern, Nephrolepis
acutifolia. Ophioglossum was once very common on Guam. Its present
rarity can be attributeR-to a reduction of habitat and overcollection
because it is highly valued as a decorative leaf for religious rituals.

-14-

SHARK
HOLE Point

NAVAL
COMMUNICATION
96 0, STATION
i1A

00*-

-'D

Tanguisson
Point

Mdi

Map No. 2

NCS Freshwater Pool

LEGEND

Limestone Forest

Pool Fringe

Transitional Zone

Coastal Strand

Heritiera longipetiolata

-15-

4C.,
"67

Plate No. 2 NCS Area Coastal Strand, Transitional Zone
and Limestone Forest

Ilk

Plate No. 3 NCS Freshwater Pool

-16-

NCS Coastal Strand Flora

Taxonomic Classification Common Name Chamorro Name Densi

Barringtonia asiatica Fish-kill Tree Puting Seldom
Bikkia pentandra Gausali Common
Cocos nucifera Coconut Niyuk Common
Cordia subcordata Niyoran Seldom
Hedyotis foetida Paudedo Common
Hernandia nymphaeifolia Nonak Seldom
Ipomoea pes-caprae Beach Morning Glory Alahai Tasi Common
Messerschmidia argentea Hunik Abundant
Pemphis acidula Nigas Common
Scaevola taccada Nanaso Common
Thespesia populnea Binalo Common
Wedelia biflora Beach Sunflower Common

-17-

NCS Transitional Zone Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Asplenium nidus Bird's Nest Fern Galak Dangkulo Common
Blechum brownei Jatbas Babui Common
Canavalia maritima Akangkang Tasi Common
Carica papaya Papaya Papaya Common
Cocos nucifera Coconut 11iyuk Abundant
Ficus prolixa Banyan Nunu Seldom
Ficus tinctoria Dyer's Fig Tagete Common
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halumtano Common
Hernandia nymphaeifolia Nonak Common
Ipomoea alba Moonflower Alahai Common
Laportea interrupta Common
Macaranga thompsonii Pengua Seldom
Ilikania scandens Common
Momordica charantia Bitter Melon Admagoso Common
Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry Lada Common
Nephrolepis hersutula Boston Fern Abundant
Pandanus dubius Screwpine Pahong Seldom
Phymatodes scolopendria Kajlao Common
Piper guahamense Wild Piper Pupulu A Aniti Seldom
Pipturus argentea Admahadyan Common
Pteris tripartita Common
Pteris vittata Leatherleaf Fern Common
.Scaevola taccada Nanaso Common
Thelypteris interrupta Common
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry Lemondechina Common

-18-

NCS Limestone Forest Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Aglaia mariannensis Mapunao Common
Artocarpus altilus Breadfruit Lemai Common
Artocarpus maraiannensis Infertile Breadfruit Dugdug Common
Asplenium falcaium Seldom
Asplenium nidus Bird's Nest Fern Galak Dangkulo Common
Asplenium pellucidum Seldom
Barringtonia asiatica Fish-kill Tree Puting Seldom
Capsicum frutescens Hot Pepper Done Machalek Seldom
Carica papaya Papaya Papaya Common
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadant Common
Davallia solida Pugua Machena Common
**Dendrocnide latifolia Seldom
Dioscorea esculenta Wild Yam Nika, Gado Common
Dischidia puberula Seldom
Elatostema calcareum Tapun Ayuyu Common
Eugenia reinwardtiana A'Abang Common
Ficus prolixa Banyan Nunu Common
Ficus tinctoria Dyer's Fig Tagete Common
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halumtano Common
Guamia mariannae Pakpak, Paipai Common
Guettarda speciosa Panao Common
*Reritiera longipetiolata Ufa Halumtano Rare
Intsia bijuga Ifil Ifit Seldom
Ipomoea alba Moonflower Alahai Common
Jasminum marianum Banago Seldom
Macaranga thompsonii Pengua Seldom
Melanolepis multiglandulosa Alom Common
**Melothria guamensis Ahgaga Common
"Merrill iodendron meyacarpum Faniok Common
Microsorum punctatum Strapleaf Fern Galak Dikike Common
Mikania scandens Common
Momordica charantia Bitter Melon Admagoso Common
Mucuna gigantea Small Seabean Gayi Dikike Seldom
Neiosperma oppositifolia Fagot Common
**Nervilia aragoana Water-root Orchid Seiyaihagun Seldom
Pandanus dubius Screwpine Pahong Common
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Common
Peperomia mariannensis Potpupot Common
Phymatodes scolopendri-a Kajlao , Common
Piper guahamense Wild piper Pupulu n Aniti Common
Pipturus argenteus Admahadyan Seldom
Procris pedunculata Common
Pyrrosia adnascens Common
**Streblus pedulinus Seldom
Taeniophyllum mariannense Leafless Orchid Sanyeye Common
Thelypteris interrupta Seldom
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry Lemondechina Common
Vittaria elongata Seldom
*threatened
**endangered

_19-

z4
Plate No. 4

Nephrolepis acutifolia

'Ali

Plate No. 5 Melothria guamensis

-20-

NCS Freshwater Pool Fringe Flora

Taxonomic Classification. English Name Chamorro Name Density

Acrostichum aureum Langayao Abundant
Alocasia macrorrhiza Wild Taro Piga Common
Asplenium nidus Bird's Nest Fern Galak Dangkulo Common
Barrfijgtonia asiatica Fish-kill Tree Puting Seldom
Cocos nucifera Coconut Niyuk Rare
Davallia solida Pugua Machena Seldom
Dischidia puberula Seldom
Elatostema calcareum Tapun Ayuyu Common
Ficus prolixa Banyan Nunu Common
Guettarda speciosa Panao Common
Hibiscus tiliaceus Pago Abundant
Laportea interrupta Seldom
**Melothria guamensis. Ahgaga Common
**Merrilliodendron megacarpum Faniok Common
Microsorum punctatum Strapleaf Fern Galak Dikike Common
*Nephrolepis acutifolia Hanging Boston Fern Rare
**Nervilia aragoana Water-root Orchid Seiyaihagun Common
*Ophioglossum pendulum Ribbon Fern Leston Rare
Pandanus dubius Screwpine Pahong Common
Peperomia mariannensis Potpupot Common
Pyrrosia adnascens Common
Tectaria crenata Seldom

*threatened
"endangered

-21-

NCS Area Fauna

Birds

Corbus kubaryi Marianas Crow Aga
Demigretta s. sacra Reef Heron
gallicolumba xanthanura White-throated Ground Dove Paluman Fachi
Halycon cinnamomina Micronesian Kingfisher Sihig
Phaeton lepturus White-tailed Tropic Bird
Ptilinopus roseicapillus Marianas Fruit Dove Totot
Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous-fronted Fantail Chichirika
Sterna fuscata oahuensis Sooty Tern
Streptopelia b. dusumieri Philippine Turtle Dove Paluman Senesa
Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper

Mammals

Cervus mariannus Marianas Deer Binado
Pteropus mariannus Marianas Fruit Bat Fanihi
Pterpus tokudae Little Marianas Fruit Bat Fanihin Tojo
Suncus murinus Shrew Chakan Akaleha
Rattus sp. Common Rat Chaka

Reptiles

Anolis caroliniensis Green Lizard
Carlia fuscus Common Brown Skink
Emoia collisticta werneri Blue-tailed Skink
Hemidactylus frenatus Common Gecko
Tyhops baraminus Blind Snake
Varanus indicus Monitor Lizard Hilitai

Amphibians

Bufo marinus Marine Toad

Fish

Gambusia affinis Mosquitofish
Tilapia mossambica Cichlid Tilapia
Goldfish Carp

Mollusks

Achatina fulica Giant African Snail Akahelan Nipponis
-Englandina rosea Pink Predator Snail Akahela
Melanidae family sp. Freshwater Snail
Pulmanate snail Freshwater Snail

Crustaceans

Birgus latro Coconut Crab Ayuyu
Coenibita sp. Hermit Crab Umang, Dukduk

-22-

Tarzan River Savannah and Ravine Forest

The area of savannah and associated ravine forest chosen for this study is
located in the center of Government Conservation Area No. 3 which is
situated in Central-Southern Guam, north of the Fena Valley watershed.
The entire area was not considered pristine as it is dissected by Cross-
Island Road, unpaved jeep trails, motorcycle paths and reforestation
efforts. The random system of roads, motorcycle-induced erosion and
abandonment of junk cars have unfortunately claimed portions of what could
be a managed wildlife refuge. The delineated pristine area, due to the
sloping topography has escaped extensive man-made damage and still
represents a valuable ecological community.

The savannah portion of this area encompasses the grassy ridges surrounding
the ravine forest described in this report and includes all of the plant
species generally associated with the grasslands of southern Guam. Some
interesti,ng plants can be found here which indicates past activities by man
for the production of useful products. These trees were planted at random
and do not represent part of the natural community. A further influence
of man is the planting of a few seedlings of flowering shrubs along the main
trail to the falls. As with the trees planted in the sterile, eroded soil
in adjacent reforestation efforts, introduced trees on the savannah slopes
often do not grow well and are eventually displaced by dominant native
species, expanding erosion, parasitic species .(Cassytha filiformis) or
simply do not adapt to the harsh conditions.

Natural vegetation, such as grasses and ferns, have adapted to savannah
conditions and their maintenance is the best method of curtailing erosion.
Some erosion is attributed to fires and man-made trails, however, the
major eroded area, appearing as bare red scars on the landscape, are the
result of natural slumping. The savannah fern, Dicranopteris linearis,
and dominant grasses such as Miscanthus floridulus, Dimeri@'_chT_o_r_idi-formis
and Pennisetum setosum act as major soil binders.

Interspersed among the dominant grasses are numerous small savannah shrubs
such as Decaspermum fruticosum, Geniostonia rupestre, Tirilonius nitidus and
I_aTfer trees such as Pandd-nus and Ca uarina occur
Myrtella enni,
@hq
.@O@Tn i an a
t e
infreqTedtly uMil t e tra 'nsitional zone between the savannah and ravine
forest is evident. As shown by the list of flora in the transitional zone,
the 5-10 meter vegetative zone contains an indistinct mixture of flora which
is characteristic of the distinctly separate communities. The dominant
species in the transitional zone, with an incidence greater than found in
the savannah or ravine forest is Scleria polycarpa,,a tall sedge.

The major consideration i.n choosing the Tarzan River ravine forest as a
study-area is that it contains two mature trees and numerous seedlings of
Serianthes nelso **,, a rare and endangered endemic species known locally
as hagun la a. T P two trees are located on a little-used path that leads
from the upper park area through ravine forest that fringes a small
drainage tributary. Water flows through this ravine only during the wet
season and empties into the main river just below the falls.

-23-

The ravine containing the Serianthes and the Tarzan River ravine are
densely wooded with a variety of plant species consisting of trees, shrubs,
vines, several ferns and other herbaceous plants. The dominant species
at the bottom are Pandanus tectorius and Hibiscus tiliaceus. Along the
edge of the stream, scattered patches of characteristic wetland species
depend on the wet bank for moisture requirements. These include sedges
and grasses such as Fuirena umbellata, Phragmites karka and Eleocharis
geniculata. Numerous ferns, mosses and liverworts can also be foundlat
the water's edge shaded by overhanging vegetation.

The freshwater river and falls is a particularly aesthetic site and hosts
eels, shrimp and tilapia as characteristic fauna. Two species of fresh-
water snails can also be found in the falls area. Most of the birds seen
on the adjacent savannah are introduced game species of quail. Few birds
are seen in the ravine forest with the exception of an occasional siting of
a dove or sparrow. The giant African snail and pink predator snail are
present within the ravine forest, however, their numbers are extremely
I ow.

-24-

ROSS-1 4,VD

01
1@zj
00

Map No. 3

Tarzan River Ravine Forest
and Savannah

LEGEND

Paved Road

Jeep Road

Hiking Trail

River

SAVANNAH

RAVINE FOREST

Serianthes nelsonii

410

Plate No. 6 Erosion and Reforestation of Savannah Terrain

14
- 4V

Plate No. 7
4i

Tarzan River Ravine Forest

-26-

Tarzan River Savannah Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Cassytha filiformis Mayagas Common
Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Gago Common
Centella asiatica Pennywort Common
Cestrum diurnum China Inkberry Tintanchina Common
Curculigo orchioides Golden-eyed Grass Seldom
Decaspermum fruticosum Common
Dianella ensifolia Seldom
Dicranopteris linearis Savannah Fern Mana Abundant
Dimeria chloridiformis Abundant
Elephantopus mollis Papago Vaka Common
Fimbristylis dichotoma Abundant
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halumtano Seldom
Geniostoma, rupestre Majlokjayo Common
Glochidion marianum Chosga Common
Hyptis capitata Buttonweed Batones Common
Hyptis pectinata Mumutong Lahe Seldom
Leucaena leucocephala Tangantangan Seldom
Lycopodium cernuum Clubmoss Common
Melastoma marianum Gafau Common
Mimosa pudica Sleeping Grass Seldom
Miscanthus floridulus Swordgrass Neti Abundant
Myrtella bennigseniana Common
Nephrolepis sp. Boston Fern Seldom
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Seldom
Pennisetum setosum Common
Phyllanthus saffordii Seldom
Planchonella obovata Lalahag, Lala Seldom
Scaevola taccada Nanaso Common
Spathoglottis plicata Philippine Ground Common
Orchid
Stachytarpheta indica Common
Timonius nitidus Sumak-Lada Common
Waltheria americana Eskobilla Sabana Common
Wikstroemia elliptica Gapit Atayake Common

-27-

Tarzan River Transitional Zone Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Alyxia torresiana Nanago Seldom
Caesalpinia major Wait-a-bit Pakao Common
Cassytha filiformis Mayagas Common
Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Gago Common
Centella asiatica Pennywort Common
Centotheca lappacea Common
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadang Common
Davallia solida Pugua Machena Common
Decaspermum fruticosum Common
Dicranopteris linearis Savannah Fern Mana Common
Elephantopus mollis Papago Vaka Common
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halumtano Common
Glochidion marianum Chosga Common
Hibiscus tiliaceus Pago Seldom
Jasminum marianum Banago Seldom
Leucaena leucocephala Tangantangan Seldom
Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry Lada Common
Nephrolepis sp. Boston Fern Common
Ochrosia oppositifolia Fagot Common
Oplismenus sp. Common
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Common
Phymatodes scolopendria Kajlao Seldom
Polygala paniculata Common
Pyrrosia adnascens Common
Scaevola taccada Nanaso Common
Scleria polycarpa Abundant
Spathoglottis plicata Philippine Ground Orchid Common
*Tacca leontopetaloides Polynesian Arrowroot Gapgap Seldom
Taeniophyllum mariannense Leafless Orchid Sanyeye Seldom
Tarenna sambucina Sumak-Lada Common
Thelypteris interrupta Common
Timonius nitidus Mahalak-Layu Common
Vittaria elongata Seldom

*threatened

-28-

Tarzan River Ravine Forest Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Areca cathecu Betelnut Pugua Common
Bleekeria mariannensis Langiti Common
Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Gago Common
Centotheca lappacea Common
Cerbera dilatata Chiute Seldom
Cocos nucifera Coconut Niyuk Seldom
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadang Common
CynomeLra ramiflora Gulos Common
Cy,nometra ramiflora Seldom
Dalbergia candenatensis Pugua Machena Common
Davallia solida Palaga Hilitai Common
Desmodium umbellatum Otut Common
Discocalyx megacarpa Common
Eleocharis geniculata Spikerush Common
Ficus tinctoria Dyer's Fig Tagete Common
Freycinetia reineckei Fianiti Common
Fuirena umbellata Seldom
Hibiscus tiliaceus Pago Abundant
Intsia bijuga Ifil Ifit Common
Leucaena leucocephala Tangantangan Seldom
Medinilla rosea Gafus Common
Mikania scandens Seldom
Nephrolepis sp. Boston Fern Common
Ochrosia oppositifolia Fagot Common
Oplismenus sp. Common
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Abundant
PIKI?agmites karka Reeds Karriso Seldom
Piper guahamense Wild Piper Pupulu h Aniti Common
Premna obtusifolia Ahgao Common
Pyrrosia adnascens Common
Scleria polycarpa Abundant
**Serianthes nelsonii Hayun Lago Rare
Spathoglottis plicata Philippine Ground Common
Orchid
Taeniophyllum mariannense Leafless Orchid Sanyeye Common
Thelypteris interrupta Common
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry Lemondechina Common
Vittaria elongata Common
**Xylosma nelsonii Seldom

**endangered

-29-

Tarzan River Area Fauna

Birds

Coturnix chinensis Chinese Painted Quail
Excalfactoria sinensis Pygmy Quail
Padda oryzivora Java Sparrow
Streptopelia b. dusumieri Philippine Turtle Dove Paluman Senesa

Mamma 1 s

Suncus murinus Shrew Chakan Akaleha

Reptiles

Carlia fuscus Common Brown Skink
Emoia collisticta. werneri Blue-tailed Skink

Amphibians

Bufo marinus Marine Toad

Fish

Anguilla marmorata Freshwater Eel Hasule
Tilapia mossambica Cichlid Tilapia

Mollusks

Achatina, fulica Giant African Snail Akalehan Nipponis
Englandina..rosea Pink Predator Snail Akaleha.
Neritina pulligera Freshwater Nerite
Melanidae family sp. Freshwater Snail

Crustaceans

Macrobrachium lar Freshwater Shrimp Uhang

-30-

The Dandan Marsh Wetland Area

The wetland chosen for this study is located on the central-southeast side
of the island in the Dandan area. It can be reached by following a jeep
trail from the Dandan Nasa Tracking Station, approximately three kilometers
inland towards the Umatac volcanic formation. The reed marsh occurs on
high land between two ridges where surface drainage collects and stands
for most of the year. A jeep road crosses the southern tip of the marsh.
Drainage pipes, installed under the road, are not low enough to drain the
area.

The marsh has very little open water, the center being choked with reeds
and associated grasses and sedges. Phragmites karka, a tall reed-like
grass, is indicative of water at or very near the surface and forms thick
stands along the fringes both up and down river of the main marsh area.
A variety of shrubs, generally associated with wetlands,occur at the
edges and merges into the savannah community.

An interesting sedge, Eleocharis dulcis, known locally as uchaga-lane or
ground chestnut, grows as the dominant species in a nearly pure stand in
the marsh area that is most heavily and consistently inundated with water.
This Asiatic species has an edible, tuberous root and was probably
introduced to Guam. There is no evidence that it is presently being
harvested as a source of food.

C-
led
340

Map No. 4

Dandan Marsh Wetland
and Savannah

LEGEND

Jeep Road

River

Reed Marsh

Savannah

Plate No. 8 Dandan Reed Marsh and Surrounding Savannah

W ,Z" it

@4 zz

Plate No. 9 Close-up of Marsh Wetland Vegetation

-33-

Dandan Marsh Wetland Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Acrostichum aureum Langayao Common
Barringtonia samoensis Seldom
Cyperus odoratus Common
Eleocharis dulcis Water Nut Uchaga Lane Abundant
Eleocharis geniculata Spike Rush Common
Fimbristylis dichotoma Common
Hibiscus tiliaceus Pago Common
Nephrolepis hirsutula Boston Fern Abundant
Phragmites karka Reeds Karriso Abundant
Pteris vittata Leatherleaf Fern Abundant
Rhyrichospora corymbosa Chachachak Common
Scirpus fuirena Common
Scirpus littoralis Bullrush Common

-34-

Dandan Area Savannah Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Bidens pilosa Beggar's Tick Seldom
Brachiaria mutica Para Grass Common
Cassytha filiformis Mayagas Common
Centella asiatica Seldom
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadang Seldom
Decaspermum fruticosum Common
Dicranopterus linearis Savannah Fern Mana Abundant
Dimeria chloridiformis Abundant
Elephantopus mollis Papago Vaka Abundant
Eleusine indica Crow's Foot Grass Ch,aguan Kabayo Seldom
Geniostoma rupestre Majlokjayo Common
Glochidion marianum Chosga Common
Hyptis capitata Buttonweed Batones Abundant
Hyptis pectinata Mumutong Lahe Common
Leucaena leucocephala Tangantangan Common
Lycopodium cernum Clubmoss Abundant
Lygodium scandens common
Melastoma marianum Gafau Common
Miscanthus floridulus Swordgrass Neti Abundant
Mikania scandens Q . . Common
Mimosa pudica Sleeping Grass Common
Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry Lada Seldom
Myrtella bennigseniana Common
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Seldom
Passiflora foetida Love-in-a-mist Kinahulo Adao Seldom
Pennisetum setosum Abundant
Phyllanthus saffordii Seldom
Polygala paniculata Common
Psidium guajava Guava Abas Seldom
Pyrrosia adnascens Common-
Sida rhombifolia Common
Spathoglottis plicata Philippine Ground Orchid Common
Stachytarpheta indica Common
Urena lobata Dadangse Common
Wikstroemia elliptica Gapit Atayake. Seldom

-35-

Dandan Area Fauna

Birds

Coturnix chinensis Chinese Painted Quail
Excalfactoria sinensis Pygmy Quail
Ixobrychus sinensis Chinese Least Bittern Kakag
Padda oryzivora Java Sparrow
Streptopelia b. dusumieri Philippine Turtle Dove Paluman Senesa

Mama I s

Cervus mariannus Marianas Deer Binado

Reptiles

Carlia fuscus Common Brown Skink
Emoia collisticta werneri Blue-tailed Skink

Amphibians

Bufo marinus Marine Toad

Fish 0

Anquilla marmorata Freshwater Eel Hasule

Crustaceans

Macrobrachium lar Freshwater Shrimp Uhang

-36-

Cetti-Sella Bay Coastal Strand

The area chosen as an example of a pristine strand community is the Cetti-
Sella Bay region of the southeast coast. It was deemed most appropriate
because it includes a long stretch of sandy beach shoreline, estuarine
bays and small rocky portions of coastline.

The strand directly behind the beach, along the sandy coast and within the
bays themselves, is occupied by a rich variety of plants dominated by Cocos
nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Thespesia populnea, Hernandia nymphaeifolia
and numerous other smaller shrubs, vines, ferns and other herbs. Patches
of beach morning glory or IRomoea pes-caprae, known locally as alahai tasi
and Sporobolus virginicus, (salt grass or totoput), both valued as
traditional medicinal plants, cover portions of the sandy beach as the
dominant ground cover. In areas of exposed volcanic rock,, Pemphis acidula
and Casuarina eQuisetifolia provide the sole vegetative cover along the
stra7n.

A small stream empties into each bay and typical estuarine flora and fauna
are found there. Tilapia and the freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium lar)
are found in the streams which drain from the upland ravine forest and
savannah. Numerous hermit crabs scavenge along the coastal strand, as well
as an occasional land crab (Cardisoma carnifex). The introduced monitor
lizard (Varanus indicus), known locally as hilitai has been sited along
the streams and probably utilizes the common rat as its main source of
food. Few birds, other than transient shore birds are to be seen in the
area.

From the main road, the Cetti-Sella coastal strand, ravine forest and
savannah provide one of the most beautiful and frequently photographed
areas on the island. Additional attractions along the strand consist of
an old Spanish bridge, constructed of hand-hewn stones, which spans the
Sella River. The remains of a beehive-type oven of Mexican origin and
precontact archaeological sties are also present. Of particular geologic
significance is a volcanic stack on the reef flat just south of Sella Bay.

-37-

OLD
_LPANIS
_HBRIDS
SELLA@
BAY too

4L
40

CETTI BAY

4L
REEF

Fouha
Point

Map No. 5.

Cetti-Sella Coastal Strand

LEGEND

Coastal Strand

-38-

>79

Plate No. 10 Cetti-Sella Coastal Strand and Volcanic Stack

ILI

Plate No. 11 Sella River Spanish Bridge

-39-

Sella-Cetti-Coasial Strand Flora

Taxonomic Classification English Name Chamorro Name Density

Alocasia macrorrhiza Wild Taro Piga Common
Annona muricata Soursop Laguanaha Common
Areca cathecu Betelnut Pugua Seldom
Artocarpus altilus Breadfruit Lemai Common
Bidens pilosa Beggar's Tick Common
Blechum brownei Jatbas Babui Common
Callicarpa candicans Masigsig Seldom
Ca-naval'ia rharitima Akangkang Tasi Common
Carica papaya Papaya Papaya Common
Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Gago Common
Cocos nucifera Coconut Niyuk Abundant
Cycas circinalis Federico Nut Fadang Seldom
Davallia solida Pugua Machena Seldom
Dalbergia candenatensis Rare
.Desmodium umbellatum Palaga Hilitai Common
Eleocharis sp. Common
Elephantopus mollis Papago Vaka Common
Entada pursaetha Large Seabean Gayi Dangkulo Seldom
Euphorbia chamissonis Common
Flagellaria indica False Rattan Bejuko Halunitano Common
Heritiera littoralis Ufa Seldom
Hernandia nymphaeifolia Nonak Common
Hibiscus tili.aceus Pago Abundant
Hymenocallis littoralis Spider Lily Common
Ipomoea alba Moonflower Alahai Common
Ipomoea pes-caprae Beach Morning Glory Alahai Tasi Abundant
Leucaena leucocephala Tangantangan Common
Mangifera i.ndica Mango Manga Seldom
Microsorum punctatum Strapleaf Fern Galak Dikike Common
Mikania scandens Common
Miscanthus floridulus Swordgrass Neti Common
Morinda citrifolia Indian Mulberry Lada Common
Musa sapientum Banana Chotda Seldom
Nephrolepis sp. Boston Fern Common
Pandanus dubius Screwpine Pahong Seldom
Pandanus tectorius Screwpine Kafo Common
Passiflora foetida Love-in-a-mist Kinahulo Adao Common
Pemphis acidula Nigas Abundant
Pennisetum setosum Common
Phymatodes scolopendria Kajlao Common
Polygala paniculata Common
Pteris vittata Common
Pyrrosia adnascens Common
Scaevola tatcada Nanaso Common
Sesbania cannabina Seldom
Sporobolus virginicus Salt Grass Totoput Common
Stachytarpheta indica Common
Taeniophyllum mariannense Leafless Orchid Sanyeye Common
Teramnus labialis Chaguan Kakaguates Common
Thespesia populnea Binalo Common
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry Lemondechina Common
Urena lobata Dadangse Common
*v igna mari ,na Akangkang Marilasa Rare
*threatened

-40-

Sella-Cetti Area Fauna

Bi rds

Annous stolidus pileatus Common Noddy Tern Fahan
Demigretta s. sacra Reef Heron
Sterna fuscata oahuensis Sooty Tern
Streptopelia b. dusumieri Philippine Turtle Dove Paluman Fachi
Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper

Mammals

Suncus murinus Shrew Chakan akaleha
Rattus sp. Common Rat Chaka

Reptiles

Amphibians

Bufo marinus Marine Toad

Crustaceans

Cardisoma carnifex Land Crab Panglao
Coenibita sp. Hermit Crab Umang, Dukduk

Recommended Performance Standards

1. Scientific investigation of the ecological complexity of pristine areas
should be their primary use. It is generally recognized that the
mysteries of natural history are far from being all discovered and
future generations will not have any living laboratories for study
unless natural areas are preserved.

2. Plant collection, soil removal, landfill and rock collection should be
prohibited within pristine areas. Overzealous collection of souvenirs,
houseplants, sand and topsoil, as well as the more destructive land
grading or landfilling can severely damage the natural processes
within a pristine area. The only exception would be the limited
collection of plants for laboratory analysis or identification or
the cultural use of medicinal plants by local curers. The practice
of the suruhano curers is declining, thus over collection of species
for medicinal purposes is not foreseen as a major problem.

3. Recreational activities should be encouraged, but limited to hiking
on designated trails for purposes of nature observation and photo-
graphy. Overnight camping, campfires, restrooms, litter, picnicking,
hunting and fishing should be prohibited. Other larger recreational
parks and open space, rather than fragile pristine areas, are available
for extensive recreation.

4. Structural developments other than minimal hiking trails, benches,
steps or small identification markers should be prohibited. There
should be no off-road vehicular traffic such as motorcycles, jeeps,
cars, etc. Vehicles are totally inconsistent with the nature of
pristine areas.

5. Alteration of the natural ecological relationships should be discouraged.
Exceptions might be:

a. carefully controlled eradication of detrimental, introduced
species which could severely disrupt.the area ecology.

b. reforestation of fire or erosion-damaged areas with emphasis
on planting endemic species characteristic of the plant
community.

c. strategic re-planting of endangered tree seedlings when it
is evident that they will be too sheltered by the parent
tree or displaced by other vegetation.

6. The Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources and the Forestry Division
within the Department of Agriculture should be the primary agents for
monitoring pristine areas and actively enforcing established regulations
which are designed to manage human interaction with natural habitats.

-42-

Appendix No. 1 Endangered and Threatened Plant Species on Guam*

A. Endangered Species - taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a
critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically
reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of
extinction."

B. Threatened Species - taxa believed likely to move into the
endangered category in the near future if serious adverse
factors continue operating.

Endangered Species Threatened Species
Alyxia torresiana Avicennia marina var. alba
Angiopteris durvilleana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Barringtonia samoensis Cerbera dili,tata
Barringtonia racemosa Elaeocarpus sphaericus
Calanthe furcata Heritiera longipetiolata
Canthium odoratum Leucaena insularum var. guamense
Capparis cordifolia Lumnitzera littorea
Cyathea lunulata Nephrolepis acutifolia
Derringia amaranthoides Ophioglossum pendulum
Dendrocnide latifolia Rhizophora apiculata
Dodonaea viscosa Rhizophora mucronata
Drypetes dolichocarpa Suriana maritima
Eugenia bryanii Tacca leontopetaloides
Excoecaria agalocha Vigna marina
Fagraea galilai
Grewia crenata
Hernandia labyrinthica
Lycopodium phlegmaria
Maesa sp.
Melothria guamensis
Merrilliodendron megacarpum
Morinda umbellata
Myoporum boninense
Nervilia aragoana
Pisonia umbellifera
Portulaca pilosa
Potamogeton lucens
Psychotria rotensis
Serianthes nelsonii
Streblus pendulinus
Strongylodon sp.
Tabernaemontana rotensis
Tarenna sambucina
Terminalia littoralis
Trema orientalis var. viridis
Tristiropsis acutangula
Xylosma nelsonii

*List prepared by Philip H. Moore.
Red Data Book Categories, International Union for the Conservation of Nature

-43-

Appendix No. 2 Endangered and Threatened Animal Species on Guam*

Endangered Birds

Sula leucogaster Brown Booby Luan
Phaeton lepturus White-tailed Tropic Bird
Egretta sacra Reef Egret Chuchuko
Gallinula chloropus Common Gallinule Pulatat
Gygis alba White Fern Chunge
Ptilinopus roseicapillus Marianas Fruit Dove Totot
Gallicolumba xanthanura White-throated Ground Dove Paluman fachi
Halcyon cinnamomina Micro'nesian Kingfisher Sihig
Anas oustaleti Marianas Mallard Nganga
Acrocephalus luscinia Nightingale Reed Warbler Ga-kirriso
Collocalia. vanikorensis Vanikoro Swiftlet Jajaguag, Pagaga
Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous-fronted Fantail Chichirika
Myiagra oceanica Micronesian Broadbill Chiguaguan
Corvus kubaryi Marianas Crow Aga
Myzomela cardinalis Cardinal Honey-eater Egigi
Zosterops conspicillata Bridled White-eye Nossak
Poliolimnas cinereus White-browed Rail Bako

Threatened Birds

Rallus owstoni Guam Rail Koko
Aplonis opacus Micronesian Starling Sali
Ixobrychus sinensis Chinese Least Bittern Kakkag
Anous stolidus Common Noddy Fahan

Endangered Mammals

Bubalus bubalis Asiatic Water Buffalo Karabao
Emballanura semicaudata Short-tailed Emballanura
Pteropus tokudae Little Marianas Fruit Bat Fanihi Tojo
Pteropus mariannus Marianas Fruit Bat Fanihi

Endangered Reptiles

Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle Haga Karai
Chelonia mydas Green Turtle Hagan Verde
Emoia slevini
Perochirus aciculatus Cocos Island Gecko

Threatened Reptiles

Lepidodactylus lugabris Gecko

*List prepared by the Endangered and Threatened Species Committee of Guam,
1976.

-44-

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Patrick D. McMakin for his technical assistance in
fieldwork, editing and Chamorro plant names. My appreciation is also
extended to Alan Q. Calamba for mapping skills and to Josie B. Cruz for
typing the report.

.Bibliography

Endangered and Threatened Animal Species on Guam. Endangered and Threatened
Species Committee of Guam for the Department of Agriculture, DivisioR
of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, 1976.

Environmental Statement. Access Easement Across U.S. Air Force Lands to
Uruno Point, Seibu Leisure (Guam), Inc. for proposed development of
Lot 10080., Department of the Air Force, 1975.

The Flora of Guam. Benjamin C. Stone, Micronesia, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1970.

In Gardens of Hawaii. Marie C. Neal, Bishop-Museum Press, Special Publica-
tion No. 50, 1965.

Inventory and Mapping of Wetland Vegetation in Guam, Tinian and Saipan,
Mariana Is., Moore, Raulerson, Chernin and McMakin, University of
Guam Biosciences for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June, 1977.

Land-Use Plan. Bureau of Planning, 1977.

The Suruhanos: Traditional Curers on the Island of Guam. Patrick D. McMakin,
Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Guam, October 30i 1975.

-45-

. I

EDGE INDEX

HOW TO USE THE EDGE INDEX

Bend the book nearly double
and hold it in your right hand
as shown.

Locate the listing you want
in the Edge Index.

Match up the I or 2 line sym-
bol next to the listing you
have selected with the cor-
responding I or 2 dot symbol
on the page edge.

OPEN THERE.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: CZM LAND-USE OPINION SURVEY

AN INVENTORY OF PRESENT AND PROJECTED COASTAL LAND AND WATER USES

A SUMMARY OF MAJOR FEDERAL AGENCY LAND HOLDINGS IN THE TERRITORY OF GUAM

FUTURE POWER PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION: ALTERNATIVE PLANS, GUAM, USA

AQUACULTURE AND ITS POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON GUAMS COASTAL WATERS

THE EXTENT OF CORAL, SHELL AND ALGAL HARVESTING IN GUAM WATERS

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PRISTINE TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITIES ON G
UAM
-3 6668 14109 3866