Baltimore metropolitan coastal area study an agenda for action : a technical study in support of Maryland's Coastal Zone Management Program

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Baltimore Metrdp-olitan F@
I Coastal Area Study
an age nda for action

COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

. . . . . . . . . . .

a technical
study
in support of
Maryland's
coastal zone
management
program

HT
394
.B2 C@
B3
1976

14000

BALTIMORE METROPOLITAN COASTAL AREA STUDY
AN AGENDA FOR ACTION

COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER
A Technical Study in support of Maryland's Coastal
Zone Management Program produced by an inter-
agency Task Force and Technical Committee to meet
the needs of coastal zone management program de-
velopment and HUD 701 land use planning for the
Baltimore coastal region.

U S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
C HARLELST0N SC, 29405-2413

Property of CSC Library

The preparation of this report was made possible in part through demonstration funding from the Department of
Housing and Urban Development and the Office of Coastal Zone Management. The purpose of these demonstration
grants was to coordinate ongoing HUD 701 comprehensive and land use planning activities with coastal zone
management program development.

INTRODUCTION

This study was produced by the cooperative action of four jurisdictions-Har-
ford County, Baltimore County, Baltimore City, and Anne Arundel County-
along with the Regional Planning Council, the Department of Natural Resources,
and several other State agencies. Their purpose in working together was to devise
better means of responding to coastal-related problems.
This document represents their frank estimation of what should be done within
the Baltimore metropolitan coastal area to better preserve resources and control
the use of land. It is not a 'plan' but rather a set of recommendations on actions
to be taken by the participants in coastal decision-making-citizens, local gov-
ernments, regional groups, and state government. It should be viewed as the first
of three steps. First, coastal problems must be described, recommended solutions
put forth, and commitments made to analyze the proposed solutions. This study
accomplishes these items. Second, the governments and agencies of the coastal
area must endorse, implement, or reject the recommendations. Third, a follow-
up report must be prepared on the fate of the recommendations and the new
commitments of the study participants to coastal zone management.
This document, then, can be used as a guide to the region's attempt to coordinate
action, build consensus, and resolve conflict in the preservation, conservation,
and use of its coastal lands and waters.

Authorship of the Study was the responsibility of the . . .

Task Force
Bill Carroll-Harford County
Cary Hinton-Baltimore County
Alain Jaramillo-Baltimore City
Tom Ervin-Anne Arundel County
Ginger Klingelhoefer-Anne Arundel County
Beth Reynolds-Anne Arundel County
Dick O'Connor-Anne Arundel County
Rob Hrabak-Regional Planning Council (Interim Project Director)
Barry Garber-Regional Planning Council
Jacob Kaminsky-Regional Planning Council (Initial Project Director)
Joel Hirsch-Maryland Department of Transportation
John Starr-Maryland Port Administration
Matthew Norman-Graphics
Bruce Galloway-Technical Director
Louis Hecht Jr.-Project Manager, Coastal Zone Unit,
Department of Natural Resources

Policy direction of the Study was the responsibility of the ...

Technical Committee
Charles Albrecht-Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Gary Rosenbaum-Department of Transportation
David Carroll-Baltimore City Department of Planning
Don Clifford-Department of Economic and Community Development
Stoney Fraley-Department of State Planning
Al Gwynn-Regional Planning Council
Louis Will-ett-Maryland Port Administration
Louis Hecht Jr.-Department of Natural Resources
Ken Green-Harford County Planning and Zoning
Paul Solo mon-Baltimore County Planning and Zoning
Jeffrey Frank-Anne Arundel County Planning and Zoning
John Wolf-Maryland Environmental Trust

BALTIMORE METROPOLITAN COASTAL AREA STUDY
AN AGENDA FOR ACTION

CONTENTS: ..................................................... v

I-WHY? ......................................................... I

11-THE METROPOLITAN COASTAL ZONE ................ 9
The Boundary ...... 9
Assumptions About the Future ............................... 15

111-OPPORTUNITIES FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT ... 19
The Critical Areas Program .................................. 19
Geographic Areas of Particular Concern ...................... 20
Management Concerns ...................................... 21
Goals and Objectives ....................................... 25

IV-COASTAL PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 27
The Quality of Our Waters .................................. 28
Land Activities and Water Quality ......................... 28
Standards and Permits .................................. 28
Enforcement .......................................... 29
Planning .............................................. 30
Basin Plan Recommendations ........................... 32
Lower Susquehanna ................................. 33
Bush River ......................................... 33
Gunpowder River ................................... 36
Patapsco River ...................................... 38
West Chesapeake ................................... 40
Flow Reduction ....................................... 42
Septic Systems ........................................ 43
Sewerage Systems ..................................... 43
County Sediment Control Programs ...................... 45
Water Activities and Water Quality ........................ 48
Shellfish and Finfish Resources .......................... 48
Recreational Boating .................................... 50
Commercial Boating ................................... 54
The Land/Water Edge ...................................... 55
The Port of Baltimore .................................. 56
Water-Related Employment Centers ..................... 58
Canton ............................................. 60
Boston St./Fells Point/Falls Harbor .................... 62
Locust Point ........................................ 62
Hawkins Point ...................................... 63
Fairfield/Curtis Bay .................................. 64
Harford County ...................... .............. 65
Transportation Facilities in the Baltimore Harbor Area .... 65
Spoil Disposal ......................................... 70
Wetlands and Aquatic Vegetation ....................... 75
Shoreline Erosion ...................................... 82
Flooding .............................................. 83
Marinas .............................................. 84
Public Access to the Shoreline .......................... 88
Parkland .............................................. 90

Inland Coastal Areas ........................................ 95
Non-Water Related Employment Centers ................. 95
Harford County ..................................... 95
Baltimore County ................................... 95
Baltimore City ...................................... 96
Anne Arundel County ............................... 97
Land Transportation .................................... 98
Air Pollution .......................................... 106
Solid Waste ........................................... 108
The Loss of Resources ...................................... 110
Archeological and Historic Resources .................... 110
Natural Areas ......................................... 113
Agricultural Resources ................................. 116
Mineral Resources ..................................... 119
Growth Pressures and Their Management ..................... 121
Urban Service Areas ................................... 122
Rural Service Areas .................................... 123

V-SOLVING COASTAL PROBLEMS ......................... 127
The Metropolitan Advisory Board ........................ 131
Action Commitments ................................... 131
Harford County ..................................... 131
Baltimore County .................................... 132
Baltimore City ....................................... 132
Anne Arundel County ................................ 133
Regional Planning Council ............................ 133
Department of Natural Resource s/Coastal Zone Unit .... 134
Department of Economic and Community Development.. 134
Department of State Planning ......................... 135
Department of Transportation ......................... 137

APPENDICES:
A-State Management Program Goals and Objectives ........... 139
B-Finfish and Shellfish ..................................... 143
C-Transportation Systems .................................. 147
D-National Register Listings ................................ 153
E-Technical Work Products ................................. 155

Footnotes:

PART I-WHY?

In his colorful book on the Chesapeake Bay, Beau- cayed organic matter, and microscopic organisms serve
tiful Swimmers, William W. Warner notes an obser- as the base of a food chain that supports a large pop-
vation by the Bay watermen about their place of ulation of finfish and shellfish, reptiles, birds, and mam-
work . . . "As they go out year after year, the water mals. It is a vital link in the ecology of the Bush River
seems to be changing. It may be, they think, that it is and the Chesapeake Bay. But it is also close to Routes
40 and 1-95 in an area of high development potential.
everywhere getting a little tired. Each summer there Both the previous and current Master Plans for Harford
are more fish kills and in winter you can sometimes County allow for relatively intense development sur-
see strange little red dots suspended in the water. Old, rounding the entire marsh.
tired and a little messy, you could even say. Age is In 1975 a major development proposal was submitted
coming to the Bay, too, perhaps. Simple as that." for an area adjacent to the marsh. Harford County
Simple as that? It could be. Make note of the power lacked floodplain district regulations and an effective
plants, the erosion and silt, channel dredging, and raw sediment control ordinance. The planned filling of some
sewage and listen to the public outcry at these threats of the marsh, the erosion from construction activity,
but also look at the water. It does look tired, old beyond and the long-term pollutant contribution of stormwater
its years. Its not the Bay that even the youngest among runoff from the developed area were beyond the
County's control and the end of Otter Creek marsh was
us remembers. We expect growth and change in our- foreseen.
selves but we do not expect it in a body of water whose Only citizen action by the Harford County League
life span is measured in millions of years. In geologic of Women voters, supported by the Department of State
time, the Bay is now in early middle age-about a Planning and the Coastal Zone Unit of the Department
million years old. Not so long ago it would have been of National Resources prevented destruction. These two
popular and droll to point out that long before the Bay parties joined in a court suit contesting the approval of
reaches full maturity the hand that has littered its the development plats and began negotiations with the
beaches and raided its waters will have utterly vanished developer. In 1977 the court suit was dropped and the
from the face of the earth and joined the mastodons developer agreed to preserve the threatened wetlands,
that once roamed its shores. There is no longer any maintain a natural buffer strip, and install stormwater
management systems that would restrict flow into the
philosophical solace to be found in that statement. We marsh. In the meantime, Harford County passed a more
might outlast the Bay. Its getting tired. effective sediment control ordinance (requiring a 75'
Among the grains of sand on the beach at Gibson buffer strip adjacent to wetlands) and added a Flood
Island are tiny golden flecks of solidified resin left by Hazard Control article to its zoning ordinance.
an ancient evergreen forest, The horizontal black lines The Otter Creek marsh incident has two sides. On
in the yellow clay banks of the Magothy River are all the one hand, an area vital to the functioning of the
that is left of acres of trees and grasses. The remains upper Bush River was narrowly saved from harm, and
of an entire forest of cycad trees were once uncovered on the other, a developer was subjected to long and
in Baltimore City. They had shaded the Westport area unexpected delays and experienced cost increases
over a hundred million years ago. Discover time and which he will have to pass on to his customers. Why
did all this happen? First, there was a lack of under-
discover that a million years ago a part of the Susque- standing by many of the parties about the value of wet-
hanna river valley slid into the sea. The drowning of lands to Bay ecology and the overall environmental
the valley gave us the Bay. Discover time and discover quality of the immediate area. Both private developers
the ghosts of countless plants and animals crowding and government officials would be less inclined to allow
into each grain of sand and drop of water. Discover the destruction of a marsh if they understood that the
time and discover each interlocked piece of the Bay . result would be poorer water quality, fewer fish, lesis
wildlife, and more flood damage. Second, there was no
Otter Creek marsh in Harford County is one of the one within the County government with the direct re-
few large and undisturbed freshwater marshes remaining sponsibility of overseeing the protection of sensitive
in the Chesapeake Bay area. It is a protected 400 acre coastal areas. The project just slipped through. The
tidal marshland teeming with life. Its vegetation, de- Otter Creek Marsh experience points out that all coastal

governments should have the authority and administra- nals and railroads to serve their ports. A canal begaa
tive structure necessary to monitor the use of sensitive up the Potomac, another went west from Richmond,
coastal resources. a railroad connected Baltimore and Pittsburgh, and in
Verrazano sailed past the mouth of the Bay in 1524 1829 the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal connected
and gave us the first European record of its existence. the upper Bay with the Delaware River. Fate favored
Brother Carrera came next in 1572 and noted that it Baltimore and Maryland over Norfolk and Virginia.
Railroads proved more profitable than canals and the
possessed the largest and best ports in the world. Cap- Baltimore and Ohio RR captured the products of the
tain Vincente Gonzales arrived in 1588 and was prob- midwest and much of the northern and western Virginia
ably the first European to sail the upper Bay. By cen- trade. The battle was over for a while and Baltimore
tury's end, Queen Elizabeth had chartered the Company rapidly expanded not only as a distribution point but
of Gentlemen Adventurers of London and with the as a center of production.
patriotic words of Hakluyt ringing in their ears and the Many colonial fall line communities are now well
spirit of competition with the Spanish and Portuguese above the head of navigation. In the 1700's Port To-
coursing through their veins, the Gentlemen Adven- bacco, Harford-on-the-Bush, Joppa Town, and Upper
turers sat back. and invested in a new settlement called Marlboro were ports. Now, Upper Marlboro is eight
Jamestown. The unfortunate Adventurers lost their miles above navigable waters .
investment but accessibility to oceangoing shipping,
rivers and streams providing easy transportation, and The maintenance of a major port requires mainte-
fertile tobacco land made the area boom and settlers nance of the shipping access channels to the port. Main-
and settlements spread throughout the region. tenance of these channels requires dredging and dredg-
Although the plantation system that grew around ing creates spoil. Of the various land use issues in the
tobacco discouraged the growth of urban centers, such coastal plain, none has been more controversial than
towns as Annapolis, Oxford, and Chestertown thrived the.proposal by the State of Maryland to establish a
as shipping centers in the 17th century and well into spoil disposal facility adjacent to Hart and Miller Islands
the Eighteenth.. As the colonists moved along the rivers off the shoreline of Baltimore County. This controversy
began in the late 60's and continues unabated today.
inland from the Bay, they soon found their way barred The Hart Island chain consists of three separate is-
by rapids. At the present sites of Havre de Grace, lands totaling 120 acres approximately one mile south-
Baltimore, Washington, Fredericksberg, Richmond, east of Rocky Point. Together with Back River Neck,
and Petersburg, they reached the head of navigation they form a body of water known as Hawk Cove, an
of the Susquehanna, Patapsco, Potomac, Rappahan- area of heavy pleasure boat use. The islands themselves
nock, James, and Appomattox Rivers. These cities are are uninhabited and are for the most part woodland and
all at the junction of the coastal plain and the Piedmont wetland.
plateau and the geographic contour connecting them In the late 1960's it became obvious that the dumping
is known as the fall line, after the rapids located there. of dredged spoil overboard into the Bay would soon halt
At these natural points of rest and change in form of because of pressure from watermen and the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. In addition, the deep holes
transport, towns grew in great number. at Kent and Pooles Islands where most of the dumping
Baltimore was founded in 1729 by the colonial leg- had taken place historically were filled or nearing ca-
islature and laid out with 60 acres and 60 lots. It was pacity. So, on May 2, 1969, the Maryland legislature
the third Maryland town to have the name and looked passed a bill which provided for the funding of diked
as though it was fated to follow its predecessors. Its spoil disposal facilities. The amount funded was
harbor was a shallow stream, its hinterland was small $13,000,000. This sum was to be expended both for the
and tobacco continued to follow the old routes to Elk design and the construction of one or more diked dis-
Ridge Landing and Joppa. Indeed, by 1748 only eight posal areas and other facilities to receive dredged spoil
ships offered to haul freight out of the town. But Bal- from the harbor and approach channels.
timore had one thing the other communities lacked, Two engineering firms were hired by the State to
select suitable sites and provide preliminary design.
waterpower from the Jones Falls, Gwynns Falls and They selected 70 sites for review. Of these, five were
the Patapsco to drive the machinery that turned local finally recommended with Hart and Miller Islands at the
grains into flour. Based on trade in flour and wheat, top of the list. The consultants said that the Hart and
a small amount of tobacco, and a local ore deposit, Miller Island site could contain 54 million cubic yards
Baltimore began to grow. From 25 homes in 1752, it of spoil or that which would be generated by the actual
became the largest town in the colony by 1772. In 1787 deepening of the approach channels to Baltimore Har-
it contained 2000 homes; in 1795, 3000; and by 1802 bor. (It had previously been determined necessary to
it had become the fourth largest port in the country. deepen these channels from 42 to 50 feet to provide the
During the first half of the 19th century, the entire necessary draft for the larger vessels being constructed.)
Bay region fell behind the expanding economic and In addition, they said that the site could be enlarged to
hold an additional 46 million cubic yards of spoil to be
political strength of the north and west. Baltimore generated by maintenance dredging over the next 20-25
struggled to keep pace with the northern ports, the years. Based on the proposed design of the diked area,
other fall fine towns, and with its prime shipping op- the initial 52 million cubic yards of spoil would create
ponent, Norfolk. States vied with one another for ca- a land area of 1, 150 acres.

50272-101
DOCUMENTATION 1.1._REPORT NO. 3. Recipient's Accession No.
REPORT PAGE BTL/RPC-78/011

4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
Baltimore metropolitan coastal area study; an agenda for March 1978
action. 6.

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Rept. No.

Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project /Task /Work Unit No.

Regional Planning Council
2225 N. Charles Street 11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C)
(G)

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh St., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20410 14.

15. Supplementary Notes
Partial funding also from the Office of Coastal Zone Management (U.S. Department of
Commerce.)

16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
This study was produced by the cooperative action of 4 jurisdictions--Harford County,
Baltimore County, Baltimore City, and Anne Arundel County--along with the Regional Planning
Council, the Department of Natural Resources and several other State agencies.
This document represents their frank estimation of what should be done within the
Baltimore metropolitan coastal area to better preserve resources and control the use of
land. It is not a 'plan' but rather a set of recommendations on actions to be taken by
the participants in coastal decision-making-citizens, local governments, regional groups,
and state government. It should be viewed as the first of three steps. First, coastal
problems must be described, recommended solutions put forth, and commitments made to
analyze the proposed solutions. This study accomplishes these items. Second, the
governments and agencies of the coastal area must endorse, implement, or reject the
recommendations. Third, a follow-up report must be prepared on the fate of the
recommendations and the new commitments of the study participants to coastal zone
management.
This document can be used as a guide to the region's attempt to coordinate action,
build consensus, and resolve conflict in the preservation, conservation, and use of its
coastal lands and waters.

17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors
Land development
Land use
Regional planning
Water quality

b. Identifiers/ Open-Ended Terms
Coastal zone management
Chesapeake Bay

C. COSATI Field/Group

I& Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This Report) 21. No. of Pages
Release unlimited. UNCLASSIFIED 162
Available from National Technical Information 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price
Service, Springfield, VA. 22161 UNCLASSIFIED
(See ANSI-Z39.18) See instructions on Reverse OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77)
(Formerly NTIS-35)
Department of Commerce

The State of Maryland was to construct the diked could have been largely avoided if better coordination
facility and the Corps of Engineers was to pet-form the and cooperation had been sought among these groups
actual dredging. But, prior to any construction, a num- at a very early stage. Instead, the groups have been
ber of permit requirements had to be met by the State. alienated one from another, the channel remains un-
The permits included: dredged, and future projects, even if very desirable, will
I . A Corps of Engineers dredge and fill permit for begin with black marks against them.
dike construction;
2. A State of Maryland wetland permit;
3. Certification from the Water Resources Admin- Just as towns had to shift away from port activities
istration indicating that water quality would not when the Bay waters receded and their harbors silted
be adversely affected. In addition, an environ- up so did the region's economy have to shift when the
mental impact statement was to be submitted by plantation system went awry. Tobacco and slaves went
the State to the Corps of Engineers. and diversified agriculture came but dependence on
The State did two things to try and gain acceptance proximity to the Bayshore and the roads and railroads
of their proposal. First, The Department of Natural paralleling it remained.
Resources established an advisory committee on the While Baltimore emerged as the dominant trading
future use of the completed disposal site. This com- center in Maryland many other settlements dotted the
mittee consisted of representatives from various local,
state and regional agencies as well as representatives shoreline, due as much to the economic advantages of
from the engineering consultants. The committee con- access to trade as the advantage of being close to the
cluded that while both recreation and industry were the Bay's abundant seafood. The effects of Baltimore's
most logical uses for the site, the need for recreation port activity were felt throughout the region, especially
and open space in the Baltimore metropolitan region through the coastal areas of Harford and Baltimore
was most critical. The committee formally recom- Counties, where the route of the old Post Road north-
mended the designation and development of the island ward was developed into a major transport corridor.
complex as a state park. Within this corridor, US Route 40, 1-95, the Chessie
In 1972, widespread public controversy surfaced (B&O) railroad, and the Conrail (Penn Central) rail-
rather abruptly and quite strongly at the various hearings road run in a broad band a few miles from each other
required by the permits. The Department of Natural
Resources held several additional public information and parallel to the bayshore. In Anne Arundel County,
meetings which had the effect of adding more contro- economic development focused around Annapolis, the
versy because they were held after the State had made center of Maryland government and a major port in its
its site selection and because of the manner in which own right since colonial times. Easy rail access along
the meetings were held. This is to say the State was not the Baltimore & Annapolis Railroad fostered growth
very convincing in its presentation and a number of north of Annapolis in such communities as Severna
important environmental questions were left unan- Park and Glen Burnie.
swered. The question of a] ternate land uses for the 1, 150 Today, a substantial portion of the economic activity
acre site also became an issue. There was considerable in the Baltimore Region is still located in this coastal
fear expressed by the various citizens as well as their zo
elected officials that heavy industrial use might be made ne. The planning area defined for this study averages
of the site. three to five miles inland from the bayshore, contains
The State's second action was to establish the Peer 412 square miles (18% of the regional total) with a total
Review Steering Committee. This was an attempt to length of tidal shoreline of 792 miles. 10.2% of this
provide an independent review of other possible sites shoreline is actively committed to commercial and in-
for a diked spoil disposal facility. Another consultant dustrial use.
was selected by the committee. The report prepared by Total employment in the Baltimore Region was
this committee created even more controversy. The 904,200 according to the 1970 census. 371,168 jobs or
State argued that the Peer Review Report justified their 41% of the total are located in the study area. The
use of the Hart and Miller Island complex as a spoil greatest concentration of economic activity in the re-
disposal site. However, the Report also raised serious gion is found in the Baltimore Harbor. It contributes
questions about certain design features of the diked fa-
cility. The Report also indicated that several other sites in excess of $2.5 billion to the Gross State Product or
located within the harbor, although inadequate as far one dollar in ten. More than 170,000jobs are created
as capacity, possessed advantages over the Hart and by both primary and secondary port activities, ac-
Miller Island site. counting for nearly 20% of the employment in the re-
To date, the construction of a spoil disposal facility gion. One in every ten jobs in the State is ultimately
at Hart and Miller has not begun and a law suit has dependent upon the port.
been initiated by a private group interested in preserving Among the most important operations within the
the area. All required permits have been approved, how- Harbor are the Dundalk Marine Terminal, the Beth-
ever, so that construction could begin once the State lehem Steel Corporation plant at Sparrows Point, the
obtains title to the Islands. Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, and
The Hart and Miller Island controversy is a classic Amstar. Outside the Harbor significant employment
example of confusion and lack of coordination among
the people and their elected officials, the applicant, in centers include: in Harford County, the Aberdeen
this case the State of Maryland, and the various ap- Proving Ground and the Bata Shoe Company on the
proving and commenting agencies. The controversy Bush River; in Anne Arundel County, the US Naval

Academy, the governmental complex at Annapolis and for industrial development is the transportation cor-
the Naval Ship Research and Development Center. ridor which borders the coastal areas of Baltimore and
In Baltimore County facilities include the Harry T. Harford Counties, going north from Baltimore City to
Campbell Sand and Gravel operations at White Marsh, the Susquehanna River. This corridor consists of major
and the Martin Airport industrial park on Middle River. highway and rail alignments and is a segment of the
One of our greatest concerns is the future of indus- larger transportation corridor 'connecting the urban
trial development in the coastal area. Do the advan- centers of the East Coast megalopolis from Boston to
tages that stimulated past development-an inland Washington.
deepwater port, well developed rail and highway con- The transportation factors and the economies of
nections, and a diversified labor market-still make it scale experienced in a heavily industrialized urban area
an attractive and profitable location for industry? If so, are advantages that are offered by many areas. The
how much industrial growth can the sensitive coastal degree to which industrial development will take place
area accomodate? in the Baltimore Region is directly related to the steps
With the creation of the Maryland Port Authority that will be taken by state and local government to
in the mid-50's, efforts began to convert Baltimore from recruit industry. In sum, the economic future of the
a railroad-dominated to a shipper-oriented port. A con- coastal area of the Baltimore Region is this: the po-
certed effort is now being made to promote the port tential for extensive growth exists due to the locational
as one that meets the needs of the modern industrial cost advantages. The likelihood depends largely on the
market and make the Harbor an area with even greater efforts of local governments to recruit new industry.
potential for future development. Accessibility to the The need for and environmental effect of extensive
Harbor will be greatly aided with completion of the development is undetermined .
proposed Interstate expressway system and the loca-
tional advantages of the Harbor for shipping and man- "The Marley Neck Peninsula is situated in northern
ufacturing will be maintained. Prime sites for new Anne Arundel County, adjacent to the Baltimore city
industrial development include Sparrows Point, line. The northern tip of the peninsula falls within the
Canton/Ft. Holabird, and Marley Neck. city. It is bounded by the Patapsco River on the north
Uutside of the Harbor area, one of the most advan- and east, Stony Creek on the southeast, and Curtis
tageous, and consequently, one of the most likely areas Creek and Marley Creek on the west. The terrain is

Harford County
Howard & Carroll Counties
Baltimore
Employment in County
the Coastal Zone Anne
Arundel
County

Baltimore
The Region im.- City

COASTAL
ZONE

COASTAL
ZONE COASTA
ZONE
CZ
CR
Baltimore City Baltimore County Anne Arundei Harford
County County

predominantly flat and covered primarily with fields, visitor as abandoned and eroded. Needless to say, later
low-growing shrubs, and trees. Scattered low-density years brought some change.
residential development is found in the interior of the The 1970 census shows the population of the Bal-
peninsula along the roadways, as well as along the Mar- timore Region as 2,070,670. The population of the four
ley Creek shoreline. The predominant aspect of the in- coastal jurisdictions was 1,939,753 or 94% of the met-
terior is that of an undeveloped, almost rural area. This ropolitan region; the population within the coastal zone
is in marked contrast to the periphery of the peninsula, study area was 728,400 or 38% of the total for the four
at the water's edge, which is the location of a number
of industrial facilities of large size. Two major instal- coastal jurisdictions. While the greatest concentration
lations situated here are the Wagner electric generating is in the harbor area, the population is spread through-
station of the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company at out the coastal zone. The following charts show the
Cox Creek in the southeast sector, and the US Coast population distribution within the total Region and
Guard Yard at Arundel Cove in the northwest sector. within each jurisdiction.
"All of the Neck from Tanyard Cove around to Cox Patterns of settlement and growth follow closely
Creek is currently zoned by Anne Arundel County for those of economic development: people settle along-
heavy industrial uses; more than 2300 acres are so side employment opportunities. Transportation im-
zoned. Other large areas are zoned for light industrial provements throughout the 20th century greatly altered
uses(more than 1000acres). The center ofthe peninsula, these patterns of settlement, however, and led to the
around the Foreman's Corner area, is zoned residential.
"Marley Neck is served by rail. The Hawkins Point development of dispersed areas that are largely resi-
Marine Terminal is located at the northern end. The dential and removed from employment centers. The
Neck is merely 0.6 of a nautical mile from the 42-foot- aesthetic values and recreational opportunities present
deep Brewerton Angle. With completion of the Outer in the coastal zone partially explain extensive shoreline
Harbor Crossing (Francis Scott Key Bridge), this area settlement but transportation improvements have also
has access through the interstate highway system to the encouraged this locational trend . . .
north, to add to its present access south, east, and west
via the Baltimore Beltway and other highway routes, Bowley's Quarters and Carroll Island Peninsulas
however, a problem exists at the interchange of the were originally developed as recreational, seasonal
Baltimore Beltway and Ft. Smallwood Road. Truck dwelling areas. The recreational attraction was the Bay
traffic is noticeably heavy. The location has excellent and its tributaries, therefore, the majority of this sea-
accessibility to the Baltimore region's labor market. sonal development occured on waterfront properties.
"A recent study of industrial development potential With the development of the Martin Company industrial
in Maryland notes the following; 'Marley Neck now complex to the west during World War 11, Bowley's
represents Maryland's only large reserve of ready in- Quarters and Carroll Island Peninsulas began to trans-
dustrial land presently served by rail, deep water, and form from seasonal to permanent residential areas.
interstate highways.' During this period, Carrollwood was completed as a
"Owing to its location, accessibility, and the avail- permanent residential development, Following WWII
ability of development infrastructure, Marley Neck is and the subsequent de-emphasis of the Martin Company
especially suitable to port-oriented industrial develop- complex, the growth pattern of the area returned to
ment which should not be pre-empted by the establish- spasmodic development of areas with access to the
ment of incompatible uses into the area." waterfront. However, most of this development has
-From Anne Arundel County Critical Areas Program been of permanent residential type.
In 1972 a Baltimore County Bureau Of Environmental
"I've lived on Marley Neck for 10 years and the Services survey of the Bowley's Quarters and Seneca
biggest investment I ever made was my house. I'm not Park areas found that 1,053 of 1, 148 properties inspected
going to sit still and let them build an oil refinery or a had failing sewage disposal facilities and that 15 to 30
chemical plant across the street from my home. Leave private water supplies in the Seneca Park area may be
our fields and trees alone and put the factories where subject to contamination. Because a large number of
they won't hurt anyone." the failing septics were located along the water, the Bay
-An Anne Arundel County Resident tributaries were receiving large amounts of pollutants.
Many of the problems associated with the 91% failure
rate of the Bowley's Quarters area septic systems re-
The plantation system showed signs of decay as early sulted from their design as systems solely for summer
as 1750. Farmed-out tobacco fields were seeded to corn residences. Their low capacity and small drainage fields
and wheat or allowed to go to scrub pine. As yields were inadequate for permanent residences. Further-
grew poorer, the planters abandoned their cash crop- more, until recently State and County Department of
tobacco-and shifted to subsistence farming. With the Health regulations for percolation testing did not pro-
change came loss of income, lower living standards, vide for the seasonal variance of the groundwater level.
and decreased population. From 1790 to 1815, seven Thus, percolation tests that were positive in the summer
Tidewater counties lost population despite a national and fall when the groundwater lever was low resulted
in failing septic systems in the spring when the water
increase of 25-fold. In 1794 Port Tobacco was de- table was much higher. This causes pollution of the
scribed as a "perfect wilderness . . . for miles alto- groundwater needed for water supply.
gether." In the 1830's the countryside between Wash- The immediate response by the Baltimore County
ington and Richmond was characterized by an English Department of Health was to promote the extension of

Harford County---*,
HowordaCarroll Counties Ba Itimore
County
Population in
the Coastal Zone Anne
Arundel
County Baltimore
The Region Im- City

-COASTAL
ZONE

COASTAL
ZONE
COASTAL
ZONE
Cz

Baltimore City Baltimore County Anne Arundel Harford
County County

public sewers to those areas with failing septic systems. on the environment, and in particular, on the Chesa-
This proposal has met some resistence from local res- peake Bay ecological system. That feature which at-
idents and members of the Baltimore County Office of tracted residents to the area decades ago is now threat-
Planning and Zoning. Construction of the lateral trunk ened by their very growing presence.
lines and secondary pumping stations necessary to
sewer the area has an estimated cost of nearly $12 mil- Why tackle this chore of studying the coastal zone?
lion, or about $10,000 per residence. This is equal to Why this report? The reason is simple-we, as resi-
about one-third of the market value of most of the res- dents and governments, have not done a very good job
idences. This cost would not be totally borne by the of managing what happens on our coastal lands and
residents of the area due to federal funding that is avail- waters.
able and the system of assessing constructions costs to Fully 50% of the nation's population lives within 50
the entire metropolitan area. However, even the sub- miles of the seashore. The growth rate in these coastal
stantially less than cost sewer assessments that would areas has been three times the national average. The
be levied on area residents would undoubtedly cause
hardship for many. same statistics are even more dramatic for the region's
Since much of the Bowley's Quarters area is in ag- coastal areas. We are placing tremendous demands on
ricultural use or undeveloped it is suspected that the a limited and very sensitive piece of land and water
massive expenditure of public funds for sewering would and are suffering losses. We must find bett@r way of
eventually be justified by additional residential devel- managing the use of our coastal areas.
opment. Once the sewers were provided for the Bow- We need effective and coordinated management by
ley's Quarters and Carroll Island Peninsulas historic our governments of activities in the coastal zone. We
precedent leads us to believe that development of ex- need an understandable means of relating the concerns
isting open areas would soon follow. Thus, the question and actions of citizens and local, regional, and state
posed is really this: To what extent is large scale resi- agencies to the natural reality of a living coastal system.
dential development with all attendant services includ-
IC ZGOA A L
ST 'I
NE

ing sewers, transportation, schools, recreation, shop- We need a way to blend our concern over the man-
ping and employment centers, desirable in this area? agement of coastal resources with the traditional tools
Preliminary analyses indicate that such increased de- of land use planning and zoning control. We need a
velopment would have a significant detrimental impact means of cutting through numerous layers of govern-

ment and providing a focal point for action in the coastal planned for inclusion in the Gunpowder Delta section
zone. We need a means of resolving conflicting views of the State Park. Additionally, another 415 acres of
on how our coastal areas should be used. This litany wetlands and woodlands that lay along the southwestern
of needs could go on and on but we need no further edge of the Gunpowder Delta section, and fronting on
recitation, we need movement toward the solution of Bird River, are in the ownership of one of the region's
our coastal problems because new ones appear almost major mining operations.
Much of the 252 acres of land scheduled for acqui-
daily . . . sition in Hardord County for the Gunpowder State Park
is also subject to the pressures of mining interests. There
currently is one mining operation along the Harford
In 1960 acquisition lines were established for the Gun- County side of the Little Gunpowder River which is
powder State Park that included most of the Gunpowder partially within the take lines of the Gunpowder State
River Delta area. The tidal and non-tidal wetlands Park. It is not known whether the operator of the ex-
backed by upland hardwood forests located at the con- cavation plans to expand his present activities in the
fluence of the Little Gunpowder River, Slough Creek, area.
Big Gunpowder River and Bird River provide a natural As noted earlier, acquisition plans for the Gunpowder
setting unsurpassed on the western shores of the Bay. River Delta section of the Gunpowder Park have never
This is an area that had been given primary emphasis been implemented. In addition, the review and approval
by the Maryland Outdoor Recreation and Open Space of excavation plans by Baltimore and Harford Counties
Comprehensive Plan for future acquisition. The acqui- and the Water Resources Administration have given
sition of this land would have been a positive step to- inadequate consideration to the suitability of mineral
wards fulfilling the Open Space Plan's recommendations extraction operations in the area. Timing of excavation
for controlling shoreline development, encouraging rec- and reclamation plans has been approved with no con-
reational use of the Bay by acquiring public access sideration of whether they are compatible with future
points, providing for wildlife habitat and preserving out- use of the area for parkland. The incremental review
standing natural and scenic areas. of excavation plans will allow the area to be transformed
Yet, there has never been action taken to acquire any into a series of lowlying grasslands and seventy-five acre
of this area for inclusion into the Gunpowder State Park. deepwater ponds where there had been a mixture of
During the past sixteen years, mining interests have upland hardwood forests and farmland on a varied to-
begun to move ahead with excavation plans for the area. pography adjacent to wetlands and meandering coastal
The acquisition lines for the Gunpowder Delta section watercourses. This alteration of the general character
within Baltimore County encompass approximately of the Gunpowder Delta will be done without any con-
1,236 acres and over fifteen miles of shoreline. Mining sideration of what the cumulative impact of each of the
interests control 92% of that area. One mining company excavation operations will be on the sensitive nature of
is currently nearing final approval of excavation plans the area.
which would preclude 325 acres from their planned use Clearly, the prolonged delay in acquiring this planned
in the Gunpowder Delta section. Special exception or- parkland will significantly decrease the opportunity for
ders which would permit mineral extraction have been public access to major tributaries of the Bay and lessen
granted by Baltimore County for most of the land chances for preservation of a unique natural area.

PART 11-THE METROPOLITAN COASTAL ZONE

In 1972 Congress passed the Coastal Zone Man- The environmentally sensitive nature of much of the
agement Act (CZMA) with the realization that un- remaining undeveloped coastal land, and the relatively
planned growth and uncontrolled development in limited inventory of developable areas underscores the
coastal areas had led to "loss of living marine re- need to manage remaining land resources for activities
sources, wildlife, nutrient-rich areas, permanent and that draw the most benefit from a coastal location.
adverse changes to ecological systems, decreasing The last ten years have witnessed dramatic changes
open space for public use, and shoreline erosion." in the nature of coastal growth pressures. In most areas
Congress recognized that there are "important eco- of the region, residential development is outstripping
logical, cultural, historical, and esthetic values in the the ability of local, and state governments to provide
coastal zone which are essential to the well-being of adequate levels of service. Leapfrog development has
all citizens," and which are subject to pressures that led to sewer moratoriums and a catch-up game of pro-
may irretrievably alter them. viding existing developments with services that could
In the total Baltimore Region, 94% of the population have been delivered much more efficiently prior to
lived in the four coastal jurisdictions according to the development.
1970 census; and 35% lived within the narrow area of Sprawling, low-density residential development has
focus within three to five miles of the Bay itself. Be- pre-empted virtually all of the shoreline that could have
tween 1970 and 1975, the coastal areas of the Region been used to ensure public access to the Bay. Out of
experienced a growth rate five and one-half times as over 792 miles of shoreline, only 15 miles has been set
great as the four jurisdictions. aside for public use. This is far less than what has been
Growth pressures are felt in all coastal areas. In achieved in other metroplitan areas.
some, these pressures exceed the ability of the public In light of these conditions, coastal land has begun
sector to provide necessary services, resulting in in- to be viewed as a scarce, valuable resource that must
creased capital costs and operating expenditures as be managed if it is to be used wisely. This concern is
facilities are overextended to accommodate levels of the challenge of coastal zone management.
demand well beyond their initial design parameters. In
others developed in the past, there is an insufficient The Boundary
amount of development and redevelopment activity. That part of the coast examined in this study, the
Stagnation, deterioration, and abandonment charac- area of focus', is shown on the accompanying maps.
terize these areas and show an inadequate level of This area includes all of the region's significant coastal
private and public investment and reinvestment. This resources, both natural and manmade, as well as the
leads to inefficient utilization of land, roads, sewers, land area on which management must be focused for
and public services and results in an increase in public the solution of problems. It contains both undeveloped
expenditures. land that should be preserved and developed land
New develop me nt-particularly residential and va- around which new development should occur because
cation-oriented activities-is drawn to metropolitan of the availability of public facilities. In general, the
coastal areas because of their job offerings, natural line has been drawn to include the many geographicallly
amenities, recreational opportunities, and access to identifiable parts of the coastal zone that are areas of
urban areas. Although this development may be en- particular concern to the public. Because of that con-
hanced, at least in the short run, by a coastal location, cern, the boundary denotes that area of the region that
there are often adverse developmental impacts asso- needs a special management effort. This study provides
ciated with it that in the long run may far outweigh any for that management effort through a set of recom-
intial benefits. This is particularly significant in urban mended planning polices and regulatory standards
areas, where coastal pressures are most acute, and which are to be applied in the next few years by state,
where the availability of land necessary to accom- regional, and local agencies.
modate the pressure for development is most limited. The boundary of the 'area of focus' was developed

jointly by the four coastal jurisdictions (Harford County, roads, approximating the watershed of the West Ches-
Baltimore County, Baltimore City, and Anne Arundel apeake Basin below the head of tide. It also follows
County), the Regional Planning Council, and the roads and ridgelines outlining the Patuxent, the Little
Coastal Zone Unit of the Department of Natural Re- Patuxent, and their contiguous wetlands.
sources. The criteria applied in the boundary devel- In Anne Arundel County, the study area consists
opment process included the following: of the tidal rivers in the County and their entire wa-
� Geographic Factors- tersheds up to the head of tide. The study area also
-The established high water shoreline shown on includes the headwaters of the Severn River. This
headwater area was included because it is a fish spawn-
U.S. Geological Survey maps; ing area and an undeveloped natural area containing
-The open water boundary as delineated on U.S. rare plants. In Baltimore and Harford Counties, the
Geological Survey maps; study area consists of the coastal plain. It includes the
-The 100 foot elevation contour line; tidal rivers and their entire watersheds up to the head
-The 20 foot elevation contour line and the area of tide. The study area in Baltimore City contains the
below that line; shoreline, all land involved in port-related industrial
-A 1000 yard setback from the shoreline. activity, all marine terminals, all recreation areas with
� Natural Factors- shoreline access, and the adjacent residential com-
-Inland tidal surge points at selected rivers and munities of Fells Point, Brooklyn, South Baltimore,
streams as designated by the Maryland Marine and Cherry Hill. The study areas in the fourjurisdic-
Police; tions form a continuous area as shown on the maps.
-All tidal wetlands identified by the Maryland The line describing the inland boundary of the area
Department of Natural Resources; of focus is important because it outlines a part of the
-Coastal soils and bedrock geology; region especially significant to the environmental well-
-Areas of periodic flooding; being of the Bay due to its proximity to the shoreline
-Drainage basins; and because of the resources, opportunities, and prob-
-The fall line. lems included. The inland boundary line means that
� Administrative and Cultural Factors- the area of focus will be just that-an area of special
-Significant roads and rad lines; considerations, whose management will focus on the
fact that it is a single, unique, regional coastal resource.
-City and County boundaries; This does not imply that what happens outside the
-Census tracts, election districts and regional area of focus is unrelated to what is included inside,
planning districts; nor does this fine suggest that many of the management
-Community and social centers that are oriented activities and recommendations advocated by this
to the coastal zone; study should not be considered for implementation on
-Present land use patterns within the zone; a broader scale than solely within the area of focus.
-Identified area-wide and site specific issues. Rather, the line represents a decision as to what area
The mapping of these criteria produced a graded is most appropriate to manage in light of commitments
,zone' rather than a single, definitive boundary line. to special coastal policies and anticipated actions under
Specific criteria crossed and recrossed and what the auspices of an approved coastal zone management
emerged was numerous partial definitions of the coastal program. The special consideration and actions pro-
relationship, some more significant, more precise, and posed for the area of focus include project review,
more continuous than others. It was necessary to re- public participation, planning activities and coordina-
duce the complexity of the many, often discontinuous tion, special studies, and data analysis.
and ambiguous, natural factors to an approximate
boundary, a line of best fit. Project Review
Because of its precise legal status, its visibility and Outside the area of focus, only projects which are
familiarity, and its function as a shaper of development, considered as major facilities, e.g., power plants, re-
the system of major urban and rural arterial roads pro- fineries, large residential or commercial developments,
duced the line of best fit. As an inland boundary, it will be evaluated on a project basis by the management
best reflects the various natural systems, administra- program. Within the area of focus the Coastal Zone
tive, statistical, and land use units. In Baltimore and Unit of the DNR will be notified of all projects which
Harford Counties the boundary follows 1-95. This lim- may have a potential for significantly impacting the
ited access highway provides a significant break in land coastal waters of the Bay or its tributaries, or which
use and parallels the fall line separating the coastal are inconsistent with the goals and objectives of the
plain from the piedmont. The head of tide on each river policy framework established by either the state or
in these counties occurs at the fall line. In Baltimore local and regional management guidelines. This noti-
City, the boundary encloses the land area related to fication process will apply to any projects requiring
port activity and the waterfront in the harbor. In Anne state or local approval or A-95 review. Local jurisdic-
Arundel County, the boundary chiefly follows major tional staff will have primary responsibility for deter-

76-130' PENNSYLVANIA 76*20' LANCASTER
- YORK -- COUNTY (9) -- ICO'NTY
24 623
Whitef. 10 1
N

Ply a
76*10'

39*40'- r-k 543
431 0,,, 673 CONOMNG
23 440 D,bli, DAM
She- 11. Darlmgto,

138 146 J.-tt-ille ft- 1 24
p 01 Lapid..

95
F.@ HiH I-el
23
543
155
Iss
22
Uppet BUS -ca v 6
--d. '2 %
152 BEL AIR
165
R. p
F, fl, Ab.
p Beneon 24 95
39*301-
(m 3) 61/08
55/0
.................... 066/04
Atki,.,,n .......

159

-K -i

7 40

0.
HARFORD COUNTY AREA, MARYLAND

. .......

X.
x.XX
x".:-x.
COASTAL ZONE
.... .......
BOUNDARY

. . . . . . . . . .
AREA OF FOCUS

TIDAL LIMITS
AREA OF FOCUS
FEDERAL LANDS

Scale 2: 190'080
1 0 1 2 3 4 Md-

BALTIMORE COUNTY AND CITY

PENNSYLVANIA

YORK COUNTY
W--l IND LINE COASTAL ZONE
Ala, C,
M.,l..d 4 BOUNDARY
LuI.
45

AREA OF FOCUS
439
PREMBOY
0 RM
RE. P.A.. mi TIDAL LIMITS
41 Whi AREA OF FOCUS
H.1 138 FEDERAL LANDS
B8 137 83 138 130
137 H-f.

45 M. - Scale 1:253,440
-.di. 1 0 1 2 3 4 Miles
I (uD - P 0) L i,
25

F-bl.b-g R.11-
91 128
Ph-iIc
39*30' 145 145 16

146
8
LOCH,EAV
(30) & 147
U13 U43
Pdc.iIm

Ti ... *.. 95
25 146

140 BNEI
O,[xig, Miu, Fw 148 567 P@ HIIII
H.Ib@k 139 WSON
Q9 R.JpIs P.A@ M
Pik-ol. -g.
129
2 12 1461

39-20' 695
cl- -- -

-11 5
76 7011
!50, (7 40 Sn
(144 4/Z 1A /16 20'
Ifil
144
695 648

95 76!4., 04 11 pakt OLD 20
,611 A
N BA
SHALWWCREEK
8 69/04
5*31 coW--
L Zr_ -
&FY I ERT- MAP
BZ-FIWO-R@-

BALTIMORE CITY INSET

COASTAL ZONE
BOUNDARY

AREA OF FOCUS

TIDAL LIMITS
AREA OF FOCUS
FEDERAL LANDS

0
150 Ap
4(
151

X
iiiiiii 55/03
X:
x
0 Dundalk 0
48 66/55 111
54/19 55/0 ///

[own OR
C&

Sparrows
.:64/04 Point 01
RO
BA

- 76030' P04;
Alp,

N 695 648

53/07
61

49 170

BA-MOPE
176 INTEINATIOIAL
39'10'- AIR- I- Rock Pt 41
C, ie
176

177
S-
32 Bodkin Pt

02,
Zj Do
Do ns I

0 5
176
7615
Mountain Pt
53/ 1 74-- @t H@lena 1 61/19
0
424

Sandy Pt

3
dlackett Pt
55f0
- ib/22
52/09

ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, MARYLAND WIT 67/23
32/24 14
Thomas Pt

IPM.
ral 21
COASTAL ZONE . . . . . . . . . .
BOUNDARY
50/25

AREA OF FOCUS

38*50'-

TIDAL LIMITS
AREA OF FOCUS
FEDERAL LANDS 30'

Sc." 1:
1 0 1 2 1 4 M,I,, HERRING

BAY
Q)

C' y

mining which projects within the area of focus will need ect evaluations and recommendations, and the devel-
an impact evaluation. opment of more accurate data bases and coastal land
and water utilization plans.
Public Participation
Each jurisdiction has developed a form of citizen Special Studies and Data Analysis
oversight and review to assist in the preparation of this Most of the data inventory and analysis necessary
study. The Coastal Zone Unit has also established a to implement coastal zone management has been com-
regional ombudsman to represent citizens-at-large on pleted for the area of focus as part of the demonstration
its Coastal Resources Advisory Committee. The Re- grant which produced this report. These inventories
gional Planning Council, through the Coastal Zone need to be maintained with current information, and
Advisory Committee has integrated the local and state in some cases, expanded to provide technical infor-
citizen participation efforts by including their repre- mation for project review and decision-making. This
sentative and concerned at-large interests with local resource information should also be used to prepare
governmental designees to assist in policy review and coastal guidance plans outlining area-specific policies
to advise the Council on coastal-related issues. and priorities for resource utilization within the area
This type of citizen and public participation has been of focus.
extended to include concerned non-govern mental rep- In certain cases, the data may be augmented by spe-
resentation in the implementation of the coastal zone cial studies to deal with particular coastal pressures
management program. Under the proposed Metropol- that affect more than onejurisdiction. Studies of marina
itan Advisory Board, outlined in Part V of this report, development impacts and alternatives, boating over-
the public will continue to participate in coastal deci- crowding, dredge spoil disposal, and the availability
sion-making, becoming in effect stewards of the area of mineral resource preservation, recovery, and site
of focus. revitalization are among the issues identified by this
As participants in full, the public will become a part study as needing further consideration under coastal
of the project review, planning activities, and special zone management.
studies undertaken to manage the area of focus. It will The boundary line can thus be viewed as an oppor-
act in both an oversight and resource capacity, and will tunity to coordinate the resolution of coastal issues and
serve as a coastal advocate to both decision-makers the realization of coastal potentials. Local govern-
and the general public alike. ments, citizens, state and regional agencies, and special
interests must establish a dialogue to ascertain what
Planning Activities coastal priorities should be, and they must share access
The daily planning activities of the local and regional to their abilities to attain the priorities.
agencies provide basic ongoing management for the
area of focus. These activities center around recog- Assumptions About the Future
nizing the area of focus as a special, sensitive, coastal Single-purpose, environmental, and comprehensive
resource that requires constant attention to coordinate planning skills and techniques must be pooled for use
coastal management goals and objectives with land use in the area of focus. Essential to this kind of planning
planning, water quality planning, and local decision- or, indeed, any other kind-business, personal, or pub-
making. lic policy-are the premises upon which policies are
Coastal planners, funded by the Coastal Zone Unit, based. These are the key factors expected to influence
will help conduct these day-to-day activities by serving planning decisions, including assumptions or forecasts
as coastal liaison personnel and by performing specific of future conditions. Some of the most important prem-
planning functions at the local and regional levels. They ises upon which our planning can be based include:
will be responsible for bringing the special perspective People, Natural Resources, Economic Growth, Trans-
called for by the coastal zone to the zoning, compre- portation, Existing Community Resources, Public Fi-
hensive planning, and capital programming decisions nancial Resources, Quality of Development, and the
made in their jurisdictions. They should also lead in Public/Private Partnership.
the preparation of coastal guidance plans (see Part IV
under 'Growth Pressures and Their Management' ) People
and suggest implementation techniques to assist de- Large and far-reaching changes in the region's pop-
cision-makers and facilitate coastal project review. ulation (see following tables) are shifting demands for
These coastal planners, together with their project public services and amenities, and changing prefer-
supervisors, constitute a special resource capable of ences for housing and community location. Changing
supporting the involvement of the public and other lifestyles and declining fertility rates are combining to
affected agencies and interests on the Metropolitan reduce dramatically the average household size. Mar-
Advisory Board. The activities of the coastal planners ried couples with fewer children, large increases in the
should include screening of projects requiring local elderly population and in families whose children have
certification, technical support of the Metropolitan left, and large increases in singles mean a continued
Advisory Board in its preparation of preliminary proj- decline in average household size.

These changes mean that the desire for single-family Natural Resources
detached homes, long the mainstay of young families The reality of shortages in some resources is be-
with growing children, will remain, but the proportion coming clearer and clearer. Scare resources must be
of households attracted to it and able to afford it will used wisely, and their conservation must take on added
diminish. Increased emphasis will be placed on alter- importance. This is especially true for coastal lands,
native residential environments-such as various forms energy supplies, farmland, and forests.
of attached housing townhouses, and apartments of- Coastal land itself is a finite resource and activities
fering such amenities as recreation and open space, affecting it should not take place in a haphazard man-
creative design, integration of site and structure, main- ner. Priorities for the use of the coastal zone should
tenance-free features, and locations near desired ser- be established, based on the capabilities of coastal re-
vices such as shopping, health care, restaurants and sources to support particular types of activities and on
leisure-time opportunities. the suitability of such activities relative to others com-
peting for the same resource or area.
The world's supply of readily available gas and oil
POPULATION & HOUSEHOLD GROWTH IN THE is running out. Although there is disagreement as to
COASTAL STUDY AREA exactly when this might occur, most experts are looking
toward the end of this century. The United States al-
TOTAL POPULATION ready imports more than half of the oil it uses. De-
veloping nations can be expected to increase their en-
1970 1975 1980 1985 ergy consumption dramatically as they strive to raise
Baltimore City 261,950 242,000 242,100 244,250 their standard of living. Thus, the real cost of energy
Coastal Study Area (29)1 (29) (28) (28) in the U.S. will increase in the future and continuing
Anne Arundel Co. 230,700 253,800 290,050 332,100 energy shortages beginning in the late 1980's could
Coastal Study Area (77) (75) (75) (75) become a fact of life. The need for energy conservation
Baltimore Co. 222,500 228,500 241,400 257,450 must be given great weight in coastal planning and
Coastal Study Area (36) (35) (35) (35) community building.
Harford County 67,250 74,200 78,200 84,350 The United States has an agricultural production
Coastal Study Area (58) (55) (55) (56)
Regional Coastal 728,400 798,500 851,750 918,150 capability second to no other country in the world.
Zone Study Area Increasingly, it will be called upon to help feed the
Coastal Study Area world's growing population. Prime agricultural land
as a percent of. should be considered an important national asset,
Total Coastal whether in California, Florida, the midwest-or in
Jurisdictions 38% 40% 41% 42% Anne Arundel, Baltimore, and Harford counties.
Total Region 35% 3617o 37% 38% Prime and productive farmland in the region is con-
'Note: Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage of the sidered a scarce resource to be used wisely.
total jurisdictional population that is within the The nation's forest resources are also among its great
coastal study area of that jurisdiction. national assets. Managed forests and the wood prod-
ucts generated by them are essential to our way of life.
The region's forests already provide for a multitude
of uses-ranging from water quality management, to
TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS recreation and scenic beauty, to the production of wood
1970 1975 1980 1985 products. The forests in the region are considered an
Baltimore City 82,050 81,500 86,450 91,800 important resource to be used widely for multiple
Coastal Study Area (28)1 (28) (30) (30) purposes.
Anne Arundel Co. 66,100 80,200 97,200 116,500
Coastal Study Area (81) (78) (78) (78) Economic Growth
Baltimore Co. 65,800 75,100 83,600 93,100 As part of coastal planning, two alternative economic
Coastal Study Area (36) (35) (35) (34) futures for the region were examined-strong and sta-
Harford County 18,350 22,100 24,500 27,600 ble. These two scenarios are the upper and lower end
Coastal Study Area (57) (54) (54) (55)
Regional Coastal 232,300 2589900 291,750 3299000 of the extent of economic growth expected over the
Zone Study Area next twenty years. Obviously, we cannot predict with
Coastal Study Area any certainty what the future holds but we can prepare
as a percent of: in a planning sense for growth failing within the ex-
Total Coastal pected range.
Jurisdictions 40% 40% 409o' 41% To sustain a high level of economic growth in the
Total Region 37% 37% 37% 38% region, substantial investments must be made in trans-
'Note: Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage of the portation facilities-including principal highways, rapid
total jurisdictional number of households that are transit, and especially, the Port of Baltimore, to main-
within the coastal study area of that jurisdiction. tain the region's competitive advantage in the U.S.

This strong economic growth scenario assumes a re- time, allowing a more gradual pace of development in
versal of downward trends in manufacturing employ- environmentally suitable areas, but not removing the
ment and the posting of major gains by 1995. All other need to carefully plan where growth-at any rate-
employment sectors would increase more rapidly than should and should not occur.
in the 1970-1975 period. The growth-inducing influ- Conversely, to inadequately anticipate growth could
ences of the nearby Washington Metropolitan Area increase the probability of the inadequacy of public
would continue to be felt strongly. There would be facilities, increase the likelihood of environmental deg-
substantial migration into the region. radation, and threaten the economic vitality of the re-
gion with stagnation. Therefore, coastal management
does not imply a halt of growth, but instead seeks to
CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT, BY SECTOR, direct growth to appropriate areas, thus strengthening
BALTIMORE REGION, 1975-1995 the urban fabric and protecting the more environmen-
(Thousands) tally sensitive areas from growth pressure. The foun-
dation of the urban coastal management approach is
1995 to encourage responsible, appropriate development
and redevelopment as the most effective means of re-
Strong Growth Stable Growth ducingpressures on areas that should not be developed.
Employment Sector 1975 (% Change) (% Change)
Retail Employment 152.8 193.2 (2611/c) 182.5 (IWo) Transportation
Service Employment 93.2 149.9(61%) 132.6(42%) The real cost of gasoline will continue to climb as
Office Employment 49.6 77.8(57%) 69.2 (40"lo) a result of scarcity and national policies designed to
Government & conserve energy. The private automobile, which has
Institutions 297.3 434.1 (4617c) 413.4 (3Wo) allowed sprawling, scattered land development, will
Manufacturing 161.9 230.0(41%) 164.9(1%) also increase in cost, becoming more expensive to own
Extensive and operate, in spite of the average fuel economy im-
Industry* 162.9 237.4 (46%) 177.9 (9c1c) provements mandated by Congress. "Auto-depend-
ent" residential and employment locations remote from
TOTAL 918.4 1322.4 (44%) 1140.5 (24%) services and not served by public transportation will
Source: 1977 General Development Plan Scenarios, (Feb- be increasingly vulnerable to rising gasoline and other
ruary, 1977). automotive prices and potential fuel scarcities. Loca-
*Mining, AgricLdture, Construction, Transportation. See tions which are served by various means of public
also Technical Memorandion #4: Emplo 'yment Changes in transportation will increase in attractiveness. More
the Baltimore Region, 1964-1970, Oct., 1973, Regional than ever there is a need for mixed use planned de-
Planning Council, for a SIC breakdown. velopments which offer creatively integrated residen-
tial, commercial and employment activities, offering
residents and workers options for transportation in-
A stagnant or stable (approximately 1% increase in cluding the opportunity to ride or even walk to work,
employment annually) is also possible. If major trans- to shop, or to play.
portation improvements are cancelled or postponed,
if the growth influence from Washington wanes, if the Existing Community Resources
region is unable to reverse the downward trend in The greatest assets in an urban coastal zone are the
manufacturing employment, if more of the nation's existing communities. They provide the living and
growth is attracted elsewhere (such as to the Sun Belt working environment for today's residents and will do
states)-then stabilized economic growth for the region so for most of the region's residents twenty years from
is a real possibility. This condition is already present now. They are resources to be enhanced and main-
in numerous other metropolitan areas, particularly in tained. They should be provided with additional facil-
the northeast. ities and services to meet the needs of their residents
Coastal zone goals and objectives do not stand in and to correct deficiencies. Investment and revitali-
the way of a high rate of regional economic growth and zation within existing communities is encouraged. Va-
they reaffirm that people can live and work in an en- cant, developable land within existing communities is
vironmentally responsible manner. Sufficient devel- a valuable resource which should be assembled and
opable land, furnished with appropriate services and used for in-fill development. Leapfrog development in
facilities can be supplied to accommodate urban land the past has left numerous vacant areas which are well
needs at a strong rate of growth. Should less growth located with respect to existing facilities and services.
occur regionally than has been anticipated, land con- Water and sewer facilities are already available or can
sumption requirements and the need for additional pub- be provided quite economically. The wise use of vacant
lic facilities will be less, reducing the pressures for their land resources within existing communities is crucial
provision. To a certain degree, less growth will also and calls for direct action to make them attractive and
reduce the impacts that can be anticipated over a given viable.

Public Financial Resources Public/Private Partnerships
More than ever before, the wise use of public fi- Community building calls for a partnership between
nancial resources is essential. Public capital, like other the private and public sectors of the economy. Al-
resources, is not unlimited. It should be invested where though public policy, capital investments, and services
it can return the greatest benefit for the citizens in the are necessary to establish a framework to implement
region. Enormous public investments have been made coastal zone management such management cannot be
over the years in providing water supply, sewerage implemented without initiative and involvement by the
systems, transportation systems, fire and police ser- private sector; community building by the private sec-
vice, school plant systems, and libraries and cultural tor will produce the coastal zone of the future. Con-
facilities. Where these facilities have additional capac- cerned and knowledgeable landowners, must, there-
ity, growth can take place with minimum added public fore, become stewards of their land resources. Land
capital investment. developers and builders should utilize the talents of
good design professionals to create desirable living and
Quality of New Development working environments. The public sector should serve
Quality urban design, including good architecture, as the facilitator establishing implementation policies
well integrated with its surroundings and its site, is and regulatory measures, financing needed capital im-
essential to the success of coastal development as much provements, simplifying land assembly where neces-
of the new growth will occur in vacant, skipped-over sary and providing incentives to the private sector to
parcels in existing communities, often at higher den- make investment decisions consistent with the envi-
sities than the surrounding environment Public policies ronmental and resource management mandate of coastal
should insist that the development process utilize the zone legislation and with the goals, objectives, policies
talents of the design professions, and should offer and recommendations of this study.
sufficient design flexibility to allow a creative response
to development needs.

PART 111-OPPORTUNITIES FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT

Pressures from population and industrial expansion property values." Problems may be viewed this way
along the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, lack of but their causes and solutions cannot. The Bay func-
planning, planning without environmental considera- tions as a unit and so must we. Interjurisdictional co-
tion, poor regulation activities, and changes in social operation and the attention of state and federal agencies
values have all led to the rapid and highly visible de- is essential. Pollution does not recognize the difference
terioration of our coastal environment. How should we between a public and private beach or stop at a political
respond to this situation? It is perhaps easier to see boundary. Neither must we. We should look at the
what we should not do-we must not permit the "WE/ coastal zone as a set of problems needing identification
they" attitude to gain the upper hand. "We-they" is and solution and use all the tools at our command
an adversary outlook in which we all tend to see our- regardless of political or bureaucratic boundaries. This
selves as victims of a conspiracy of others. "They" study takes that tack, speaking as an advocate for the
may be a remote Department of Natural Resources, coastal areas and directing recommendations at all the
a powerful interest group or a large corporation. Or authorities involved.
"they" may be a nearby property owner or developer. Before recommendations can be made some frame-
Or "they" may be different social or racial groups. work for identifying and analyzing the problems must
Increasingly "they" may be almost anyone. This ap- be set up. How are particularly important issues iden-
proach erodes the cement that holds a community to- tified now? Can coastal problems be categorized? Can
gether. Trust dissolves under constant battering, and they be given geographic locations? Is one more im-
a stalemate in decision-making results. portant than another? What are our overall manage-
It is no answer to wish things otherwise or to exhort ment objectives regarding the coast? The rest of this
cooperation. When people feel government is not on chapter will deal with these kinds of questions.
their side, no amount of information will put things Several mechanisms now exist for bringing attention
right. Goverment is expected to be efficient, prompt to specific coastal problems: land use planning within
and responsive in deterring sprawl, in providing public the local jurisdictions, the Critical Areas Program as
transit, in thwarting inappropriate development, and coordinated by the Department of State Planning, and
in protecting our coastal waters. At the same time, it the Geographic Areas of Particular Concern element
had better consult with every affected interest, it must of the State Coastal Zone Management Program.
not interfere with the individual's right to drive a car
or boat, or to own a single-family home, or perhaps The Critical Areas Program
even to build a resort cottage. We are left, then, with The program for the designation of areas of critical
an enormous task-that of finding a means of appor- state concern (the Critical Areas Program) is an op-
tioning resources to fulfill important expectations in a portunity for the local jurisdictions to indicate to the
way that most people will regard as fair. This study is state (via the Department of State Planning) those areas
a first step in that direction. it considers to be of importance and the land uses it
considers appropriate for such areas. The general cat-
egories of areas being evaluated include:
The coastal zone must be recognized as a unique 0 Natural Areas
area. It is a resource with a unique set of natural con- -Rivers
ditions and with potential for a unique set of uses. Its -Bays and Estuaries
problems are also unique and vary from the recreational -Wetlands
needs of an individual shoreline community to the pro- -Beaches
tection of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem as a whole. -Dunelands
Whatever scale the problem, however, it is nearly al- -Prime wildlife habitat
ways viewed in parochial terms-"We cannot swim -Rare animal habitat
at our beach this year" or "That factory will lower my -Rare vegetation

� Areas of Special Public Concern An area is defined as "critical" if-
-Reservoirs -it is susceptible to physical alteration, destruc-
-Floodways tion, or loss; 01
-Seismic zones -it contains valuable natural resources, existing
-Steep slopes or proposed major public facilities, the use,
-Aquifer recharge areas preservation or conservation of which may be
-Noise hazard areas pre-empted or curtailed by the establishment
-Areas with high air pollution potential of other land uses.
-Areas with existing groundwater problems
-Public water supply watersheds Local jurisdictions are now evaluating areas and
-Public water supply wellfields nominating them to the Department of State Planning
for designation as State Critical Areas, and formulating
� Areas of Special Economic Concern management plans. Once the areas are officially des-
-Prime industrial sites ignated by the Secretary of the Department, State and
-Prime agricultural land local actions effecting the areas will be monitored by
-Prime forest land the Department for consistency with the proposed
-Existing or potential mineral extraction sites management programs. Where actions affecting Crit-
ical Areas are found to be inconsistent, the Department
� Areas of Cultural Concern may intervene in administrative proceedings and may
-Historic areas or sites initiate judicial proceedings to encourage and enforce
proper management of these Critical Areas. However,
� Areas of Major Public Facilities it is important to note that the intervention authority
-MaJor Highways is not limited to designated Critical Areas.
-Railroads It is beneficial for the local jurisdictions, therefore,
-Airports to evaluate all areas that may be considered to be of
-Marine Terminals State concern and will involve State actions (acquisi-
-Educational Facilities tion or permitting). By doing so, a step will be taken
-Institutional Facilities towards insuring consistency of State actions affecting
-Defense Installation these areas, and the assistance of the Department of
-Transit Impact Areas State Planning will be enlisted in monitoring and eval-
uating uses of such areas.
� Areas held in Public Trust
-Nature or Historic Preserves Geographic Areas of Particular Concern
-Parks One major element of the State Coastal Zone Man-
-Wilderness Areas agement Program is the identification of geographical
-Historic Sites areas of particular concern. This element is tied very
-Public Rights-of-Way closely to the State Critical Areas Program. A desig-
-State or Federal Forests nated State Critical Area that is within the coastal zone
� Private Development with an Interjurisdictional "area of focus" is automatically a Geographic Area
Impact of Particular Concern (GAPC). Critical Areas outside
-Recreation of the area of focus may be designated GAPC's upon
-New towns or planned large-scale development the suggestion to, and approval of, the Coastal Zone
-Port facilities Unit. The designation of coastal Critical Areas, or
GAPC's, also encourages monitoring and evaluation
The factors examined in establishing the degree of of the Areas by the Coastal Zone Unit as per the
critical State concern were suggested by the Depart- recommended management programs of the local
ment of State Planning in the "Guidelines for the Des- jurisdictions.
ignation of Areas of Critical State Concern." The importance of the unification of the Critical
An area can be found to have "State Concern" if: Areas Program with the Coastal Zone Management
Program is that the Federal Coastal Zone Management
-it is characterized by features that are unique, Act requires that actions of Federal agencies be con-
significant, or scarce; sistent with a state's approved Coastal Zone Manage-
-development actions can create an interjuris- ment Program. Consequently, the coastal management
dictional concern; concerns of the local jurisdictions, as they are affected
-the expenditure of fiscal resources introduces by Federal actions, can be assured of State attention
a concern for the financial resources of the and Federal consistency depending on the language of
State; the final regulations.
-it is essential to, is impacted by, or has an impact The categories of areas that may be suggested as
upon, State policies, plans, or programs. Geographic Areas of Particular Concern, as indicated

in the proposed State Coastal Zone Management Pro- coastal zone. They contain a warning in that none are
gram include: truly comprehensive or totally coordinated. There re-
9 Resource Protection Areas mains a need for some form of long-range planning and
-Vegetated Tidal Wetlands program for the conservation and utilization of our
-Upland Natural Areas finite coastal resources. The condition of the water and
-Prime Recreational Areas the built and unbuilt environments which line its shores
-Productive Agricultural Land will not yield to a piecemeal approach characterized
-Areas of Historical or Archaeological Im- by the adversary "we-they." What are our overall con-
portance cerns in the coastal areas? If we view the coast as a
-Aquatic Sensitive Areas set of problems, where do these problems affect sen-
sitive resources? Let's go through the concerns and
0 Hazard Prone Areas give names to the problems and sensitive coastal re-
-High Risk Shore Erosion Area source areas.
-Flood Hazard Areas
0 Development Critical Areas Management Concern: The degradation of the ability
-Major Facility Sites (including major residential of coastal waters to perform their natural functions.
developments)
-Ports Water Quality
-Mineral Extraction Areas The region's coastal waters have been severely af-
Land use planning within the local jurisdictions is fected by poor management of such pollution sources
the main channel for use of this study. Recommen- as industrial wastes, failing sewage treatment plants
dations and supporting data should be used by coastal and collection systems, boat toilets, commercial ship-
planners within each jurisdiction in the preparation and ping, dredging and spoil disposal, agricultural runoff
revision of master plans, zoning ordinances, and other and sedimentation, urban stormwater runoff, and sep-
relevant County and City ordinances. tic system failures. Coastal waters which have been
Local land use controls are the strongest mechanism subjected to the greatest deterioration in quality or are
for affecting the pattern and characteristics of coastal very sensitive to increased levels of pollution and,
development. An approved land use plan-showing a therefore, are in need of better management include:
general range of permissible uses in specific areas
within the jurisdiction-serves as the major criterion -Susquehanna River -Sue Creek
for zoning decisions, capital improvement projects, and -Swan Creek -Back River
private development proposals. Zoning ordinances, -Romney Creek -Patapsco River
subdivision regulations, and other local ordinances are -Bush River -Spa Creek
specifically addressed to the characteristics and stand- -Bird River -Back Creek
ards of the various uses and activities. -Galloway Creek -Patuxent River
The local jurisdictions of the Baltimore Region, co- -Norman Creek
operating through the Regional Planning Council, pre-
pare a regional General Development Plan. This Gen- Wetlands and Aquatic Vegetation
eral Development Plan is similar to but more generalized The continued destruction of wetlands and the loss
than the local land use plan. It represents a regional of aquatic vegetation has resulted in the decline of
consensus of optimal development patterns and is a several important benefits. Biologically, they provide
strong influence on proposals with a greater than local an essential link in the food chain and habitat of shell-
significance. This study is being coordinated with the fish, finfish, waterfowl and lowland animals. Physi-
current updating of the General Development Plan to cally, they function as erosion and flood control mech-
insure that coastal management concerns are addressed. anisms and sediment traps. In addition, they decrease
The roles of the Department of State Planning in the water pollution by metabolizing nitrates and phos-
Critical Areas Program and the Coastal Zone Man- phates. While all of the region's wetlands and aquatic
agement Program are limited to advising and assisting vegetation are generally sensitive, the following areas
the local jurisdictions in the development of land use have been determined to be of the greatest management
plans. The actual authority for preparing and enforcing concern.
land use plans lies within the local jurisdictions. It
should be emphasized that the designation of Areas of -Susquehanna Flats -Flat Creek
Particular Concern should become part of local land -Otter Point Creek -Mesnick Pond
use plans, encouraging State and Federal consistency. -Aberdeen Proving -Lyons Creek
Grounds and -Hines Pond
Management Concerns Edgewood Arsenal -Lerch Creek
These, then, are some of the ways we have now to -Gunpowder Delta -Smith Creek
identify problems and to manage resources in the -Dundee Creek -Mill Swamp

-Black Marsh -Round Bay Bog -Baltimore Harbor -Upper Chesapeake
-Patapsco/Reed bird -Forked Creek Bay Bridge area
area (Magothy R.)
-Severn Run -Angel's Bog Recreational Boating
-Deep Pond -North Basin The region's coastal waters are an important rec-
-Deep Cove Creek (South R.) reational resource, providing opportunities for pleasure
-Jug Bay -Sullivan's Cove boating, skiing, sportfishing, sailing and swimming.
-Patuxent River (Severn R.) The increasing demand for recreational boating op-
-Little Patuxent River portunities has resulted in the high utilization of many
-South River of the coastal tributaries. This has led to an increase
headwaters in the incidence of boating accidents, deteriorating
shoreline areas, and dissatisfaction among boaters.
Shellfish and Finfish Resources Those areas most overutilized by boating enthusiasts
Aquatic areas in the Baltimore region provide suit- are:
able habitat for several species of shellfish and finfish
during various phases of their lives. Several of these -Susquehanna River -Magothy River
areas contribute significantly to the commercial and -Middle River -Severn River
sport fishing industries. Primary management concern -Back River -South River
must be given to spawning and nursery areas, migratory -Inner Harbor -West River
pathways, areas historically providing high commercial -Middle Branch -Rockhold Creek
or sport catch, areas suitable for the propagation of -Upper Chesapeake
shellfish, and the range of rare or endangered species. Bay Bridge area
Those coastal waters that contain these sensitive
aquatic areas include: Management Concern: The presence of residential
development in inappropriate coastal areas.
-Lower Susquehanna -Back River including
River and the Deep Creek and Residential Communities
Susquehanna Flats Muddy Creek The need to provide protection from natural hazards
-Deer Creek -Lower Patapsco and to maintain existing coastal residential communi-
-Bush River River including ties is of major concern. Tidal flooding due to hurri-
-Little Gunpowder Curtis Creek, Bear canes and tropical storms along with shoreline erosion
River below Route 40 Creek and Bodkin pose significant hazards to most existing shoreline res-
-Gunpowder River Creek idential communities. Many of these communities also
below Route 40 -Magothy River suffer from high concentrations of air pollution from
-Bird River below above Catherine cars and nearby industries and noise from airports. The
Route 40 Avenue, Mill Creek, disposal of solid wastes and sewage provides a major
-Dundee Creek Dividing Creek and problem for several coastal communities. Further-
-Upper Middle River the Little Magothy more, the structural decline of residences within the
including Dark Head River older coastal communities creates long-range concerns
Creek, Sterling -Severn River for the continued vitality for those areas. These prob-
Creek, Hopkins -South River lems are most apparent within the following coastal
Creek and Norman headwaters communities.
Creek -Rhode River
-West River -Havre de Grace -Fells Point
-Bowley's Quarters -Landsowne/
Management concern: The physical limitations and -Essex/Middle River Pumphrey
overutilization of coastal waters and their resources. -Dundalk -Glen Burnie
-Edgemere -Annapolis
Commercial Boating -Millers Island -Mayo Peninsula
Regionally, the main factors in commercial shipping -Brooklyn, Cherry -Shadyside Peninsula
are the maintenance of channels of suitable depth and Hill, Locust Point -Davidsonville
oil spills. Due to the limited maneuverability of com-
mercial vessels another area of concern is the conflict
between recreational boating and commercial ship Management Concern: The maintenance of a viable
navigation. economic community in the face of limited air, water,
and land capability.
-Chesapeake Bay -Fort McHenry
Channel Channeland Port of Baltimore
-Brewerton Channel connecting harbor The Port of Baltimore has become a major world
Eastern Extension channels seaport, the hub of a major urban region, and the prin-

cipal node of commercial and industrial activity within -Havre De Grace -Lansdowne
the coastal zone. Future port management must ad- -Essex-Middle River -Marley Neck
dress the return to a reasonable level of the harbor's -Patapsco Neck -Glen Burnie
water quality, rad land transportation accessible to port -Port of Baltimore -Annapolis
facilities, protection from natural hazards, encourage-
ment of public waterfront access, and the promotion Management Concern: The provision of adequate
of residential development along the water's edge. opportunity for the enjoyment of coastal recreational
Those areas within the Harbor for which management and cultural resources.
opportunities exist and which would improve the port's
capabilities include: Parkland
-Inner Harbor East -Bethlehem Steel The region's coastal parkland can provide an almost
and West Shipyard endless variety of recreational opportunities for people
-Fells Point -Marley Neck to play, to be refreshed, and to be inspired: sandy
-Boston Street -Hawkins Point beaches for cooling off from the heat of the city;
-Canton -Curtis Bay/Fairfield wooded creeks and rivers for canoeing or exploring;
-Dundalk Marine -Masonville bluffs for watching the Chesapeake Bay or one of its
Terminal -Middle Branch tributaries; waters for swimming, boating, fishing and
-Sparrows Point -Port Covington shellfishing; and coastal wetlands for nature study. In
-Locust Point short, coastal parkland is critical to the quality of life
in the Baltimore region and accessible public parkland
along the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries is limited.
Spoil Disposal This is especially true in the following areas:
The disposal of dredge spoil is a process directly -Edgewood -Cherry Hill
related to the maintenance and improvement of navi- -Joppatowne -Hawkins Point
gable waterways. Different kinds of problems arise con- -White Marsh -Northern Anne
cerning spoil disposal depending on the spoil disposal -Bowley's Quarters Arundel Co.
method and the quality of spoil to be disposed. Spoil -Dundalk -Mountain Road area
disposal methods include: upland filling, overboard -Inner Harbor -Annapolis area
dumping, containment within tidal areas, beach res- -Patapsco Neck -Mayo Peninsula
toration, marsh creation, and lightweight aggregate -Patapsco/Reedbird -South, Magothy,
production. Current spoil disposal problems occur -Fells Point Severn, Rhode, and
when spoil quality characteristics are not properly -South Baltimore/Ft. West River Peninsula
matched with spoil disposal options. In some cases McHenry areas
there are no adequate spoil disposal means. Those ex- -Middle Branch
isting and potential spoil disposal areas that offer the
greatest management concern include: Marinas
-The approaches to -Hart and Miller Marinas, piers, mooring buoys, and boat launching
the Chesapeake and Islands ramps constitute some of the most common uses of the
Delaware Canal -Patapsco River shoreline and adjacent waters. Their presence is sig-
-Pooles Island Deep Mouth nificant in terms of miles of shoreline developed, their
-Kent Island -Baltimore Harbor beneficial contribution to the region's economy and to
containment sites the potential for recreational boating. However, these
benefits are also associated with a number of social
and environmental problems. Due to the breadth of
Employment Centers these potential problems, the entire shoreline of Bal-
Historically, the coastal zone has accommodated the timore City, Baltimore County, and Anne Arundel
majority of industrial and commercial activities within County can be presumed to be a sensitive coastal re-
the region. These coastal employment centers are a source with respect to the management of marinas,
major contributing factor to the economic base and piers, mooring buoys and launching ramps.
welfare of the region and the State. What is imperative
now is to determine, with the limited amount of land Public Access to the Shoreline
available for employment functions, especially in the The region's shoreline has great potential for nu-
vicinity of Baltimore Harbor, what can be accommo- merous forms of public enjoyment-viewing, walking,
dated and what will provide the greatest benefit in terms bicycling, fishing, shellfishing, photography, nature
of jobs and taxes with the least negative impact on the study, orjust sitting beside the water. These extensive
region's coastal resources. Those areas where this is coastal resources, however, are available to but a lim-
of major concern include: ited number of the region's residents and only a small

portion of the shoreline is accessible to all the public. -MD 3 from the -MD 178 from MD 32
The severity of the lack of public access to the shoreline Beltway (1-695) to to Parole
requires that critical management concern be given to MD 32/178
all waterfront areas that remain undeveloped.

Archeological and Historic Preservation Management Concern: The loss of those coastal re-
The many historic, architectural, and archeological sources that comprise a non-renewable portion of
sites within the coastal zone provide a significant link our natural support systems.
with Maryland's past and an important addition to ed-
ucational and cultural resources. The frequent destruc-
tion of these sensitive coastal resources disrupts the Natural Areas
environment by substituting monotony for visual va- Coastal natural areas are simply those places where
riety and cultural richness. In general, critical man- at present the natural functions predominate and are
agement concern should be given for all historic struc- not significantly influenced by either deliberate manip-
tures with a potential for filling a useful as well as an ulation or accidental interference by man. The region's
aesthetic function. Areas where this is of greatest con- significant and sensitive coastal natural areas include
cern include: forests, wooded swamps, non-tidal wetlands, stream
corridors, and tidal wetlands. Due to the urban nature
-Havre De Grace -Fort Smallwood of the region's coastal zone, many of its significant
-Federal Hill -Fells Point natural areas have been lost or impacted by develop-
-Fort Howard -Curtis Creek ment such that the loss of their natural functions and
-Fort Carroll Furnace public benefits seems irreversably committed. Those
-Fort McHenry -Owensville major sensitive coastal natural areas which are of crit-
-Fort Armistead -Annapolis ical management concern, in addition to the previously
mentioned wetlands, are:

Management Concern: The provision of properly -Robert and Spencer -Eagle Hill
located and sized modes of transport in an environ- Islands -Upper Severn River
mentally constrained coastal area. -Bush River -Lake Waterford
headwaters -Brewer Pond
-Railroad Creek -Annapolis Water
Transportation -Bird River Beach Works
Transportation is a fundamental service in and -Windlass Run -Flat Creek
around the Baltimore coastal zone. Each transportation -Honeygo Run and -Jug Bay
mode (highway, rail, public transit, and aviation) af- Whitemarsh Run -Beards Creek
fects the coastal environment in its own way, and to- --Goose Harbor -Seven Ponds
gether interact with waterborne transportation to pro- Peninsula -Poplar Point
duce a cohesive regional system. The provision and -Miami Beach -Harness Creek
location of transportation facilities have far-reaching -Holly Neck -Cedar Point
consequences on growth and development patterns, -Bodkin Point -Mayo Point
and sensitive coastal resources. This transportation
stimulus has frequently been outpaced by development
causing overutilization and congestion. Those coastal
areas where the condition of the transporation mode Agriculture
is of significant management concern include: The region's coastal agricultural land is of great value
-Glenn L. Martin -MD 100 as a natural resource. The loss of prime coastal agri-
State Airport -U.S. 50/301 between cultural land results in the loss of products, jobs, open
-MD 150 east of MD 424 and Ritchie space, wildlife habitat and several other significant so-
Martin Airport Highway cial and environmental benefits. Due to the nature of
-Back River Neck -Parole (U.S. 50/301, urban expansion within the region we can consider all
Road MD 2, MD 178, MD agriculturally productive coastal lands to be sensitive
-Dundalk 450 and Riva Road) coastal resources and of critical management concern.
-Canton -College Parkway
-Fells Point -Ridgely Avenue Minerals
-Locust Point B&O Bridge Since most of the region's supply of sand and gravel
Rail Yard -South River Bridge is obtained from within the coastal zone, the future
-Baltimore-Washington (MD 2) management of this limited resource is of critical con-
International Airport -Lee Airport cern. The loss of areas with mineral resources to other

pre-emptive urban land uses will continue to add stress To promote recognition of coastal concerns and
to mineral resource management decisions. Many sup- management priorities by the appropriate local,
posed sand and gravel deposits are located within or regional, State, and Federal agencies, private or-
adjacent to riverine shoreline or tidal natural areas, the ganizations, and the public; and to, promote max-
extraction of which could be environmentally incom- imum inter-agency coordination where there is
patible. These critical management concerns are most complementing or overlapping authority;
prevalent along the following coastal tributaries: To promote maximum public participation in iden-
-Susquehanna River -Big Gunpowder Falls tifying coastal problems, in evaluating alterna-
-Little Gunpowder -Bird River tives, and in reviewing implementation of the pro-
Falls -Patuxent River gram; and
To ensure that public and private actions and activ-
ities affecting the coastal zone are consistent with
the standards of development as recommended by
Management Concern: The negative environmental this document.
effects and high public costs associated with inap-
propriate new growth. These overall program goals may be strengthened
by refining them into management objectives-in other
words, in examining a particular problem area, what
Development Pressures is it that we want to do and what should we direct our
Growth pressures are selectively felt throughout all actions toward? Management objectives should be
coastal areas of the region. In many areas that have brought to bear on a continual basis in the process of
been developed in the past, there is an insufficient state and local evaluation of coastal projects. Each
amount of development and redevelopment activity. objective has a criterion that forms a question directed
Stagnation, deterioration, disinvestment, and aban- to the proponent of the development-is it a water-
donment characterize an insufficient utilization of land, dependent use? does the project adversely impact fin-
roads, sewers, and public services, which results in fish or shellfish? does it block public access to the
increased public expenditures. In many other areas, shoreline? The answers to these questions can be the
growth pressures exceed the ability of the public sector reasons for approving the development, denying it,
to provide necessary services, resulting in increased attaching conditions, requiring mitigation measures, or
capital costs and operating expenditures as facilities any combination of these.
are overextended to accommodate levels of demand It is expected that local governments will translate
well beyond their initial design parameters. Further- the words of the policies and the specific coastal re-
more, these growth pressures often adversely affect source management recommendations into their gen-
the wise management of other sensitive coastal re- eral plans, zoning maps and ordinances, and other im-
sources. Those coastal areas subject to the greatest plementation tools. This translation may make the
future development pressures include: standards more detailed and specific and, overall, per-
haps more sensitive to local and even regional needs.
-Bellcamp -Glen Burnie In the final analysis, coastal development must pass
-Edgewood -Marley Neck certain tests for conformity with coastal resource man-
-White Marsh -Severna Park agement objectives. The management objectives rec-
-Middle River -Mountain Road area ommended by this study are:
-Essex -Broad Neck
-Back River Neck -Annapolis 0 Protection of the natural conditions and ecological
-Metrocenter -Edgewater function of coastal waters.
-Fells point -Mayo Peninsula -Preservation and improvement of water quality
-Brooklyn Heights through control of the sources of water pollution.
-Protection of wetlands and areas of aquatic veg-
etation from direct destruction and indirect
Goals and Objectives sources of degradation.
The foregoing, them, is a way of picturing the coastal -Protection of fish and shellfish through the
zone as a set of problems and giving them names and proper management of harvesting and indirect
locations. It is meant to make the job of conceiving sources of harm.
the task before us a little easier. Where do we go from 0 Promotion of proper utilization of coastal waters
here? What do we want a management program to do for recreational and commercial activities.
for us? These questions require a statement of goals -Promotion of balanced recreational use of
and objectives. The goals of the management program coastal waters while recognizing the problems
suggested in this study can be stated as: of congestion and environmental degradation.

-Promotion of commercial boating growth in a of coastal recreational, natural and cultural
manner compatible with environmental sensi- resources.
tivities and recreational activity. -Promotion of increased public access to the
� Promotion of redevelopment and restoration of shoreline for recreational and educational
declining residential and commercial areas in the purposes.
coastal zone. -Encouragement of further acquisition of coastal
parkland and the efficient development and
� Maintenance and growth of a sustainable water- maintenance of existing coastal parks.
related and non-water related economic sector -Encouragement of the preservation, protection,
while recognizing the associated environmental and restoration of coastal historic sites and
costs. districts.
-Maintenance of the vitality of the Port of Bal-
timore through the provision of adequate shore- e Provision of adequate transportation facilities
line facilities and through the provision of ad- with recognition of their direct and indirect im-
equate channel depths. pacts on sensitive coastal resources.
-Provision of suitable areas for the disposal of 0 Prevention of the loss and degradation of valuable
dredge material and control of the location and natural resources in the coastal zone.
methods of disposal to minimize environmental -Protection of coastal forests, stream valleys,
impacts. and wetlands with special consideration of those
-Encouragement of shoreline industry location areas identified as prime wildlife habitats and
in a manner compatible with environmental and endangered species habitats.
recreational goals, and restriction of industrial -Prevention of the pre-emption of coastal min-
uses to those that are dependent on a water eral resource areas and encouragement of the
location. timely re-use of those areas.
-Prevention of the loss of prime, productive ag-
� Encouragement of the provision and protection ricultural lands.

PART IV-COASTAL PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

We now have a way of looking at the coastal zone, Department of Transportation; DHMH-Department
a way of categorizing its problems and locating their of Health and Mental Hygiene; MPA-Maryland Port
impact, and a set of objectives against which to measure Administration; and State ObJ-this refers to the ob-
our recommended actions. What are the specific rec- jectives described in the State's Coastal Zone Man-
ommendations? They are presented in this chapter on agement Program (a complete listing may be found in
a problem-by-problem basis under four major headings. Appendix A).
'The Quality Of Our Waters' includes such matters as The purpose of the chart is to let the reader know
water quality planning, sewerage systems, sediment who has assumed responsibility for further action on
control, shellfish and finfish resources, commercial and each recommendation. The following symbols will be
recreational boating, and marinas. 'The Land/Water used:
Edge' covers such concerns as the Port of Baltimore,
spoil disposal, wetlands, parks, and public access to 0 -indicates a commitment on the part of the
the shore. 'Inland Coastal Areas' includes a discussion agency to review the recommendation for
of major employment centers, land transportation, and implementation. This review could end in
sensitive inland resources, such as natural areas, ag- either adoption or rejection. The specific
ficulture, and mineral deposits. The final category, review processes of the study participants
'Growth Pressures and Their Management,' deals with are explained in Part V.
overall development patterns and their guidance through 0 -Indicates that although the participant has
planning policy. no review or implementation authority re-
After each recommendation in this chapter, the fol- garding the specific recommendation, the
lowing chart appears: participant urges the affected government
or agency to take action.
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State X -Indicates that the participant does not
Co. I.. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
agree with the recommendation.
No -Indicates that the recommendation is sup-
Symbol ported in concept towards achieving over-
The chart represents the agencies and governments all coastal zone management goals and
participating in this study. The first four spaces are the objectives.
local jurisdictions-Harford County, Baltimore County, Num- -Indicates the State Management Program
Baltimore City, and Anne Arundel County. In order, ber objective to which the recommendation
the acronyms stand for the following agencies and 1-35 is directed. The goals and objectives are
groups: RPC-Regional Planning Council; DNR-De- listed in Appendix A.
partment of Natural Resources (with the Coastal Zone
Unit of the Energy and Coastal Zone Administation Too often, policies and recommendations are spelled
as the most concerned and active agency); DECD- out in reports only to die because no one will commit
Department of Economic and Community Develop- to their examination or implementation. The chart is
ment; DSP-Department of State Planning*; DOT- a device designed to avoid this pitfall and to establish

*The Department of State Planning is an active participant in the
Metropolitan Coastal Area Study and has reviewed and commented this time, will withold formal action on the recommendations until
upon the draft document. The recommendations which appear in the appropriate action has been taken in each jurisdiction. Once
the document also have been reviewed by Departmental staff. action has been taken by each jurisdiction, the Department will
Comments on the recommendations have been presented to the then be in a position to review recommendations which have re-
Coastal Zone Unit. Since the recommendations represent the ef- ceived formal endorsement. Action by the Department on those
forts of technical staff in each participating jurisdiction and have recommendations approved by each jurisdiction will be handled
not been approved by a policy making body, the Department, at according to the Department's action agenda (see Part V).

this study as aworking document, notafinal statement. of treatment plants. This program is designed to ensure
The final statement will be the action or inaction of the water of suitable quality for water users and uses.
participants, and this will be reported on as a follow- Water quality objectives are quantified in established
up to this study. State water quality standards. The Department of Nat-
The recommendations begin with ... ural Resources, Water Resources Administration, in
collaboration with the Fisheries Administration and the
THE QUALITY OF OUR WATERS Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (Environ-
mental Health Administration) is responsible for de-
The overall management objective here is the pro- termining water quality standards for all surface waters
tection of the natural condition and ecological func- in the State. Four water use classifications of water
tioning of our coastal waters. More specifically, this bodies have been established according to the most
objective includes: critical uses for which each must be protected. These
classes are:
- Preservation and improvement of water quality Class 1: Water contact recreation
through control of the sources of water pollution; and aquatic life
- Protection of fish and shellfish through the proper Class 11: Shellfish harvesting
management of harvesting and indirect sources Class III: Natural trout waters
of environmental harm; Class IV: Recreational trout waters
- Promotion of balanced recreational use of coastal
waters, recognizing the problems of congestion A new Class V water use designation is being pro-
and environmental degradation; and posed for a set of revised water quality standards. This
- Promotion of commercial boating growth in a designation, "Special Resource Waters," identifies
manner compatible with environmental sensitiv- critical aquatic uses taking place in surface waters of
ities and recreational activity. the State (e.g., spawning grounds for striped bass).
The objective of the State water quality program is
to protect or maintain water quality for contact rec-
reation, fish life, other aquatic life and wildlife. Criteria
to protect these uses and areas are set such that water
supply for public consumption, with treatment and
disinfection, and agricultural and industrial water sup-
ply are also afforded protection.
The Maryland Water Resources Administration has
defined eight common water quality parameters that
can give an indication of the chemical condition of a
body of water. These parameters can also, in varying
degrees, be translated into the health of the biological
community in a body of water. These eight parameters
are:

I .Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.).
2. Bacteria
Land Activities and Water Quality 3. Algae
4. Sediment
A variety of land and water activities affect or are 5. pH (alkylinity, acidity)
affected by water quality. Among the land activities 6. Temperature
are industrial operations, sewage treatment plants, ag- 7. Oil
ficultural ninoff, sedimentation, urban stormwater run- 8. Trash
off, and septic system failures. Related water activities
include recreational and commercial boating, dredging, These parameters have been translated into water
marinas, and shellfish and finfish harvesting. Although quality standards for each class of waters. For example,
land and water activities related to water quality are five of these eight parameters were translated into
dealt with separately in this section for the sake Of water quality standards for Class 11 waters (shellfish
clarity, it must be remembered that in terms of their harvesting):
impact on the Bay and its estuaries they are tightly Dissolved Oxygen-The D.O. concentration shall
linked. not be less than 4.0 mg/l at any time, with a daily
average of not less than 5.0 mg/l, except where
Water Quality Standards and Permits lower levels occur naturally.
The waters of the State are protected and managed Bacteria-
through a water quality program that includes stand- a) The Most Probable Number (MPN) of col-
ards, permits, enforcement, planning, and contruction iform organisms may not exceed 70/100 ml, as a

median value and not more than 10 percent of the Oil Permits: WRA is responsible for the prevention
samples may exceed an MPN of 230/100 ml for of oil pollution in State waters. Activities which involve
a five tube dilution test (or 330/100 ml where a the handling of oil products are regulated by Oil Han-
three tube decimal dilution test is used). dlers Permits, Oil Vehicle Operator's Certificates, Oil
b) Compliance shall also be achieved with the Terminal Facility Licenses and on-site inspection of
sanitary and bacteriological requirements as set oil handling and storage facilities.
forth in the latest edition of "National Shellfish Hazardous Substances Permits: This program pro-
Sanitation Program Manual of Operations." vides for the control of disposal of hazardous sub-
Temperature-Temperature elevations above nat- stances (any matter than conveys toxic, lethal, and
ural levels shall be limited to 4'F in September sublethal effects to plant, aquatic or plant life, or which
through May, and to 1.5'F in June through August, may be injurious to human health, or persists in the
outside designated mixing zones. environment). The Water Resources Administration
pH-Normal pH values must not be less than 6.5 has established rules and regulations that focus on con-
nor more than 8.5, except where pH values outside trol of hazardous substances in their transport, storage,
this range occur naturally. and disposal. Some examples of hazardous substances
Turbidity (sediment)-a) May not exceed levels det- include: DDT, Kepone, Mirex, Clordane, and Mercury.
rimental to aquatic life; b) be within the limits of
Best Practicable Control Technology c) may not
exceed, for extended periods of time, those levels Enforcement
normally prevailing during periods of base flow in The Enforcement Division of WRA is responsible
surface waters; and d) turbidity of the receiving for inspection and enforcement activities of the Admin-
water resulting from any discharge may not exceed istration. The Division also serves as a general contact
50 JTU (Jackson Turbidity Units) as a monthly and coordinator with the public for the wide range of
average, nor exceed 150 JTU at any time. water resources management programs.
The enforcement activity of the Water Resources
Administration addresses three general objectives: (1)
Similar type standards are set for the other three prevention of violations, (2) detection of violations,
classes of water use and can be found in Receiving and (3) resolution of violations.
Water Quality Standards established by the Water Enforcement personnel conduct both periodic and
Resources Administration. unscheduled surveillance by ground and air. Enforce-
Standards are also set for discharges to waters of the ment actions, either administrative or legal, are based
State. If a discharge is greater than 10,000 gallons per on the nature, extent, and impact of the violations.
day (monthly average) or it is a discharge of waste or Primary emphasis is given to direct, in-the-field cor-
waste waters of any volume, a Discharge Permit must rective action and follow-up. A 24-hour duty roster is
be obtained from the Water Resources Administration maintained through the Department of Natural Re-
(WRA). sources Police radio watch to handle emergency
Other WRA permits for water quality include: problems.
Wetlands Permits and Licenses: This program pro- Related enforcement activities are carried out by
vides for the licensing of dredging, dumping, filling and other agencies at local, State and federal levels of gov-
like activities in tidal wetlands including licensing by ernment, including major regulatory interaction with
the State Board of Public Works upon recommenda- the following:
tions of the Secretary of Natural Resources to perform Federal /evel-Corps of Engineers for tidal waters
works in State wetlands (navigable waters, below mean and sediment control; Environmental Protection
high water line) and permit issuance by the Secretary Agency and Coast Guard for water quality; Housing
of Natural Resources of work in private wetlands and Urban Development for sediment control;
(above mean high water line). Issuance or denial of State level-Department of Natural Resources Po-
such a permit is made following public notice and hear- lice for water quality; State Health Department for
ing in the affected county. A water quality certificate water quality related to protection of public health;
issued with each wetland license stipulates the con- State Highway Administration and Department of
ditions that must be met to maintain water quality con- General Services for sediment control; Board of Well
ditions in the disturbed area. Drillers for wells; and Board of Public Works for wet-
Groundwater Permits-Dischargers: WRA also ad- lands;and
ministers a system of permits to discharge water to Local /evel-Health departments for water quality
groundwaters. This includes the processing of new and wells; planning and zoning and public works for
applications to discharge wastes to groundwaters (e.g., storm water and flood plains; and inspections and per-
industrial sludges, landfills, lagoons), the monitoring mits and soil conversation districts for sediment control.
of groundwater quality and investigation of actual cases During Fiscal Years 1975 and 1976 the Enforcement
of groundwater pollution and potential pollution Division of WRA conducted the following kinds of
sources. activities:

Total for Total for overall program document describing how water qual-
Activity F.Y. 76 F.Y. 75 ity management is conducted in the State. The Con-
tinuing Planning Process for Water Quality Manage-
1. Enforcement actions 867 707 ment sets out how all planning requirements set forth
2. Inspections 20,056 17,791 under section 303, 208, and 201 are integrated and ful-
3. Complaints received 850 891 filled by state, regional, and local agencies.
4. Permits, licenses, and In this document, the State outlines the phases for
approvals received for water quality management planning. Phase I incor-
enforcement 2,499 1,805 porates all water quality planning completed by the
5. Average number of insp./ state prior to July 1976. This includes only River Basin
man/month 64.8 56.1 Planning. River Basin Plans and 208 Area-Wide Plan-
(Note-36 administrative cases were referred to the Attorney ning is designated as Phase 11 and is expected to ter-
General for legal action in FY 76 and 37 in FY 75.) minate in December 1978. The State's intention is to
fully integrate River Basin, Area-Wide, and Facility
planning programs during Phase 11.
Total for Total for Particularly important is the relationship between
Penalties Collected F.Y. 76 F.Y. 75 303, 208, local water and sewer plans, and 201 planning.
Local water and sewer plans identify the priorities of
a. Fish Kill assessments $ 255.24 $ 924.71 local governments concerning placement, operation
b. Administrative civil and expansion of water supply, and municipal waste
penalties 1,500.00 3,000.00 treatment facilities in the locality. They are completed
c. Court fines 4,150.00 13,725.00 under State law and must be updated every year. River
Total $5,905.24 $17,649,71 Basin Plans provide the general framework from which
new local water and sewer plans are developed. Area-
wide waste water management planning (201) identifies
These figures show that in the period the Enforce- specific requirements that must be met and accom-
ment Division better met the objective of preventing plished when facilities are being planned, designed,
violations before they occur. Note that for FY 76 as constructed and operated.
compared to FY 75, the number of inspections in- Responsible agencies for the conduct of these water
creased and the number of complaints decreased. quality planning activities are:
303(e)-Water Resources Administration
Water Quality Planning 201 -Environmental Health Administration
Water quality planning programs now in operation 208 -Regional Planning Council and Water Re-
include River Basin Planning (303(e)), Area-Wide Fa- sources Administration
cility Planning (208), and Facilities Planning (201).
River Basin Planning identifies and suggests methods There are six river basins lying either wholly or par-
for treating point source water quality problems in each tially within the coastal portion of the Baltimore met-
river basin. Area-Wide Facility Planning supplements ropolitan area. These basins are:
River Basin Planning through evaluation of point (sew- a) Lower Susquehanna River Basin;
erage and industrial waste treatment, waste water col- b) Bush River Basin;
lection and storm water run-off systems) and non-point c) Gunpowder River Basin;
(agriculture, construction, residual waste, and land d) Patapsco-Back River Basin;
excavations) sources of pollution. Facilities Planning e) West Chesapeake River Basin; and
incorporates planning, design and construction of sew- f) Patuxent River Basin.
age treatment systems in river basins. All of these
programs are a result of the Federal Water Pollution The Water Resources Administration has completed
Control Act of 1972. As established by the Federal 303(e) Basin Plans for all of the above river basins,
Act, states and designated agencies were to complete except the Patapsco-Back River. A draft of this plan
208, 303(e) and 201 sequentially. However, due to fund- went to public hearing in January, 1975, but final re-
ing problems at the Federal level, states were only visions were never completed. The Water Resources
allowed to proceed with River Basin Planning 303(e) Administration has decided to defer to the work of the
between 1972 and 1976. After 1976 monies were re- 208 Program for this river basin, rather than revise and
leased for 208 planning. Facilities Planning 201 has update the Patapsco-Back River Basin Plan.
been on-going since passage of the Act, yet the law The 303(e) Plans quantify and list all point source
requires input from the prior two planning processes, problems in each stream segment. Included in the basin
particularly waste load allocations, land use patterns plans is an assignment of wasteloads for each municipal
and projections, water quality treatment alternatives, and most industrial facilities. By establishing this pre-
and local water and sewer plans. liminary inventory of point source deficiencies, specific
The State of Maryland is required to prepare a yearly short term facility needs were established. Criteria

MarYland Watershed Designations:
MARYLAND WATER RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION

'tB

SUO BASINS f
A- LOWER SUSQUEHANNA RIM AREA
B- BVS)f RIM AREA
C- GLMOWDER RIVER AREA
D PATAPSCO RIVER AREA
E- WEST CHESAPEAKE AREA
F- PATUXENT RWER AREA

LOW

were also established for review of existing sewage Region in July 1976 the following tasks have been
facilities plans and facilities plans to be conducted in accomplished:
the near future. A major problem arises, however, with I . Non-point sampling program was designed.
regard to long-range planning since there is very little 2. Treatment facility service areas and wasteload
information generated by the Phase 1, 303(e) plans re- projection were developed.
garding the impacts of non-point source pollution and 3. Draft land use and population projections were
urban stormwater runoff on overall water quality. developed.
The State hopes to achieve this broader assessment 4. Water Quality districts were developed.
of water quality through the Phase 11 planning process. 5. Inventory of industrial discharges was begun.
It is the goal of the State's Phase II Work Plan to (These accomplishments are reviewed in detail in
document and report on the results of analyses of all the Interim Output Report, April, 1977, Regional Plan-
water quality in the State. Thus the Phase 11 program ning Council)
provides the opportunity for further assessment of the
specific point source problems identified in the River Responsibility for the coordination of Section 201
Basin Plans in light of further information on non-point Facilities Planning review rests with the Department
source problems. In addition, it will allow for the doc- of Health and Mental Hygiene, Environmental Health
umentation of future planning needs. It is envisioned Administration. Major inputs into this process, how-
that as the 303(e) plans allowed for the establishment ever, are also provided by DNR, WRA, RPC, the
of criteria for short-term planning of facilities, the Maryland Environmental Service and by the Depart-
Phase 11 process will establish criteria for long-range ment of State Planning. The importance of the 201
facilities planning. Facilities Planning process cannot be overlooked as
Current water quality planning activities in the Bal- a contribution to the development of the State's Phase
timore area focus on the 208 requirements of the Fed- II Plans. The Phase 11 water quality management plans
eral Water Pollution Control act of 1972. As detailed will integrate the planning accomplished under Section
in the "Project Control Program" the 208 process in 303(e), 208 and 201.
the region will result in improvement in the quality of A final goal of the Phase 11 planning process is the
the region's waters in accord with the following ob- shifting of emphasis of the 201 facilities program from
jectives of the national law: individual facilities to overall water quality. To date,
because of the lack of specific water quality informa-
"Wherever obtainable water quality by 1983 will be tion, review of 201 facilities plans has been oriented
improved enough to allow for the propagation of fish to individual facility problems. By providing more ex-
and for recreation in and on the nation's waters." tensive water quality data, in segments with present
"By 1985, elimination of all discharges of pollution into problems or where preventive action is needed, it is
navigable waters." hoped that 201 facilities planning emphasis will be re-
The process by which the Baltimore area 208 plan lated to water quality goals and be better able to take
will be developed to achieve national water quality into account the interrelationships of facilities on water
objectives features a cooperative, intergovernmental quality. Tradeoffs between controlling point sources
approach; initiates a continuing planning effort to be and non-point sources will then be able to be evaluated.
updated and certified annually; and is comprehensive
in that it will consider both point and non-point sources. Specific Basin Plan Recommendations
The plan will also recognize land use implications of Each of the Basin Plans, and in some cases additional
water quality decisions and requires that local land use studies conducted after the basin plans were com-
planning and the 208 plan be consistent. pleted, contain specific recommendations that should
208 Planning is to be an on-going process for more be acted upon by the State and local governments.
than two years. Based upon an early identification of Found below by river basin and river basin segment
the most critical water quality problems facing the are tables which provide a summary of the problems
Region, a realistic planning program has been devised and anticipated means of solution. It should be noted
for the initial two-year planning period. Problems need- that only coastal segments that currently violate water
ing longer-range study will be addressed in subsequent quality standards are discussed.
years. Refined approaches to solving initially identified The first, or left hand column, of the Tables presents
problems will also be devised and tested in subsequent a listing of segments violating fishable and swimmable
years. In other words, not everything can be done in standards, cites the specific violation, and states ap-
two years with the financial and human resources at plicable water quality severity scores. The water qual-
hand. The thrust of the Region's 208 water quality ity scores are measures of the severity of pollution in
management program is to take significant beginning each segment. The highest score (50) indicates a severe
steps in solving problems that have either lacked def- standard violation or that a water use has been pre-
inition or have been unable to be addressed due to cluded. The second highest score possible is 30, which
inadequate resources. indicates an occasional or not extensive standards vi-
Since initiation of the 208 Program in the Baltimore olation. A segment can also receive a score of 10 or

0 but these ratings were not used. The segments were SUB-BASIN: Lower Susquehanna River Basin
scored by the Planning Section of WRA as an on-going Water Quality Summary
part of the Phase I and Phase 11 Water Quality Man- With the exception of a few elevated fecal coliform
agement Planning Effort pursuant to 303(e) and 208 values, the State's water quality standards were met
planning respectively. throughout the sub-basin.
The second column outlines probable reasons for
not meeting fishable and swimmable standards. The
reasons are separated into point and potential non-point Water Quality Sampling Summary
source contributions. The third column, Control and
Inventory Program, is also divided into point and non- Conowingo Dam Susquehanna River Area Drainage
point categories. A breakdown by percentage of land During 1976, one statio .n below Conowingo Dam was
uses in the segment is included in the non-point cat- sampled on eleven occasions. Water quality standards
egory. Phase 11 Water Quality Management Plans will for D.O., temperature, pH, and turbidity were in com-
address in detail non-point controls and inventory pro- pliance for Water Contact Recreation waters. Three
cedures. The goal of Phase 11 Water Quality Manage- bacteriological samples were collected, and of the
ment Plans is to assess non-point sources and to define three, only one sample slightly exceeded the standard.
Best Management Practices (BMP) for land uses to. Nutrients are increasing and will continue to contribute
control pollution from those sources. Definitions of to enriched conditions in the waters of the Lower Sus-
BMP's will evolve during the Phase 11 planning period. quehanna and the Upper Bay. This enrichment is the
For this section of the report it will suffice to note that result of land runoff, and the many discharges being
BMP's should be determined and implemented for the brought down into the Maryland portion of the river.
land uses listed in each segment.
The most frequently employed point source control Recommendation: Facilities Planning should be un-
measure listed is municipal sewerage upgrading. The dertaken for the Havre de Grace area with emphasis
vast majority of municipalities and sanitary districts on correction of overflow problems in the sewer
are utilizing Section 201 construction grant project system.
funds to finance this upgrading. Under this arrange-
ment, the Federal government funds 75% of a project, Harford Ba to. Balto. A.A. State
with the State and applicant each funding 12.5% of the Co. CIO. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
costs. There are three distinct steps in the development 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
of sewerage projects. Step One is the facilities planning
phase where various sewerage alternatives are consid-
ered. Areas experiencing failing septic systems are Recommendation: The State of Maryland should con-
addressed in this Step. Step Two is the design of the duct studies of the Lower Susquehanna relating to car-
chosen sewerage alternative and Step Three is the ac- bon and organic compound concentrations in river
tual construction. sediments.
All domestic wastewater treatment facilities are re-
quired by discharge permit and regulation to maintain: Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
1) a dissolved oxygen level of not less than 4.0 mg/I Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
(5.0 mg/l in some cases); 2) a coliform not to exceed 0 2
200 mpn/100 ml fecal or 70 mpn/100 ml total depending
on the location of the discharge; and 3) total residual
chlorine not to exceed .01 mg/l to 0.5 mg/I depending
upon the location and size of the discharge. In specific
cases, the State has specified effluent limits more strin- SUB-BASIN: Bush River Basin
gent than EPA's definition of secondary treatment. Water Quality Summary
The State requires more than Best Practical Tech- Although development in the basin seldom exceeds
nology for industrial discharges when necessary to medium-density residential/commercial and is lower
meet water quality standards. Upon revisions of Na- density in most of the basin, water quality problems
tional Pollution Discharge Elimination System related to sewage conveyance or treatment are found
(NPDES) permits, the State will be requiring, by 1983, in most of the basin's segments. Swan Creek, Romney
Best Available Treatment in all cases. Creek and Spesutie Narrows are all stressed by existing
The final column, tided 1983 Forecast, briefly de- sewage treatment plant discharges while Bush River
scribes expected water quality improvement and re- is affected by sewage overflows from sewers and by
lated control measures. septic system failures. Winters Run, Bynum Run and
Following the table is a summary of water quality Bush River are affected by heavy sediment loadings
sampling undertaken by the Water Resources Admin- after rainfall. As a result, fisheries in these segments
istration. A list of facility planning studies necessary have been harmed and bathing beaches have been
is also included. closed.

-Segment Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Point Potential Point Land Use 1983
-Scores Non-point Non-point Forecast

Bush River

-Water contact (Class Overloaded Failing septic sys- Sod Run STP dis- Forest: 36% Current condition
1) violations due to pumping station at tems next to river charge will be in- Agric: 31% will be greatly im-
bacteria. Bush Creek Dis- and on some tri- troduced to river, Develop: 31% proved, but runoff
-Bathing beaches charge from U.S. butaries. Sedi- but treatment re- Implementation of from planned de-
closed. Army's Edge- ment loading from quirements are RPC/208 recom- velopment in trib-
-Bact: 50 wood Area STP. farms and con- stringent. Current utary areas will
-Algae: 50 struction sites. construction will mendations will have adverse ef-
-Sed: 50 Urban runoff from eliminate raw reduce non-point fect unless Best
suburban areas. sewage losses pollution from all Management
from Bush Creek sources to some Practices are em-
degree.
force main . Army ployed and
will upgrade maintained.
Edgewood Area
STP.

Lower Winters Run

-Water contact (Class None Failing septic sys- N/A Forest: 46% Proper use of Best
1) violations due to tems. Some agri- Agric: 27% Management
bacteria. cultural runoff. Develop: 25% Practices will re-
-Bact: 30 Sediment loading Implementation of duce sediment
-Algae: 30 from farms and RPC/208 recom- loading. Urban
-Sed: 50 construction sites. mendations will runoff from
Urban runoff from reduce non-point planned residen-
Edgewood area. pollution from all tial development
will harm water
sources to some quality unless Best
degree. Management
Practices are em-
ployed and
maintained.

Aberdeen Proving
Grounds Area

-Water contact (Class County's Sod Run Runoff from air- Flows from Sod Develop: 9Wo Water quality in
1) and shellfish har- sTP is causing eu- field and parking Run STP will be Agric: 1% Romney Creek
vesting (11) viola- trophiction of lots at APG has removed from (much of APG and Spesutie Nar-
tions due to bacteria Romney Creek. negligible effect. Romney Creek. area is wooded) - rows should im-
and D.O. sags. Smaller dis- Some failing sep- U.S. Army will prove as STP dis-
-D.O.: 30 charges are also tic systems on the abandon or elimi- charges are
-Bac: 50 impacting Rom- base. Limited ag- nate many of the eliminated or up-
-Algae: 50 ney Creek. U.S. ricultural runoff. small discharges graded. Non-point
Army's Aberdeen on the base while runoff should con-
Area STP is im- upgrading the Ab- tinue to present
pacting Spesutie erdeen Area STP. minimal problems
Narrows. unless activities
on the base change
drastically. These
waters have the
potential to be re-
stored to good
quality.

-Segment Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Potential Land Use 1983
-Scores Point Non-point Point Non-point Forecast

Swan Creek and Sus-
quehanna Flats

-Water contact (1) STP discharges Numerous failing Town of Aber- Forest: 42% Correction of
violations due to from Town of Ab- septic systems in deen STP will up- Agric: 3Wc point source prob-
bacteria. erdeen, U.S. Swan Creek grade to meet Develop: 18% lems (elimination
-Bact: 50 Army's Pusey drainage area. Ag- NPDES limits. Implementation of or upgrading) and
-Algae: 50 STP and private ricultural runoff. Pusey STP will be correction of fail-
RPC/208 recom-
-Sed: 30 Swan Harbor Dell. Urban runoff from abandoned and its ing septics will
Aberdeen, high- service area con- mendations wi .11 bring improve-
reduce non-point
way corridors and nected to Army s ments in Swan
suburban areas. main Aberdeen pollution from Creek water qual-
Area STP. Swan many sources to ity. However, this
Harbor Dell STP some degree. segment is sched-
will be abandoned uled for future
and connected to growth by the
Town of Aber- Town of Aber-
deen STP. deen and Harford
County. This will
result in increased
urban runoff, un-
less Best Manage-
ment Practices are
implemented and
maintained.

Water Quality Sampling Summary indicated by these data, with only the bacteriological
data exceeding state standards.
Biological sampling that was carried out during 1976
Bush River Drainage indicates that the conditions in the stream are fair to
One sampling station was maintained in this segment good, substantiating the physical and chemical
during 1976, as it was during 1975. No changes in pa- indications.
rameter values were noted from this year compared
to past years.
Problems encountered in this area stem from over- Aberdeen Proving Ground Area
loaded interceptors at the head of the estuary and septic No chemical or physical water quality data were
system discharges in the tributaries. These lead to bac- taken in this segment during 1976. The Army con-
teriological problems and algal enrichment in the ducted intensive chemical studies of Romney Creek
estuary. in 1976 which demonstrated that eutrophication of the
Biological sampling was carried out in James Run, creek as a result of nutrients from the Sod Run waste-
a tributary to the Bush. Preliminary evaluation in the water treatment plant was continuing.
field indicates that this portion of the stream was in Biological sampling was conducted in Romney Creek
fair condition. during the year and these results indicate poor water
quality for aquatic life.
Lower Winters Run (below Atkisson Reservoir) There have been no major changes in the land use
One sampling station was maintained during most in this area; hence, water quality should be the same
of 1976. A second station sampling was begun in this as in past years.
watershed as part of the Regional Planning Council
non-point source study program. Data from both of Swan Creek Drainage
these stations indicate no discernible changes from the No chemical or physical data was taken in this seg-
data of past years. ment during 1976.
The water quality in this segment is fair to good, as Biological sampling near the U.S. Route 40 bridge

indicates a major improvement in water quality in 1976, SUB-BASIN: Gunpowder River Basin
compared to 1975. A possible explanation for this im- Water Quality Summary
provement might be the fact that during 1975, flooding In comparison with many other areas, the Gunpow-
occurred that could have flushed many of the organisms der River Basin has generally good water quality. Prob-
out of the area, and complete recovery of the aquatic lems with aquatic loadings, dissolved oxygen, acidity
community took a full year, leading to apparent im- and toxic substances are minimal. There are only a few
provement in 1976. small-to-medium-sized public sewage treatment plants
in the large basin area, and industrial discharges result
Recommendation: Harford County and the State should in most cases from "clean" processes. Loch Raven
initiate a Harford County Facilities Plan for the areas and Prettyboy Reservoirs generally provide good-qual-
of Fallston, Swan Creek, Joppatown, and Edgewood. ity raw water for the Baltimore City-Baltimore County
water supply system-with the notable exception of
high algae levels in the reservoirs during the warmer
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State half of the year. The basically good water quality ob-
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. served in the basin should be kept in mind when con-
0 0 0 21 sidering the particular problems which do exist in the
area.

-Segrnent Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Point Potential Point Land Use 1983
-Scores Non-point Non-point Forecast

Lower Gunpowder
Falls

-Water contact (Class Discharges from Failing septic sys- The two STP's will Agric: 47% Improvements re-
1) violations the Richlyn Manor tems (several either upgrade to Forest: 44% sulting from up
-D.O.: 30 STP and the Forge hundred). Agri- meet NPDES lim- Develop: Wo grading or aban-
-Bact: 30 Heights STP. A cultural runoff. its or connect to Implementation of donment of point
-Sed: 30 few small indus- Urban runoff in the central sewer RPC/208 recom- source discharges
trial discharges. suburban areas. system (treatment and from connec-
at Back-River mendations will tion of failing sep-
WWTP). reduce non-point tic systems will be
- pollution to some negated by in-
Industrial dis- degree. creased urban
charges will attain runoff resulting
NPDES permit from the growth of
limits. suburban com-
WRA Enforce- munities, unless
ment and Sedi- Best Management
ment Control Practices are im-
activities. plemented and
maintained.

Bird River Drainage

-Water contact (Class None Runoff from aban- WRA Enforce- Agric: 16% Major develop-
1) violations-turbid- doned mining ment and Sedi- Forest: 3 9% ment is to be
ity temperature. areas. Stream ment Control Develop: 42% planned for this
-Bact: 30 channel erosion activities. Implementation of watershed by Bal-
-Algae: 30 (turbidity). Dis- RPC/208 recom- timore County.
-Sed: 50 ruption of vege- Unless Best Man-
tative cover mendations will agement Practices
(temp). Failing reduce non-point are implemented
septic systems pollution to some and maintained,
(bacteria, degree. storm runoff will
nutrients). be intensified, fur-

-Seginent Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Potential Land Use 1983
-Scores Point Non-point Point Non-point Forecast

ther aggrevating
existing erosion
and sedimentation
problems in this
drainage basin.

Middle River

-Bacteria violations Industrial park Widespread fail- Industrial park Develop: 64% Elimination or
for water contact discharges. Yacht ing septic systems and yacht club will Forest: 33% correction of
(Class 1) and Shell- Club STP. among shc-,eline attain NPDES Agric: 3% many failing sep-
fish Harvesting properiti,@s (more limits. Implemen _7__@ tic systems will
(Class 11) waters. than 1500 proper- tation of bring definite im-
WRA Enforce- RPC/208 recom-
About one dozen ties experiencing provement in the
bathing beaches failure). Heavy ment and Sedi- mendations will water quality of
have been closed boating activity on ment Control Pro- reduce non-point Middle River.
because of bacterial Middle River. Ur- gram activities. pollution to some Phased imple-
counts and septic ban runoff from degree. mentation of Fed-
system failures. suburban areas. eral and State re-
-Bact: 50 quirements for
marine sanitation
should improve
pollution from
recreational boat-
ing activity. The
use of Best Man-
agement Practices
should improve
urban runoff.

Water Quality Sampling Summary ment in the vicinity of the one public bathing beach on
Gunpowder River Area Drainage the Gunpowder River indicated satisfactory water
quality. The right and left forks of Seneca Creek had
This segment includes Seneca, Saltpeter and Dundee higher than acceptible bacteria concentrations, while
Creeks and their tributary streams, and the Gunpowder near the mouth of the creek, bacterial levels were
River proper and its tributaries, with the exception of satisfactory.
Bird River, Gunpowder Falls and Little Gunpowder
Falls. Lower Gunpowder Falls
Tidal portions of Seneca, Saltpeter and Dundee This segment includes Gunpowder Falls from its
Creeks, and the Gunpowder River below a line drawn mouth to Loch Raven Reservoir. The mainstern of the
between Oliver Point and Maxwell Point are desig- Falls and its tributaries are designed as Class 1, Water
nated as Class 11, Shellfish Harvesting, as the primary Contact Recreation and Aquatic Life.
water use. The remainder of the Gunpowder and non- While water quality standards were met in this seg-
tidal waters are designated for Water Contact Recre- ment throughout the year, Gunpowder Falls suffers
ation and Aquatic Life, Class 1. from lower than normal stream flow during the summer
While water quality is generally good in this segment, months. The most critical reduction in the volume of
algae populations tend to build to higher than normal water flowing within the channel of the Falls occurs
proportions during the summer months. The growth at Cromwell Bridge Road, located 1.3 miles down-
of algae is controlled in part by the availability of nu- stream of Loch Raven Reservoir.
trients. Nutrient sources in this segment include sed-
iment from eroding lands, sewage treatment plant dis- Bird River
charges, septic system failures, wastewater discharges The entire segment, which includes Bird River, its
from pleasure craft, and urban agricultural runoff. principle tributary, Whitemarsh Run and other tribu-
Sampling by the Baltimore County Health Depart- taries is designated as Class 1. While water quality

standards were met, Whitemarsh Run and Bird River Recommendation: Baltimore County should evaluate
continue to suffer from high sediment loads resulting facility alternatives for Perry Hall Manor-Bengies
from eroding construction sites and from high eroda- Shore area, Middle River Neck and Back River Neck
bility of the soils in the area. area in a combined and unified fashion and abandon
Middle River-Browns Creek Drainage all facility septic systems and private or unacceptable
Middle River above Log Point and Turkey Point is sewage treatment plants. It is Baltimore County's po-
designated as Class 1. The remainder of Middle River sition that only areas not sewered and lying within the
and Browns Creek is Class 11, Shellfish Harvesting. Urban Demarcation Line should be sewered. Areas
Bacteriological sampling conducted by the Baltimore outside the Line should be corrected for failing septic
County Health Department in 1976 showed Middle systems through implementation of alternative policies
River to have improved significantly, compared to pre- and techniques. This position should become the public
vious years. policy recognized by all affected local, regional and
Bottom samples from a station near the mouth of state agencies.
Middle River showed poor water quality, as evidenced
by the types of organisms found. Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bi.
Recommendation: Back River Neck: Baltimore County 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
should proceed with the construction of the Bauern-
schmidt Manor-Turkey Pt. sewerage system and the
connection of all failing septic areas to this system.
SUB-BASIN: Patapsco River Basin
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj. Water Quality Summary
0 0 0 21 This river basin contains areas ranging all the way
from rural agricultural to the central business district
of a major urban city, Baltimore. As a result, water
Recommendation: Middle River Neck: Baltimore quality and water pollution vary greatly within the
County should reevaluate sewerage service area re- basin. Back River remains the most heavily polluted
quirements for Bowleys Quarters north of Galloway segment in the basin, Baltimore Harbor has made some
and Seneca Creeks. improvements in recent years, but remains polluted-
especially its bottom sediments. Major urban streams
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A, State continue to be impacted by raw sewage discharges or
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. overflows and by urban runoff. Suburban growth in
0 0 0 0 19 outlying areas is stressing streams previously marked
by good quality.

-Seginent Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Potential Land Use 1983
-Scores Point Non-point Point Non-point Forecast

Back River

-Water contact (Class Back River STP Urban runoff. Back River STP Develop: 95% Benthic load,
1) violations for bac- discharge. Indus- Widespread, high will upgrade to Forest: 3% which results from
teria. Fish kills re- trial discharges benthic oxygen meet NPDES. Agric: 1% 60 years of solids
corded often. Sewer overflows demand and toxic loading from Back
Closed beaches. in tributaries. substances in es- Industrial dis- Implementation of River STP, will
-D.O.: 50 tuary. Septic sys- charges will meet RPC/208 recom- persist, so full re-
-Bact: 50 tem failures on NPDES limits . mendations will covery of water
-Algae: 50 lower ends of Relief sewers will reduce non-point quality through-
-Sed: 30 peninsulas. end sewer over- pollution to some out the estuary
flows in degree. will take a long
tributaries. time. Some load-
ings from landfills
WRA Enforce- and urban runoff
ment and Sedi- will continue.
ment Control Pro-
gram activities.

-Segment Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Potential Land Use 1983
-Scores Point Non-point Point Non-point Forecast

Baltimore Harbor
Area

-Water contact and Patapsco and Cox Urban runoff (in- Patapsco and Cox Develop: 8617o Some loading from
Shellfish (11) viola- Creek STP cluding industrial Creek STP's will Forest: 12% urban runoff will
tions for bacteria discharges. sites). be upgraded to Agric: 2% continue. Point
(and D.O. violations Numerous indus- Benthic oxygen meet NPDES Implementation of source discharges
at depths); Closed limits. will be greatly im-
beaches. trial discharges. demand and toxic - RPC/208 recom- proved (industries
substances in Industrial dis- mendations will are already mak-
-D.O.: 50 Sizeable raw sew- much of Harbor. charges will meet reduce non-point
-Bact: 30 age overflows in NPDES limits. pollution to some ing great progress)
-Algae: 30 tributary streams. Some failing sep- degree. Raw sewage over-
-Sed: 30 Oil and chemical tic areas (espe- New sewers will flows will be elim-
-Oil: 30 spills in Harbor cially in northern eliminate raw Holding tanks will inated. Benthic
-Trash: 30 and its tributaries. Anne Arundel sewage overflows. be installed on oxygen demand
County). more ships. will continue to
Improved han- affect lower layers
Wastes from dling of oils and of the Harbor, and
ships. chemicals is toxics in bottom
expected. sediments will
WRA Enforce- persist, but rest of
ment and Sedi- waters should
ment Control Pro- improve.
gram activities.

Patapsco River North
Branch and Main-
stem below Liberty
Reservoir

-Water contact and Industrial Urban runoff. Industrial dis- Forest: 48% The completion of
natural trout (111) discharges. Wastes from farm charges will attain Develop: 3917o the sewage inter-
violations for animal concentra- NPDES limits. Agric: 16% ceptor line below
bacteria. tions. Failing sep- WRA Enforce- Implementation of Ellicot City and
-Bact: 50 tic tanks. Direct ment and Sedi- RPC/208 recom- the presence of
-Sed: 30 discharge of raw ment Control Pro- mendations wi smailmouth bass
sewage in some indicates that por-
areas. gram activities. reduce non-point tions of the river
pollution to some have regained
degree. _ some of their po-
tential as a recre-
ational fishery.
Urban and agri-
cultural runoff will
be principal deter-
minants of water
quality.

Water Quality Sampling Summary solved oxygen, pH, and turbidity were generally met
throughout the tidal and non-tidal portions, the Back
Back River Drainage River Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) continues
This segment includes the entire Back River drainage to have an adverse impact on Back River water quality.
area and is designated for water copntact recreation Oxidation of ammonia concentrations in the estuary
and aquatic life, Class 1. causes depressed dissolved oxygen concentrations.
While water quality standards for temperature, dis- Current upgrading and renovation of the existing fa-

cility should accomplish increased oxidation of source dischargers have greatly improved conditions,
ammonia. although moderate degradation still occurs.
During the warmer months, the Back River system
becomes highly eutrophic due, for the most part, to Recommendation: A 201 facility planning effort is
the nutrient concentrations discharged from the Back being initiated by the City of Baltimore for the Back
River WWTP. Plans to upgrade the treatment facility River treatment plant. However, the facilities plan
to include phosphorous removal should considerably cannot address the impact heavy metals and other toxic
reduce the degree of eutrophication in the estuary. materials contained in the influent have on the plant's
Bacteriological sampling by the Baltimore County efficiency and on Chesapeake Bay water quality. Stud-
Health Department showed an improvement in Back ies to determine this impact are necessary.
River Water Quality. Although bacteriological stand-
ards were generally exceeded in the upper portion of Hwford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
the estuary, fecal coliform counts were found to decline Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
in the lower part of the river, with standards being met 0 0 0 0 0 2
at two stations near the mouth of Back River.
Bodkin Area Drainage Recommendation: The Cox Creek Plant may have to
This segment includes the entire Bodkin Creek go to advanced wastewater treatment by 1980 due to
drainage area and is designated for water contact rec- projected nutrient concentrations for that year. These
reation and aquatic life, Class 1. projections should be verified by the 208 Water Quality
Water quality sampling was not conducted in this Plan.
segment during 1976.

Harford Bato. Balto. A.A. State
Baltimore Harbor Area Drainage Co. C'.. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
This segment includes the Inner and Outer Baltimore 0 2
Harbor, the North drainage to Inner Baltimore Harbor
(except Gwynns Falls and Jones Falls); the South
drainage to Inner Baltimore Harbor; and the Shallow SUB-BASIN: West Chesapeake Area
Creek area drainage. Segment designation is for water
contact recreation and aquatic life, Class 1. Water Quality Summary
Water quality in this segment has generally remained Bacteria values in excess of the applicable standards
the same as in previous years. Water quality standards (Class Il waters) are found in nearly all of the segments
for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity in the Basin, particularly at times of heavy rainfall. In
are being met for most portions of the estuary except the recent past, nutrient concentrations have been in-
in the upper reaches, when during the warmer months creasing. Available data show the average phosphate
depressed dissolved oxygen values are encountered. value to have increased tenfold in a ten year period in
Organic loadings from Jones and Gwynns Falls along the Severn River.
with urban runoff are, for the most part, believed to
be responsible for this condition. Water Quality Sampling Summary
Bacteriological samples taken showed higher fecal Magothy River.Drainage
coliform counts in the upper portions than in the rest This area is beginning to have algae blooms (so-called
of the system. The sources mentioned above could be "red tides") as have been occuring in the past in the
considered the major contributors. open bay and in the South, Severn and West Rivers.
These blooms have attendant low oxygen content in
Patapsco River-Lower North Branch and Mainstem the bottom waters and sometimes fish kills. However,
This segment includes the Patapsco River mainstern for other than aesthetic purposes, the blooms should
and the North Branch Patapsco River below Liberty not effect the "swimmability" of the waters.
Reservoir, and is designated water contact recreation As of September 1976, the area from Forked Creek
and aquatic life, Class 1, except for Granite Branch to Arundel Beach in the main river was open to shell-
and Mordella Branch, which are designated natural fishing after having been closed for a year.
trout waters, Class 111.
Periodic chemical water quality monitoring in this Severn River Area Drainage
segment indicated no significant changes during 1976. The estuarine portions of this segment have been
Moderate degradation occurs in the upper portions of subject to algae blooms with attendant low oxygen
the segment due, for the most part, to construction, content in the bottoms waters and sometimes fish kills.
agricultural runoff and septic system failures. In- These conditions should not detract from the "swim-
creased industrial activity, urban runoff, and sewage mability" of the waters.
overflows degrade the lower portion of this segment. Bacteriological sampling was carried out by the U.S.
The completion of the sewage interceptor below Naval Academy. This study indicates high counts in
Ellicott City and increased control of industrial point the spring and fall in the vicinity of Annapolis and at

-Segment Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Point Potential Point Land Use 1983
-Scores Non-point Non-point Forecast

Magothy River

-Shellfish closures. No point Sources. Failing septic WRA Enforce- Forest: 57% Bacteria condi-
tanks. Construc- ment and Sedi- Develop: 39% tions should im-
tion activities. ment Control Pro- Agric: 4% prove when failing
Boating activities. gram Activities. septic systems are
Some septic sys- corrected and
tem failures may BMP's for forests
be treated at and arms are
Broadneck STP. implemented.

Severn River

-Shellfish closures. Municipal and in- Boating activity. Annapolis and Forest: 58% Municipal treat-
Closed Swimming stitutional Storm water run- Broadneck STP's Develop: 31% ment plant up-
Indian Landing. discharges. off from Annapo- to upgrade Agric: 100/c gradings should
lis, Odenton. facilities. result in de-
Sediment pond for creased bacterial
WRA Enforce- Annapolis re- level. Implemen-
ment and Sedi- quested. Best tation of BMP's
ment Control Pro- Management should also re-
gram activities. Practices for for- duce bacteria
est, developed concentrations.
areas and farms.

South River

-Shellfish closures. Municipal Failing septic Woodlawn Beach Forest: 7 OP/o Municipal treat-
discharges. tanks, Storm and Sylvan Sho- Develop: 17% ment plant up-
water runoff. res to upgrade and Agric: 13% gradings should
Boating activity. expand facilities. result in a de-
Many failing sep- creased bacteria
WRA Enforce- tic systems will be level. Implemen-
ment and sedi- sewered. tation of BMP's
ment Control Pro- Best Management should also re-
gram activities. Practices for for- duce bacteria
est and agric concentrations.
areas.

West River

-Shellfish closures. Industrial Boating activity. Industrial dis- Forest: 55%
discharges. Failing septic charges are re- Agric: 35%
tanks. Agricul- quired to meet Develop: 9%
tural runoff. Con- NPDES limits.
struction Individual correc-
sediment. WRA Enforce- tive action for fail-
ment and Sedi- ing septic systems.
ment Control Pro- Implementation of
gram activities. BMP's and indi-
vidual corrective
action for septic
systems should
improve water
quality.

-Segment Reasons for not meeting standards Control and Inventory Program
-Violation Potential Land Use 1983
-Scores Point Non-point Point Non-point Forecast

Other Drainage of
West Chesapeake

-Shellfish Municipal Failing septic sys- Broadwater, Twin Forest: 75% Municipal treat-
-Bacteria: 50 discharges. tems. Agricultural Beaches, and Agric: 15% ment plant up-
runoff. Construc- Prince Frederick Develop: 7% grading should re-
tion activity. will upgrade exist sult in decreased
ing facilities. Individual correc- bacteria level.
tive action for fail- Shellfish STP
WRA Enforce- ing septic systems - buffer zone will
ment and Sedi- Best Management remain.
ment Control Pro-
gram activities. Practices for for-
ests, farms and
developed areas.

the head of the estuary and low counts throughout the In addition to recommendations specific to a partic-
estuary in mid-summer and winter. ular river basin the overall planning process has pro-
A small area in the mouth of Mill and Whitehall duced suggestions that apply to water quality problems
Creeks that had been closed to shellfishing was opened in general. Water quality recommendations generally
as of July 1976. common to each river basin are discussed below. The
Studies carried out in Severn Run by Water Quality discussion deals with these issues:
Services shows degradation in the area of Picture -Flow reduction
Frame Branch as indicated by aquatic biota and tem- -Septic System Technology
peratures exceeding state standards. -Sewerage Systems
Although advanced wastewater treatment is not -Non-point Source Pollution
presently required for effluents discharged to the Sev- -Sediment Control Programs
ern River, the analysis of non-point sources and their These recommendations may also serve as a basis
impacts on the receiving water to be conducted during for determining Best Management Practices to meet
208 planning may impose such restrictions. These con- 1983 Water Quality goals.
cerns will be addressed in the final 208 Plan.
FLOW REDUCTION
South River Drainage Recommendation: All Facility Plans in the region
Trend sampling showsno differences inwaterquality should investigate the feasibility of reducing sewage
from past years, however, observation showed that flows. This investigation should include:
1976 had fewer and noticeably less intense plankton -detailed estimates of per capita sewage contribu-
blooms than past years. tions from residential, commercial, and industrial
West River Drainage sources;
No differences in water quality during 1976 as op- -an analysis of the potential impacts of reduced
posed to 1975 were reported. sewage flows on treatment plant operation and
waste loading
Other Drainage of West Chesapeake Bay Area --detailed estimates of flow reduction achieveable
This segment is made up of small streams draining through both structural and non-structural means;
directly to Chesapeake Bay and no measurements were -description of a program for implementation in-
made in the area in 1976. cluding estimates of cost;
-description of changes in legal standards necessary
Recommendation: The Broadneck Treatment Plant to facilitate implementation of the alternative
and Mountain Road Severn area should be studied to means;and
determine if connection of the service area to the treat- -description of suitable procedures to inform the
ment plant is cost-effective. Facility Planning for the public in the facility planning area of the suggested
area should be undertaken. flow-control program.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Hafford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.

0 0 0 0 21 0 0 19

SEPTIC SYSTEMS -improved septic tanks-tile field system
Several communities in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, -Aerated tanks-tile systems
and Harford Counties contain homes with failing septic -Evapotranspiration Field Systems
systems. Failure of the systems is due to a variety of -Mound Systems
causes, with impermeable soils and high water tables -Infiltration Pond System
predominating. Some communities were originally de- -Waste Water Separation Systems
veloped with summer cottages which are now used as Professional public health officials working in many
permanent residences. These homes are often sited on different parts of Maryland have expressed serious
small lots of less than one-quarter acre, inadequate in misgivings about one or more of these alternative on-
size to absorb the present sewage effluent from these site disposal systems. At present, several of these
homes. In other areas, development on steep slopes methods are being tested at different locations in the
is the reason for failure of septic systems. In these state, but the evaluations are far from complete. The
areas sewage effluent drains down the slope before it suitability and acceptability of these methods vary
can be adequately filtered by the soil. greatly in different areas.
At present this problem is being addressed through The list of individual sewage systems is lengthy and
the provision of sewage treatment plants or the exten- new ones are invented each year to overcome the lim-
sion of interceptors from existing plants. Until sewage itations of conventional septic tank-tile field systems.
treatment can be provided to areas with failing septic Few generalities apply to all the systems because of
systems, new development is restricted to one to two fundamental differences in the methods by which they
acre lots depending on how soon sewer service will be operate.
available.
In addition, new homes without sewers cannot be Recommendation: Facilities Plans, when studying areas
constructed unless adequate percolation capacity ex- which contain failing septic systems, should investigate
ists in the soil to accept sewage effluent disposed in alternatives for solving these problems in addition to
a septic system. Existing homes with failing systems central sewerage systems. This investigation should
are required to retain all effluent in their septic tanks include:
and not let it into their leach fields. The tanks must be -a review of suitable alternatives to remedy prob-
pumped out when they are full. lems with septic systems, including on-lot and
The provision of sewers to an area can make new small-scale clustering approaches,
growth possible. The amount of new growth and its -an assessment of the cost and environmental im-
location is dependent upon the capacity of the sewage pact of these means, as applied to entire portions
treatment system and the length and location of the of the facility planning area (they should be com-
interceptors. New growth can be managed through pared to the cost of buying out the homes in severe
scaling new sewage treatment systems to the planned problem areas, as well as to the cost of central
population of an area and arranging interceptors to sewerage);
meet the planned distribution of density in the area. -a description of a program for implementation of
Alternatives to sewage treatment plants can also be these means;
provided where a small scale solution to failing septic -a description of changes in legal standards nec-
systems is desired. essary to facilitate implementation of the chosen
One alternative to sewage treatment facilities and means;
their tendency to accelerate growth is the use of com- -a description of suitable procedures to inform the
posting toilets. These are completely self-contained public in the facility planning irea of the suggested
units which produce compost suitable for use in fer- program.
tilizing farms and gardens. These systems are priced Harford Bato. Balto. A.A. State
competitively with sewage treatment systems and pro- Co. C'.. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
duce a usable and potentially marketable by-product. -
A major limitation is that they cannot accommodate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
wash water. This must be disposed of in a septic system
or evaporated in a holding pond. In areas of failing SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
septic systems, neither of these may be feasible. Fur- Inflow and infiltration of extraneous water into sewer
thermore, composting toilets are still experimental and lines is a serious problem in some systems in the region.
have not been approved for use by the State Depart- This problem alone can more than offset any water
ment of Health and Mental Hygiene. Allowing the use conservation measures and their benefits in terms of
of a few composting toilets, with close monitoring by treatment efficiencies. The costs of treating this extra-
the Department would help to test their feasibility and neous water along with actual sewage, and of rehabi-
discover problems of operation which might be solved litating sewer lines and manholes, are expected to in-
through modifications of the unit. crease continuously in the future. To avoid future
The types of septic systems being studied throughout problems and prolong the lives of all treatment works,
Maryland include: the following recommendations are made:

Recommendation: Recommendation: AS part of sewage treatment or
-The Maryland Environmental Health Administra- pumping station failure procedure, each local jurisdic-
tion in cooperation with all municipalities and tion should have at least one mobile pumping station
counties should adopt regulations concerning which can be used at the scene of a pumping station
standards of materials used in sewage transpor- failure until the faulty component can be repaired or
tation lines and a program for testing new con- replaced.
struction during the construction process.

Harford Balto. Ballo. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
Harford Bat to. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 21

-The Maryland Environmental Health Administra- NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
tion and the Federal EPA plan to expand their Unmanaged runoff of storm water causes erosion
program of on-site inspections during construction and siltation of creeks and rivers. Storm water also
of all projects funded under the Construction carries fecal matter, other organic material, oil, fertil-
Grants Program. An evaluation should be made izer, and pesticides that have been deposited haphaz-
of the inspection program applied to all projects dardly on the land. Storm water drained off the land
funded under the Construction Grants Program. through gutters and underground pipes may cause sew-
New construction should be backed up with en- age treatment plants to overflow if these drains are
forcement of performance bonding by contractors. connected to sewers.
Siltation from storm water has caused a reduction
Harford Bato. Balto. A.A. State in the depth of many of the creeks and rivers in the
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. region, decreasing their ability to handle flows and
decreasing recreational and natigational access. This
0 0 0 0 0 0 21 has been a particular problem in Back Creek in An-
napolis, Bush River in Harford County, Baltimore
Harbor, and tributaries of Middle River in Baltimore
Sewage treatment systems themselves may cause County. Confined storm water from heavy rains fre-
pollution. One frequent example in Anne Arundel quently causes a flow exceeding the capacity of the
County has been the malfunction of a pumping station Back River sewage treatment plant in Baltimore
resulting in an overflow of raw sewage into an adjacent County. This plant serves highly urbanized commu-
water body. These malfunctions may not be detected nities in Baltimore City and County.
for several hours. Malfunctions could be more effi- Anne Arundel and Baltimore Counties have ordi-
ciently detected and corrected if an operator were pre s- nance s which require storm water management for new
ent at each pumping station and sewage treatment plant developments. These regulations, however, do not
or checked it frequently. Once detected, a quick re- address storm water runoff in existing communities.
sponse would help alleviate resultant degradation of Some remedial action is possible to partially alleviate
water quality. The response could be repair or replace- the impact of storm water runoff. Retention basins
ment of the faulty component, the use of a relief system, could be constructed to catch the water and increase
or the use of a holding tank. The relief system could its filtration into the soil. These basins could be con-
either be permanently installed or mobile. Of these structed on the ground to serve several structures or
alternatives, a relief system would probably afford the on roofs to serve individual ones. Storm water could
quickest response to an overflow. A mobile relief sys- also be directed into grass-covered or gravel-lines
tem is normally cheaper than a stationary relief system channels to reduce its velocity, thus reducing erosion
at each treatment plant and pumping station. and increasing infiltration. Infiltration would also be
improved by using porous pavement for parking lots
and instead of gutters along streets. At the end of ex-
Recommendation: The procedure for detecting, re- isting storm drains, a fine screen could be fitted to
porting, and repairing sewage treatment plant and collect debris and large particles of sediment. The end
pumping station malfunctions in a timely manner of the pipe could also be relocated back several yards
should be instituted and include provisions for the pro- from the waterway and the discharge directed through
tection of public health to the greatest possible extent. course gravel after passing through the filter. This
would aid infiltration and trap some of the fine sedi-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State ment. Frequent cleaning of the filters would be re-
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. quired, however, to prevent clogging.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 The impact of urbanization on the quality and quan-
tity of storm runoff should be given consideration by

local governments in developing their land use plans. Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Sensitive or valuable surface waters should be given Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
special consideration in this regard. 0 0 22
Federal regulations require that certain types of non-
point sources be addressed during Phase 11/208 plan-
ning. Pollution from each of the following categories
is present in each river basin and are required to be COUNTY SEDIMENT CONTROL PROGRAM
.identified and detailed during the RPC/208 program: The State is currently working on a storm water
-Urban non-point sources, including storm sewer management policy which will foster as its key ele-
discharges and direct runoff from industrial, com- ments working with nature, increasing infiltration by
mercial, and residential areas (including septic sys- taking advantage of the natural topography and soil
tem failures); conditions and relying on structural elements like roof-
-Agriculturally-related non-point sources of pol- top storage, detention structures, etc. as secondary
lution, including runoff from manure disposal alternatives.
areas, and from land used for livestock and crop
production (also from land used to produce timber); Recommendation: The State Water Resources Admin-
-Con struction-activity-related sources of pollution; istration has developed but not promulgated a storm
-Sources of pollution from disposal of residual wat .er management policy. Before this policy is made
wastes and other pollutants on land, in wells, or final, local governments and state agencies should be
in subsurface excavations in a manner that affects consulted as to the suitability of the policy in meeting
ground and surface-water quality; their problems. This policy and resultant program
-Mine-related sources of pollution, including runoff should serve as the basis for a State Storm Water
from operating or abandoned surface mines; Management Program as well as give guidance to
-Pollution from recreational boating; county and municipal programs.
-Saltwater intrusion into estuaries and groundwater
resulting from reduction of freshwater flow from
any cause, including irrigation, obstruction, and Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
diversion; and CO. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
-Sources of pollution related to hydrologic modi- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
fications, including those caused by changes in the
movement, flow or circulation of navigable waters
or groundwaters due to construction and operation The concepts of erosion control and sediment control
of dams, levees, channels or flow-diversion are often used interchangeably. However, to the Water
facilities.
Based on field investigation, modeling studies and Resources Administration, these two aspects are very
research, the Baltimore Region 208 Plan will develop different in that erosion control is a preventive tech-
specific implementation programs for control of non- nique used to reduce or eliminate erosion at its sources,
point source pollution. whereas sediment control keeps the eroded material
on site. Sediment control is still preventative in that
it stops sediment from leaving the construction site or
entering the waters of the State, however, the sediment
Recommendation: has already been detached from the soil and is being
-Adoption of amendments to existing local sedi- moved by surface waters. In the six years under the
ment-control legislation to provide for stricter con- sediment control program more and more emphasis has
trol of runoff. shifted towards the sediment control aspect and less
-Adoption of amendments to local land use plans, and less emphasis has been placed on erosion control-
zoning laws, and building codes to reduce -the especially within the urban construction scene. It
water pollution effects of urbanization. seems very easy to construct a large sediment basin
-Development of land management policies to re- at the low point of the property and to forget erosion
duce urban and agricultural runoff; development control until it is time to clean out the basin. At that
and dissemination of information to encourage time, one must ask if it would have been less costly
land-owners and farmers to adopt improved land to have provided erosion control and storm water han-
management techniques. dling on site rather than now having the added cost of
-Provision of additional technical assistance for removing the sediment from the basin and disposing
farmers to correct agricultural sources of pollution. of the material. As an example, as one travels across
-Identification of areas of potential failing septic the State, straw bales are seen in great numbers on
systems and investigation of solutions to these many projects. It is felt that many of these straw bales
problems. used as sediment control would be of much greater
-Development of additional programs to reduce value if the straw bales were broken apart and the straw
erosion of land and of stream channels. spread over the disturbed site as a mulch material,

thereby reducing erosion and reducing or eliminating Many counties and municipalities use standard sed-
sediment control problems on the site. If nothing else, iment control plans for single lot development and
the straw bale should be used only as an individual maintenance work. To date, there has been abuse of
measure not as the key item in the sediment control this approach in that whole subdivisions have been
plan. built on a lot by lot basis without consideration of their
combined impact.
Recommendation: Engineers, consultants and Soil
Conservation District personnel across the State should
reevaluate erosion control versus sediment control. Recommendation: Agencies that allow the use of
More emphasis should be placed on the review of pro- standard sediment control plans when a single lot is
posed permanent features such as slopes, storm drain developed should analyze past abuses of this system
outlets, and the handling of surface water to ensure and make recommendations for its proper use and
that these structures as planned or designed will result administration by the local jurisdiction.
in a stabilized or non-erosive condition after
construction. Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi -
Harford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State 0 0 0 0 0 36
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
At present, all of the erosion and sediment control
plans are being designed, reviewed, and approved and
Recommendation: A facet of sediment control plans inspected based on a qualitiative judgment of the plan's
that needs increased attention is the timing, scheduling, effectiveness. To assist with this judgment, there are
or phasing aspect of sediment control design. This in- detailed standards for individual structural and vege-
creased emphasis should be given by both the engineer tative practices. However, currently no attempt is
designing the sediment control plan, and those review- made to quantitatively determine the overall effective-
ing the plan. ness of the control plans. This is not to imply that the
existing sediment control plans currently being imple-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A, State mented are not adequate. However, under this pro-
CO. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. cedure, all persons involved (designers, reviewers, in-
0 0 0 0 35 spectors, and contractors) exercise their own best
judgment as to which combination of structures and
For example, a technique used by Calvert County practices will provide the most effective and efficient
for the distribution of grading permits has proven es- control. This allows for extensive variability and a lack
pecially valuable in the enforcement effort. Once all of consistency.
approvals are in line, but prior to issuance of the grading To address this situation, the Water Resources
permit, the permit is held on file until the developer Administration has been working to perfect more
standardized, quantitatively oriented design and re-
is ready to commence grading. The developer then view procedures. The Universal Soil Loss Equation,
notifies the sediment control inspector who meets the recently developed by the USDA Agricultural Re-
owner, developer and/or foreman at the construction search Service, provides a realistic guide for effective
site to review the sediment control plan and grading conservation planning. The equation provides a method
permit. All involved parties are made aware of their for rationally determining the various combinations of
responsibilities in erosion and sediment control and the erosion control practices required to meet a maximum
grading permit is issued to the developer. This pro- allowable sediment yield. The equation is universally
cedure is a good tool for notifying the sediment control applicable in that virtually all upland areas subject to
inspector that construction is about to commence and overland erosion can be analyzed. As research con-
it notifies all involved parties of their responsibilities tinues, the additional knowledge gained can be readily
in sediment control. The Water Resources Adminis- incorporated into the procedure.
tration has used this procedure on a number of Water Using this procedure, the designer will be able to
Resources' permits. provide a control plan which is not only economical
Recommendation: All local jurisdictions should study and will fit the proposed site but will also provide the
Calvert County's grading permit procedures for pos- required level of treatment over the entire construction
sible use in their own grading permit activities. time.

Harford Bait . Balto. A.A. State
Co. Coo City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Recommendation: The state should provide all local
0 0 0 0 0 0 22 jurisdictions with a guide for using the Universal Soil
Loss Equation for review and development of sediment

control plans and monitor its effectiveness as a stand- plement or carry out the activities of the ordinance,
ardized tool. If other methodologies became available, or the inspector presently employed is involved with
they should be analyzed for possible use. many other duties and, therefore, is not available full
time to adequately perform the duties of the sediment
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State control inspector. Funding of inspectors is a major
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj. concern in all jurisdictions, and they should evaluate
0 0 0 0 0 0 36 their permit fees, such that the fee could offset if not
totally cover the budgeted sediment control program.
This permit fee could be based on a sliding scale keyed
The need for control of agricultural erosion has long to a percentage of the area disturbed or it could be
been recognized by agricultural leaders and producers based on a percentage of grading costs for a given
in Maryland. This led to the creation of the Soil Con- project. The second reason contributing to a generally
servation Districts in the late 1930's, which have been weak inspection and enforcement effort is a lack of
actively striving for the wise use and conservation of proper training of inspectors. The Water Resources
natural resources. This, however, has been a voluntary Administration's audiovisual training program should
program. Farm conservation plans are developed on be of help in this area. Training should provide the
request and contain conservation plan treatment meas- inspector with a good background in the general tech-
ures to conserve the soil, water and related natural nology of erosion and sediment control as well as the
resources. In Maryland, the agricultural contribution control methodologies. The third reason suggested for
to the sediment problem varies greatly across the State a weak inspection and enforcement effort is lack of
because of the difference in topography, soils and crop administrative support at all levels of the program. For
produced. Soils are naturally protected by live vege- any program to be effective, there must be complete
tative material or vegetative residue. If soil moisture understanding and support of the program from the
or fertility is low, the soil is more subject to erosion field supervisor to the local jurisdiction governing body
and the resultant sediment pollution is greater. Tillage, as well as throughout the judicial system.
crop harvesting, overgrazing and burning of residue Final inspection reports are required by State law
increases erosion. Proper land use and management and local ordinances to be forwarded to the local Soil
techniques can greatly reduce sediment pollution. Conservation District. There are still a number of ju-
Farmlands adjacent to growing metropolitan areas risdictions that do not comply with this requirement.
could offer very special problems. They might be held In many cases, the local jurisdictions do not use proper
for speculative purposes with little concern for erosion documentation, proper names or numbers when the
and sedimentation problems on the part of the owner. final inspection report is forwarded; therefore, it is of
Since the Regional Planning Council and the Water little use to the local Soil Conservation District. It is
Resources Administration are presently instituting recommended that each jurisdiction reevaluate the
Phase 11 of Water Quality Management Planning, the method and form of final notification to the local Soil
major thrust of which will be the assessment of water Conservation Districts when projects are completed.
quality problems caused by non-point sources includ- According to the Sediment Control Law and Regula-
ing sediment, it is appropriate to question whether tions, State Enforcement personnel can be called upon
mandatory sediment control for agricultural lands for assistance on sediment control violations, and State
should be instituted in the State as part of the 208 technical assistance can be requested by the local
activities. It is expected that these activities will result jurisdictions.
in a management program (mandatory or not) by the Recommendation: All jurisdictions should reassess and
end of 1978.
At present, inspection and enforcement is probably take steps to improve their inspection effort regarding
the weakest link in the sediment control program. sediment control.
Proper implementation of plans on the ground is di- Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
rectly related to the degree to which the projects are Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
inspected and the inspection procedures are executed. 0 0 0 0 36
The field inspections and enforcement procedures are
very important in (a) having the applicant comply with
the sediment control plans or (b) controlling any sed- Recommendation: All jurisdictions should consider
iment problems not anticipated on the plans by making imposing permit fees for sediment control project re-
minor field changes to eliminate the potential problems. view and permit issuance. Bonding procedures to en-
There are a number of reasons why the inspection sure that the sediment control program is ftilly imple-
and enforcement effort is probably the weakest part mented should also be investigated.
of the sediment control program. First, there is gen- Hwford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
erally a lack of manpower across the State within the Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
inspection and enforcement area. Many of the local 0 0 0 0 0 0 36
jurisdictions do not have a full time inspector to im-

WATER ACTIVITIES AND WATER vest by weight in 1974 was of industrial species (mainly
QUALITY menhaden) and constituted 55 percent of the total value
of catch. Of the major edible fish species, striped bass
accounted for 14 percent of the total value, spot and
shad, about 4 percent each with other species, including
white perch, yellow perch, flounder, catfish, and croak-
...... . . . . .
ers, accounting for another 14 percent.
The commercial shellfish harvest from the Bay and
its tributaries consists of crabs, clams, and oysters.
Oysters account for 68 percent of total value; crabs,
20 percent; and clams, 12 percent. Harvesting of shell-
fish is highly variable from year to year and is influ-
enced by natural population fluctuations as well as by
natural and man-induced pollution. Oyster harvest,
...................
while significantly decreased from record harvests of
7 to 15 million bushels during the late 1800's, are pres-
ently well above record low harvests of the 1940's and
1950's. Crab harvests have risen slightly in the last few
SHELLFISH/FINFISH RESOURCES years but have been marked by great fluctuations in
Waters in the region provide suitable habitat for fin- year to year catch. Since the late 1960's, harvests have
fish and shellfish during various phases of their lives. been generally lower than those recorded in the 1940's
Many fish migrate into the freshwaters at the upper and 1950's (1968 being a record low year). Softshell
segments of the rivers to spawn. The larvae of other clam harvests have dropped to very low levels recently,
marine species, having been spawned in the ocean, from record harvests between 1955 and 1972. The his-
utilize the Bay as a nursery. While marine fish visit torical record is characterized by low harvests that
Maryland's waters only seasonally, freshwater and gradually climb to high levels and drop down quickly.
estuarine communities of finfish and shellfish are year- 1972-73 shows the most dramatic drop in clam harvest
round residents and are dependent upon these waters since the early 1950's and can be attributed to the
throughout their lives. Because the migratory and res- effects of Hurricane Agnes.
ident fish have such an enormous dependency upon a The number of persons licensed for commercial fish-
varied aquatic environment, all such areas could, and ing in Maryland and Virginia in 1970 was approximately
perhaps should, be identified for protection. Such an 17,000, with more than 11,000 vessels used for this
all-inclusive identification, though ecologically valid, activity on the Bay and its tributaries. In Maryland,
is of limited value to decision makers. There are, how- the major fishing effort has been toward shellfish, with
ever, certain areas that make a greater contribution to a lesser effort toward finfish, while the opposite has
Maryland's commercial and recreational fishing in- been true in Virginia.
dustries than others. Examples of these are the follow- , Along with the increases in population and leisure
ing: spawning and nursery areas, migratory pathways, time there has been a rise in recreational fishing on the
areas historically providing high commercial or sport Bay. Since the Bay offers quality fishing with a high
catch, areas suitable for the propagation of shellfish catch rate, a large percentage of total fishermen-days
and the range of rare or endangered species. These are were spent on the Bay and its tidal tributaries versus
the aquatic areas where primary attention must be rivers, lakes, or the ocean. Recreational fishing ac-
given to manage coastal resources. The Department counts for a significant portion of the total landings for
of Natural Resources is giving major emphasis to these several species of fish. Sport fishermen harvest striped-
areas by identifying them as aquatic sensitive areas. bass, weakfish, perch, spot, shad, croaker, and bluefish
A detailed description of these areas is found in Ap- in quantities suggested to equal or exceed those har-
pendix B. vested commercially. Shellfish are also taken by a con-
The commercial fisheries harvest of Chesapeake Bay siderable number of people on a recreational basis. It
for both finfish and shellfish averaged about 127.5 has been estimated that blue crabs are sought by as
pounds per acre from 1966 to 1970. For some species many people as are game fish; however, the recrea-
this commercial fishing pressure can be increased with- tional catch of this species has not been accurately
out exceeding the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) determined.
while the MSY for other species (primarily shad) is Management of the fishery resources of Chesapeake
already being exceeded. The commercial fishery for Bay and its tributaries is the responsibility of several
finfish can be divided into two parts, industrial, (e.g., organizations including the Federal government, the
menhaden and alewives), and non-industrial or edible states of Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia and the
(e.g., striped bass, shad, catfish, white perch, spot, Potomac River Fisheries Commission. The variety of
croaker). laws enforced by these organizations have presented
Within the study area, 82 percent of the finfish har- and continue to present conflicts in management prac-

tices and resource utilization. The agencies most di- munities is salinity. Large scale shifts in salinity are
rectly concerned with the resources of the Bay are the associated with massive influxes of fresh water from
Fisheries Administration of the Maryland Department Bay tributaries, such as occurred during Hurricane
of Natural Resources, the Virginia Marine Resources Agnes in 1972. That storm had disastrous effects on
Commission, and the Potomac River Fisheries Com- shellfish populations in the Upper Bay (above the Bay
mission. These three essentially separate organizations Bridge) and in the upper portions of many tributaries.
regulate resources which are, for the most part, com- Localized shifts of salinity are usually associated with
mon to all of the Bay. large size freshwater discharges such as cooling water
One of the marine resources common to several or treatment plant effluents.
areas are certain fish species, e.g., herring, found not Sediment, a pollutant common to the region, affects
only in the Bay area, but in the ocean along the eastern fishery resources in various ways. However, the end
coast. The effects of management practices on these result is the same-a loss in productive habitat causing
species are felt not only in this region but in other areas declines in productivity. Sediment can directly affect
far removed. For example, concentrated offshore fish- shellfish by smothering or by making the bottom un-
ing for herring has greatly reduced the spawning runs suitable as habitat. Sediment can block sunlight, thus
which take place in the Bay each spring. A number of reducing photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants and
management practices have caused controversy be- contributing to a low dissolved oxygen level. High sed-
tween the citizens of Maryland and Virginia. The iment concentrations can have adverse effects on fin-
watermen of these states feel that any practice which fish and shellfish larvae and cause adult shellfish to
gives the residents of a neighboring state a greater exhibit abnormal physical responses.
opportunity to utilize a resource may, at the same time, Heavy metals, pesticides, and toxic substances also
be causing a reduction in their own catches. Crabbing have detrimental effects on fishery resources. Metals,
regulations have been cited as an example of this type present in minute concentrations, are toxic to many
of controversial management practice. Virginia allows forms of life that inhabit the Bay. Many metals such
the dredging of wintering crabs buried in the Bay bot- as mercury or complex hydrocarbons (DDT) concen-
tom while Maryland has no such provision leading trate in the tissues of fish life as they filter water through
some Marylanders to feel that this dredging depletes their gills or feed on decaying matter on the bottom.
the supply of crabs which would be available to them Most break down very slowly or not at all in nature.
the following season. However, scientific proof for this Existing fish and shellfish areas are managed by the
supposition is lacking at present. State (Fisheries Administration and Environmental
Conflicts also arise within a given management area Health Administration) to protect the health and well
due to the diverse needs and desires of those who utilize being of fish-life and consumers. When bacteria, toxics,
its resources. Resource managers are confronted with and pesticides are found to exceed prescribed health
the problem of trying to develop programs which will standards, shellfish beds are closed and finfish sales or
conserve or enhance fishery resources and at the same harvests are prohibited. Many of the shellfish beds in
time satisfy the needs or desires of dissimilar special the Baltimore region are now closed due either to sedi-
interest groups. Whenever an action is taken which mentation, pollution, or disease.
satisfies one need, it is not unlikely that a conflict with Other economic development related activities also
the needs of another group will soon manifest itself. affect fishery populations. These include dredging and
For example, with the increases in population, per spoil disposal, industrial water supply intakes, and
capita income, and leisure time, there has been an hydrographic modification (changing flow or tidal pat-
increased demand for recreational developments along terns). Within the region, these kinds of modifications
the shorelines of the Bay. In some parts of this shore- have taken place primarily in the Baltimore Harbor
line, productive wetlands essential to the aquatic com- area. The fact that the State has, for over 200 years,
munity are being altered to provide for housing and opted for development activities over other resource
recreation facilities. The loss of these wetlands to de- attributes in this portion of the coastal zone is important
velopment reduces the productivity of the area and to note. Since the 1940's various state agencies and
ultimately the yield to the sport or commercial fish- research institutions have sampled the tidal waters of
erman. Thus, the demand for waterfront homes and Patapsco River to obtain data on what species of fish
recreational facilities is causing a reduction in the re- life inhabit the Harbor area. Never noted as a partic-
source which originated the demand. ularly productive fishing area since the early part of
Water quality is an important ingredient for produc- the twentieth century, findings of past studies show a
ing viable, productive fishery resources. For example, steady decline in the diversity of marine life in the
over 65% of Chesapeake Bay is naturally able (by bot- river. Since 1967, the State has taken a very active role
tom conditions, water depth, salinity, and dissolved in maintaining and protecting water quality for marine
oxygen) to support shellfish populations. But shellfish life in every river of the State. The Patapsco, in spite
communities are subject to many natural and man-in- of its diversity in industry and commerce rather than
duced stresses. Probably the most critical natural fac- marine life, is no exception. Experts have noted that
tor determining the general health of shellfish com- in the last five years the number of people seen fishing

and catching sport fish in the Inner Harbor has in- Spotail Shiner -Increasing
creased. In 1972 a record striped bass was landed in Blue -increasing
Baltimore Harbor near Curtis Creek. Although the Croaker -Increasing
reasons for this increase are not fully known, it is Clams -Declining
thought that improvements in water quality discharge Crabs -Declining
from industry might be an important, if not dominant, Oyster -Declining
factor. It is also thought that as water quality man-
agement programs for non-point source pollution are The rate at which these species are either increasing
implemented, sport fish will continue to repopulate or decreasing is speculative due to a lack of hard data.
portions of the Harbor. There are other tributaries in The reasons for the trends are thought to be a com-
the region where improvements in water quality will bination of water resource conditions and the changing
yield larger areas of habitat suitable for reintroduction physical nature of the Bay. More time and data are
of shellfish and finfish. Where such potential exists, it necessary, however, to verify any hypothesis.
should be investigated and become a factor in deter-
mining future uses of nearby lands and related water Recommendation: Establish a comprehensive fishery
resources. resource monitoring network and seek funds in order
to predict production trends accurately.
Recommendation: Construct a comprehensive fishery
management program through the Coastal Zone Man- Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
agement Program to be cooperatively sponsored by Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
Maryland and Virginia. In the Baltimore region local 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
units of government should use the technical services
of the Coastal Zone Unit to address fishery manage-
ment concerns from land-use decisions affecting sig-
nificant fishery resource areas. As part of these services
the Coastal Zone Unit should develop standards for
the measurement of land use impacts on shellfish/finfish
resource areas.
0

Harford Balt Balto. A.A Stat
0
Co. t
Co. Ci y Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DIMH MPA 0 bi.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35

Recommendation: The 208 water quality planning pro-
gram for the Baltimore Region is assessing the impact
of land use activities on fishery resources. Based on
the results of the assessment, the 208 Plan should con-
tain land-use guidelines that consider fishery manage-
ment and production concerns. RECREATIONAL BOATING
Hatford Balto. Balto. A.A. State . Several problems associated with recreational boat-
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. ing can be identified. The direct environmental impacts
of motorized boating can be a significant factor in the
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 degradation of the aquatic environment. Disposal of
untreated waste material can be a problem in congested
There is no comprehensive fish/shellfish monitoring areas and may become a greater problem with the an-
network related to biological production. Present sam- ticipated growth in recreational boating in the Bay.
pling techniques for bay living resources are conducted Boating congestion is also a growing problem in the
on an "as need" basis. Based on what little knowledge region and results in an increase in accidents and a
a select few biologists and fishing experts have gained decrease in recreational satisfaction. In addition, such
(over the last 30 years), the following production restrictions as Federal waters and low bridges are an
trends, by species, seem to be present: obstacle to realization of the full recreational potential
of some areas.
Striped Bass -Slow decline Most of the environmental impacts of recreational
Shad -Slow decline boating are associated with motorized boating. The
Herring -Slow decline direct impacts include:
Menhaden -Increasing -Leakage and spills of gasoline and oil both dock-
Catfish -Increasing side and on the open water;
Spot -Increasing -Exhaust from engines;

-Propellers on bottom sediment; Amendments of 1972. The Coast Guard is authorized
-Propellers on aquatic grasses; to approve waste disposal systems for boats based on
-Engine noise on the natural amenities of a water Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Simpli-
body and on wildlife; and fied, the approved systems are either pass-through sys-
-Wakes from boats on shoreline erosion. tems (chlorinator-macerator) or holding tanks. Further
The degree of impact is difficult to measure and is authority may be granted to a state, upon application
dependent on a variety of factors including water body to EPA, to declare certain areas as "no discharge"
characteristics, flushing rate, intensity of activity, ex- zones, regardless of the type of disposal system that
isting water quality, boat operation, and engine effi- is used. The regulation of waste disposal presents sev-
ciency. However, it can be concluded that the impacts eral problems in Maryland. The effluent from Coast
are greater in shallow enclosed areas, areas of existing Guard approved marine sanitation devices, Types I
poor water quality, and areas of intense use. and 11, does not meet State water quality standards,
and boats with holding tanks are often forced to pump
Recommendation: Future development of marinas and overboard because few marinas have pump-out
private docks (for use by dock owner only) should be facilities.
encouraged in areas less sensitive to the impacts of The Water Resources Administration and the En-
motorized boating and local jurisdictions via planning vironmental Health Administration are jointly consid-
and zoning authorities should restrict marina and pier ering regulations that would require marinas to have
development in shallow, enclosed upstream areas pump-out facilities and would declare certain areas of
where impacts of motorized boating are likely to the the bay as "no discharge" zones. The declaration of
great. "no discharge" zones appears to be difficult without
public acceptance of the need and will be costly to
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State enforce in terms of additional personnel.
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DNMH MPA Obj.
0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Recommendation: Disposal of untreated waste should
be eliminated in the tidal waters of the region.
-The regulation of waste disposal systems and no
Recommendation: State licensing regulations should discharge zones must be preceded by requirements
be evaluated to determine if they should be made more for pump-out stations, other sanitary facilities, and
stringent. Possible changes include: adequate sewage disposal at marinas and enforced
-License fees which provide incentive for non-mo- by local health departments.
torized boating. -The Water Resources Administration should ini-
-Required yearly inspection of boats to assure safe tiate a specific public information program to educate
and efficient engine operation. the public on the waste problem and the need for
-A tax on boats docked but not licensed in State regulation.
waters or a requirement that all boats docked in
Maryland waters have valid state registration. Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
-Strict regulations involving licensing of water Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
scooters, hydroplanes, and similar craft. 0 0 9 0 0 0 2

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Recreational boating congestion is an increasingly
0 0 0 0 0 8 serious problem in the tidal rivers of the Chesapeake
Bay. Both increasing population and increasing pop-
ularity of boating are the principal causes of greater
Disposal of waste from boats is one of the contrib- use. The problems of congestion take three forms: first,
uting factors in estuarine water pollution. Raw sewage a potential safety problem as a result of increased prob-
and garbage present both health and aesthetic prob- ability of boating accidents; second, greater environ-
lems. The impact of sewage, as with other factors, is mental problems resulting from increased loadings
dependent on the water body characteristics, existing from waste disposal and other impacts of motorized
water quality, presence of aquatic resources, and the boating; and, third, a decrease in recreational value for
use intensity in a given area. The relative contribution the boater because of the crowding.
of waste disposal from boats to total estuarine water Congestion of boats and a high boating accident rate
quality problems is probably minimal, since use is spo- occurs in the region during the summer months. The
radicand limited mostly to weekends during the sum- boating capacity of the rivers and the activity to ca-
mer months. In areas where boat use is heavy and tidal pacity ratio for them were computed in a report titled
flushing is minimal, however, the impacts of waste "Recreational Boating on the Tidal Waters of Mary-
disposal can be significant. land." This study evaluated the capacity of water bod-
Authorities for controlling waste disposal from boats ies based on estimated peak use and an average amount
are based on the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of surface area necessary per boat. The use/capacity

ratio is a comparison of the number of boats using a close to populated areas and more removed from areas
given water body on a peak day (Sunday in the sum- of intensive commerical shipping activity.
mer), in relation to the surface area of the water body.*
A ratio of 1.5 indicates that there are likely to be one Hayford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
and one-half times the optimal number of boats on a Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
water body on a peak day. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
The report rated the Patapsco River as the only one
of the region's ten rivers with any reserve capacity.
The Bush, Gunpowder, Rhode, West, and Susquehana The recreational boating study provided useful data
Rivers were rated as slightly overused. The South and analysis of the general problem of congestion and
River was rated as moderately overused. Ten of the accidents in the state. However, the study was general
eleven rivers in the State rated as over-utilized occur in nature in that it averaged boating use over the entire
in the region (see Table 1). In addition to congestion, surface of the rivers in the region rather than focusing
there is a high accident rate compared to the rest of on points where boats tend to be moored, tend to con-
the state. Table 2 shows the number of accidents that gregate, and points where conflicts between various
have occurred in the region and the State from 1964 activities occur. Further study of the pattern and in-
to 1976 and the percentage of the total accidents which tensity of boating activity in the region is needed. The
occurred in the region. Consistently, over the years, Baltimore District of the Corps of Engineers is pre-
between 34 per cent and 57 per cent of the total ac- paring to let a contract for an environmental impact
cidents have occured in the region. assessment of the proposed Baltimore-Washington In-
ternational Yachting Center (Magothy River, Anne
Recommendation: Growth of recreational boating Arundel County) and a marina proposed for Dark Head
should be discouraged in identified congestion areas. Creek (Middle River, Baltimore County). This study
State, Federal and local authorities should consider could include a detailed investigation of congestion and
congestion in granting permits and local for marinas, conflicts in water use on the Magothy and Middle Riv-
launching ramps, and mooring buoys. ers, and the Bay. It could also be supplemented by
concurrent study of these problems on the other rivers
Hayford Balto. Balto. A.A. State in the region.
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Recommendation: Further study of the boating conges-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 tion and water use conflicts in the region should be
undertaken in a comprehensive boating study and as
Recommendation: Development of recreational facil- part of the environmental impact statement to be pre-
ities in the Patapsco River should be encouraged be- pared for the two marina proposals being considered
cause it has the lowest level of recreational boating in by the corps of engineers. Locations of congestion
S should be documented through field work, including
the region. The Inner Harbor and Middle Branch area aerial photography, during the summer months. This
of the River offer the best opportunities as they are study should be supplemented by work undertaken by
state, regional and local agencies to identify locations
*A summary of the report's findings is presented in Table 1. of congestion and water use conflicts.

TABLE I
Water Body Use Activity Relative To Spatial Boating Capacity

Estimates of Sunday
Peak Hour Activity Activity
(30% of Water (Total Number of Activity to Capacity
River Stored Craft) (8Vo of Launchings) Peak Hour Boats) Capacity Ratio

Patapsco 1083 458 1541 2608 .59
Bush 201 194 395 382 1.03
Gunpowder 265 273 538 497 1.08
Rhode and West 554 242 796 622 1.28
Susquehanna 416 382 798 591 1.35
South 1007 522 1529 874 1.75
Back 589 373 962 483 1.99
Severn 1439 1008 2447 1000 2.44
Magothy 1089 591 1680 595 2.82
Middle 1519 215 1734 510 3.40

(Adapted from Recreational Boating on the Tidal Waters of Maryland, Roy Mann Associates, 1976)

TABLE 2
Reported Boating Accidents 1964-1976

Number of Accidents

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974, 1975 1976

Anne Arundel County 40 47 43 25 57 74 54 31 35 31 67 59 102
Paltimore County and
Bait. City 18 18 17 12 17 21 12 3 1 10 24 8 19
Hartford County 2 7 4 5 5 8 8 2 7 4 5 3 8
Baltimore Region 60 72 64 42 79 103 74 36 43 45 96 70 129
State of Maryland 155 154 171 122 169 189 188 71 76 88 211 177 223

Percentage of Accidents
Anne Arundel County 25% 30% 25% 20% 33% 39% 28% 43% 46% 3517o 31% 33% 45%
Baltimore Co. and
Ball. City 11% 11% wo wo I OP/0 11% 6% 4% 1% 11% 11% 4% 8%
Harford County 1% 4% 2% 4% 2% 4% 4% 2% Wo 491b 2% 1% 3%
Baltimore Region 3801o 469o' 37% 34% 46% 5417o 3Wc 5 Wo 56% 51% 45% 3917o 57%
State of Maryland I W/O 100% 1 0wo I W/O 100% 100% 100% 100% 1000/0 1 W170 100% 100% 100%
Based on Recreational Boating on the Tidal Waters of Maryland, Roy Mann, 1976, and data supplied by the Maryland Department of Natural
Resources, Marine Police.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Throughout the region, various problems exist which
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. prevent the full realization of recreational boating's
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 potential, including lack of access and shoreline facil-
ities, physical obstructions, Federal waters, and con-
Accidents can be reduced if all boaters are thor- flicts with commercial activities.
oughly familiar with boating safety techniques, navi- The problem of lack of access and facilities is most
gation, and the boating rules of the road. Currently, evident in Baltimore Harbor and in Harford County.
the Natural Resources Police, Marine Division, offers In Baltimore Harbor much of the shoreline is pre-
a nonmandatory, free, home study basic boating empted by industrial and commercial uses and as such
course. This course covers speed limits, boat registra- the Harbor offers little inducement for investment in
tion, classes of boats, required equipment; boating ac- recreational facilities. In Harford County, approxi-
cidents, litter, skiing and reckless operation regula- mately 80 miles of shoreline (75% of the total) is within
tions; emergency procedures, first aid, and knots. This the Aberdeen Proving Ground and access is limited
course is supplemented by lectures in schools and pub- to base personnel.
licity in the news media. The Natural Resources Police Physical restrictions are primarily a problem in Har-
increased their publicity on boating safety in 1975 over ford County. Low bridges over the Gundpowder and
that which they had provided in the previous years. Bush Rivers discourage marina development and the
The number of boating accidents reported in 1975 was use of sailboats in upstream areas.
lower than the number reported in 1974 and 1976. The Commercial fishing also presents problems to rec-
Natural Resources Police attribute this change to their reational boating. Extensive gill net fishing in spring
increased emphasis on safety in 1975. creates navigational hazards because of stakes and net
lines close to the surface of the water. In some cases,
Recommendation: The Natural Resources Police should entire river mouths have been reported to be obstructed
give increased emphasis to boating safety and should by gill net lines.
consider alternatives such as increasing the number of Restricted Federal waters are a severe constraint in
marine police in the region, stricter enforcement of Harford County. The Chesapeake Bay adjacent to
existing regulations, lower speed limits, activity zones; Aberdeen Proving Ground and Bush River are fre-
increased publicity and availability of safety opera- quently closed to boating when military testing is taking
tion, and navigation courses; licensing of o@erators place. These closings are an imposition on boating on
the Upper Bay and discourage facility development on
and the impoundment of boats involved in violations. the upper portion of Bush River.
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Recommendation: Fulfillment of the recreational po-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 tential for recreational boating should be encouraged
in non-congested areas.

-Increased accessibility to the Bay should be made dredged by changing the circulation patterns and dis-
at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. If lands are de- turbing bottom life. Maintenance dredging is less of a
clared surplus (uncontaminated areas), priority problem, but can still have a significant impact on
should be given to recreational facility develop- aquatic resources by disrupting fish migration patterns
ment. In addition, APG might consider making the and disturbing blue crabs wintering in the channels.
existing recreational facilities on the Bay more Channel depth requirements vary according to ship
accessible to the public. design and the load being carried, but fall roughly in
-A study should be conducted to analyze the con- the range of 24' to 60'. Modern tankers and bulk car-
flicts between recreational boating and commer- riers have the largest drafts of any class and are fre-
cial fishing with particular attention given to gill quently required to travel with less than a full load
netting at the mouths of rivers. because many ports do not meet depth requirements.
The depth of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel at
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State the mouth of the Bay is 55' and is consequently the
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. controlling factor in ultimate depth capability of the
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Bay. Channels into Baltimore are authorized at 50'
depth for the southern approach and at 35' depth for
the northern approach from the Chesapeake and Del-
aware Canal. The 50' channel has not yet been con-
structed and present channel depth for the southern
approach is 42'.
Overhead clearance requirements also vary. Larger
ships may require well over 100'-the Key Bridge and
Bay Bridge have 185' of clearance to accommodate
major traffic into the Harbor. Bridges over the Ches
apeake and Delaware Canal are 135' at the lowest.
In addition to channel access to port facilities, large
@. . . . . . . ...... areas of deep water are necessary near shore for hold-
ing and turning vessels. Again, the actual spatial re-
quirements for turning basins depends on the type of
ships a particular port facility anticipates; but this can
be a major requirement as many of the large ships
exceed 1000' in length.
COMMERCIAL BOATING New technology can significantly change the char-
The direct environmental impacts of commercial acteristics of large commercial shipping. For example,
shipping include waste disposal, ballast cleaning, spills, offshore oil facilities, from which crude can be trans-
leakage, accelerated shore erosion from wakes, and ported to shore by pipeline, could serve to ameliorate
resuspension of sediment from propwash in shallow traffic congestion and reduce demand for dredging to
channels. accommodate deeper draft vessels. Another possibility
Modern ships have more sophisticated waste treat- that could offset demand for dredging deeper harbors
ment facilities, but many older ships discharge wastes is the development of large shallow draft vessels that
untreated. The contribution of this discharge on the can still achieve economies of scale by carrying large
total water quality problem in the Bay is small; in en- quantities of bulk material. However, the continued
closed areas, however, the impact can be significant. production of deeper draft vessels may restrict the
Discharge of ballast water can be a problem when large-scale traffic into Baltimore to the older, less de-
bulk material (coal, oil) is stored in the same com- pendable ships, considering the depth limitations of the
partments used for ballast. Discharge in the Bay is Harbor approaches.
illegal and is closely moni tore d-howev er, it still takes Conflict among commercial shippers appears to be
place. This is due, in large part, to the fact that there minimal. Collisions are rare, and incidences of delay
are no facilities for discharging ballast water within the due to congestion are not evident. The Coast Guard
Bay. limits the period of time that a ship can stay at mooring
The powerful propwash from large ships causes in the Harbor to 48 hours, preventing large backlogs
massive resuspension of sediment in the relatively shal- of ships.
low Harbor channels. Ships entering the Harbor with In some cases, recreational boating conflicts with
drafts very close to the channel depth cause this prob- commercial shipping. Because large commercial ships
lem and it will persist until channel depths are altered. are less maneuverable and must maintain speed, areas
One of the greatest direct impacts of commercial of intensive recreational boating are felt to be hazard-
shipping is channel dredging and disposal of the dredge ous by commercial pilots. For this reason, shipping
material. The dredging process can have a significant interests do not welcome the idea of greatly increased
impact on water bodies that have not been previously recreational boating in the Harbor. The only area

where it is identified as a problem now is adjacent to these potential impacts with quantitative estimates of
Annapolis. the probability of their occurrence.
In fight of the major oil spills in coastal areas through-
out the country, the potential of such an occurrence Recommendation: The Coastal Zone Unit, in concert
in Chesapeake Bay is a major concern. The physical with interested State and local agencies and the State
characteristics and sensitivity of an estuary means that of Virginia, should request the United States Geolog-
the potential impact could be ecologically disastrous. ical Survey to perform an oil spill risk analysis for the
While there are many chemical pollutants being stored, entire Chesapeake Bay. The study should focus on
manufactured, transported, and discharged into the known and potential oil related facilities, channels that
Bay, oil is of particular concern because its toxicity oil tankers utilize, and oil spill containment practices
means that the impact on aquatic life is direct and used by industry and government.
immediate.
The sources of oil pollution from commercial ship- Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
ping include area spills at land/water transmission Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
points, emptying of ballast tanks that previously con- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
tained oil, spills from wrecked vessels, and leakage
from antiquated vessels. The vessels with this problem
potential include both large tankers and barges. In the The results of such an analysis would provide better
Baltimore region, tanker terminals are found only in information upon which to evaluate an oil-related proj-
the Harbor. However, terminals for barges carrying ect proposal.
petroleum products are located in Havre de Grace and
in Annapolis, extending the spill potential to the lower
Susquehanna and lower Severn Rivers. THE LAND/WATER EDGE
Oil spill responsibilities are vested in the terminal
operators, the Water Resources Administration, the The first overall objective in the management of this
Maryland Port Administration, and the Coast Guard. portion of the coastal zone is the maintenance and
Terminal operators are required by the State and the growth of a sustainable water-related economic sector
Coast Guard to maintain equipment to contain a spill while recognizing the associated environmental costs.
in transmission. The Water Resources Administration This objective includes:
has ten trailers with clean-up facilities. Additionally, -Maintenance of the vitality of the Port of Baltimore
the Maryland Port Administration has containment through the provision of adequate shoreline facil-
equipment for Harbor spills and the Coast Guard is ities and through the provision of adequate channel
equipped for limited containment of spills in the Harbor depths;
and the Bay. -Provision of suitable areas for the disposal of
Containment in the tidal rivers and creeks is facili- dredge material and control of the location and
tated by the natural enclosure and the proximity of methods of disposal to minimize environmental
clean-up facilities; spills in the open bay are more dif- impacts;
ficult to contain. Both the Water Resources Admin- -Encouragement of shoreline industry location in
istration and the Coast Guard maintain equipment for a manner compatible with environmental and rec-
open bay spills. The Coast Guard facilities for such reational goals and restriction of industrial uses
an operation are based in North Carolina and require to those that are dependent on a water location.
eight to ten hours to respond. With its newly acquired The second overall objective is to encourage the
open water containment equipment and contingency provision and protection of coastal recreational, nat-
plan, WRA can respond to a spill in Maryland waters ural, and cultural resources. This includes:
within two hours. -Protection of wetlands and areas of aquatic veg-
While the petroleum industry appears to have a good etation from direct destruction and indirect sources
record on complying with oil spill prevention measures, of degradation;
it must be recognized that the potential for a major spill -Protection of existing shoreline residential com-
still exists especially in fight of more antiquated vessels munities from natural hazards;
and increased traffic. -Promotion of increased public access to the shore-
A great deal of uncertainty exists concerning the line for recreational and educational purposes;
number and size of spills that could occur even if no -Encouragement of further acquisition of coastal
further oil related development is permitted. In view parkland and the efficient development and main-
of our inability to predict with certainty future oil spill tenance of existing coastal parks.
impacts, it is important to consider the range of possible These objectives call for consideration of such
impacts that could accompany oil and gas develop- land/water edge activities as the Port of Baltimore,
ment, paying particular attention to 'worst case' con- water-related employment centers, marinas, spoil dis-
ditions. It is equally important, however, in attempting posal, wetlands, shoreline erosion, flooding, public
to maintain perspective on the problem, to associate access, and parkland.

general cargo movements and in the handling of certain
commodities for which specialized services are
required.
In 1956, legislation creating the Maryland Port Au-
thority gave it "the power, if private facilities are in-
adequate or inadequately operated at any time, to con-
struct and, if necessary, to operate supplementary
public facilities deemed by it to be required in the public
interest." In essence, the Legislature provided the
Authority with power to foster an environment con-
ducive to port development in those areas beyond the
scope of private activity. Over the past two decades,
the Authority and its successor-the Maryland Port
THE PORT OF BALTIMORE Administration-constructed and either leased or di-
The Port of Baltimore has emerged as a significant rectly operated a number of general cargo terminals
regional asset as a result of the working of numerous in the Port. Its activities have focused on maritime
forces over a long span of time. Among them were the trade at Dundalk, Locust Point, Clinton Street, and
early efforts of the three trunkline railroads which de- Hawkins Point.
veloped facilities (Figure 5) at Canton (Pennsylvania Traffic flow through the Port has shown an upward
Railroad), Locust Point (Baltimore and Ohio Rail- trend in recent years and is expected to follow national
road), Port Covington (Western Maryland Railway), trends in economic growth in the future. Whereas
and Curtis Bay (Baltimore and Ohio). Railroad ter- growth has occurred in both bulk and general cargo
minals generally include break-bulk general cargo piers tonnages, the most dramatic increases have been reg-
(usually of finger pier configuration), a large grain el- istered in the general cargo figures, especially in the
evator, a coal dumper, and an ore unloader. This col- volume of containerized goods moved through Balti-
lection of facilities meant that port traffic was com- more terminals. Among bulk commodities, notable in-
posed of substantial volumes of bulk movements, a creases were recorded in the grain trades-a group of
pattern still evident. Whereas railroad initiative was commodities whose aggregated tonnages nearly quad-
responsible for the early development of cargo ter- rupled during the five-year period 1971-1975; sharpest
minals, it was the industrial and commercial sectors increases were in the export of corn, wheat, and, to
which later filled much of the remaining port shoreline. a lesser extent, soybeans. Import iron ore tonnages
Industrial activity takes place on more than 42 per cent rose steadily as inland demand continued to rise; re-
of the Port's perimeter; among the activities are the ceipts at the iron and steel complex at Sparrows Point
massive steel and shipbuilding complex at Sparrows remained fairly even. Coal traffic, which declined
Point, the shipbuilding and repair yards in Fairfield, slightly in the early 1970's, has reversed its downward
the ship repair yards along Key Highway and adjoining trend with increases both in exports and in the renewed
Ft. McHenry, the chemical and fertilizer plants in use of the fuel in the harbor region itself. Petroleum
Curtis Bay, Canton, and along the Northwest Branch tonnages attained an all-time high in 1973 and decreased
of the Patapsco River, the sugar refinery on Locust subsequently. The mix of other bulk commodities
Point, the petroleum storage facilities (originally refin- changed only slightly during the period.
eries) in Fairfield and Canton, the gypsum plants in General cargo traffic increased by nearly 30 per cent
Canton and Marley Neck, and the numerous power between 1971 and 1975. Most of the increase resulted
generating stations which dot the harbor shoreline. from gains registered at the Dundalk Marine Terminal,
Aside from the major terminal development by the although significant increases also occurred at the Clin-
railroads and the industrial activity of the region's prin- ton Street and Locust Point terminals. The persistent
cipal heavy industries, the Port's commercial functions overall growth in general cargo traffic may be attributed
have been stimulated and reinforced by several private to the 131 per cent increase in container tonnages han-
developers and by the Maryland Port Administration dled by terminals throughout the Fort; of this traffic,
and its predecessor agency, the Maryland Port Au- roughly 72 per cent was handled at Dundalk in 1975.
thority. Although a number of independent terminal By that date, approximately 52 per cent of all general
operators constructed facilities along the shoreline at cargo which crossed public piers was containerized;
an early date, particularly in the older Inner Harbor, this compares to but 31 per cent in 1971. Clearly, con-
Fells Point, and Canton areas, the three remaining tainerization as a method of transferring general cargo
major sets of facilities of this kind are the Rukert Ter- has matured, and it seems probable that the trend will
minals along Clinton Street, at Lazaretto Point, and continue.
at Fells Point, the Terminal Corporation facility at The Port, then, is an aggregation of industrial and
Fells Point, and the Sea-Land terminal in Canton. This commercial functions constituting a significant eco-
last facility is devoted entirely to the transfer of con- nomic resource in the Baltimore region. Terminals are
tainerized cargo, whereas the others are involved in served by Federally- maintained 42-foot channels (with

accompanying state and private ly- maintained ap- these are prohibited from passage when fully laden due
proaches to the facilities themselves) and supported to the shallow conditions on the western approach.
by landward rail and truck transport. Although these The problem of channel maintenance experienced
industrial, commercial, and transport activities com- in the upper bay is compounded within Baltimore Har-
prise most of the Port's shoreline, certain other land bor itself by a prolonged failure to deepen and widen
uses are interspersed along the water's edge. Plans call existing channels. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
for recreation and open space, housing, and non-port- recommended in June, 1%9, that channels in the harbor
oriented commercial development in the near future. be deepended to 50 feet to accommodate the ever-larger
It should be understood that despite the mix of land bulk carriers which transport such sizable volumes of
uses surrounding the harbor, port functions will con- commodities to and from the Port. Scale economies
tinue to dominate both in extent and significance. Also, in the movement of such commodities as iron ore, coal,
it should be noted that site requirements for port-de- and petroleum products cannot be realized within the
pendent commercial and industrial activities are such constraints imposed by 42-foot channels-even if prop-
that there are a limited number of feasible sites for erly maintained.
expansion. Marine terminals, for instance, depend Failure to complete previously authorized channel
upon close proximity to main channels to minimize the improvements will result in stagnation or even decline
need for dredging access channels, back-up space to in the movement of bulk cargoes, with probable capture
allow for the rapid turnaround of modern vessels of such traffic by competing ports which are free of
which have become too costly to bear the costs of long such problems, In light of the Port's long-established
delays in port, and accessibility to both rail and truck tradition in the handling of such commodities and its
transport. To help insure that the economic vitality of heavy investment in industrial complexes and trans-
the Port will be preserved while possible environmental shipment facilities, the following recommendation is
problems are lessened, the following recommendation called for.
is made.
Recommendation: Authorized projects, both on the
Recommendation: Baltimore Harbor, defined as that Bay side of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and
area northwest of a line connecting North Point and in Baltimore Harbor, should be completed with ap-
Rock Point which contains industrial and commercial propriate consideration accorded environmental con-
port facilities and supporting back-up space, should be cerns and a maintenance dredging program should be
designated as the State's Principal Maritime Work- developed which includes a strict work schedule.
shop. This designation is meant to ensure a significant
voice for the Maryland Port Administration in the use Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
of land adjacent to deep draft channels. Toward pro- Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bi.
tecting the integrity of this regional resource and to- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
ward insuring its optimum utilization, emphasis should
be placed on concentrating port activities in this
Workshop. Directly related to the problem of channel deepening
and maintenance is the issue of spoil disposal. Required
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State dredging of main channels, lateral access channels,
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. anchorages, and berths at existing and proposed ter-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 m .nals will yield considerable spoil volumes, posing
the need for suitable disposal sites. Such sites must
have sufficient capacity to handle this material as well
A problem which has beset the Port in recent years as spoil resulting from maintenance dredging. A recent
and which threatens its future at a time of fierce in- enactment of the Legislature (Senate Bill 28) prohibits
terport competition is the sitting in of channels, both the dumping of any dredged material outside Baltimore
within the harbor itself and at the upper Chesapeake Harbor except within a spoil containment facility. In-
Bay entrance to the C&D Canal. With respect to the asmuch as there are no available disposal sites of suit-
Canal, Baltimore has a distinct advantage over many able size, construction of a containment facility has
other ports in having two navigational routes (the other been proposed for Hart and Miller Islands, and the
route is via the Virginia Capes) connecting it with the Corps of Engineers has issued a permit to the State for
open sea. The Canal route provides substantial time that purpose. To meet channel requirements and,
savings for vessels calling at Baltimore and more north- hence, to encourage commerce in the Port of Baltimore
erly ports on the North Atlantic Range; indeed, a sig- with minimal adverse environmental effects:
nificant fraction of a day may be saved on the voyage,
for example, from Baltimore to New York or Phila- Recommendation: The proposed Hart and Miller Is-
delphia. But the lack of dredging in the upper bay has land diked disposal facility should be constructed as
reduced channel depths such that Canal traffic is rel- soon as possible following resolution of pending court
egated to break-bulk general cargo vessels, and even action and used for material dredged from the Federal

channels in Baltimore Harbor and its Approaches with volumes, and, by extension, facility demands, a new
the provision that the finished island be used for rec- trend line was developed, based on more recent actual
reation purposes. data. This new trend line is substantially steeper than
either the 1966 or 1971 forecast. These projections in-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State dicate that future growth in general cargo tonnage will
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DFCD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi be confined principally to containerized movements.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 It may be concluded, then, that future port expansion
will occur largely in the providing of new container
[Baltimore County through its County Executive and facilities and in the expansion of existing terminals.
County Council and through its various agencies in- Recommendation: New terminals will need to be con-
cluding the Office of Planning and Zoning has withheld structed, and certain existing facilities will require con-
support for the use of the Hart and Miller Island and version from break-bulk to container uses. To effect
environs as a spoil disposal facility. The basic reasons construction of new terminal facilities, both Federal
for this lack of support include environmental and con- and State permits are required, and it is recommended.
structual concerns as well as a concern over the ulti- that greater cooperation be promoted among agencies
mate use of the site and the possibility that the con- in an effort to expedite completion of projects.
struction of the facility with its accompanying dredged
channel might cause industrial expansion in this area.]
Harford Baho. Balto. A.A. State
The volume of world trade is expected to increase Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
considerably between now and the year 2000, and the
Port of Baltimore, as one of the world's major seaports, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
might expect to grow also. Such growth will depend
upon both the providing of silt-free channels to handle
the larger containerships and bulk carriers and the de-
velopment of suitable terminals through which these
ever-increasing tonnages will move. Thus, it is nec-
essary to project future traffic flows and then to identify
areas of potential port expansion. Projected trade es
timates have been developed, based on the experience
of fifteen years from 1956 to 1970 and on anticipated
growth to the year 2000. Historical trends show that
an ever-increasing share of general cargo movements
(not handled at private piers) is being handled at MPA
facilities: 12 per cent in 1962; 50 per cent in 1967; 64
percent in 1972; and 70 per cent in 1975. There is no
reason to expect a change in this trend because the
private sector is unable to bear the extremely high costs
of general cargo terminal development; hence, it might
be expected that most future demand for such facilities WATER-RELATED EMPLOYMENT CENTERS
will fall within the responsibility of the MPA. Inci- Throughout the history of this region, commerce has
dentally, private piers have been handling approxi- been altered by many influences. Havre de Grace,
mately 1,400,000 tons of traffic annually for the past Joppatowne, Elkridge, and Annapolis all functioned
two decades, and it is expected that a similar annual as trade centers during the past. They shared many of
volume will be handled in the future. the same advantages as the Port of Baltimore and were
The problem at hand, therefore, is to determine proj- able to accommodate the ships of the 18th and early
ected traffic volumes to the year 2000 which might 19th centuries. Each, however, served a rather spe-
logically be handled by construction of additional MPA cial ized client and only Baltimore, because of its deeper
or other general cargo (including container) facilities. water, was able to handle the larger vessels of the 19th
It is also important to determine the extent to which and 20th centuries. Perhaps the three most critical con-
future general cargo will be containerized, as this will ditions in determining that the landbased nucleus of
dictate the type of facilities needed. The MPA has the region would be located adjacent to the Port of
projected general cargo tonnages to the year 2000; these Baltimore were the Patapsco's depth and a willingness
projections allocate traffic between break-bulk and to improve the channels, the development of the rail-
containerized. Actual tonnage for 1970 is 10 per cent roads and their landward improvements, and the water-
above the historical trend line and the 1975 actual ton- powered industry which developed along Gwynns
nage is 21 per cent above the trend line, with contain- Falls and Jones Falls. The relatively shallow waters
erized cargo growing at an even more rapid pace (actual of the smaller rivers within the region prohibited the
tonnage exceeded projected by 41 per cent in 1975) development of other major water-dependent or water-
than total general cargo. To guage projected traffic related industry. Annapolis remained an important port

FIGURE A
THE PORT OF BALTIMORE
INNER HARBOR
FELLS
POINT N
Key

PORT LOCUST
C,
CD
COV;NGTON POINT 4f, @'o CANTON
ZARETTO
POINT

w DUNDALK
a

FAIRFIELD
Jr.

curt
,,, WISO
11

HAWKINS
POINT

MARLEY
NECK

to service the fishing fleets, but the canning and ship- Together, they own 390 acres and employ more than
ping related industries grew in Baltimore half of the 26,192 workers in Canton.
Movement of goods to and from the water's edge Since 1963, GM, assembler of Chevrolet trucks and
and into the expanding service area was assured by the cars, has increased employment to more than 5,500.
development of a massive rail system. The railroads In 1972, it purchased the 47-acre American Standard
were responsible for the construction of tracks, yards, property, expanding operations to provide an addi-
coal and ore piers, terminals, grain elevators, and gen- tional 650- 1000 new jobs. Recently, the auto firm has
eral cargo piers. Inland areas not readily accessible to invested heavily in converting its body painting process
the water's edge were tied to the shoreline by major to a water base system that will drastically reduce hy-
rail lines and, in some instances, specially developed drocarbon emissions.
rail switching companies. With the advent of trucking Although Lever Brothers has not substantially in-
and a large scale highway program, rail traffic was creased employment, it has made considerable capital
challenged and, in a number of services, overtaken by investments in a plant modernization program and
the advantages offered by a more flexible transporta- spent considerable sums for pollution control equip-
tion system. Currently, the major marine terminals and ment. Acquisition of the American Standard property
many industries depend largely on highway by GM allowed Lever Brothers to purchase land pre-
transportation. viously leased to them by GM that can be used for
Although the Port of Baltimore includes portions of future expansion.
Baltimore and Anne Arundel Counties, most devel- Western Electric, a subsidiary of American Tele-
opment has occurred within the twenty-eight miles of phone and Telegraph Co., has steadily increased its
shoreline of Baltimore City. The most notable excep- employment. Today, more than 7,000 workers produce
tions are Sparrow's Point, a large portion of the Mary- telephone cords, cables, and switching equipment,
land Port Administration's Dundalk Marine Terminal making this firm the largest private industrial employer
in Baltimore County, and the Kennecott copper plant in the City.
in northern Anne Arundel County. Other major manufacturing concerns include: Na-
The following deals with the existing conditions and tional Gypsum, makers of gypsum board used in dwell-
requirements of employment centers within the Harbor ing construction, Federal Yeast, producers of baker's
on an area by area basis. yeast and self-rising flour, and the Exxon petroleum
distribution center.
Canton is also the location of fertilizer industries.
Canton Agrico, Kerr-McGee and Lebanon Chemical Com-
The Canton area is one of the region's most highly panies are the largest of these. This industry has been
industrialized districts. It contains a large network of declining in past years, because many large scale fer-
rail lines and a collection of both manufacturing firms tilizer plants have moved to the midwest. Located
and port-related storage facilities. Several marine ter- along Clinton Street and at Lazaretto Point, the in-
minals, owned by private concerns as well as by the dustry serves a market area consisting of the mid-At-
Maryland Port Administration, are situated along Can- lantic and New England states. Until 1970, the fertilizer
ton's shoreline. The Dundalk Marine Terminal strad- industries received large volumes of raw material im-
dles the City/County line and is the largest general ports through their own -pier facilities. Now, the in-
cargo facility in the Port. Although portions of Canton dustries have converted mostly to rail for shipments
are occupied by intensive employment centers, large of their raw materials. Several problems affect the in-
tracts of land are vacant or underutilized. Much of this dustry in Canton; an inadequate transportation system,
is used as open storage for bulk goods. both rail and highway, and inadequate sewer service.
Canton contains a range of possible re-use alterna- Firms are forced to use septic systems for sanitary
tives. There are projects now in planning and construc- waste and to treat their industrial wastes. The area has
tion which will guide these options. Construction of a high water table which causes septic systems to mal-
1-95, 1-83 and a toll plaza on a 12 acre strip of land function and ground water to become contaminated.
parallel to the Harbor Tunnel Thruway is to begin in Industry is currently denied the option of pre-treating
the autumn of 1977. Several local transportation prob- waste for introduction into the sanitary systems. At
lems should be alleviated by this construction. Vehic- this time, the only option is direct discharge into the
ular access to the area will also be greatly increased, Harbor. This discharge requires compliance with Fed-
removing the necessity of travel over local streets. A eral effluent standards while discharges into the sewer
sanitary sewer to serve the Northwest quadrant will system require meeting pre-treatment standards.
deal with many of the pollution problems. With the Construction of the Canton trunk sewer, to be com-
greatest concentration of industrial land in the City, pleted in autumn, 1980, will eliminate the need to utilize
Canton's redevelopment involves several complex failing septic systems and allow individual industries
issues. a choice between pretreating their wastes or treating
Three manufacturing firms dominate the area: West- for direct discharge, whichever proves cost effective.
ern Electric, General Motors, and Lever Brothers. Opportunities exist for better parcelization of in-

dustrial land that is now either vacant or underutilized. back-up space by landfilling between Piers 3 and I I
An industrial renewal plan, focusing on West Canton Newgate Street. This would alleviate the conflict be-
chiefly, could increase developed property by utilizing tween areas used for ore handling and those used for
the under-used rail property and finger piers. the expanding trailer and cargo operations of its pri-
Perhaps the most promising opportunity is Fort mary leases. Ramp structures and other relocated rail
Holabird. With its proximity to the rest of the Canton facilities will affect 21 acres of Canton Company prop-
industrial area, Dundalk Marine Terminal, and City erty although this land will still be available for cargo
and County communities with numbers of industrial storage after 1-95 is built.
workers, this vacant 212-acre site is particularly well Three carriers provide service into Canton-Chessie
suited for industrial development. A 1975 study by the (B&O), ConRail, and the Canton Railroad which
Baltimore Economic and Development Corporation services the piers and many industries in Canton. Nu-
explored industrial development alternatives for Fort merous problems exist with Canton's railroad system.
Holabird. The preferred option was a mix of labor Among them are poor track conditions which limit the
intensive and capital intensive industries, together with speed of trains to less than five miles per hour and
considerable industrial office development. This scheme short yard trackage which requires splitting the typical
could generate between 4,500 and 5,000 new jobs and 100 car coal train into shorter cuts of about 10 cars.
an annual payroll of $80 million. Besides economic Consequently, the rail yards are congested and valu-
benefits, an extensive landscaping and planting pro- able shipping time is lost between yards. This produces
gram would enhance the visual attractiveness of the two basic rail operation problems: continuous switch-
entire area. ing moves and frequent truck-rail conflicts as rail lines
Dundalk is the Port's largest general cargo facility. cross over several streets.
With 12 berths in operation, Dundalk employs a labor There appears to be enough existing space for rail
force between 2,200 and 2,400. Two additional berths car storage. The ConRail coal pier generally serves
are in the development plans. There is a total of 435 local customers. If their customers, the largest of which
acres of paved open storage with about 521,000 square is Bethlehem Steel at Sparrows Point, can receive their
feet of covered storage. In 1976, 2.4 million tons of coal by more direct rail shipments instead, the pier and
containerized cargo moved through Dundalk. its backup facilities would no longer be needed. The
Sea Land Service was the first all-container line in land could then be used by new or expanded industries.
Baltimore with its own specially-designed terminal. Demand for bulk storage space is cyclical. Fluctu-
This 22-acre site is used as marshalling space for nearly ations respond to the needs of the fertilizer industry,
800 containers. The Canton Company of Baltimore, ore imports, and demand for road salt. Most of the
which constructed the Sea Land Terminal, plans to storage is located on scattered sites north of Newgate
further develop the site into a 155-acre facility by filling Avenue. Much of the present storage area could be
the area inside the bulkhead line between National put to more intensive use. By stockpiling at one lo-
Gypsum and Western Electric. cation farther inland on unused rail property or dis-
Rukert's two terminals have expanded; two new tributing raw materials to the user immediately upon
warehouses have been constructed at Clinton Street, arrival.
and additional property has been acquired from Agrico Another opportunity is for the joint utilization of
Chemical Co. at Lazaretto Point for a bulk storage trackage and other facilities by the three railroads.
warehouse. The two facilities at Clinton Street are Eventually, the multi-management approach of admin-
equipped to handle an assortment of cargoes. At South istering three lines could be converted into a single
Clinton Terminal, up to 20,000 tons of bulk commod- management administration.
ities are handled yearly. At the Lazaretto Point facility,
special cargo requiring bagging, drumming, and can-
ning are shipped. Rukert's facilities currently employ Recommendation: The 3-A Interstate expressway sys-
over 80 people. Rukert has expressed an interest in tem in the Harbor area (1-95, 1-395, 1-83) with asso-
converting its facility at Pier 5 Clinton Street into a ciated local street improvements should be completed
marginal pier. These plans, however, depend upon the as soon as possible to relieve local congestion and
City's willingness to sell Rukert 12 acres of vacant land provide improved access to Harbor industries.
east of Clinton Street as part of relocation due to 1-95
construction. The "temporary" relocation site would Hartford Ball . Balto. A.A. State
become a permanent expansion area and serve as ad- Co. Coo City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHrAH MPA Obj.
ditional backup for an expanded Rukert Pier 5 after 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
Lazaretto Point Berth 'A' is reconstructed by 1985.
The Canton Company, original developers of Can-
ton, operate facilities and lease land used for a variety
of purposes ranging from salt storage to oyster shell Recommendation: Realignment and reconstruction of
storage to container shipping. A modernization pro- railyards in the Canton area to improve the efficiency
gram has been proposed which would add 50 acres of of operation.

Hwford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Falls Harbor, immediately west of Fells Point, is
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. also impacted by the construction of 1-83. The area,
0 0 0 0 0 0 16 which is primarily warehousing, rail yards, and small
manufacturing, will receive improvements to streets
and rail lines through several Federal grant programs.
Recommendation: Reparcelization of underutilized or Because the rail system lies in the streetbeds, conges-
vacant land in the Canton area to provide development tion has been a prime problem. The conflict of truck
opportunities for employment resources. and rail traffic with the growing residential community
in Fells Point is likely to continue despite the improve-
Harford Balto. Ballo. A.A. State ments. Although much of the truck movement through
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. the neighborhood will be reduced by the construction
0 0 0 0 0 0 14 of 1-83, internal service routes will remain much the
same.
Recommendation: Development of Fort Holabird as Several planning efforts are underway in this water-
a major employment center. front area. The alternatives vary greatly and are de-
pendent on numerous factors which have yet to be fully
explored and resolved. The very character of the com-
Hatford Balt". Balto. A.A. State munity is open to continuing discussion by residents,
Co. Co, City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bi. land owners, industrial and shipping concerns, and
0 0 0 14 several City agencies.

Recommendation: Implementation of the Fells Point
Boston Street/Fells Point/Falls Harbor Plan which provides for:
This strip of waterfront along the northern shoreline (a) increased water-dependent employment through
of the Northwest Branch contains a mixture of port encouragement of docking for tugs and other
related and non-related industries, residential and com- vessels;
mercial areas, vacant land, and warehousing opera- (b) Continued rehabilitation of residential units and
tions. The major employers; Renneburg on Boston commercial buildings;
Street and Allied Chemical in Fells Point are examples (c) development of new residential dwellings; and
of the heavy industry found in the port. While Renne- (d) increased public open space along the waterfront.
burg is directly dependent on water shipment of goods,
Allied receives its raw materials via trucks and rail cars Hafford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
which must move through the congested streets of Fells Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
Point. Plans have been developed for the rehabilitation 0 0 0 0 0 13
of Fells Point to provide for an improved
residential/commerical environment and encourage the
use of the shoreline for active water traffic, tugs, and Recommendation: Continued evaluation of the appro-
marine suppliers. priate, long-range land uses for the Falls Harbor area.
While in comparison to other port areas this strip of
land does not occupy a major amount of land, the Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
shoreline offers a variety of development opportuni_ Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
ties. The Boston Street corridor will be significantly 0 0 0 13
affected by the alignment of 1-83. The eastern portal
at Anchorage 'A' will require the creation of a pro-
tective bulkheadjust off the shoreline of Boston Street. Recommendation: Reduction of the conflict between
The thin strip of land between the highway and the industry related traffic and the increasing residential
shoreline is subject to several interpretations as to the quality of Fells Point.
appropriate land use. The Department of Planning and
Joint Development of the Interstate Division have be- Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
gun planning studies for alternative land uses. Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
The area west of the highway along Boston Street 0 0 0 0 0 2
will be open for development in small scale marine-
oriented uses, public access, and new housing. The
Fells Point Plan, developed by the Department of Locust Point
Housing and Community Development and the com- Locust Point contains a great variety of uses ranging
munity has projected a combination of shoreline ac- from a strong and stable residential and commercial
cess, commercial/warehousing/terminals, and residen- community to complete terminal and shipping facilities
tial rehabilitation to occur in the next 20 years in the operated by the MPA, private shippers, and the West-
area bordering Broadway and adjacent to the waterfront. ern Maryland Railway's Port Covington facility. Beth-

lehem's Key Highway and Fort McHenry Ship Repair move heavy traffic from local streets, but there is
Yards are a significant employer and, combined with continued pressure to limit expansion of industry
the Amstar and Proctor and Gamble plants, provide where it conflicts with residential areas.
several thousand jobs in a relatively compact area. The An additional improvement to the industrial base of
MPA operates the North Locust Point piers and will the area will be the construction of the Port Covington
soon open the South Locust Point container/breakbulk Trunk Sewer, now under design and review, which will
terminal. Western Maryland Railway's Port Covington provide sanitary sewer service to the south shore. This
is an important facility for the movement of grain, auto will improve local water quality and provide service
parts, and other general cargo. The transportation net- to the expanding south Locust Point Terminal.
work uses a considerable portion of the area. The track-
age for the Western Md. Railway conbined with the Recommendation: Expansion of the Bethlehem Steel
planned Interstate 95 will be the dominant land features. Key Highway Ship Repair Yards to increase the em-
Five primary issues affect the character of Locust ployment base and capacity.
Point:
-Marine terminal operations of the MPA control Hafford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
a significant amount of land on the north and south Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
shores. Access to and from these operations af- 0 0 0 0 0 14
fects the residential communities and other in-
dustrial concerns. Construction of an access road
within MPA's North Locust Point Terminal and Recommendation: Dredging of the approach channel
connecting Key Highway and the service roads to the Bethlehem Steel Highway Ship Repair Yard to
to 1-95 will do much to minimize impact on the an appropriate depth.
communities. This road will also facilitate the
rapid movement of goods from the terminal op- Hatford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
erations to distribution points. This road must be Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
designed to maximize security for MPA's 0 0 0 0 16
operations.
-1-95 construction will not only improve through
movement in the entire City but will also give Recommendation: Development of expanded marine
much needed direct access for terminal operators terminals by placement of fill at the Port Covington
and manufacturers. Several joint development facility.
projects adjacent to the highway and Hanover
Street have been identified which could provide Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
for additional employment. Co. .Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bi.
-The operators of the Bethlehem Steel Key High- 0 0 0 0 0 16
way Ship Repair Yards have indicated a need for
expansion to provide additional drydocks and as-
sembly areas. It is estimated that this project could Hawkins Point
provide up to 1000 additional jobs. Several alter- With more than 600 acres of vacant land, Hawkins
natives have been explored, including moving Key Point has considerable potential for expansion of port
Highway to the west and expansion along the facilities and industrial use. The major industries of
shoreline to the east. Both proposals are under Davison Chemicals, U.S. Gypsum, and Glidden-Dur-
study. kee employ 1,600 of the approximately 1,700 persons
-Port Covington uses land under Western Mary- working in Hawkins Point. Eastalco is a water de-
land Railway's control and has little opportunity pendent operation which handles the transfer of ore
for immediate expansion. Proposals for creating to their plant near Frederick. Although the employ-
additional cargo handling space by fill between ment at the terminal operations is small, over 700jobs
existing piers and along the shoreline were sub- are provided in the Frederick plant. With the comple-
mitted to the Corps of Engineers in 1971 and 1972. tion of the Francis Scott Key Bridge access has in-
These projects have not been pursued by the creased to the area although a full interchange is
railroad. needed to bring it up to maximum. Hawkins Point Road
-Several neighborhoods located on the peninsula has been upgraded and rebuilt and provides excellent
have co-existed with the shipping terminals and local connections.
manufacturing operation for well over 150 years. Since 1971, Crown Central Petroleum Corporation
There are, however, limitations to the amount of of Baltimore has been planning a new refinery to serve
traffic, noise, and air pollution which can be pro- the mid-Atlantic and northeastern markets. In 1973,
duced if the communities are expacted to remain they announced a development plan for construction
stable. Many of these problems have been dealt of a petro-chernical complex on a 1300 acre site on
with by the construction of roads designed to re- Marley Neck in Anne Arundel County, just south of

Hawkins Point. Local citizen opposition, however, Fairfield/Curtis Bay area employ approximately 425-450
persuaded county officials to re-zone the area for uses people.
which excluded petroleum refining, wholesale storage, Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, lo-
and a number of other industrial uses. By 1975, Crown cated on the shoreline to the west of the Harbor Tunnel
Central had decided on a smaller, 500 acre site in entrance, is a large ship repair facil ity, employing 2,500,
Thoms Cove on Hawkins Point, the area of Marley which deals with ocean-going vessels. The complex
Neck located within the City. This property would be also contains the largest floating drydocks on the east
assembled by purchasing vacant land owned by the coast. Other large employers in Fairfield include Al-
Chessie System, W. R. Grace, and others. During the colac, FMC Corporation, Chevron Asphalt, and Beth-
2-3 year construction phase, over 2,000 workers would lehem Steel (Buffalo Tank Division). These firms com-
be employed. Once completed, the plant may employ bined with a number of others provide employment for
300 to 450 persons. The labor force would include over 1200 people. The Fairfield/Curtis Bay area has
skilled technical, mechanical and operational aides as a total employment force of approximately 4,200.
well as semi-skilled workers. Many of the firms located in the Fairfield/Curtis Bay
The proposed refinery could process as many as area are subsidiaries of nationwide companies which
200,000 barrels of crude oil per day. With the produc- have made major capital investments in the area. By
tion of substitute natural gas (SNG) and low sulfur fuel all indications, these plants appear to be operating ef-
which is sold to utility companies, some of the area's ficiently and seem to be experiencing very few critical
energy demends could be met. The daily output of sales or operating problems which would alter em-
65,000 barrels of diesel fuel, 30,000 barrels of gasoline, ployment. Although part of the Olin Corporation plant
and SNG could reduce the number of layoffs and cut- may soon close because of market penetration from
backs in production which have occurred over the last low-cost Canadian competition, no other firm employ-
few years due to the scarcity of fuel. ing more than five workers is considering relocation
Also planned for the Thoms, Cove area of Marley from this part of the City.
Neck is the development of an import automobile and Highway improvements, however, are needed in
general cargo terminal by the Maryland Port Admin- several locations. Frankfurst Avenue is in good con-
istration. This would involve use of part or all of a 160- dition up to its intersection with Vera Street but Childs
acre site owned by MPA. The proposals for the Crown Street, providing access to Weyerhauser Timber and
Central refinery and the Thorns Cove terminal use Maryland Shipbuilding & Drydock, is in poor condition
common land. This conflict must be resolved to de- and needs reconstruction. The road system south of
termine if either or both of the facilities 'may be con- Frankfurst Avenue and east of the B&O tracks is in
structed. Both proposals also raise the issue of suitable need of major repair. Though the present alignment
infrastructures. Though major road construction has adequately serves existing land uses, street beds, street
made Hawkins Point more accessible, other improve- drainage, and street lighting are inadequate. North-
ments will be needed. Most important is a full inter- bridge Road, Patapsco Avenue, Chesapeake Avenue,
change between 1-695 (Beltway) and Hawkins Point and Vera Street should be reconstructed. There is also
Road. Such access would allow for east-west move- a conflict between industrial vehicular traffic and the
ment in addition to the current pattern across the Har- residential areas along Curtis and Pennington Av-
bor to northbound highways. enues. Heavy truck traffic encroaches upon the local
street system and creates a nuisance to the
Recommendation: Resolution of the apparent land use neighborhood.
conflicts between the Thoms; Cove Terminal and the With the exception of the area along the terminus
Crown Central refinery. of Curtis Avenue, sewer service has recently been
provided to the entire peninsula. Labor intensive firms
Harford Halto. Balto. A.A. State who until recently were forced to find other methods
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. for waste disposal are now serviced by the City sew-
0 0 0 13 erage system. A problem does occur with the storm
drainage lines that flow directly into the Harbor.
Probably the most significant development oppor-
Fairfield/Curtis Bay tunity for the Fairfield/Curtis Bay area is the proposal
Chemical, petroleum storage, steel fabrication, coal for a container terminal on the filled Masonville site.
and ore transfer, and ship repair characterize the in- The 166 acres is now owned by the Arundel Corpo-
dustrial sector of this area. Large tanks used for pe- ration. By landfilling approximately 200 acres, MPA
troleum storage dominate much of the land area along has proposed to create a major Port facility which
the shoreline and in the interior. Most oil companies would provide four additional berths for container
utilize the Colonial Pipeline for their product source, movement. The 360 acre terminal could provide ap-
although barges are used to supplement volumes. Tex- proximately 1200 jobs if employment is at the same
aco and American Oil Companies are directly de- density as the Dundalk facility.
pendent upon barges and small tankers for their supply However, several points of conflict are raised by the
of oil products. The eight to ten oil companies in the scheme. Rail service, a critical need of any port ter-

minal, may interfere with the opeation of the B&O and an oil terminal are dependent on the 15' channel
#2 backup yard supporting the coal and ore pier. To which provides access to the town. Aside from several
provide such rail service, it may be necessary to elevate marinas there are no other water-related commercial
Frankfurst Avenue for vehicular movement. An effi- uses, yet there is much underutilized and vacant land.
cient interchange for traffic from the Terminal to There does not appear to be much potential for fur-
Frankfurst Avenue, the Tunnel Thruway, and south- ther industrial use of the shoreline and the Havre de
bound local streets will have to be built. Finally, the Grace Comprehensive Plan indicates that the shoreline
effects of increased truck traffic onto local arterials will be designated a marina and resort commercial
should be examined to see what measures can be taken district.
to reduce any possible negative impacts on residential The Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, however,
areas and road maintenance. owns a 700 acre parcel on the Bush River in the Per-
Another proposal in the area is the ConRail Harbor ryman area which it proposes as a nuclear power plant
Rail Tunnel. Planners studying rail needs for the future site. BG&E has conducted a preliminary site investi-
have suggested a rail tunnel as one of many alternatives gation and has requested the Nuclear Regulatory Com-
to relieve mainline bottlenecks in Baltimore. An align- mission for an Early Site Review.
ment parallel to the bed of Frankfurst Avenue and the Intensive review and analysis of the site by BG&E,
Harbor Tunnel Thruway has been considered for the Department of Natural Resources, and the Nuclear
through train traffic. The tunnel would continue un- Regulatory Commission should provide sufficient tech-
derwater at a depth of 55 feet to the Canton industrial nical data for rendering a decision. There is, however,
area, with its approaches on either side of the Thruway. a need for further study of the impact of the facility
The approaches would be highly disruptive to existing on Harford County.
railyards and the proposal is not high on the list of
proposed mainline solutions. In addition to such spe- Recommendation: A study should be conducted by
cialized development, the area has potential for new Harford County on the impact of the proposed Per-
development on vacant land and redevelopment/ ryman nuclear power plant on County resources and
modernization of obsolete industrial sites. Six unim- services. Citizen participation should be an important
proved land parcels that can be developed by present part of the study process.
landowners have been identified in the area. Two par-
cels are owned by the B&O Railroad and used for ore Harford Hallo. Balto. A.A. State
storage. Both can be redeveloped for industry. Other Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
sites are also available. A large parcel held by BP Oil 0 0 21
is a logical expansion space for petroleum storage. At
present, it is leased to the B&O for ore storage. The
former Swift Agricultural Chemical property, owned
by Excavation-Construction Inc. appears to be avail-
able though it is not being actively marketed. Bethle-
hem Steel is retaining its property adjacent to the Buf-
falo Tanks. The steel firm envisions this land to be used
eventually for its subsidiaries. The final industrial firm
keeping its property for expansion space is Tuscan
Properties. It is being developed for warehousing.
AM
I
wa
Wr- -
The old industrial strip along Curtis Avenue also
presents redevelopment/modernization potentials. At
some time in the future, the ninety-year old Harris
Heller and United Scrap buildings will need to be ren-
ovated or demolished. Rehabilitation of these huge
complexes would vastly improve the image of industrial
Curtis Bay and provide additional employment
opportunities. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES IN THE
Land south of Benhill Avenue is another opportunity BALTIMORE HARBOR AREA
site. At present, the major landowners are Olin Corp., The Harbor area has historically been the focus of
manufacturers of sulfuric acid, and Gambel Industries the regional transportation system, and thus contains
which purchased property to lease to other industries. major investments by the public sector in roads and
Jointly, the two firms own 35 acres of land that can be util ities and by the private sector in railroads, maritime
aggregated into a single site with both rail and deep- facilities and industrial plants. The financial require-
water access. ments and environmental impacts of dispersing Port
facilities throughout the Baltimore Region Study area
Harford County would be prohibitive not only for the actual Port fa-
In Harford County, the only water-related employ- cilities but also for the necessary supportive land trans-
ment is found in Havre de Grace. A shipbuilding firm portation facilities.

In this context, it is logical to take advantage, to the Hafford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
maximum extent possible, of the existing and proposed Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
infrastructure in the Harbor area and redevelop or ex- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
pand where the land/water edge is suitable. These areas
would include existing public and private port facilities
and those underdeveloped areas which have access to Masonville/Fairfield has a transportation system
deep water channels and adequate land transportation quite different from that of Canton and Locust Point.
systems. This would be required to be accomplished Rail service on the B&O's Curtis Bay Branch has few
in a manner that seeks to balance environmental and operating problems, adequate line capacity for in-
economic concerns. creased volume, and sufficient capacity for new cus-
The Canton area contains a large employment cen- tomers. The highway system is less adequate. The
ter, major rail yards, a mixture of port facilities and Harbor Tunnel Thruway offers single direction access
certain serious transportation problems in the study (from the north side of the Harbor) and Patapsco,
area. Vehicular circulation is impeded by a limited Curtis and Pennington Avenues offer little capacity
number of streets and highways and high peak hour and have residential communities adjacent to them.
traffic congestion as the major industrial plants change The nearest expressway is 1-95 in Locust Point, re-
shifts. However, the Interstate projects and associated quiring the use of Hanover Street. Fairfield is heavily
improvements (primarily Keith Avenue) will greatly industrial and is likely to remain so, with only the
increase accessibility to the area and to port facilities. Masonville area not yet developed. Potential port use
Rail problems in the area tend to discourage devel- of Masonville will require additional land transporta-
opment of new rail dependent industries, while at the tion for the handling of cargo.
same time, the Interstate system tends to enhance the
transportation terminal character of the area. Recommendations: Movement of bulk cargo, such as
coal and ore, should be encouraged to remain at Curtis
Recommendation: The Canton area should be studied Bay where the rail system can accommodate the de-
in an effort to take maximum advantage of the regional mands of these cargoes. Given the limited opportu-
highway system and the existing rail facilities. Coal nities within Baltimore Harbor to meet projected port
and ore operations, which have traditionally been sig- needs, Masonville should be developed for port-ori-
nificant in the area and which promise to be even more ented use which can utilize both rail and truck tran-
important in the future, should be modernized, thus sportion with an emphasis on rail if feasible. West
allowing the transfer of poorly utilized space to alter- bound ramps to the Harbor Tunnel Thruway should
native port uses. Land with channel frontage such as be investigated.
the areas west of Newkirk Street and south of G.M.,
should remain in port or related uses but areas further Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
inland need not be specifically port oriented. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16

Harford Balto. Balto, A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
Hawkins Point/Marley Neck contain the remaining
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 major vacant parcels in the Harbor area with access
to deep channels. Like Masonville/Fairfield, rail ser-
Port-related facilities at Locust Point are presently vice is available and could serve new industries. Direct
served by adequate rail service. Several rail operating access to the regional expressway system is severely
problems appear to place limits on the amount of ad- limited by uni-directional interchanges (eastbound
ditional rail capacity that will be available to new and only) on the Beltway which is a toll facility here. Al-
existing facilities in the future. Improved highway ac- ternate access to the Beltway (westbound) via Ordi-
cessibility will be provided with the completion of the nance Road exists but is indirect. The local street sys-
Interstate System in the area. This should help to re- tem will be able to support increased development.
There are a number of proposals for Port and non-port
duce truck traffic on local streets, thus improving con- industrial uses for the area.
ditions within the residential community on Locust
Point.
Recommendations: Since both rail and limited highway
facilities are available, potential uses should take ad-
Recommendation: Re-development of port facilities on vantage of accessibility to existing channels. A general
South Locust Point should continue with accessibility or bulk cargo terminal which can use the rail line would
to both rail and truck transport. Mitigating measures be preferable from a transportation perspective. West-
should be taken to minimize the impact of highway bound ramps for the Beltway should be provided to
construction in this area on existing transportation fa- improve highway access. Industries which do not need
cilities and the residential community. a Port facility for shipment of raw materials or products

Canf on Area

150

Highlandtown
150

1-95

1-8,3

NORTHWEST,
13RANCH
Canton

KEITH AVE.

Ft. McHenry

95 ...

PATAPSCO RIVER

DUNDALK:.
4ARINE
NAL'..:
. . . . . . . TERM[

FIGURE 6
Canton Area

..:........Locust Point
M asonvi I I e

-95

Fort McHenry
Port Covingtion

Masonville Siie

HARBOR TUNNEL THRUWAY
WESTBOUND-'@
RAMPS NEEDED
p
4

FIGURE 7
LOCUST POINT/MASONVILLE

CURTIS BAY

..........

WESTBOUN RAMPS
orl TWO
NEE ED

4,7,7e

'to,
40

should consider non-channel shoreline or inland sites Chesapeake and Delaware (C & D) Canal and ap-
and utilize rail, truck, pipeline or conveyor transport proaches. This total includes a federal program for
to the more limited channel frontage pier areas. deepening the Harbor approaches from 42' to 50'. Ta-
ble 3, Column A gives a complete breakdown of max-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State imum 20-year dredging requirements.
Co. co@ City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Four open water disposal areas have been used by
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 the Corps of Engineers in recent years; Pooles Island
Deep, Kent Island, Patapsco River Mouth, and areas
alongside the C & D approaches north of Pooles Island.
In summary, all expanding Port development should Existing containment sites along the C & D approach
consider the need for supportive uses such as truck channel in Maryland have a total of 8.9 million cubic
terminals and railyards when deciding the function of yards of environmentally acceptable capacity remain-
a specific development. The goal should be to move ing. Existing privately owned containment sites in Bal-
cargo onto the inter-regional transportation system timore Harbor have a potential capacity of 2 to 4 mcy
(highway or rail) as directly as possible and lessen the remaining. Eight potential containment sites have
impact on local streets outside the Port area. Similarly, been identified in Baltimore Harbor, with potential
rail cargo should be handled in a method which avoids capacities ranging from 2 to 14 mcy each. The proposed
reclassification of freight cars as much as possible thus Hart-Miller Islands Diked Containment Area is de-
improving rail service. signed to accomodate 52 mcy, including 42 mcy pro-
duced by dredging the congressionally authorized 50'
channel for Baltimore Harbor. A complete breakdown
of existing and proposed sites is contained in Table 4.
Existing and proposed containment sites will not
accommodate maximum expected dredging quantities
from Baltimore Harbor and related channels over the
next twenty years.
......... ..........
Federal projects constitute 72% of the estimated
maximum dredging in the Chesapeake Bay. The Water
A Resources Administration investigated three scenarios
for reducing the total cubic yards to be handled:
(1) Dredging only the inbound side of Baltimore
Harbor and Approaches to 50'. This alternative
results in a 40% reduction in material dredged
from these channels; the total dredged material
is reduced from 155 mcy to 138 mcy. The inbound
SPOIL DISPOSAL side may be used only for inbound ships, or it
Spoil disposal is the final step in maintenance and may be used, through special scheduling, by in-
improvement of navigable waterways. Problems arise bound and outbound ships. Corps of Engineer
when the method of spoil disposal and the quality of estimates show only one outbound ship per week
the spoil to be disposed are considered. Spoil disposal would require the additional depth. (Column B).
methods include: upland filling, open water placement, (2) Eliminating the 50' channel project for Baltimore
containment within tidal areas, beach restoration, Harbor and Approaches; the channels would be
marsh creation, and production of weight aggregrate maintained at the previously authorized depth
materials. The selection of one of these methods is of 42'. Total dredged material is reduced from
based upon cost and the quality of the spoil. Spoil 155 mcy to 110 mcy. (Column Q.
quality parameters relate to such physical character- (3) Eliminating the 35' channel project for C & D
istics as grain size, percent of organic material, toxic Canal and Approaches. A 9 mcy maintenance
concentrations, and percent of water content. Prob- dredging backlog accumulated since the first
lems occur when spoil quality characteristics are not deepening to 35' would remain in the channel
properly matched with spoil disposal methods. For and the channel would be maintained at 27-281,
example, if highly toxic concentrations were disposed its approximate controlling depth at present.
of in open waters, the suspension of pollutants in the Total dredged material is reduced from 155 mcy
water column could subject living things to small but to 138 mcy. (Column D).
concentrated dosages of pollutants that could impact Alternative (1) appears most attractive because both
higher in the food chain. a deeper channel and a reduction in material handling
Dredging operations may generate 155 million cubic costs are achieved. However, the added traffic control
yards (mcy) of spoil material over the next 20 years, cost and the potential navigation hazard associated
140 mcy of which could result from Federal, State and with this option are not offset by the decreased costs
private dredging activities in Baltimore Harbor and the in dredging and disposal. Of particular concern is the

TABLE 3:
Estimated 20-Year Dredging Requirements For Maryland Waters 1976-1995
Column A Column B Column C Column D
Alternative Programs to Federal Projects
Eliminate Whole
Maximum Dredge Inbound 50' Channel (BH) Eliminate 35'
Program 50' Channel Only Maintain 42' Channel (C&D)
Dredging Project (mcy) (Balto. Harbor) depth Maintain 27'

FEDERAL SECTOR
Maintenance:
Baltimore Harbor (BH) 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Harbor Approaches &
C & D Connections 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00
C & D Approaches 23.51 23.51 23.51 23.51
C & D Approaches (existing
backlog to 35') 9.19 9.19 9.19 0.00
C & D Canal (to Md. State line) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Authorized Deepening:
Baltimore Harbor (50') 14.67 8.80 0.00 14.67
Harbor Approaches (50') 26.94 16.16 0.00 26.94
C & D Connections (35') 7.40 7.40 7.40 0.00
Other Projects in Md. Waters 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

STATE SECTOR
MPA Maintenance 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
MPA New Projects 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
SHA (3-A System) 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.80

PRIVATE SECTOR
BH Maintenance 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
BH 50' Access Channels 2.63 2.63 0.00 2.63
Other BH New Projects 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Other Projects in Md. Waters
(includes State & Local Projects) 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

TOTALS
All Dredging 155.14 138.49 110.90 138.55
Baltimore Harbor 53.10 47.23 35.80 53.10
Harbor Approaches & Brewerton
Extension 50-34 39.56 23.40 42.94
C & D Canal, Approaches 36.70 36.70 36.70 27.51
Other 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

increased probability of collisons which might result following recommended actions are considered to be
from this channel configuration. A discussion of this reasonable approaches to these issues.
alternative appears in "Supplemental Information;
Baltimore Harbor and Channels", 19 July 1974, Bal- Recommendation: Open water disposal of environ-
timore District Corps of Engineers. mentally acceptable dredged material is being done on
Implementation of alternatives (2) or (3) requires a a limited basis for maintenance of the Harbor Approach
major change in the State policy regarding the position channels until a containment facility is built. Investi-
of Baltimore Harbor in the world shipping market. The gations of these operations should be designed and
50' channel is a prerequisite for maintaining a viable carried out to evaluate the impacts of and standards
bulk cargo trade and the 35' C & D passage is important for open water disposal. The results should be used
to the port's competitive position in the East Coast to determine whether or in what manner open water
container cargo market. disposal will be allowed to continue in the future.
The State must clearly establish its priorities re-
garding completion of major dredging projects, contin- Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
uance of open water disposal, construction of State Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
disposal facilities, and accommodation of material gen- 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
erated by the private sector in Baltimore Harbor. The

TABLE 4 Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Disposal Site Inventory Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
Area and/or 0 X 0 0 e 0 0 0 24
Max. Allowable Remaining or
Elevation Potential
1. Existing Sites m1w) Capacity (mcy) Recommendation: The State should consider providing
disposal areas for private dredging interests only when
A. Open Water Sites capacity exceeds the State's needs. A short-term ex-
Patapsco River ception to this policy may be made in the case of access
Mouth -10, 4 channels for the 50' project which are for industrial
Kent Island Deep - 40' 15 locations and activities consistent with state and local
Pooles Island Deep -18, 6.5 management authorities.
C & D Approaches - 18' -
B. Containment Sites
1. C & D Approaches (Federal): Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Courthouse Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
Point 240 acres/+ 60' 6 0 0 X 0 0 0 0 0 o 24
Grove Point 105 acres/+60' 5
Pearce Creek,
diked 253 acres/+40' 6.3 Recommendation: The Water Resources Administra-
Pearce Creek, tion should identify spoil disposal priorities immedi-
undiked 743 acres/+60' 55 ately and a twenty year program should be drafted
2. C & D Canal (Federal): which outlines a schedule for selection, construction,
556 acres 4.9 and utilization of disposal areas for dredging projects
3. Baltimore Harbor (Private): in Harbor channels, Harbor approaches and C & D
Hawkins Point Approaches. This program would be used as the basis
(Kennecott)* 85 acres 3
Masonville 50 acres 2 for evaluating and scheduling future dredging and dis-
(Arundel)* (variable) posal projects in these areas. Recommendations on
funding should also be included. New containment
capacity, or alternative disposal options such as marsh
Proposed Estimated creation, should be developed for maintenance of those
2. Proposed Sites Elevation Capacity (mcy) channels as soon as possible, with assistance from the
State if necessary.

A. Baltimore Harbor
W. of Colgate Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
Creek +10, 9.8
N. of Sollers Point +10' 9.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 24
S. of Sollers Point +10' 8.0
Masonville +10' 11.1
Wagners Point +10' 6.8 Effective management of dredging and disposal op-
Curtis Creek +10' 4.7 erations requires clarifying the roles of involved State
Thoms Cove +10' 1.7 agencies. At present, State government is at different
Kennecott/B & 0 +10' 13.5 times applicant, regulatory authority, and contractor
B. Hart-Miller Islands +18' 52 on dredging projects in Chesapeake Bay. These roles
*Dike height and therefore capacity is subject to change; maximum are variously assumed by the Maryland Port Admin-
potential height is unknown. istration (MPA), the Board of Public Works (BPW),
the Water Resources Administration (WRA), and the
Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Compre-
hensive management authority within a single agency
does not exist at this time and the operating State
Recommendation: The State should proceed on con- agencies often do not adhere strictly to their formally
structing inner harbor sites with a total capacity of 20 designated roles but rather function by informal inter-
million cubic yards for containment of spoil from State agency agreements.
projects. One site should be constructed as soon as State and Federal agencies need current regulations
possible and an other selected and banked for use in and guidelines for project and proposal reviews they
about 10 years. One of the sites should be adaptable are required by law to perform. In many cases, the
for use as a permanent rehandling facility for dredged sole agency guidance is found in the law which estab-
material. Private dredging interests should be encour- lished the agency and only broad legislative intent is
aged to develop harbor containment sites for their described. The absence of definitive objectives and
needs. The appropriate role of the State in constructing procedures described by regulation has two effects;
these private sites should be resolved. applicants may have difficulty in determining what is

required of them, and each agency's review is more Recommendation: Establish a system whereby De-
difficult since all decisions must be made on a case by partment of Natural Resources is advised of the Dis-
case basis. trict's projects-maintenance schedule for major Balti-
This situation does not allow easy resolution of the more Harbor improvements over a 4-5 year period
following issues: planning and providing legal assur- with annual notifications of changes. Department of
ances for the deepening and maintenance of Federal Natural Resources should then provide the District
channels in Baltimore Harbor, responsibility and pro- with reasonable disposal options at a convenient time
cedures for allowing use of open water spoil disposal prior to the District's budget request for any particular
areas, responsibility for long-range disposal facility project. The Department of Natural Resources should
planning, funding, and construction. Recognition by also clarify the States' information needs with regard
the Board of Public Works of a lead management to its responsibility to monitor the execution of major
agency and a functional division of agency responsi- Federal dredging/disposal projects and set up a pro-
bility is needed. cedure for prompt notification of the details of these
The Department of Natural Resources, by virtue of operations. The Department of Natural Resources
general legislative mandate (its duties as stated in should also seek a mechanism to insure State involve-
Maryland's Annotated Code, the Wetlands Act, and ment with the Philadelphia District in the planning of
the requirement that it monitor dredging and disposal scheduled maintenance dredging and in the procedures
activities in Maryland waters), of interagency coop- needed to aid the State's monitoring duties.
eration (assisting MPA in providing disposal sites), and
of duties assigned to it by the Board of Public Works Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
(responding to all CE information requests) has as- Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
sumed many activities appropriate to a management 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 37
agency for dredging and disposal.

Dredging operations outside the major shipping
channels represent a relatively small proportion of the
Recommendation: The Board of Public Works should total disposal requirements, but several problems re-
assign to the Department of Natural Resources the garding these operations can be identified. A monitor-
initial management responsibility for reviewing and ing program is necessary for large dredging projects,
scheduling disposal alternatives for major projects in particularly those involving disposal of material in open
Baltimore Harbor and the C & D Canal and Ap- water, to detect undesirable impacts before significant
proaches with final authority remaining with the Board. environmental damage can occur. The State is required
Water Resources Administration should continue its by law to perform such monitoring, but monitoring
monitoring and enforcement activities, the Board of operations are not formally budgeted items at this time.
Public Works should retain authority for granting use They should be covered in Water Resources Admin-
of State lands for disposal and for acquiring upland istration's general operating budget or otherwise ftinded
disposal sites, and the Port Administration should re- to insure the availability of at least a minimum level
search dredging needs and recommend disposal options of funding when the need to monitor arises. At this
for major port areas, provide economic analyses, and time, only federal dredging projects receive the level
advise on the future use of disposal areas. of scrutiny specified in the monitoring legislation.
However, non-Federal dredging and disposal opera-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State tions of large magnitude may also cause significant
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. environmental impact and should be monitored.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 34 Involvement of the State in the actual planning of
county projects is neither more desirable nor more
productive than allowing local jurisdictions to continue
Although the State is responsible for providing dis- their present efforts. Areas where interaction is desir-
posal for major Federal dredging projects within the able lie in the development of guidelines for use by
Baltimore District of the Corps of Engineers, planning counties and other applicants for choosing spoil dis-
for this responsibility is hampered by the operating posal areas and in the provision by the State of a tech-
procedures of the two agencies. For example, due to nical advisory information service for all aspects of
budgetary constraints and time limits, the Corps must dredging and disposal problems.
plan and request funding for a dredging and disposal Steps can be taken immediately to improve overall
operation prior to requesting or receiving State ap- management of dredging and disposal activities in
proval. If the site is environmentally undesirable, and Maryland waters as follows:
the alternative more costly, the project may be delayed
or cancelled for that fiscal year. To lessen the diffi-
culties caused by situations like this, the Department Recommendation: Regulations should be developed by
of Natural Resources should improve its relationship the Wetlands Permit Section of Water Resources
with the Baltimore District. Administration governing the review of dredging proj-

ect applications. Concurrently, guidelines which define Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
acceptable methods of dredge spoil disposal including Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
beneficial uses, should be developed to aid applicants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 24
in the design of disposal operations.
Research must continue on dredging and spoil dis-
Hazlord Balto. Balto. A.A. State posal to improve our understanding of the physical,
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. chemical and biological processes they impact and to
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 24 improve our decision-making capability. The beneficial
use of dredged material is one area of such research.
'Beneficial use' is a disposal alternative which results
Recommendation: The Wetlands Permit Section of in an environmental or economic improvement of the
Water Resources Administration should become in- material or the disposal site. Application of beneficial
volved in State-funded dredging projects prior to the uses and other non-conventional disposal concepts re-
permit/license application. With their contribution of quires comprehensive information on all spoil disposal
technical assistance in the design of the project and activities throughout the Bay area. Actual and potential
disposal site selection, delays at the permit stage may dredged material supplies must be matched with ex-
be avoided. isting demands and potential uses.

Recommendation: The Water Resources Administra-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State tion should begin a comprehensive evaluation of local
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. and nationwide research on open water disposal, sed-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 34 iment transport, hazards of upland disposal, testing
procedures and advances in dredging technology for
the purpose of 1) reevaluating procedures and criteria
Recommendation: Extensive monitoring of large applied to dredging projects in Maryland waters, and
dredging and disposal projects by Water Resources 2) identifying gaps in current knowledge which could
Administration should be extended to include non- be addressed by local research programs such as the
Federal operations. To insure consistent use of this EPA's Chesapeake Bay Study Program.
tool, a working document should be prepared defining
the type and magnitude of operation which will require Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
monitoring. Permanent funding sources for all moni- Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
toring should be procured including the use of permit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 24
fees as a partial source.
Recommendation: Investigations of beneficial uses of
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State dredged material should be expanded, with particular
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. emphasis given to applications in major channel proj-
o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 24 ects. Specific investigations should be initiated im-
mediately into the concepts of material reclamation in
Baltimore Harbor and marsh creation along the C &
Recommendation: A methodology which is acceptable D Canal Approaches.
to State and Federal review agencies for choosing spoil Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
disposal sites should be developed by Water Resources Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
Administration through the Coastal Zone Management 0
Program for use by counties, municipalities and other 24
local dredging interests.
Recommendation: The Coastal Zone Unit, with Water
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Resources Administration and interested local gov-
Co. Co. city Co, RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. ernments, should investigate regulating new channel
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 24 dredging as a means of controlling water-oriented land
use and its associated impacts. Existing data systems,
land use plans, and wetlands inventories should enable
the identification of waterways where dredged channels
Recommendation: If the Hart-Miller Island Spoil Dis- should be restricted, encouraged, or otherwise
posal Complex is constructed and operated, Water controlled.
Resources Administration must have a well planned
and funded monitoring program. The monitoring pro- Hafford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
gram should be reviewed by local governments and the Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
public via the public hearing process. Contingency 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
procedures, in case of accidents, should be detailed.

TABLE 5
Baltimore Region Wetland Types and Associated Vegetation

Associated
Wedand Type Description Vegetation

Inland Fresh Found in shallow ironweed
Meadow upland basins or goldenrod
bordering deeper sweetflag
mon rush
marshes. Soil com
usually without spikerush
standing water, chufa
gn.
gum' Igll
Alin
but is water- smartweed
............... logged within a eelgrass
few inches of the arrowhead
surface.

WETLANDS AND AQUATIC VEGETATION Inland Open Shallow water in pondweed
Wetlands are areas on the land-water edge that sup- Fresh Water artificial ponds, water lily
port extensive submerged or emergent aquatic vege- lakes and open smartweed
tation because of permanent, temporary, or intermit- areas elodea
tent water submersion. Locally, wetlands are known interspersed in coontail
by a variety of common names: salt marsh, tidal marsh, inland fresh water milfbil
marshland, marsh, swamp, gut, slough, bog, pothole, marsh types. duckweed
mud flat, wet meadow and floodplain. Wetlands may Water depth arrowhead
variable. Usually burreed
be classified as either tidal or non-tidal. Within these fringed by border spikerush
divisions as many as twenty types have been identified of emergent
using vegetation and waterfowl as criteria. Seven wet- vegetation that
land types have been identified in the Baltimore Re- grades into
gion. A description of these types and the vegetation another type of
associated with them appears in Table 5. One of these, wetland.
the coastal shallow fresh marsh, is the most important
of all coastal marshes as waterfowl habitat. Shrub Swamp Found along alder
The value of wetlands has been assessed biologi- sluggish streams buttonbush
cally, hydrologically, physically, economically and in and flood plains. willows
terms of pollution abatement. Biologically, wetlands Soil normally maples
are a highly productive biomass, a source of nutrients, water-logged and sweetgurn
and an essential factor in the life cycles of economically covered with up tearthumb
important blue crabs, shellfish, and finfish. Physically, to 6 inches of swamp rose
water. beggar ticks
they function as erosion control mechanisms and sed- loosetrife
iment traps. Hydrologically, wetlands function as grasses and
buffer systems to flood water. Their unique water hold- sedges
ing capacity, estimated at as much as 300,000 gallons
per acre, allows them to store excess water and release Wooded Swamp Occur in red maple
it at times of drought to recharge aquifers. Wetlands association with river birch
also provide significant pollution abatement. Acting as shrub swamps sweet gum
nutrient pumps they decrease water pollution by me- and along pinoak
tabolizing nitrates and phosphates. They also decrease sluggish streams, cypress
air pollution by absorbing and assimilating gaseous on flood plains nettle
pollutants directly into their leaves. Economically, and poorly greenbrier
wetlands produce large returns in such activities as drained uplands. honeysuckle
commercial fishing, sport fishing, hunting, boating, and Soil always beggar ticks
trapping. Adding the aesthetic, recreational, educa- waterlogged to grasses and
tional, and agricultural contributions of wetlands makes within a few sedges
inches of the
them extremely valuable and essential areas for surface, in
preservation. uplands near
Prior to the passage of the State Wetlands Act, wet- streams often
lands were being destroyed at an alarming rate. Be- covered with a
tween 1942 and 1967, 23,000 acres of Maryland's ap- few inches to one
proximate 303,600 acres of wetlands were lost. In other foot of water.
words, for twenty-five years approximately two and

TABLE 5-Continued Act deals with tidal wetlands and divides those wet-
Baltimore Region Wetland Types and Associated Vegetation lands into two types, State and private. State wetlands
Associated are defined as "any land under the navigable waters
Wetland Type Description Vegetation of the state below the mean high tide, affected by the
regular rise and fall of the tide." Private wetlands are
Coastal Shallow Found along tidal cattail defined as "any land not considered state wetlands
Fresh Marsh rivers. Tidal, and reed bordering or lying beneath tidal waters, which is subject
may be covered big cordgrass to regular or periodic tidal action and supports aquatic
at average mean arrow-arum growth" including those state wetlands which have
high tide by 6 pickerel-weed been transferred to private ownership.
inches of water. Olney three The Act makes it unlawful to dredge or fill on state
Soil always square wetlands unless a license has been issued to do so by
water-logged. rose maflow the Board of Public Works. To aid the Board in its
saltmeadow decision on issuing a license, the Secretary of the De-
cordgrass partment of Natural Resources is required to submit
saltmarsh
cordgrass a report to the Board indicating whether the license
should be granted and, if so, any conditions that must
Coastal Open Includes shallow pondweed be met. Upon reviewing the Secretary's report and
Fresh Marsh variable depth naiad after a hearing in the local jurisdiction affected, the
portions of open wild celery Board makes a decision on the issuance of a license.
water along fresh coontail Any person found guilty of violating provisions gov-
tidal rivers. Tidal widgeon-grass erning state wetlands is subject to a fine of not less
cycles and cattail than $500 and not more than $1000. Any person found
currents keep saltmeadow guilty of a knowing violation is subject to a fine and
sediment cordgrass is also responsible for restoration of the wetlands to
suspended. saltmarsh the extent possible.
cordgrass
Olney three The Secretary of Natural Resources is also respon-
square sible for establishing rules and regulations governing
reed dredge and fill operations and similar activities that
alter private wetlands. These regulations are subject
Coastal Salt Found along saltmeadow to adoption or rejection by the Maryland Agricultural
Meadow landward side of cordgrass Commission. A permitting system has been established
saltmarsh or saltmarsh to regulate activities that can occur on private wet-
bordering open cordgrass lands. If a person wishes to conduct an activity on a
water. Always salt grass private wetland, he may file an application for a permit
waterlogged, black rush to the Wetlands Permit Section of the Department of
rarely covered by
tide waters. Natural Resources. After receipt of the application a
public hearing is held by a hearing officer in the affected
county. The hearing officer decides to grant or deny
the permit by considering the effect of such activity
a half acres of wetlands were being lost per day. The on "the public health and welfare, marine fisheries
Wetlands Act and the subsequent wetland permitting shellfisheries, wildlife, economic benefits, the protec-
and licensing process reduced the rate of wetland loss. tion of life and property from flood, hurricane, and
But the Maryland Wetlands Act seeks to conserve, not other natural disasters, and the public policy set forth
preserve, wetlands. Therefore, increasing pressure in the Wetlands Act." If the applicant does not comply
from a continuing influx of people into the coastal re- with the conditions of the permit, the permit may be
gion and the subsequent pressure for shoreline devel- suspended or revoked. Violation of the provisions gov-
opment continues to threaten the existence of wet- erning private wetlands in the Wetlands Act may result
lands. This pressure raises three major questions: 1) in a fine or not more than $100 or imprisonment of not
how to avoid further unnecessary and undesirable de- more than one month, or both. A knowing violator is
struction or degradation of valuable wetlands; 2) how also responsible for restoration of the damaged
to evaluate and rank wetlands; and 3) how to protect wetlands.
and enhance those deemed most unique. The intent of Although the Wetlands Act serves its purpose in
the following recommendations is to further protect mitigating wetland loss, a major problem exists with
and preserve wetlands in the region's coastal areas. the lack of provision for controlling the effects of de-
In 1970, the General Assembly passed the Maryland velopment near or adjacent to wetlands.
Wetlands Act creating a regulatory program to pre-
serve wetlands for their basic ecological, economic, Recommendation: When land use changes are planned
developmental, recreation, and aesthetic value. The for land immediately adjacent to wetlands, compre-

hensive measures should be taken by local and state ment section of the Water Resources Administration
agencies to preserve and protect those wetlands. to an extent, but needs to be more comprehensive.
Secondly, monetary fines for violations of the Wet-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State lands Act are insignificant. The current fine for illegally
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. altering a private wetland is $100, and for altering a
0 0 0 0 0 4 state wetland is $500.
Recommendation: The current system for inspecting
The Wetlands Permit Section of the Water Re- alterations to wetlands should be more frequently and
sources Administration, in reviewing applications for comprehensively carried out; and monetary fines for
wetland licenses and permits, treats each proposal violations of the Maryland Wetlands Act should be
largely on a case by case basis without fully taking into made more significant.
account the regional or overall implications of devel-
opment on wetland areas. An alteration to a wetland, Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
such as a marina, may not have negative impacts on CO. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
the wetland itself, but may create problems in adjacent 0 0 0 0 0 0 36
areas. These problems could involve increased trans-
portation, degradation of water quality, or increased
demand on existing sewage treatment systems. The Maryland Wetlands Act, in defining wetlands,
deals only with tidal wetlands and therefore does not
Recommendation: Applications for alterations to wet- protect non-tidal wetlands. Although considered less
lands should be considered in terms of their cumulative valuable than tidal wetlands because they do not sup-
port economically important populations of shellfish
impact on wetlands, and on local and regional activities. and finfish, non-tidal wetlands are important hydrol-
ogically and serve an important role in flood control.
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State With their unique water holding capacity, they act as
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. storage basins and reduce the destructiveness of floods,
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 especially in densely populated areas such as the Bal-
timore Region where development and urbanization
When a license to fill state wetlands is approved by has intensified surface run-off. A move toward recog-
the Board of Public Works, public land is lost to private nizing the importance of these functions would be to
ownership. At present, no monetary compensation is initiate protective legislation for non-tidal wetlands.
paid to the state by the property owner for the addition Implementation of the following recommendation
to his property. State law does, however, allow for could be made through an addendum to the Maryland
compensation. Wetlands Act or through redefining "wetlands" in the
Act to include non-tidal wetlands.

Recommendation: The owner of property to which new Recommendation: State legislation should be enacted
fast land is added through the process of filling state to identify and protect non-tidal wetlands.
wetlands should be required to pay to the State the
market value of the newly created land based on the Haiford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
value of comparably used land plus the value of the Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
lost water resources. 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Wetlands form highly valuable and essential natural
0 0 0 0 0 0 25 areas for the Baltimore Region. Continued loss of these
areas should be prevented. The Maryland Wetlands
Act can only minimize, not prevent, the destruction
Enforcement of the Wetlands Act has been adequate. of tidal wetlands. Some of the Region's wetlands are
There are however, two areas within the enforcement presently receiving protection under such county zon-
process that need further emphasis. First, wetland sites ing categories as Open Space and Resource Conser-
on which alterations are being made should be more vation Districts, however, more comprehensive moves
frequently inspected to insure that all conditions of the are needed on the local level to protect all wetlands,
wetlands permit are being carried out. Should it be tidal and non-tidal.
found that conditions are not being met, an immediate Currently, only a portion of Anne Arundel County's
cease and desist order should be presented to the vi- wetlands are zoned Open Space. Within these districts,
olator on the site. The Wetlands Permit Section should development is limited and only certain uses are per-
then be informed immediately of the violation. This mitted. These districts are preserved as open areas for
process is currently being carried out by the enforce- recreation and to protect people and property against

the hazards of floods and water pollution. A fifty-foot 63 acres of privately-owned shallow fresh marsh were
buffer zone is required around all Open Space districts left in Baltimore City, all of which are now considered
within the county. highly vulnerable (see Table 7). The net impact of these
Approximately one third of Baltimore County's wet- losses is softened by large remaining acreages of wet-
lands are included in Resource Conservation Zones. lands, specifically on the Eastern Shore. Wetland loss
These zones do not have an associated buffer zone, continues, however, and these losses lead to reduction
nor do they necessarily protect wetlands. in fish and wildlife populations, shifts in natural pop-
In Harford County, wetlands are protected under ulation composition, and degradation of conditions in
a regulation which restricts filling and structural activ- the aquatic environment.
ity within the one hundred year flood plain. Under its Approximately three percent of Maryland's Bay
Sediment Control Ordinance, Harford County also shoreline is publicly owned.3 Wetland loss might be
requires that a seventy-five foot buffer zone in which further curtailed if more wetlands were in public own-
developmental activity is prohibited be established ership and preserved. Certain environmental groups
around wetlands. such as The Nature Conservancy purchase areas for
The Water Resources Administration has prepared preservation with private funds. The Maryland Envi-
mylar photomaps of all tidal wetlands in the state. I The ronmental Trust has received 5305 acres of donated
rezoning of all wetlands appearing on these maps, as conservation easements, most of which are along the
well as non-tidal wetlands identified through other Chesapeake Bay. Possibilities should be explored for
sources, to Open Space districts by Anne Arundel setting up a process whereby The Nature Conservancy
County, Baltimore County, and Harford County would and other environmental groups acquire private wet-
provide additional protection as well as further State lands when they become available and maintain them
policy. in their natural state until the county or state agencies
It can be shown that a fifty-foot buffer zone reduces obtain money to purchase them for public preservation.
the impact of sedimentation and run-off onto wetlands
from construction occurring adjacent to them. Fifty Recommendation: County and state agencies should
feet should therefore be considered the minimum dis- work in conjunction with such environmental groups
tance required in establishing an effective buffer. The as The Nature Conservancy to acquire privately-
"Maryland Uplands Natural Areas Study" of 1976 owned wetlands for preservation when available.
described fifty feet as not adequate to filter out bio-
logical and nutrient contarninents, and suggested that Harf6rd Balto. Balto. A.A. State
a buffer of one hundred feet would be more desirable Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
due to factors of slope and sediment types. Such a 0 0 5
buffer zone should be implemented under the sediment
control plans of counties that do not currently maintain
buffer zones. Shoreline erosion continues to be a problem in cer-
tain areas of the Baltimore Region. Not only is erosion
responsible for the loss of valuable waterfront property
Recommendation: Tidal wetlands appearing on the and therefore of great concern to the property owner,
state wetlands map and non-tidal wetlands identified but it also has detrimental impacts upon water quality
from other sources should be evaluated for designation and marine biota. Sediment runoff from bank erosion
as Open Space zones by local governments, and a and upstream activity increases the turbidity of adja-
buffer zone of one hundred feet should be established cent waters. Increased turbidity decreases light pen-
around all designated wetlands one acre in size or etration which in turn decreases the ability of sub-
larger. A wider buffer should be considered in areas merged aquatic vegetation to carry on photosynthesis
of steep slope. thereby reducing available dissolved oxygen and re-
sulting in the depletion of submerged aquatic com-
Haiford Balto. Balto. A.A. State munities. Decline in these communities causes a loss
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. of habitats vital to the development of the larvae and
0 0 0 0 0 0 5 fry of economically important fish. Wetland vegetation
can inhibit this process by trapping the sediment before
it reaches the main water body.
Competition for the undeveloped shoreline in the Wetland vegetation also functions as a buffer to dis-
Baltimore Region can be expected to intensify. Be- sipate storm tides, tidal currents, and wave energy.
tween 1942 and 1969, 2,099 acres of wetlands were lost Functioning as a buffer and sediment trap, wedand
in the Baltimore Region to residential development, vegetation should be utilized as a means of erosion
industrial development, dredging and spoil disposal, control and shoreline stabilization.
public works projects, marinas, agricultural drainage,
pollution, erosion, and natural succession .2 (See Table Recommendation: Owners of land containing or ad-
6). One hundred and fifty acres were lost in recent jacent to areas of shoreline erosion should be encour-
years for port and industrial development. In 1%9 only aged to plant wetland vegetation to curtail erosion when

TABLE 6
Regional Weiland Loss
1942-1967

Destructive Acres lost by county Regional
Factors Anne Arundel Co. Baltimore City Baltimore Co. Harford Co. Total

Residential
Development 185 - 48 359 592

Industrial
Development 256 36 220 20 532

Marinas 31 - 19 32 82

Dredging Dis. 24 - 66 47 137

Public Works 13 118 4 125 260

Natural Erosion - - 9 154 163

Natural Succession 14 - - 14

Others - - 249 70 319

Total 523 154 615 807 2,099

Figures from "Wetlands in Maryland" by Metzgar (1973)

TABLE 7
Vulnerability Status of Regional Wetlands

% Considered % Considered
Total Acres Moderately Highly
County of Wetlands % Considered Safe Vulnerable Vulnerable

Anne Arundel County 7,700 22% 41 % 29%
Baltimore County 3,700 35 % 33 % 14%
Baltimore City 63 - - 100%
Harford County 9,300 66% 16% 9%

Figures taken from "Wetlands in Maryland" by Metzgar (1973)

conditions permit. The Department of Natural Re- 1969, 16 million cubic yards of spoil were dredged as
sources should investigate ways of assisting owners in part of navigational maintenance improvement projects
accomplishing this. from the tidal water areas of the Bay. Forty-one percent
of this spoil was deposited on wetlands .4 Spoil from
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State dredging projects associated with the Baltimore Har-
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. bor, its approach channels, and adjacent bay areas
0 0 0 0 0 0 11 equaled an additional 38 million cubic yards from 1957
to 1968 .5 The total estimated amount to be removed
from the Baltimore Harbor and its approach channels
When improperly disposed of, sediment from dredg- from 1976 to 1995 can reach 155 million cubic yards.
ing and fill produces the same negative impact upon Land must be acquired for spoil disposal and wetlands
aquatic vegetation and bottom life as shoreline erosion. are cheap. Non-tidal wetlands have also frequently
Along with degradation of the estuarine environment been volunteered as disposal sites so that the owner
and disruption and loss of habitat, recreational enjoy- can benefit from improvement of the property by filling.
ment is curtailed and ecological changes are often trig- The net result is a substantial loss of wetlands.
gered that can lead to less valuable plant species. Consideration and evaluation of dredge spoil impacts
Pressure to fill wetlands is increasing as maintenance on aquatic vegetation in non-tidal wetlands could be
of navigable waterways continues and spoil disposal carried out by the Water Resources Administration as
sites decrease. In the thirty years between 1939 and an extension of their existing evaluation program for

wetland permits. Such evaluation should be conducted Demand for shoreline residential development and
in view of the biological, hydrological and physical modern earthmoving techniques which facilitate the
values of those wetlands. filling of wetlands will increase pressures for the de-
struction of wetlands. Industrial development and its
demand for proximity to metropolitan areas, the scar-
Recommendation: No dredge spoil should be placed city of available land in those areas, and the need of
in non-tidal wetlands without prior consideration of local jurisdictions to increase their tax base will add
impact on the biological, hydrological and physical to existing pressures to create new industrial lands by
values of those wetlands. filling wetlands. The greatest pressure on wetlands ap-
pears to exist in Baltimore and Anne Arundel Counties
Harford Ba to. Balto. A.A. State due to proximity to the industry of the harbor area and
Co. CIO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. the Port of Baltimore itself. Seventeen percent of the
Baltimore County's wetlands have been lost to the
0 0 0 0 0 0 5 expanding industrialization of the Baltimore Port com-
plex. In Anne Arundel County between 1942 and 1969,
523 acres of wetlands were lost. Of this acreage, 49
A statewide study in 1960 by the Maryland De- percent was lost to industrial development and 35.4
partment of Health showed that fourteen wetland areas percent was lost to residential development .6 Relative
were being used as public or municipal solid waste wetland losses and their causal factors for the Balti-
disposal sites. These sites include: Anne Arundel more Region appear in Table 6. During a 1969 study
County-Furnace Creek and Baltimore County---one of wetlands, a survey was conducted to identify the
hundred acre swamp on Patapsco Flats. Use as dis- future potential industrial sites which involve wetlands.
posal sites destroys wetlands outright and increases Results of this study appear in Table 8.
water pollution in aquifers and Bay waters. Contam-
inents leached from the surface of the filled areas travel
to adjacent waters via surface run-off. Contaminents TABLE 8
may also leach downward into the water table, de- Planned, Proposed or Potential Industrial Sites Coinciding
grading water quality. With Wetlands
On the other hand, if not overloaded with sanitary
sewage or toxic industrial wastes, bacteria and zoo- Total No. of
plankton in wetlands will cleanse polluted water by County Wetlands Total Acreage
decomposing organic wastes in a type of tertiary treat-
ment process. Certain plants like sedges take up toxic A. A. Co. 5 130
substances and pollutants and break them down into Balto. Co. 17 543
biologically acceptable components such as amino Balto. City 1 3
acids. Harford Co. 3 200
The State Wetlands Act dictates that "a person may
not dredge or fill on state wetlands without a license."
Section 9-302 of the law states that "the Secretary may The study found that more than half of all planned,
promulgate rules and regulations governing dredging, proposed, or potential industrial sites in the State co-
filling, removing or otherwise altering or polluting pri- inciding with wetlands were located in the Baltimore
vate wetlands." The law discourages filling on non- Region. Should development occur it would be pri-
tidal wetlands, and charges the Secretary of the De- marily on wetlands which are tidal and of utmost im-
partment of Natural Resources to regulate such portance to waterfowl.
actions. Considering the importance of private and Prior to 1970, tidal wetlands were highly vulnerable
non-tidal wetlands as soil erosion and pollution abate- to development. With passage of the Wetlands Act and
ment units, vital wildlife habitats, and flood buffer the subsequent permitting process, tidal wetlands could
systems, these wetlands should be preserved against be developed only with a permit from the Department
filling with solid and toxic wastes by state regulations of Natural Resources. Figures in Table 9 show that
that would prohibit such filling. between 1973 and 1976 permits were applied for to fill
or dredge 29 + acres of vegetated tidal wetlands. Per-
mits were approved for nearly 10 acres. The permitting
Recommendation: No non-tidal wetlands be used as process has alleviated much of the pressure on tidal
ground disposal sites for public, municipal or industrial wetlands. However, due to the continued expansion
solid wastes or toxic materials. and growth of the Baltimore Port complex and the
development pressures from an increasing population,
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State pressure still exists to develop the remaining wetlands
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. in the region. Attention needs to be given to wetlands
0 0. 0 0 0 5 under greatest pressure through determination of the
impact of potential change on wetlands.

TABLE 9 acres are coastal shallow fresh marshes. This type of
Wetland Permit Applications marsh has been rated the highest of the coastal marsh
to Dredge and Fill Vegetated Tidal Wetlands types in its importance to waterfowl. Widgeongrass"
(Regional Total in Acres) clasping-leaf pondweed, Olney threesquare and eel-
State Wetlands grass are major constituents of these marshes and prob-
ably most important to the diets of majority of water-
Fiscal Applied For Approved fowl in Maryland." Not only are the marshes important
Year FRI Dredge Fill Dredge feeding grounds, they are also important resting and
breeding grounds. Equally as important, they are vital
1973 4.905 1.211 .052 .493 habitats for the survival of threatened species such as
1974 2.107 2.977 .186 1.08 the Osprey, Bald Eagle and Canvasback Duck.
1975 1.665 3.32 .103 2.61 S. P. Shaw and C. G. Fredine in their study "Wet-
1976 .887 .089 .096 .089 lands of the United States" surveyed the value of wet-
lands in Maryland to its waterfowl. Of the 290,000
acres of wetlands in Maryland, 112,600 were deter-
Fiscal Applied For Approved mined to be of high value to waterfowl; 87,800 were
Year Fill Dredge Fill Dredge of moderate value; 51,000were of low value; and 38,500
were of negligible value. A recommendation should be
1973- made with respect to these values. Wetlands of high
1976 9.564 7.597 .437 4.272 value to waterfowl could be included in either federal
or State waterfowl management programs and should
be looked at as top priority for conservation in the form
Private Wetlands of refuges and wildlife sanctuaries. Those wetlands of
moderate value could be controlled or managed by
Fiscal Applied For Approved State, local or private environmental organizations.
Year Fill Dredge FRI Dredge Low value areas should be viewed as potential habitat
improvement sites which could be upgraded to offset
1973 3.834 2.327 1.276 1.377 losses elsewhere.
1974 2.939 .905 .125 .905
1975 1.736 .01 1.122 .004 Recommendation: Wetlands found to be vital habitats
1976 .608 .045 .089 -045 for wildlife species, specifically wintering waterfowl
populations, should be considered for designation as
Fiscal Applied For Approved wildlife sanctuaries, natural resource management
Year Fill Dredge Fill Dredge areas, State Critical Areas or all.

1973- Harford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
1976 9.117 3.287 2.612 2.331
0 0 0 0 0 5
Statistics from Wetlands Permitting Section, Water Resources
Adm.
A program of marsh creation or re-establishment has
Recommendation: Wetlands under greatest develop- not been implemented on a large scale in Maryland.
ment pressure should be identified and considered for Nineteen projects of marsh creation have been at-
recommendation as State Critical Areas suitable for tempted in the Chesapeake Bay area by the Environ-
preservation; and determination of the impact of all mental Concern Company of St. Michaels, Md. Of
potential change on those wetlands should be made. these projects sixteen were successful.
A few studies have been made to determine whether
marsh can be artifically created, remain viable, and
Harford Balt". Balto. A.A. State achieve maturity. One such study conducted by Ed-
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. ward J. Larimer determined that "there does not ap-
0 0 0 0 0 5 pear to be any insurmountable physical, chemical, hy-
draulic or ecological obstacles to the creation of
marsh." Due to a lack of available sites, applicability
The marshes of the Chesapeake Bay and their as- of marsh creation in the Baltimore Region is limited.
sociated aquatic vegetation are of the utmost impor- However, sand and gravel operations and surface min-
tance to wintering waterfowl populations. Twenty- ing sites such as those located on the Patuxent, Gun-
three percent of the entire Atlantic Coast waterfowl powder, and Patapsco rivers offer potential sites for
population winters in the Chesapeake Bay.7 Of the filling and subsequent marsh creation. Industrial dis-
20,763 acres of marsh in the Baltimore Region, 13,087 posal sites such as Kennecott in Anne Arundel County

offer potential sites depending on the nature of the fill.
As previously mentioned, areas of shoreline erosion
may also provide feasible sites for marsh creation.

Recommendation: A study should be conducted by the
Water Resources Administration to determine the fea-
sibility of new marsh creation.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.

0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Many areas of wetlands have already been lost or SHORELINE EROSION
despoiled by such activities as unregulated dredging, Shoreline erosion is a natural process occurring along
dumping, and filling and many remaining wetlands are 186 miles of the Region's 792 mile shoreline.* The
in jeopardy of being lost, particularly in the Baltimore severity of this erosion varies as shown in Table 10.
Region. These detrimental activities result in a net loss The primary measure used in the past to prevent loss
of wetlands with no replacement program for re-cre- of land and damage to structures from erosion is bulk-
ation of these vital areas. Intensifying pressures result heading the shoreline. Bulkheading usually consists of
in destruction of wetlands at a rate that may exceed constructing a steel, concrete, or timber wall at or near
the restoration ability of natural ecosystems. Further- the mean high water line along the eroding shoreline.
more, cumulative impacts result in the loss of the aes- Since the passage of the State Wetlands Act in 1970,
thetic, recreational, and educational values of wetlands riprap has been the primary protection method ap-
to humans.
A .program for maintenance and re-establishment of proved by the Department of Natural Resources.
wetlands is essential to the preservation of the region's Riprap consists of a sloping mass of loose stone placed
wetlands. By increasing the number of wetlands, such on the shoreline at or near the mean high water line.
a program could erase the pressure of the remaining Riprap avoids the filling of wetlands often associated
wetlands in the region, and offset the 2100 acre loss with bulkheading and does not obstruct shoreline ac-
of wetlands that occurred between 1942 and 1967. To cess. It also absorbs wave energy instead of reflecting
be effective, such a program would have to be imple- it to other areas.
mented on the State level. Other structures used to prevent erosion are re-
vetments, sloping concrete walls similar to bulkheads;
Recommendation: A program for marsh creation should groins, stone or timber structures built perpendicular to
be established to offset losses incurred through de- the shore; breakwaters, offshore structures parallel or
velopment and a strict set of guidelines should be de- at an angle to the shore; and gabions, wire boxes filled
veloped to maximize the effectiveness and productivity with gravel. Eroding shore areas may also be stabilized
of the marsh. with vegetation.
Shore erosion protection in residential areas is aided
Hafford Balto. Balto. A.A. State through the provision of loans from the Shore Erosion
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Control Loan Fund administered by the Capital Pro-
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 grams Administration of the Department of Natural
Resources. The Administration also provides technical

TABLE 10
Summary of Shore Erosion Rates In The Baltimore Region

Shoreline Natural Processes Categories
(Feet of Shoreline/% of Total Shoreline) Total
Shore Erosion Feet of
Accretion Slight Low Moderate High Shoreline

Chesapeake Bay 31,650 ( 7%) 175,250 (42%) 112,500 (27%) 62,200 (16%) 33,250 ( 8%) 4147850
Patapsco River 8,900 ( 8%) 47,400 (44%) 44,800 (41%) 8,000 ( 7%) 109,100
Other
Tributaries* 183,000 (24%) 527,900 (69,7o) 45,900 ( 6%) 7,500 ( 1%) 1,500 ( 1%) 765,800
Baltimore
Region* 223,550 (1717o) 750,550 (58%) 203,200 (15%) 77,700 ( 6%) 34,750 ( 2%) 1,289,750

Adapted from Historic Shoreline and Erosion Rates, Table One, Maryland Geologic Survey, 1975.
*The Patuxent River shoreline, the upper portions of the other rivers, and most creeks are not included in this total.

assistance to the property owner regarding appropriate plain are required to purchase flood insurance before
control measures to curtail erosion in a particular lo- they can obtain financing from a federally insured loan
cation and the design of recommended structures. institution for home improvements or the construction
Along with shore erosion control structures and veg- of new dwellings and they must comply with certain
etative planting, shore erosion damage to new struc- structural and locational requirements. The present
ture s can be avoided if they are set back from the shore maps, however, are general in nature, so that a survey
more than the distance over which the shoreline is of a particular piece of property by an engineer may
expected to recede during the useful life of the struc- be required to determine if it is in the 100 year flood
ture. For example, a home with a useful life of 50 years plain. The maps prepared by the Water Resources
should be set back at least 50 feet from a shoreline that Administration will be more detailed than existing
is receding at the rate of one foot per year. Maintaining maps and they should also be more accurate, because
natural vegetation, especially deep rooted trees in the they will be field checked and based on more extensive
undeveloped area also helps to limit erosion by blunting information.
any increase in the natural rate of erosion. Currently, local regulations control land use in cer-
tain flood plain areas. All structures in Harford County
Recommendation: All new construction in the coastal within the 100 year flood plain require a conditional
zone should be set back from the shoreline at least the use permit. Applications for structures are evaluated
number of feet which the shoreline is expected to re- for the increase that they will cause in flooding and
cede (according to the Maryland Geologic Survey) permits are issued by a Board of Appeals.
over the useful life of the structure, and that no cutting In Baltimore County, under the Interim Develop-
or clearing of vegetation be permitted by the local ju- ment Control Act, no structures are allowed in a flood
risdictions within the area between the structure and plain. In addition, the Baltimore County building code
the shore. specifies that basements for new homes subject to
flooding must be flood-proofed and that the first floor
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State must be at least one foot above the level of the IM
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. year flood plain.
0 0 0 0 0 X 10 In Baltimore City, no residential development is
permitted in floodways.
In Anne Arundel County, flood plains are in 'pro-
tected areas' under the Interim Growth Control Or-
dinance. Under this designation, no new subdivisions
submitted after March, 1977, in these areas will be
accepted. In addition, some of the land within flood
plains in the County is zoned Open Space. No new
residential structures are allowed in the 100 year flood
plain within these districts. Anne Arundel County also
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
has a building moratorium in effect in the Patapsco 100
y
ear flood plain. The moratorium specifies that no ad-
ditions to existing buildings and no new buildings shall
be constructed.
... ....................... ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . In addition to the prohibitions discussed above, flood
damage in residential communities has been addressed
by draining off storm water through gutters and pipes
and by public purchase of homes within the 100 year
FLOODING flood plain. In fiscal 1977, Anne Arundel County ap-
Damage to residential communities from flooding is proved the expenditure of $26,502,317 for storm drain-
of particular concern in the Patapsco River basin and age systems involving gutters and pipes. Baltimore City
in shoreline areas adjacent to the region's rivers and approved an $18,000,000 project to enlarge storm drain
the Bay. Maps of areas subject to flooding at least once pipes in the communities of Lakewood and Steeper.
in every 100 years are being prepared by the Water Baltimore County approved the expenditure of
Resources Administration. After these flood hazard $7,643,000 for storm drains in fiscal 1977. In Harford
areas are mapped, management plans are to be pre- County, storm drains are constructed in conjunction
pared by local governments in cooperation with the with roads and a separate budgetary figure is not avail-
Departments of Natural Resources, State Planning, able. Baltimore City considered purchasing the homes
and Agriculture. affected by flooding in the Lakewood-Steeper area as
Tentative maps of the 100 year flood plain have been an alternative to enlarging the drainage system. This
prepared by the Army Corps of Engineers for the Fed- alternative was cheaper, but it was rejected to preserve
eral Flood Insurance Program administered by the U. the stable, existing neighborhoods. Baltimore County
S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has a $2.7 million program to purchase lots within the
(HUD). Owners of property within a 100 year flood 100 year flood plain of its urban streams.

Storm drains, while relieving flooding in one area by
moving the water quickly off the land, may aggrevate
flooding downstream or at least enlarge the width of
the downstream flood plain. This has not been a prob-
lem with the storm drains that go into Baltimore Har-
bor, however. Due to the large size of the Harbor, the
water level has not been significantly affected by the
present storm drain system.

Recommendation: The feasibility, benefits, and costs
associated with the flood plain management techniques
now used or contemplated for use in the Baltimore
region should be evaluated by each local jurisdiction
on a river basin by river basin basis through the regional MARINAS
208 Program after a map of the flood hazard area has Marinas, piers, mooring buoys, and launching ramps
been prepared. constitute some of the most common uses of the shore-
line and adjacent waters in the Baltimore region, par-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State ticularly in Anne Arundel County and Baltimore
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. County. Their presence is significant in terms of miles
0 0 0 0 0 0 9 of shoreline occupied, their contribution to the regional
economy , and their impact on the recreational use and
biota of the coastal zone.
The best answer to flood damage to new structures There are 297 marinas in the Baltimore Region. I This
is to prohibit their construction within any 100 year total includes 200 commercial marinas, 59 community
flood plain. As discussed above, this has been imple- marinas and 38 yacht clubs. The number of marinas,
mented on a partial and temporary basis in parts of the average slips per marina, and launchingramps, foreach
coastal area. jurisdiction, is shown in Table 11. In addition to ma-
rinas, there are also approximately 9,500 private piers,
Recommendation: Local jurisdictions should prohibit 1,025 mooring buoys, and 87 launching ramps in the
the construction of new buildings within any 100 year region .2,3 Seventy four of these launching ramps are
flood plain. located at marinas. The remaining 13 launching ramps
are located at city, county and state parks. No marinas
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State or launching ramps are located along the Patuxent
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj_ River in the region.
9 The number of commercial marinas has increased
28 per cent since 1962.4 The rate of increase for launch-

TABLE 11
Marinas, Slips, and Launching Ramps In The Baltimore Region
Commercial Marinas Yacht Clubs Community Marinas Marina Totals
Num- Total Average Num- Total Average Num- Total Average Num- Total Average Launching
Jurisdiction ber Slips Slips her Slips Slips her Slips Slips her Slips Slips Ramps

Anne Arundel
County 130 6,150a 47 23 1,03 ld - 59 2,128 36 212 9,309d - 43
Baltimore
City 1 220 220 0 - - 0 - - 1 220 220 0
Baltimore
County 58 4,707 81 12 563d - 0 - - 70 5,270 - 34
Harford
County I I 1,369b 72 3 0 - - 14 1,369d - 10
Baltimore
Region 200 12,486 65 38 1,594d 59 2,128 36 297 16,168d - 87

'includes 200 mooring buoys
'includes 25 mooring buoys
'not available
dincomplete
Source: Geis, Peter: Boating Almanac, volume 4, 1976

ing ramps, private piers, and mooring buoys since 1962 Recommendation: The Department of Natural Re-
is not known. Applications for mooring buoys are ex- sources in conjunction with the Department of Health,
pected to increase at an accelerating rate in the future the Regional Planning Council, and local governments
as areas for land-based moorings become scarce. should undertake a study of the impacts of existing
The large number of marinas, piers, and mooring marinas in the region and the potential impacts of new
buoys in the Baltimore Region exceeded the demand marinas, and that the findings of this study, as well as
for their use by 1,293 moorings in 1970.5 By 1990, additional information gathered in studying the site of
however, the demand for moorings is expected to ex- any new marina proposal be used in evaluating the
ceed available slips by 10,995 SlipS.6 In 1970, the de- application for that marina, and that this study be
mand for launching ramps exceeded the number of funded through the Boat Title Tax. As another part
available ramps by 20OPlo .7 The demand for launching of this study, the Department of Natural Resources
ramps is expected to exceed the available supply by should determine what information is required to eval-
almost 600% in 1990. 8 uate the potential impact of a marina, and require that
A number of social and environmental problems are applicants for department permits and licenses for
associated with marinas, launching ramps, piers, and marinas submit the necessary information before a
mooring buoys. These problems, and the existing and decision is made on their application.
proposed regulations to manage them, will be discussed
in the following findings and recommendations. Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Fuel leakage and spills from marina fuel docks and Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
discharge of sewage and fuel from boats concentrated 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
around marinas may degrade water quality. This can
contaminate shellfish so they are unfit for human con-
sumption, may destroy fish larvae, and may make the The development of new marinas is regulated by
water surrounding a marina unfit for swimming. Oyster several federal laws, three state laws, and five county
beds in Eastern Bay in the vicinity of marinas con- ordinances. On the federal level, marina and pier con-
centrated around Kent Narrows are now closed from struction and the placement of mooring buoys are reg-
the beginning of oyster season on September 15th to ulated by the Corps of Engineers under the Rivers and
the end of November due to pollution from the marinas Harbors Act of 1899 regarding their impact on navi-
and boats present during this period. Data has not been gation. Bridge heights are regulated by the Coast Guard
collected by the State of Maryland or local institutions regarding their impact on navigation. Dredging for new
on the detailed impact upon water quality of marinas channels and maintainance of existing channels is reg-
currently in operation or on the potential impacts of ulated by the Corps under the Rivers and Harbors Act.
new marinas. A study published by the University of Discharge of dredge spoil and the filling of wetlands,
Rhode Island,9 however, recommended that new ma- streams, lakes, and coastal water is regulated by the
rinas be located in areas that are well flushed by tidal Corps under the Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
currents to mitigate any degradation of water quality. ments of 1972.
The Chesapeake Bay, near shore, and most of its On the state level, marinas are regulated under the
tributaries, near shore, are shallow. To provide access Wetlands Act and under the State Water Pollution
for marinas to the rivers and the Bay, the Corps of Control and Abatement Regulations. All of these reg-
Engineers, the State, and the Counties must maintain ulations are administered by the Department of Natural
channels, through periodic dredging. Private dredging Resources.
to create slips for new marinas is also often necessary. On the county level, the location of marinas is reg-
For example, a new marina proposed for the Mayo ulated through county zoning regulations in Anne
area in Anne Arundel County, in conjunction with the Arundel and Harford Counties. In Baltimore County,
proposed Chesapeake Bay Village, has been proposed marinas are regulated under the zoning and health
for a pond which is only two feet deep. Another marina, regulations.
the B alti more- Washington International Yachting
Center, is proposed for the Mago Vista area on the Federal Regulations:
Magothy River, Anne Arundel County. Construction Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
of this marina would require the dredging of 15,000 prohibits the unauthorized obstruction or alternation
cubic yards of material. of any navigable water of the United States. Before
Dredge spoil disposal sites acceptable to all con- any pier, dock, wharf or marina can be constructed in
cerned parties are scarce. The large amount of devel- the region or any mooring buoy placed in the region's
oped land, environmental considerations, and the cur- waters, a permit must be obtained from the Baltimore
rent volume of spoil from maintenance dredging in District of the Corps of Engineers.
existing channels all contribute to this scarcity. Section 404 of the Water Pollution Control Act
To help insure that fish and shellfish resources and Amendments of 1972 prohibits the unauthorized dis-
body contact recreation opportunities are preserved, charge of dredged or fill material into the waters of the
the following recommendations should be implemented. United States. Discharges of dredged or fill material

in any stream or body of water (with a flow of five tion is granted unless any discharge from the marina
cubic feet per second or greater) or contiguous wet- and associated boats would violate State water quality
lands require a permit from the Corps. The Corps pub- standards for the section of river or Bay surrounding
lished general regulations on July 25, 1975 to guide the marina.
review of applications and to provide criteria for de-
cisions. These regulations do not, however, specify
particular performance standards or limits for the max- County Regulations:
imum amount of material that can be dredged or dis- The location of new marinas and the expansion of
posed in a particular area. existing marinas in Anne Arundel County is regulated
The Corps of Engineers is currently considering is-
suing a general permit for the placement of mooring under the county zoning regulations. Five types of
buoys in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. This districts are provided for the location of various sizes
action would allow anyone to place mooring buoys in and types of marinas.
the water without obtaining a permit, so long as certain All marinas constructed prior to December 30, 1971,
specifications contained in the general permit are met. and not located in one of the maritime districts con-
The se spe cification s conce rn co mpliance with local and stitute a nonconforming use. In addition, a marina may
state regulations (although there are no such state or be a nonconforming use if it does not meet the re-
local regulations currently in effect in the region in quirements of the maritime district in which it is
regard to the placement of buoys), the color of the located.
buoy, navigation, infringement on shellfish beds, main- The five types of maritime zones are divided into
tenance of the buoy, lighting, and water quality. Is- three groups. Maritime Group A includes Community
suance of the general permit may increase boating Marina Districts, Commercial Marina Districts, and
congestion in the region's waters and will decrease the Yacht Club Districts. Maritime Group B and C each
regulatory ability of the Corps in alleviating or pre- contain one type of'distinct (MB and MC, respec-
venting congestion. tively). These two districts provide for the develop-
ment of large commercial marinas. Maritime Group
A districts are located along the Bay and its tributaries,
Recommendation: The general permit for mooring not including the Patuxent River watershed. Maritime
buoys should not be issued until the study of boating Group B and C Districts are located along the Bay and
congestion recommended in this study is completed or the lower one-half of the county's rivers, not including
unless regulations governing the placement of mooring the Patuxent.
buoys are developed. Marinas in all three Group A districts, and Group
B marinas providing social or recreational facilities,
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State must have a land to water area ratio of not less than
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. one and one-quarter to one. This requirement prohibits
0 0 0 0 8 the area occupied over the water by piers or other
structures to exceed four-fifths of the land area within
the zoning district. The water area occupied by marinas
in Group B districts not providing social or recreational
State Regulations: facilities and in all Group C districts must not exceed
Any dredging for a marina must be approved by the the land area of the marina district.
State Board of Public Works under the Wetlands Act The following general requirements apply to all mar-
of 1970. The act specifies that a person must obtain a inas in Anne Arundel County.
license from the State Board of Public Works before 1. Facilities shall be located on water suitable for
he may dredge or fill on state wetlands. Decisions made boating activities, and shall not violate such water
by the Board of Public Works, (consisting of the Gov- quality control standards as may be established
ernor, the Treasurer, and the Comptroller) are based by the State of Maryland.
on recommendations made by the Secretary of Natural 2. The channel within the facilities shall have a suf-
Resources after a hearing. A hearing is not required ficient width to allow side by side passage for two
if the fill area is less than 300 feet in length parallel to boats of the maximum size expected to utilize
the fast land and not more than 10 feet channelward said facilities, plus a minimum clearance of ten
of the mean high water line. Wetlands permits are pre- feet between boats. Water depths shall be main-
liminarily reviewed by the Wetlands Permit Unit of the tained at not less than two feet below the draft
Water Resources Administration of the Department of the largest boat expected to use any slip or
of Natural Resources. Their recommendations are then mooring, at mean low tide.
transmitted to the Board of Public Works through the 3. The location of marina facilities shall not interfere
Secretary of Natural Resources. with existing roads and fixed bridges, water rec-
New marinas must also receive a water quality cert- reational areas, or commercial fishing areas.
ification pursuant to the State Water Pollution Control 4. Road network to and within the site shall provide
and Abatement Regulations. Water quality certifica- unobstructed access for emergency equipment.

5. All facilities shall be served by a major state or Interagency Coordination
federal highway, a major county arterial, or a Mechanisms have been implemented to coordinate
collector street. the regulation of marinas and boats between the three
The lot area for any Maritime facility shall be not levels of government having jurisdiction in this area.
less than one acre above mean high tide. In addition, Both the Corps and the Water Resources Administra-
the Anne Arundel County Zoning Ordinance specifies tion will usually not issue permits until an applicant is
minimum yard requirements, setbacks, a minimum in compliance with all county regulations. Coordina-
waterfront width of 150 feet, a building height restric- tion is also aided through the circulation of applications
tion, a maximum pier limit, and pier setbacks from and environmental statements by the Corps and Water
adjacent property lines. The ordinance also specifies Resources Administration for comments by all parties
how many toilets shall be provided at a marina, where and by the Corps and Water Resources Administration
they shall be located, and the minimum number of holding ajoint hearing on all applications which require
parking spaces that must be provided. a hearing. Coordination should also be improved with
Baltimore County requires that a permit be obtained the implementation of project evaluation procedures
from the County Engineer before any construction or by the Coastal Zone Unit of the Department of Natural
repair work can be done on a marina. The only re- Resources. A project evaluation will be initiated by
quirements which a marina must meet, however, are the Coastal Zone Unit if it determines that a proposed
setbacks, a maximum pier length, a minimum land re- development in the coastal zone is likely to have a
quirement (five acres) before storage facilities are al- major or significant impact on coastal resources. A
lowed, screening from adjacent property, and health project evaluation will be carried out in the following
regulations. The health regulations specify the number manner. All of the agencies having permit authority
and location of toilets and garbage cans that must be over the project, plus interested citizens, will be re-
provided and prohibit the use of toilets on-board when quested to sit down together to discuss the project.
those boats are docked at a marina. There are no zoning The data requirements of the agencies will be deter-
districts for marinas in Baltimore County, but marinas mined and a team will be designated by those agencies,
are allowed in all industrial districts and in residential with the advice of citizen participants, to gather and
and commercial districts by special exception. analyze this data and prepare recommendations. The
Harford County allows the siting of marinas in Gen- data, analysis, and recommendations of the team will
eral Business districts. Marinas are a conditional use be distributed to the various agencies and citizens. The
in agricultural districts and floodplain districts. Under agencies will then individually decide whether or not
the Harford County Zoning Regulations Floodplain to issue the permits under their control. A running
districts overlap any other district which extends into record of the cumulative impacts of these decisions
the floodplain. Thus, a conditional use permit must be will be kept by the Coastal Zone Unit.
obtained before any marina is developed since all ma- This procedure will not reduce the authority of any
rinas are necessarily in a floodplain. participant. It should, however, coordinate data gath-
Baltimore City has not enacted any regulations per- ering, allow those regulating different aspects of a proj-
taining to the siting of marinas. ect to discuss common and interrelated problems, re-
To help insure that marinas are located where they duce the time it takes for all of the decisions to be made
will have minimum adverse environmental and social in regard to a project, and provide for a better record
impacts and insure that those marinas that are con- of the impact of decisions made over a period of time.
structed will have adequate parking and trash facilities,
as well as adequate setbacks, the following recom- Recommendation: All new marina proposals in the
mendation should be considered. Baltimore region should receive an interagency project
evaluation before issuance of a permit.
Recommendation: Baltimore County and Baltimore Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
City should enact maritime zoning regulations. Balti- Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
more County, Harford County, and Anne Arundel 0 0 0 0 34
County should locate maritime districts only in those
areas that are well flushed by tidal action, do not con-
tain valuable aquatic vegetation, require little or no Implementation and enforcement of existing marina
dredging, and the permitted number of slips should be regulations is hampered due to the absence of a detailed
limited to the capacity of the water body to accomodate shoreline survey of all piers and marinas in the Balti-
boating. more region. Many of the existing marinas have been
compiled in the Boating Almanac, Volume 4, 1976
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Edition. The Almanac does not list, however, private
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. piers being used as illegal commercial marinas. Marinas
0 0 0 0 0 0 19 that have been constructed since 1970 which are not
in accordance with zoning regulations may also exist.

Recommendation: A complete shoreline survey of ex- should be carried out by personnel from the Depart-
isting piers and marinas in the Baltimore region should ment of Health, and the County Planning and Zoning
be made from time to time as resources allow. This Offices.
survey should be made jointly by county zoning and
natural resources police personnel. Air photos should Recommendation: A study of the effectiveness of ex-
be used to locate marinas and piers where more than isting regulations in preventing water pollution and
one boat is docked. These facilities should then be field solid waste pollution from boats should be undertaken
checked from the water. If potential illegal marinas are by the Regional Planning Council 208 Program and,
detected, their operators should be sought and a de- as part of this study, alternative disposal methods and
tailed field investigation should be initiated. Prosecu- facilities should be evaluated, as well as alternative and
tion should be sought for violations uncovered by these additional regulations, improved enforcement, and im-
investigations. proved coordination.

Harfbrd Balto. Balto. A.A. State Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.

0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

In addition to the regulations already in force, the
Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
has circulated for review and comment proposed reg-
ulations governing sewage and sanitary facilities at
marinas. These proposed regulations would require
every marina operator, every developer of a proposed
marina, and every marina operator proposing to expand
an existing marina to apply to the appropriate county
health department for a permit. Before a permit would
be granted, the applicant would have to have certain
facilities at his marina or, in the case of a development
proposal, planned for inclusion. These facilities include
a minimum number of dockside toilets, sewage disposal
facilities for sewage from vessels docked at the marina
and toilets at the marina, pump-out facilities so that
sewage can be removed from the holding tanks of
docked vessels, a water supply system, and a minimum PUBLIC ACCESS TO THE SHORELINE
number of litter containers. The proposed regulations The Baltimore region's shoreline has great potential
also specify where these facilities are to be located, for numerous forms of public enjoy ment-viewing,
how many toilets and litter baskets must be provided walking, bicycling, fishing, shellfishing, photography,
(based on the number of slips), and penalties for op- nature study, or just sitting beside the water. These
erating a marina without a permit and for violations of extensive waterfront resources, however, are available
an issued permit. to only a limited number of the region's residents and
The proposed regulations would partially duplicate but a small portion of the shoreline is accessible to all
the marina zoning regulations in Anne Arundel County the public.
and the Health Department regulations in Baltimore The basic right of public access to all coastal tide-
County. The regulations would, however, require a lands has been reinforced by various Maryland court
greater number of toilets at marinas than presently decisions over the past five years. The courts have
required by both counties. The requirement for pump- concluded that ownership of the land lying between
out facilities is a new provision. Currently both coun- mean high water and mean low water is vested in the
ties prohibit discharge from docked vessels but do not State of Maryland and held in trust for public use.
require that marina operators have any facilities for However, old restrictions on the public's right to cross
emptying the holding tanks of vessels using the marina. private waterfront property from public thoroughfares
A study is needed to clarify whether the stronger limits the impact of these rulings. Furthermore, areas
regulations proposed by the Department of Health and of historic public use have nearly been eliminated by
Mental Hygiene are necessary. As part of this study, the erection of fences, buildings, and other structures.
alternatives to holding tanks for disposal of sewage This lack of access is one of the major problems
from boats should be investigated. Necessary facilities characterizing the use of the Chesapeake Bay shore-
and regulations for these alternatives should be con- line. This deficiency takes several forms: a lack of vista
sidered as part of this study. In addition, the need for points and roadside overlooks that afford views of the
regulations for the control of sewage and trash from Chesapeake Bay, its tributaries and the Port of Bal-
boats moored at buoys should be considered. The study timore; a lack of public waterfront park and recreation

sites; a lack of shoreline paths, trails and bikeways; of private property owners. Acquisition programs
and even a lack of public boat launches and marinas. should proceed as rapidly as possible and should in-
Presently, less than four percent (28.5 miles) of the clude leaseback and life estate provisions as incentives
Baltimore region's 792-mile coastal shoreline is within for placing privately held lands in public ownership and
public parkland. Forty-one parks and school-recrea- to prevent hardships to present owners.
tion centers located on the waterfront provide most of
the direct and unrestricted public access to the Ches- Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
apeake Bay and its tributaries-nine parks in Anne Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
Arundel County account for 8.4 miles of shoreline; 0 0 8
Baltimore City's six harbor parks amount to 3.1 miles
of accessible shoreline; the greatest amount of public
shoreline parkland is in Baltimore County with 18 parks Homes, businesses, and industries have often cut
and recreation centers comprising 12.7 miles of shore- off existing or potential public access to the shoreline,
line; and Harford County's seven parks account for eliminated waterfront vantage points, used up available
4.3 miles of shoreline. There are five local and state road capacity and off-street parking, and precluded use
parks currently planned that include portions of the of the shoreline for recreation. Development that is
region's shoreline. Should the State complete its ac- back from the shoreline can also affect the ability of
quisition plans for the Gunpowder State park, an ad- residents and visitors to get to and use the shoreline.
ditional 15 miles of the Gunpowder Delta shoreline In addition to its impact on transportation systems
would be made accessible. However, most of the public serving the coast, development of upland areas can
waterfront parks planned by local and state authorities reduce recreational opportunities that would otherwise
will not be acquired and developed for many years and, relieve demand on the shoreline recreational facilities.
even if they were immediately completed, there would Furthermore, the location of expansive private rec-
still be only six percent of the shoreline open to the reational facilities along the waterfront has reduced
public. While it is encouraging that local and state au- equal access. Some areas of the shoreline have been
thorities have recently taken new looks at the region Is used for expensive recreational activities involving sec-
shoreline and have planned new points of public access ond homes, marinas, and country clubs that are limited
to the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, the full po- to a relatively small portion of the general public.
tential for access to the Bay has by no means yet been Public access to the shoreline can be provided by
reached. more fully utilizing the public's existing legal rights.
A major long-term goal of coastal zone management Local subdivision regulations enable jurisdictions to
should be the provision of maximum amounts of water- require public access to and along the shoreline as a
front area for public use and enjoyment. Access to the condition in the approval of developments. These reg-
shoreline for all residents should be the goal, consistent ulations should be more fully utilized. Experience in-
with the need to protect coastal areas from destructive dicates that access can be required without undue hard-
overuse and to protect both public rights and the rights ship to private property owners.
of property owners. It is felt that a good design for public access is too
Wherever possible, state and local authorities should subjective and cannot be achieved through the simple
acquire public access points and vantage points to . t.he application of dimensional standards. Therefore, local
Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. State authorities jurisdictions should use public access criteria based on
and local jurisdictions should give acquisition priority the following generalized principles:
to coastal open space with waterfront acreage. Local -Continuity of public access must be maintained,
and state roadways should be designed to provide road- whether within a project or between projects;
side scenic viewpoints to the Chesapeake Bay and its -Access to the public shoreline area should always
tributaries. Local jurisdictions should give considera- be readily available.
tion to the acquisition of areas if development of them The flexibility of these public access criteria gives
would impede public access by using up land needed imaginative designers the freedom to arrive at inno-
for shoreline accessways and vantage points at appro- vative solutions for the provision of public shoreline
priate locations or would unavoidably despoil water- access via open space areas, landscaped park areas,
front views. fishing piers, shoreline boardwalks, wetland catwalks,
and access corridors from the shoreline to public
Recommendation: Public use of the shoreline should streets, Public access areas should be clearly recog-
be provided through public purchase, dedications from nizable from nearby roadways. Signs, identifiable ac-
developers as reasonable conditions of subdivision cess corridors, and the absence of structures blocking
development, purchase and leaseback, scenic and open the view of the access site may be required when
space easements, scenic restrictions, resource man- necessary.
agement contracts, and incentive zoning. All means New developments should provide public access-
chosen to obtain public use or visual access to the ways to the shoreline except in those individual cases
shoreline should be equitable and recognize the rights where it is determined that public access is inappro-

priate, such as where (1) adequate access exists nearby,
(2) the topography makes access dangerous, (3) the
proposed development is too small to include an ac-
cessway, (4) the coastal resources are ecologically too
fragile to accommodate general public use, (5) public
safety or military security precludes public use (6) the
public accessway would adversely affect agricultural
uses or, (7) where access would promote illegal tres-
passing and vandalism. In developments where the
provision of a public accessway is determined to be
inappropriate, the project sponsor should pay in-lieu
fees (to be established by local regulations) to a fund
for the acquisition, maintenance, and operation of pub-
lic access at a suitable location elsewhere. To the max- PARKLAND
imum extent feasible, in-lieu fees should be spent in The region's coastal area can provide an almost end-
the estuarine or peninsular area in which they are col- less variety of recreational opportunities for people to
lected and in areas where access is called for in regional play, to be refreshed, and to be inspired: sandy beaches
and local plans. for cooling off from the heat of the city; wooded creeks
In public, semi-public, commercial recreation, and and rivers for canoeing or exploring; bluffs for watching
other developments serving visitors (such as colleges, the Chesapeake Bay; waters for swimming, boating,
museums, restaurants, country clubs, and hotels) al- fishing and shellfishing; and coastal wetlands for nature
lowing public access to their grounds as part of their study. In short, the shoreline is critical to the quality
normal operations, public access to the shoreline of life in the region.
should be guaranteed by the recording of a restriction The region's shoreline is heavily used for recreation
covering the reserved accessway. In private devel- because more than half of Maryland's population lives
opments, public access should be insured by either within a 45-minute drive of the waterfront and because
dedication of fee title or an easement for the reserved it provides many recreational opportunities not found
accessway to a public agency or the recording of a at inland areas of the state. Many public and com-
deed restriction, both at the owner's option. Dedicated mercial recreational facilities may be found along the
accessways should not be required to be opened to shoreline, but a shortage of facilities persists for almost
public use until a public agency or private association every popular recreational activity -
agrees to accept responsibility for maintenance and Accessible public parkland along the Chesapeake
liability for the accessway. Bay and its tributaries is limited in the Baltimore region.
Recommendation: Multiple uses should be included in Only 28 miles or less than four percent of the region's
major coastal facilities. The Maryland Energy and 792-mile shoreline is in public parkland. Anne Arundel
Coastal Zone Administration and the Maryland Public County currently has 2,111 acres of shoreline parkland.
Service Commission should require that each appli- This should increase to about 3,550 acres in the next
cation for a major shoreline energy or public service five years as a result of planned state and local acqui-
sition programs. This would include ten miles of shore-
facility evaluate the potential for multiple, public-ori- line or about two percent of the county's total shore-
ented uses of the site proposed, and should incorporate line. Baltimore City currently has 114 acres of local
such uses to the extent feasible and consistent with and federal shoreline parkland amounting to some three
security, public safety, and resource protection. miles. There are 1,305 acres of county and state shore-
line parkland in Baltimore County providing access to
Hadord Balto. Balto. A.A. State about 12.7 miles of shoreline or seven percent of the
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj county's 181-mile shoreline length. The county has
0 0 0 0 0 0 21 plans for the creation of one new 65-acre shoreline
park. The State has much-delayed plans which, if im-
plemented, would add another 2,325 acres to the
coastal portion of the Gunpowder State Park, two-
thirds in Baltimore County and the rest in Harford
County. Of the existing 1,960 acres of shoreline park-
land in Harford County, 98 percent of that is State
parkland. Existing state parkland plans in Harford
County would expand that amount to 3,650 acres with
about 4.5 miles of shoreline.
Present coastal recreational facilities are inadequate
and regional demand for most coastal recreation ac-
tivities exceeds the supply. Recent increases in State

and local parkland acreage and the expansion of rec- clude: the Edgewood-Joppatowne area in Harford
reation facilities within the region have nearly kept County; the White Marsh-Perry Hall uplands and the
pace with new demands but the past supply deficit Essex-Middle River-Seneca Creek area in Balti-
remains unfilled. Thus, even though the supply of park- more County; and Marley Neck, Broad Neck, and the
land and recreation facilities has increased, it has not Mayo Peninsula in Anne Arundel County.
done so at a rate sufficient to meet existing demand.
Furthermore, people from outside the Baltimore coastal Recommendation: Local jurisdictions should balance
jurisdictions, particularly from the Washington, D.C. future coastal development with adequate open space
area, use the region's coastal recreational facilities and and recreation facilities. To avoid undue local pressure
heighten the total demand. on coastal recreational facilities because of insufficient
A greatly increased supply of picnic facilities is alternative recreational facilities for nearby residents,
needed throughout the coastal zone. Many more swim- the amount of new development in the nearcoast area
ming facilities are needed in the metropolitan area. should be correlated with expanded open space ac-
While there is an adequate regional supply of trails in quisition and recreational use plans prepared and
relation to the demand for serious hiking, few are in adopted by local agencies, and with provision of on-
coastal parks. There is a scarcity of trails for nature site recreational facilities determined to be sufficient
walks and the more popular general walking for pleas- to serve the new development. Specifically:
ure. There are almost no bike trails in the coastal zone. -Coastal open space and recreational requirements
And, there are no linear coastal hiking or biking trails. should be based on standards included in the
For recreational activities such as swimming, pic- Maryland Outdoor Recreation and Open Space
nicking and pleasure walking where there is a large, Plan unless other standards are determined to be
imbalance of demand over supply, almost all facilities more appropriate for specific coastal areas by the
are crowded. Most evident is the overcrowding of park- local jurisdictions.
ing lots and access roads. This results in less enjoyable -As part of local government comprehensive, gen-
experiences for the public, increased deterioration of eral development, recreation, and coastal plans,
facilities, security problems, a longer than desired trip acquisition techniques and a timetable should be
to reach a facility, and an increase in public decisions established for the purchase and improvement of
not to participate in recreational activities. coastal public recreational areas adequate to (1)
fully meet the coastal open space and recreational
Recommendation: A long-range program to protect standards for developing areas and (2) substan-
coastal recreational resources from overuse should be tially reduce any deficiencies in existing developed
established. This program should coordinate the plan- areas.
ning of coastal access with the desired recreational use -New coastal development proposed in already
intensity along the coast and should ensure that public developed areas with existing recreational and
recreation areas are adequately managed and main- open space deficiencies should be permitted only
tained to achieve this end. This program should include if consistent with a locally approved program that
effective controls of recreational use at peak weekend includes implementation procedures and time-
or seasonal times and incentives for use at off-peak tables to substantially reduce these deficiencies.
times.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj,
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DN9 DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 7
Local and state authorities have given minimal at-
The Maryland Outdoor Recreation and Open Space tention to the acquisition of coastal parkland. Until
Plan prescribes a minimum of five acres of local park- very recently, the three Baltimore coastal counties
land per one thousand residents. While few areas within placed primary emphasis on the expenditure of park-
the coastal zone actually meet this standard, the lack land acquisition funds for small schoo I-re creation cen-
of coastal parkland is particularly acute in those areas ters and neighborhood parks. As a result, there are
which have less than two acres per one thousand res- only three local coastal parks which have more than
idents. This includes the Edgewood-Joppatowne area a mile of shoreline and only an additional nine which
in Harford County; the Fells Point, Middle Branch, have at least a half-mile of accessible shoreline. There
and Cherry Hill areas around the Baltimore Harbor; are a total of 14 local waterfront parks that are greater
and Glen Burnie, Annapolis and the Shadyside Pen- than 20 acres, but only three are 100 acres or greater.
insula in Anne Arundel County. While planned local Anne Arundel County has begun a major program
and state parkland acquisition will alleviate some ex- to acquire and develop three countywide parks within
isting deficiencies, there will continue to be several the coastal zone. Each park would be from 150 to 300
major coastal areas with insufficient amounts of park- acres in size. The first park will be located near Pine-
land as a result of population growth. These areas in- hurst and include 240 acres of woodlands and about

a half mile of shoreline frontage. While Baltimore ulation lives within this area. Current indications are
County has established the region's largest local water- that future State parklands, other than those planned,
front park, Rocky Point (375 acres), there is only one will be located outside the Baltimore region, thus re-
other planned county-wide park in the coastal zone, quiring longer trips in a time of energy conservation.
Miami Beach (64 acres). Baltimore County's emphasis Upon completion of planned acquisition, 23 percent
is still on neighborhood and community parkland ac- of the Baltimore coastal counties' State parkland will
quisition and development. Harford County relies pri- be located within the coastal zone. However, the ac-
marily on the State for the provision of major recrea- quisition of the coastal parkland has occurred dispro-
tional facilities and acquires parkland mainly for portionately slower than in other areas. Of the re-
neighborhood uses. The provision of recreational fa- maining 9,836 acres of State parkland to be acquired
cilities along the Baltimore Harbor waterfront has been within the Baltimore coastal counties, 40 percent of it
a relatively new undertaking by the City of Baltimore. lies within the coastal zone. This is illustrated by the
Since most of the Harbor waterfront is industrialized, fact that less than six percent of the acreage acquired
the opportunities for parkland acquisition and devel- for the Gunpowder State Park is within the coastal
opment have been limited. Plans are being completed zone. Yet, of the 4,115 acres that remain to be acquired
for the public open space usage of the Inner Harbor for the park, over 40 percent is within the coastal zone
waterfront area and the City is currently seeking to at the Gunpowder Delta, most of it having been des-
convert underutilized industrial land along the Middle ignated for acquisition over 17 years ago.
Branch of the Patapsco River. However, the City's
largest waterfront park, Fort Smallwood (located in Recommendation: Priority for public acquisition of
Anne Arundel County), remains closed due to a lack land and water areas within the Baltimore regional
of maintenance and proper security measures. coastal zone should be directed as follows:

Recommendation: Local jurisdictions within the Bal- First Priority: (A) Lands best suited to serve the rec-
timore region should give parkland acquisition priority reational needs of the Baltimore region's population
to coastal open space with maximum shoreline front- should be acquired before land in rural western Mary-
age. Primary emphasis should be placed on the ac- land; (B) lands of regionally significant environmental
quisition and subsequent development of waterfront importance, such as habitat protection, should have
areas capable of meeting existing and future local and priority over other less important land; (C) as the high-
countywide coastal recreational and open space needs. est priority, lands in either of the above categories
To capitalize on their shoreline location, waterfront
proposed for development or use incompatible with
parks should emphasize hiking and bicycling trails, their basic resource or recreational value should be
picnic facilities, nature walks, view points, beaches, acquired or protected before land experiencing little
fishing facilities, and boat launches. Any facility de- or no development pressure
velopment should be designed to minimize intrusions
into natural areas. Due to the limited opportunities for
acquisition of optimal shoreline frontage, expenditure Second Priority: (A) Open space along waterfront
of local funds for acquisition should not be predicated areas where visual and pedestrian access to the coast-
on immediate facility development. line is limited; (B) areas of high recreational value; (C)
highly scenic areas; and (D) areas to serve as a coastal
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State reserve.
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.

0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.

0 0 0 0 0 0 8
Recommendation: Anne Arundel County, Baltimore
City, and the State should explore a cooperative agree- Potential recreational areas for active use by the
ment for the use, maintenance, and security of Fort general public and scenic open spaces that enhance the
Smallwood Park. recreational quality of the waterfront have been irre-
trievably lost to more intense types of land develop-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State ment. The opportunities for acquisition of large open
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. areas along the region's shoreline are rapidly dimin-
0 0 7 ishing. Increasing demands for shoreline property for
single and multiple family dwellings, marinas, and in-
dustrial activities such as sand and gravel excavations
Total planned State parkland for the region's coastal will undoubtedly preclude the acquisition of many of
counties will be less than ten percent of the statewide the few remaining open waterfront areas suitable for
total, even though more than half of the State's pop- public parks.

There are but a few waterfront open space areas Haiford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
within the region that are relatively unimpacted and Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
thus serve as potential sites for local and state parkland. 0 0 0 0 0 8
Only six percent of the region's 792-mile coast remains
in large undeveloped tracts. In Anne Arundel County,
this includes sites at Beards Creek; Eagle Hill; Fair- Recommendation: Coastal open space areas should be
haven Cliffs; Forked Creek; Hancock Pond; Harness acquired for a Coastal Reserve System. To soften es-
Creek; Jack Creek; Little Round Bay Creek; Mayo calating parkland acquisition costs, the State of Mary-
Point; and Poplar Point. In addition, there are signif- land and the Baltimore coastal jurisdictions should es-
icant coastal open space areas located at the head- tablish within the Baltimore region a Coastal Reserve
waters of coastal tributaries at Cabin Branch; Furnace System for the advance acquisition of open space and
Branch; Marley Creek and South Haven. In Baltimore recreational land. A Coastal Reserve would be an in-
County, the sites include Bird River Beach; Black terim classification for future natural environment
Marsh; Frog Mortar Creek; Goose Harbor Peninsula; areas, natural resource management areas, regional
Herring Run; Holly Neck; Honeygo Run; Middle shoreline or state parkland, or an opportunity acqui-
River; Northeast Creek; Railroad Creek; Saltpeter and sition, easement, or gift of land which has not been
Dundee Creeks; Seneca Park; Stansbury Creek; Sue specifically identified as a potential park in State plans
Creek; and Windlass Run. There is a 415 acre site with and would not require immediate facility development.
1.3 shoreline miles that is located on Bird River and For an area to be considered suitable for acquisition
adjacent to the take-fines for the Gunpowder Delta as a Coastal Reserve, it must possess one of the fol-
Section of the Gunpowder State Park. Major coastal lowing characteristics:
open space in Harford County suitable for parkland -Be part of a larger area which has the potential for
exists in the Otter Point Creek marsh area and in the meeting the minimum standards of either a natural
coastal area occupied by the Aberdeen Proving Ground environment area, natural resource management
(which includes some of the State's best conserved area, regional shoreline or state parkland classi-
wetland areas). In Baltimore City, undeveloped land fication, with acquisition of the necessary sur-
exists which could be used for the creation of a con- rounding land to form a parkland of operational
tinuous park system from the Harbor's Middle Branch size under State consideration.
to the Patapsco River State Park. -Possess park, recreation or open space values
which make its control by a public agency desir-
able and no other public agency or suitable non-
Recommendation: Existing large shoreline open space profit organization is in a position to assume con-
areas should be acquired for regional shoreline parks. trol of the land.
The State of Maryland should establish a system of -Constitute a gift of real property or improvements
Baltimore Regional Shoreline Parks. A Regional of potential financial benefit to the State.
Shoreline park should be an area of land and related
water area located on the Chesapeake Bay, estuary or Hafford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
river, which has significant recreational, natural, or Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
scenic value. For an area to be considered suitable for 8
designation as a Regional Shoreline Park, it must pos-
sess one of the following characteristics:
-A shoreline area (or grouping of smaller areas con- Recommendation: Coastal open space areas should be
nected by trail or water access) possessing a va- assured protection prior to acquisition. Until lands
riety of natural shoreline environments and man- designated for public acquisition can be secured, they
ageable units of littoral, tidal, near-shore area and should be protected from incompatible use through
uplands which have value for scientific or edu- public regulation by local authorities. To provide for
cational purposes with the area suitable for ac- coastal recreation and open space utilization, as well
commodating a variety of regional shoreline rec- as the preservation and protection of coastal natural
reational activities. areas, the coastal counties within the Baltimore region
-A shoreline area of land and related water suitable should institute open space zoning districts. In addition
for providing opportunities for a veriety of regional to natural features criteria, the open space districts
shoreline recreational activities such as swimming, should also be based on (A.) the location of commercial
fishing, boating, viewing, or other public shoreline recreation facilities and institutions including large
uses. amounts of open space; and (B.) areas delineated for
When appropriate, Regional Shoreline Parks should either local or state parkland acquisition.
be entrusted to local jurisdictions for management pur-
poses. State open space funding to the Baltimore Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
coastal jurisdictions should reflect these additional Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
management responsibilities because of the greater o 0 0 0 0 0 8
than local service which would be provided.

Recommendation: Publically owned surplus lands If State cutbacks continue, a heavier burden in fi-
should be retained in public ownership. Federally- nancing open space acquisition and development will
owned coastal land and water areas that are declared be borne by local governments if programmed levels
surplus should be turned over to either State or local of services are maintained. However, their sources of
public agencies to provide for existing and future revenues are limited and are unlikely to increase
coastal recreational and open space needs. enough to accommodate existing coastal open space
acquisition and development needs.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Recommendation: Additional funds to remedy existing
0 0 0 0 0 0 8 deficiencies in public recreation and open space along
the coast should be provided. To this end:
-The State's use of Program Open Space and Fed-
Due to the loss of tidal swimming beaches, the future eral Land and Water Conservation Fund monies
of the region's seven operational public tidal beaches within the Baltimore region's coastal zone should
is of particular importance in meeting the demands for be increased. Expanded Program Open Space
swimming facilities. There are ten commercial beaches Funding for the region's coastal zone could result
in Baltimore County and two in Harford County which from either an increase in the obligation of au-
have been closed due to water quality problems. In thorized Program Open Space Bonds, an increase
most cases the water quality problems affecting these in the real estate transfer tax or both.
beaches are believed to be of a short-term nature. The -The method used to allocate Program Open Space
regional shortage of sandy beaches with good water funds to the local jurisdictions within the Baltimore
quality would be heightened if commercial beaches are region should be restructured to allow for in-
lost to private residential development. creased coastal land acquisition and development
regardless of a decrease in the percentage of the
Recommendation: The region's coastal counties or the total transfer tax revenues that are collected in
State should purchase private shoreline recreation each of those subdivisions.
areas if they are put up for sale because they are a -Special funding programs should be provided,
valuable asset to a local recreation and open space such as bond acts with purchase and leaseback
program. provisions o r special capital gains taxes on the sale
of coastal properties.
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State -Local jurisdictions should increase the funding
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. commitments to waterfront and coastal county
0 0 0 0 0 8 parks.

H@ford Balto . Balto. A.A. State
Recent funding of open space acquisition and de- Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
velopment, although substantial, has been insufficient 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
to meet coastal open space needs, and may be cut back
even further in the near future. The expected appro-
priations of Maryland's Program Open Space Fund Recreational pressures will increase with further
and the Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund coastal development. Large-scale urban development
to Maryland through the next ten years will not be in the coastal zone that does not include adequate in-
enough to complete the acquisition of lands already ternal open space or is not balanced with provision of
included in the acquisition-lines of existing parkland public recreational areas away from the shoreline in-
areas. In recent years, the bulk (90-100%) of Program creases congestion and limits access to coastal recre-
Open Space and Federal Land and Water Conservation ational resources for all, as the local residents use the
Funds available to the State have been used for land remaining shoreline for all their recreational needs. At
acquisition and development in existing park areas. the same time, the rapid residential development of
Furthermore, the recent recession resulted in a de- large remaining open spaces inland from the immediate
cline in real estate sales which provide money through shoreline destroys the scenic open space qualities of
the land transfer tax for the Program Open Space Fund. these areas and precludes their use for recreation (pic-
And, the general fiscal belt-tightening by the State has nic grounds, golf courses), transportation (parking lots,
meant a reluctance in obligating authorized Program roads, bus stations), and multi-use commercial services
Open Space Bonds to increase the Fund's capacity. (restaurants, hotels, motels, amusements) that could
Both actions have hurt Program Open Space funding be linked to the shoreline by trails or shuttle buses.
for the region. For fiscal year 1977, Program Open
Space Funding is only 58 percent of the average annual Recommendation: Wherever possible, recreational ac-
funding level since 1970. State funds for development tivities and support facilities that do not have to be
have dropped to only 26 percent of the average annual along the shoreline should be located upland, con-
funding level since 1970. nected to the shoreline by trails, bicycle paths or shuttle

buses. Upland support areas should be reserved for
intensive recreational development that otherwise
would require substantial shoreline alterations.

Harford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.

0 0 0 0 0 8

Recommendation: To alleviate pressures on public
beaches and parks, and to ensure that those areas have
room to serve people from inland as well as coastal
areas, the coastal counties of the Baltimore region
should require new residential developments near the NON-WATER RELATED EMPLOYMENT CENTERS
coast to have adequate open space and on-site recre-
ational provisions. Harford County
Local residential development requirements should The vast majority of shoreline and coastal land area
also include standards for (A.) size of open space par- is occupied by Aberdeen Proving Ground. It stretches
cels; (B.) shape of open space parcels; (C.) proximity from Swan Creek on the north and includes two large
of dwelling units to open space or public parkland; (D.) peninsulas ending at the Gunpowder River on the
provision of waterfront open space; (E.) usablenes.s south. The Pulaski Highway-Interstate 95 corridor is
due to hazard-prone open space areas; (F.) accessi- the major service link to many commercial areas and
bility to open space parcel from public thoroughfare; several large manufacturing complexes. The Bata Shoe
(G.) accessibility between open space parcels via path- Company owns a considerable tract of land, much of
way; (H.) protection of significant natural features; and which is now under consideration for development as
(I.) payment of a fee in lieu of land where the park site a planned community.
is not useable. The proposed General Land Use Plan for Harford
County indicates the location of employment resource
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State areas along the I 95-Route 40 corridor. Another area
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. extends from this corridor along the northwest border
0 0 0 0 0 0 20 of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. This generally flat
- area seems well-suited for development and expansion.
Both rail and highway access are provided by existing
networks, although modifications will be required to
serve the local system. Several employment resource
INLAND COASTAL AREAS areas are located adjacent to Natural Features Pro-
tection Areas and will require development guidelines
Our basic concerns in the inland portion of the to minimize any adverse impact. Two areas west and
coastal zone are expressed by the following objectives: south of Havre de Grace are not within the 20 year
-Maintenance and growth of a sustainable non- service area for sanitary sewers.
water related economic sector while recognizing
the associated environmental costs; Recommendation: Employment resource centers
-Provision of adequate transportation facilities with should be developed within areas designated in the
recognition of direct and indirect impacts on sen- Harford County Master Plan and the Regional General
sitive coastal resources; Development Plan.
-Encouragement of the preservation, protection,
and restoration of coastal historic sites and districts; Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
-Protection of coastal forests, stream valleys, and Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
wetlands with special consideration of those areas 0 0 0 0 0 13
identified as prime wildlife or endangered species
habitats;
-Prevention of the loss of prime agricultural lands; Recommendation: Employment resources areas of
-Prevention of the pre-emption of coastal mineral Havre de Grace should be utilized to the fullest extent
resource areas and encouragement of the timely to maintain a strong financial base for that community.
re-use of those areas.
These objectives require examination of such inland Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
coastal activities as employment centers, transporta- Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
tion, archeological and historic preservation, natural 0 0 0 0 0 14
area preservation, agriculture, and mineral extraction.

Baltimore County of the industries in the area do not require direct access
The coastal area is marked by major thoroughfares to shipping channels.
and rail lines paralleling the northern boundary of Pu- The Comprehensive Plan of Baltimore County rec-
laski Highway. Adjacent to these access fines are many ognizes the potential of employment resource expan-
manufacturing firms and warehousing establishments. sion by maintaining the concentration along the Pa-
The southern portion of the area is separated into three tapsco Freeway, Pulaski Highway and Eastern
principal peninsulas: Patapsco Neck, Back River Boulevard adjacent to the Glenn L. Martin Airport.
Neck, and Middle River Neck. Commercial employment opportunities are provided
Patapsco Neck Peninsula, surrounded by the Pa- at Dundalk, Eastpoint, Golden Ring Mall and a re-
tapsco River, Chesapeake Bay and Back River, is typ- vitalized Essex Center.
ified by concentrations of heavy manufacturing, high- Most industrial expansion is expected to be ware-
density residential, and intensive commercial uses. housing operations and light to medium industry. All
Approximately 6,000 acres of land are zoned industrial of this development is within the planned 20-year ser-
and many of the County's largest employers are located vice area for sanitary treatment. Little of this growth
here. Since the existing land area has almost reached is expected to be port dependent, although there is
holding capacity and there is little vacant developable potential for back-up storage and port services expan-
land, population growth will be slight, with some res- sion. Bethlehem Steel owns approximately 1,000 acres
idential development occurring in the Edgemere area. in the Black Marsh area, a portion of which has been
Although individual shopping centers are stripped set aside as a site for disposal of production by-prod-
along Meritt Boulevard, the old Dundalk and the East- ucts. The County has designated 212 acres along the
point Center emerge as the major nodes of commercial shoreline as a conservation zone allowing industrial
activity. use by Bethlehem Steel on the remaining land. Beth-
Back River Neck Peninsula contrasts sharply with lehem Steel has received several permits to create ad-
Patapsco Neck. Bordering the shoreline of this pen- ditional land with slag disposal along its southern shore-
insula are many small-lot waterfront cottages and major line. This area will be used for the placement of new
recreational facilities such as marinas, large beaches, coal and ore handling facilities, storage, and the pro-
and a golf course. The land use pattern of the peninsula tection of an unstable waterfront. These permits are
ranges from waterfront cottages in the southern portion for considerably less area than the original requests of
to high-density apartment and group housing in the several years ago. Production of slag is an inescapable
northern portion. factor in the steel industry. Bethlehem Steel has gen-
The Middle River Neck area lies to the Northeast erated an ultimate fill development list which should
of Back River Neck and is bounded by Middle River, carry them into the 1990's. This plan will require the
Bird River and the Gunpowder River. Middle River filling of 180 acres. Land created will be used for plant
Neck is today used and appears to be most suited for expansion, unloading facilities, and a waste treatment
recreational purposes. Most of the commercial beaches plant. Bethlehem Steel is aware of the limitations and
and marinas within the County are located on Middle impacts of placing slag in the harbor and has begun an
River and its tributaries. The dominant industry in the effort to find alternative methods of handling disposal.
area is Martin-Marrietta Corporation's Middle River
Plant. Land use in the area has been influenced by the Recommendations: Disposal of production by-prod-
flat topography, closeness to the city and tidal water- ucts has become an increasingly critical problem for
front. "Shore homes" occupy much of the shoreline, manufacturing operations. However, the use of wet-
many of which are being upgraded in both value and lands for disposal is not warranted and must be strictly
appearance. While there has been substantial devel- prohibited. Alternative methods for disposal should be
opment inland in the Essex and Middle River sections, evaluated.
development on the lower necks (Back River and
Middle River) have been predominantly along the Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
waterfront, and inland areas are sparsely developed. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
As indicated, Patapsco Neck contains a large con- 0 0 0 * 0 4
centration of industrially zoned and developed land
outside the Port. Much of this is located along the
major transportation corridors of Pulaski Highway,
North Point Blvd. and the Patapsco Freeway. The Baltimore Citv-Middle Branch
area is dominated by the Bethlehem Steel Corpora- Although 'his body of water once supported water
tion's Sparrows Point facility. Occupying a large por- dependent trade, it has diminished to barges serving
tion of its 2,500 acre tract the Sparrows Point plant the Westport power station. The area is dominated by
employs between 22,000 and 26,000 people and a 1975 a variety of industrial firms, back-up storage for West-
payroll of $26,923,840. The Sparrows Point steel plant ern Maryland Railroad, two energy related facilities,
accounts for about 9 percent of all manufacturing em- City owned parkland, and a vast network of roads and
ployment in the State of Maryland. While Bethlehem highways. Hanover and Russell Streets and Waterview
Steel's Sparrows Point plant is water dependent, many Avenue are the major local roads with Interstate 95

and 395 (under construction), passing over the northern Recommendation: Completion of the Southwest Di-
end. version, Westport Pumping Station and required san-
With only a few scattered sites vacant in the Middle itary sewer connections.
Branch, the greatest potential for employment expan-
sion fies in the re-use or expansion of existing facilities. Harford Balt.. Balto. A.A. State
Carr-Lowery glass manufacturers have obtained a per- Co. Co. City Co@ RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
mit to create a small fill site enabling construction of 0 0 0 0 20
new furnaces and production facilities. This will in-
crease employment and add to the stability of this well-
established firm. The only user of water transport in Recommendation: Implementation of the Middle
the Middle Branch, the Westport Generating Station, Branch Park Plan:
expects to maintain its current production and em- -provide public access along the shoreline;
ployment. Carroll Industrial Park is undergoing im- -develop and expand marina facilities;
provements to streets, parking and street lighting. This -re-use of the Reedbird/Potee landfills for public
effort involves the re-use of buildings and expansion open space;
of several firms on vacant parcels. The Spring Garden -provide for a water resources instructional facility;
Station for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. expects -provide bikeways and trails to the Gwynns Falls
to construct a seven acre fill area to improve efficiency Park, Patapsco River State Park, and the Inner
of their operation. The City's Central Garage facility Harbor.
at Dickman Street is expanding operations with the
construction of a 10 acre fill. The perimeter of the site Hatford Balto. Balto. A.A. Stat
will be landscaped and designed for public access. Land Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
adjacent to the garage is used for open storage by 0 0 0 0 8
Western Maryland Railway. This site is under consid-
eration for a land exchange with the existing Swann
Park. With Swann Park relocated because of 1-95 and
adjacent to City property, the City would have a larger Anne Arundel County
recreational resource along the waterfront and im- The upper portion of Marley Neck in Anne Arundel
proved facilities. The railroad could develop the ex- County contains the largest concentration of vacant,
isting park site as an improved storage facility with industrially zoned land in the port area. Over 3300
direct access to the Port Covington Terminal and con- acres has been designated as industrial land. Zoning
solidate land parcels in the area. The shoreline along designations, however, prohibit such development as
Waterview Avenue and the South Baltimore General petroleum refining and wholesale storage. Most of the
Hospital has been identified as a site for a new water vacant land is located in the interior of Marley Neck
oriented recreational facility and expanded parkland. with the Kennecott Cooper refining plant, Cox Creek
This will provide marinas, boat launches, instructional Treatment Plant, and a Baltimore Gas and Electric
resources and restaurants. Company generating station occupying most of the
Transportation improvements, while highly visible shoreline. Kennecott, which employs about 700 people
in the Middle Branch area, will not directly affect local occupies 107 acres of a 232 acre site. Elsewhere in the
movements with the exception of the ramps joining I- County, Westinghouse operates a research and de-
95 to Hanover Street. This will markedly improve the velopment facility on a site south of the western ap-
movement of goods from the Port Covington and Han- proach of the Bay Bridge.
over Street industrial and port areas. State and local government, in the Annapolis area,
Construction of a sewage pumping station will allow employ over 4,300. No exact figure has been estab-
businesses in the Waterview Avenue-Cherry Hill Road lished for office and commercial employment. Over
area to tie into the South West Diversion Interceptor. 2,206 are employed by the Naval Ship Research and
The diversion, with the alleviation of the overflow at Development Center located on the south shore of the
Baltimore Street and the Gwynns Falls, should improve Broadneck Peninsula. Approximately 8,200 persons
the water quality of the Middle Branch over the next are either students or employees of the Naval Academy
several years. in Annapolis.
With over 3300 acres of land zoned for industrial use
Recommendation: Completion of three approved fill Anne Arundel County faces several issues regarding
sites: Baltimore City, Central Garage; Baltimore Gas the type of industry, the infrastructure requirements,
and Electric, Spring Garden Station; and Carr-Lowery and the impact on existing facilities. With the majority
Company. of the shoreline currently utilized and no nearby deep-
water channel, much of this land is not available for
Harfbrd Balto, Balto. A.A. State water dependent activities. Portions however, could
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj. function as back-up space for shoreline activities or
0 0 0 14 associated land transportation terminals. Development
of this area will require considerable expenditure for

roads, water supply, sanitary sewer lines, and treat- arate, and often independent, private and governmental
ment facilities. agencies. The following descriptions of each mode and
The continued revitalization of Annapolis is ex- the regional transportation planning process will iden-
pected to generate additional employment associated tify who is responsible for transportation facilities and
with commercial activities and tourism. Commercial how these facilities can be characterized.
expansion can also be anticipated in scattered areas
to service residential development. Highways: The highway system is administered by a
number of state and local agencies using funds from
A a variety of sources. The State Highway Administra-
Recommendation: Development of industrially zoned tion (SHA) maintains and constructs most of the major
land in the Marley Neck as service facilities to port regional highways outside of Baltimore City. These
operations and similar uses. Adequate infrastructure vary from high service level interstate and state limited
must be available at the time of development. access freeways to two lane rural routes. These roads
comprise the State's Primary and Secondary Highway
Hadord Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Systems. Some major links in the State system are
funded by the Toll Facilities Administration (TFA)
0 0 0 0 0 0 13 and include the Harbor Tunnel, Key Bridge and the
JFK Expressway (1-95 in Harford County). These are
also limited access. Local jurisdictions, both County
and City maintain a network of streets and highways
which predominantly serve local circulation. Within
Baltimore City, the Interstate Highway construction
program is under the joint jurisdiction of the City and
the State Highway Administration. The numerous
agencies responsible for highway construction and
maintenance in the region can cause conflicts to de
velop when facility needs cross jurisdictional lines.
Although administrative arrangements have been de-
veloped to deal with these problems, conflicts and de-
lays still occur.
Bikeways: The bicycle, as a transportation mode, has
been experiencing dramatic growth, and it is estimated
LAND TRANSPORTATION that in the Baltimore region, there is nearly one bicycle
The movement of goods is an essential service. The for every two people. All coastal jurisdictions are in-
provision and location of transportation facilities for volved with a Metropolitan Bikeways Plan to produce
this movement has far-reaching consequences on a coordinated system for neighborhood and through
growth, development patterns, and the natural envi- ro.utes, with adequate facilities to increase non-recre-
ronment. In particular, the planning and design of high- ational use of bicycles. Bikeway plans differ between
recreational routes, which tend to emphasize aesthet-
ways and other transportation facilities has direct im- ics, and through routes, which emphasize grades and
pact on land uses and direct influences on sensitive directness of alignment. Many planned through routes
natural areas in the coastal area. Each transportation follow highway rights-of-way (1-395 and City Blvd.)
mode (highway, rail, public transit and aviation) affects and abandoned rail lines such as the B&A line in Anne
the environment in its own way, and together they Arundel County. Standards for various classes of bike-
interact with water-borne transportation to produce a ways have been established with the concern being to
unique regional system.
The historical development of Baltimore as a center -minimize conflicts between bicycles, motor vehicles,
of maritime commerce can be traced to the presence and pedestrians.
of a naturally formed harbor. This made the City a Rail: The coastal area is served by three major trunk
natural hub for early roads and, later, the first railroads. railroads and two switching railroads. The largest is
As the region expanded, the rail and highway systems the Chessie System (a private company) which oper-
grew to keep pace. The establishment of the Interstate ates the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) and West-
highway system accelerated this growth by making it ern Maryland Railway (WM). They provide freight
easier to develop farther from the core areas while service to the Port area and along the coastal zone
retaining access to the basic transportation system. through Baltimore and Harford Counties. The B&O
This original transportation stimulus has now been also provides commuter rail service between Baltimore
outpaced by development in many coastal areas caus- (Camden Station) and Washington, D.C.
ing overutilization and congestion. The other large railroad is Amtrak/Conrail. This
Each coastal area transportation mode has different Federally supported company operates what was the
operating characteristics and is administered by sep- Penn Central railroad. Amtrak provides intercity pas-

senger service while Conrail operates the freight ser- exception of one route to Annapolis, are confined to
vice. Conrail also operates a limited, partially State- the urban area of the coastal zone. Bus service in An-
subsidized, commuter service between Penn Station napolis is provided by the privately operated Arundel
and Washington. There is an interchange of freight Bus Company (ABC).
traffic between the Chessie System and Conrail but The public and private bus companies do not du-
operations are separate with duplicate mainlines and plicate routes and do not have much interraction. Both
yard facilities. This situation developed due to the com- MTA and ABC try to operate on a break-even basis
petitive manner in which railroads evolved. The system but increasing operating costs have not been offset by
that has survived often has marginally profitable com- increased revenues. Changes in population and de-
peting operations together with heavily used single rail- velopment trends have resulted in declining transit ri-
road service areas. The Conrail consolidation has elim- dership on some routes and the elimination of other
inated this problem in some areas, but Baltimore is routes.
fortunate in having one of the few solvent east coast
railroads-the Chessie System-thus there remains a Aviation: Aviation facilities link the coastal zone with
competitive situation with its attendant advantages and other states and other nations and provide fast, efficient
conflicts. service for both the business and pleasure traveler.
Baltimore is also the primary mainline bottleneck for They also provide an economic link, attracting com-
merce to Maryland's communities and the coastal area
both the Chessie System and Conrail. In both cases, in particular. Combined with rail, highway and port
the problem revolves around tunnels through the City
which are too small. Conrail's tunnels will not permit facilities, air cargo provides a balanced goods move-
freight trains with oversize cars to pass in the tunnel, ment system serving a market which is not met by
and Chessie's main tunnel will only accommodate a strictly land or water transportation modes. And, fi-
single track with sufficient clearance for modern rolling nally, airports are a source of such popular recreation
stock. These mainline problems also affect intra-yard activities as flying, gliding and skydiving.
movements from both sides of the Harbor and inter- Aviation facilities are operated by the State Aviation
change of rail cars between carriers. Administration (SAA),-private operators, the mili-
Other rail freight service is provided by the Canton tary (Aberdeen Proving Grounds), Baltimore City
RR and the Patapsco and Back River RR (P&BR). (public use heliport), and hospitals (emergency heli-
The P&BR is a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel and ports). SAA owns the two major airports, Baltimore-
primarily switches cars from the trunk railroads onto Washington International, providing scheduled air car-
the steel plant property at Sparrows Point. The Canton rier service and general aviation facilities and Glenn
RR is also a switching company but serves a large L. Martin providing only general aviation facilities.
number of customers in the Canton industrial district. There are three small privately owned general aviation
Canton's operations add to the complexity of Harbor facilities primarily used by pleasure and small business
rail operations and proposals have been made in the aircraft. The operations of airports are coordinated by
past to eliminate the Canton RR in favor of alternative Federal regulations, and the levels of service are gov-
operating procedures. erned primarily by economics. Compatability with ad-
The ability of rail service to support additional de- joining land uses is a potential operating problem at all
velopment is a function of both trackage-mainline and facilities.
yard capacity for storage and movement-and effi- Planning for all these modes of transport is under-
ciency of freightcar movements. Some industries re- taken at the local, regional, and state levels of gov-
quire only a few rail cars, whereas others in bulk im- ernment. Now under development, the State Trans-
porting or exporting require large numbers. The need portation Plan (prepared by the Maryland Department
for specialized rail cars for certain shippers further of Transportation) will form the framework for state-
complicates operations. Operations required to handle wide transportation planning. It will provide a com-
these different port and non-port related industries vary prehensive and integrated plan for highway, rail, mass
and cannot be quantified as easily as highway capacity. transit, port, and aviation facilities that is within the
Thus each industrial area must be considered sepa- financial capabilities of the Maryland Department of
rately based on its rail requirements and the ability of Transportation. Although the State plan will form the
the railroads to meet those requirements. These indi- framework for transportation planning in the state, a
vidual area needs must then be combined to determine unique planning process has been established to deal
the region's rail system's operating needs. with the special interjurisdictional needs of the region.
Local governmental planning serves as input to the
Transit: Public bus service for the coastal area is pro- above planning activities as well as serving city and
vided primarily by MDOT's Mass Transit Adminis- county transportation needs.
tration. The MTA, founded in 1970, purchased the The basic framework for regional transportation
operations of private carriers within the Mass Transit planning within the coastal area is the Unified Trans-
District (Baltimore City, Anne Arundel and Baltimore portation Planning Process (UTPP), which includes
Counties) which served the higher density areas known an annual program prepared and approved by the
as the Local Service Area. MTA operations, with the Maryland Department of Transportation and the Re-

gional Planning Council. The purpose of this process transit service basically follow similar corridors, so
is to coordinate studies and prepare a multimodal com- each corridor is described in terms of all three modes.
prehensive planning program. The regional program These corridors basically run parallel to the Bay with
also parallels MDOT's statewide process and allows secondary roads or branch rail lines providing access
the member jurisdictions of RPC to coordinate their to the peninsulas.
plans with those of the region and the State. In the Urban Area, major arterials and expressways
Under UTPP, the Regional Planning Council-com- form a classic radial pattern from the downtown area
posed of the chief executive officers of memberjuris- to the Baltimore Beltway. Completion of the Interstate
dictions plus major state agencies-and MDOT pro- expressway system will continue the radial orientations
vide overall policy direction. These transportation but will spread the concentration of expressways from
policies are used by other UTPP committees to shape the Inner Harbor area to the east into the Canton area.
the Transportation Element of the Region's General From a regional perspective there are basically four
Development plan; to decide which projects should be radial corridors. A northeast corridor proceeds from
included in the Transportation Improvement Program; the City through Baltimore and Harford Counties and
to examine long and short-range financial needs and contains 1-95, U.S. 40 and MD 150. The mainlines of
sources of funding; and to decide which transportation both the B&O and Conrail/Amtrak parallel 1-95 and
problems require additional study. They also provide U.S. 40. This corridor connects Baltimore with the
direction to the UTPP Director and the project man- Northeastern states.
agers of the various study elements in carrying out the The southwest corridor begins at the Inner Harbor
approved work program. area, and soon leaves the coastal area heading toward
The Transportation Steering Committee, comprised Washington. This corridor contains the highest con-
of RPC members from each jurisdiction, MDOT, and centration of expressways including 1-95, the Harbor
Department of State Planning, oversees all aspects of Tunnel Thruway (1-895) and the Baltimore-Washington
the unified program, assisted by working committees Expressway (MD 295). Both major railroad mainlines
composed of technical personnel from the various lie in this corridor as well. These expressways serve
MDOT administrations and divisions, other State as a major regional and inter-regional link between
agencies, the jurisdictions, and selectea private and Baltimore and the Southern Atlantic States.
nonprofit organizations involved in regional transpor- A western corridor, which has regional significance
tation issues. Primary attention, however, is given to but does not lie in the Coastal Study Area, contains
highway and mass transit programs with less applied 1-70 and two major rail lines. The B&O's Old Main
to rail, port, and aviation programs. Line and the Western Maryland's mainline link the
One product of the Unified Work Program which Baltimore area to the western half of Maryland and the
should become more significant in the future is the Midwest.
Transportation System Management Element. This The southern corridor has the lowest concentration
element is a plan which attempts to make the best use of expressways of the major corridors but contains
of existing facilities including such things as ride-shar- most of the land area in the coastal zone. The corridor
ing, transit operating improvements, signal improve- highways-Md. routes 2, 3 and 10 do not penetrate
ments, bikeways, and staggered work hours. inside the Beltway as high capacity expressways, but
The coastal area is served by all of the previously join other radials via the Beltway. No major rail fa-
mentioned transportation modes, but the extent of fa- cilities exist in the corridor away from the immediate
cilities and their condition and capacity varies through- Harbor area. This corridor is basically internal to the
out the Study area. Due to this variation of conditions, study area and serves an inter-regional function to a
transportation facilities in the coastal zone are best lesser degree than the other radials. US 50/301 is a
described by geographic area rather than by mode. For major cross-corridor connector linking the study area
analysis purposes, the Coastal Study Area has been to the Eastern Shore and the Washington, D.C. area.
divided into three principal areas each of which has In general, transportation in the Baltimore coastal
distinct transportation and land use characteristics. area is balanced in terms of available modes but is
Each of these areas is discussed in detail in Appen- suffering from areas of congestion, inefficiency, and
dix C. conflict. These problems raise major issues concerning
Northern Section-the area north of MD 43 (White the achievement of a more efficient and effective trans-
Marsh Boulevard) in Baltimore County and all of portation system.
Harford County.
Southern Section-the areasouth of MD 100in Anne Continued Residential Growth Pressure in Key Coastal
Arundel County. Areas
Urban Area-the heavily urbanized area located Many coastal areas are experiencing congestion on
between MD 100 in Anne Arundel County and MD local and regional highways. In many suburban areas
43 in Baltimore County. 'he problem is caused by residential development ex-
Each major section of the Study Area can be de- panding at a faster pace than the provision of adequate
scribed as a series of transportation corridors, primarily public facilities-e specially transportation facilities. In
oriented along one or more major highways. Rail and other cases, when new highway facilities may appear

100

to offer better access to growing areas, the regional Recommendation: Due to the problems posed by the
network is not capable of absorbing the cumulative region's coastal peninsulas, consideration should be
growth of traffic throughout the system. Other growth given to other factors in addition to traffic volumes
is encouraged by long term plans showing extensive when highway improvements are proposed. Trans-
transportation systems (primarily freeways) which are portation policies and improvements must recognize
not capable of being implemented for many years. the interrelationships between adequate facilities and
Unfortunately local growth controls have been unable development pressures on coastal peninsulas where
to pace this growth with the provision of transportation transportation alternatives are often limited. Consid-
facilities. Another contributor to this problem is the eration of land use and subsequent secondary impacts
desirability of living along the coast. It is viewed as associated with projects should be evaluated. This rec-
offering amenities which offset transportation prob- ommendation is necessary to protect the capacity of
lems. While congestion or lack of transportation fa- new facilities that may be built and to protect the
cilities tends to regulate development in other areas, coastal resources of these peninsulas from further un-
these same constraints do not seem to have similar planned and undesirable development.
effects in coastal areas.
This problem is accentuated in the region due to the Hatford Balto. Balto. A.A. Statc
irregular configuration of the shoreline. The natural Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
forces that shaped the region's coastal environment 0 0 0 0 0 19
produced numerous peninsulas. With their naturally
limited accessibility, the provision of adequate trans-
portation capacity becomes a problem. The south corridor of the coastal zone (Md. 2/3/10)
The peninsula configuration usually restricts the has become congested in many places due to utilization
number of highways to one major facility along with of a facility for both local and regional traffic with a
a few minor ones. This single corridor situation can resulting loss of capacity and use by both users, and
act as a limiting factor for development by controlling a lack of alternate routes or connectors between the
traffic volume on the entire peninsula. Along with the radials to distribute traffic. Md. 10 and 100 are ex-
provision of other public infrastructure investments, amples of the use of regional facilities to serve local
improvements to existing and proposed transportation needs. The lack of a connection between Md. 100 and
facilities on these peninsulas must be evaluated in terms Md - 10 is limiting the capacity of Md. 100 to support
of environmental as well as economic factors. The growth (see Figure 9). Thus, residential growth ori-
peninsula configuration also reduces the viability of ented toward Downtown Baltimore in the Marley
providing mass transit which must make a dead-end Neck/Magothy River area appears to lack sufficient
trip, thus limiting transportation opportunities for pen- highway capacity to continue at the rate it has previ-
insula residents. The question of providing adequate ously seen. Transit to this area is not at a high level
highway capacity on the region's coastal peninsulas due to distance and low population density. Rail transit,
without the provision of adequate land use controls at either light or heavy rail, will not be available in the
the local level to prevent these new facilities from being 1985 time frame although alternatives are being studied
overused is a major coastal issue. in the MD 3 and MD 2 corridor. Both rail alignments
The Essex/Back River Neck peninsula has become would require an extensive feeder bus system.
congested with both radial routes (Md. 150. and US
40) handling near capacity volumes. Access to 1-95
(which has radial capacity) is limited to the Beltway Recommendation: Residential growth oriented toward
which is also near capacity at this point. Back River downtown Baltimore employment (i.e. residential
Neck Road is carrying high volumes which has led to growth without accompanying growth in nearby em-
proposals in the past for alternate routes including the ployment opportunities) should be discouraged in the
Southeast Boulevard. Baltimore County is presently Marley Neck/Magothy River area until alternate trans-
advocating a 4-lane arterial in the southeast corridor portation links are provided. The connection of Md.
as far as Middleborough Drive to provide relief to Back 100 and Md. 10 sometime after 1985 is a partial solution
River Neck Road. There are developmental pressures but not a complete one since Md. 10 does not penetrate
in the area, but Baltimore County plans show the pres- inside the Beltway. Further development should reflect
ently undeveloped lower part of the Neck not becoming the final rail transit alignments and incorporate higher
intensely developed. At issue then, is whether or not land use densities than existing development which can
relieving existing congestion will open up the lower adequately support a rail system. A feeder bus system
portion of the Neck and encourage more development would probably still be necessary but could not func-
than is planned by the County. This is a classic growth tion well if existing low density patterns continue. If
vs. adequate facilities issue. Creating growth pressures industrial development proceeds in the Marley Neck
by improving capacities on existing facilities in areas area, residential development to support the employ-
where county policy, environmental conditions, or lack ment could occur here more easily since this devel-
of other facilities would discourage such development opment would not rely on radial routes inside the Belt-
is an ever present problem. way. Westbound access to the Beltway would be

101

needed to provide an alternative east-west connection Recommendation: Programs should be undertaken to
to MD 100. relieve existing congestion and provide for some future
growth. Md. 2 should be widened from the South River
Hadord Balto. Bafto. A.A. State Bridge to Md. 214. Improvements to the bridge should
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj. consider the pleasure boat traffic on the South River.
X 0 0 0 20
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
Aside from congestion problems in downtown An- 0 0 0 0 0 20
napolis, the Parole area is the next regional bottleneck.
With five major and secondary highways converging
in this area, conflicts are inevitable (see Figure 10).
Since Parole is a major commercial center, heavy Regional and Local Circulation Conflicts
traffic is not confined to the peak hours. However, Most non-controlled access highways in the coastal
during Annapolis' peak rush hours, traffic from the area serve two functions-local circulation and access
south (Md. 2 and Riva Road), west (US 50/301 and to adjacent land uses, and through intra-regional traffic.
Md. 450), and northwest (Md. 178) is channelled The conflict occurs when a road designed originally as
through Parole to reach West Street, Forest Drive, a through route attracts commercial develo ment
and Rowe Boulevard causing major back-ups. The p
continued growth of Annapolis as an employment cen- which increases local access use and reduces traffic
ter for State government and of Parole as a regional speed and highway capacity. In some cases this con-
commercial center will require that this issue be ad- dition is relieved by constructing a new parallel limited
dressed. Although bus service is provided in the City access facility such as 1-95 or Md. 3 (the Glen Burnie
of Annapolis, it does not extend west or south and Bypass). Two major conflict areas remain-Ritchie
could not reasonably be expected to be extended by Highway between Md. 100 and Annapolis, and Md.
the private bus company into areas of low density and 3/32/178 also between Md. 100 and Annapolis. Both
long trips. corridors have been considered for new limited access
expressways. Of the two, the Broad Neck Peninsula
Recommendation: The character of Annapolis should (Arundel Expressway) is more limited in alignment
not be changed to accommodate increased traffic flows. choices and has been more heavily developed. In con-
Instead, efforts should be concentrated in the areas of trast, the other corridor (Patuxent Freeway) is non-
traffic management (including parking restrictions and coastal and involves traversing upland and watershed
signalization), staggering work hours, and increased areas creating the potential for future development to
bus service. Since a large proportion of the work force take place in these sensitive areas.
are State and local government employees, these agen- Recommendation: This corridor problem is the subject
cies should take the lead in a program of greater stag- of an ongoing MDOT study. This study should ad-
gering of work hours. Expanded bus service should be dress: 1) which of these two corridors should be des-
investigated either by Arundel Bus Company, MTA ignated the principal Baltimore/Annapolis regional
or a joint operation. Further study of the Parole area travel corridor; 2) how the intercity traffic can be best
to separate local and through traffic is needed. separated from local traffic; 3) how to relieve local
Harford Balt . Balto. A.A. State traffic problems after the through traffic is removed;
Co. COO City Co. RPC DNR OECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. and 4) what further influences will any new facility(s)
7 have on development patterns.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
South of Annapolis, the Mayo peninsula served by Co. Co. City Co, RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
Md. 214 still has some highway capacity but, in a sit- 0 0 0 0 0 21
uation similar to the northern part of the County, feeds
traffic to a congested Md. 2 (Solomons Island Road).
Residential growth on the Mayo peninsula is oriented
toward Annapolis, even if the work trip is towards Coordination Between Transportation Planning and
Prince George's County, so the bulk of the off peak Land Use Planning in the Coastal Zone
trips will be made into Annapolis/Parole regardless of General development and growth in the region is
work place. There is no significant public transit and closely related to the provision of public facilities
densities are not high enough to justify it at present. (sewer, water, transportation). In many instances, un-
The continued growth of the Mayo peninsula will place controlled growth has exceeded the capacity of many
increasing pressure on Md. 2 and the South River of these facilities. To provide a safe and efficient trans-
Bridge in particular, considered by Anne Arundel portation network in the region, agencies which pro-
County to be of the highest priority for improvement. vide transportation facilities (SHA, MTA) must be

102

NO DIRECT ACCESS
414 BETWEEN 100 AND 648
@L 0

0 -- po
w - M MOUNTAIN ROAD
o"o 117
--K -..K -.K --wK --do[
100 )Pl- sup-

0
-P
(P

0
100

MAJOR CONGESTION
POINTS

450

... .. ....
Annapolis

..... ......

Parole

AN
0,

aware of local growth policies and how these might nificant upland areas, and the headwaters of streams
affect the demand for transportation facilities. Thus, and rivers in the coastal zone pose limited opportunities
a major issue is the ability to develop coordination for alternative highway alignments. Numerous state
whereby county growth policies and plans are based scenic rivers, parks and recreational areas within the
upon realistic future transportation facilities. This also region's coastal zone further limit alignment opportu-
ties into concerns over the environmental impacts that nities. Growth pressures in such key coastal areas as
transportation facilities may have. While transporta- peninsulas must also be considered. Established resi-
tion planners can look at such environmental factors dential communities in close proximity to transporta-
.as air, noise, and water quality in the design of trans- tion facilities along with the generation of air and noise
portation facilities, they cannot actively control growth pollutants tend to make the environmental impact of
and the land use problems that may result from trans- proposed facilities that much more apparent.
portation projects without local initiative. In the past, environmental concern over the impact
of proposed facilities received little attention. Over the
Recommendation: The development of the Transpor- years, the Maryland Department of Transportation has
tation Element, as part of the Regional General De- become more conscious of the consequences of its
velopment Plan, should be compatible and enhance actions and has identified the need to incorporate en-
local and regional land use policies. This is one way vironmental concerns into its transportation planning
in which to coordinate regional and local needs and process. As such, the Department and its Modal
thus provide transportation facilities that will meet the Administrations consider the probable social, eco-
current and future needs in the region. The GDP nomic, and environmental impacts of proposed proj-
should reflect and concern itself with environmental ects at all levels of planning. This has taken place in
and developmental concerns. The GTP should reflect response to environmental legislation, permit review
the land use policy of the GDP and provide adequate procedures, and greater awareness of the relationship
between transportation and the environment. The
facilities to those areas where growth is desirable from problems outlined in this study, however, point to the
an environmental and socio-economic standpoint. The need for increased awareness and greater consideration
local jurisdictions should more closely coordinate their of environmental factors in the planning of transpor-
policies with those of the region in regard to trans- tation facilities within the coastal environment.
portation system improvements.
Another way to provide a more functional trans-
portation network and make the best use of existing Recommendation: Special consideration should be
transportation facilities would be to develop a process given to the environmental impacts of major projects
of closer coordination between the County Master and the cumulative effects of smaller projects. Future
Planning Process with the State Transportation Project environmental assessments of projects within the
Planning Process. This would help insure that realistic coastal zone should consider the major areas of con-
transportation plans necessary for the success of a cerns as detailed in this document in addition to those
master plan would be developed and implemented. factors which are a part of traditional environmental
analyses. Through these environmental assessments,
Harford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State consistency with coastal zone goals and objectives can
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. be identified and appropriate steps taken to incorporate
o 0 * 0 0 0 21 features that minimize the environmental impacts of
proposed facilities.

Hwford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State
Environmental Impacts of Transportation Facilities Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
Transportation systems have impacts on the natural 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 21
as well as the man-made environment. Due to the char-
acter of the coastal environment, the location, design,
and construction of transportation facilities in the
coastal area have the potential for encountering more The Regional Transportation Planning Process
problems than facilities outside the coastal environment. Although a rather elaborate regional transportation
Some of the specific problems encountered can be planning process exists via the Unified Transportation
traced to the nature of the land/water edge. When dis- Planning Process, this joint effort between MDOT and
turbed, highly erodible coastal soils generate sediment RPC does not always produce a consistent and achiev-
that impacts water quality and aquatic life. Numerous able transportation element of the Regional Devel-
tidal rivers must be crossed with each posing a sensitive opment Plan. One problem lies in the fact that the
design problem. Consideration must be given to rec- process was developed basically as a highway planning
reational and aesthetic needs as well as the moye often process in response to federal requirements while re-
mentioned safety and financial concerns. The concen- gional transportation needs seem to dictate a multi-
tration of valuable coastal and inland wetlands, sig- modal planning process. More specifically:

105

-The membership of the various UTPP committees Hatford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
in the past has assumed that most transportation Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
planning carried out by MDOT in the Baltimore 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
Region involved only SHA and MTA. This re-
sulted in limited involvement by MDOT's other
Modal Administrations in the regional planning
process. Although they are not required to be ac-
tively involved in this planning process, benefits
would seem to be derived from their participation.

Recommendation: There should be greater represen-
tation of MDOT Modal Administrations in the Balti-
more Regional Planning Process (rather than just
MTA, MVA and SHA). This is especially important
in the coastal zone where MPA and Toll Administra-
tion projects are located and where the greatest amount
of coordinated action is needed.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is a man-made hazard affecting the
-Project funding in the region is coordinated by health of all residents in the region. Pursuant to the
MDOT for most projects which come under state Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, Maryland has adopted
jurisdiction and the timing of project funding is standards for the maximum concentrations of pollu-
still the responsibility of MDOT except for proj- tants which may be present in the air. To achieve these
ects which lie in Baltimore City. standards, limitations are placed on emissions from
individual sources of pollution, such as power plants,
Recommendation: Due to the special authority of Bal- factories, and automobiles. Emission standards for in-
timore City for most transportation projects within the dividual stationary sources (factories, power plants)
City, a closer working relationship between the City have been adopted by the Maryland Department of
and State Modal Administrations needs to be estab- Health and Mental Hygiene to prevent ambient con-
lished. This is especially true for projects which do not centrations from being exceeded. Emission standards
cross City lines (such as Port facilities) and thus may for cars, buses, and trucks, were set by Congress in
not be addressed by the regional process as completely the Clean Air Act. The Department of Health and
as an inter-jurisdictional project. Mental Hygiene can tighten the standards for individ-
ual stationary sources if this is necessary to reduce the
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State ambient concentration of a particular pollutant. Stand-
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. ards for cars, buses, and trucks, however, can only be
0 0 0 0 34 tightened by Congress, which has postponed scheduled
implementation of tighter regulations.
To determine if the atmospheric concentration of
-The limited amount of available transportation each of the pollutants is in excess of the ambient stand-
development funds has caused many projects to ard, a network of monitoring stations has been estab-
be postponed and caused a shift in emphasis at lished. Thirty-two stations are located in the coastal
MDOT from new construction to maintenance area. The results of the air sample analyses at each
and maximum use of existing facilities. Regional station in 1976 have been published in the Maryland
plans based on a 20-year development framework Air Quality Data Report, 1976, by the Maryland De-
have taken an optimistic attitude on the timing of partment of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of
proposed new facilities and have encouraged de- Air Quality and Noise Control. The findings of this
velopment to precede facilities (transportation and report are summarized in Table 12. The table shows
others). that the standards for suspended particulates, carbon
monoxide, and photochemical oxidants were exceeded
Recommendation: Funding and the efficient use of ex- several times. Suspended particulates and dustfall are
isting facilities should be made prime priorities of the produced primarily by stationary sources. Carbon
Tr-ansportation Steering Committee with emphasis on monoxide is produced primarily by mobile sources.
applying the Transportation System Management Ele- Photochemical oxidants (smog) are produced by a re-
ment of the UTPP to all modes of transportation within action of nitrogen oxides with gaseous hydrocarbons
the region's coastal zone. in the presence of sunlight. Hydrocarbons are pro-

106

duced primarily by mobile sources, and petroleum stor- carbon monoxide produced by these vehicles. How-
age and transfer facilities, including gas stations. Ni- ever, many older cars are still on the road and until
trogen oxides are produced by both stationary and they are replaced by cars manufactured after 1976, or
mobile sources. their use is substantially reduced, photochemical ox-
Greater reduction of the concentration of suspended idant and carbon monoxide concentration standards
particulates and dustfall can be achieved through will be violated with the resultant impairment to the
stricter State emission limitations on stationary sources health and welfare of the citizens in the Region.
and by better application of dust control techniques on
such dust sources as ore, sand, and gravel stockpiles. Recommendation: That the relationship between air
Greater reduction of the concentration of carbon mon- pollution and the use of motor vehicles in the region
oxide and photochemical oxidants, however, can only be given greater publicity by the Department of Health
be achieved through the gradual phase-in of Federal and Mental Hygiene, and that the Department of
regulations on new cars, buses, and trucks. Catalytic Transportation and local governments place greater
converters installed on most 1976 model year cars are emphasis on encouraging and making possible ride
designed to eliminate most of the hydrocarbons and sharing, mass transit, and other alternatives to reduce

TABLE 12
Violations of Ambient Standards
For Air Pollutants

Number of Times Number of Times
Number of Monitoring Number of Stations Permitted Annual Permitted Maximum
Pollutant Stations Registering a Violation Average Exceeded Concentration Exceeded

Sulfur Oxides Anne Arundel Co. 5 0 0 0
Baltimore City 8 0 0 0
Baltimore Co. 8 0 0 0
Harford Co. 1 0 0 0

Suspended Anne Arundel Co. 6 1 1 2
Particulates Baltimore City 8 8 8 118
Baltimore Co. 10 7 5 14
Harford Co. 1 0 0 0

Dustfall Anne Arundel Co. 9 0 0 0
Baltimore City I 1 0 1
Baltimore Co. 7 0 0 0
Harford Co. 0 - -

Carbon Anne Arundel Co. 3 0 0 0
Monoxide Baltimore City 2 2 - 6
Baltimore Co. I I - I
Harford Co. 0 - - -

Hydrocarbons* Anne Arundel Co. 0 - - -
Baltimore City 0 - - -
Baltimore Co. 1 1* - 128*
Harford Co. 0 - - -
Nitrogen Anne Arundel Co. 4 0 0 0
Dioxide Baltimore City 8 0 0 0
Baltimore Co. 8 0 0 0
Harford Co. 1 0 0 0

Photochemical Anne Arundel Co. 3 3 - 244
Oxidants Baltimore City 2 2 125
Baltimore Co. I I - 244
Harford Co. 0 - - -

Fluorides Anne Arundel Co. 1 0 - 0
Baltimore City 0 - - -
Baltimore Co. 0 - -
Harford Co. 0 - -

*A maximum concentration standard for hydrocarbons has not been adopted. Violations noted are the number of times the guideline has been
exceeded.

107

the number of motor vehicles miles traveled in the Table 13, only ten solid waste disposal facilities are
region. operating in the coastal areas of the region. These are
widely scattered with only one landfill serving Harford
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State County, two serving Baltimore County, and three in
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Anne Arundel. Baltimore City has one operating land-
0 0 s 0 0 0 0 0 1 fill, two incinerators, and a pyrolysis plant. Due to a
lack of available land within the City, this situation will
become critical in the near future. To add to the prob-
lem, all but two landfills in the region are expected to
be full within five years. Thus, to provide an alternative
for illegal dumping and deal with the generation of solid
waste, more landfills will have to be provided or re-
cycling of solid waste will have to be greatly increased.
The length of time that existing and new landfills can
be operated can be increased if more material is re-
cycled. A report prepared in 1975 by the Institute for
Local Self-Reliance found that 70 to 85 percent of the
material presently disposed in landfills can be recy-
cled. 1 In addition, the material can be resold at a profit
and disposal costs can be substantially reduced. Cur-
rently, the City of Annapolis, Baltimore County, and
Baltimore City operate facilities to recycle a portion
of their solid waste.
The Annapolis Center accepts aluminum cans, glass,
SOLID WASTE and newspapers brought to the center by residents and
Residential communities in the coastal area generate placed in separate bins. The cans are sold to Reynolds
over 761,000 tons of solid waste annually. This waste Aluminum at a profit. The newspapers is sold to scrap
consists of paper, plastic, wood, metal, vegetable mat- paper dealers in Baltimore City also at a profit. Glass
ter, and animal matter. Most of it is placed in sanitary is taken to a glass factory in New Jersey. Despite the
landfills but fifty percent of Baltimore City's waste is high hauling cost involved in recycling the glass, it can
incinerated. Some solid waste is disposed in illegal still be sold at a profit. Community groups in Anne
dumps. This is a particular problem in the Davidson- Arundel County also collect and sell newspaper and
ville area of Anne Arundel County and other areas aluminum cans.
with large undeveloped parcels of land. Illegal dumping In Baltimore County, a plant is in operation which
is of special concern in the coastal zone due to the mechanically and magnetically separates metal, glass,
presence of wetlands and high water tables. Wetlands and mixed paper from solid waste brought by garbage
have been used as refuse dumps in the past. One e.@- trucks to the Texas landfill in Cockeysville. The metal
ample is the Reedbird site in Baltimore City. and glass is sold to scrap dealers and the paper is sold
The regulations of the Department of Health and to industry and power plants for use as fuel.
Mental Hygiene have eliminated most of the adverse The pyrolysis plant in Baltimore City is currently
impacts of solid waste disposal. Before these regula- processing 800 tons per day of solid waste. The plant
tions were passed, many dumps were operated in the produces a glass aggregate which is sold for road con-
coastal area without regard to the impact of waste dis- struction and steam which is sold to Baltimore Gas
posal on water quality, wetlands, air pollution, disease, and Electric for power generation. Some non-ferrous
or aesthetics. Most of these dumps have been officially metal is also recovered for recycling. The residue from
closed. However, illegal dumping in some locations the plant is disposed in the Pennington Avenue landfill.
still occurs. Most of these sites are on private property, The Pulaski Incinerator in the City recycles ferrous
and it is the owner's responsibility to remove waste metal. The incinerator is now undergoing renovation
deposited on the site even if disposal was not author- and is operating at one-half capacity. If the incinerator
ized by the owner. can be operated at full capacity and the capacity of the
To curtail the use of unauthorized disposal sites, pyrolysis plant can be increased to 1000 tons per day,
several things must be accomplished. Those who de- the life of the Pennington Avenue landfill can be in-
posit refuse at the site must be stopped, informed that creased three to four years.
they are illegally depositing material, and told where There is a possibility that additional recycling centers
the material may be deposited. Anyone who persists could be operated by local governments and private
in dumping material at an unauthorized site should be groups for a profit. A 1976 report entitled "Planning
prosecuted by the local jurisdiction under its littering Solid Residuals Management in the Baltimore Area",
statute. prepared for the Maryland Environmental Service,'
The problem of illegal dumping cannot be fully solved recommended that three steps be taken to increase
until disposal alternatives are available. As shown in recycling in the Region ...

108

TABLE 13
Solid Waste Acceptance Facilities
Baltimore Region Coastal Zone

Waste
County Facility Type Acres Operator Status Accepted
Harford (01) Aberdeen D 13.5 M Closed R,C
(02) Mullins SLF 102 C Closed R,C,RD
(03) Abingdon SLF 24 C Closed R,C
(04) Bush Valley SLF 30 P 5 yr. life R,C,RD
(05) Havre DeGrace D 53.6 M Closed R,C
(06) Perryman D 10 C Closed R,C
Baltimore County (07) Norris Farm SLF 136 C 2-3 yr. life R,C,I,RD
(08) Patapsco Flats SLF 260 C 0.5 yr. life R,C,RD
(09) Bayview Yard SLF M Proposed R,C
Baltimore City (10) Pennington Ave. SLF 68 M 2-3 yr. life R,C
(11) Pulaski I N.A. M Operating R,C
(12) Monument St. SLF 29 M Closed RD,IR
(13) Quarantine Rd. SLF 55 P Operating R,C,I,RD
(14) Bowleys Lane SLF 35 M Closed RDJR
(15) Reedbird SLF 75 M Closed R,C,IR,RD
(16) Reedbird I N.A. M Closed R,C
(17) Potee St. SLF 18 M Closed RD
(18) Pyrolysis Plant N.A. M Operating R,C
Anne Arundel (19) Glen Burnie SLF 186 C 8 yr. life R,C,RD
(20) Solley Road SLF 30 P 2-3 yr. life R,C,l
(21) Marley Neck SLF 107 P Closed 1
(22) Annapolis SLF 133 M 15 yr. life R,C
(23) Parks D 44.5 P Closed R,C
(24) Iglehart SLF 25 P Closed R,C,l
(25) C. Hall D 35 P Closed R,C,RD
(26) M. Hall SLF 20 C Closed R,C,RD
(27) South Co. SLF C Proposed Unknown

KEY
1. Type: SLF = Sanitary Landfill, I = Incinerator, D Dump
2. Operator: C = County, M = Municipality, P = Private
3. Waste Accepted: R = Residential, C = Commercial, I = Industrial, IR = Incinerator residue, RD = Rubble, Demolition debris

Recommendation: That the following steps recom- that have active community groups established for
mended in the report "Planning Solid Residuals Man- other purposes.
agement in the Baltimore Area" be implemented by
each local jurisdiction and the Maryland Environmen- Harford Balto. Balto. A. A. State
tal Service. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
-The search for and evaluation of markets for re- 0 0 0 39
cycled solid waste should be intensified and in-
clude both traditional markets (i.e. secondary
material dealers in the Baltimore Area) and ex-
panded markets that become available as large Recommendation: A study is needed to investigate
scale processing facilities and recycle centers be- whether the markets for recycled wastes now being
come operational. The large processing operations used by Annapolis, Baltimore City, and Baltimore
will depend on fairly stable markets to which small County will purchase additional material and whether
community recycle centers could gain access. other markets are available. If markets are available,
-Citizen groups to inform citizens and decision additional recycling facilities should be provided by the
makers about feasible solid residuals management jurisdictions or materials should be separated in waste
alternatives should be developed; such groups collection trucks or through separate collections and
could provide the basis for increased community subsequently recycled.
participation. Established environmental organi-
zations could provide support for these efforts. Harford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State
-Communities with the potential for a high level of Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
participation in waste management projects should 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
be actively encouraged, including communities

109

Recycling of solid waste can also be facilitated by rarely progressive. The obliteration of these structures
requiting that deposits be placed on containers and and sites is not only careless "improvement" under
requiring that retailers and manufacturers redeem the guise of progress but very often disrupts the en-
them. Statutes of this type have been enacted in Oregon vironment by substituting monotony for visual variety.
and Vermont. Rehabilitation and reuse is becoming more economical
The Oregon law requires a two-cent deposit on all than demolition and new construction. We are becom-
soft drink and beer bottles and cans, bans flip-top cans, ing more aware of our past, its traditions, and values
provides a mechanism for standardizing bottle capac- and while planning implies the future and preservation
ities and shapes, and requires dealers to redeem con- the past, a cooperative effort between planners and
tainers of the type and brand that they sell. According preservationists can result in a realization that such
to a study by Oregon State University, there has been measures as recognition of historic sites, structures,
an 88 percent reduction in the number of beverage or districts should be integrated into comprehensive
containers in solid waste since the passage of this law .3 planning. This is one aim of the coastal zone program.
This study also found that since the passage of the Act, Not only should architecturally significant sites be
there has been a $2.8 million increase in net annual included in comprehensive planning, but so should
income from operations of the beverage industry. Al- prehistoric and historic archeological remains. Prehis-
though a law of this type was introduced into the Mary- toric refers to the material remains of Native American
land legislature in 1977 and did not pass, a commission cultures that occupied Maryland for at least 8,500 years
has been organized to study the matter. Their report prior to European contact. During this period, these
should be available at the beginning of the 1978 session. cultures left remains relating to their various ways of
life and they are important for what we learn from them
Recommendation: Legislation should be enacted by the as well as representing unique sources of education
State of Maryland to reduce solid waste by placing a and enjoyment for modern residents.
mandatory deposit on bottles and cans and requiring Unlike archeological preservation which is just now
retailers and manufacturers to redeem them. The fea- being recognized for inclusion in land use planning
sibility of similar legislation for all non-biodegradable processes, historic preservation efforts have been con-
materials should be investigated. ducted at three governmental levels.
At the national level, the National Park Service
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State (NPS) of the Department of the Interior, is concerned
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. primarily with the identification of national, state, or
0 0 0 0 0 18 local properties nominated by the States and the var-
ious federal agencies for inclusion on the National
Register. The NPS provides funds for each state to
carry out surveys of local areas and is empowered to
match grants for restoration or renovation of structures
THE LOSS OF RESOURCES on the National Register.
The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 pro-
vides a program for the preservation of cultural prop-
erty implemented in cooperation with State Historic
Preservation offices. Listing on the National Register
provides public recognition, protection from projects
of the federal government which may have a detri-
mental effect, and eligibility for federal matching
grants. National Register listings within the. coastal
area are shown in Appendix D.
-@Lopoo W000--_ The major programs providing federal protection of
National Register properties are:

0 Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
act of 1966 requires federal departments to con-
sider a project's impact on the National Register
property and to afford the Advisory Committee
on Historic Preservation an opportunity to com-
ARCHEOLOGICAL AND ment on the project prior to approval of funding
HISTORIC PRESERVATION or granting a license. When conflicts concerning
In recent years there has been growing interest in National Register properties cannot be avoided,
the protection of architectural and both prehistoric and the advisory committee provides a forum for as-
historic archeological remains. Experience has shown sessing the public interest and recommending ac-
that wholesale destruction of historic buildings or dis- tions for mitigation. A project is considered to
ruption of archeological sites for new construction is have an adverse impact if it results in changing

110

the quality or cultural character of the property mated 12,000 entries. The MHT also has the power
that made it eligible. to acquire properties and easements and accept gifts
� Federal Executive Order 11593 requires all federal of property and donations.
agencies to inventory and nominate to the Na- A number of local controls and programs can be used
tional Register all properties under their jurisdic - to protect historic sites and districts. The most im-
-tion that qualify for listing on the register. The portant is the local historic district or landmarks com-
Order directs all federal agencies, where a N.R. mission. Creation of a commission and the designation
property is to be altered or demolished, as a result of local districts and landmarks can provide protection
of Federal action or assistance, to document the of properties against private and local government ac-
original structure by drawings, photographs, maps. tions. Several jurisdictions in the region have instituted
Agencies are responsible for the "maintenance, such legislation while others are considering it. Au-
through preservation, rehabilitation, or restora- thority for local historic district legislation exists under
tion of N.R. properties under their jurisdiction." Article 66B, Section 37-50 of the Maryland Annotated
The Order also requires agencies to work with Code of Public General Laws. Local legislation pro-
purchasers or transferees of federally owned N.R. tects properties designated by a local historic district
properties to develop viable plans to preserve or landmark commission against demolition or alter-
these properties. Federal agencies also must give ation of exteriors by private owners or local govern-
consideration in project planning to properties ment actions.
which may be eligible for the N.R. although not Each of the four participating coastal zone jurisdic-
yet formally listed. tions has a Historic Preservation Commission coor-
� The National Environmental Policy Act includes, dinating efforts with the Maryland Historic Trust. The
as a national policy, the preservation of important incorporated towns of Harve de Grace and Annapolis
historic, cultural, and natural aspects of the na- also have preservation agencies.
tional heritage. This is to be included in the en- Anne Arundel County recently passed legislation
vironmental impact statement prepared on major that established a Historic Preservation Commission
federal actions affecting the environment. as a division of their Office of Planning and Zoning.
� Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation This body will present the Planning and Zoning Office
Act of 1966 denies federal assistance to trans- "recommendations for rules, regulations, definitions,
portation projects that require land from a N.R. procedures and criteria for the implementation of a
property unless it is proven there are no other program to protect and preserve the heritage of Anne
"feasible or prudent alternatives." Arundel County . . ."
Perhaps the oldest preservation organization in the
Other related programs of the National Park Service State is Historic Annapolis, Inc., a non-profit mem-
include: bership corporation chartered in 1952. For 25 years,
this private, non-profit group has been a guiding light
� Historic Preservation Grants-in-Aid; authorizing in the renaissance of Annapolis. Some economic evi-
up to 50% matching grants to state and private dence for this is that although the historic district is
National Register property owners. only 7% of the city's land area, it accounts for 19% of
� Historic American Building Survey; photo- the assessable base. High homeownership rates and
graphic, written, or drawn documentation of sig- increasing affluence may point to a still brighter future.
nificant examples of American architecture. Until recently, historic preservation in Baltimore
� Historic American Engineering Record; docu- County has been undertaken through private initiative.
mentation of engineering, industrial and techno- The most recent of these actions is the restoration of
logical significance. Ballestone Mansion. Private donations were matched
� Interagency Archeological Program; data collec- by County funds in developing this site as a focal point
tion for the recovery of archeological sites. for the County's Bicentennial celebration. The County's
� National Historical Landmarks Program; survey newly created Landmarks Preservation Commission
of historic sites and buildings of national is making an inventory of both public and private struc-
significance. tures considered "of significant historical, architec-
� Natural Landmarks Program; identification of tural, archeological or cultural value". A preliminary
natural areas of national significance. list will be submitted for public hearings leading to a
� National Environmental Education Landmarks final list to be adopted by the County Council as a
Program; teaching of environmental awareness. "Final Landmarks and Districts List". Once included
on the list, alterations to the original structure will
The Maryland Historical Trust is responsible for become subject to regulation and negligent owners can
administering the State's National Register program. be cited for "demolition through neglect".
An agency of the Department of Economic and Com- Because of its large inventory of structures and long
munity Development, the State Trust maintains a sur- history of development, Baltimore City has a very ac-
vey of historic sites and buildings containing an esti- tive historic preservation program. The City created

III

a Commission for Historical and Architectural Pres- erosion, inundation, con5truction, and cultivation. At
ervation (CHAP) made up of eleven citizens and a full- the current rate of destruction entire categories of these
time staff of two. CHAP is concerned with designating resources may be eliminated.
and administering historic districts as well as compiling
a Landmark List of public structures to be protected Recommendation: Local governments in the Baltimore
from alterations, excavations, or demolition. The City region, in cooperation with the Maryland Historic
has tied its historic preservation programs with urban Trust and Maryland Geological Survey should under-
renewal, neighborhood rehabilitation, and renovation take a survey of prehistoric archeological resources.
programs. The City CHAP offices are currently con- These local governments along with the State should
ducting neighborhood surveys which include the City's also develop a management plan based on the results
coastal area. The work is designated as a preliminary of the survey for protecting these resources.
survey to be augmented with detailed research.
In Harford County two programs are proving to be Harfo'd Balto. Balto. A.A. State
the main focus of preservation. One is being coordi- Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
nated by the Harford County Historic Districts Com- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
mission while the other is being handled by the City
of Havre de Grace Historic Districts Commission. A major problem is the lack of knowledge by local
Both of these commissions have a full-time surveyor government and citizens concerning the location and
preparing inventories leading to formal designations Of relative importance of historic properties in the coastal
historic places, sites, and districts. The county also area.
has legislation permitting designation of local historic
districts and landmarks that would be protected from Recommendations: Local governments should coop-
private and county action. Harford County is in the erate with the Maryland Historic Trust's effort to pre-
process of designating its first group of local historic pare a historic and cultural resources inventory. This
landmarks. list will catalog artifacts along the Region's coast. The
One problem in historic preservation is that struc- most important sites on the inventory should be in-
tures of marginal importance are threatened when their cluded in a list of areas of critical State concern to
land is proposed for a 'higher' economic use. These assure against possible destruction.
sites are reminders of the past but contribute very little
in current land taxes. Preservation agencies, in tandem
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
with local governments, have to selectively identify Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
these structures and seek solutions for their best use.
0 0 0 0 7
Recommendation: The preservation agencies of par-
ticipating Coastal Zone Management jurisdictions A fourth problem is that individual preservation ef-
should use consistent criteria for evaluating signifi- forts often end up at cross purposes. Currently, there
cance. These criteria should include: appears to be a lack of understanding, coordination,
� importance as a symbol connected with a turning and support of the objectives of preservation among
point in history, a famous person, or a famous agencies and local private groups.
institution;
� architecture of a particular style, or quality as a Recommendation: An administrative procedure and
work of art in its own right; review process should be developed that will result in
� importance as an element in the character of each review by the Maryland Historical Trust and the Mary-
local jurisdiction e.g. whole districts, groups of land Geological Survey of all locally initiated programs
buildings and unique street facades; that may be proposed within the coastal zone. The A-
� small sites and single buildings that are symbols 95 review process should also be expanded to include
of the many social and ethnic groups who settled a review and assessment of an action's potential effects
in the region; on historic sites and districts. A jurisdiction's plans for
� industrial archeology sites and elements reflecting altering or demolishing any publicly owned building
engineering and technical accomplishments; included in the local inventory of historic sites should
� prehistoric and historic archeological sites of im- be reviewed by the local historic district commission
portance within the coastal zone. and the MHT.

Harford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State Harford Balto. Balto. A.A, State
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 & 7

Archeological sites are rapidly being destroyed by A final problem is that many citizens of the Region
both natural and modern cultural processes including seem to be unaware of the practical benefits and the

112

implications of preservation. Too many perceive it as association are Sweet Gum, River Birch, and Swamp
a mechanism only for public recognition or as a device Oaks.
to take property rather than as a safeguard for the Extensive marshes are found bordering the Chesa-
environment. peake Bay and its tributaries. These range from coastal
salt marshes in the lower estuarine reaches to fresh
Recommendation: Each jurisdiction should take steps water marshes further upstream. Typical vegetative
to provide for meaningful citizen forums in historic species range from cordgrass, Olney's three-square,
preservation as it relates to the Coastal Zone Man- salt grass, and black needle-rush for salt marshes to
agement Program. The basic conduct of preservation, cattail, pickerelweed, waterlily, saw grass, and wild
however, should remain in the hands of local groups. rice in the fresh marshes.
These groups are in the best position to consider the The value of the region's coastal natural areas are
needs of their community. many and varied. The woodlands and wetlands play
an important role in the prevention of sedimentation
Huford Balto. Balto. A.A. State through the control of storm water runoff and shoreline
CO. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. erosion; they act to minimize tidal and riverine flood-
0 0 0 39 ing, and they help to control the influx of toxic chem-
icals into the waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Many of
the coastal natural areas aid the health of the aquatic
system by maintaining a balanced nutrient regime,
moderating water temperatures by shade, providing
aquatic organisms with food sources, and reducing the
scouring of stream bottoms. When existing areas are
retained in a natural condition, they often serve as
maintenance-free public works projects. Once de-
stroyed, these amenities and their services are lost and
are difficult, if not impossible, to replace at a reasonable
cost. Functionally equivalent benefits can only be at-
tained by costly public expenditures for water filtra-
tion, dredging, recurrent stocking of streams with fish,
structural flood control projects, acquisition of flood-
prone dwellings and the creation of artificial wildlife
habitats. Natural amenities are irreplaceable.
Coastal natural areas also provide a significant hab-
NATURAL AREAS itat for the region's resident and migratory wildlife
The region's coastal natural areas are those places population. Educational use of natural areas is becom-
where natural functions predominate and no significant ing increasingly important as we become more urban-
influence by either deliberate manipulation or acciden- ized and feel the need for reintroduction to the natural
tal interference by man occurs. They include mature world. Natural areas serve as a veritable storehouse
forests, wooded swamps, nontidal wetlands, stream of basic ecological information necessary for scientific
corridors and tidal wetlands. research. Recreational uses such as hiking, hunting,
Mixed hardwood forests originally covered most of fishing, and birdwatching are all dependent on the
the region's coastal uplands. These forests were char- maintenance of suitable natural areas.
acterized by oaks, hickories, maples, beech, and gum. The coastal natural areas, especially woodlands, act
Dogwood, sassafras and holly characterized the un- to control noise, wind, and temperature. These con-
derstory species. Because of intensive farming, log- trols are especially important in our more urban coastal
ging, the introduction of manufacturing, and uriban areas and become more so as the cost of energy
growth, few remnants of the region's original forests increases.
remain. Typical forest stands today are second and Natural areas, particularly woodlands, also offer an
third growth. Extensive clearing accounts for the in- important aesthetic backdrop to urbanization occurring
crease of pine forests throughout the region. Pines rep- in the coastal zone. Woodlands provide important buff-
resent an early successional stage which is often main- ers and screens within urban areas. Property values
tained because of continued disturbance from land are greatly enhanced by an attractive natural setting.
development and logging. Typical species include Shoreline natural areas provide important visual ben-
Scrub Pine and Pitch Pine. efits to the many users of coastal waters.
Two vegetation associations can be found in the low- There has been substantial destruction of natural
land coastal areas, the Gum-Pine association and river areas in the coastal zone. The loss of these areas can
swamps. The Gum-Pine association is characterized be attributed primarily to the expansion of residential
by Sweet Gum and Loblolly Pines along with red ma- development and the resulting public and private sup-
ples and several oaks. The river swamps occur along port services. Significant natural areas have also been
the floodplains of the rivers. The dominant trees of this lost due to industrial expansion, including sand and

113

gravel mining operations. In short, urbanization of the ricultural or grazing lands that serve as auxiliary
coastal zone has resulted in the preemption of natural feeding areas for wildlife.
areas for other land uses. It has also meant an increase -New development should be of a type and intensity
in incompatible land uses adjacent to natural areas, and set back to prevent significant adverse impact
thus reducing their value. The cumulative impact of to these natural areas. No unnecessary distur-
encroaching urban land uses upon natural areas seri- bance or destruction of existing shoreline and in-
ously threatens the performance of their ecological tertidal natural areas or wetland vegetation should
processes. Public benefits from coastal natural areas be permitted.
can only be assured if they are sufficiently protected -New development, including new divisions of land
from incompatible land uses. and construction on existing lots, should be reg-
Currently, Anne Arundel County is the only coastal ulated to maintain a natural vegetation buffer strip
jurisdiction in the region which zones natural areas to along all ponds, bogs, lagoons, wetlands, and in-
prevent their development. However, the Anne Arun- termittent and perennial coastal rivers, creeks, and
del County Open Space District applies only to those streams. The buffer strip should be as wide as
natural areas within the "Natural Drainage System," necessary for protection of natural areas, but in
including wetlands, marshlands, swamplands, and all no case less than 100 feet wide except for minor
lands within the 100-year floodplain. However, little intrusions upon natural vegetation (e.g., small boat
of the 100 year floodplain has actually been designated docks and utility pipelines). The buffer strip should
as open space. One of the Baltimore County Resource normally consist of indigenous vegetation, but in
Conservation Zones (R.C. 2) provides for the inclusion partially developed areas appropriate landscaping
of wetlands, but the application of this Zone to a wet- may be acceptable where the natural area will not
land area would still allow agricultural and large-lot be adversely affected.
residential uses. Both types of zoning have been ap-
plied to coastal natural areas in an extremely limited Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
fashion. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.

0 0 0 * 0 19
Recommendation: Coastal counties should limit de- -
velopment in areas where development would ad- Because of their small size and the proximity to hous-
versely affect water quality, productive wildlife habi- ii@g, commercial, and industrial development, the re-
tat, biotic systems or scenic and natural values. gion's coastal woodlands are generally unsuited for
Including: commercial logging; yet, they have values which can-
-Tidal and non-tidal wetlands; not be measured in board feet. Woodlands exert strong
-100-year riverine and tidal floodplains; influences upon the coastal environment and coastal
-Upland natural areas having moderate to high- ecological systems. They reduce the force of winds,
value wildlife habitat; increase humidity, moderate temperatures, produce
-Areas that provide habitat for rare or endangered oxygen, filter air pollutants and dirt, and serve as noise
plant or animal species; barriers. Woodlands influence the soil by generating
-Slopes of 2017o or greater; humus, stabilizing the soil (reducing water and wind
-Unstable soil subject to slipping, mass movement, erosion), increasing the porosity of the soil (increasing
or severe erosion, when these areas are two acres water storage capabilities), and they function as a filter
or more in size; and system to insure water quality. Coastal woodlands also
-Natural areas of significant scenic or esthetic protect the aquifer recharge areas, reduce flood peaks
value. and damages, and eliminate excess erosion and sedi-
mentation. The existence of several Maryland Big Tree
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Champions in the coastal zone provide an irreplaceable
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bi. natural heritage for existing and future generations.
0 0 0 0 0 0 19 Quite simply, woodlands are an essential component
of the general welfare of coastal communities.
Rapid growth, the spread of development, and in-
Recommendation: Coastal jurisdictions should control creasing demands upon natural resources have en-
development adjacent to significant and fragile natural croached upon, despoiled, or eliminated many coastal
areas. Development in areas adjacent to significant or trees and other forms of vegetation and have disturbed
fragile natural areas should be controlled carefully by the natural processes associated with them. While local
the coastal jurisdictions to prevent adverse impacts and state regulations have been developed to protect
which may significantly degrade the qualities of those other critical environmental areas, woodlands have
areas. Specifically: been relatively ignored even though they are vital to
-Priority should be given to proposed development the public good. Although local erosion and sedimen-
or activities that are complimentary to wildlife tation regulations play a part in protecting woodland
uses, such as wildlife or fishing preserves or ag- resources, there are no provisions specifically directed

114

toward maintaining the health of coastal woodlands. protection of the region's significant coastal wildlife
The Maryland Roadside Tree Law requires a permit habitat areas, they must be acquired.
for the trimming or removal of trees along streets and Efforts by the local coastal jurisdictions to acquire
highways. Trees within parks are protected from in- natural areas have been minimal. Baltimore County is
descriminate removal. However, without further local currently negotiating the acquisition of Miami Beach,
regulation of development in wooded areas, coastal a 64 acre commercial beach which includes some wet-
communities risk the loss of their woodland and tree lands and woodlands to be left in a natural condition.
resources. To date, the most important protective action has been
taken by Anne Arundel County which has been work-
Recommendation: The coastal counties should insti- ing with the Chesapeake Bay Foundation to acquire
tute a tree preservation ordinance which would require 715 acres of wetlands and woodlands at Jug Bay along
new subdivision and other site development plans to the Patuxent River. However, plans to protect this
include: (1) identification and location of all trees that ecologically significant area as a public wildlife pre-
are at least five inches in diameter at six inches above serve (the only one in the Baltimore region) and en-
ground level; (2) description of all trees to be removed vironmental education area have been delayed by the
and locations of those to remain; (3) specifications for lack of necessary acquisition funding.
the actual removal of trees and description of what The primary responsibility for the acquisition of sig-
measures will be taken to preserve those which will nificant natural areas belongs to the Maryland De-
remain; and (4) analysis of any grade changes that might partment of Natural Resources. However, of the
affect trees. In addition, the ordinances should require planned 100 acres for Wildlife Management Area
landowners to secure a permit to apply forestry man- within Maryland, none are within the Baltimore re-
agement techniques to trees and woodlands once de- gion's coastal zone. Upon completion of acquisition
velopment has taken place. Review and approval of plans, only five percent of the state's 12,358 acres of
the tree preservation component of a subdivision or Natural Resource Management Area will be in the
site development plan should be based upon the fol- Baltimore coastal zone. Five percent of the state's
lowing ecological criteria: planned 31,629 acres for Natural Environment Area
-The condition of the trees with respect to disease, is to be located at Severn Run in Anne Arundel
danger of falling, proximity to existing or proposed County-this would be the region's only coastal Nat-
structures, interference with utility services, and ural Environment Area.
interference with neighboring property owner's The Department of Natural Resources has delayed
views. for seventeen years its planned acquisition of the 1,236-
-Topography of the land and the effect of tree re- acre Gunpowder Delta, in Baltimore and Harford
moval on erosion, soil retention, wind reduction, Counties, as an addition to Gunpowder State Park.
wildlife habitat, noise reduction, and the diversion The tidal and non-tidal wetlands backed by upland
or increased flow of surface waters. hardwood forests located at the confluence of the Little
-The number of trees existing in the community Gunpowder River, Slough Creeek, Big Gunpowder
and the effect of tree removal upon property values River, and Bird River provides a natural setting un-
in the area. surpassed on the western shores of the Chesapeake
-Good forestry practices: i.e., the number of Bay. Currently, mining interests control 92 percent of
healthy trees that a given parcel will support. the area. One mining company is nearing final approval
-The identification of a tree as a Maryland Big Tree from the Department of Natural Resources on its ex-
Champion, as noted by the Maryland Department cavation plans. Water Resources Administration per-
of Natural Resources, if its retention will not un- mits would exlude 325 acres from the planned Gun-
reasonably interfere with the use of the property powder Delta section of the Park. It is unknown how
upon which it is located. much land the Department of Natural Resources will
approve for excavation prior to parkland acquisition.
Harford Balto. Ralto. A.A State Special exception orders permitting mineral extraction
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. have been granted by Baltimore County for most of
0 0 0 5 the land planned for inclusion in the Gunpowder Delta
- section. Another 415 acres of wetlands and woodlands
adjacent to the southwestern edge of the Gunpowder
Public land ownership, including Natural Environ- Delta section and along the Bird River shoreline are
ment Areas, Natural Resource Management Areas, in the ownership of one of the region's major mining
Wildlife Management Areas, and State and County operations.
Parks, preserve many of the state's wildlife habitat Many other important coastal wildlife habitat areas
areas, but much of the inique natural area of the re- are threatened by urban expansion. The headwaters
gion's coast is still unprotected. There are many sig- of the South River in Anne Arundel County would be
nificant species of animals and plants making their divided by the proposed Patuxent Freeway and could
homes in or visiting the unprotected natural environ- possibly be opened for intensive residential and com-
ment areas of the coastal zone. To assure the continued mercial development. An evaluation of the South River

115

headwater's non-tidal wetlands by the Department of
Natural Resources' "Upland Natural Areas Study"
found them to be among the most valuable habitat for
waterfowl in the coastal plain. The region's longest
stretch of undeveloped shoreline not under Federal
control is along Saltpeter and Dundee Creeks in Bal-
timore County. This 1,500+ acre area includes shore
line frontage in excess of nine miles, most of which is
in wetlands backed by hardwoods. However, intense
residential development pressures may soon foreclose
any opportunity for acquiring this prime shoreline nat-
ural area. One of the largest continuous coastal marsh-
lands in the region is the 212 acre Black Marsh with AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
more than five miles of Baltimore County shoreline. Coastal agricultural lands are of great value as nat-
However, due to the ownership of this area by Beth- ural resource areas. Much of this land is considered
lehem Steel Corporation and their industrial use of prime by U.S. Soil Conservation Service standards.
adjacent properties, the future integrity of the Black It produces high quality vegetable and fruit crops that
Marsh area is doubtful. Finally, the highly important can be shipped economically and quickly to the markets
Otter Point Creek marsh area in Harford County re- of Baltimore City and adjacent communities. Projec-
mains under pressure due to the recent approval of tions of ftiture food needs-and the greater cost of
contiguous areas for residential development. growing many crops outside the coastal zone-make
existing coastal agricultural lands a natural resource
of regional and statewide concern. Fuel and fertilizer
Recommendation: Ecologically significant natural areas costs, and the probability that future yield increases
within the region's coastal zone should be given im- will be achieved only through energy-demanding tech-
mediate emphasis for acquisition by the Department niques, add to the value of naturally fertile coastal
of Natural Resources and the local jurisdictions. Prior- lands.
ity for acquisition of new Natural Environment Areas Coastal agricultural land contributes to a stable
and Natural Resource Management Areas within the economy by providing both direct and indirect job op-
state should be given to those areas within the Balti- portunities, income, and markets. Privately owned and
more region's coastal zone under the greatest devel- operated coastal farms provide taxpaying agricultural
opment pressure, such as the South River headwaters open space with many important environmental ben-
(Anne Arundel County), Saltpeter and Dundee Creeks efits. Well-maintained farms protect the hydrologic in-
(Baltimore County); Black Marsh (Baltimore County); tegrity of watersheds through the control of storm
and Otter Point Creek marsh (Harford County). Im- water runoff, the reduction of sedimentation, the pro-
mediate acquisition of land within the acquisition lines tection of coastal aquifer recharge areas, and the pro-
of the Gunpowder State Park's Gunpowder Delta sec- vision of buffers for water supply. They also provide
tion must begin to insure the integrity of those acqui- significant wildlife habitats. And they maintain the
sition plans. The acquisition lines for the Gunpowder quality and beauty of the environment through the air
Delta section should be expanded along Bird River cleansing effect of growing plants.
(Baltimore County) and the Little Gunpowder River The retention of coastal agricultural land can help
(Harford County) to more accurately reflect the op- guide the region's future urban growth, reduce costs
portunity for acquisition of significant natural areas. for public service extensions, provide beneficial use
To implement the previously mentioned acquisition of land that could be hazardous or inappropriate for
priorities in an expeditious manner, the Department other types of development, and maintain such future
of Natural Resources and the local governments should land use options as the extraction of mineral resources.
more fully avail themselves of the opportunities of pro- Furthermore, the continued operation of coastal farms
viding incentives to private land owners through the preserves a unique and valuable way of fife.
use of conservation easements. This should be done Vast areas of agriculturally productive coastal land
in concert with the Maryland Environmental Trust, the have been lost to urban expansion. The number of
Nature Conservancy and the American Land Trust. coastal farms in the region has steadily declined for
Future natural area and wildlife habitat area acquisition two decades. The urbanization of the region's coastal
priorities should be made in accordance with the pol- zone has resulted in the location of subdivisions and
icies set forth in the Parkland section of this study. homes fragmenting agricultural land and ownership
patterns, making many coastal farm operations less
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State economical. Coastal development and land speculation
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. have rapidly increased the cost of agricultural land and
0 0 0 0 5 its tax assessment, increasing their operating costs and
decreasing their economic viability.

116

Public capital investments currently encourage the a non-agricultural use. Although this revision tends to
development of coastal agricultural land. The exten- lower a farm's operating costs, the economic benefit
sion of such public services as highways, roads, and has not been sufficient to dissuade farm owners from
utilities to agricultural areas has historically resulted selling their land for non-agri cultural purposes. The
in the development of these areas. The presence of profit made by a farm owner selling his land to a de-
public services has been the single most important fac- veloper is always greater than the deferred taxation
tor in the conversion of coastal agricultural land to penalty. Thus, it has had little effect on preserving
other uses. The fiscal consquences of this development agricultural land, although in a limited number of cases
have an impact on all taxpaying citizens of the region. it has served to delay the need for a full or partial sale
When disorganized and disorderly growth and devel- of a farm owner's land.
opment occur in the coastal zone, demands are made The 1977 session of the Maryland legislature enacted
by developers and speculators for public facilities and new legislation providing a program for the purchase
services that cannot be justified by cost or location. of agricultural land preservation easements by the
The financial demands on the county, the state, and Maryland Agricultural Land Preservation Foundation.
therefore on the taxpayers, for sewage treatment fa- However, the enabling legislation in effect eliminates
cilities, roads, open space, and health and education the potential purchase of preservation easements for
facilities increase disproportionately with excessive agricultural land located within a ten-year water and
conversion of agricultural land. Continued scattered sewer plan unless the easement price is comparable to
coastal development will cause more requests for pub- a similar easement on land not to be serviced within
lic facilities and services. ten years. Since the provision of public services in-
creases the value of coastal agricultural land, it is un-
Recommendation: Local jurisdictions should establish likely that the cost of the easements would'be equal,
Stable Urban-Rural Coastal Boundaries. Because the thus precluding the preservation of the agricultural land
most in danger of development. In addition, the ap-
sprawl of coastal urban development into nearby ag- proved legislation fails to provide an adequate funding
ricultural areas has systematically diminished the avad- mechanism for purchasing preservation easements.
able amount of agricultural land and generated serious The act gives local jurisdictions the option of using a
land use conflicts between existing agricultural and portion of their Program Open Space Funds to pur-
encroaching urban uses, further urban encroachment chase agricultural preservation easements but it ne-
into prime agricultural lands should be curtailed * A glects to provide any other source of funding. The
well-defined, stable demarcation line between urban reliance upon Program Open Space Funds will prob-
and agricultural uses should be established for Anne ably be inadequate due to expenditures of local funds
Arundel. A similar urban-rural demarcation fine has for parkland acquisition and development.
been established by Baltimore and Harford Counties.
The three coastal counties should discourage public
capital investments in roads, utilities, and other com-
munity facilities which would lead to urbanization be- Recommendation: The Maryland Legislature should
yond these urban-rural boundaries. The Coastal Zone investigate an unearned increment tax to provide mon-
Unit should recognize this line as an important factor ies for the Maryland Agricultural Land Preservation
in project evaluation. Fund. The idea is that agricultural land increases in
value due to public and private activity. As a result,
Harford Balto. Balto, A.A. State there is an unearned increment which might be recap-
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi. tured on such taxable events as sale or transfer for a
0 0 0 6 non-agn cultural land use. The enactment and imple-
- mentation of an unearned increment tax at the time
that agricultural land is sold or transferred to non-ag-
Existing State preservation measures for coastal ag- ricultural uses would provide two important benefits
ricultural land are inadequate. Some agricultural pres- toward preserving coastal farm land. Initially, it would
ervation measures are now in effect in Maryland and provide an equitable means of taxation for funding ag-
new measures are soon to be enacted. However, ex- ricultural preservation easements by taxing the source
isting State laws simply do not adequately provide for of much of the existing problem-those that convert
the preservation of valuable coastal agricultural land. farm land to non-agri cultural uses. Secondly, the un-
This problem is not unique to the coast, although it is earned increment tax could dissuade speculators from
more critical there due to immediate urbanization purchasing agricultural land on the hunch that it can
pressures. be developed at an inflated profit.
Since 1956, Maryland has had a preferential farm
land assessment law designed to tax agricultural land Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
based on its actual use rather than on its developmental Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
potential. Modifications to the law in 1972 provided for 0 0 0 0 6
a deferred tax if the agricultural land is converted to

117

Within the last year and a half, both Baltimore and ational uses; and (10) whether the conversion of the
Harford Counties have undertaken efforts to modify parcel to urban development would further other
their zoning of agricultural land. The difficulty with coastal policies, or (11) contribute to the completion
both efforts as well as the zoning in Anne Arundel of partially filled neighborhoods.
County, is that they do not zone prime and productive
agricultural lands for exclusive agricultural use. Es- Hatford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
sentially, the zoning efforts to protect agricultural land Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
have failed to produce agricultural zoning; rather, they 0 0 0 6
have produced a large-lot system for sprawling rural
residential development. While it is certain that the
present systems are improvements over the past zoning Recommendation: Counties should limit the division
classifications, they do not promote continuing agri- of land within coastal agricultural zones. Subdivisions
cultural use. and lot splits should not be permitted to reduce agri-
cultural parcels to a size that is uneconomical or im-
Recommendation: Coastal county zoning should per- practical for continued agricultural production on the
mit only agriculturally related development on pro- parcels in question or on adjoining parcels. Where di-
ductive coastal agricultural lands. New development visions of agricultural lands are allowed for agricultural
on agricultural lands should be limited to construction purposes (such as long-term leasing of specific parcels),
necessary for farming such as farm residences and the approval of such divisions should be conditioned
buildings, residences for family members, farm-worker on the recording of appropriate restrictions precluding
accommodations, farm service facilities, rural roads, the future division of the parcels and limiting the use
or other uses related to an agricultural economy. Any of the parcels to agricultural activities.
development permitted on agricultural lands should be
sited and designed to minimize adverse impacts on Hwford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
agricultural operations. Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
Agriculturally zoned lands should only be allowed 0 X 0 6
to convert to non-agricultural use where: (1) conversion
is required for public service, energy, and transpor-
tation facilities or for mineral extraction; (2) the pro- Coastal agricultural operations may have such ad-
posed facility or activity is necessary for the public verse effects as the introduction of toxic pesticides,
good and is consistent with other coastal policies; (3) increased sediment loads, and runoff of nutrients caus-
there is no alternative location that would meet the ing excessive algae growth in watercourses, removal
same need with less environmental damage; and (4) of large areas of native vegetative cover, and heavy
such facilities are sited and designed to minimize ad- drafts on surface and groundwater supplies. In addi-
verse impact on the agricultural resource. tion, agricultural operations are exempted from having
to obtain any county grading permits and obtaining and
Hafford Balt . Balto. A.A. State carrying out a Soil Conservation District Sediment
Co. Coo City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Control Plan.
0 X 0 0 6 Recommendation: Agricultural operations should be
required by local jurisdictions to provide aquatic buff-
ers according to a formula based on degree of slope
Recommendation: Criteria for the designation of Ag- and the normal high water mark and all coastal farm
ricultural Zones should be established by the Coastal tillage should be carried out in conformance with the
counties. The designation of an agricultural parcel for provisions of an approved Soil Conservation District
either agricultural or urban use should consider: (1) the Sediment Control Plan.
long-term agricultural production yield potential of the
parcel in question; (2) the size of the parcel and whether Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
the parcel can be combined with adjacent or nearby Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
agricultural parcels for agricultural purposes; (3)
whether the parcel is contiguous to developed areas; 0 0 0 0 0 23
(4) whether the parcel is in close proximity to urban
services such as roads, sewers, and water; (5) whether
the parcel could be maintained in productive use by
use of greenhouses; (6) energy and transportation
costs relative to other areas where the same crops are
grown; (7) the potential for causing development pres-
sure on nearby agricultural parcels; (8) the absence or
presence (for five years or more) of agricultural-urban
conflicts; (9) whether the parcel could provide recre-

118

activity and not on the demand for the slag as an in-
dividual product. Current demand for slag is such that
all produced is consumed within a year. As such, slag
cannot be considered an untapped or growing potential
source of mineral aggregate. In fact, the tendency to
Z utilize higher grades of iron ore or concentrates has
M cut the production of blast furnace slag on a regional
and national level.
12 The regional demand for aggregates is predominately
for three types of construction: highway, 52 percent;
nonresidential, 31 percent; and residential, 17 percent.
Concrete production uses the greatest amount of
aggregate material: sand as a fine aggregate, and
MINERAL RESOURCES crushed stone, gravel, or crushed blast furnace slag as
The region's coastal zone is an area of relatively flat coarse aggregate. As base material and fill, large
.plains and low hills underlain by unconsolidated sed- amounts of coarse aggregates are used for road base
imentary strata from which most of the region's sand and foundation construction.
and gravel production originates. Sand and gravel are Data on the availability of coastal mineral resources
present in several coastal geologic formations including is presently incomplete. Local planning and zoning
the Wicomico and Sunderland formations which are decisions, by necessity and legality, depend on com-
mined in some areas of Anne Arundel County; and the plete and accurate information. To ensure that a future
Patapsco and Patuxent formations which are the most supply of aggregate is adequate, there must be accurate
important sources of sand and gravel being mined in information on location, amount, and type of coastal
Anne Arundel, Baltimore, and Harford counties. Al- mineral resources.
though these sources of natural aggregate material oc- Recent trends show that the amount of land nec-
cur over relatively large areas, deposits suitable for essary to justify investment has increased because
mining occur on a widely scattered basis throughout economies of scale favor larger operations and they,
the coastal zone, There are no mineral or fossil fuels in turn, require greater reserve tonnages under the land.
located in the Baltimore coastal zone. The proximity to market for mineral aggregate oper-
The location of mineral aggregate deposits is critical ations has a demonstrated impact on the price of ag-
to the industry. Because these low-value materials are gregates because of transportation costs. These factors
extracted in large quantities, mining operations must can only be addressed effectively when there is an
be located near urban centers, the primary consuming adequate data base on the availability of coastal mineral
areas. To minimize the transportation costs, which deposits for local planners and officials.
amount to at least fifty percent of the delivered price,
sand and gravel producers have historically placed a Recommendation: To reduce the pressures of haphaz-
premium value on deposits closer to market centers. ardly mining coastal sand and gravel resources, the
Most of the Baltimore region's supply of sand and Maryland geological Survey should step up inventories
gravel is obtained from within the coastal zone. A lim- of the location, quantity, and quality of the Baltimore
ited amount is imported from the Eastern Shore and region's mineral resource deposits.
Cecil County. Over three million tons of sand and
gravel is consumed annually within the region. Imports Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
from outside the region have historically been less than Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj.
ten percent of annual consumption. However, since 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
both of the largest Baltimore-based mineral aggregate
producers control either options or negotiated leasing
agreements on deposits in Cecil County, this has had Urban expansion limits the availability of coastal
some effect on limiting shipments to Baltimore from mineral resources. The availability of these resources
that area. The Aberdeen Providing Grounds and the is affected by urban development in three ways. The
Chesapeake Bay have potential supplies of sand and Baltimore region's trend towards decentralized urban
gravel that are not now exploited. In both areas, sub- development has fostered increased, and sometimes
stantial geologic exploration and careful study of en- excessive, construction activity demanding coastal
vironmental impact would be required before mining sand and gravel resources. Forced by economic con-
operations could be considered. straints to be located as near to the region's urban
Crushed blast furnace slag, a by-product of the steel- center as geologic constraints will permit, the expan-
making process, is produced at Bethlehem Steel Cor- sion of the urban area often forces the premature clos-
poration's Sparrows Point plant. The relationship be- ing of the producer's operation. In addition to loss of
tween slag production and iron and steel production existing production, continuing decentralized urbani-
means that slag output depends upon blast furnace zation makes sand and gravel unavailable by preempt-

119

ing the land surface and subsurface mineral deposits. quential land uses. The purpose of the mineral resource
This kind of preemption reduces the potential supply zone would be to ensure extraction of existing sand
by one million tons yearly-. and gravel deposits prior to the development of the
Urban expansion often results in land use conflicts land for other purposes. This method establishes cer-
requiting the restriction of the aggregate producer's tain zones for the primary purpose of mineral extraction.
operation. These restrictions include when operations
may be conducted, methods of operation, and methods
of transporting products. Such restrictions are some- Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
times enforced by issuing short-term operating permits Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bi.
when the restrictions are agreed to by the producer. 0 0 0 0 0 17
Although it seldom occurs, permit renewals may be
denied, thus prematurely terminating production. As
a result, the producing firm abandons that site and The major condition necessary for the establishment
searches for another minable deposit, usually located of such zones is that substantial commercial deposits
further from the urban market area. of sand and gravel be available. It must also be deter-
New sand and gravel excavations are more often mined if mineral extraction is the most beneficial use
being located in areas considered to be environmentally of the land. Its implementation must include consid-
sensitive. Since less sensitive areas are often pre- eration of alternative land uses to prevent reduction
empted for other land uses, the selection of natural or of land values by forcing a less valuable use. Mineral
agricultural areas is inevitable in many places. This is extraction operations must be required to be compat-
compounded by the special exception system that all ible with existing land uses in the area. All existing and
coastal jurisdictions employ as part of their zoning reg- future sand and gravel mining operations should be
ulations. The special exception system allows land to restricted to operation only in mineral resource zones.
be zoned for a particular land use but also allows for No structural improvements should be permitted in
special exceptions to be granted for mineral extraction. mineral resource zones unless they are to support ex-
Usually, the special exception places certain restric- cavation operations.
tions on operations and requires annual inspections or Specification of the subsequent use of the land after
re-evaluations. However, in Baltimore County once the mineral extraction should be incorporated into a
a special exception for mineral extraction is granted mineral resource zone ordinance. The use of the de-
and a test pit is made the special exception is effective pleted aggregate site should be planned before mining
for an indefinite period of time. This practice ignores operations commence. Since extractive operations are
the responsibility of the local government to insure the temporary, plans for the sequential use of the mined-
public safety and welfare by monitoring the operation. out lands should be required as part of the zoning to
In cases where there is no excavation for years after promote rehabilitation in coordination with other land
the issuance of the special exception, there is no follow- uses in the area.
up evaluation that proves at the time of excavation that The mining of coastal sand and gravel deposits in-
it is in fact the best current use of the land. volves many environmental hazards. Open-pit mining
Increased sand and gravel prices due to increased removes all vegetation, creates overburden and waste
transportation and operating costs will affect the res- disposal problems, may pollute both air and surface
idents of the Baltimore region both as consumers of water, increases sedimentation, and deprives wildlife
private construction and as taxpayers supporting public of habitat. Abandoned coastal open-pit mines serve as
construction. The most significant impact will be the major sources of erosion, storm water runoff, sedi-
increased cost of road construction and maintenance mentation and scenic destruction. Dragline mining,
programs. Such large public projects as dams, bridges, which scrapes off surface materials with a bucket sus-
mass transit systems, and non-residential building con- pended from an arm, either on land or under water,
struction will also cost more. can cause disruption to aquatic areas, pollute the water
Centralized urban development, imports, and im- with silt and residual material, create dredge spoil dis-
proved resource recovery technologies may extend the posal problems or it can cause any of the problems
life of existing sand and gravel supplies. Depletion, associated with open-pit mining. Runoff and increased
however, is already in sight as are the problems and sedimentation caused by upland mining of sand and
higher costs associated with material shortages. The gravel has reduced spawning grounds and resulted in
ultimate depletion of supplies may be inevitable but it increased estuarine siltation.
is in the public interest that planners, local officials, The environmental impacts resulting from mineral
and the aggregate industry conserve resources of sand extraction are primarily regulated by local jurisdictions
and gravel so that maximum reasonable use may be through special exception requirements, grading per-
attained from the available supply in an environmen- mits, and sediment control plans. However, Baltimore
tally compatible manner. County exempts mining operations from grading permit
and sediment control requirements if they obtain a
Recommendation: The counties should establish po- State Surface Mining Permit. The issuance of a State
tential mineral resource zones in conjuction with se- Surface Mining Permit requires only perfunctory con-

120

sideration of environmental impacts and does not re-
quire either public hearings or review by local agencies
of permit applications or sediment control and recla-
mation plans. However, if excavation is to occur in
flood plains or tidal wetlands, the water Resources
Administration requires public hearings for issuance
of the necessary permits.

Recommendation: There should be strict enforcement
of local and state mining, grading and sediment control
regulations. Mining should not be allowed by local or
state government authorities in sensitive areas such as
marshes, wetlands, lagoons, streams, and other coastal GROWTH PRESSURES AND THEIR
water areas and landforms that are fragile, valuable,
or highly scenic natural environments. Local and state MANAGEMENT
government authorities including the Coastal Zone
Unit should coordinate, to the extent possible, the re- Policies for urban coastal zone management should
view of all mining, grading and sediment control plans be directed toward achievement of a centralized de-
to avoid variance in restrictions and unnecessary delay velopment pattern for the Baltimore Region. This di-
for the applicant. Local government authorities should rection reflects consideration of a number of alternative
assist the Maryland Water Resources Administration future regional development patterns and a comparison
in the implementation of the Maryland Surface Mining of their consequences with the goals established for
Act by providing an inventory of all land zoned, granted urban coastal management and the premises cited pre-
conditional use or special exception, or considered to viously. The benefits of a centralized development
be a nonconforming use which allows mineral extrac- pattern can be found in: air, water, and energy resource
tion to ensure the enforcement of surface mining permit utilization; land resource preservation; public facility
requirements. All surface mining permit applications, and infrastructure commitments; and economic and
accompanied by sediment control and reclamation fiscal constraints. Specifically, when compared with
plans for excavations within the coastal zone should more decentralized development, a centralized devel-
be submitted for review by appropriate local agencies. opment pattern can:*
Public notification should be made of all submitted -Reduce potential septic system failures in new
surface mining permit applications. And, local and residential subdivisions by 98%.
state government authorities should coordinate the -Reduce the aggregate stormwater pollutant burden
monitoring of excavation operations and enforcement from new residential development by about one-
of special exception and permit requirements. Permit half.
applications for excavation within the acquisition lines -Reduce the space heating requirements of new
for state and local parkland should be subject to public residential units by 25%.
hearings. -Reduce motor vehicle fuel consumption by traffic
due to new growth by 17%.
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State -Save a cumulative total of about 30 trillion BTU's
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj. of energy over the next ten years for residential
0 0 0 0 0 17 space heating of newly constructed units and mo-
tor vehicle fuel requirements.
-Reduce the aggregate air pollutant emission bur-
Recommendation: Coastal mineral extraction sites den from residential space heating of newly con-
should be required to provide watercourse buffer areas. structed units by 24%.
Buffer areas should be mandatory to provide maximum Reduce motor vehicle air pollutant emissions at-
feasible screening of new mineral extraction operations tributable to new growth by 10-18%.
from coastal watercourses, beaches, tidal and non-tidal Reduce total residential land requirements of
wetlands, and flood prone areas. Further, coastal min- newly constructed units by 62%; reduce land re-
eral extraction operations should be required to provide quirements outside the planned I 0-year sewer ser-
aquatic buffer areas. In addition, screening should be vice area by 75%; and by 42% inside the service
required between mineral extraction operations and area.
coastal roads, trails, residences and recreation areas. Reduce farmland losses by 75%; a saving of over
80 thousand acres in the coastal jurisdictions
alone.
Harford Bal to. Balto. A.A. State
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. *First-Cut Land UselEnvironmental Assessment ofAlternative Re-
0 0 0 0 23 gional Development Patterns, Draft, January, 1977, Regional Plan-
- ning Council, Baltimore, Md. Revised, June, 1977.

121

-Reduce forest losses by 65% (over 37 thousand existing communities and staged growth areas, the fol-
acres). lowing policies should be adopted.
-Reduce transportation costs for solid waste col-
lection and hauling. Recommendations: An urban/rural boundary should be
-Result in less ground water withdrawals by indi- established which separates the future urban service
vidual wells in newly constructed residential sub- area and the rural service area. Urban development
divisions, and less discharges of effluent into and urban services should be planned and encouraged
ground water from septic systems and seepage inside the urban service area and discouraged in the
pits. rural service area. Within the area of focus, the Coastal
-Reduce traffic as measured in vehicle miles of Zone Unit should recognize this boundary as a first
travel. broad test of applicability in program review and proj-
The best course for future development in the coastal ect evaluation.
zone-after considering past trends in development
and their consequences, the premises concerning the Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
future, and the evidence of an evaluation of alternative Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
future development patterns-is toward a more cen- 0 0 0 14
tralized development pattern.

Recommendation: Coastal resources should be man-
aged to achieve a more centralized development pat- The Urban Service Area
tern. Public actions should be designed to enhance, The Urban Service Area should be planned to ac-
maintain and revitalize existing communities and public commodate the urban land needs of a more centralized
policies should encourage the growth of existing town pattern of urban development, staged over the next
and community centers with appropriate supporting twenty years to coincide with the timely provision of
facilities. Scattered development in the rural coastal public services and facilities and harmonized with en-
areas should be virtually halted, and new well-planned vironmental systems and natural features. Regional
development should utilize land resources within ex- priorities and policies within the Urban Service Area
isting communities and in carefully staged new growth are associated with the following areas: Existing Com-
areas in sequence with the orderly provision of public munities, Staged Growth Areas, and Conservation
services and facilities. Areas.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State Existing Communities:
Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. Existing coastal communities are resources of na-
0 X a 0 14 tional importance. Major investments and commit-
ments, both public and private, have been made to
establish, maintain, and to foster continued vitality
The purpose of this policy is not to contain, to con- within such coastal communities as Baltimore, An-
trol, or to limit the rate of economic growth-but to napolis, Aberdeen, and Havre de Grace, as well as in
attain and manage a strong and sustainable economic the surrounding suburbs. These centers provide some
level. Less growth would, of course, mean less de- of the best opportunities for employment and the high-
velopment, lower public service requirements, and est levels of services and delivery of goods in the State.
fewer impacts; but it would make the need to plan for They contain major health-care facilities, social insti-
orderly development no less important. The intent of tutions, universities, cultural opportunities, and an
this policy is to better manage development in the con- historical legacy that is unique and irreplaceable.
text of scarce resources and rising demands for envi- Major potential still exists for seizing the opportu-
ronmental quality and public service adequacy, and to nities these communities offer. This has already begun
improve the quality of life of all the region's residents, to happen in the waterfront district in Annapolis and
present and future. in the Fells Point area in Baltimore. Major redevel-
The trend toward scattered residential subdivisions opment has also transformed Baltimore's Inner Har-
in rural areas is wasteful of energy and other resources. bor, returning a portion of the harbor to the metro-
It saps the growth potential from existing communities politan community at large and focusing development
and increases demands for urban services within rural on the potential offered by a modern, community-ori-
areas while reducing revenues for services within urban ented waterfront. However, in recent years, many
areas. It threatens the continued viability of farmland. communities have faced mounting difficulties in pro-
Over 60% of all land subdivided between 1970 and 1975 viding increased employment opportunities, opportu-
was located outside planned 10-year sewer service nities for social contact, and urban residential
areas. This trend, together with other economic pres- communities.
sures, has resulted in a 27% decline in farmland acreage Leapfrog development has bypassed many areas
between 1964 and 1974. To redirect future growth into suitable for development and infill and has strained the

122

ability of local resources to extend urban services to Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
the hinterlands. This has sapped the vitality from many Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj.
established areas and dampened the pace of develop- 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
ment and redevelopment. Stagnation, deterioration,
disinvestment, and abandonment characterize many
communities as growth spills outward and bypasses Preferred (Stage 1) Growth Areas should be those
them. Such inefficient utilization of urban land, human areas which, in combination with the vacant land in
resources, roads, sewers, schools, and public services existing communities, will provide the land resources
ultimately results in increased public expenditures to for development needs up to 1985. Public services and
be borne by every resident in the region. These prob- facilities should be staged to include service to those
lems, characterized as "urban" in the past, are insep- areas.
arable from growth management concerns and central Deferred (Stage 11) Growth Areas should be those
to managing an urban coastal zone. areas which, in combination with vacant lands in ex-
isting communities and Stage I Growth Areas, will
provide the land resources for development needs from
Recommendation: Urban coastal zone management 1985-1995. Public services and facilities should be
carries a commitment to rediscover the values of ex- staged to include service to these areas at the appro-
isting communities, to enhance their strengths, to solve priate future time.
their problems, and where necessary, provide them Conservation Areas:
with new investment, new growth, and renewed vi- The adequate provision of open space within the
tality. The Coastal Zone Unit, local governments, and urban service area is crucial to the success of growth
the Regional Planning Council should actively en- management. Open space offers people opportunities
courage the development and revitalization of estab- to participate in recreation and leisure time experiences
lished coastal communities within the urban service and to relate to the natural world within their own
policy area. communities. it offers change and relief from the man-
made environment, and serves a variety of environ-
Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State mentally important functions-from moderating storm
Co. CO. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DFIMH MPA 0 bj. water runoff and climatic changes, to protection of
o 0 0 0 0 0 14 sensitive natural features.

Recommendations: Key natural features, conservation
areas, and parkland should be set aside in a permanent
Staged Growth Areas: open space system within the urban service area. A
Although coastal growth policies stress carefully network of river and stream valley parks, wetlands and
planned development utilizing vacant, skipped-over shorelands, area and regional parks should offer people
parcels within existing communities, the development recreational experiences close to where they live. This
requirements of the region over the next twenty years network should provide form and definition to the de-
will require selective extensions of public facilities and velopment pattern within the urban service area and
services into staged growth areas to insure an adequate protect the integrity of important natural systems.
supply of developable land within existing communi- The Coastal Zone Unit, local jurisdictions, and the
ties. These staged growth areas should be sufficient Regional Planning Council, working cooperatively,
enough to allow for market flexibility and choice but should identify, evaluate, and rank suitable areas for
not so expansive as to allow costly, sprawling, decen- inclusion into local and state open space and recrea-
tralized patterns of development. tional planning activities.

Harford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
Recommendation: Development should be guided into Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
existing communities where there is vacant land al-
ready served by public facilities and services, housing 8
which can be renewed, converted or rehabilitated, and
older commercial and industrial areas which can be
revitalized; and into appropriate staged growth areas Rural Service Areas:
in sequence with the orderly provision of public ser- Agriculture and forestry, open space, and conser-
vices and facilities. vation should be the dominant function of the Rural
Each jurisdiction should extend facilities in such a Service Area. In the past, public policies have allowed
way as to maintain a supply of developable land within urban residential subdivisions to encroach randon-dy
its existing communities and its staged growth areas within the rural areas of the region. Between 1970 and
sufficient to accommodate five years of anticipated 1975, one out of every eight residential units created
development requirements. in the subdivision process was located outside the sub-

123

urban counties' planned 10-year sewer service area. explosive growth pressures effectively. Between 1970
For every four acres subdivided inside the service area, and 1975, the coastal areas of the region experienced
six acres were subdivided in rural areas outside the a rate of population growth two and a half times that
service area. From this record, it is clear that large-lot of the region as a whole. Growth in the suburban
subdivisions have not been an effective means of coastal areas more than doubled the overall rate of
growth control. Two acre lots by themselves, are in- suburban growth, and outstripped the Region-wide rate
effective growth management mechanisms, and in lieu of growth by almost 500%.
of additional techniques, lead to excessive land In the next 10 years, up to 43% of the total regional
consumption. population growth and up to 41% of all new household
Urban development in the rural areas has also growth may take place in the region's coastal areas
preempted prime farmland. It has bid up farmland which comprise only about 2Wo of the region's land.
prices making it increasingly difficult for young farmers Even if policies designed to centralize and guide growth
to purchase farmland and gain a reasonable return from are effectively implemented, future coastal growth will
the farm income it produces. continue at a rate significantly higher than the rest of
Even under the most favorable soil conditions, septic the region. Future development pressures are esti-
tanks have a limited life expectancy. In unsewered mated to be 50% higher in the coastal areas of the
coastal areas, the vast majority of soil conditions are suburban jurisdictions than the region as a whole, or
much less than ideal and may not be adequate for even about I Wo greater than the suburban growth pressure.
a one-year life due to impervious layers, fluctuating Conservation of coastal lands can be accomplished
water tables, and other natural constraints. In the past, only if urban coastal management and growth man-
provision of public water and sewer has been seen as agement objectives and policies are carefully integrated
the only technological solution to health problems as- to guide growth into existing communities and devel-
sociated with failing septic tanks. Other treatment tech- opments and into areas adequately serviced by utilities
nologies exist and should be given consideration. As and roads.
the cost of providing public services increases, partic-
ularly in regard to the consequences of the growth that Recommendation: The Coastal Zone Unit, local juris-
is promoted by such actions, the long-range desirability dictions and the Regional Planning Council should
of other technologies may far outweigh any short-range adopt an urban coastal management growth strategy
considerations to the contrary. In cases where no al- integrating coastal zone project evaluation and program
ternative technologies would prove feasible and where review with local and regional growth management
the cost of providing sewer and water service would objectives and land use controls.
be comparable to the existing value of development, For purposes of project review and to serve as a
public condemnation on the grounds of health and preliminary geographic basis for establishing consist-
safety should be seriously considered. Urban services ency between growth management and urban coastal
simply cannot be extended to sprawling, scattered zone policies, the five types of growth management
areas without great cost. areas should be consolidated into three coastal man-
agement review categories: Develop ment-Pre ferred
Recommendations: The priority uses in the rural ser- Areas; Conditional Areas; and Preservation-Preferred
vice area should be farming and forestry, public wa- Areas.
tershed protection, conservation of valuable natural
areas and wildlife habitat, and major public parkland Hatford Balto. Balto. A.A. State
where appropriate. Urban development within the ru- Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
ral service area should be virtually halted. 0 0 0 0 0 0 34
Urban services and facilities, particularly new high-
way access, water and -sewerage facilities, should not
be extended to serve the rural service area. Urban Under Coastal Zone Management project review,
development should not be permitted without development proposals within the Develop ment- Pre-
reclassification. ferred (DP) Category should be encouraged under the
assumption that appropriateness exists, pending spe-
Hwford Balto. Balto. A.A. State cific project detailand any required environmental im-
Co. CO. city Co. RPC DNR DECO DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obj. pact statements. Existing Community Areas and Pre-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 ferred Growth areas are included in this management
category .
In the Pre servation-Preferred (PP) Category, proj-
Urban coastal zone management must be a coop- ects and developments should be discouraged. Poten-
erative effort involving local, regional, and state agen- tial development should face a presumption of inap-
cies in actions that affect both land and water uses and propriateness unless there are compelling reasons
resources. The single factor separating urban coastal along with impact mitigation measures which are pre-
management from rural areas is the need to manage sented in behalf of the proposal. In this case, the burden

124

of proof rests on the developer himself to demonstrate These plans should be prepared by the local juris-
the necessity of the proposal and the adherance to rigid diction's coastal planners and staff with technical as-
environmental restrictions. This category includes sistance and participation from Regional Planning
Conservation and Rural Service Areas. Council staff and the Coastal Zone Unit. Continuing
The third coastal management category is Condi- coastal inventories, resource capability analyses de-
tional Areas (CA). Included in this category are lands veloped as part of this study (see Appendix E), as well
in the Deferred Growth Areas that are considered de- as studies and data developed by the Coastal Zone
velopable upon provision of urban services and in- Unit, should provide a basis for initially determining
frastructure, but are outside existing and five-year the appropriateness of existing land and water use clas-
plans for such services, Projects proposed for these sifications in each coastal area category in the area of
areas should be restricted. This means that, depending focus.
on the specific details, a project may or may not be This determination should be most specific as to the
found appropriate to the area or consistent with urban mixture and intensity of uses for the Development-
coastal management goals and objectives. Here de- Preferred (DP) category, with emphasis on criteria for
velopers will have to provide full environmental as- impact assessment and mitigation. Conditional Area
sessments and explicit site plans. In project evaluation, (CA) analysis should focus on how certain uses might
emphasis should be placed on the costs of sprawl, pos- be phased into this Area with minimal fiscal and en-
sible effects of induced development pressure, the fea- vironmental effect. In the Preservation-Preferred (PP)
sibility of alternative locations, and whether or not the category, major emphasis should be placed on resource
proposal will spawn accelerated decentralization or management, natural features protection, and growth
sprawl in the near project area. management through existing authorities at the State
The effective implementation of this kind of urban and local levels.
coastal management growth strategy requires that local Second, the plans should focus on integrating on-
jurisdictions prepare "coastal guidance plans." These going adequacy-of-facilities studies, 208 Water Quality
plans would address: (1) the relationships between the Planning, facilities planning, and comprehensive land
suggested growth categories and each jurisdictions pre- use planning with the coastal zone management pro-
scribed zoning and land use classifications; (2) the ef- gram. Particular emphasis might be placed on identi-
fect continuing state and federal environmental man- fying work tasks not covered by these programs and
agement and economic development programs will devising a schedule of priorities for their accomplish-
have on the jurisdiction's resource base from a pro- ment with CZMP funding.
grammatic viewpoint; (3) local jurisdiction methods for Third, the plans should discuss the means by which
meeting CZMP goals, objectives, and policies plus local jurisdictions will continue to meet CZMP goals,
project evaluation and program review requirements; objectives, and policies including project evaluation
and (4) mechanisms with which the local jurisdictions and program review requirements. Of particular im-
choose to implement the recommendations contained portance are the mechanisms local jurisdictions might
in this study. use to implement recommendations contained in the
More specifically, the plans would contain local study.
management policies, permit processes, decision mak- Fourth, the plans should include a review and anal-
ing criteria, standards of performance, and if a local ysis of regional plans, such as the Baltimore Harbor
government chooses, land and water use plans for de- Plan, and regional concerns such as marinas, boating
termining acceptability of proposed developments congestion, and mineral resource supply and devel-
within the coastal area of focus. opment. In these cases, the coastal guidance plans
should suggest specific revisions to prior plans based
on new data, or altered conditions and policies, or
Recommendation: The local jurisdictions with assist- propose regulations, ordinances or codes for imple-
ance from Coastal Zone Unit and the Regional Planning mentation by the appropriate participant.
Council should prepare coastal guidance plans for the The preparation of the Coastal Guidance Plans
area of focus to guide continuing use and enjoyment should be overseen by the Metropolitan Advisory
of the coastline. These packages should be completed Board (see following section, Solving Coastal Prob-
in time to be reviewed by the Coastal Zone Unit for lems) and by the local jurisdictions acting through their
consistency with the State management program and, coastal planning personnel.
if found consistent, be included in the first annual pro- Much of the work necessary to prepare a Coastal
gram recertification. When found consistent they should Guidance Plan for the Baltimore City area of focus has
be used as a basis for project consistency. been accomplished through preparation of the Harbor
Opportunities Plan. This plan will identify opportuni-
Harford Balto. Balto. A-A State ties to expand water-oriented recreational activities,
Co. Co. Cit Y Co. RPC DNR DFCD DSP DOT DHMH MPA 0 bj. to introduce residential development along the shore-
0 0 0 0 0 36 line and to identify areas for economic growth and
development. As part of this planning process the Bal-

125

timore City Department of Planning in cooperation with Hadord Ballo. Balto. A.A. State
the City's Commission On Historic and Architectural Co. Co. City Co. RPC DNR DECD DSP DOT DHMH MPA Obi.
Preservation has identified and documented historic 0 0 0 0 0 0 34
structures along the harbor shoreline. To assess in-
dustrial needs, the Department of Planning, in coop-
eration with the Baltimore Economic Development
Corporation, interviewed industries located within the
area of focus. Information compiled from these inter- The Coastal Zone Unit should provide technical,
views will be used to evaluate the impact of federal, staff, and public participation assistance to the Met-
state and local resource development programs, as well ropolitan Board and to local and regional technical
as to identify opportunities for economic development staffs in the preparation of the Guidance Plans. The
within the City. Through these study programs, the Unit should also review the end products, recommen-
Department of Planning will propose guidelines for the dations, and Coastal Guidance Plans to ensure that
use of the City's waterfront which are consistent with they meet the goals and objectives of the approved
economic growth and environmental quality objectives state Coastal Zone Management Program. When the
expressed in local, state and federal laws. Plans have been found consistent with the State's pol-
icy framework, they should be transmitted to the Office
Recommendation: The Coastal Zone unit should im- of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM) and included
plement federal and state consistency of actions with in the annual recertification of the approved program.
the Coastal Guidance Plans by including the Coastal The guidance plans will then be subject to the same
Guidance Plans in the first annual recertification of the provisions of federal consistency as other portions of
approved coastal zone management program. the program.

126

PART V: SOLVING COASTAL PROBLEMS

At heart, coastal zone management is a process for Who What
getting things done. Over the years, the coastal envi-
ronment has deteriorated and has not been adequately
managed because of a complicated and difficult to un- Maritime Regulates shipping and
derstand decision-making process, the sheer number Administration operation scheduling
of affected interests and responsible authorities, and
an inability to reconcile differing values and roles into
an effective resolution. Dept. of Defense
Symptoms of this situation include entrenched mis- Corps of Engineers Administers dredge and
understandings regarding the motives of the various fill permit programs for
participants (e.g. the environmentalists vs the indus- channel improvements,
trialists), jealous guarding of institutional roles (e.g. flood control projects,
state prerogatives vs local prerogatives), erecting bar- beach erosion, all struc-
riers to comprehensiveness (e.g. the reluctance of per- tures in navigable waters,
mitting agencies to broadly interpret their legislative conducts the Chesapeake
mandates and consider secondary impacts of coastal Bay Study (Chesapeake
activities), and so on. The point is that there are both Bay Future Conditions
real and imagined barriers to getting things done in the Report and Chesapeake
coastal zone and that many of these obstacles have Bay Existing Conditions
been inadvertantly created by the present structure for Report), operates hy-
making decisions. A concrete illustration is the actual draulic model, evaluates
number of authorities making decisions about the environmental impacts
coastal zone. The following list was adapted from one
prepared by the Citizens League of Baltimore for its
recent report The Chesapeake Bay and the Port of Dept. of Interior
Baltimore: Bureau of Outdoor Administers land and
WHO IS DOING WHAT ON THE BAY Recreation water conservation, funds
for planning and acquisi-
Who What tion of areas for recreation
FEDERAL (statewide)
Dept. of Agriculture U. S. Fish & Wildlife Administers fish and wild-
Soil Conservation Sedimentation, soil ero- Service life programs for propa-
Service (SCS) sion, flood control gation, protection, re-
activities vi.,-ws environmental
impact statements, com-
Dept. of Commerce ments on Corps of Engi-
The National Oceanic Funds and administers neer permits
& Atmospheric Coastal Zone Manage-
Admin. (NOAA) ment Program
National Marine Strengthens fishing indus- Dept. of Transportation
Fisheries Service try and promotes conser- U. S. Coast Guard Navigation safety, clean
vation of fishing stock, up of oil spills, ice break-
comments on Corps of ing, regulates bridge con-
Engineer permits struction and operation

127

INDEPENDENT AGENCIES Md. Geologic Survey Conducts topographic,
Nuclear Regulator Regulates nuclear power geographic, hydrographic
Comm. plants geophysical surveys
Environmental Administers Federal Wfldlife All wildlife regulatory
Protection Agency Water Pollution Control Administration programs, sanctuaries
Act and Clean Air Act, Energy & Coastal State Coastal Zone Man-
oversees State permit pro- Zone Adm. agement Program, power
cess for discharges to plant siting program, ad-
water and air, provides ministers Coastal Facili-
grants for wastewater ties, Review Act
treatment facilities, re- Md. Environmental Conservation easements
views EIS, studies water Trust
quality problems on basin
level, solid waste manage- Dept. of Health & Mental Hygiene
ment, control of toxic sub-
stances, Chesapeake Bay Environmental Health Joint administration of
Water Quality Study Adm. health aspects of water
Smithsonian Operates field biology re- pollution control program
Institution search station, scientific with Dept. of Natural Re-
programs sources, water quality
monitoring, comprehen-
sive water and power
INTERSTATE planning, sets and en-
Susquehanna River Prepares comprehensive forces air quality
Basin Compact basin plan for Susque- standards
hanna which must con- Dept. of State Planning Statewide general devel-
sider effects on Chesa- opment and outdoor rec-
peake Bay reation plans, state clear-
inghouse, reviews al I plans
STATE and programs, adminis-
Dept. of Transportation ters critical areas and in-
tervention program, pre-
Maryland Port Administers dredge and pares State Capital
Administration, Modal fill permit process in har- Budget, monitors local
Administrations, and bor, development of Port and State land use
office of the Secretary facilities, transportation decisions
planning, and construc-
tion, and operation of air- Dept. of Economic & Economic development
ports and mass transit Community planning, promotion of in-
Development dustrial projects, Port
Dept. of Natural Resources facilities
Water Resources Oversees local implemen- Board of Public Works Grants licenses for proj-
Administration tation of soil erosion and ects on state owned
sediment control permit wetlands
program, constructs water
works, administers flood
control, water pollution
abatement control pro-
gram, advises the Board INTRA-STATE
of Public Works on licen-
ses for projects in State Regional Planning Coordination of plans,
wetlands, administers pri- Council special studies, project re-
vate wetlands program views, regional planning
Md. Environmental Responsible for disposal for the Baltimore Region
Service of liquid and solid wastes, Tri-County Council for Coordination of plans,
river basin planning, op- Southern Maryland special studies, project re-
eration of treatment plants views, regional planning

128

Delmarva Advisory Promotes economic de- The Core Group: Harford County
Council velopment on eastern Baltimore County
shore Baltimore City
Anne Arundel County
Regional Planning
LOCAL Council
Local citizens
City of Baltimore and Capital improvement pro-
County Municipal grams, planning, licens- The State's Lead The Coastal Zone Unit
Governments ing, zoning, subdivision Agency of the Energy and
control, soil erosion, sed- Coastal Zone
iment control, water/ Administration of the
sewer planning Department of
Natural Resources

NON-GOVERNMENTAL Other Concerned Department of
Wye Institute Strengthens educational, Agencies Economic and
cultural, economic op- Community
portunities on Eastern Development
shore Department of State
Planning
Chesapeake Bay Division of Johns Hop- Department of
Institute kins for study in ocean- Transportation
ography, marine biology, Maryland Port
estuaries Administration
Chesapeake Research Council for coordinating Department of Health
Consortium scientific research on Bay, and Mental Hygiene
U. of Md., Johns Hop-
kins, Va. Institute of Ma- At present, responsibility for coordination among
rine Science, Smithsonian the above participants rests with the Coastal Zone
Institution Unit. Its aim is to assure that all actions taken in the
Citizens Program for Citizens' organization coastal zone are in accord with the State's management
the Chesapeake Bay representing over 60 pri- program, i.e. the approved objectives and policies for
vate groups, promotes the use of coastal resources. Basic consistency with
better Bay management the management program is to be achieved through
and coordination, educa- three mechanisms: (1) legislative assurances from the
tional programs, seminars federal government that any federal actions within the
State will recognize and meet the State objectives and
Chesapeake Bay Fosters interest in Bay, policies; (2) interdepartmental memoranda of under-
Foundation operates, nature center standing between the Department of Natural Re-
for education, conducts sources and other State agencies, cabinet level nego-
studies tiation, the resolution of inter-departmental conflicts
Center for Estuarine Division of University of by action of the Governor, or legal intervention by the
Studies Maryland for studies of Department of State Planning; and (3) the resolution
estuarine processes and of conflicts between the Coastal Zone Unit and another
resources agency of the Department of Natural Resources by the
Secretary of the Department. Local governments will
Center for Estuarine Division of University of also be asked to review all planning, zoning, and other
Studies Maryland for studies of regulatory actions for consistency with the Coastal
estuarine processes and Zone Management Program. To aid in this activity,
resources the Coastal Zone Unit is supplying financial aid to be
used for staff assistance to each coastal jurisdiction.
The pieces for making decisions about the manage- These, then, are the key devices created by the Coastal
ment of Maryland's coastal resources are in place. Zone Unit to deal with coordination, comprehensive-
What is needed is clarification of the relation of the ness, and consistency.
key pieces to one another and an operational frame- Four mechanisms will be used to ensure all govern-
work that promotes the working together of the various mental units use the coastal management authorities
elements. The key pieces of direct concern to this study granted to them to carry out the State's Coastal Zone
are: Management Program. First, a consolidated set of

129

goals and objectives for coastal zone management in lems, requiring extra resources toward resolution, will
Maryland has been drawn up. These goals and objec- mandate the Coastal Zone Unit to seek funds from the
tives will be formalized through memoranda of under- federal agency on behalf of the local government. Gen-
standing between the Department of Natural Re- erally, if funds are to satisfy all requirements, the high-
sources and other governmental units. Second, an est priority for funding should be given to remedy those
advisory group, the Coastal Resources Advisory Com- problems identified as common to several local gov-
mittee (CRAQ, has been established to represent local ernments and critical to the effective management of
government participants, citizens and special interest coastal resources."
groups. Third, a procedure has been established by In short, the State's Management Program proposes
which individual project proposals located in the three basic tools for local implementation of the coastal
coastal zone can be comprehensively evaluated for program-first, the nomination and preparation of
consistency with the state program. Fourth, a method plans for Areas of Critical Concern; second, the struc-
for reviewing the impact of programmatic decisions on turing of local plans, ordinances, and actions in a man-
coastal resources has been established. "Program- ner consistent with the Program's goals and objectives;
matic" decisions include such actions as the issuance and, third, the provision of technical and financial as-
of new regulations, the development of local compre- sistance directly to the local governments for work on
hensive plans and zoning ordinances, the development coastal problems.
of plans by State agencies (e.g. River Basin or 208 From the perspective of this study, what needs have
plans, transportation plans), and the patterns of deci- not been met in the State's attempt to clarify coastal
sion making on small, individually insignificant projects management roles and design an operational frame-
which cumulatively have severe, adverse impacts on work for local governments? In no particular order,
coastal resources. they are:
The local government role in coastal management -There is no forum for identifying issues of broader
is vital. The State's Management Program sees it oc- than local concern and resolving them on a regional
curring in this manner . . . -[Local] participation must basis.
occur in development as well as in implementation of -There is no means of resolving conflicting demands
the Coastal Zone Management Program. During the on regional or State resources prior to bringing
development phase the local governments review and them before State bodies.
improve the goals and objectives, as they are proposed -Assurance that the Coastal Zone Unit will have
by the Coastal Zone Unit, in order that the goals and the opportunity to review all appropriate projects
objectives reflect the outlook of local preferences. The within the coastal zone is lacking.
local governments identify and recommend to the De- -There is no organized mechanism to catalyze
partment of State Planning those Areas of Critical State awareness, attract resources, and advocate met-
Concern that are located within their jurisdictional ropolitan solutions to regional coastal problems.
boundaries. Along with each nomination, the local gov- -The opportunity for an annual formal assessment
ernments provide to the Department of State Planning of the performance of the management program
a management plan for the preservation, conservation, outside the Coastal Zone Unit is lacking.
or utilization of the critical area. Those Areas of Crit- -There is insufficient coordination and role defi-
ical Concern located within the coastal zone will be nition for the "Core Group" (Harford, Baltimore
made part of the Coastal Zone Management Program. County, Baltimore City, Anne Arundel, the Re-
"When the Coastal Zone Management Program is gional Planning Council, and local citizens groups)
accepted by federal authorities, the local government in the State's program.
planning and regulatory activities become an element How can this study help in meeting these needs?
of coastal zone management. The local governments First, we can make specific management recommen-
participate in its implementation by structuring future dations and have done so throughout the document.
comprehensive plans, zoning plans/ordinances, and Second, we can formalize a commitment from each of
other actions in a manner consistent with the Program's the study participants to actually evaluate and act upon
goals and objectives. Those Areas of Critical State the recommendations. Third, we can spell out the eval-
Concern designated by the Department of State Plan- uation process set up by each of the participants. And
ning and included in the Coastal Zone Management fourth, we can follow up on the evaluations and report
Program will be managed according to the plan pro- on what actions, if any, were taken. The remainder of
vided for each area. this chapter will be devoted to fleshing out the first
"Participation by local governments in implementing three items-the fourth item must await action by the
the Coastal Zone Management Program can be aug- study participants.
mented by providing a technical assistant to each of The need to continue the dialogue about regional
the coastal counties and Balt 'imore City if the [local coastal zone management begun by the Technical
government] finds it desirable. A contract can be writ- Committee of The Baltimore Metropolitan Coastal
ten with each local government to provide funding to Area Study is of great concern to those who partici-
obtain the technical assistant. Identification by local pated in the Study process. One one level, the complex
governments of coastal resource management prob- coastal issues of the region require a forum for debate

130

and coordination and, on another level, the Metro- plify and clarify the channels of communication
politan Study needs a regional body to shepherd its among coastal management interests;
recommendations through the endorsement process -Involve affected State and federal agencies in a
toward implementation. To this end, the Technical metropolitan approach to solving coastal problems;
Committee suggests that an independent Metropolitan -Contribute to the determination of 'scopes of
Advisory Board be formed with the broad charge of works' for coastal studies and manpower assist-
acting as a regionalforumfor the discussion ofcoastal ance upon request of the managing agency;
zone issues and the specific charge of acting as an -Contribute to the technical and policy direction
advisory body to the Regional Planning Council and for urban coastal management activities and spe-
the local jurisdictions. cial studies upon request of the management
Organization: agency; and
-Aid in the process of examining and adapting the
Permanent Members -the CRAC State Management Program's objectives and pol-
representatives icies for use in regional guidelines and actions.
from Anne These functions are suggestions only but it would
Arundel Co. be necessary for a group of this nature to clearly spell
Harford Co., out and adopt a set of functional concerns to guide its
Baltimore Co., and operation.
Baltimore City and Suggested Initial Activities:
one member from -Follow the recommendations of the Baltimore
each of their Study through the endorsement processes of the
professional staffs. various participants and lend support wherever
possible;
Permanent Advisory -Representatives from -Keep the purposes and processes of the Baltimore
Members RPC, CZU, DSP, Study before the interested parties. This can take
DOT, MPA, the form of progress reports, summaries of action
DECD, DHMH, taken, etc. The point here is to maintain the vis-
and the Citizen ibility of the Study and avoid its being shelved;
Regional -Identify coastal management concerns that need
Representative to a regional rather than local or statewide approach;
CRAC. and
-Identify coastal management concerns where fur-
As Needed Participants -Other State agencies, ther technical work is needed and investigate
Federal agencies, means of accomplishing it.
and appropriate The most important long-range activity of this group
special interests would be to aid in seeing that the objectives and policies
(particularly those presented in the State Coastal Zone Management Pro-
represented on gram are considered and used in making resource man-
CRAC). agement and land use decisions at the local and regional
level.
The Metropolitan Advisory Board is the only new
This group would have a wide variety of resources organization proposed by this study. All other orga-
available to it. First, it has the technical expertise of nizations with roles to play in carrying out this study
the funded personnel supplied by the Coastal Zone are in existence and actively involved in coastal zone
Unit to the four jurisdictions. Second, it has the ex- management. Their commitment to act upon specific
perience of local and State personnel in developing and recommendations has already been spelled out (see the
coordinating the Metropolitan Area Study. Third, chart following each recommendation). The review
RPC's and CZU coordinating experience and physical process they will subject these recommendations to is
facilities are available. Fourth, it has the existing covered in the remainder of this chapter.
coastal zone public participation mechanisms available
for use. And, fifth, it may take advantage of the ex- Harford County
perience and contributions of special interest groups The recommendations pertaining to Harford County
and their representatives. encourage action on the part of many different County
Suggested Functions: offices. The center of continued planning and imple-
-Identify and analyze issues of broader than local mentation will be in the Department of Planning and
concern and attempt to resolve them on a regional Zoning. Other centers of activity will be other County
basis before bringing them before State bodies; departments, other jurisdictions within the County,
-Perform as a regional advocate before the Coastal and County citizens.
Zone Unit; The study will first be subject to review by the Re-
-Focus public input on particular issues and sim- source Management Advisory Committee for endorse-

131

ment and then forwarded to the County Executive. incorporated in the Baltimore City Development Pro-
Concurrently, technical review and revision will be gram, which are consistent with the goals and objec-
made by the key County departments: tives of the State and Regional programs.
Department of Planning and Zoning To assure continued participation in the coastal plan-
Department of Public Works ning process the City of Baltimore serves on the Re-
Department of Parks and Recreation gional Coastal Zone Technical Committee, has ap-
Department of Health pointed a Mayor's representative and citizen to the
Historic Districts Commission State's Coastal Resources Advisory Committee and
Soil Conservation District is represented by the Department of Planning and a
Technical review will also be made by other jurisdic- citizen on the Regional Planning Council's Coastal
tions within the County having authority over land use Advisory Committee.
(where appropriate): The Department of Planning receives funding from
Incorporated Towns: Aberdeen the Coastal Zone Unit to provide stAff participation
Havre de Grace in program development and implementation. The
Belair Economic Analysis Section of the department has de-
State Agencies: Park Service veloped inventory information and summaries of in-
Land Planning Services dustrial areas of the harbor. The Mayor's Office and
Federal Agencies: Aberdeen Proving Ground the Baltimore Economic Development Corporation
After this period of review and comment, the study have participated in the evaluation and application of
will be presented to the County Executive and County this information for specific projects.
Council for informational purposes and for approval Several City agencies will be responsible for imple-
of the program concept. menting the findings and recommendations of the Re-
gional Coastal Study and the State's Coastal Program.
Baltimore County The following programs will be coordinated with the
The first two actions by Baltimore County will be regional and State efforts:
to endorse the study concept in principle and endorse
the study goals and management objectives in detail. Action Process
These actions will be taken by the Office of Planning 1. Economic Plans and Development:
and Zoning, the Planning Board, and the County Ongoing Activities
Executive. Baltimore's Development Program
The review, adoption, and implementation of the Baltimore Overall Economic Development Program
study's recommendations will be carried out (depend- Mayor's Advisory Committee on Small Business
ing on the recommendation) by the following agencies.
Baltimore City Industrial Revenue Bond Program
Office of Planning and Zoning, Planning Board, Land-
marks Preservation Commission, Industrial Devel- Recommendations:
opment Commission, Department of Traffic Engi- -Land with access to primary channels should be
neering, Department of Public Works, Department Of utilized for water dependent or water related uses.
Permits and Licenses, Department of Recreation and -Land extensive uses which are dependent on water
Parks, Department of Health, Office of Finance, transportation, but provide minimal return to the
County Solicitor, County Executive, County Council, jurisdiction in terms of taxes, employment and
and the County Legislative Delegation. Cooperative indirect benefits should occupy waterfront land
action is foreseen with the following groups: Regional only when the economics of its functions neces-
Planning Council, Maryland Department of Health and sitate that relationship. Evaluation of alternative
Mental Hygiene, Department of Transportation, inland sites, methods of commodity handling or
Maryland Port Administration, Department of State production which could minimize the need for
Planning, Department of Natural Resources-Water waterfront land should take place prior to final site
Resources Administration, Energy and Coastal Zone selection.
Administration, and the Marine Police-and the Corps -Development of employment centers should occur
of Engineers. in areas where there is adequate infrastructure to
accommodate waste water flow, storm water run-
The City of Baltimore off, traffic, emissions, power requirements, etc.
The City of Baltimore, through the Department of -Harbor sites to accommodate harbor dredging
Planning, intends to participate and act on the State's beyond the capacity of the Hart-Miller disposal
Coastal Zone Program and the Baltimore Region site have been identified. Development of these
Coastal Zone Management study at two levels. The sites should occur as soon as possible. Land cre-
first will be through program development and the on- ated by these sites should be held in reserve for
going project review process of City agencies and the water dependent uses which can adopt to the con-
Planning Commission. The second will be the imple- struction contraints of fill.
mentation of private and public capital projects, as -Revenue Bonds should continue to be utilized to

132

help finance the construction and expansion of safety programs for school children and adults of
industrial and commercial enterprises and for the the area.
installation of pollution control devices.
-Special urban renewal areas should be designated Anne Arundel County
to create new opportunities for economic devel- The County's review process will consist of the fol-
opment and to strengthen existing industrial, office lowing steps:
and commercial areas. I Review by the Planning and Zoning Officer with
-Adequate highway and rail transportation systems advice from the Planning Advisory Board, the Plan-
must be provided for the port, industries and com- ning and Zoning staff, and the Coastal Commission;
mercial enterprises. This requires the completion 2 A recommendation forwarded to the County Ex-
of Interstate 95,-Spur-395 and Interstate-83 and ecutive by the Planning and Zoning Officer for
the local access improvements, a full interchange action;
on Hawkins Point for 695, the loop road for Locust 3 A resolution by the County Council (optional).
Point, improved access for the development of the The Office of Planning and Zoning will serve as the
Masonville site and other local projects. lead agency in Anne Arundel County for implemen-
-Realignment and reconstruction of rail yards to tation of the study recommendations endorsed by the
improve the efficiency of operation and free un- County. Other agencies involved in implementation
derutilized land for development as employment will be the Departments of: Health, Public Works,
resource areas. Inspection and Permits, and Recreation and Parks.
-The continued redevelopment of marine terminals Project evaluations may involve one or more of these
and piers which are in poor condition. agencies in addition to the Office of Planning and Zon-
-Reparcelization of underutilized and/or vacant ing. Management of designated critical areas and nom-
land to provide development opportunities for em- ination of additional areas will also be handled by the
ployment intensive resources. Office of Planning and Zoning.
-Development of Fort Holabird as a major em- Anne Arundel County is currently drafting a revised
ployment resource. general development plan. This plan will be the primary
2. Recreation Plans vehicle for implementing coastal zone management
Ongoing Activities recommendations. Development alternatives drafted
Baltimore Development Program for the general development plan will be reviewed for
Regional Open Space Committee their consistency with the coastal zone recommenda-
tions. Existing County regulations will also be re-
viewed for their consistency with coastal zone rec-
Recommendations: ommendations, and necessary modifications will be
-Utilize local, State and private funds for the de- proposed by the County Coastal Zone Planner. These
velopment of marinas and launching facilities in modifications will be taken through the review process
the harbor. The Inner Harbor and Middle noted above for the coastal zone study.
Branch/Patapsco areas offer the best opportunities Regional Planning Council
as they are close to populated areas and more
removed from intensive commercial shipping The Regional Planning Council exists as the sole
activity. metropolitan agency, within the coastal area of Mary-
-Implementation of the Middle Branch/Patapsco land, having a major on-going interest in resource man-
Park Plan as a major shoreline facility. agement, land use, and port planning on the upper
-Development of the Five Forts concept as a re- Chesapeake Bay.
gional, water-oriented tourist attraction. This will Recommendations dealing with overall regional de-
require the restoration of Fort Carroll, improve- velopment patterns and use of regional resources or
ments to Fort Armistead and Fort Smallwood and issues involving, or needing to be coordinated among
the continued rehabilitation of Fort McHenry by two or more jurisdictions will be submitted to the Coun-
cooperative agreements with private owners, lo- cil for review, consideration, and formal adoption, sup-
cal, State and Federal agencies. port, or endorsement as statements of regional coastal
-Coordination with the State of Maryland to es- management policy. This review process will consist
tablish a Baltimore Regional Shoreleine Park of the following steps:
System. This Study Report will be submitted to the Coastal
-Identification and development of small scale sites Zone Advisory Committee, a policy sub-committee
for public access. appointed to advise the Council on important issues
-Completion of the Inner Harbor East Shoreline and policies affecting the Bay, the Baltimore Harbor,
to maximize public access. and the region's coastal lands and waters. This com-
-Completion of the Fells Point Plan with the rec- mittee includes local jurisdictions, citizen, state and
ommended public access areas and parks. federal agency representation, and includes special in-
-Development of water-oriented recreational and terest, academic, and at-large participation.

133

Action recommendations by this committee will be 2. Provision of technical assistance to participants
transmitted directly to the Council for deliberation and in the Program via completed or ongoing Coastal
final action. Functional divisions and sections within Zone Unit Studies, e.g., the Major Facilities
the agency staff will become directly involved in car- Study;
rying proposals for actions relating to their on-going 3. Use of procedures for project evaluation and pro-
planning responsibilities to the appropriate oversight gram review to uphold the goals and objectives
and review committees and channeling outside review of the State Program including those specific to
and comments to the Council. the urban coastal region of Maryland.
Upon action by the Council, recommendations for As a representative of the Department of Natural
actions and specific policies will be incorporated into Resources, the Coastal Zone Unit will, with the as-
agency work programs and reflected in policy docu- sistance of the other agencies in the Department, re-
mentation and on-going planning activities. The Coun- view and evaluate all recommendations contained in
cil will actively seek and encourage formal mechanisms the Study as they relate to the mandated responsibilities
of policy oversight through the coordination and in- of each agency within the Department. The Study will
volvement of the local jurisdictions in the on-going be submitted to the Secretary for his review and ap-
functional activities carried out at the regional level. proval. As recommendations of the report are imple-
Special emphasis will be placed on all activities con- mented by the study participants they will be incor-
ducted with joint local participation including 208 porated into the state's program.
Water Quality Planning Management, Open Space,
Housing, Air Quality and Land Use planning activities.
As appropriate, key coastal management policies will
be incorporated into the regional General Develop-
ment Plan and its future revisions. Department of Economic and Community
Development
The Department is an active participant in the Mary-
land Coastal Zone Management Program developed
Coastal Zone Unit and administered by the Department of Natural Re-
of the sources Coastal Zone Unit.
Department of Natural Resources The endorsement by the Department of any portion
of the Coastal Zone Program will be accomplished in
The Draft Coastal Zone Management Program will accordance with the memorandum of understanding
be undergoing revisions between July and September between the Department of Economic and Community
1977. A Final Draft of "A Management Program for Development and Department of Natural Resources.
Maryland's Coastal Zone" will be submitted to NOAA The Management objectives of particular concern
for Federal review and approval in December 1977 are:
with the goal of obtaining federal approval by July 1978. -Protection of fish and shellfish through proper
The Baltimore Metropolitan Coastal Area Study will management of harvesting and indirect sources of
be distributed regionally in a final version in early 1978. impacts.
A description of the Study and its relationship to the -Maintenance of the vitality of the Port of Baltimore
State coastal zone management program will be in- through the provision of adequate shoreline facil-
cluded in the main text of the final draft of the Program ities and through the provision of adequate channel
document. depths.
The Coastal Zone Unit will consult with the Study -Promotion of commercial shipping growth in a
participants during the incorporation of items from the manner compatible with environmental sensitivi-
regional study to the State Program. The Coastal Zone ties and recreational activity.
Unit will be most interested in those recommendations -Provision of adequate areas for the disposal of
evaluated by the study participants during the Spring dredge material, and control of the location and
1978 review period. The Coastal Zone Unit sees the methods of disposal to minimize environmental
incorporation of these approved recommendations into impacts.
the State Program as a means of reaching a level of -Encourage the location of shoreline industry in a
detail useftil to the urban jurisdictions when imple- manner compatible with environmental and rec-
menting the Coastal Zone Management Program. reational goals, and encourage the restriction of
The Coastal Zone Unit will assist local jurisdictions industrial uses to those that are water-dependent.
and other state agencies in implementing the Study's -Encourage the preservation, protection and res-
recommendations via the following techniques: toration of coastal historic sites and districts.
1. Provision of pass-through funds for uses specified -Provision of adequate transportation facilities, etc.
under section 305, 306, 308, and 3 10 of the Federal Further, recommendations of prime interest are:
Act; -Establishment of a fish monitoring network. While

134

this could be worthwhile the Seafood Marketing DEPARTMENT OF STATE PLANNING
Authority would give a much higher priority to AND
study and activity to increase the production and DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
harvesting of marketable seafood products. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
-The designation of Baltimore Harbor as the State's ON
principal maritime workshop. While Baltimore COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
may be the principal workshop it is noted that This Memorandum constitutes an understanding
there are other ports that are of vital importance between the Department of State Planning and the
to the economy of the State, i.e. Crisfield, Cam- Department of Natural Resources concerning devel-
bridge, Annapolis and Ocean City. opment and implementation of a program to protect,
-The completion of the authorized dredging of the to conserve, and to properly utilize the coastal re-
Bayside of the C and 0 Canal and Baltimore Har- sources of the State. This understanding is based upon
bor and the development of a strictly scheduled each agency's statutory authorities and commitment
maintenance dredging program. to appropriate, planned development and conservation
-Start and completion of the Hart and Miller Islands of the land surrounding and covered by Chesapeake
containment facility. Bay, and Maryland's Atlantic Coast, bays, and sub-
-Each of the dredging items including the stream- merged lands to the extent of State jurisdiction. The
lining of the permit process and the establishment Department of State Planning derives its primary au-
of a long range dredging and spoil disposal program thority from Article 88C and 41 of the Annotated Code
are essential to the economic vitality of the Port of Maryland. The Department of Natural Resources'
of Baltimore and the State. primary authorities derive from the Natural Resources
-Further consideration be given to the impact of Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland.
wetland and tidal areas at both local and regional The following points of agreement have been reached
levels including the cumulative impacts of devel- to clarify the activities of the Department of State Plan-
opment. The DECD concern is that there will be ning and the Department of Natural Resources to con-
sufficient sites available to accommodate growth duct an efficient and effective Maryland Coastal Zone
and that the methodology, processes, and proce- Management Program to fulfill the State's responsi-
dures within the CZM program will not preclude bilities under the federal Coastal Zone Management
economic and community development activities Act.
essential to the State.

Points of Understanding
Under Article 88C (2) (b) of the Annotated State
Code, the Department of State Planning is responsible
Department of State Planning for preparation of plans for development of the State
The Department of State Planning is active in the embodying policy recommendations in regard to the
State Coastal Zone Management Program being ad- economic and physical development of the State. The
ministered by the Coastal Zone Unit of the Department series of plans for development of the State include
of Natural Resources. An approved memorandum of recommendations for the most desirable general pat-
understanding is in force between the Department of tern of land uses within the state; recommendations
State Planning and Natural Resources. The memoran- concerning the need for and proposed general location
dum details the extent to which the two Departments of major public and private works and facilities; rec-
will endeavor to work together to carry out a coastal ommendations of the Department of State Planning
management program to protect, conserve, and prop- concerning current and impending problems as may
erly utilize the coastal resources of the State. affect the State as a whole. The Coastal Zone Man-
Within the memorandum are six points of under- agement Program will operate within the framework
standing: goals and objectives, critical areas, interven- of the plans prepared for the development of the State,
tion in land use proceedings, plan and permit review, pursuant to Article 88C, Section (2) (b), once those
data management, and relations of employees. De- plans are filed by the Governor.
scribed in detail within each point of understanding are
the methods by which each Department will implement
approved plans and policy recommendations. A copy Goals and Objectives
of the Memorandum of Understanding follows. The Department of State Planning agrees to utilize
The Department will utilize those goals and objec- the goals and objectives of the Coastal Zone Manage-
tives of the regional study consistent with the approved ment Program, once approved, in the execution of the
State management program in the execution of the Department's mandated duties, powers and authorities
Department's mandated duties, powers, and including generation of plans for development of the
authorities. State. The Department of Natural Resources agrees

135

to incorporate into the Coastal Zone Management Pro- cision to intervene resides with the Secretary of
gram the goals and objectives of the Department of State Planning.
State Planning Plans for the development of the State, 6. The Department of State Planning will provide
prepared pursuant to Article 88C, Section (2) (b). Both the Department of Natural Resources with pe-
Departments agree to cooperative and supportive ef- riodic lists of actions being considered for inter-
forts in the implementation and enforcement of their vention so that the department of Natural Re-
respective programs. sources may alert the Department of State
Planning to coastal management issues that may
Critical Areas be involved.
1. The Department of Natural Resources agrees to
provide the coastal jurisdictions with suggestions Plan and Permit Review
of potential areas of critical State concern and 1. The Department of State Planning agrees to uti-
recommended management techniques to assure lize the policies of the State's adopted Coastal
compatible uses in these areas. In accord with Zone Management Program in its review of per-
the Critical Areas Guidelines, local jurisdictions mit applications and local plans. Every effort will
forward these suggestions to the Department of be made to assure that local plans are compatible
State Planning as either official recommendations with the State's policies for management of
of the local jurisdiction or as unaccepted coastal resources.
suggestions. 2. Upon the request of the Department of State
2. The Department of State Planning agrees to con- Planning, the Energy and Coastal Zone Admin-
sult with the Department of Natural Resources istration agrees to provide the Department of
in the evaluation of the critical area recommen- State Planning information and technical analysis
dations and suggestions which it receives from necessary to determine if a plan or permit appli-
the local jurisdictions. This evaluation will con- cation is consistent with State Policy regarding
sider both the official recommendations and those coastal zone management.
sites suggested to, but not accepted by, the local
jurisdictions. Data Management
3. Once the Secretary of State Planning has desig- 1. The Department of State Planning will provide
nated areas of critical State concern, those des- the Department of Natural Resources access to
ignated for the purposes of preserving, conserving the Maryland Automated Geographic Informa-
or utilizing coastal resources will become Geo- tion System. Use of the MAGI system will be
graphic Areas of Particular Concern in the State under terms detailed in individual agreements.
Coastal Zone Management Program. 2. The Energy and Coastal Zone Administration will
Intervention in Land Use Proceedings advise the Department of State Planning of any
I . The Department of State Planning agrees to uti- data it has generated, or new or updated data it
lize the goals, objectives, and policies of the has received, in support of the Coastal Zone
State's approved Coastal Zone Management Pro- Management Program. The Energy and Coastal
gram in intervention in land use proceedings. Zone Administration will make every effort to
2. The Department of Natural Resources agrees to assure that such data will be consistent with data
provide technical advice and expertise to the referencing standards established for use of the
Department of State Planning for any interven- MAGI system. The Department of State Plan-
tion action concerning the State's coastal ning will incorporate all relevant data in the
resources. MAGI central file.
3. The Departments will make every reasonable
effort to establish a mutually acceptable and Relations of Employees
jointly supported position on intervention cases 1. Once Administrative grants are available to the
concerning activities within the coastal zone. Maryland Coastal Zone Management Program,
4. Intervention by the Department of State Planning funds will be provided by contract to each coastal
in any land use proceeding will be carried out county for the purpose of hiring one technical
under the provisions of Article 88C (2) (q), An- assistant where that need is determined to exist.
notated Code of Maryland (1969 Repl. Vol., 1974 The responsibilities of the local coastal manage-
Cum. Supp.) and published "Standards for ment technicians, under the supervision of the
Intervention." counties, are limited to implementation of the
5. The Department of State Planning will honor any State Coastal Zone Management Program,
request for intervention by the Department of The Department of State Planning maintains
Natural Resources. The Department of State regional offices throughout the State to provide
Planning will use the goals and objectives of the planning assistance to local jurisdictions and to
Coastal Zone Management Program in determin- provide a local perspective on planning activities
ing when intervention is advisable. The final de- of the Department.

136

Both Departments intend to foster a coopera- opment of the State's Coastal Zone Management Pro-
tive, mutually supportive working relationship gram. As the development of the State's program is
between the Department of State Planning's re- almost complete and implementation about to begin,
gional planners and the coastal technical assist- the Department of Transportation is working towards
ants. The technical assistants will pursue their developing a memorandum of understanding with
coastal zone management duties in the manner DNR which will serve as a mechanism for formalizing
compatible with the planning and local assistance cooperation and coordination concerning the State's
duties of the Department of State Planning's re- Coastal Zone Management Program. The memoran-
gional planners. The Department of State Plan- dum of understanding will apply to all of the Depart-
ning's regional planners will seek the advice of ment's administrations and address several major areas
the coastal technical assistants regarding the im- concerning the State's program. These include the rec-
pact of planning decisions on natural systems and ognition of the program's goals and objectives, the
resources. incorporation of coastal zone management concerns
2. Whenever feasible technical assistants hired by into the transportation planning process through the
the counties with funds from the Department of Action Plan, and the establishment of working ar-
Natural Resources will share office facilities with rangements between MDOT and DNR. This partici-
Department of State Planning Regional Planners. pation and cooperation at the State level will help to
further define MDOT's commitment at the regional
level.
Department of Transportation Specifically, since at the regional level transportation
planning is carried out by a joint effort between RPC
Due to the significance of transportation in the Bal- and MDOT, further consideration of the transportation
timore Region Coastal Zone, the Maryland Depart- recommendations contained within this document must
ment of Transportation has been an active participant take place under the auspices of the Baltimore Region
in this Study. The Department has worked closely with Unified Transportation Planning Program (UTPP).
the involved coastal jurisdictions and RPC in identi- Participants in this program include members from the
fying major transportation issues of regional coastal local jurisdictions within the Baltimore Region. The
concern. As an outgrowth of the identification of issues main body within the regional program is the Trans-
and subsequent analysis several preliminary recom- portation Steering Committee (TSC) which provides
mendations have been made which are intended to overall policy direction and acts as overseer of trans-
provide an initial first cut approach in attempting to portation planning within the region. As such, the
rationally manage the region's unique metropolitan transportation recommendations contained within this
coastal zone. The issues and recommendations con- document will be submitted to the TSC for its review.
tained within this study represent the joint effort of This review will also be based upon the Regional Plan-
local and state government agencies. As such, a com- ning Council review process as outlined previously.
mitment is required by all of those involved with local, Based upon that review, action can take place by in-
regional and state transportation planning towards corporating the recommendations, as appropriate, into
solving the problems identified and implementing the transportation policy and the plans and programs that
general recommendations contained within this report. are an outgrowth of the UTPP. Some of the recom-
At the state level the Maryland Department of mendations may also be incorporated as modifications
Transportation is an active participant in the devel- in various committees and processes.

137

APPENDIX A

THE MARYLAND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM'S
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

GOAL 1: Preserve and Protect Coastal Resources occur in a manner which protects the quality of
coastal resources and which maintains public
Objectives: health and safety.
I .To protect, maintain, and where feasible im-
prove air quality in the State's coastal zone in GOAL 2: To Protect the Public Interest, Safety and
order to protect public health, safety, and wel- Welfare in Natural Hazard Areas
fare, and the quality of the State's environmental
resources. Objectives:
2. To protect, maintain, and improve the quality 9. To give priority to non-structural management
of the State's tidal waters for propagation of techniques forcontrolling tidal and riverine flood
wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for human use hazards, including the use of flood plains for
and enjoyment. open space uses such as agriculture, forestry and
3. To protect coastal aquatic areas of significant recreation, in order to lessen the danger to life
resource value and where possible, restore pres- and property, and to minimize adverse effects
ently degraded areas of potentially significant on biological resources and water quality.
resource value, such as viable oyster bars and 10. To promote the use of shoreline setbacks and
clam beds, important fish migratory pathways, to restrict development in high risk erosion areas
spawning, nursery and feeding areas, and win- in order to reduce erosion-caused danger to life
tering and resting areas for migratory birds. and property and to minimize the cost to the
4. To protect, maintain, and where feasible restore public and private sectors.
the integrity of the tidal wetlands of the State. 11. To promote the use of shore erosion control
5. To protect coastal terrestrial areas of significant techniques, where necessary, in a manner which
resource value-areas having scenic, scientific, provides long-term protection, minimizes ad-
geologic, hydrologic, biological or ecosystem verse effects on natural systems (both biological
maintenance importance-such as nontidal wet- and physical), and avoids damage to adjacent
lands, endangered species habitat, significant property owners.
wildlife habitat, and wintering and resting areas 12. To restrict development in other natural hazard
of migratory birds. areas such as steep slope and high water table
6. To promote the protection and wise management areas to reduce the danger to life and property
of productive coastal agricultural and forested and to prevent adverse environmental impacts.
areas through cooperation with programs of the
local Soil Conservation Districts, the Agricul-
tural Lands Preservation Foundation, the Mary- GOAL 3: To Locate Necessary Major Facilities only in
land Department of Agriculture, the Maryland Appropriate Coastal Areas so that Environ-
Forest Service, and the Department of State mental Quality is Maintained
Planning.
7. To protect coastal cultural, historical, and ar- Objectives:
cheological resources. 13. To encourage the inland siting of facilities which
8. To promote increased recreational opportunities are not shoreline dependent, and to encourage
in shoreland areas, to promote increased public the location of necessary shoreline-dependent
access to tidal waters, and to assure that these activities in shoreline areas where adverse so-

139

cial, economic, and environmental impacts can meet long-term needs resulting from navigational
be minimized. projects, state and local governmental projects,
14. To encourage the location of necessary new and major private projects, and to oppose the
coastal facilities whether industrial, commercial use of methods found to be environmentally
or residential, in already developed areas ca- unsuitable.
pable of accommodating additional develop- 25. To prevent the filling of the State's tidal waters
ment, in areas suitable and planned for rede- unless there is no feasible alternative and the
velopment, or in areas determined by scientific proposed project is in accordance with the goals,
study to be environmentally and economically objectives and policies of the Coastal Zone
suitable for development. Management Program.
15. To discourage the location of major new or ex- 26. To oppose the dumping into ocean waters off
panded facilities on or immediately adjacent to the State of Maryland of any material which
Resources Protection Areas or Hazard Prone would adversely affect human health, welfare
Areas. or amenities, the marine environment, ecological
16. To ensure the viability of Maryland's port areas, systems, or resources of economic value.
and to ensure that their development is carried 27. To ensure the use of thorough assessments of
out in an environmentally sound manner. probable energy costs and benefits, positive and
17. To encourage the wise use of coastal mineral negative economic effects, probable social and
resources, with due regard for protection of the environmental impacts, and the value of the pub-
environment, and to encourage sequential mul- lic resources involved, as the basis for decisions
tiple use of mineral lands where mineral extrac- on the development and production of Outer
tion is deemed appropriate. Continental Shelf resources.
28. To ensure that the coastal counties, if affected
GOAL 4: To Promote Appropriate Methods of Use of by development related to energy facilities, ob-
Coastal Areas in Order to Prevent Deterio- tain sufficient financial and technical assistance
ration of Coastal Resources to adequately plan for and cope with the social,
economic or environmental impacts of such
Objectives: development.
18. To promote use of the State's coastal resources 29. To ensure that hazardous substances are utilized
to meet social and economic needs in an envi- and disposed of in a manner which prevents any
ronmentally compatible manner. toxic, lethal or sublethal effects to plant, aquatic
19. To ensure consideration of the carrying capacity or animal life, which prevents any adverse effect
of air, land and water resources (both surface upon human health, and which prevents disposal
and groundwater), and the conservation of coastal of the substances into terrestrial or aquatic
natural areas in state and local regulatory de- ecosystems.
cisions concerning coastal developments.
20. To ensure that adequate water, sewer, and trans- GOAL 5: To Promote Intergovernmental Coordination
portation services are provided before new and Public Participation in Coastal Zone
coastal developments are approved by state and Management Program Development and
local governmental agencies. Implementation.
21. To ensure that adequate consideration is given
to social, economic, and environmental impacts Objectives:
in government decisions concerning the siting 30. To undertake studies and inventories, where
of public facilities in coastal areas, particularly needed, to provide the most complete and ac-
those involving transportation and waste treat- curate information base possible for all levels of
ment facilities. government and the public to use in management
22. To ensure the incorporation of storm water man- decisions and activities affecting coastal
agement measures in state and local regulatory resources.
programs that would require runoff from a de- 31. To encourage the analysis of possible impacts
velopment site, to maintain, to the maximum on energy production and consumption, both
extent possible water quality and quantity con- natural and man-induced as part of management
ditions that prevailed naturally. decisions concerning coastal resources and
23. To promote the maintenance of natural buffers activities.
along, and natural drainage ways feeding to, 32. To ensure the establishment of repositories of
coastal tributaries and estuarine waters, to min- coastal zone-related documents, reports, and
imize adverse environmental effects of coastal materials which are easily accessible to the gen-
developments and activities. eral public in each of the coastal counties.
24. To identify environmentally suitable methods of 33. To promote standardization of techniques and
dredging and disposal of dredged material (in- compatibility of federal, state and academic re-
cluding beneficial use of dredged material) to search efforts in the State's coastal areas.

140

34. To ensure coordination and use of existing state cies and neighboring states to further the goals
and local government programs to achieve the of the Coastal Zone Management Program, and
CZMP's objectives. to minimize duplication of efforts, conflicting
35. To ensure interstate coordination of plans for actions, and regulatory permit processing delays.
the management of resources which are shared 38. To provide adequate representation of the in-
with neighboring states such as migratory aquatic terests of the State of Maryland in federal de-
species. cisions regarding the exploration, development
36. To ensure the review of state and local govern- and production of Outer Continental Shelf
mental programs, and those of the local Soil Resources.
Conservation Districts, in order to identify pos- 39. To provide full opportunity for participation by
sible modifications needed to facilitate achieve- relevant federal, state, and local government
ment of coastal zone management goals, objec- agencies, concerned organizations and the gen-
tives, and policies. eral public, in development and implementation
37. To promote coordination of state and local gov- of the Coastal Zone Management Program.
ernmental programs with those of federal agen-

141

APPENDIX B

FINFISH AND SHELLFISH RESOURCES

1. Patuxent River 2. West Chesapeake Bay Drainage
Unique among Maryland's rivers, the Patuxent Anne Arundel County waters merge midway across
River lies wholly within the borders of the State. It the Bay with waters primarily from Talbot and Queen
hosts a variety of habitats suitable for the various needs Anne's Counties.
of its resident and migrant populations of finfish and During the spring season gill and pound net fishing
shellfish. for striped bass, shad, herring, white perch and to a
Spawning of anadromous species is intensive in the lesser extent yellow perch, dominates commercial fish-
upper portion of the river, while resident species occur ing in most of this watershed. A few fishermen engage
throughout. Striped bass spawn from Deep Landing in drift gill net fishing from Thanksgiving to mid-March
to two miles above Lyons Creek Wharf. Shad ascend in the Bay proper. Other commercial finfish fishing
as far as Queen Anne's Bridge (Old Route 214) for occurs from March through the fall, using stake gill
spawning. At one time they ascended as far as Laurel. nets, fyke nets, and pound nets in water up to about
The river herring ascend the main stream about 12 to 30 feet deep. Commercial fishing is prohibited in the
14 miles beyond the area used by shad. They also Magothy and Severn Rivers.
ascend into the fluvial tributaries as do yellow perch One industry seemingly on the increase in this area
and white perch. Spawning of winter flounder occurs is the crab pot fishery. Potting begins in early spring,
just inside the mouth of the river around Solomons taking crabs emerging from deepwater wintering re-
Island. The lower river furnishes a nursery for the treats, and moves shoreward as the waters run.
young of most seaspawners and provides foraging areas Oyster beds occur on hard and shelled bottom in
for many of the adult marine migrants. waters 5 to 30 feet deep, in the Bay and lower reaches
The commercial fisheries are all below Route 4 of tributaries. Soft clams are found within the same
(Bristol) and usually are most intense in the spring for salinity range in all kinds of bottoms, except soft mud.
migrating anadromous and semi-anadromous fish, stake Private oyster culture occurs on bottoms leased from
gill nets are used in the lower river, drift gill nets and the State in Anne Arundel County waters. Shelled to
fykes further upstream, Haul seines are most fre- provide firm substrate if necessary, these areas are
quently used for summer and fall catches of striped planted with seed oysters that grow to market size.
bass, croakers, spot, weakfish, and bluefish. Other The West River, Rhode River, South River, and White
noteworthy commercial species include alewives, cat- Hall Creek support most of this industry. Bottom
fish, gizzard shad, white perch, gray seatrout, and some dwelling organisms, lacking locomotive capability, are
sea herring. vulnerable to severe or sudden environmental changes.
Recreational fishing is usually good for the sea For example, oyster and clams have a low salinity
spawners, striped bass and white perch in the lower tolerance of about 5 parts per thousand. Prolonged
25 miles of this stream. Angling for shad occurs largely exposure to salinity concentrations less than this gen-
in the vicinity of Queen Anne's Bridge. erally leads to death. Tropical storm Agnes and other
The Patuxent has both natural oyster bars and leased events producing large amounts of freshwater runoff
areas for private oyster growing. The area for both have severely affected oysters and clams.
oysters and soft clams is in the lower 211h miles of the Sport fishing is intense in the Bay and lower tributary
river. waters from June to December, weather permitting,
The Patuxent River provides favorable habitat for with the greatest fishing effort on weekends and in the
blue crabs that migrate into the system as juveniles. evenings. Target areas and target species vary with
Commercial and recreational crabbing uses trout lines locality, season, and the individual fisherman. Many
and hand nets. sport fishermen start the fishing season with the run

143

of yellow perch into tributary streams in late January the upper tributary areas. Resident species such as
and February. Some of the best sport fishing area in pickerel and carp occupy many of the tributaries. Ease
the State occurs in this area. This area includes the of access to the water is responsible for the recreational
waters beneath the Chesapeake Bay Bridge where desirability of the Severn River, as evidenced by the
more than 3,000 boats have been counted at one time. number of people who regularly fish from the seawall
To enhance sport fishing, the Department of Natural around the U.S. Naval Academy.
Resources has established fishing reefs of discarded
tires and concrete pipes in strategic areas through d. Magothy River
Maryland's coastal waters to attract fish and fishermen. White perch and yellow perch are the predominate
Two such reefs are in the Bay waters of the West species which spawn here. Also present are many of
Chesapeake Drainage--one southeast of Holland Point, the same species found in the other rivers in the Bal-
the other off the mouth of the West-Rhode River com- timore Metropolitan Area. The region above Catherine
plex of Curtis Point. Avenue, Mill Creek, Dividing Creek, and the Little
Magothy River are areas of greatest occurrence of
a. Rhode and West Rivers spawning. Large schools of menhaden can be seen
These are small river systems greatly influenced by feeding here during the warm months. Some research
continguous Bay waters. The tributaries of the West data suggest a greater usage of the southern side of the
River and Rhode River complex support spawning for river for spawning and feeding. As with the other rivers
both species of river herring (alewife and blueback), in Anne Arundel County, both alewives and blueback
white perch, and yellow perch. The highly visible eggs herring are found in the upper tributary areas in varying
of the latter species have been noted in two feeder numbers from year to year. An area between Dobbins
streams to the West River, Lerch Creek below Gales- and Gibson Islands is one of the few recorded winter
ville, and in Smith Creek below Maryland Route 468. flounder spawning areas in Maryland's coastal zone.
In the Rhode River, yellow perch eggs have been ob- Commercial fishing for finfish is prohibited. Even
served in Sellman Creek and in Muddy Creek. though the portion of the river below North Ferry Point
Sportfishing in the upper ends of both rivers is good is classified as state shellfish waters, the viability of
for yellow perch, pickerel, and white perch. Down the shellfish population is uncertain.
river, fishing for striped bass and spot begins. Bluefish,
croaker, striped bass, and gray trout are seasonally
present around buoy No. 73. 3. Patapsco, Gunpowder and Bush Drainages
Commercial catches recorded for this area are high
for bluefish, menhaden, striped bass and white perch. Drainages of the Patapsco, Gunpowder and Bush
Much of these come from adjacent Bay waters. River watersheds are similar in the diversity of their
aquatic resources. A major difference, however, is
b. South River higher crab populations in the Patapsco.
South River has a somewhat limited freshwater input All these areas lack the commercial harvestable
but affords spawning for limited runs of river herring shellfish populations of more saline areas such as the
and white perch. Yellow perch probably spawn in many West Chesapeake and Nanticoke watersheds. Resi-
areas of this system and have been definitely docu- dent, anadromous, estuarine, and salt water fish pop-
mented in the headwaters above and below Rt. 450 ulation are hosted by all three drainages. Spawning
(Defense Highway). This area is a popular sportfishing grounds are provided for alewife, blueback herring,
area when yellow perch make their spawning run . white perch, yellow perch, and gizzard shad. Juveniles
White perch are the predominate sport fish in the river of such sea spawners as weakfish, spot, bluefish,
with pickerel often caught in the grassy areas of the croaker, and particularly menhaden, use these areas
upper portion from October through January. Annual as a nursery. Being less saline, these waters have larger
commercial catches exceeding 1,000 pounds have been populations of freshwater species.
recently recorded for gizzard shad, striped bass, and Good sport fishing exists throughout this area. The
white perch. Some of this catch was taken by stake various rivers and the Susquehanna Flats are known
gill nets. However, commercial catches have declined for the availability of striped bass, shad, herring, large-
over the past several years, with r-apid shoreline de- mouth bass, crappie, perch, and catfish. Eel fishing is
velopment a possible cause. Selby Bay and the lower widespread.
portion of the river have privately leased oyster bars. Suitable habitat is provided for the brackish water
clam (Rangia) by the low salinity. This species is prev-
c. Severn River alent throughout many of these drainage areas and,
Poor water quality in the Severn River has generally although of negligible importance at present, is a po-
restricted commercial shellfish harvests. White perch, tential seafood source.
yellow perch, striped bass, and pickerel, however, are Two important aquatic sensitive areas are notewor-
recreationally fished throughout the river. Commercial thy in this Upper Bay area. The first includes the prob-
netting in the Severn is prohibited by State law. White able range of the endangered Maryland Darter between
perch, yellow perch, and herring spawning occurs in Deer Creek and Gashey's Run. The other area is Otter

144

Creek Marsh, one of the last freshwater marsh lands abundant in the Middle River. Although neither area
in the State. Because of the extreme sensitivity of both abounds with harvestable fisheries resources, Dark
areas, any alteration of the environment in either area Head Creek and adjacent tributaries seem to have the
may result in considerable reduction in the associated greatest biological productivity. Sportfishing is good
aquatic resource. throughout the river for pickerel, catfish, largemouth
The blue crab's principal range in the Upper Bay bass, and white perch. Folding crabpots are used for
and within the tributaries varies from year to year, recreational crabbing. Commercial fishing records in-
presumably influenced by both population size and dicate striped bass, white perch, shad (when available),
prevailing salinity gradient. Although crab populations and menhaden are the predominant species landed.
in the Upper Bay and its tributaries are generally low, Seneca Creek is similar to Middle River in species
some potting and recreational crabbing occurs through- composition.
out much of this area. The Department of Natural
Resources has constructed a fishing reef in the Ches-
apeake Bay east of Hart Island to enhance sportfishing d. Gunpowder River
in this area. This river system with its many tributaries and feeder
streams (including Bird River) affords pathways and
a. Patapsco River spawning areas for blueback and alewife river herring,
The Patapsco River has received considerable bio- white perch, and yellow perch throughout its relatively
logical study over the years because of its urban lo- large drainage. Within the system, resident species
cation near Baltimore Harbor. Acknowledged pollu- such as black bass, carp, various catfish, crappie, pick-
tion from point and non-point industrial and domestic erel, and various sunfish reproduce and mature. The
sources has put severe stress on the biological pro- locally spawned anadromous and resident as well as
ductivity of this system. This has resulted in a consid- juvenile marine fish such as menhaden, spot, weakfish,
erable reduction in the abundance of resident and mi- and croakers seasonally utilize lower reaches of the
grating species, especially in the harbor region. Major Gunpowder and its lower tributaries as feeding areas.
areas of abundance occur in Curtis Creek, Bear Creek Juvenile striped bass, produced elsewhere, find nursery
and Bodkin Creek where resident anadromous and areas here and feeding striped bass range in these areas
estuarine species spawn or nurse. Menhaden is gen- and are available to fishermen.
erally the most numerous species, but white perch, The fisheries in this river complex are diverse and
herring, yellow perch, and silversides are present in support seasonally commercial activities of seining, gill
significant quantities. The freshwater areas above Bal- netting, fyke netting, and potting. Because of the rel-
timore City are viable areas of such resident fish as atively large expanse of sheltered water and the fa-
catfish and sunfish. Although not spawned in the Pa- vorable mix of legally protected black bass and pickerel
tapsco, limited numbers of juvenile striped bass can with the diversity of other species, the opportunities
be found in this area, and some adult striped bass are for sport fishing are very high. Crabs extend their range
taken in limited numbers by anglers even from the into the lower Gunpowder and are taken commercially
shores of Baltimore City. and recreationally from late summer through early fall.
The upper portions of the freshwater feeder streams
b. Back River are unique in having their fauna influenced by Piedmont
This stream system has a substantial freshwater pop- fauna. Generally Route 40 can be considered the di-
ulation of catfish, sunfish, and other associated species. viding line between the upstream waters influenced by
Tributaries such as Deep Creek and Muddy Creek are Piedmont fauna and the downstream waters influenced
used for spawning by white perch. Menhaden are prev- by the Coastal Plain.
alent, finding nursery areas throughout the river.
It can be misinterpreted from the relatively large e. Bush River
commercial catches of menhaden, catfish, carp, striped The Bush River has populations similar to the Gun-
bass, and white perch that Back River is a very healthy powder, with its tributaries, Bush Creek, Grays Run,
viable system. In actuality, the aquatic resources of James Run and Winters Run having documented
the river have been considerably reduced in recent spawning areas for river herring and yellow perch.
years due primarily to the sewage treatment plant. White perch also spawn in these areas and elsewhere
Eutrophic conditions, principally low dissolved oxy- in the system.
gen, resulting in occasional fish kills, keep large pop- Commercial gill nets, fykes, and pots as well as
ulations of resident and migratory species from inhab- sportfishing gear take several of the anadromous and
iting Back River. semi-anadromous species during the early spring. The
carp and catfish taken in the Bush River system are
c. Middle River often sold alive for public and private stocking. Pike
Species diversity in the Middle River is greater than and black bass excluded from commercial exploration
that of the Back River. The most notable difference remain through most of the river system for the en-
appears to be that largemouth bass and pickerel are joyment of the angler.

145

4. Susquehanna Drainage The lower Susquehanna River and the Susquehanna
The Susquehanna River provides seasonal habitat Flats provide fishing areas for both recreational and
and spawning areas for anadromous, estuarine, and commercial fishermen. Fish pots, fykes, and gill nets
resident freshwater fish species. The four mile portion are dominant during the spring and fall in the area for
of this river below the dam is closed to commercial commercial fishing. Herring, shad, striped bass, cat-
fishing but supports an active seasonal sport fishery. fish, and white perch dominate the commercial catch
Many recreational fishermen fish specifically for shad, recorded in this areas.
hickory shad, striped bass, largemouth and smallmouth The Susquehanna Flats is an important feeding and
bass, walleye, chain pickerel, and black and white crap- resting area for waterfowl because extensive areas of
pies. However, channel, catfish, pumpkinseed, white shoal water support the submersed aquatic vegetation
perch, yellow perch, bluegill, eel, and carp are more on which they feed. This habitat also provides spawn-
frequently caught. ing and nursery areas for large populations of resident
Upstream migration of fish in search of spawning freshwater fish species such as largemouth bass, sun-
areas or foraging for food is obstructed by the Con- fish, catfish, pickerel, and carp. The channel areas in
owingo Dam. Migrating populations, therefore, are the flats provide the principal pathways for the migra-
dependent on the lower river to provide suitable areas. tion of anadromous and semi-anadromous fish species
Several tributaries also afford spawning areas to some into the mainstreams and tributaries of the Susque-
of the anadromous and estuarine species. hanna and Northeast Rivers.
Deer Creek in Harford County and Octoraro Creek Tropical storm Agnes in 1972 brought great changes
in Cecil County, both obstructed by dams, afford lim- in the flats. The deluge scoured the Susquehanna River
ited spawning areas for some anadromous and estua- and flats, dislodging or smothering vast areas of veg-
rine species. Small populations of hickory shad, river etation on which waterfowl fed and which provided
herring, white perch, and yellow perch spawn in these breeding areas, feeding areas, and shelter for fish. Plant
streams, but striped bass and shad do not. Smaller regrowth occurred slowly but was again set back in
tributaries in both Harford and Cecil Counties such September 1975 by similar scouring and inundation by
as Herring Run, the two Rock Runs, and Happy Valley the tropical storm Eloise. These two massive storms
Run, are even more limited in areas suitable for spawn- within a four-year time span have greatly altered the
ing. Nonetheless, they are important in supporting the ecology of the area.
general biological base for Chesapeake Bay fisheries.

146

APPENDIX C

SUMMARY OF LAND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
WITHIN THE BALTIMORE REGION COASTAL ZONE

To help clarify the confusion concerning the existing In describing the potential of a highway to support
classification system, highway facilities have been growth, that is, handle more traffic, some definitions
grouped into three functional classes: 1) expressways are required as formulated within the context of this
are limited access divided highways, both freeways and Study. Significant capacity means that 24 hour traffic
toll roads; 2) major arterials are divided highways with- volumes can increase at least 50% over 1975 volumes
out access control such as US 40 or Ritchie Highway; without peak traffic becoming congested. Marginal
and 3) secondary roads are all others including State capacity would allow volume increases of between 10
secondary system roads and nondivided City and and 50% before significant congestion. A highway that
County roads. is presently congested during peak hours or is predicted
The capacity of each functional class of highways to become congested by 1985 due to regional trends
to carry traffic varies according to the number of lanes, is not considered to have growth potential. This does
spacing of intersections or interchanges, the number not necessarily mean that all development dependent
of hills and curves, and adjoining land uses. In the on the highway must cease, but that conditions are not
Coastal Zone, the broad regional perspective makes favorable for any new planned growth unless capacity
the use of a 24-hour capacity preferable to describe is increased by some method (either structural or op-
highway capabilities. The 24-hour capacity is based on erational), and that a more detailed study of the situ-
the ability of a road to handle a given volume of traffic ation is in order.
recognizing that traffic volumes vary between peak Transit service levels and service areas are flexible
hours and non-peak hours and the relationship between with bus transit since service can be implemented on
peak and 24-hour volumes is related to the function of most highways and local streets. Service levels are
the road (commuter route, regional traffic, local service related to the demand for transit and headways are
road, etc.) generally shorter in higher density areas due to greater
Thus, when a highway is described as being 'con- ridership. High level service includes routes with peak
gested', this generally refers to peak hour traffic with hour headways of less than 6 minutes and off peak
lower volumes during the remainder of the day. In a headways of less than 11 minutes. Moderate service
few cases, such as some downtown areas, industrial has peak headways of 30 minutes or less and off peak
areas, and certain retail/commercial strips, non-peak service at least once an hour. Low level service has
volumes may approach peak hour volumes and conges- peak headways of greater than 30 minutes or off-peak
tion results more often. service less than every hour.
The normal operating capacity of a highway is gen-
erally estimated as the highest volume of traffic that Northern Section
can be moved without experiencing delays on freeways This section of the study area has the least trans-
(although not at high speeds) or long back-up s at traffic portation congestion, and the greatest potential for
signals (service level '13'). A highway can accommo- highway and, to a lesser extent, rail-oriented
date more traffic than its capacity, but traffic will move development.
more slowly and experience delays which reduce fuel 1-95 is a six-lane toll road throughout the Northern
economy and generates more air pollutants (service Section and average volumes are well below capacity
level 'E'). When congestion reaches the point of forced indicating significant growth potential for residential
flow at low speeds with continual delays, the volume development with a Baltimore area orientation and
actually decreases (service level 'F). Service levels highway-oriented industrial development. Projections
A through C describe conditions of free flow and min- indicate such Baltimore-related growth if present trends
imal interruptions. continue.

147

U.S. Route 40 is a recently improved four-lane di- 40 and MD 150 at their congestion points and does not
vided arterial parallel to 1-95 serving a more local cir- improve regional circulation.) The Beltway between
culation role. U.S. 40 also has growth capacity north US 40 and the recently opened Francis Scott Key has
of Md. 24 (Edgewood). Capacity is marginal from capacity for growth but capacity diminishes rapidly
Edgewood into Baltimore County as far south as Md. west of US 40.
43 which offers an alternate route to 1-95. Some local Three Harbor Crossings should be available by 1985
congestion on U.S. 40 in Edgewood is also probable if 1-95 is completed on schedule. At the present time,
by 1985. the Tunnel Thruway is the most active harbor crossing.
Public transit in the Northern Section is limited. The The four-lane divided toll road is operating at near
McMahon Transportation Company provides limited capacity and averages 64,000 vehicles per day (VPD)
schedule commuter service between Bel Air (out of through the tunnel. The facility is designed strictly as
the Study Area) and Baltimore. Greyhound local bus a crossing, with partial interchanges only allowing exit
service is available along the U.S. 40 corridor, Down- after passing through the tunnel. The Francis Scott
town Baltimore, Joppatown, Edgewood and Aberdeen. Key Bridge (Outer Harbor Crossing) is also a toll fa-
MTA routes do not extend into the Northern Section cility with two lane approach roads between MD 10
and it is doubtful whether ridership would be sufficient (Section of the Harbor) and North Point Blvd. (MD
to justify extensions of service. 151), and partial interchanges. 1-95 will be an eight-
The Northern Section contains mainlines of both lane tunnel with full access and will be operated as a
B&O and Amtrak-Conrail. The B&O runs between I- toll facility (tunnel only) by the City. 1-95 should relieve
95 and U.S. 40 with Amtrak/Conrail running closer to congestion on the Tunnel Thruway since volumes are
the Bay and forms the northern boundary of Edgewood projected to be only 1h to 1/3 of its 120,000 VPD capacity
Arsenal. Both lines converge in Havre de Grace to in 1985. 1-83 will connect with 1-95 north of the tunnel
cross the Susquehanna on separate structures. The and complete the expressway system. 1-83 provides
B&O does not have any major spurs or yards in this access to the northern points of the City and Baltimore
area. The line is single tracked, in good condition and County from the harbor area.
used for freight only. The Amtrak/Conrail "Northeast Local circulation has a number of problem spots.
Corridor" line is a main passenger and freight line with The Back River Neck/Essex area is considered 'crit-
high speed Metroliner service. The line is four-tracked, ical' by Baltimore County due to a combination of a
except for major water crossings, and fully electrified. single main road down the peninsula (Back River Neck
Spurs run into Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Road) and local business congestion on MD 150. MD
Grounds and Havre de Grace. Although no major 150 east of Martin Airport is also nearing capacity with
yards exist along the mainlines, regularly scheduled some interim widening planned. Transit service pres-
local freight trains service industry at private sidings. ently exists at low and moderate levels in this area
Capacity for expanding these operations is available which may help relieve some congestion if transit usage
and new rail-oriented development could occur in this can be increased.
corridor. Local rail passenger service does not exist The Dundalk/Sparrows Point area has more alter-
and no commuter rail operations are planned within nate routes, but is heavily developed and is experi-
the 1985 time frame. encing conflicts between truck traffic and residential
No general aviation airports are located in the North- areas. Bethlehem Steel has also been using off-road
ern Section. The Army has a large military airport equipment near residential areas to move ore to and
(Phillips Army Airfield) at the Aberdeen Proving from their main plant and the Black Marsh area, caus-
Grounds which is capable of handling large jet trans- ing some problems. Truck traffic from the Dundalk
ports but this facility is not open to the public. Marine Terminal (DMT) is a minor problem but should
be partially reduced by the completion of an access
The Urban Area road to directly link DMT to the Key Bridge ramps.
North of the Inner Harbor. This section contains the Dundalk/Sparrows Point also has good transit service
urbanized Coastal Zone of Baltimore County and ma- with high and moderate service level rates serving most
jor Port facilities and industrial areas of Baltimore City. employment and population centers.
The 1-95/US 40 corridor of the Northern Section con- The Canton area is the most heavily industrialized
tinues into the City thru this area. 1-95 is a six-lane area in the city. The three large employers (General
expressway from the Northern Section to the Beltway Motors, Western Electric, and Lever Brothers) gen-
(1-695/MD-695) and expands to eight lanes inside the erate large traffic volumes during shift changes as well
Beltway. US 40 is a four-lane major arterial until it as truck traffic. Heavy port oriented operations from
enters the City, where it widens to six lanes. MD 150 Dundalk Marine Terminal, Sea-Land and others gen-
(Eastern Blvd.) is another parallel route (four-lane erate large truck volumes. All of these impact Broening
major arterial) from the City to just beyond Martin Highway, Holabird Avenue and Dundalk Avenue, all
Airport. All three radial routes are highly travelled with secondary roads. The lack of good east-west links due
a number of existing congestion points. Cross-con- to the large numbers of rail yards plus inadequate north-
nection links to help distribute traffic are minimal with south links make the Broening/Holabird intersection
only 1-695 connecting all three. (MD-700 only links US one of the worst in the city. Proposals to make this

148

grade separated cannot be implemented until an alter- (DMT) through Canton to a new TOFC yard in DMT.
nate route is provided for the construction period and The branch line to DMT experiences interchange prob-
this will not be accomplished in the 1985 time frame. lems with the B&O. The President Street Branch
As part of the 1-95 project, a new east-west arterial, serves the Falls Harbor area industries via track in
Keith Avenue Extended, will be built to connect Clin- City streets west of Clinton Street. Most service is
ton Street with Broening Highway and interchange done at night to minimize vehicular/railroad conflicts
with 1-95. This should relieve the Broening/Holabird but conflicts and derailments still occur regularly. Ex-
problem to some extent. cess capacity is minimal and repairs would be very
The Fells Point area is congested simply due to old, expensive. Traffic for Conrail's largest shipper, Beth-
narrow streets with some railroad street tracks which lehem Steel, and other Sparrows Point industry leaves
can block vehicular traffic at various times. The final the north end of Bayview on the spur to the Wise
alignment of 1-83 may relieve some of this congestion. Avenue Yard and then to interchange at Grays Yard
The Inner Harbor Redevelopment has a number of with the P&BR. This branch has few operating prob-
street widenings and re-routings associated with it lems and could support additional traffic.
which should help to relieve some bottlenecks. How- The Canton RR is a marginally profitable terminal
ever, traffic in the Metrocenter area can never real- switching operating which handles all traffic to the GM
istically be expected to flow congestion-free all the plant and a number of other industries. The yards are
time. not suited to modern classification methods and overall
In an effort to improve access to the Metrocenter, operations are considered inefficient. A large segment
the City applied for Federal demonstration funds to of Canton's business is ore and large land areas are
build a 'people mover' in the Pratt Street Corridor. A used for open storage. The ore traffic also causes rail
'people mover' is a form of mass transit using small capacity problems during shipments which in turn af-
(6-12 passenger) automatically controlled vehicles op- fects B&O and Conrail interchange traffic. 1-95 con-
erating on an exclusive guideway and designed for high struction will severely impact Canton's yards and will
density short trips. Although Baltimore was not among require reconstruction of some yards.
the five cities chosen for this project, the possibility The interaction between water and land transpor-
of implementing a similar project in the post-1995 time tation systems varies depending on the commodity
frame should still be considered. being shipped. Bulk goods such as grain, ore and coal
Transit service in the City portions of the Coastal rely almost exclusively on rail. At present levels of
Zone is good with high or moderate levels of service operation the land modes are adequately handling their
throughout most of the employment areas, but since share, but an increased level of service for rail modes
most major industrial plants provide free parking, uti- is problematical. Containerized cargo from DMT uti-
lization of transit is not as high as could be expected. lize both rail and truck modes with 62%/38% split in
Rail service is provided by all railroads serving the favor of trucks. Existing rail operations do not seem
Region. The B&O does not have a single yard large to be efficient enough to take a larger share even
enough to accommodate all road trains and permit a through DMT's facilities can utilize a larger rail com-
single classification of cars for final delivery to cus- ponent. Other container facilities such as Sea-Land use
tomers. Thus, most road trains arrive at the mainline trucks almost exclusively. Break-bulk (non-contain-
Bayview Yard, are broken down into smaller groups erized) cargo and non-port industry use both modes
for other areas of the Coastal Zone, and then sent to in varying degrees which makes generalizing difficult.
smaller yards for reclassification for final delivery. The Rail service has been declining north of the Harbor
B&O operates yards in Canton (Penn Mary) and Spar- while regional highway improvements have been con-
rows Point (Grays). The Penn Mary yard has a lack tinuing. This shift in modal capacity may influence new
of holding capacity forcing use of Grays Yard (over industry and port development toward highway de-
5 miles away) for some GM traffic. The Canton Rail- pendence over rail.
road uses Penn Mary to interchange with the B&O and North of the Harbor are two general aviation facil-
operating problems of the Canton RR account for most ities, Essex Sky Park and Glenn L. Martin State Air-
of the backup in B&O yards. port. Essex is a private airport which also accommo-
Conrail also lacks a single terminal yard large enough dates seaplanes. Martin is the home base for two Air
to classify all trains and uses a system of satellite yards. National Guard units and is expected to relieve much
Conrail's Bayview Yard is larger than the adjacent (but of BWI's general aviation traffic. Martin can handle
separate) B&O facility. Bayview also contains Con- medium sized jets and has a noise impact zone which
rail's TOFC (Trailer on Flat Car) terminal and appears covers some existing development and a large area of
congested at the present time. The Canton yard com- undeveloped land. Baltimore City also operates a pub-
plex has lost 47% of its capacity between 1964 and the lic heliport on pier 4 in the Inner Harbor.
present due to a combination of deferred maintenance South of the Inner Harbor. This section of the
and land sales. Grain traffic is a major commodity at Coastal Zone contains the urbanized areas of northern
Canton and a major problem due to old yard design Anne Arundel County, portions of Baltimore County
and frequent switches across Newgate Street. Conrail and the Middle Branch and Curtis Bay areas of the
also handles all traffic to Dundalk Marine Terminal City. Radial routes are not as continuous inside the

149

Beltway as those on the north side of the harbor. The 177) so any traffic from the Md. 100/177 corridor which
Baltimore- Washington Parkway (MD 295)/Russell wishes to use Md. 10 must use Md. 177 and adds to
Street is the only existing radial expressway which congestion on that route.
penetrates into the downtown area. This is 6 lanes in The segment of Md. 173 from Riviera Beach to the
the City and 4 lanes elsewhere. 1-95 is under construc- City line is scheduled to be widened to a 4 lane major
tion and should be completed across the harbor by arterial and together with Anne Arundel County plans
1985. This will complete the 8 lane facility from Wash- to improve Marley Neck Road, will provide significant
ington through Baltimore. The B/W Parkway will have capacity in this area.
no excess capacity outside the Beltway but may receive Local highway trouble spots coincide with regional
some relief from 1-95 which will provide significant problems in most cases. Ritchie Highway is both a
capacity. However, neither of these radial routes are regional highway and the principal commercial corridor
oriented directly toward the coastal portions of Anne of Glen Burnie/Harundale/Pasadena. Mountain Road
Arundel County. (Md. 177) should serve local circulation due to the
Md. 173 inside the City north of Curtis Creek ap- location of Md. 100, but as discussed above, local and
pears to have marginal additional capacity to the Pa- intraregional traffic conflict due to design of Md. 100.
tapsco River although the heavy truck mix and street Closer to the harbor, Md. 173 and Patapsco Avenue
conditions tend to eliminate this capacity. Capacity is have conflicts between truck traffic and adjacent res-
still marginal but more usable across Middle Branch idential uses. Similar problems exist on Locust Point
(at Md. 2) to Locust Point and the 1-95/395 connection. but should be relieved by City projects to construct
However, Md. 173 does not function as a radial route a short truck by-pass from Key Highway to Nicholson
once it leaves the City and there is no westbound con- Street.
nection to the Beltway (which is a toll facility at this Transit service ranges from a high level with heavy
point). ridership in the Cherry Hill/Baltimore Highlands to
Md. 2 (Ritchie Highway) is a 5-lane arterial (one very low levels on long dead-head surburban routes
reversable lane) beginning as Hanover Street in the to Gibson Island. Most commercial and employment
City and continuing to the Tunnel Thruway at the City centers have moderate levels of service including ex-
line where it becomes a divided facility to Annapolis. press rush hour service on an Old Annapolis
Md. 3 (Crain Highway) does not lie completely in the Road/Hanover Street route.
coastal zone study area but is an active expressway Rail service south of the Harbor is provided by the
in the corridor which connects with other study area three mainline railroads. The B&O has a large yard at
roads and is part of the regional circulation pattern. Curtis Bay which primarily handles coal and ore traffic.
Md. 3 travels south from the Beltway as a 4 lane ex- This yard is being expanded to meet expected growth
pressway, bypassing Glen Burnie, connecting with in export coal volume. The B&O Curtis Bay Branch
Md. 100, and continuing into Prince George's County line also serves other industries as far south as the
where it connects with US 50:301. Md - 10, the Arundel BG&E generating plant near Stoney Creek. The Curtis
Expressway, is planned to parallel Md. 2 from the Bay Branch line has few operating problems and in-
Beltway to Annapolis, but the only completed section terference with mainline traffic is not significant. The
is a 3.4 mile, 6 lane segment from the Beltway to Old Locust Point Yard complex is an older complex of
Annapolis Road (Md. 648), and this is all that is an- industrial service yards designed for pier traffic which
ticipated by 1985. Md. 100 is part of what was originally accounts for only a small percentage of existing traffic.
planned to be an east-west connector into Howard Yard tracks are short, switching is difficult, and many
County but has only been constructed as far west as tracks are in need of repair. The yard is considered to
Md. 3 and is a 4 lane expressway. Md. 177 continues be operating near capacity.
this corridor to Gibson Island. Conrail service to this side of the harbor is mostly
The Md. 100/ 177 corridor has capacity for significant by interchange with the B&O, although the Gwynns
growth. The Md. 100/177 corridor, however, feeds the Run yard on the mainline a mile south of Funton Street
Md. 2/3/10 corridor for City bound destinations. Md. services non-port industrial customers. Track condi-
2 is presently over capacity south of Md. 100 but gains tions in the yard are poor and vandalism is high.
some relief from 100 where traffic can switch to Md. The Western Maryland RR (WM) operated primarily
3 until Furnace Branch where it again becomes con- to the Port Covington Terminal on Locust Point. Other
gested to the Beltway. traffic is handled by the B&O for WM and taken to
Md. 3 will probably be over capacity from Md. 32/178 Canton or Curtis Bay. With the exception of grain,
to the Beltway by 1985 although it is not seriously most other cargo has adequate capacity. Grain, which
congested at present. Md. 10 will have adequate ca- arrives by unit trains of 65-100 cars, can be handled
pacity to provide some relief to Md. 2 but will only by the elevators faster than the railroad can supply
exist from Md. 648 (Old Annapolis Road) to the Belt- freight cars due to a lack of storage space for the over-
way. The gap to Md. 100/ 177 is filled by Md. 648 which sized grain cars. Operations of Port Covington are not
is a 2 lane road with no additional peak hour capacity. efficient due to yard configurations. Construction of
Due to future construction of Md. 10, Md. 648 does 1-95 will require relocating some B&O and WM tracks
not have an interchange with Md. 100 (only with Md. including a reduction in interchange track capacity.

150

Land/water interaction in Locust Point has problems tion levels during the summer weekends and during the
similar to those of Canton. The major commodity ex- short rush hours near Annapolis at the Severn River
ported from Locust Point is grain and it creates most Bridge. The limited number of river crossings funnel
rail operating problems. Containers are not yet a sig- most traffic through a few highways.
nificant factor, but MPA is building a new South ter- South of Annapolis, Md. 2 (Solomons Island Road)
minal for containers and general cargo. Although WM is a major arterial up to the South River Bridge, where
has a Trailer on Flat Car terminal in Port Covington, it continues as a two-lane road through the County.
it has little room for expansion. Completion of 1-95 will Md. 2 is congested from Parole to Md. 214, but Riva
give this port area greatly expanded regional highway Road has some capacity for growth until it reaches
access, but vacant land for expanded industry is not Parole. The Parole area is a major bottleneck with
readily available. Curtis Bay is also a major bulk cargo routes 50/301, 2, 178, 450 and Riva Road all converging
area with coal (rail-dependent) and petroleum (local at a major commercial center. Further south, most
distribution by truck) facilities. The rail lines and yards routes are moderately to lightly traveled, but many
are in good condition, operate efficiently, and have have isolated safety problems (sight distance, etc.)
room for expansion. which limit capacity.
The Urban Core Study boundary does not include Local congestion problems in many cases are also
Bal ti more- Washington International Airport, but as of regional significance due to the limited *number of
the State's major commercial passenger and air freight roads on each peninsula. Ritchie Highway is both a
facility, it influences the Coastal Zone. BWI provides regional link between Baltimore and Annapolis and a
balance to the Coastal Zone's transportation system, major collector/commercial strip for the Broad Neck
and employment opportunities. Since turbine Oet) air- Peninsula. Also, on Broad Neck, College Parkway has
craft constitute the majority of flight operations at BWI, had rapid growth along it which will require widening
a noise influence zone has been established. The noise to its full 4 lanes by 1985. Itsintersection with Ritchie
zone covers mostly developed areas in Glen Burnie Highway is a major problem as well. Lack of Severn
and some less developed areas along Marley Creek. River crossings and the frequent closing of the Ridgely
Avenue bridge add to the rush hour which is short, but
Southern Section intense on Rowe Boulevard. The Mayo peninsula is
This section of the study area contains Annapolis, also developing at a rate which is causing safety prob-
developing suburban areas and rural areas of Southern lems on Md. 214, and could exceed capacity depending
Anne Arundel County. Maryland routes 2 and 3 con- on how much growth occurs by 1985.
tinue from the Urban Core through the Southern Sec- Transit service is provided by MTA between An-
tion. Ritchie Highway (Md. 2) is a 4-lane major arterial napolis and Baltimore at a moderate level along Ritchie
and the principal access route to the Broad Neck pen- Highway. Bus service in Annapolis is provided by the
insula. Md. 3 is also a 4-lane major arterial which con- Arundel Bus Company over two routes which are
nects with Md. 32/178 to provide a second route be- mostly confined to the City limits. Service is hampered
tween Baltimore and Annapolis. Md. 2 is congested by narrow and congested streets in Annapolis but is
at present with projections indicating more traffic by maintained at a moderate level.
1985. There are no plans for improvements to Ritchie Rail service, either passenger or freight, does not
Highway. Md. 3 is projected to be over capacity by exist in the Southern Section. The right-of-way be-
1985 so it would offer little relief to Md. 2 for intercity tween Glen Burnie and Annapolis of the Baltimore and
traffic. Since both roads serve areas separated by the Annapolis Railroad has been abandoned and there are
Severn River, re-distribution of local traffic can only no plans to reactivate service on this line.
be accomplished north of Benfield Road. Md. 178 is The Southern Section has two privately operated
considered over capacity now from the Md. 32/178 general aviation airports, Deep Creek near Shady Side,
junction to Parole, with no alternate routes available and Lee near the South River Bridge west of Annap-
either for local traffic. US 501301 is the major approach olis. Both provide facilities for light piston powered
from the west to Annapolis and the Bay Bridge. The aircraft. Limited noise impacts are associated with
4-lane expressway provides the major inter-regional both. Lee Airport is experiencing increased operations,
link between the Washington Area and the Eastern but is also facing residential pressure which could affect
Shore, Traffic is moderate all year, but reaches conges- its operation.

151

APPENDIX D

NATIONAL REGISTER LISTINGS WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

Baltimore City Date Built 20. St. Paul Chapel, Md. 1865
1. Federal Hill Historic District 1880's 21. Belvoir 1650
2. Fells Point Historic District 1763 22. Mount Airy 1850's
3. Fort McHenry National 1794 23. All Hallow's Church 1710
Monument & Historic Shrine 24. Summer Hill 1840
4. USS Constellation 1797 25. Sudley (Cumberstone) 1683
Anne Arundel County 26. Holly Hill 1667
1. Annapolis Historic District 27. Cedar Park 1600
2. Artisan's 1777 28. Tulip Hill 1755
3. Brice House 1766-1777 29. U.S. Naval Academy Dairy 1713
4. John Callahan House 1780's Farm
5. Chase-Lloyd House 1769-1774 30. Larkin's Hill Farm 1650
6. Patrick Creagh House 1750 C. 31. Larkin's Hundred 1704
7. Hammond-Harwood House 1774 C. 32. Mary's Mount 1742
8. House by the "Town Gates" 1880's 33. Obligation 1700's
9. Maryland State House 1772-1779 34. Iglehart (The Vineyard, Md.) 1800
10. Mt. Moriah African Methodist 1874 35. Burrages 1700
Episcopal Church 36. Christ Church 1869
Old City Hall & Engine House 1821 37. Evergreen 1690's
11. Paca House & Garden 1763 38. Hancock's Resolution 1700's
12. Pinkey-Callahan House (St. 1750 C. 39. Sandy Point Farmhouse 1700's
John's College Infirmary) 40. South River Club 1742
13. Upton Scott 1762 41. London Town Publik House 1745
14. Peggy Stewart House 1761
15. U.S. Navy Academy 1899 Baltimore County
16. Whitehall 1765 1. Ballestone Mansion
17. Martin's Pond Site 2. Todd Farmhouse
18. Thomas Point Shoals Light 1838 Harford County
Station
19. St. James Church (St. James 1763 1. Gunpowder Meetinghouse 1800's
Lothian) 2. Presbury Meetinghouse 1720

153

3. Sophia's Dairy 1768 6. Southern Terminal Susquehanna 1835
& Tidewater Canal
4. Poplar Hill 1700's 7. St. George's Parish Vestry 1766
5. Havre de Grace Lighthouse 1827 House

154

APPENDIX E

The technical work of the task force includes a series a Elevation, Streams, and Drainage Basins
of maps, reports, and memoranda as follows: 9 Issues

Reports Coastal Zone Analysis (1" = 2000')
� Inland Boundary Delineation, Draft, December 0 Sensitive Areas
1975 0 Resource Protection Areas
� Issues, Draft, December 1975 0 Activity Centers and Linkages
� Dredge and Fill Permit Process, Second Draft,
December 1975
� Existing Conditions Review, First Draft, Febru- Coastal Zone Plan Preparation (1" = 2000')
ary 1976; Second Draft, March 1976 0 Land Capability Units
� The Economy and Population: A Summary, Draft, 0 Water Capability Units
April 1976 0 Exerting Development Pattern
� Land Capability Analysis, Draft, August 1976 0 Proposed Development Pattern (First Draft)
� Planning for the Coastal Zone: Issues, Goals,
Inventory Analysis, August 1976
WETLANDS: FOOTNOTES

Memoranda
'Mylar photomaps are on a scale of 1:2,400. An update is underway
� Memorandum of Understanding/Joint Work Pro- by the Wetlands Permitting Section of the Water Resources Admin-
gram, October 1975 istration to quantify current acreages and assess productivity value.
� Quarterly Progress Report, October-December 2Metzgar, R. G., Wetlands in Maryland. Maryland Dept. of State
1975 Planning. Publication No. 157. 1973. p. 11-1.
� Communication and Participation, Draft, Feb- 'Ghigiarelli, E. A., An Analysis of Problems Which Influence
Coastal Zone Management in Maryland. Thesis, Univ. of Md.
ruary 1976 1972. p. 75.
� Quarterly Progress Report, January-March 1976 4Op. cit. note 2.
� Technical Work Schedule and Review Process, 'Op. cit. note 2.
April 1976 'Op. cit. note 2.
� Project Completion Report (to HUD), October 'Stewart, R. E., Waterfowl Populations in the Upper Chesapeake
Region. U.S.D.I. BSF+W. Spec. Sci. Report. Wildlife No. 65.
1975-June 1976 U.S.G.P.O. Washington, D.C. July, 1962.
� Participants' Roles and Responsibilities, Septem- 8Shaw, S. P., and C. G. Fredine. Wetlands of the United States.
ber 1976 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Circular 39. 1959@

Maps MARINAS: FOOTNOTES
� Inland Planning Boundary (Y' = I mile)

'Greis, Peter: Boating Almanac. Volume 4, Severna Park, Mary-
Coastal Zone Inventory (1" = 2000') land, 1976
� Urbanized Land Activity 21bid
� Marine Resources and Activities 3Boat registration records of the Maryland Department of Natural
� Non-Urbanized Physiography Resources (unpublished)
'Lyon, Tuthill, and Matthews: Economic Analysis of Marinas in
� Public Facilities and Service Review Maryland. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, publication
� Soils MP679, College Park, Maryland, 1969

155

'Ris, et al: Recreational Boating on the Tidal Waters of Maryland, SOLID WASTE: FOOTNOTES
Roy Mann Associates for the Maryland Department of Natural
Resources, 1976
'See Note 5 'Seldman, Neil: Garbage in America: Approaches to Recycling.
71bid Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Washington, D. C.. 1975
8Ibid 2Forste, and Siegler: Planning Solid Residuals Management in the
9Nixon, Oviatt, and Northby: Ecology of Small Boat Marinas. Baltimore Area. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 1976
Marine Technical Report Number 5, University of Rhode Island, 3Gudger, and Bailes: The Economic Impact oj'Oregon's "Bottle
Kingstown, 1973 Bill." Oregon State University, 1974

156

:J41n

3 6668 00002 7666