[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                              SSESSING COASTAL
                                                 LOPMENT ALONG
                                              BOYGAN COUNTY'S
                                                   LAKE MICHIGAN
                                                             SHORELINE:
                                                                 1978-1992




                                                         William R. Niedzwiedz
                                                     Department of Public and
                                                         Environmental Affairs
                                                                           en Bay
                                           University of Wisconsin-Gre









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            1995




          Prepared for the Wisconsin
       Coastal Management Program

                          July 1995




                             16
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         Acknowledgements


             FUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

         Financial assistance for this ResearchlStudy Project was provided
         by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
         administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
         Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
         pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
         MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

         THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
         Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
         COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
         protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
         Superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                  The Project Team

         This project required coordination and completion of several
         steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
         interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
         preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
         complete this project.

            Brentt Michalek
            Christopher Hanrahan
            Shawn Reed
            Wendy Zareczny
            Christopher Wazny
            John Rafferty
            Cheryl Schulz
            Lori Pasterski
   "IA      Tom Marchant



         Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
         preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
         manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
         special recognition as part ofthe project team.

         Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
         Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
         project.










                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS


           INTRODUCTION    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           1


           PROJECT GOALS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           1

           STUDY AREA , * , * * * *       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      : . .   1


           PROJECT METHODS    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          3
              Aerial Photography     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         3
              Project Aerial Photos       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        4
              Photo Preparation      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         4
              Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)     . . . . . . . . . . . . .        5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         5
              Residential Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..        5
              Commercial and Industrial Land       . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       6
              Industrial Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         7
              Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         7
              Extractive Land Use      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         8
              Agricultural and Natural     Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       8
              Open and Other Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          10
              Shoreline Modification      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         10,
              Structures - Industrial,     Commercial and Residential . *           11

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        11


           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT       TYPES  LOCATED  WITHIN THE
              COASTAL ZONE    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           12


           TALLY OF DATA                                                            12


           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR        . . . . . . . . . . . . .        13
              Photo Scale and Enlargements         o          o      o         o    13
              "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial        Photography        o    14
              Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage         . . . . . . . . . .       14
              Incomplete Photo-Coverage        . . . . .  o . . . . . . . . .       14
              Missing Photo Coverage . . . o o . o        . . . . . . .   o  . .    15
              Location of 1000f Coastal Zone Boundary         . . . . . .    o .    15
              Lack of Beach Type in classification Scheme . .           o . . .     15
              Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
                 Development    . . . . . * . . . . . . . .   o  . . . . . . .      15

           RESULTS  . . . . . .    o . . . . . .                                    16
              Sheboygan County Statistics . :        :  : : : :  '.: :  : :  *. *.  16
                 Residential Land    . . . . . . . . . .    o . . . . . .    o      18
                 Commercial and Industrial Land           o . o  . . o  o o  .      .18
                 Transportation Land . o       . . .      o o . . . . . . . .       is
                 Agricultural and Natural      Land  . . . . . .   o . . . . .      18
                 Open and Other Land      . . . . .  o  .     o  o . . .  o  . .    19
                 Shoreline Modifications       . . . . . . .  o  . o o  . o  o .    19
              Results by Community     . . . .  o  . . . . . . . . . . . . .        19
                 Town of Holland     . . . . . . . .    o o . . .  o .  o .  o .    19
                 Town of Mosel     . . . . .   o. . .   o o . . . . .   o . . .     20
                 City of Sheboygan .      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      o    20
                 Town of Sheboygan     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          21









               Town of Wilson  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    21


          REFERENCES   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2:3


          APPENDIX   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    27


          LIST OF TABLES
             Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests    . . .    17

          LIST OF FIGURES
             Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
               Superior  . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      :2









                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsin's
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

               The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
               Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
               This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

               Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
             - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
             - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
             - Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
             - Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
                1992
             - Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                     STUDY AREA

               The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide





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                Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

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          zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
          coastline.


                                   PROJECT METHODS

          Aerial Photography

               Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
          clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
          meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
          current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
          method of documentation, and trained personnel.
               Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
          natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
          and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
          al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). specific applications to
          urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
          nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
          erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
          urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
          1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
          property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
          (Marsh et al., 1990).
               Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
          urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
          1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
          aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
          change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
          zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
          Joint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
          features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
          Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
          assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
          fluctuating water levels.
               Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
          forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
          uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
          such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
          to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
           pruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
          possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
          s

          seasonal timing. Scarpace et al. (1981) used digitized aerial
          photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
          and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
          vegetation change using aerial photos.
               Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
          coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
          photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
          Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
          aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
          al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
          change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                          3









           examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
           Batie, 1984) .

           Project Aerial Photos

                 In 3.978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
           panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the
           Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
           photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
           Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 3.978 and 1992 photos were
           flown at a scale of 1:6000 (1" = 5001) and enlargements made at
           1:2400 (3." = 2001). The 1978 photos were taken April 16d. The
           1992 photos were flown May 13*.
                 Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
           and. flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
           were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
           individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos..
           Beginninc at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
           incrementally to the Illinois border., Photos are documented with
           the, photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
           photo.
                 Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
           line 11 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
           northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight
           line and photo number.
                 Both the -1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
           flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
           photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
           photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
           photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
           coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
           1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
           900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
           shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
           Bay, office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
           about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
           Illinois border.

           Photo Preparation

                 Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
           all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
           acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
           interpretation included the following:
             1.  Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                 date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
             2.  Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                 registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                 required
             3.  Mark conirol points (orange ink). Typically these points
                 are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                            4









                that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
                mapping applications.
             4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
                These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
                adjacent photos. Land use interpretive  lines end at these
                boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
                work.
             5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section lines (red ink).
             6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
             7. Locate and mark 1,000f coastal zone boundary line (blue
                ink). A divider was used to scribe a line 10001 away and
                parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
                cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
                dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
                shoreline.
             8. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
                slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
                were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
                classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
                the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
                additional discussion.

          Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

               The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
          complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
          classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
          complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
          modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
          Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
          residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
          agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
          been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
          have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
          are tallied by type for 1992.
               Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
          revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
          Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
          and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
          were counted.


                                CLASSIFICATION SCHEME


          Residential Land

               All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
          area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
          by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
          the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
          other classification types as well.



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          111. Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Nulti-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113  Sincle.Family, Duplex.  Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas.,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               for mobile units.                                                  V

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Centek/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Meighborhood Business District (MBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. MBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






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          126   Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
                public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
                churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
                "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
                When located within the CBD, public buildings without
                "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
                would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138   Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
                industrial use areas.
                  Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
                manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
                processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
                petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
                large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
                transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
                interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                  Light industrial land contains facilities for the
                manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
                products such as electronics, appliances, and other
                secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
                material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
                light industries are well landscaped and are
                indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
                photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141   Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
                associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
                areas and adjacent open areas.

          142   Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
                freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
                passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
                such as tank farms.

          143   Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
                several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
                related land-based facilities for water transportation and
                commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
                marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
                buildings and parking areas.

          143.1   Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                  residential land are designated as private marinas. often
                  such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                  and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                  waterway.


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          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                 launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                 ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                 areas.

          144  Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
               corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, such
               roads are four or more lanes wide. Local streets are not
               included in this type.

          145  Comiunications. Facilities and structures devoted to
               communications. These include radio/television towers,
               lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146  Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
               and distribution of energy. such areas can include large
               buildings, towers, roads/parking facilities and, in the case
               of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147  Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
               parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in this
               type.

          148  Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
               type. Landfills cover an  extensive area and are dominated
               by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
               roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171  Open Pit. The  type represents open pit mining areas for
               extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
               includes access roads and any structures.

          172  Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
               extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
               would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173  Well. Features associated with wells are limited.
               Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
               dif ficult.


          179  Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181  Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
               reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass  are
               abundant but tree,crown cover is less than 30%. If  tree
               crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
               classified as forest.









          182  Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
               is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
               on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
               maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
               as part of this type.

          183  Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous or
               mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
               less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
               field.

          184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
               shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

          185  Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
               and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
               during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
               located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
               edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
               railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
               establish such a line.

          186  Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
               within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
               County..

          187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
               beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
               to the beach.

          188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
               wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
               swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
               forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                 Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
               stream floodplAins. The most common plants are grasses and
               herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
               water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
               growing season.
                 Shpb swamps often have waterlogged soil during the
               growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
               present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
               dogwood and'willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                 Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
               Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
               Surface water is present only for a short period during the
               spring.
                 Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
               plant community, including most of the following: heath
               shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
               black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
               of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                          9










                 Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to six
               inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                 neeip marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered    by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
                 forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist 'to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               "leaves-on" photography.

          Open and Other Land

          191. Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192  Urban Open Lots. Urban   open is undeveloped land lying idle
               in the midst of urban areas or adjacent.to them. This type
               includes land which has been cleared for urban development
               of an unknown use.

          193  Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
               the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
               buildings and other related facilities.

          194 Cemeteries

          Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
          Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow--through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin's
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                          10









              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

         196  Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

         197  Groins ( * [red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

         198  Non-Flow-Through Dock      (blue]    Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

         structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
         classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
         for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
         the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
         then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
         (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
         counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
         comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
         the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
         linear (shoreline modification) and point (urban structures,
         groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
         symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
         represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
         identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
         natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
         area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
         types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
         revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
         at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
         modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
         between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
         IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
         section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
         before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
         shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
         symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
         point where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

                                         11









         199:2, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT
                       TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modification) measurements were made using the hardware/software
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay., Photo acetate overlays were affixed to large-format
         digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter,. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres/hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as.well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                   TALLY OF DATA

              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summar@r
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section DatA Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4),
         sbctions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
           . Civil MMisdictig-D Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of-civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              Coun:Ly Summary Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns- villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                         12









          structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
          sheets.


                          LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

               The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
          photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
          shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
          photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
          photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
               copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
          available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
          ?f the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
          in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
          photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
          project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
          the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
          for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
          what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
          for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
          photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
          discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
               The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
          is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
          understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
          apply to any of the results reported below. The Results  ' sections
          of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
          to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
          (1978 and 1992).

          Photo Scale and Enlargements

               All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
          reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
          corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
          inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
          ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
          topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
          and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
          the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
          the original photos.
               Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
          photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
          tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
          each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
          photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
          base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
          and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
          systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
          only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
          positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
          tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                          13









          -13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the! range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 3.978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
          in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
          the goals; of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads cart be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation..
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approkimately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
          represent photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
          features.


          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 stri-P
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 10001 of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                          14









          exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
          the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
          reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
          year.

          Missing Photo Coverage

               Occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
          photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
          missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
          year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
          not represented on photos remain unknown.

          Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

               On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
          representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
          This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
          line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
          landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
          location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
          Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
          Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
          and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
          inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
          insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
          shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
          result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
          included in the 1978 coastal zone.

          Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

               The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
          area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
          likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
          levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
          erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
               The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
          within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
          coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
          between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
          measurements of land use types were made only for those types
          lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
          the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
          about five (5) acres per photo.

          Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
          Development

               As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
          boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
          changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

                                         15









          erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
          location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
          the: water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in an
          area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
          water is filled to develop commercial. land. A I'lakeward" shift
          in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
          in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
          boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
          of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw" statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                       RESULTS

          Sheboygan County Statistics

               Sheboygan County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
          coastal zone include the townships of Holland, Mozel, Sheboygan
          and Wilson, and the city of Sheboygan. The area measured within
          the coastal zone of Sheboygan County was 2,695 acres (1,091 ha)
          .in 1978 and 2,816 acres (1,140 ha) in 1992. This represents a
          difference of 121 acres (49-ha) or 4.5%. The 1978 photo coverage
          of the county's coastal zone was incomplete. Missing photos
          accounted for 146 acres (59 ha) of coastal zone area. When this
          amount is added to existing 1978 photo coverage, the total,
          increases to 2,814 acres (1,140 ha), jus 't 25 acres (10 ha) more
          than the 1992 total. While the amount lost can be estimated, the
          types and amounts of land use missing can not be determined.
          Area discrepancies likely are the result of errors inherent in
          the enlarged aerial'photos, as discussed on pages 12 through 15.
          Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted on the linear
          accuracy of the Sheboygan County photos. Results of tests
          applied to the 1978 photos indicate some departure (-2.5% and
          +4.6%) from USGS measurements. Results of tests applied to the
          1992 photos indicate errors of -1.2 to -3%. While the range of
          error appears small, it could yield a 215 acre (87 ha) difference
          between the 1978 and 1992 totals (Table 1).
               Statistical summaries for Sheboygan County and all
          communities included in this study are located in the Appendix.,
          Summary data sheets present land use types by area, structural *         I

               'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
          (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
          presented on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
          report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                          16









                   Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                            Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                          1978                   1992
                                      Enlarged Photos      Enlarged Photos
            County                      (1:2400)              (1:2400)

          Brown                          -0.4%                 -8.5%
                                          0.03%                -5.5%


          Door                            1.3%                 -1.1%
                                          3.9%                 -3.6%


          Kenosha                        -2.5%                 -9.0%
                                          3.1%                 -1.6%


          Kewaunee                       -1.5%                 -5.4%
                                          2.1%                 -9.6%


          Manitowoc                      -1.7%                 -6.4%
                                          2.0%                   7.4%

          Marinette   (one test)          9.6%                 -1.7%

          Milwaukee                      -4.9%                 -6.9%
                                         -5.3%                   1.9%


          Oconto                          2.9%                -10.8%
                                          8.5%                -13.1%


          Ozaukee                         0.2%                 -5.7%
                                          1.3%                 -4.4%

          Racine                         -3.0%                 -5.0%
                                          2.2%                 -0.8%

          Sheboygan                      -2.5%                 -1.2%
                                          4.6%                 -3.0%



              Mean                        0.95%                -5.18%

             Range                  -5.3% to 9.6%        -13.1% to 1.9%









                                             17









           counts by type (1992), shoreline modification types by length,
           and a count of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected
           at the PLSS section level. While the section level data sheets
           are not included in this report, copies are available upon
           written request.

           Residential Land

                Wit.hin the coastal zone of Sheboygan County, 2,655
           residential structures were identified on 554 acres (224 ha) of
           land. Of the total were 1,694 residential units (single family
           or duplexes), 742 detached garages, 196 sheds and (8) barns. New
           in 1992 were 16 acres (6.5 ha) of land devoted to low rise multi-
           family dwellings. Since the 1992 photos are "leaves-on," these
           numbers likely underestimate the actual number of structures and
           area devoted to residential uses. In 1978, 473 acres (192 ha) of
           residential land were measured.

           Commercial and Industrial Land

                Commercial land represented 15.6 acres (6.4 ha) in 1992 and
           (6)) acres (2.4 ha) in 1978. Twenty-three (23) commercial
           structures were noted within the coastal zone. Two (2)
           commercial types experienced growth over the 14 year period
           studied. The type business district increased from 4.2 acres
           (1.7 ha) in 1978 to 9.5 acres (3.9 ha) in 1992.      Institutional
           land increased from 1.8 acres (.7 ha) to 6.1 acres (2.5 ha) for
           the same period.
                No industrial land was located in 1978 compared to 66 acres
           (27 ha) in 1992.

           Transportation Land

                Fifty-five (55) structures were located on 90 acres (36 ha)
           of transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 85 acres (34 ha) of
           transportation land-were reported, (5) acres fewer than in 1992.
           Most transportation types remained stable in area over the study
           period. Public boat landing, however, increased from no area irk
           1978 to 8.2 acres (3.3 ha) in 1992.

           Agricultural and Natural Land

                Overall, 82 acres (33 ha) of agricultural and natural lands
           were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that continues
           nationally. Land actively being cultivated declined by 163 acres
           (66 ha) or by 27.3%. Both abandoned fields and forest lands
           increased in area, by 51 (21 ha) and 73 acres (30 ha),
           respectively.
                Areas of erosion along Lake Michigan's shoreline are a major
           concern of coastal resource planners. In 1978, 74 acres (30 ha)
           of land slumpage (slump zone) were detected. In 1992, this total
           fell to 62 acres (25 ha). Also of note is a 19 acre (7.7 ha)









          decline of wetland types. The loss could be actual and
          attributed to both urban development and the nine (9) inch rise
          in Lake Michigan water level. However, a portion of the loss
          could be attributed to the underestimation of wetlands while
          using "leaves-on" photos.

          Open and Other Land

               Open and other land increased from 142 acres (57 ha) in 1978
          to 166 acres (67 ha) in 1992. Twenty-five (25) acres (10 ha) of
          outdoor recreational land were added during the period while land
          devoted to open lot declined by one (1) acre (.4 ha).

          Shoreline Modifications

               Ostensibly, sea walls and revetments are used to protect
          shorelines from erosion. significant increases of both types of
          structures were reported.. In 1978, 2,120 feet (646 m) of sea
          wall were reported compared to 4,117 feet (1,255 m) in 1992,
          representing an increase of 1,997 feet (609 m) or 94%. However,
          more significant is the 7,829 foot (3,171 m), 27% increase in
          revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
          measured at 28,710 feet (8,753 m) in 1978 and 36,539 feet (11,140
          m) in 1992.

                                Results by Community

          Town of Holland


               Land within Holland's coastal zone was measured at 710 acres
          (287 ha) in 1978 and 680 acres (276 ha) in 1992. The difference
          of 30 acres (12 ha) represents 4.2%. The source of the
          difference could be photo scale anomalies as discussed above.
               In 1992, 416 residential structures were located on 93 acres
          (38 ha) of land. Most of these structures (280) were single
          family or duplex. In 1978, 88 acres (36 ha) of residential area
          are reported.
               commercial area remained stable over the study period, with
          less than k of an acre reported for each year. No industrial or
          transportation types were located in 1978 or 1992.
               Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 621 acres (252
          ha) in 1978 to 586 acres (238 ha) in 1992. Active agricultural
          land declined by 33 acres (13 ha) or 35% while forest land
          increased by 25 acres (10 ha) or 6.8%. The type abandoned field
          lost 23 acres (9.3 ha) during the period. Wetlands remained
          stable.
               From 1978-1992, some shoreline modification has occurred
          within the town. Sea wall construction increased by 258 feet (79
          m) or 41%, from 627 feet (191 m) to 885 feet (270 m). Revetment,
          however, declined from 7,193 feet (2,193 m) to 5,510 feet (1,680
          m). The loss, while unexplained, could be the result of "leaves-
          on" photos which make detection under tree canopy more difficult.

                                         19











           Town of Mosel

                 Coastal zone area within the township was measured at 706
           acres (286 ha) in 1918 and 674 acres (273 ha) in 1992, a
           difference of 32 acres (13 ha). The town of Mosel was one of
           those tested for linear accuracy of photo coverage. Using USGS
           maps at 1:24000, measurements taken from the 1978 photos were
           +4.6% of the USGS basis. The 1992 photos deviated by -3% from
           the USGS basis.
                 In 1992, a total of 101 residential structures were
           identified on 45 acres (18 ha) (40 acres (16 ha] in 1978) of
           residential land. Of these, 33 were of the single family/duplex
           type.
                 In neither year was there recorded any commercial,
           industrial or transportation lands.
                 For both study years, well over 90% of all coastal zone land
           within Mosel fell into the category agricultural and natural.
           This category decreased from 666 acres (270 ha) to 630 acres (255
           ha) for the period studied. Other changes include a 50 acre (20
           ha) increase in abandoned field, an 82 acre (33 ha) decrease in
           active agricultural fields, and a 45 acre (18 ha) increase in
           forest land. Significant reductions in slump zone and wetlands
           were noted as well. Slump zone declined by 11 acres (4.5 ha) or-
           by just under 20% while wetlands declined by 38 acres (16 ha) or
           by 68%.
                 No open or other land types were registered for 1978 or
           1992.
                 Results indicate a loss of 1,047 feet (319 m) of sea wall.
           The loss likely represents masking by leaves.and shadows rather
           than actual losses of shoreline structures. No other coastline
           structures were identified.

           City of Sheboygan

                 The analysis of land use change within the coastal zone of
           the city of Sheboygan is made difficult by two factors: missing-
           photo coverage for 1978, and annexation of land after 1978. The
           coastal zone in 1992 consisted of 675 acres (273 ha), 78 acres
           (32 ha) of which were annexed from the town of Sheboygan. In
           1978, 405 acres (164 ha) of coastal zone area were estimated
           using available photos. Missing 1978 photos covered an estimated
           146 acres (59 ha) of area. Therefore, the total 1978 coastal
           zone area is estimated to be 551 acres (223 ha). While it was
           possible to estimate the area not covered by 1978 photos, it was,
           not possible to determine what land uses (or their areas) were
           missed. This fact should be remembered when considering the
           statistics found below and in the Appendix.
                 Residential land encompassed 354 acres (143 ha) in 1992, 236
           acres (95 ha) were located on available 1978 photos. Over 1,900
           structures, of which 1,212 were single family/duplex, were
           located within the 1992 coastal zone. other structures included.
           637 detached garages and 39 sheds.

                                              20









               Commercial uses covered 15 acres (6.3 ha) in 1992. Twenty
          (20) structures were located on 9.3 acres (3.8 ha) of
          neighborhood business district area while two (2) structures were
          reported on 6.1 acres (2.5 ha) of institutional land. Also in
          1992, 38 industrial structures were located on 66 acres (27 ha)
          of land.
               Transportation types covered 90 acres (37 ha) of area in
          1992. Of these, utilities covered the largest area (61 acres (25
          ha)) and held the most structures (36). Sewage treatment
          facilities remained stable in area from 1978 to 1992 at about 15
          acres (6.1 ha). While no public boat landing was located in
          1978, 8.2 acres (3.3 ha) were developed by 1992. The problem of
          missing photos and annexation skew the statistics regarding
          agricultural and natural lands against observed trends. Local
          and national trends suggest that such lands generally are
          declining, especially adjacent to urban areas. In 1992, 86 acres
          (35 ha) of area were identified within the agricultural and
          natural use category. Of these were 31 acres (12.6 ha) of
          abandoned field, 27 acres (11 ha) of active agriculture and 10
          acres (4.1 ha) of wetland.
               In the open/other land use category, 63 acres (25 ha) were
          identified as outdoor recreation. Ten (10) structures were
          counted on these areas,
               In 1992, 3,164 feet (965 m) of sea wall and 22,466 feet
          (6,850 m) of revetment were recorded.

          Town-of Sheboygan

               The coastal zone for the town of Sheboygan was determined to
          be 219 acres (89 ha) in 1978 and 150 acres (60 ha) in 1992.
          However, annexation to the city of Sheboygan resulted in a loss
          of 78 acres (32 ha) of land. This area represents a 35% loss
          relative to the 1978 total. Given the annexation, a comparison
          of 1978-1992 land use within the coastal zone is problematic.
               The amount of residential land located within the coastal
          zone was 19 acres (7.8 ha) in 1992. Within the residential area
          were counted 19 structures, 16 of which were identified to be
          single family/duplex.
               No commercial, industrial, transportation or extractive land
          uses were identified for either 1978 or 1992.
               In 1992, agricultural an natural lands covered an area of
          130 acres (53 ha). Most area fell within the use types abandoned
          field - 38 acres (15 ha), active agricultural    31 acres (12.6
          ha), forest - 31 acres (12.5 ha) and wetland    21 acres (8.5 ha).
               No sea walls were identified in either study year. In 1992,
          972 feet (297 m) of revetment were measured along the town's
          shoreline.

          Town of Wilson


               The coastal zone of the town of Wilson was determined to be
          656 acres (266 ha) in 1978 and 437 acres (258 ha) in 1992. The

                                          21









          19 acre (7.7 ha) difference is 2.9% of the 1978 total. The town
          of Wilson was one of the sites tested to determine linear
          accuracy of the enlarged photos. The 1978 photos of Wilson were
          determined to deviate -2.5%.from USGS 1:24000 maps. The 1992
          photos deviated by +1.2% from the USGS basis.
               Total residential land located within the coastal zone
          remained stable from 1978 to 1992 at about 60 acres (24 ha). In
          1992, 21EI structures were located within the residential area.
          Included in the total were 153 single family/duplex units, 39
          detached garages and 24 sheds.
               Within the coastal zone, no commercial or industrial lands
          were identified for either study year.
               In 1.978, 11.3 acres (4.6 ha) of transportation area were
          identified, 11.1 acres (4.5 ha) of which were identified as
          utility. In 1972, however, no transportation lands were logged
          within the coastal zone.
               The category agricultural and natural remained stable (about
          475 acres, 193 ha) over the 14 year study period. Most land use
          types within this category remained stable as well, with modest
          change reported for active agriculture (-12.3 acres, 5 ha), sluiff.p
          zone (+4.3 acres, 1.7 ha) and wetlands (-14.1 acres, 5.7 ha).
               Both study years recorded just over 100 acres (40 ha) of
          open/other land types, 98% of which fell into the type class
          outdoor recreation.
               Changes to shoreline were substantial from 1978 to 1992.
          Sea walls declined from 865 feet (216 m) in 1978 to 68 feet (21
          m) in 1992. However, revetments increased by 3,302 feet (1,007
          m) from a total of 3,629 feet (1,107 m) in 1978 to 6,931 feet
          (2,113 m) in 1992. This represents an increase of 91%.























                                          22












                                       REFERENCES

          Avery, T.E. and G.L. Berlin, 1985. Interpretation of Aerial
             PhotograRhs. 4th ed., Brugess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
             554 pp.                   a

          Barrett, N.E. and W.A. Niering, 1993. Tidal marsh restoration:
             trends in vegetation change using a geographic information
             system. Society for Ecological Restoration. l(l):18-28.

          Befort, W. and J.J. Viliman, 1985. Aerial identification of
             forest habitats. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual
             Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 679-688.

          Benton, A.R., Jr., W.W. Snell and C. Clark, 1978. Seasonal aerial
             photographic mapping of Galveston Island. Coastal Mapping
             Papers Reprint from Coastal Zone 178, Amer. Soc. Civil Eng.,
             pp. 1205-1222.

          Boge, W.E., A.C. Crone and R.J. Ondrejka, 1992. Primary data
             acquisition - state of the art review. Photogrammetric
             Engineering and Remote Sensing, 58(8):1077-10.

          Carlson, H., L.M. Andrews and C.W. Threinen, 1977. Surface Water
             Resources of Oconto County. Wisconsin Department of Natural
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          Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial Photography.
             Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 261 pp.

          Dresen, M. and M.E. Vollbrecht, 1986. Wisconsin's shoreland
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          Evans, B.M. and L. Mata, 1984. Acquisition of 35mm oblique
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             1590.

          Ferguson, R.L., L.L. Wood and D.B. Graham, 1993. Monitoring
             spacial change in seagrass habitat with aerial photography.
             Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 59(6):1033-
             1038.

          Fleming, J. and R.G. Dixon, 1981. Basic Guide to Small-Format
             Hand-Held Oblique Aerial Photography. Canadian Centre for
             Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, 81 p.




                                           23









          Hagen, G.F. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Predicting tree groundline
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             52 (5) :687-690.
          Heer, R.C. and J.1L Smith, 1986. Estimation of density in young
             pine plantations using 35mm aerial. photography. Proceedings o.E
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             pp. 80-84.
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          Hinckley, T.K. and J.W. Walker, 1993. Obtaining and using low-
             altitude/large-scale imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and
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          International Joint commission, Committee 2, 1993. Detailed Site
             Study - Berrien County, Michigan: Final Report, 75 pp.

          International Joint commission, 1993. Great Lakes Water Level
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          Kim, K. and S. Ventura, 1993. Large-scale modeling of urban
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          Lo, C.P. and W.E. Noble, 1990. Detailed urban land-use and  land-
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                                          24









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                                         25








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                                          26




 I
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                                      APPENDIX
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 1                                       27
 0
 f










                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992

                                 County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Sheboygan
          Coastal  Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

             Town  of Holland
             Town  of Mosel
             City  of Sheboygan
             Town  of Sheboygan
             Town  of Wilson





                                   ..LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                       Area
                                              of structures      Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                ---garages
                  sheds
             112 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             113  Res. units                     1436             473          192
                  garages                         644
                  sheds                           246
                  barns                            11
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                               Subtotal          2337             473          192


          12 Commercial

             121 Central  Business Dist
             122  Shopping Center/Mall
             124  Neighborhood Business Dist       10               4            2
             126  Institutional                     2               2            1
                                 Subtotal          12               6            2
          '13 Industrial

             138 Industrial   Park












                                                                     Area
           14 Trans)ortation                 of gtl-uctures     Acres     Hectares

              1.41 Air Transportation
              2,42 Rail Transportation                             2
              143 water Transportation
              2.43.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              1.44 Hic ays
                    .Ihw                                           7          3
              145 Communications                                 <1
                                                                             <1
              146 Utilities                                      62          25
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant          15             14
              148 Landfill                                                    6
                                Subtotal          34                         34

           17 Extra:tive

              171 open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                     Subtotal

           18 Agricmltural and Natural

                     Abandoned Field                                         79
                  AG Agriculture Active           46            597         242
                  F  Forest                                     822         333
              184 H  Heath                                       96          39
              16t OW Open Water
              i86 RL Rock Ledge                                    I         <1
              181 SL Slump Zone'                                 74          30
                     Wetland                                    190          77
                                Subtotal          46            1990        806

           19 0@6n Land, other

              191 Outdoor-Public  Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                __2          1
              193 Outdoor Recreation              18            140         ___57
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                        142          57
                                                          Total Acres        26515
                                                           Total Hectares    1091

              Shore.ine Modifications                                Linear
                                                                 Eeet       Mete:LI
              195 Sea Walls                                      2120         6T6
              196 Revetments                                    28710        8753-
              197 Groins                                     Groins
           -.1.98-Dock Non-Flow-Through                   of   pocks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992

                                County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Sheboygan
          Coastal  Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

             Town  of Holland
             Town  of Mosel
             City  of Sheboygan
             Town  of Sheboygan
             Town  of Wilson







                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                   Area
                                     I of structures          Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112. Res. units                     14             16           7
                 garages                          1
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                    1694            554         224
                 garages                        742
                 sheds                          196
                 barns                            8
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal         2655            570         231


          12 Commercial


            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      21             10           4
            126 Institutional                     2              6          3
                                Subtotal        23             16           6



          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park                 38             66           27












                                                                     Area
                                             of structures      Acres     Hectares


           14 TransDortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation                              2
             IL43 Walter Transportation
             3.43.1 Private Marina
             3.43.2 Public Boat Landing                           8           3
             3.44 Highways                                        4           2
             3.45 Communications                                 <1          <1
             146 Utilities                        36             61          25
             3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant          10             16           6
             3.48 Landfill
                                Subtotal          55             90          37


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181  AF Abandoned Field                            245          99
             182  AG Agriculture Active           31            -434        176
             183  F  Forest                                     895         362
             184  H  Heath                                       79          32
             185  OW Open Water                                  21           9
             186  RL Rock Ledge                                   1          <1
             187  SL Slump Zone                                  62          25
             188  WT Wetland                                    171          70
                                Subtotal                        1908        772


           19 Open Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                  1           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation               20            165          67
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal          20            166          67


                                                          Total Acres        2816
                                                          Total Hectares     114CI


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                       4117        1255
             196 Reveltments                                    36539       11140.
             197 Groins                                   of Groins
             198 D6(,.k Non-Flow-Through                  of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                     1978 - 1992


                                 Civil Jurisdiction
                                 Summary Data Sheet

         Year: 1978
         County: Sheboygan
         Township, Village or City name: Town of Holland
         PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
         description):

              T13N R23E  SEC 4
                         SEC 8
                         SEC 9
                         SEC 17
                         SEC 19
                         SEC 20
                         SEC 30
                         SEC 31


                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                               Area
                                       I of structures    Acres     Hectares


        -11 Residential

           111  Res. units
                garages
                sheds
           112  Res. units
                garages
               .-.-..sheds
            @113 Res. units                  275           88          36
                garages                       56
                sheds                         64
                barns                          2
           115  Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal         397           88          36

         12 Commercial

           121 Central Business Dist
           122 Shopping Center/Mall
           124 Neighborhood Business Dist      2           <1          <1
           126 Institutional
                              Subtotal         2           <1          <1



           1*38 Industrial Park












                                                                                 Area
             14 Trans)ortation                       of ltructures         Acres       Hectares,

                2.41 Air Transportation
                2.42 Rail Transportation
                2.43 Water Transportation
                1.43.1 Private Marina
                2.43.2 Public Boat Landing
                1.44 Highways
                1.45 Communications
                1.46 Utilities
                1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
                2.48 Landf ill
                                     Subtotal
             17 Extra,.tive

                171 Open Pit
                172 Underground
                173 Well
                179 Other Extractive
                                           Subtotal

                 =icultural and Natural

                181  AF  Abandoned Field                                    60            23
                182  AG  Agriculture Active                2                94            38
                183  F   Forest                                            367           149
                184  H   Heath                                             .10              4
                185  OW  Open Water                                           4             2
                186  RL  Rock Ledge
                     SL  Slump Zone
             ."-.188 WT  Wetland                                            92            37
                                     Subtotal              2               621           252

             19 Open ]@and. Other

                191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             - 192 Urban Open Lots
                193 Outdoor Recreation
                194 Cemeteries
                                     Subtotal                       Total Acres             710
                                                                    Total Hectares          287

             Shoreline Modifications                                             Linear
                                                                            Feet         Meterg;
                195 Sea Walls                                               - 627           19jL_
                196 Revetments                                              719,3         2 1  -@L_
                197 Groins                                             I of Groins
                198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                of-Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Sheboygan
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Holland
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

                T13N R23E  Sec.     4
                           Sec.     8
                           Sec.     9
                           Sec.   17
                           Sec.   19
                           Sec.   20
                           Sec.   30
                           Sec.   31


                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                     Area
                                             of structures      Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential
             111 Res. units'
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                      280             93          38
                 garages                          55
                 sheds                            81
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal           416             93          38


          12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist         1            <1          <1
             126 Institutional
                                 Subtotal           1            <1          <1


          13 Industrial


             138-Industrial Park






                                             of structures      Acres Area Hectarets,

           14 Trans2ortation

              141 Air Transportation
              IL42 Rail Transportation
              IL43 Walter Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              144 Highways
              IL45 Communi cations
              IL46 Utilities
              IL47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              IL48 Landf ill
                                Subtotal
           17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                             33          14
              182 AG Agriculture Active           31             61          25
              183 F  Forest                                      392        159
              184 H  Heath
              185 OW Open Water                                   5           2____
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone
              188 WT Wetland                                     94          38
                                Subtotal          31             586        238


           19 ORen  Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation               2              1          <1
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal           2              1          <1


                                                          Total Acres         660
                                                          Total Hectares      276

           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                                 .C
                                                                 Feet       Metex.;
              195 Sea Walls                                       885         270
              196 Revetments                                     5510        1680
              197 Groins                                      of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Sheboygan
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Mosel
          PLSS section data sheets included in summaM@ (give full
          description):

               T16N R23E SEC 3
                         SEC 10
                         SEC 15
                         SEC 22
                         SEC 27
                         SEC 34




                                 LAND USE  CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                        I of structules    Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            iii Res. units                     28            40         16
                garages                         4
                sheds                          31
                barns                           3
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal           66            40         16

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal


          13 Industrial
        .--.-.138'Industrial Park












                                                                   Area
                                          I of structures    Acres-- Hectares

           14 Trans 3ortation

             3.41 Air Transportation
             3.42 Rail Transportation
             3.43 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
             3.44 Highways
             3.45 Communications
             3.46 Utilities
             3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
             3.48 Landf ill
                               Subtotal


           17 Extra,,tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Acrricultural and Natural

             1 81 AF Abandoned Field                          77          31
             182 AG Agriculture Active          44            417        169
             .183F  Forest                                    59          24
           .-3.84H  Heath
                 OW Open Water                                  I         <1
           -.-..186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                56          23
             188 WT Wetland                                   56          23
                               Subtotal         44            666        270
           i9 ORen Land, Other

                 Outdoor-Public  Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal


                                                        Total Acres        706,
                                                        Total Hectares     286,
           .ihoreline Modifications                                Linear
                                                              Feet       Meters.
             195 Sea Walls
             196 Revetments                                   1706         52CL.
             197 Groins                                   P of Groins
           -.198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                    # of Docks









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992


                                     civil Jurisdiction
                                     Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Sheboygan
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Mosel
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T16N R23E     Sec.    3
                              Sec.   10
                              Sec.   15
                              Sec.   22
                              Sec.   27
                              Sec.   34




                                     LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                             of structures      Acres Area Hectares

           11 Residential

             111  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             112  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             113  Res. units                       33            45           18
                  garages                          10
                  sheds                            50
                  barns                             8
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds        Subtotal           101            45           18

           12 commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                 Subtotal


           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park






                                             of structures      Acres Area Hecta es;

           14 Trans'Rortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             IL44 Highways
             IL45 Communications
             IL46 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                                Subtotal


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal


           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181  AF Abandoned Field                            127          52
             182  AG Agriculture Active                         335         136
             183  F  Forest                                     104          42
             184  H  Heath
             185  OW Open Water                                   2          <1---.
             186  RL Rock Ledge
             187  SL Slump Zone                                  45          18
             188  WT Wetland                                     17           7
                                Subtotal                        630         255


           19 Oven  @and, Other

             2.91 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                  Total Acres         674
                                                          Total Hectares      273


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls
             196 Revetments                                       659         201
             197 Groins                                        of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Sheboygan
          Township, Village or City name: City of Sheboygan
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T15N R23E  SEC 2
                          SEC 11
                          SEC 14
                          SEC 23
                          SEC 26
                          SEC 35



                                  LAND 1. USE @ATEGORIES

                                                                   Area
                                           of structures     Acres     Hectares
          11 Residential'

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages

            113 Res.,units                     -925           236          95
                garages                        531
                sheds                          107
                barns                             1
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         1564            236          95

          12 Commercial

            121 Central  Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist        8            4            2
            126 Institutional                     2            2            1
                               Subtotal         10             6            2

        .13 Industrial
            138'Industrial-Park*












                                                                                         Area
                                                          of structures           Acres         Hectares

              14 Trans3ortation

                 3.41 Air Transportation
                 1.42 Rail Transportation                                            2               1
                 1.43 Water Transportation
                 1.43.1 Private Marina
                 2.43.2 Public Boat Landing
                 3.44 Highways                                                       7               3
                 3.45 Communications                              1                 <1             <1
                 1.46 Utilities                                  17                 50             20
                 3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant                     15                 14               6
                 3.48 Landf ill
              17 Extra".tive             Subtotal                33                 74             30

                 171 Open Pit
                 172 Underground
                 173 Well
                 179 Other Extractive
                                               Subtotal


              18 Actricultural and Natural

                 181   AF  Abandoned Field                                          14               6
                 182   AG  Agriculture Active                                        I             <1
                 *183  F   Forest                                                   23               9
                 -184  H   Heath                                                     2               1
                 185   OW  Open Water                                               <1             <1
                 186   RL  Rock Ledge                                 . . .....      1             <1
                       SL  Slump Zone                                             .10                4
                -188   WT  Wetland                                                  <1             <1
                                         Subtotal                                   51             20


              19 ORen Land, Qther

                 191   Outdoor-Public Assembly
                 192   Urban Open Lots                                              <1             <1
                 193   Outdoor Recreation                         6                 39             16
                 194   Cemeteries
                                         Subtotal                 6                 39             16


                                                                            Total   Acres            405
                                                                            Total   Hectares         1641

             '-Shoreline Modifications                                                   Linear
                                                                                    Feet          MetelLS!
                 195   Sea Walls                                                     636             19-1AL-       I
                 196.Revetments                                                   14548            443.!L_
                 197 Groins                                                   f of Groins
                 198   Dock Non-Flow-Through                                     of  pocks









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992


                                     Civil Jurisdiction
                                     Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Sheboygan
           Township, Village or City name: City of Sheboygan
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):
                T14N R23E     Sec.    2


                T15N R23E     Sec.    2
                              Sec.   11
                              Sec. - 14
                              Sec.   23
                              Sec.   26
                              Sec.   35


                                     LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                      Area
           11 Residential                    of structures      Acres     Hectares

             111  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             112  Res. units                      14              16           7
                  garages                           1
                  sheds
             113  Res. units                     1212            338          137
                  garages                         637
                  sheds                           39
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                               Subtotal         1903             354          143


           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist       20               9           4
             126 Institutional                      2              6           3
                                 Subtotal         22              15           6

           13 Industrial


             138 Industrial Park                  38              66           27






                                             of s:ructures     Acres Area Hectares

            14 Transportation

              141 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation                            2           1
              143 Wetter Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing  _         8             8           3
              144 Highways                                       4           2
              145 Communications                   1            <1          <1
              146 Utilities                      36             61          25
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant         10             16           6
              148 Landfill
                                Subtotal         55             90          37


            17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                            31          13
              182 AG Agriculture Active
              183 F  Forest                                     27          11
              184 H  Heath
              185 OW Open Water                                  9           4
              186 RI, Rock Ledge                                 1          <1
              187 SL Slump Zone                                  8           3
              188 WT Wetland                                    10           4
                                Subtotal                        86          35


            19 Open Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation             10             63          25
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal         10             63          25


                                                          Total Acres        675
                                                          Total Hectares     273


            Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                                Feet      Meters
              195 Sea Walls                                     3164         9455
              196 Revetments                                   22466        6850,
              197 Groins                                      of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Sheboygan
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Sheboygan
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T14N R23E SEC 2
                          SEC 3
                          SEC 11







                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                   Area
                                           of structures     Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

         -- 111  Res. units
              -  garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                      23            47          19
                 garages                          1
                 sheds                           11
                 barns                            1
            115  Res. units
                 garages
              -  sheds        Subtotal           36            47         19

          12 Commercial

            121 Central  Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                                Subtotal

         .13 Industrial

            138 Industrial  Park












                                                                    Area
           14 Transiortation              I of stuctures        Acres    Hectarf*?S

             141 Air, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landf ill
           17 Extra:tive       Subtotal

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179.0ther Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 A=icultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                             33          13
             182 AG Agriculture Active                          67          27
             183 F  Forest                                      29          12
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                   5           2
           '---186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                   9           4
           -188  WT Wetland                                     28          11
                               Subtotal                         170         69


           19 Open Land, Other                                  -

             -191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                 2           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal                          2           1


                                                         Total Acres         219
                                                         Total Hectares       89

           Sh2reline Modifications                                  Linear
                                                                Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls
             196 Revetments                                    1633         498__
             197 Groins                                       of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      4 of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                     1978 - 1992

                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Sheboygan
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Sheboygan
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):
               T15N R23E   Sec.   2
                           Sec.   3
                           Sec.  11








                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
          11 Residential                  of structures    Acres    Hectares

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     16           19           8
                garages                         1
                sheds                           2
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal           19           19           8

          12 Commerc a"

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park












                                                                    Area
                                            of structures       Acres    Hectares;

          14 Trans2:)rtation

            1411 Air Transportation
            1412 Rail Transportation
            1413 Water Transportation
            1413.1 Private Marina
            1413.2 Public Boat Landing
            1414 Highways
            1415 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landf ill
                              Subtotal


          17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

          18 Agricultural and Natural

            181 AF  Abandoned Field                             38          15
            182 AG  Agriculture Active                          31          13
            183 F   Forest                                      31          13
            184 H   Heath
            185 OW  open Water                                    5          2
            186 RL  Rock Ledge
            187 SL  .,'),,lump Zone                               5          2
            188 WT  Wetland                                     21           9
                              Subtotal                          130         53


          19 02en Land. Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192 Urban Open Lots
            193 Outdoor Recreation
            194 cemeteries
                              .Subtotal                  Total Acres         150
                                                         Total Hectares       60


          Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                Feet       Meters
            195 Sea Walls
            196 Revetments                                      972         297
            197 Groins                                       of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year:   1978
          County: Sheboygan
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Wilson
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T14N R23E  SEC 2
                          SEC 11
                          SEC 14
                          SEC 22
                          SEC 23
                          SEC 27
                          SEC 33
                          SEC 34


                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
AM                                         of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
               ..-garages

            113  Res. units                    185            62          25
                 garages                        52
                 sheds                          33
                 barns                           4
            115  Res. units
                 garages
               -sheds
                             Subtotal          274            62          25

          12 Commercial

            121  Central Business Dist
          - 122  Shopping Center/Mall
            124  Neighborhood Business  Dist
            126  Institutional
                                Subtotal

         -13 Industrial
            1- 3--8.. - I-n-. d-ustrial Park












                                                                           Area
                                                 of structures       Acres      Hectares

            14 Transportation

               141 Air Transportation
               IL42 Rail Transportation                               <1           <1
               IL43 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina
               143.2 Public Boat Landing
               IL44 Highways
               IL45 Communications
               IL46 Utilities                                                       5
               IL47 Sewage Treatment Plant
               IL48 Landf ill
            17 Extra--tive         Subtotal            1              11            5

               171 Open Pit
               172 Underground
               173 Well
               179 Other Extractive
                                        Subtotal

            18  Agmicpltural   and Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                                              6
               182 AG  Agriculture Active                             19            a
               183 F   Forest                                        345          140
           _184    H   Heath                                         __85          35
           @ _185  OW  Open Water                                       5          - 2
           ____186 RL  Rock Ledge
           ___187  SL  Slumplone
               189'WT  Wetland                                        14           -.6
                                   Subtotal                          482          195

            19 Open ][,and. 0 her

               191 Outdoor-Public    Assembly
                   Urban Open Lots                                   -<I           <1
               193 Outdoor Recreation                 12             101
               194 Cemeteries
                                   Subtotal           12             101           41


                                                                Total Acres         656
                                                                Total Hectares      266

            Shoreline Modifications                                        Linear
                                                                      Feet        MeteZ,.I;
               195 Sea Walls                                          856           26j,__
               196 Revetments                                         3629         1101,
               197 Groins                                           of Groins
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         f  of Docks









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992

                                     Civil Jurisdiction
                                     Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Sheboygan
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Wilson
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T14N R23E     Sec.     2
                              Sec.   11
                              Sec.   14
                              Sec.   22
                              Sec.   23
                              Sec.   27
                              Sec.   33
                              Sec.   34


                                     LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                             of structures      Acres Area Hectares

           11 Residential

             111  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             112  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             113  Res. units                      153            59           24
                  garages                          39
                  sheds                            24
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds        Subtotal           216            59           24

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                 Subtotal

           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park












                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acres     Hectares

           14 Trans,portation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 'Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                           16           6
             182 AG Agriculture Active                         6           3
             183 F  Forest                                   342         138
             184 H  Heath                                     79          32
             185 OW Open Water                                 1
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                 4           1
             188 WT Wetland                                   28
                               Subtotal                      475         193


           19 Open Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                               1           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation             8            102          41
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal         8            103          42


                                                        Total Acres        6_'37
                                                        Total Hectares     2513

           Shoreline Modifications                                Linear
                                                              Feet       MeteiCs
             195 Sea Walls                                     68           21
             196 Revetments                                   6931        213.3.
             197 Groins                                     of Groins
             .198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     of Docks




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