[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                            ASSESSING COASTAL
                                       DEVELOPMENT ALONG
          Y
                                                RACINE COUNTY'S
                                                   L AIK017-d M I C H I G -AN
                                                             SHOIKEEKLINE:
                                                                 1978-1992
                 V
                                              J;

                    _\@x   ,qy
                                               -7
                                0.                       William R. Niedzwiedz
                                                      Department of Public and
                                                          Environmental Affairs
                                           University of Wisconsin-Green Bay


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         Prepared for the Wisconsin
       oastal management Program

                         July 1 5














          Acknowledgements


             FUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

          Financial assistance for this Reseaz-chlStudy Rroject was provided
          by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
          administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
          Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
          pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
          MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

          THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
          Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
          COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
          protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
          Superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                  The Project Team

          This project required coordination and completion of several
          steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
          interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
          preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
          complete this project.

             Brentt Michalek
             Christopher Hanrahan
             Shawn Reed
             Wendy Zareczny
             Christopher Wazny
             John Rafferty
             Cheryl Schulz
             Lori Pasterski
             Tom Marchant



          Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
          preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
          manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
          special recognition as part of the project team.

          Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
          Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
          project.











                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


           INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	1

           PROJECT GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	1

           STUDY AREA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	1

           PROJECT METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      3
               Aerial Photography  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      3
               Project Aerial Photos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	4
               Photo Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 	4
               Aerial Photo Interpretation (API) . . . . . . . . .      5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      5
               Residential Land  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      5
               Commercial and Industrial Land. . . . . . . . . . .      6
               Industrial Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      7
               Transportation Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      7
               Extractive Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      8
               Agricultural and Natural Land . . . . . . . . . . .      8
               Open and Other Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     10
               Shoreline Modification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     10
               Structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential     11

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . .     11

           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE
               COASTAL ZONE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     12

           TALLY OF DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     12

           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR. . . . . . . . . . . .     13
               Photo Scale and Enlargements. . . . . . . . . . . .     13
               "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography.     14
               Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage . . . . . . . .     14
               Incomplete Photo-Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . .     14
               Missing Photo Coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     15
               Location of 1000' Coastal Zone Boundary . . . . . .     15
               Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme . . . .     15
               Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
                 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     15

           RESULTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    16
               Racine County Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    16
                 Residential Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    18
                 Commercial and Industrial Land . . . . . . . . . .    18
                 Transportation Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    18
                 Extractive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    18
                 Agricultural and Natural Land  . . . . . . . . . .    19
                 Open/Other Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    19
                 Shoreline Modifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . .    19
               Results by Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    20
                 Town of Caledonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    20
                 Town of Mount Pleasant . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    20
                 Village of North Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    21
 







                 City of Racine   . . . . . . . . .                                22
                 Village of Wind Point      . . . . .                              22

           REFERENCES    . . . . . . . . .      . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        241


           APPENDIX                                                                213


           LIST OF TABLES
               Table 1. County Results     of Linear Accuracy Tests      . . .     17

           LIST OF FIGURES
               Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
                 Superior   . . . . . . . . .                                        .2









                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsin's
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

               The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,000f (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
               Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
               This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results, Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

               Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
             - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
             - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
                Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
                Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
                1992
                Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                     STUDY AREA

               The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide































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                Figure 1. Coastal        Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

                                                     2
                                                                                        D@-X6









          examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
          Batie, 1984).

          Project Aerial Photos

               In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
          panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the
          Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
          photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
          Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
          flown at a scale of 1:6000 (1" = 5001) and enlargements made at
          1:2400 (1" = 2001). The 1978 photos were taken April 16*. The
          1992 photos were flown Nay 13*.
               Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
          and flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
          rre not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
          individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
          Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
          incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented with
          the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
          photo.
               Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
          line 11 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
          northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight
          line and photo number.
               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
          flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
          photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
          photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
          photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
          coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
          1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsinfs Lake Michigan shoreline,
          900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
          shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
          Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
          about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
          Illinois border.

          Photo Preparation

               Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
          all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
          acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
          interpretation included the following:
              1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
              2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                required.
              3, Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
                are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                            4









                that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
                mapping applications.
             4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
                These lines are used to denote*a common boundary between
                adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
                boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
                work.
             5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section lines (red ink).
             6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
             7. Locate and mark 1,000f coastal zone boundary line (blue
                                                     'meeting water. In
                ink.). A divider was used to scribe a line 1000,1 away and
                parallel to the line defined by land
                cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
                dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
                s.horeline.
             S. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
                slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
                were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
                classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
                the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
                additional discussion.

          Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

               .The landscape within the coastal zone can representa
          complex mix of natural to urban uses. The  land use
          classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
          complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
          modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
          Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
          residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
          agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses havf@
          been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
          have been. located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
          are tallied by type for 1992.
               Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
          revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
          Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
          and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
          were counted.


                                CLASSIFICATION SCHEME


          Residential Land

               All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
          area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
          by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
          the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
          other classification types as well.



                                          5









          111  Multi-FaMily: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. -Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113  Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115  Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               for mobile units.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commerci al land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Centek/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






                                          6










               public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
          126  Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to

               churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
               "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
               When located within the CBD, public buildings without
               "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
               would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138  Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
               industrial use areas.
                 Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
               processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
               petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often-have!
               large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
               transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
               interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                 Light industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
               products such as electronics, appliances, and other
               secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
               material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
               light industries are well landscaped and are
               indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
               photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141  Air 'Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
               associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
               areas and adjacent open areas.

          142  Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
               freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
               passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
               such as tank farms.

          143  Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
               several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
               related land-based facilities for water transportation and
               commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
               marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
               buildings and parking areas.

          143.1  Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                 residential land are designated as private marinas. Oftei.11
                 such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                 and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                 waterway.


                                           7









          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                areas.

          144  Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
               corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, such
               roads are four or more lanes wide. Local streets are not
               included in this type.

          145  Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
               communications. These include radio/television towers,
               lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146  Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
               and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
               buildings, towers, roads/parking facilities and, in the case
               of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147  Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
               parking areas, access roads and grounds are included'in this
               type.

          148  Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
               type. Landfills cover'an extensive area and are dominated
               by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
               roads.

          Extractive Land Use

          171  Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
               extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
               includes access roads and any structures.

          172  Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
               extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
               would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173  Well. Features associated with wells are limited.
               Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
               difficult.

          179  Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181  Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
               reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass are
               abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If tree
               crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
               classified as forest.



                                          8









          182  Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
               is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries.
               on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
               maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
               as part of this type.
          183  Forest (F): Areas of  forest, deciduous, coniferous or
               mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
               less, than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
               field.

          184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
               shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

          185  Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
               and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
               during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
               located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
               edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
               railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
               establish such a line.

          186  Rock, Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
               within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
               County.

          187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
               beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
               to the beach.

          188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
               wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
               swamps,, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
               forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                 geasonally flooded ba&l:ns or flats occur principally on
                tream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
               herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
               water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
               growing season.
                 Shrub swMs often have waterlogged soil during the
               growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
               present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
               dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                 Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
               Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
               Surface water is present only for a short period during the
               spring.
                 Bqgs ate unique wetland types that support a distinctive
               plant community, including most of the following: heath
               shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
               black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mal:
               of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                          9











                Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to six
               inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                Deep marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
                 Forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               "leaves-on" photography.

          Open and Other Land

          191  Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192  Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle
               in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type
               includes land which'has been cleared for urban development
               of an unknown use.

          193  Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
               the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
               buildings and other related facilities.

          194  Cemeteries


          Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
          Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin's
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                         10









                 features. Construction materials can include conc           e,  wood
                 or interlocking sheet steel.                          t                    11
           196    evetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab st            tures built
                 p rallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, rree tments       are
                 le s well defined, and appear wider than do.s        walls.

           197   Groi s      [red)      Groins are large rock s ructures built.
                 perpe dicular to the shoreline into the wat r. Except for
                 their istinct orientation and placement, roins appear
                 similar to revetments.

           198   Non-Flow- hrough Dock         [blue]     Su,h docks are
                 permanent tructures built into near-s ore waters.
                 Typically t ese docks are straight, t eir upper surface wide
                 and well def ned.

           Structures    Indust ial, Commercial and Residential

                 on the 1992 phot s, buildings wi in the coastal zone are
           classified by type and location. Us      .1                              1
                                                   ,,ing a template of rectangles
           for each building, a re angle is selected that best represents
                                    e
           the area of the building      "footp nt." The selected rectangle
           then is positioned so   tha the le ding edge of the building
           (relative to the.shoreline is , cated. Green ink was used to
           represent commercial/indust *a institutional buildings while red
           ink was used for residential        ildings.

                               THE PHOTO T      RETIVE PROCESS

                 After photo preparat* n, ea      photo was interpreted using
           the classification schem defined bove. Area (land uses),
           linear (shoreline modif* ation) an     'point (urban structures,
           groins, docks) types a e represente in this study. Lines and,or
           symbols were used to efine all types         Area types are
           represented by perimi er boundary line and symbols to define and
           identify the areas. Line types represe ing modification to
           natural shoreline ere defined using bot lines and symbols. All
           area and line t      symbols are recorded i black ink. Point
           types are defin     by symbols and colored i       (see above).
                 Modificat* ns to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
           revetments,  a    delineated by placing (paint' g) the IV' symbol
           at the begi    ng andend of the modification. The type of
                   .a@
           modific do is represented by placing the appr riate number
           between th   IV' symbols. For example, 195 posit ned between two
           IV' symbo s  means that a sea wall has been built        ong this
           section.6f shoreline. Shoreline classificationw           conducted
           b f     land use so that land use boundary lines pla d along the
           s:orre @nne would not 'hide' shoreline information.
                 Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined      by oint
           s   ols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was        pla d at the
           P nt where the structure meets land. As discussed         abo     for

                                              11
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              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

         196  Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

         197  Groins ( * (red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

         198  Non-Flow-Through Dock      (blue)    Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

         structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
         classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
         for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
         the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
         then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
         (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
         counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
         comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
         the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
         linear (shoreline modification) and point (urban structures,
         groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
         symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
         represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
         identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
         natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
         area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
         types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
         revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
         at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
         modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
         between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
         IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
         section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
         before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
         shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
         symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
         point where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

                                         11









         199:2, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT
                      TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modification) measurements were made using the hardware/software
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay. Photo acetate overlays were affixed to large-format
         digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres/hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         designations as.well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                   TALLY OF DATA

              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summazjr
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section Data-Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
         sbctions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins'and non-flow-through docks.
           I Civil Jurisdiction-SummaME Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of.civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the summary, as well as all land use,, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              County SummaM@ Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         slimmarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                        12

                                                                                 it







           1992, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
           delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure'.

                           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT         
                          TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE
                Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
           modification) measurements were made using the hardware/software
           facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
           Bay. Photo acetate overlays were affixed to large-format
           digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
           perimeter.  Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
           to acres/hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
           modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
           measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
           of modification.                            
                Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
           count for each type.  The area covered by each acetate was broken
           into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
           Measurements (above) ere separated//by civil and PLSS
           designations as well, and documented permanently on each acetate
           overlay.
                                        TALLY OF DATA

                Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
           to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
           Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summary
           Data (Appendix).
                PLSS Section Data Sheet:  One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
           was used for each section locate on a photo/acetate. Generally,
           1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
           sections per photo were recorded.  Section level data sheets
           record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
           county and commuity (ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
           location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
           industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
           by type linear distance of sea walls and, revetments, and the
           number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
                Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
           summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
           township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
           name of civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
           included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
           structure count data discussed above.
                County Summary Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
           summaries all data for the towns, villages and cities located
           within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
           county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
           within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and
                                   

                                              12
 








          structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data,
          sheets.


                          .LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

               The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
          photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan.
          shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
          photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
          photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
               Copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were ncol:
          available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
          of 'the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
          in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
          photographic coverage.only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
          project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
          the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
          for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
          what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
          for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
          photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
          discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
               The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
          is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
          understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
          apply to arty of the results reported below. The Results sections
          of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
          to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
          (1978 and 1992).

          Photo Scale and Enlargements

               All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
          reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
          corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
          inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
          ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
          topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
          and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
          the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
          the original-photos.
               Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
          photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
          tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
          each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
          photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
          base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
          and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
          systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
          only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
          positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
          tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                           13









          -13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
          in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
          the goals of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
          increcise-the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
          represent photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
          features.


          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 strip
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 1000f of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                         14









          exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
          the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
          reference! and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
          year.

          Missing Photo Coverage

                Occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
          photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
          missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
          year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
          not represented on photos remain unknown.

          Location of 1000f Coastal Zone Boundary

                On each photo set, 1978 and 1992,, a boundary line was drawn
          representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
          This line: was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
          line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
          landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
          location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
          Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 19713
          Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
          and about. 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
          inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
          insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
          shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
          result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
          included in the 1978 coastal zone.

          Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

                The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope    of an
          area and water elevation. since changes in the area of       beach
          likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
          levels (9, inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
          erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
                The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
          within the 1000f coastal zone. The landward extent of the
          coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
          between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
          measurements of land use types were made only for those types
          lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary      of
          the coastal zone. in most cases, beach strips represent only
          about five (5) acres per photo.

          Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
          Development

                As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
          boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
          changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

                                            15









           erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
           accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
           location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
           "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
           the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
           measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in an
           area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
           water is filled to develop commercial land. A "lakeward" shift
           in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
           filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
           shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
           in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
           boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
           of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
           coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw' statistics misleadingly
           suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
           make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                          RESULTS

           Racine County Statistics

                Racine County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
           coastal zone include the townships of Caledonia and Mount
           Pleasant, the villages of North Bay and Wind Point, and the city
           of Racine. The area measured within the coastal zone of Racine
           County was 1,649 acres (668 ha) in 1978 and 1,590 acres (643 ha)
           in 1992. This represents a difference of 59 acres (23.9 ha) or
           3.6%. The discrepancy likely is the result of errors inherent in
           the enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on pages 12 through 15.
           Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted on the linear
           accuracy of the Racine County photos. Results of tests applied
           to the 1978 photos indicate a range of error from -3% to +2.2%.
           However, results of tests applied to the 1992 photos indicate
           errors of -.8% to -5%.
                Statistical summaries for Racine County and all communities
           included in this study are located in the Appendix. I Summary
           data sheets present land use types by area, structural counts by
           type (1992), shoreline modification types by length, and a count
           of shoreline structuies by type. Data were collected at the PLSS
           ?ection level. While the section level data sheets are not
           included in this report, copies are available upon written
           request.





                'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
           (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
           presented on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
           report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                             16









                     Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                              Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                             1978                    1992
                                        Enlarged Photos         Enlarged Photos
             County                         (1:240                (1:24001

           Brown                            -0.4%                  -8.5%
                                             0.03%                 -5.5%


           Door                              1.3%                  -1.1%
                                             3.9%                  -3.6%


           Kenosha                          -2.5%                  -9.0%
                                             3.1%                  -1.6%


           Kewaunee                         -1.5%                  -5.4%
                                             2.1%                  -9.6%

           Manitowoc                        -1.7%                  .-6.4%
                                            .2.0%                  -7.4%

           Marinette   (one test)            9.6%                  -1.7%

           Milwaukee                        -4.9%                  -6.9%
                                            -5.3%                    1.9%


           Oconto                            2.9%                  -10.8%
                                             8.5%                  -13.1%                      1
           Ozaukee                           0.2%                  -5.7%
                                             1.3%                  -4.4%

           Racine                           -3.0%                  -5.0%
                                             2.2%                  -0.8%

           Sheboygan..                      -2.5%                  -1.2%
                                             4.6%                  -3.0%



                Mean                         0.95%                 -5.18%

               Range                   -5.3% to 9.6%         -13.1% to 1.9%








                                                17











         Residential Land

              Within the coastal zone of Racine County over 2,700
         residential structures were identified on 660 acres (267 ha) of
         land. Of the total were 1,848 residential units (single family
         or duplexes), 745 detached garages, 110 sheds and 4 barns. Since
         the 1992 photos are "leaves-on," these numbers likely
         underestimate the actual number of structures and area devoted to
         residential uses. In 1978, 648 acres (263 ha) of residential
         land was measured. The 12 acres (4.9 ha) of residential land
         represents an increase of 1.9%.
              Seven (7) medium to high-rise, multi-familyresidential
         units covered 12.2 acres (4.9 ha) of area in 1992 compared to 4.1
         acres (1.7 ha) in 1978. Five (5) low-rise multi-family
         residential units covered 5.4 acres (2.2 ha) of land in 1992, an
         increase from 1.2 acres (.5 ha) in 1978.

         Commercial and Industrial Land

              Commercial land represented 173 acres (66 ha) in 1978 and
         187 acres (76 ha) in 1992. one hundred fifty-nine (159)
         commercial structures were noted within the 1992 coastal zone.
         The types central business district and neighborhood business
         district totaled 52 acres (21 ha) in 1978 and 57 acres (23 ha) in
         1992. While no CBD entry was made on the 1978 summary sheet, it
         is likely that such land was misclassified and entered as
         neighborhood business district.
              Industrial land covered 124 acres (50 ha) and 57 acres (23
         ha) in 1978 and 1992, respectively. Photo scale anomalies could
         account for some of the reported 67 acre (27.1 ha) loss.
         However, the industrial type includes "grounds" used for outside
         storage of materials, which given the nature of industrial parks,
         could have changed the appearance of such land during the 14 year
         period.

         Transportation Land'

              Thirty six (36) structures were located on 123 acres (50 ha)
         of transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 54 acres (22 ha) of
         transportation land were reported, 69 acres (28 ha) fewer than
         reported in 1992. Most of the land use types within the
         transportation category experienced modest gains or losses of
         area over the 14 year period of the study. Public boating
         facilities, however, increased by 56 acres (23 ha) or 1,167%,
         from 4.8 acres (1.9 ha) in 1978 to 61 acres (25 ha) in 1992.

         Extractive

              No extractive land of any type was observed for either year
         of study.









          Agricultural and Natural Land

               Overall, 66 acres (27 ha) of agricultural and natural lands
          were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that continues
          nationally. Land actively being cultivated declined by 112 acres
          (45 ha) or by 71%. Both abandoned fields and forest lands
          increased in area by 47 (19 ha) and 26 acres (10.5 ha),
          respectively. While such a trend would be expected, given
          farmland abandonment, the magnitude of these increases reflects
          as well, -the impact of the 1992 "leaves-on" photography.
               Areas of shore erosion, or slump zone decreased from 53
          acres (21 ha) in 1978 to 43 acres (17.5 ha) in 1992. This
          decrease can be explained in part by -the increase of revetment
          construction over the same period (see below).
               Also of note is a 16.6 acre (6.7 ha) decline of wetland
          types. The loss could be actual and attributed to both urban
          development and the nine (9) inch rise in Lake Michigan water
          level. However, a portion of the loss could be attributed to   the
          underestimation of wetlands while using "leaves-on" photos.

          Open/Other Land

               Open/other land uses were estimated to cover 155 acres (63
          ha) and 140 acres,(57 ha) in 1978 and 1992, respectively. Both
          land use -types identified lost area from 1978 to 1992. Urban
          open lots declined from 21.5 acres (8.7 ha) to 19.6 acres (7.8
          ha) while outdoor recreation land declined from 133 acres (54 ha)
          to 120 acres (49 ha) .

          Shoreline Modifications

               Sea walls and revetments are used to protect shorelines frcom
          erosion. In 1978, 5,894 feet (1,797 m) of sea wall were reported
          compared to 4,135 feet (1,261 m) in 1992, representing a decrease
          of :1,759 feet (536 m). Although not verified, the loss may
          represent a shift to revetment construction. However, more
          significant is the 9,382 foot (2,860 m), 32% increase in
          revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
          estimated at 29,582 feet (9,019 m) in 1978 and 38,964 feet
          (11,879 m) in 1992.
               The development of groins and non-flow-through docks has
          increased considerably since 1978. Thirty-three (33) groins were
          counted in 1978, that number had increased to 60 groins by 1992.
          The 27 new groins represent an 82% increase. Eleven (11) non-
          flow-through docks were recorded in 1978 compared to 17 such
          docks in 1992.








                                          19









                                Results by Community

          Town of Caledonia

              Land within Caledonia's coastal zone was measured at 492
          acres (199 ha) in 1978 and 479 acres (194 ha) in 1992. The
          difference of 13 acres (5.3 ha) represents 2.6%. The source of
          the difference could be photo scale anomalies as discussed above.
              .In 1992, 473 residential structures were located on 128
          acres (52 ha) of land. Most of these structures (277) were
          single family or duplex while 157 and 36 were detached garages
          and sheds, respectively. In 1978, 122 acres (50 ha) of
          residential were reported.
              The commercial category displayed a modest loss over the
          study period, the most significant being a 6 acre (2.4 ha)
          decrease in institutional land. No industrial land was observed
          for either year of study.
              The transportation category remained stable at about 15
          acres (6.1 ha) from 1978 to 1992. Six (6) structures were
          counted, all falling in utilities.
              No extractive areas were noted on either photo year.
              Agricultural and natural areas, too, remained stable from
          1978 to 1992. Approximately 286 acres (116 ha) were recorded for
          both years. However, considerable change occurred within the
          types of this category of land uses. Abandoned field added 64
          acres (26 ha), from 74 acres (30 ha) in 1978 to 138 acres (56 ha)
          in 1982. Forest also increased in area, from 66 acres (27 ha) to
          84 acres (34 ha).
              Active agricultural land, an important type, lost nearly 74%
          of the 1978 base, falling from 106 acres (43 ha) to 28 acres (11
          ha). Wetlands also declined in area, from 13 acres (5.3 ha) in
          1978 to 7.1 acres (2.9 ha) in 1992.
              Open/other land decreased from 23 acres (9.2 ha) in 1978 to
          10 acres (4 ha) in 1992. Most of the loss was observed in the
          urban open lot type which fell from 21.5 acres (8.7 ha) to 9.5
          acres (3.8 ha). The decline in open lot area shows that the
          process of "infilling" for development space is occurring within
          the township.
              From 1978-1992, significant shoreline modification has
          occurred within Caledonia. Sea wall construction increased by
          515 feet (157 m) or X22%, from 421 feet (128 m) to 936 feet (286
          m). Likewise, revetment construction increased from 4,571 feet
          (1,394 m) to 6,655 feet (2,029 m), an increase of 2,084 feet (635
          m) or nearly 46%.
              Groin construction added 12 structures to the town's
          shoreline over the 14 year study period. In 1978, (4) groins
          were observed compared to 16 groins in 1992.

          Town of Mount Pleasant

              Coastal zone area within the township was measured at 289
          acres (117 ha) in 1978 and 273 acres (110 ha) in 1992, a

                                         20









          difference of 16 acres (6.5 ha) or 5.5%. The town of Mount
          Pleasant was one of those tested for linear accuracy of photo
          coverage. Using USGS maps at 1:24000, measurements taken from
          the 1978 photos deviated by +2.2% from the USGS basis. The 1992
          photos deviated by -.8% from the-USGS basis.
               In 1992, a total of 669 residential structures were
          identified on 140 acres (57 ha) of residential land. Included
          were 423 single family/duplex units, 208 detached garages, 36
          sheds and (2) barns. Residential land occupied 126 acres (51 ha)
          in 1978.
               In 1992, 27 commercial structures, including one (1)
          institutional building, were located on 20.5 acres (7.3 ha) of
          commercial land. The total area represents a modest increase
          over 1978. Industrial land decreased, from 61 acres (25 ha) in
          1978 to 56 acres (23 ha) in 1992. Rather than actual, the modest
          loss may reflect changes to surrounding lands associated with
          industrial land, such modification of the landscape can mislead
          the photo interpreter.
               Little change in land use occurred within the transportatic)].'l
          category. Total area of transportation types was recorded as
          12.5 acres (5.1 ha) in 1978 and 10.6 acres (4.3 ha) in 1992. No
          extractive types were observed for either study year.
               Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 73 acres (29
          ha) to 44 acres (18 ha) for the period studied, a loss of 29
          acres (11.7 ha) or 40%. Other changes include a 6.4 acre (2.6
          ha) decrease in abandoned field, a 10.5 acre (4.3 ha) decrease in
          active agricultural land, a 6.1 acre (2.5 ha) decrease in forest
          land and a 5.5 acre (2.2 ha) decrease in slump zone area.
               In the category open/other land, about 2 acres (.8 ha) of
          outdoor recreation area were added since 1978.
               Results indicate a loss of 195 feet (59 m) of sea wall.
          These results likely represent masking by leaves and shadows
          rather than actual losses of sea wall. Revetments, however,
          experienced considerable growth since 1978. In 1978, 6,323 feel:
          (1,928 m) of revetment were recorded compared to 8,892 feet
          (2,711) in 1992, an-increase of 2,569 feet (783 m) or 41%.
               Whereas 20 groins were observed in 1978, only (4) were
          observed in 1992.

          village of North Bay

               For both 1978 and 1992, only about 35 acres (14.1 ha) of
          coastal zone were recorded within the village of North Bay. For
          both years, most coastal zone land was devoted to residential
          use, 30 acres (12 ha) in 1992. In 1992, 60 single family/duplex
          structures were located on residential land. No significant
          results were recorded in any other land use category.
               Some shoreline modification has occurred within the village
          since 1978. Revetment construction increased from 485 feet (1413
          m) in 1978 to 945 feet (288 m) in 1992, an increase of 460 feet
          (140 m) or 95%. No groins were counted in 1978, however, (6)
          groins were tallied in 1992.

                                         21









          City of Racine

               In 1978, a total of 553 acres (224 ha) comprised the
          coastal zone of the city of Racine. In 1992, 546 acres (221 ha)
          were located within the coastal zone.
               Residential land encompassed 214 acres (87 ha) in 1992,
          which represents but a modest decrease from the 1978 residential
          area of 225 acres (91 ha). Land devoted to single family/duplex
          use covered 201 acres (81 ha) in 1992. A total of 1,271
          structures were associated with this residential land, including
          879 single family/duplex units, 364 detached garages, 18 sheds
          and (1) barn. In 1992, seven (7) structures on 12.2 acres (4.9
          ha) of area were devoted to medium to high rise multi-family use
          while (2) structures on 1.2 acres (.5 ha) of area were devoted to
          low rise multi-family use.
               Commercial area experienced a 28 acre (11.4 ha) increase,
          from 87 acres (35 ha) in 1978 to 115 acres (47 ha) in 1992. The
          total of CBD and neighborhood business district remained stable
          at about 37 acres (15 ha) for both years. However, land devoted
          to institutional use increased from 49 acres (20 ha) in 1978 to
          77 acres (31 ha) in 1992. The increase represents 28 acres (11.3
          ha) or 57%.
               Results point to a dramatic drop of industrial land, from 62
          acres (25 ha) in 1978 to less than 1 acre in 1992. However,
          transportation land experienced a significant increase in area,
          from 40 acres (16 ha) in 1978 to 96 acres (39 ha) in 1992. Most
          of the 56 acre (23-ha) gain benefit public and private boating
          facilities. Total land devoted to these types rose from 10.1
          acres (4.1 ha) in 1978 to 74 acres (30 ha) in 1992. No
          extractive uses were observed for either study year.
               Agricultural and natural lands covered 52 acres (21 ha) in
          1978 and 34 acres (14 ha) in 1992, representing a loss of 18
          acres (7.3 ha) or 34%. Most area losses were experienced within
          the types active agricultural land, slump zone, and wetlands.
               Both 1978 and 1992 had about 86 acres (35 ha) of open/other
          land within the coastal zone.
               Shoreline modifications increased by 12.9% (2,063 feet (629
          m]) during the 14 year period studied. Sea walls decreased from
          2,219 feet (674 m) to 1,931 feet (589 m) during the period,
          however, revetment construction increased considerably, from
          13,772 feet (4,199 m) to 16,116 feet (4,914 m). Marked increases
          of groins and non-flow-through docks also were observed. In
          1978, (5) groins were counted, the total rose to 19 groins by
          @992, a 280% increase. No non-flow-through docks were observed
          in 1978 while (9) were observed in 1992.

          Village of Wind Point

               The coastal zone of the village of Wind Point was determined
          to be 279 acres (113 ha) in 1978 and 256 acres (104 ha) in 1992.
          The 23 acre (9.3 ha) difference is 8.2% of the 1978 total.


                                         22










               The amount of residential land located within the coastal
          zone remained stable from 1978 to 1992 at about 145 acres (59
          ha). Within the residential area were counted 242 structures,
          209 of which were identified to be single family/duplex. other
          structures included 12 detached garages, 20 sheds and (1) barn.
               Commercial land remained stable over the period at about 12
          acres (4.9 ha) for each study year. 'Land devoted to
          communication, a type of the transportation category, remained
          unchanged at about (2) acres (.8 ha) for each study year. No
          industrial or extractive land was identified in 1978 or 1992.
               In 1978, agricultural and natural land uses covered 79 acres
          (32 ha) compared to 51 acres (21 ha) in 1992. The loss of about
          28 acres (11 ha) represents 35.4% of the 1978 base. Four types
          (abandoned field, active agricultural, slump zone, and wetland)
          experienced significant losses while forest land experienced a
          marked gain in area. Abandoned field fell from 26 acres (10.7
          ha) in 1978 to 15.6 acres (6.3 ha) in 1992, a loss of 10.7 acres,
          (4.3 ha) or 41%. Likewise, active agricultural land declined
          from 24.6 acres (10 ha) to 10 acres (4 ha), a loss of 14.6 acres;
          (5.9 ha) -or 59%. Other reductions observed included slump zone,
          from 10.9 acres (4.4 ha) to 2.6 acres (1.1 ha), and wetland, frolft
          11 acres (4.5 ha) to 3.7 acres (1.5 ha). These areas lost 76%
          and 66% of their 1978 base, respectively.
               From 1978 to 1992, open/other land uses remained stable at
          about 43 acres (17.4 ha). Almost all of these acres were devoted
          to outdoor recreational area.
               The-village of Wind Point experienced significant shoreline
          modification development during the period studied. The data
          shows that sea walls declined by 1,800 feet (549 m), from 2,330
          feet (710 m) in 1978 to 530 feet (162 m) in 1992. However,
          revetment increased by 1,925 feet (587 m) during the same period,
          from 4,431 feet (1,351 m) to 6,356 feet (1,938 m). Construction
          of groins added 14 new structures for a total of 18 groins in
          1992. Eleven (11) non-flow-through docks were recorded in 1978
          compared to (8) in 1992.

















                                          23












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         Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial PhotograRhy.
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         Ferguson, R.L., L.L. Wood and D.B. Graham, 1993. monitoring
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         Fleming, J. and R.G. Dixon, 1981. Basic Guide to Small-Format
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                                         24








          Hagen, G.F. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Predicting tree groundline
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          Heer, R.C. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Estimation of density in young
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          Hill,.J.M., D.L. Evans and J. Blackman, 1985. Development of a
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          Lo, C.P. and W.E. Noble, 1990. Detailed urban land-use and land-
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                                          25









         McCarthy, J., C.E. Olson and J.A. Witter, 1982. Evaluation of
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         Niedzwiedz, W.R., 1990. Assessing permit compliance in
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         Niedzwiedz, W.R. and S.S. Batie, 1984. An assessment of urban
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            Wetland mapping from digitized aerial photography.
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         Shafer, R. and S. Degler, 1986. 35mm photography: an inexpensive
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         Smith, J.T., ed., 1968. Manual of Color Aerial Photography.
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         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1978. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
            Levels for the Great Lakes. April. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
            MI. pp.4

         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
            Levels for the Great Lakes. May. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
            MI. pp.4


                                         26







          Walker, J.W., 1985. Ultra-light reconnaissance, another tool.
             Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington,
             D.C., 'Vol. 1, pp. 371-380.

          Welch, R., T.R. Jordan and S.S. Fung, 1985. Photogrammetry: A
             revolutionary solution to the assessment of ephemeral gully
             erosion. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 873-874.

         Welch, R., M. Remillard and J. Alberts, 1992. Integration of GPS,
             remote sensing and GIS techniques for coastal resource
             management. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             !58(11):1571-1578.










































                                         27



                                                                                  I
                                                                                  I
                  .                                                               I
                                      APPENDIX                                    I
                                                                        I         I
                                                                                  .I
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  i
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  I
                            0                                                     1
                                                                                  1
                                          28                                      1
                                                                                  .1









                   Lake Michigan coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                          1978 - 1992

                                  County Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Racine
           Coastal  Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

              Town  of Caledonia
              Town  of Mt. Pleasant
              Village of North Bay
              City of Racine
              Village of Wind Point





                                     LAND USE   CATEGORIES


                                                                        Area
                                            I of stru-ctures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residen&ial

             111 Res. units                          4              4-           .2
                   garages
                   sheds
             112 Res. units                          1               1            1
                   garages
                   sheds
                   Res. units                     1753            643           260
                                                  680
                 .-garages
                   sheds                          203
                   barns                             4
             115   Res. units
                   garages
                   sheds
                                Subtotal         @2645            648           263

           12 Commercial

             121   Central Business Dist
             122   Shopping Center/Mall
             124   Neighborhood Business   Dist   112               52           21
             126   Institutional                    35            ill            45
                                  Subtotal        147             173           .66

              Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                    54            124--          50
















                                                                                               ea
              14 Trans)o     .rtation                       of structures           Acres        Ifect-arlg,

                 141 Air Transportation
                 142 Rail Transportation                                               7                3
                 143 Water Transportation
                 143.1 Private Marina                                                  5                2
                 143.2 Public Boat Landing                                             5                2
                 144 Highways                                                         16                6
                 145 Communications                                9                   3                1
                 146 Utilities                                     4                   7                3
                 147 Sewage Treatment Plant                        13                 12                5
                 148 Landfill
                                          Subtotal                 29                 54              22


              17 Extra:tive

                 171   Open Pit
                 172   Underground
                 173   Well
                 179   Other Extractive
                                                Subtotal


              18 Acrricultural and Natural

                       AF  Abandoned Field                                          152               ï¿½2
                       AG  Agriculture Active                                       158               64
                 .183  F   Forest                                                     88              36
                       H   Heath
             ------ 185 -OW Open Water                                                 9                3
             ___186 RL     Rock Ledge
                 187..SL Slump Zone                                                   53
                       WT.Wetland                                                     30              12
                                          Subtotal                                  489              198


                  Open Land, Other

              ____191  Outdoor-Public Assembly
                 192   Urban Open Lots                             1                  22                9
                 193   Outdoor Recreation                                           133               -54
                 194   Cemeteries         Subtotal                 1                155               63

                                                                              Total   Acres           1649,
                                                                              Total   Hectares          668,

              Shoreline Modifications                                                      Linear
                                                                                      Feet          Meters
                 195 Sea Walls                                                        5894            1797
                 196   Revetments                                                   29582             9019,
                 2.97  Groins                                             I of Groins        33
                 198   Dock Non-Flow-Through                              f of Docks         11









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                 County Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Racine
           Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

              Town of Caledonia
              Town of Mt. Pleasant
              Village of North Bay
              City of Racine
              Village of Wind Point






                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                     Area
                                             of structures      Acres    Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res.- units                      7              12            5
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units                       5                5           2
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                     1848            643          260
                 garages                         745
                 sheds                           110
                 barns                            4
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          2719            660          267


           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist            65             31          13
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business   Dist     37             26          11
             126 Institutional                    57            129          52
                                 Subtotal        159            187          76


           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                  6              57          23






                                           of structures     Acres Area  Hectares,

          14 Trans ortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation                            4          2
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina               8             13           5
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                        61          25
             144 Highways                                     17           7
             145 Communications                 5               2          1
             146 Utilities                      6             15           6
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant         11            13           5
             148 Landfill
                              Subtotal          36           123          50


          17 Extra tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal

          18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                          199          81
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        46          19
             183F   Forest                                   114          46
             184H   Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                  7          3
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                43          18
             188 WT Wetland                                   14           5
                              Subtotal                       423        171


          19 Oven   and. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                1             20           8
             193 Outdoor Recreation             6            120          49
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal          7            140          57


                                                       Total Acres        1591)
                                                       Total Hectares      64:3

          Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                              Feet      Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                    4135        1260L-
             196 Revetments                                  38964      11872-
             197 Groins                                of Groins   60
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                 of Docks    17










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
          Year: 1978              Summary Data Sheet
          County: Racine
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Caledonia
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T4N R23E  SEC 6
                         SEC  7
                         SEC  8
                         SEC  16
                         SEC  17
                         SEC  21




                                --LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                        I of structUres    Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
             112 Res. units                    1                        <1
                garages
                sheds
             1 13 Res. units                  254           121         49
                garages                       112
                sheds                          so
                barns                          1
             115 Res. units
             -  garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         418           122         50
          ii commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist    5              4           2
             126 Institutional                 5             42         17
                               Subtotal        10            46         19
          13 Industrial
          _._138 Industrial Park













                                                                                                     Area
                14 Transogrtation                              I of structures               Acres         Hecta     es;

                   141 Air Transportation
                   3.42 Rail Transportation
                   3.43 Walter Transportation
                   3.43.1 Private Marina
                   3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
                   3.44 Highways
                   145 Communications
                   3.46 Utilities                                                             16                  6
                   3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
                   148 Landfill
                                              Subtotal                    .4                  16                  6

                17 Extra:tive

                   171    Open Pit
                   172 Underground
                   173    Well
                   179    Other Extractive
                                                     Subtotal

                18 =icultural and Natural

                   181    AF   Abandoned Field                                                74                30
               ...-,.-182 AG   Agriculture Active                                            106                43
                   183    F    Forest                                                         66                27
                   .3.84  H    Heath
                   3.85   OW   Open Water                                                        I              < 1
                -3.86     RL   Rock Ledge
                -  -187   SL   Slump Zone                                                     26
                 -- 188   WT   Wetland                                                        13
                                              Subtotal                                       285               116

                19 Open Land, Other

                 -3.91 Oultdoor-Public Assembly
                   192 Urban Open Lots                                    1                   22                  9
                   193 Outdoor Recreation                                                        I
                   194 Cemeteries             Subtotal                    1                   23                  9

                                                                                     Total    Acres               492
                                                                                     Total    Hectares            195)

                ShQrelinB Modifications                                                              Linear
                                                                                              Feet         -Meters
                   195 Sea Walls                                                                 421              12 8
                   196 Reveltments                                                            4571              13 A
                   197 Groins                                                              of Groins        4
                   198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                               of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Racine
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Caledonia
          PLSS section data sheets included in summaKy (give full
          description):

               T4N R23E  SEC 6
                         SEC 7
                         SEC 8
                         SEC 16
                         SEC 17
                         SEC 21




                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units                      3             4           2
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    277           123         50
                garages                       157
                sheds                          36
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal          473           128         52

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      1             3           1
            126 Institutional                   9            36         15
                              Subtotal         10            39         16


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                             of st-uctures      Acres Area Hectares

           14 TransRortation

             1.41 Air Transportation
             3.42 Rail Transportation
             3.43 Water Transportation
             3.43.1 Private Marina
             3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
             3.44 Highways
             3.45 Communications
             3.46 Utilities                        6             15           6
             3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
             1.48 Landf ill
                                Subtotal           6             15           6


           17 Extra.,tive

             171 Open Pit
             1.72 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal


           18 Agricultural and Natural


             181  AF Abandoned Field                            138          56
             182  AG Agriculture Active                          28          11
             183  F  Forest                                      84          34
             184  H  Heath
             185  OW Open Water                                  -1           1
             186  RL Rock Ledge
             187  SL Slump Zone                                  28          12
             188  WT Wetland                                       7          3
                                Subtotal                        287          116


           19 Open @and, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            .192 Urban Open Lots-                  1             10           4
             193 Outdoor Recreation                                1         <1
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal           1             10           4


                                                           Total Acres        47SI
                                                           Total Hectares     194


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Met X's
             195 Sea Walls                                         936        286
             196 Revetments                                      6655        2029
             197 Groins                                     # of Groins     16
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      # of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Racine
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Mount Pleasant
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

               T3N R23E   SEC 21
                          SEC 28
                          SEC 29
                          SEC 32







                                  -LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                        I of structures     Acres    Hectares

           11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
           _112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                   392            126         51
                 garages                      175
                 sheds                        75
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal         642            126         51

           12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist    27              11          4
            126 Institutional                   3              7          3
                               Subtotal       30              17          7

           13  Industrial
           __138 Industrial Park"             25              61         25













                                                                               Area
             14 Trans ortation                     of structurej          Acres      Hectares

               1,41 Air Transportation
               1.42 Rail Transportation                                     4            2
               1,43 Water Transportation
               1,43.1 Private Marina
               1,43.2 Public Boat Landing
               144 Highways                                                 9            4
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities
               147 Sewage Treatment Plant                                 <1            <1
               148 Landfill
                                    Subtotal                              13             5


             17 Extra tive

               171 Open Pit
               172 Underground
               173 Well
               179 Other Extractive      Subtotal

                A=icultural and Natural

               181  AF  Abandoned Field                                   28
               182  AG  Agriculture Active                                19             8
                    F   Forest                                            16             7
               ..184H   Heath
               185  OW  Open Water
               186  RL  Rock Ledge
               187  SL  Slump Zone                                        10             4---,
             --188 WT   Wetland                                           <1            <1
                                    Subtotal                              73            29


             19 Oven    and. Other

               191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192 Urban Open Lots
               193 Outdoor   IRecreation
               194 Cemeteries
                                    Subtotal


                                                                  Total Acres            289
                                                                  Total Hectares         117

             Shoreline Modifications                                           Linear
                                                                          Feet          Meters.
               195 Sea Walls                                                932          284_.
               196 Revetments                                             6323          192@_.
               197 Groins                                            I of Groins       20
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Racine
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Mount Pleasant
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T3N R23E   SEC 21
                          SEC 28
                          SEC 29
                          SEC 32







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    423            140          57
                garages                    -----208
                sheds                          36
                barns                            2
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal         669            140          57

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist     26             17           7
            126 Institutional                    1             4           2
                               Subtotal        27             21           7

          13 Indus rial

            138 Industrial Park                 6             56          23






                                                            of st-uctures             Acres  Area Hectares

               14  Transportation

                  141 Aix, Transportation
                  142 Rail Transportation                                               4                2
                  143 Water Transportation
                  143.1 Private Marina
                  143.2 Public Boat Landing
                  144 Highways                                                          7                3
                  145 Communications
                  146 Utilities
                  147 Seurage Treatment Plant                                          <1               <1
                  148 Landfill
                                          Subtotal                                     11                4


               17 Extractive

                  171 Open Pit
                  172 Underground
                  173 Well
                  179 Other Extractive
                                                 Subtotal


               18 Agricultural and Natural

                  1.81  AF  Abandoned Field                                            21                9
                  182   AG  Agriculture Active                                          8                3
                  183   F   Forest                                                     10                4
                  184   H   Heath
                  1.85  OW  Open Water
                  186   RL Rock Ledge
                  1.87  SL  Slump Zone                                                  4                2
                  188   WT  Wetland                                                    <1
                                          Subtotal                                     44               18


               19 Open Land. Other

                  191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                  192 Urban Open Lots
                  193 Outdoor Recreation                            1                   2                1
                  194 Cemeteries
                                          Subtotal                  1                   2                1


                                                                              Total Acres                273
                                                                              Total Hectares             110,

               Shoreline Modifications                                                       Linear
                                                                                       Feet          Meters,
                  195 Sea Walls                                                         737              225;
                  196 Revetments                                                       8892             2711.
                  197 Groins                                                        of Groins       4
                  198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                         of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Racine
          Township, Village or City name: Village of North Bay
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description)

               T4N R23E SEC 33
                          SEC 34










                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                          of structures    Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112 Res. units
                 garages
                --- sheds
            113  Res. units                    so           34          14
                 garages                        5
                 sheds                          4
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal          59           34          14

          12 Commercial

            121  Central Business Dist
            122  Shopping Center/Mall
            124  Neighborhood Business Dist
            126  Institutional
          --                   Subtotal

         -13 Industrial
            1-38 Industrial Park













                                                                     Area
           14 Transiortation               i of stx3lctures     Acres    Hectares

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                                Subtotal


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           -18   icultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                             <1          <1
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                  <1          <1
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                  <1          <1
             188 WT Wetland                                     <1          <1
                                Subtotal                         1          <1


           19 Onen Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
          -  193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries    Subtotal

                                                          Total Acres          35
                                                          Total Hectares       14

           Sh!2relin? Modifications                                  Linear
                                                                Fee:t      Meters
             195 Sea Walls
             196 Revetments                                      485          14T-
             197 Groins                                        oi-Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      I o=ocks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                     1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Racine
          Township, Village or City name: Village of North Bay
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T4N R23E SEC 33
                         SEC 34










                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                         of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    60            30         12
                garages                        4
                sheds
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal         64             30         12

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
          13 Industrial       Subtotal

            138 Industrial Park






                                                of stXuctures       Acres Area  Hectares

            L41-Transaortation

              3.41 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Walter Transportation
              143. 1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              144 Highways
              IL45 Communications
              IL46 Utilities
              IL47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              IL48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal

            27. Extra@tive

              IL71 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              17 3 Wel I
              179 Other Extractive
                                      Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181  AF Abandoned Field                                 1           1
              182  AG Agriculture Active
              183  F  Forest
              184  H  Heath
              185  OW Open Water                                    <1            <1
              186  RL Rock Ledge
              187  SL Slump Zone                                      -4          2
              188  WT Wetland     Subtotal                            6           2

            19 O]Ren LAnd. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation
              194 Cemeteries
                                  Subtotal


                                                             Total Acres            0 5
                                                             Total Hectares         3.41

            Shoreline Modifications                                      Linear
                                                                    Feet         MeteiLq
              195 Sea Walls
              196 Revetments                                          945         288-
              197 Groins                                           of Groins 6
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                            of Docks           --










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                    Civil Jurisdiction
           Year: 1978               Summary Data Sheet
           County: Racine
           Township, Village or city name: City of Racine
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T3N R23E   SEC 4           T4N R23E SEC 33
                           SEC 9
                           SEC 16
                           SEC 21






                                  -LAND USE CATEGORIES

                                                                    Area
                                            of structures     Acres     Hectares


           11 Residential

             111 Res. units                        4              4           2
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units                                     <1          <1
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                      868            221         90
                 garages                         369
                 sheds                           46
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          1287            225         91

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist      80             37          15
             126 Institutional                   26             49          20
                                Subtotal         106            87          35

                     trial

             138 Industrial Park                 29             62          25












                                                                     Area
           14 Trans)ortation                 of stl-uctures     Acres     Hectares

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation                              3
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                                 5           2
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                            5           2
             144 Highways                                         7           3
             145 Communications                                   1          <1
             146 Utilities                                        7           3
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant          13              12           5
             148 Landfill       Subtotal         19              40          16

           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 &=icultural   and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                              2.4         10
             .182 AG Agriculture Active                           9           3
             183 F Forest                                         2           1
             ..184H   Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                    6           3
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                    5           2
             188 WT Wetland                                       6           2
                                Subtotal                         52          21

           19 02en Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                 Urban Open Lots                                  9           4
             193 Outdoor Recreation                              78          32
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                         87          35


                                                           Total Acres        553
                                                           Total Hectares     224

           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Meter,s,
             195 Sea Walls                                       2212         674
             196 Revetments                                     13772        4199-.
             197 Groins                                     # of Groins    5
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      # of Docks









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Racine
           Township, Village or City name: City of Racine
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T3N R23E   SEC 4           T4N R23E SEC 33
                           SEC 9                      SEC 34
                           SEC 16
                           SEC 21







                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          I of structures      Acres Area Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units                        7             12           5
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units                        2              1           1
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                      879           201          81
                 garages                         364
                 sheds                           18
                 barns                             1
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          1271           214          87

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist           65                         13
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business   Dist    10               7           3
             126 Institutional                   46              77         31
                                Subtotal         121           115          47

           13 Industri-al

             138 Industrial Park                                 <1         <1












                                                                                          Area
                                                           of st-uctures           Acres        Hectares

               14 Trans)ortation

                  1,41 Air* Transportation
                  142 Rail Transportation
                  143 Water Transportation
                  143.1 Private Marina                            8                  13               5
                  143.2 Public Boat Landing                       6                  61              25
                  144 Highways                                                                        4
                           .r                                                        10
                  145 Communications
                  146 Utilities
                  147 Sewage Treatment Plant                      11                 13               5
                  148 Landfill
                                         Subtotal                 25                 96              39


               17 Extractive

                  171 Open Pit
                  172 Underground
                  173 Well
                  1.79 Other Extractive
                                               Subtotal


               18 Agricultural and Natural

                  181  AF  Abandoned Field                                           23               9
                  182  AG  Agriculture Active                                         1              <1
                  183  F   Forest                                                     I              <1
                  184  H   Heath
                  185  OW  Open Water                                                 5               2
                  186  RL  Rock Ledge
                  187  SL  Slump Zone                                                 4               1
                  188  WT  Wetland                                                    2               1
                                         Subtotal                                    34              14


               19 Open I   .jand. Other

                  191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                  192 Urban Open Lots                                                10               4
                  193 Outdoor Recreation                          4                  76              31
                  194 Cemaeteries
                                         Subtotal                 4                  86              35


                                                                             Total   Acres            546,
                                                                             Total   Hectares         221.


               Shoreline Modifications                                                    Linear
                                                                                     Feet          Meter's
                  195 Sea Walls                                                      1931             589,
                  196 Revetments                                                   16116             4914,
                  197 Groins                                                      of Groins        19
                  198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                       of Docks          9










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   'Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Racine
           Township, Village or City name: Village of Wind Point
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T4N R23E  SEC 21
                          SEC 22
                          SEC  27
                          SEC  28







             7                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures    Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

                 Res. Units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units


             ---- sheds
             113 Res. units                    189           140          57
                 garages                        19
                 sheds                          28
                 barns                           3
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal         239           140          57


           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional                                             5
                                Subtotal                      13           5

          -13 Industrial
             138 -Industrial Park--












                                                                             Area
                                                I of structures         Acres      Hectarea,

            1-4-Trans)ortation

              141 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              144 Highways
              145 Communications                                           2
              146 Utilities
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant
              148 Landfill
                                   Subtotal             6                  2

            17Extra tive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                        Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181  AF  Abandoned Field                                  26
              182  AG  Agriculture Active                               25            10
              183  F   Forest                                              5           2
              184  H   Heath
              185  OW  Open Water
              186  RL'Rock Ledge
              187  SL  Slump Zone                                       11             4
              188  WT  Wetland                                          11             5
                                   Subtotal                             79            32


            19 Open Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public      Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193  Outdoor Recreation                                   46            19
              194  Cemeteries      Subtotal                             46            19

                                                                 Total  Acres          271)
                                                                 Total  Hectares       1 1.@ I

            ghoreline Modifications                                          Linear
                                                                        Feet         mgters
                                                                                          6.;-
              195 Sea Walls                                             2330           710
              196 Revetments                                            4431          1351,_
              197 Groins                                           I of Groins        4
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                               of Docks      11









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Racine
           Township, Village or City name: Village of Wind Point
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T4N R23E   SEC 21
                           SEC 22
                           SEC 27
                           SEC 28







                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                            of structures     Acres Area Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                     209             149          60
                 garages                          12
                 sheds                           20
                 barns                             1
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds        Subtotal          242             149          60

           12 Commerci_@1

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional                     1             12           5
                                Subtotal           1             12           5

           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park






                                              of structures      Acres Area Hectares

            14 Trans2ortation

              IL41 Ai3? Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              IL43 Walter Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              IL44 Highways
              JL45 Communications                  5               2           1
              IL46 Utilities
              IL47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              JL48 Landf ill,
                                Subtotal           5               2


            17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              JL72 Underground
              IL73 We'll
              JL79 Other Extractive
                                     Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                             16            6
              182 AG Agriculture Active                          10           <1
              183 F  Forest                                      18            8
              184 H  Heath
              185 OW Open Water                                    1          <1
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone                                    3           1
              188 WT Wetland    Subtotal                           4           2
                                                                 51           21


            19 ORen Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                  1          <1
              193 Outdoor Recreation               1             42           17
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal           1             42           17


                                                           Total Acres         25,6
                                                           Total Hectares      104


            Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet     -Meters
              195 Sea Walls                                        530         162
              196 Reveltments                                    6356         19 8
              197 Groins                                     #,of Groins    18
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks      8




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