Assessing coastal development along Ozaukee County's Lake Michigan shoreline, 1978-1992

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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William R. Niedzwiedz
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University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

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Prepared for the Wisconsin
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Acknowledgements

FUNDED IN PART By THIS W191CONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Financial assistance for this ResearchlStudy Project was provided
by the coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management, National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
Superior coastline for this and future generations.

The Project Team

This project required coordination and completion of several
steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
complete this project.

Brentt Michalek
Christopher Hanrahan
Shawn Reed
Wendy Zareczny
Christopher Wazny
John Rafferty
Cheryl Schulz
Lori Pasterski
Tom Marchant

Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
special recognition as part of the project team.

Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PROJECT GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PROJECT METHODS o . . . o . . . . . . . o 3
Aerial Photography . . . o . . o . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Project Aerial Photos . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . o . . 4
Photo Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o . . . . . 4
Aerial Photo Interpretation (API) . . . . . . . . . . . o 5

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . 5
Residential Land . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . o . 5
Commercial and Industrial Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Industrial Land . . . . o . . . o o 7
Transportation Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Extractive Land Use . . . . ... ... . . . o . . . . . . . 8
Agricultural and Natural Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 8
Open and Other Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . 10
Shoreline Modification . . . . . . . . . . o o 10
Structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . o

MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE
COASTAL ZONE . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

TALLY OF DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR o . . . . . . . . . . . o 13
Photo Scale and Enlargements . . . . o * * * 13
"Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aeriai @h@t@g@ap'hy . o . 14
Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage . . . . . . . . . . 14
Incomplete Photo'Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . 14
Missing Photo Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary . . . . . . o . 15
Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme . o 15
Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural v;.*U@ba*n
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

RESULTS a . o . . . 16
Ozaukee County Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Residential Land . . . . . . o . o . . . . . . . . . . is
Commercial and Industrial Land . . o . . o . . . . . . 18
Transportation Land . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . is
Extractive . * * * * o * . . o . . * . . . 18
Agricultural ;na @aiu@ai Land . . . o o . . . . . . . 18
Open and Other Land . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . 19
Shoreline Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . 19
Results by Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Village of Bayside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Town of Belgium . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . o 20
Town of Grafton . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . 20

City of Mequon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
City of Port Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Town of Port Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests . . . 17

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsinfs
Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

INTRODUCTION

The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
developing an understanding of change along the statefs Great
Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
meters) of the shoreline (ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
This report documents both the original and amended contract
to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
of the original.

PROJECT GOALS

Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
modification of the shorelines
Develop a database of built structures for 1992
Additional goals included:
- Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
1992
- Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
1992

STUDY AREA

The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide

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Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
coastline.

PROJECT METHODS

Aerial Photography

Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
method of documentation, and trained personnel.
Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). Specific applications to
urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
(Marsh et al., 1990).
Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
oint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
features along the Berrien Countyj Michigan segment of the Lake
Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
fluctuating water levels.
Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
seasonal timing. Scarpace et al. (1981) psed digitized aerial
photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
vegetation change using aerial photos.
Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
Batie,, 1984).

Project Aerial Photos

In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of thet
Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
flown at a scale of 1:6000 (1" = 5001) and en largements made at
1:2400 (1" = 2001). The 1978 photos were taken April 16*. The
1992 photos were flown May 131h.
Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
and flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented with
the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
photo.
Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
line #1 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
northern edge of each 1992 Photo displays the photo date, flight
line and - oto number.
ph
Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
flown to Produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
Illinois border.

Photo Preparation

Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
interpretation included the following:
1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
required.
3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects

that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
mapping applications.
4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
work.
5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section.lines (red ink).
6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
ink). A divider was used to-scribe a line 10001 away and
parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
shoreline.
8. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
additional discussion.

Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)
The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a'
complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
are tallied by type for 1992.
Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
were counted.

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

Residential Land

All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
other classification types as well.

111 Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
type.

112 Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
would be included in the type.

113 Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
architecturally balanced structure.

115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed,exclusively
for-mobile units.

Commercial and Industrial Land

Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business.
district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
district. Each type includes all building structures, access
roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
associated with each type.

121 Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
vegetation is rare.

122 Shopping Center/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
development and malls. Structures can range from large,
flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
structures.

124 Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
areas. The type may be found in established or newer
subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
areas.

126 Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
"grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
When located within the CBD, public buildings without
"grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
would be classified as commercial (121).

Industrial Land

138 Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
industrial use areas.
Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
Light industrial land contains facilities for the
manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
products such as electronics, appliances, and other
secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
light industries are well landscaped and are
indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
photographs.

Transportation Land

141 Air Transportation.. Includes areas with airports and
associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
areas and adjacent open areas.

142 Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
such as tank farms.

143 Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
related land-based facilities for water transportation and
commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
buildings and parking areas.

143.1 Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
residential land are designated as private marinas. often
such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
waterway.

143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
areas.

144 Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
corridors with median strips between lanes Typically, such
roads are four or more lanes wide. Local ;treets are not
included in this type.

145 Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
communications. These include radio/television towers,
lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

146 Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
buildings, towers, roads/parking facilities and, in the case
of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

147 Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in this
type.

148 Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access,
roads.

Extractive Land Use

171 Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
!xtraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
includes access roads and any structures.

172 Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
would be limited to small structures and access roads.

173 Well. Features associated with wells are limited.
Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
difficult.

179 Other Extractive Uses.

Agricultural and Natural Land

181 Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass are
abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If tree
crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
classified as forest.

182 Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
as part of this type.

183 Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous or
mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
field.

184 Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

185 open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
establish such a line.

186 Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
County.

187 Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
to the beach.

188 Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
wetlands.; These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
,swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
forested wetlands. Each is described below.
Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
growing season.
Shpb swamps often have waterlogged soil during the
growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
Surface water is present only for a 6hort period during the
spring.
Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
plant community, including most of the following: heath
shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
completely waterlogged and often covered with up to six
inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
water bodies.
De22 marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered by,
or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found irk
shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
present.
Forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
"leaves-ork" photography.

Open and Other Land

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly

192 Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle,
in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type,
includes land which has been cleared for urban development
of aim unknown use.

193 Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
buildings and other related facilities.

194 Cemeteries

Shoreline Modification

Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect'.
accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin,-.;
Lake Michigan shoreline.

195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear

features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
or interlocking sheet steel.

196 Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

197 Groins ( * [red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
similar to revetments.

198 Non-Flow-Through Dock (blue] Such docks are
permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
and well defined.

structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
(relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
linear (shoreline modification) and point (urban structures,
groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
point where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

199:2, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

MEASUREMENT OF AREA1 LINE AND POINT
TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
modif ication) measurements were made using the hardware/ software.
facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
Bay. Photo acetate overlays were af fixed to large-format
digitizerS and each land use polygon digitized along the
perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
to acres /hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
of modification.
Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
'designations as, well, and documented permanently on each acetate
overlay.

TALLY OF DATA

Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summal:jr
Data (Appendix).
PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
si-actions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
by type, linear distance of sea,walls and revetments, and the
number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
- Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within eacb
township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
name of civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
structure count data discussed above.
County SummaM@ Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
within the county, and a summary of all land use,, shoreline and

structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
sheets.

LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
Copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
available for this study. Instead,, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
?f the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
(1978 and 1992).

Photo Scale and Enlargements

All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft)'. Enlargements of
the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
the original photos.
Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

. I . 1

-13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range.
of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that:
1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 2.978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

"Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-off" Aerial Photography

There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
"leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
the goals, of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
Roads can. be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.
Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
or masked. by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
single family residential and wetland.

Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
another way, 60* of the shoreland area located on one photo also
is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
represent photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can be
used to interpret accurately many' land use types (agricultural
and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
,features.

Incomplete Photo Coverage

For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 str:'L:p
of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 10001 of the
water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
year.

Missing Photo Coverage

occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
not represented on photos remain unknown.'

Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

on each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
included in the 1978 coastal zone.

Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
between the shoreline and.the base of the bluff, however area
measurements o*f land use types were made only for those types
lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
about five (5) acres per photo.

Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
Development

As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
"offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastil zone in an
area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
water is filled to develop commercial land. A "lakeward" shift
in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
in a shift toward the water of'the interior coastal zone
boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw' statistics misleadingly
suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
make room for 100 acres of commercial use.

RESULTS

Ozaukee County Statistics

Ozaukee county communities lying within the Lake Michigan
coastal zone include the townships of Belgium, Grafton and Port
Washington, the Village of Bayside, and the cities of Mequon and
Port Washington. The area measured within the coastal zone of
Ozaukee County was 3,001 acres (1,215 ha) in 1978 and 2,868 acres
(1,162 ha,) in 1992. This represents a difference of 133 acres
(54 ha) or 4.4%. The discrepancy likely is the result of errors
inherent in the enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on pages 12
through 15. Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted on
the linear accuracy of the Ozaukee County photos. Results of
tests applied to the 1978 photos indicate some departure (+.2%
and +1.3%) from USGS measurements. Results of tests applied to
the 1992 photos indicate errors of -4.4% to -5.7%. The range of
error could yield a'210 acre (85 ha) difference between the 1978
and 1992 totals (Table 1).
Statistical summaries for Ozaukee County and all communities
included in this study are located in the Appendix.' Summary
data sheets present land use types by area, structural counts by
type (1992), shoreline modification types by length, and a count
of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected at the PLSS
section level. fqhile the section level data sheets are not
included in this report, copies are available upon written
request.

'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
(not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
presented. on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests

Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

1978 1992
Enlarged Photos Enlarged Photos
County (1:2400) (1:24001

Brown -0.4% -8.5%
0.03% -5.5%

Door 1.3% -1.1%
3.9% -3.6%

Kenosha -2.5% -9.0%
3.1% -1.6-%

Kewaunee -1.5% -5.4%
2.1% -9.6%

Manitowoc -1.7% -6.4%
2.0% -7.4%

Marinette (one test) 9.6% -1.7%

Milwaukee -4.9% -6.9%
-5.3% 1.9%

Oconto 2.9% -10.8%
8.5% -13.1%

Osaukee 0.2% -5.7%
1.3% -4.4%

Racine -3.0% -5.0%
2.2% -0.8%

Sheboygan -2.5% -1.2%
4.6% -3.0%

Mean 0.95% -5.18%

Range -5.3% to 9.6% -13.1% to 1.9%

Resident.."Lal Land

Within the 1992 coastal zone of Ozaukee County, 1,058
residential structures were identified on 642 acres (260 ha) of
land. Of- the total were 755 residential units (single'family or
duplexes), 161 detached garages, 135 sheds and (7) barns. Since
the 1992 photos are "leaves-on," these numbers likely
underestimate the actual number of structures and area devoted -to
residential uses. In 1978,, 507 acres (205 ha) of residential
land were measured, 135 acres (55 ha) less than in 1992.

Commercial and Industrial Land

Commercial land represented 64 acres (26 ha) in 1992 and 57
acres (21-1 ha) in 1978. Fifty-four (54) commercial structures
were noted within the coastal zone. Three (3) commercial types
experienced modest growth over the 14 year period studied. The
type central business district increased by 1.6 acres (.6 ha)
while neighborhood business district increased by 2.1 acres (.9
ha). Institutional land grew by 4.2 acres (1.7 ha), from 34.9
acres (14.1 ha) in 1978 to 39.1 acres (15.8 ha)-in 1992.
No industrial land was observed in 1978 or 1992.

Transportation Land

Forty-seven (47) structures were located on 46 acres (19 ha)
of transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 37 acres (15 ha) of
transportation land were reported. With the exception of public
boat landing, land use types observed within this category
experienced slight change. Land developed for public boating
.increased by about 8.6 acres (3.5 ha). An increase in area also
was observed in land developed for sewage treatment facilities,
from 1.4 acres (.6 ha) to 2.7 acres (1.1 ha). Area devoted to
utilities remained stable at about 32 acres (12.8 ha) for each
study year.

Extractive

No extractive land uses were observed for either 1978 or
1992.

Agricultural and Natural Land

In 1978, land uses within the category Agricultural and
Natural represented 73% (2,192 acres, 887 ha) of all land within
the coastal zone of Ozaukee County. In 1992, this category
declined to 64% (1,922 acres, 779 ha).
Overall, 270 acres (109 ha) of agricultural and natural
lands were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that
continues; nationally. Land actively being cultivated declined loy
230 acres (93 ha) or by 37.6%. Abandoned fields decreased in
area as well, from 616 acres (250 ha) in 1978 to 369 acres (149

ha) in 1992, a loss of 247 acres (100 ha) or 40%. Forest areas,
on the other hand, grew substantially from 1978 to 1992, from 585
acres (237 ha) to 802 acres (325 ha). Heath vegetation declined
from a 1978 total of 6 acres (2.5 ha) to no area in 1992.
Areas of erosion along Lake Michigan's shoreline are a major
concern of coastal resource planners. Data show that slump zone
area declined by about 18 acres (7.3 ha), from 278 acres (113 ha)
to 260 acres (105 ha) for 1978 and 1992, respectively. Also of
note is a 13.8 acre (5.6 ha) increase of wetland types. Given
state, regional and national trends, this finding is unusual.
Increases in wetland areas could be associated with the nine (9)
inch rise in Lake Michigan water level.

open and other Land

open and other land decreased from 208 acres (84 ha) in 1978
to 195 acres (79 ha) in 1992. Outdoor recreational land
decreased during the period from 196 acres (79 ha) in 1978 to 188
acres (76 ha) in 1992. Land devoted to urban open lot declined -
from 11.6 acres (4.7 ha) to 6.7 acres (2.7 ha).

Shoreline Modifications

ostensibly, sea walls and revetments are used to protect
shorelines from erosion. Changes in both types of structures
were reported. In 1978, 5,644 feet (1,721 m) of sea wall were
reported compared to 5,497 feet (1,676 m) in 1992, representing a
decrease of 147 feet (45 m). However, since 1979, revetments
increased by 3,167 feet (966 m), or by 31%. Shoreline revetment
was measured at 10,257 feet (3,127 m) in 1978 and 13,424 feet
(4,093 m) in 1992.

Results by Community

Village of Bayside

only a small portion of the village of Bayside falls within
the Lake Michigan coastal zone. Land within the coastal zone was
measured at 45 acres (18 ha) in 1978 and 46 acres (19 ha) in
1992. The source of the difference could be photo scale
anomalies as discussed above.
In 1992, 46 residential structures were located on 30 acres
(12 ha) of land. Most of these structures (38) were single
family or duplex. Other structures associated with residential
areas included (6) detached garages and (2) sheds. In 1978,
there also were 30 acres (12 ha) of residential land observed.
No commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive or
open/other types were located in 1978 or 1992.
Agricultural and natural areas remained stable over the
period studied.
1992. No shoreline modifications were detected for either 1978 or

Town of Belgium

The coastal zone within the town of Belgium covered 685
acres (277 ha) in 1978 and 657 acres (266 ha) in 1992. The
difference of 28 acres (11.3 ha) is 4.1% of the 1978 total area.
The town of Belgium was one of the sites tested to determine
linear accuracy of the enlarged photos. It was determined that
the 1978 photos of Belgium deviated from USGS 1:24000 maps by
+.2%. The 1992 photos deviated by -5.7% from the USGS basis.
In 1.992, a total of 319 residential structures were
identified on 100 acres (41 ha) of residential land. of these,
196 were single family/duplex, 67 were detached garages and 54
were shed.s. The apparent 30 acre (12 ha) loss of residential
likely is, not actual but a function of "leaves-on" 1992 aerial
photos which tend to mask residential structures and lawn
management.
Just. under (5) acres (2 ha) of commercial land were recorded.
in 1992. This represents a (3) acre (1.2 ha) increase over the
1978 total of 1.7 acres (.7 ha). The area increase was observed
in the neighborhood business district type.
For both 1978 and 1992, no area observations were recorded
for commercial, industrial, transportation or extractive land
uses. In. 1978 and 1992, agricultural and natural uses covered
64% and 66% of the coastal zone, respectively. In each year,
this category of land uses covered about 435 acres (176 ha).
Both increases and decreases in area of individual category types
were observed. In 1978, both abandoned fields and active
agricultural areas declined, abandoned field by.(8) acres (3.2
ha) from 121 acres (49 ha) to 113 acres (46 ha) and active
agriculture by 78 acres (32 ha) from 194 acres (79) ha) to 116
acres (47 ha). Forested areas grew significantly from 95 acres
(38 ha) in 1978 to 179 acres (73 ha) by 1992. Wetlands gained
modestly, adding (2) acres (.8 ha) by 1992.
The open/other land use category also remained stable from
1978 to 1992 at about 116 acres (47 ha). In 1992, almost all of
this area. was observed in the type outdoor recreation.
The remaining notable change to be reported includes
shoreline: modifications. Results indicate a gain of 412 feet
(126 m) of sea wall. The increase in sea wall from 1,506 feet
(459 m) in 1978 to 1,918 feet (585 m) in 1992 represents 27%.
Revetment structures increased by 1,598 feet (487 m) or by 27%,
from 5,836 feet (1,779 m) in 1978 to 7,434 feet (2,267 m) in
1992.

Town of Grafton

The coastal zone within the town of Grafton covered 771
acres (312 ha) in 1978 and 720 acres (292 ha) in 1992. The
difference of 51 acres (20.6 ha) is 6.6% of the 1978 total area..
The town of Grafton was one of the sites tested to determine
linear accuracy of the enlarged photos. It was determined that

the 1978 photos of Grafton deviated from USGS 1:24000 maps by
+1.3%. The 1992 photos deviated by -4.4% of the USGS basis.
Residential land encompassed 132 acres (53 ha) in 1992.
Over 130 structures, of which 82 were single family/duplex, were
located within the 1992 coastal zone. other structures included
20 detached garages and 29 sheds. In 1978, 70 acres (28 ha) of
residential land were recorded. The increase of 62 acres (25 ha)
represents 88.5%.
Less than (1) acre of coastal zone land was observed to be
commercial in 1992. No commercial was observed in 1978. For
both 1978 and 1992, no industrial, transportation or extractive
uses were observed within the coastal zone area.
Substantial changes occurred to and within the category of
agricultural and natural land. In 1978, these land uses covered
almost 91% (700 acres, 284 ha) of the coastal zone area. By
1992, agricultural and natural land use covered only 76% (585
acres, 237 ha) of Grafton's coastal zone. The lost area
represents 115 acres (46 ha) or 16.4% of the 1978 total. Within
the category, abandoned field and active agricultural land lost
area. Abandoned field lost 96 acres (39 ha), from 233 acres (94
ha) in 1978 to 137 acres (56 ha) in 1992. Active agriculture
declined by 61 acres (25 ha), from 183 acres (74 ha) to 122 acres
(49 ha). All other land use types observed within the category
experienced modest to moderate increases in area. For example,
forest land increased from 168 acres (68 ha) in 1978 to 197 acres
(80 ha) in 1992, an increase of 29 acres (11.7 ha) or 17%.
Modest increases of (2) acres (.8 ha) and 1.8 acres (.7 ha) were
observed for the types open water and slump zone, respectively.
From 1978 to 1992, wetlands increased by (9) acres (3.6 ha), from
17.3 acres (7 ha) to 26.3 acres (10.7 ha).
In the open/other land use category, (3) acres (1.2 ha) were
identified in 1992.
Some shoreline modification has occurred since 1978. In
1978, no sea walls were recorded compared to 88 feet (27 a) in
1992. Revetments increased as well, from no observation in 1978
to 396 feet (121 m)'in 1992.

City of Mequon

The coastal zone for the city of Mequon was determined to be
682 acres (276 ha) in 1978 and-684 acres (277 ha) in 1992,
reflecting a difference of less than 1%.
The amount of residential land located within the coastal
zone was 262 acres (106 ha) in 1992. Within the residential area
were counted 294 structures, 231 of which were identified to be
single family/duplex. Other structures observed were 36 detached
garages, 26 sheds and (1) barn. Residential land increased by 69
acres (28 ha) or 36%, from 192 acres (78 ha) in 1978 to 262 acres
(106 ha) in 1992.
For both 1978 and 1992, about 37 acres (15 ha) of commercial
land were observed within the city's coastal zone.

No industrial, transportation or, extractive land uses were
identified for either year of study.
In 1.978, agricultural an natural lands covered an area of
428 acres; (173 ha). By 1992, 68 acres (27 ha) or nearly 16% of
agricultural and natural area had been lost, dropping total areet
to 360 acres (146 ha). Except for forest, which increased from
101 acres (41 ha) in 1978 to 173 acre (70 ha) in 1992, all other
land use types observed decreased in area. Land use cover types
and their, observed area losses include: abandoned field 113
acres (46, ha), active agricultural 19 acres (7.8 ha), open water
.6 acres (.2 ha), slump zone (6) acres (2.4 ha) and wetland .3
acres (.1 ha).
Open/other land areas remained stable at 24 acres (9.7 ha)
over the 14 year period covered by the study.
Both sea walls and revetments increased from 1978 to 1992.
Sea walls, increased by 143 feet (44 m), from 913 feet (278 m) to
1,056 feet (322 m). No revetments were recorded in 1978,
however, by 1992, 576 feet (176 m) had been constructed.

City of Port Washington

The coastal zone of the city of Port Washington was
determined to be 245 acres (99 ha) in 1978 and 235 acres (95 ha).
in 1992. The 10.2 acre (4.1 ha) difference is 4.2% of the 1978
total.
Total residential land located within the 1978 coastal zone
was 39 acres (15.8 ha) compared to 57 acres (23 ha) in 1992. 111
1992, 151 structures were located within the residential area, of
which were 127 single family/duplex units, 19 detached garages
and (5) sheds. Commercial land remained quite stable over the
period studied, having gained only about (2) acres (.8 ha). A
total of 19.7 acres (8 ha) of commercial land was observed in
1992, of which 18.2 acres (7.4 ha) were central business district
(CBD).
No industrial or extractive uses were observed within the
city's coastal zone'for both 1978 and 1992.
About 20 acres (8.1 ha) or nearly 23% of agricultural and
natural lands were lost during the 14 year period studied.
Abandoned. field area declined from 31 acres (12.5 ha) to 27.5
acres (11.1 ha) while active agricultural areas declined from
15.8 acres (6.4 ha) to 2.2 acres (.9 ha). 'Two other types
experienced losses of area. Open water declined from 8.1 acres
(3.3 ha) to 7.7 acres (3.1 ha) and slump zone fell from 30 acres,
(12.2 ha) to 20.5 acres (8.3 ha). Results indicate that wetlands
remained stable from 1978 to 1992 at just over (1) acre (.4 ha),
however, forested areas increased by 6.7 acres (2.7 ha), from 3.15
acres (1.5 ha) to 10.3 acres (4.2 ha).
The area of open/other land use types declined by 18.2 acres
(7.4 ha) or by nearly 30% from 1978 to 1992. Within the
category, urban open lot declined from 10.3 acres (4.2 ha) to ('3)
acres (1.2 ha) and area of outdoor recreation declined from 51
acres (21 ha) to 40 acres (16 ha).

Shoreline modification of the type sea wall declined from
3,225 feet (983 m) in 1978 to 2,435 feet (742 m) in 1992.
However, an increase of 922 feet (281 m) of revetment. was
observed for the same time period. In 1978, 3,767 feet (1,148 m)
of revetment. were observed along the city's shoreline. This
compares to 4,289 feet (1,308 m) observed in 1992. While (3)
groins were recorded in 1978, only (1) was logged in 1992.

Town of Port Washington

Land within the coastal zone of Port Washington was measured
at 573 acres (232 ha) in 1978 and 526 acres (213 ha) in 1992.
The source of the difference (47 acres, 19 ha) could be photo
scale anomalies as discussed above.
In 1992, 116 residential structures were located on 62 acres
(25 ha) of land. Most of these structures (81) were single
family or duplex. Other structures associated with residential
land include 13 detached garages, 19 sheds and (3) barns. In
1978, 46 acres (19 ha) of residential land were reported.
In 1992, 2.1 acres (.9 ha) of commercial area were reported
compared to no commercial land reported in 1978. Results
indicate that no industrial park or extractive lands were
observed for either study year. For both years of study, less
than one-tenth of an acre of transportation land (utilities) was
observed.
Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 522 acres (211
'
ha) in 1978 to 456 acres (185 ha) in 1992. The types abandoned
field, active agriculture and slump zone lost area during the 14
year period.
Abandoned field area fell by nearly 27 acres (10.9 ha), from
92 acres (37 ha) to 66 acres (27 ha) while active agricultural
areas fell by 58 acres (23 ha) from 187 acres (76 ha) to 129
acres (52 ha). Areas of slump zone declined from 23.4 acres (9.5
ha) in 1978 to 19.4 acres (7.8 ha) in 1992. Land cover types
gaining area included forest and wetland. Forest increased from
208 acres (84 ha) in 1978 to 231 acres (94 ha) in 1992. A (3)
acre (1.2 ha) increase for the period boosted the 1992 wetland
total to 10 acres (4.1 ha).
Two open/other land use types showed change during the
period studied. Urban open lot areas increased from no area in
1978 to .4 acres (.2 ha) in 1992. The outdoor recreation type
also increased from (5) acres (2 ha) in 1978 to (6) acres (2.4
ha) in 1992.
From 1978-1992, results suggest shoreline modification has
increased within the township. No sea wall was observed for
either study year, however, revetment increased from 654 feet
(200 m) to 728 feet (222 m).
No groins or non-flow-through docks were recorded for either
study year.

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Heer, R.C. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Estimation of density in young
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I
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APPENDIX
I
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1 28
I

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

County Summary Data Sheet

'
Year: 1978
County: Ozaukee
Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
order).

Village of Bayside
Town of Belgium
Town of Grafton
City of Mequon
City of Port Washington
Town of Port Washington

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares,

11 Residential

Res. units
-garages
sheds
------112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res.-units 594 507- 205
-,garages -121
-sheds 139
barns 5
115 Res. units
garages
-sheds
Subtotal 859 .507 205

12 Commercial
:121 Central Business Dist 70 17
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 5 5
126 Institutional 4 35- 14
Subtotal 79 57 23

13 Industrial

.------138 Industrial Park

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

3.41 Air Transportation
3.42 Rail Transportation
3.43 Water Transportation
3.43.1 Private Marina
3.43.2 Public Boat Landing 3 1
3.44 Highways <1 <1
3.45 Comminnicat ions
3.46 Utilities 11 33 13
3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant 2 1 1
3.48 Landf ill
Subtotal 15 37 15

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 616 250
AG Agriculture Active 611 248
183 F Forest 585 237
184*H Heath 6 3
185 OW Open Water 13 5
186 RL Rock Ledge
*187'SL Slump Zone 278 113.___
188 WT Wetland ... 83 33
Subtotal 2192 887

'19 Open Land, Other

----191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 12 5
193 Outdoor Recreation 13 196 79
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 13 208 84

Total Acres 300:1
Total Hectares 1215

Shoreline-Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 5644 &.--
__ 1711
196 Revetments 10257 31',)'7_
197*Groins J of Groins .3
-198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of pocks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

County Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Ozaukee
coastal civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
order).

Village of Bayside
Town of Belgium
Town of Grafton
City of Mequon
City of Port Washington
Town of Port Washington

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 755 642 260
garages 161
sheds 135
barns 7
115 Res. units
garages
sheds
Subtotal 1058 642 260

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist 41 7
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 5 7 3
126 Institutional 8 39 16
Subtotal 54 64 26

13 IndustriA_1

138 Industrial Park

of st,uctures Acres Area Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

141 Aix, Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing 3 12 5
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities 37 32 13
147 Sewage Treatment Plant 7 3 1
148 Landfill Subtotal 47 46 19

17---Extractive

1.71 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural gnd Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 369 149
182 AG Agriculture Active 381 155
183 F Forest 802 325
184 H Heath
185 OW Open Water 14 6___.
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 260 105
188 WT Wetland 97 39
Subtotal 1922 779

19-Open LAnd. other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 7 3
193 Outdoor Recreation 9 188 76
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 9 195 79

Total Acres 2868
Total Hectares 1162
Shoreline Modifications Feet Linear Metel,-k,
195 Sea Walls 5497 1671i
196 Revetments 13424 4 0 9.':l
197 Groins f Groins 1
198 Dock Mon-Flow-Through of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet
Year: 1978
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Village of Bayside
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T9N R22E SEC 33

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

Res. units
garages
sheds
Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 36 30 12
garages 6
sheds
barns
115 Res. units
garages

Subtotal 42 30 12

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist
126 Institutional
Subtotal

..13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

Area
14 Transportation I of structures Acres Hecj;args

141 Air, Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities
147 Seurage Treatment Plant
148 Landf ill
17 Extra:tive Subtotal

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 =iciltural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field <1
AG Agriculture Active
F Forest 10 4
-184H Heath
185 OW Open Water <1 <1
RL Rock Ledge
18 7SL Slump Zone 5 2
188 WT Wetland
Subtotal 16 6

ig' 6pen Land. Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots
193 Outdoor Recreation
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal

Total Acres 45,
Total Hectares is

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters.
195 Seat Walls
196. Revetments
197 Groins # of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through # of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Village of Bayside
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T9N R22E SEC 33

LAND USE CATEGORIES
of structures Acres Area Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 38 30 12
garages 6
sheds 2
barns
115 Res. units
garages
sheds Subtotal 46 30 12

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist
126 Institutional
Subtotal

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

of st-uctures Acres Area Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

1.41 Air Transportation
1.42 Rail Transportation
1.43 Water Transportation
1.43.1 Private Marina
1.43.2 Public Boat Landing
1.44 Highways
1.45 Communications
1.46 Utilities
1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
1.48 Landf ill
Subtotal

17 Extractive

1.71 Open Pit
172 Underground
1.73 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field <1 <1
182 AG Agriculture Active
183 F Forest 11 5
184 H Heath
3.85 OW Open Water <1 < 1
3.86 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 5 2___.
188 WT Wetland Subtotal 17 7

19 Open Land, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots
193 Outdoor Recreation
194 cemeteries
Subtotal Total Acres 46
Total Hectares 19,

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls
196 Revetments
197 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

take Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1978
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Town of Belgium
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
.description).i

T12N R22E SEC 25 T12N R23E SEC 6
SEC 36 SEC 7
SEC 18
SEC 19
SEC 30

T."D USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
- sheds .
.112 Res. units
garages
-- -- -- sheds
---113 Res. units 192 130 53
garages 51
sheds 58
barns 2
115 Res. units
garages
sheds
Subtotal 303 130 53

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 2
126 Institutional
Subtotal 2

.13 Industrial

.13 8 Industrial Park

Area
I of structures Acres Hectaras

14 Trans ortation

141 Air Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities
147 Sewage Treatment Plant
148 Landfill
17 Extra,-tive Subtotal

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18"icrricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 121 49
---.-182 AG AgricultureActive 194 79
183 F Forest 95 38
@184 H Heath 2 1
185 OW Open Water I <1
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone
189-'WT Wetland 24 10
Subtotal 437 177

"19 - Open Land. Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots
193 Outdoor Recreation 5 116 47
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 5 116 47

Total Acres 685
Total Hectares 277'

Shgreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters,
195 Seat Walls 1506 459,
196 Revetments 5836 17791-
197 Groins I of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of.Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Town of Belgium
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T12N R22E SEC 25 T12N R23E SEC 6
SEC 36 SEC 7
SEC 18
SEC 19
SEC 30

LAND USE CATEGORIES
of structures Acres Area Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 196 100 41
garages 67
sheds 54
barns 2
115 Res. units
garages
sheds- Subtotal 319 100 41

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 2 5 2
126 Institutional
Subtotal 2 5 2

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

Area
I of stuctures Acres Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

141 Air- Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities
147 Seurage Treatment Plant
148 Landfill
Subtotal

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Acrricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 113 46
182 AG Agriculture Active 116 47
183 F Forest 179 73
184 H Heath
1.85 OW Open Water I <1
1.86 RL Rock Ledge
1.87 SL Slump Zone
188 WT Wetland 26 11
Subtotal 435 176

19 Open Land, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
.192 Urban Open Lots 1 1
193 Outdoor Recreation 116 47
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 118 48

Total Acres 657
Total Hectares 266

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 1918 5 8!::)'-
196 Revetments 7434 2267
197 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1978
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Town of Grafton
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T10N R22E SEC 3 SEC 21
SEC. 9 SEC 28
SEC 10 SEC 32
SEC 15 SEC 33
SEC 16

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
_113 Res. units 52 70 28
-garages 10
sheds 21
barns
115 Res. units
garages
sheds Subtotal 83 70 28

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist
126 Institutional
Subtotal

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

Area
14 Transportation of structures Acres Hectares

141 Air Transportation
1,42 Rail Transportation
1,43 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
1,43.2 Public Boat Landing
1,44 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities
147 Sewage Treatment Plant
148 Landfill
17 9xtractive Subtotal

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 &Uicultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 232 94
182 AG Agriculture Active 183 74
183 F Forest 168 68
.184 H Heath
-.185 OW Open Water 1 1
RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 98 40
.188 WT Wetland 7 7
Subtotal 700 284

19 ORen Land. Other

..191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 *Urban Open Lots <1
193 Outdoor Recreation
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 1 <1

Total Acres 771
Total Hectares 31:2

Shorelin Modifications Linear
195 Sea Walls Feet Mete,Cj
196 Revetments
197 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Town of Grafton
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T10N R22E SEC 3 SEC 21
SEC 9 SEC 28
SEC 10 SEC 32
SEC 15 SEC 33
SEC 16

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 82 132 53
garages 20
sheds 29
barns 1
115 Res. units
garages
sheds
Subtotal 132 132 53

12 commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist <1 <1
126 Institutional Subtotal <1 <1

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

of st.-uctures Acres Area Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

1.41 Air Transportation
1.42-Rail Transportation
1.43 Water Transportation
1.43.1 Private Marina
3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
1.44 Highways
1.45 Communications
146 Utilities
1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
1.48 Landf ill
Subtotal

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 137 56
182 AG Agriculture Active 122 49
183 F Forest 197 80
184 H Heath
3.85 OW Open Water 3 1
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 100 40
188 WT Wetland 26 11
Subtotal 585 237

19 Onen Land. Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 2 1
193 Outdoor Recreation 3 1 <1
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 3 3 1

Total Acres 720,
Total Hectares 292

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 88 2 7'
196 Revetments 396 121.
197 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet
-Year: 1978
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: City of Mequon
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description)

T9N R22E SEC 4 SEC 21
SEC 5 SEC 28
SEC 8 SEC 29
SEC 17 SEC 33
SEC 20

-.1WAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages--
.......Y sheds
-113 Res. units 188 192 78
garages 33
sheds 31
barns 1
115 Res. units
garages
sheds iubtotal 253 192 78

commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 3 3 1
126 Institutional 3 34--- 14
Subtotal 6 37 15

13 Indu trial

138 Industrial Park

Area
14 Transportation f of gtructures Acres Hectares

17 Extra:tive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 139 56
182 AG Agriculture Active 33 13
183 F Forest 101 41
184 H Heath
185 OW Open Water 1 1
... 186 RL Rock Ledge
...,187 SL Slump Zone 121 49---.
-.188 WT Wetland .33 13
Subtotal 428 173

19 Open Land. Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots <1 <1
193 Outdoor Recreation 25 10
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 1 25 10

Total Acres 682
Total Hectares 276,

Sh2reline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters,
195 Sea Walls 913 27-8-'
196 Revetments
197 Groins # of Groins
@198 Dock Non-Flow-Through P of-Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: City of Mequon
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T9N R22E SEC 4 SEC 21
SEC 5 SEC 28
SEC 8 SEC 29
SEC 17 SEC 33
SEC 20

LAND USE CATEGORIES
of structures Acres Area Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 231 262 106
garages 36
sheds 26
barns 1
115 Res. units
garages
sheds Subtotal 294 262 106

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist
126 Institutional 6 38 15
Subtotal 6 38 15

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

of st-uctures Acres Area Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

1.41 Air Transportation
3.42 Rail Transportation
1.43 Water Transportation
1.43.1 Private Marina
1.43.2 Public Boat Landing
1.44 Highways
1.45 Communications
1.46 Utilities
1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
1.48 Landf ill
Subtotal

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
1.72 Underground
1.73 Well
1.79 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 25 10
182 AG Agriculture Active 13 5
183 F Forest 173 7o
184 H Heath
185 OW Open Water 1 <1
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 115 47
188 WT Wetland 33 13
Subtotal 360 146

19 ORen Land, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots
193 Outdoor Recreation 2 24 10
194 Cenieteries
Subtotal 2 24 10

Total Acres 684
Total Hectares 277

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 1056 32:2
196 Revetments 576 176.
197 Groins # of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through # of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet
..Year: 1978
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: City of Port Washington
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description)

T11N R22E SEC 21
SEC 22
SEC 27
SEC 28
SEC 33

LMD USE CATEGORIES

Area
I of structUres Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 76 39 16
garages 14
sheds 6
barns
115 Res. units
garages
sheds
Subtotal 96 39 16
.12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist 70 17 7
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 2 <1 --<l
126 Institutional 1 1 <1
-- Subtotal 73 18 7

.............a

Industrial Park

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

14 Transportation

141 Air Transportation
IL42 Rail Transportation
IL43 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing 2 3 2
144 Highways <1 <1
145 Communications
146 Utilities 10 33 13
147 Sewage Treatment Plant 2 1 1
148 Landf ill
Subtotal 14 37 15

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive Subtotal
_18__@@icujtural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 31 13
.....182 AG Agriculture Active 16 6
183 F Forest 4 2
18 4 H Reath
.,-,.185 OW Open Water a 3
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 30 12
188 WT Wetland 1 <1
Subtotal 90 36

..19 Open Land, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 10 4
193 Outdoor Recreation 7 51 21
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 7 61 25

Total Acres 2415
Total Hectares 99

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Met4r
195 Sea Walls 3225 983
196 Revetments 3767 111K
197 Groins # of Groins 3
.... 198 Dock Non-Flow-Through # of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: City of Port Washington
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T11N R22E SEC 21
SEC 22
SEC 27
SEC 28
SEC 33

LAND USE-CATEGORIES
of structures Acres Area Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 127 57 23
garages 19
sheds 5
barns
115 Res. units
garages
sheds Subtotal 151 57 23

12 commercial

121 Central Business Dist 41 18 7
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 1 <1 <1
126 Institutional 2 1 1
Subtotal 44 20 8

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

of structures Acres Area Hectares.

14 TransRortation

141 Air Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing .3 12 5
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities 36 32 13
147 Sewage Treatment Plant -7 3 1
148 Landf ill
Subtotal 46 46 19

17 Extractive

IL71 Open Pit
IL72 Underground
IL73 We'll
IL79 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 28 11
182 AG Agriculture Active 2 1
183 F Forest 10 4
184 H Heath
185 OW Open Water 8 3
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 21 8
188 WT Wetland 1 1
Subtotal 69 28

19 ORen Land, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 3 1
193 Outdoor Recreation 40 16
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 4 43 18

Total Acres 235
Total Hectares 95

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 2435 742:
196 Revetments 4289 1308
197 Groins of Groins 1
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1978
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Town of Port Washington
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T11N R22E SEC 1 SEC is
SEC 2 SEC 22
SEC 11 SEC 32
SEC 14 SEC 33

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
-112 Res. units
garages
- sheds
113 Res. units so 46 19
garages 7
sheds 23
barns 2
115 Res. units
garages
sheds
Subtotal 82 46 19

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist
126 Institutional
Subtotal
i3 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

Area
14 Trans)ortation of structures Acres Hectaras

141 Air Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities <1 <1
147 Sewage Treatment Plant
148 Landfill
Subtotal <1 <1

17 Extra.*tive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

IS =iciltural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 92 37
182 AG Agriculture Active 187 76
183 F Forest 208 84
2.84 H Heath 4 2
_185 OW Open Water 1 1
..--186-RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 23 10
WT Wetland 7 3
Subtotal 522 211

-19 Open Land. Other

-191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots
193 Outdoor Recreation 5 2
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 5 2

Total Acres 5713
Total Hectares 232
Shoreline Mogifications Linear
195 Sea Walls Feet Metel.-s
196 Revetments 654 2CLT
197 Groins f of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through # of Docks

Lake Michigan coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Ozaukee
Township, Village or City name: Town of Port Washington
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T11N R22E SEC 1 SEC 15
SEC 2 SEC 22
SEC 11 SEC 32
SEC 14 SEC 33

LAND USE CATEGORIES
of structures Acres Area Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 81 62 25
garages 13
sheds 19
barns 3
115 Res. units
garages
sheds Subtotal 116 62 25

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 2 2 1
126 Institutional
Subtotal 2 2 1

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

of st.*uctures Acres Area Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

3.41 Aii-7 Transportation
3.42 Rail Transportation
3.43 Water Transportation
3.43.1 Private Marina
3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
144 Highways
3.45 Communications
3.46 Utilities <1 <1
3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
3.48 Landfill
Subtotal <1 <1

17-Extra-,tive

3.71 Open Pit
172 Underground
3.73 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 66 27
182 AG Agriculture Active 129 52
183 F Forest 231 94
184 H Heath
185 OW Open Water 1 1
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone 19 8
188 WT Wetland 10 4
Subtotal 456 185

19 Oven LAnd. Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots <1 <1
193 Outdoor Recreation 6 2
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 6 3

Total Acres 526
Total Hectares 21"1

Shoreline-Modifications Linear
Feet Metej-j,
195 Sea Walls
196 Revetments 728 222
197 Groins # of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through # of-Docks

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