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                                               William R. Niedzwiedz
                                            Department of Public and
                                                Environmental Affairs
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                                    University of Wisconsin-Green Bay





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        Prepared for the Wisconsin
      Coastal Management Program

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          Acknowledgements

             FUNDED IN PART By THIS W191CONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

          Financial assistance for this ResearchlStudy Project was provided
          by the coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
          administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
          Management, National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
          pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
          MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

          THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
          Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
          COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
          protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
          Superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                   The Project Team

          This project required coordination and completion of several
          steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
          interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
          preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
          complete this project.

             Brentt Michalek
             Christopher Hanrahan
             Shawn Reed
             Wendy Zareczny
             Christopher Wazny
             John Rafferty
             Cheryl Schulz
             Lori Pasterski
             Tom Marchant


          Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
          preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
          manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
          special recognition as part of the project team.

          Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
          Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
          project.











                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


           INTRODUCTION    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           1


           PROJECT GOALS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           1


           STUDY AREA    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           1


           PROJECT METHODS                o . . .  o . . . . . . .   o               3
               Aerial Photography . . . o     . .       o . . . . . . . . . . .      3
               Project Aerial Photos      . . . . . . . .   o . . . . . .   o  . .   4
               Photo Preparation     . . . . . . . . . . . . .     o o  . . . . .    4
               Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)        . . . . . . . . . . .    o   5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME     . . . . . . . . . . . .     o . . . . . . .     5
               Residential Land   . . . . . . . .    o  . . . . . . . . . .    o .   5
               Commercial and Industrial Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       6
               Industrial Land    . . . .   o . . .       o             o            7
               Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        7
               Extractive Land Use      . . . . ... ... . . .    o . . . . . . .     8
               Agricultural and Natural     Land   . . . . . . . . . . . . .     o   8
               Open and Other Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     o . . .     10
               Shoreline Modification     . . . . . . . . . .    o             o    10
               Structures - Industrial,     Commercial and Residential

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS      . . . . . . . . . .    o

           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT       TYPES  LOCATED WITHIN THE
               COASTAL ZONE   . . . .   o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         12


           TALLY OF DATA             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          12


           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR o        . . . . . . . . . . .     o    13
               Photo Scale and Enlargements     . . . .                 o * *  *    13
               "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aeriai @h@t@g@ap'hy        . o  .    14
               Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage        . . . . . . . . . .       14
               Incomplete Photo'Coverage      . . . . . . . . . . . .     o .  .    14
               Missing Photo Coverage     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         15
               Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary        . . . . . .   o  .    15
               Lack of Beach Type in Classification       Scheme .             o    15
               Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural v;.*U@ba*n
                 Development    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           15

           RESULTS                                   a  . o . . .                   16
               Ozaukee County Statistics      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         16
                 Residential Land    . . . . . .   o .  o . . . . . . . . . .       is
                 Commercial and Industrial Land      .  . o . .  o . . . . . .      18
                 Transportation Land      . . . . .  o  . . . . . . . . . . .       is
                 Extractive .                 * * *  *  o * . .  o . .  * . . .     18
                 Agricultural ;na @aiu@ai     Land   . . .  o o  . . . . . . .      18
                 Open and Other Land      . . . . . . . . . .    o . . . . . .      19
                 Shoreline Modifications      . . . . . . . . . . .     o . . .     19
               Results by Community     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
                 Village of Bayside     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
                 Town of Belgium     . . . . .  o  . . . . . . . . . . . .     o    20
                 Town of Grafton     . . . . . . . . . . . .     o . . . . . .      20









                City of Mequon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      21
                City of Port Washington   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     22
                Town of Port Washington   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     23

                                                                            
          REFERENCES   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      24

          APPENDIX   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      28

          LIST OF TABLES
             Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests . . .         17

          LIST OF FIGURES
             Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
                Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        2
 








                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsinfs
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

               The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the statefs Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
               Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
               This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

               Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
                Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
                Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
                Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
             - Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
                1992
             - Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                     STUDY AREA

               The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide































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                Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

                                                    2









          zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
          coastline.


                                   PROJECT METHODS

          Aerial Photography

               Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
          clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
          meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
          current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
          method of documentation, and trained personnel.
               Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
          natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
          and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
          al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). Specific applications to
          urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
          nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
          erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
          urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
          1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
          property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
          (Marsh et al., 1990).
               Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
          urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
          1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
          aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
          change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
          zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
           oint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
          features along the Berrien Countyj Michigan segment of the Lake
          Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
          assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
          fluctuating water levels.
               Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
          forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
          uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
          such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
          to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
          spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
          possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
          seasonal timing. Scarpace et al. (1981) psed digitized aerial
          photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
          and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
          vegetation change using aerial photos.
               Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
          coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
          photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
          Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
          aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
          al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
          change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                          3









          examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
          Batie,, 1984).

          Project Aerial Photos

                In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
          panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of thet
          Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
          photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
          Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
          flown at a scale of 1:6000 (1" = 5001) and en   largements made at
          1:2400 (1" = 2001). The 1978 photos were taken April 16*. The
          1992 photos were flown May 131h.
                Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
          and flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
          were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
          individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
          Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
          incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented     with
          the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
          photo.
                Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
          line #1 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
          northern edge of each 1992 Photo displays the photo date, flight
          line and - oto number.
                   ph
                Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
          flown to Produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
          photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
          photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
          photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
          coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
          1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
          900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
          shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
          Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
          about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
          Illinois border.

          Photo Preparation

                Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
          all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
          acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
          interpretation included the following:
             1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
             2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                required.
             3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
                are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                            4









               that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
               mapping applications.
            4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
               These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
               adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
               boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
               work.
            5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section.lines (red ink).
            6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
            7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
               ink). A divider was used to-scribe a line 10001 away and
               parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
               cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
               dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
               shoreline.
            8. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
               slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
               were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
               classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
               the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
               additional discussion.

         Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)
              The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a'
         complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
         classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
         complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
         modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
         Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
         residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
         agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
         been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
         have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
         are tallied by type for 1992.
              Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
         revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
         Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
         and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
         were counted.


                               CLASSIFICATION SCHEME


         Residential Land

              All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
         area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
         by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
         the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
         other classification types as well.



                                         5









          111  Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113  Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed,exclusively
               for-mobile units.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business.
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Center/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.





                                          6










          126  Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
               public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
               churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
               "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
               When located within the CBD, public buildings without
               "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
               would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138  Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
               industrial use areas.
                 Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
               processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
               petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
               large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
               transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
               interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                 Light industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
               products such as electronics, appliances, and other
               secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
               material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
               light industries are well landscaped and are
               indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
               photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141  Air Transportation.. Includes areas with airports and
               associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
               areas and adjacent open areas.

          142  Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
               freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
               passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
               such as tank farms.

          143  Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
               several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
               related land-based facilities for water transportation and
               commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
               marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
               buildings and parking areas.

          143.1  Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                 residential land are designated as private marinas. often
                 such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                 and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                 waterway.


                                           7









          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                 launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                 ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                 areas.

          144  Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
               corridors with median strips between lanes   Typically, such
               roads are four or more lanes wide. Local ;treets are not
               included in this type.

          145  Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
               communications. These include radio/television towers,
               lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146  Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
               and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
               buildings, towers, roads/parking facilities and, in the case
               of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147  Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
               parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in this
               type.

          148  Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
               type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
               by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access,
               roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171  Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
               !xtraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
               includes access roads and any structures.

          172  Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
               extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
               would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173  Well. Features associated with wells are limited.
               Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
               difficult.


          179  Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181  Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
               reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass are
               abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If tree
               crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
               classified as forest.









          182  Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
               is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
               on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
               maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
               as part of this type.

          183  Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous or
               mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
               less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
               field.

          184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
               shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

          185  open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
               and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
               during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
               located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
               edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
               railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
               establish such a line.

          186  Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
               within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
               County.

          187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
               beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
               to the beach.

          188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
               wetlands.; These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
              ,swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
               forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                 Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
               stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
               herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
               water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
               growing season.
                 Shpb swamps often have waterlogged soil during the
               growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
               present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
               dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                 Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
               Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
               Surface water is present only for a 6hort period during the
               spring.
                 Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
               plant community, including most of the following: heath
               shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
               black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
               of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                          9









                 Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to six
               inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                 De22 marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered    by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found irk
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
                 Forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               "leaves-ork" photography.

         Open  and Other Land

         191   Outdoor-Public Assembly

         192   Urban Open Lots. Urban  open is undeveloped land lying idle,
               in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type,
               includes land which has been cleared for urban development
               of aim unknown use.

         193   Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
               the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
               buildings and other related facilities.

         194   Cemeteries

         Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
         or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
         significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
         Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect'.
         accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
         and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
         revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
         non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
         protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
         perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin,-.;
         Lake Michigan shoreline.

         195 Sea Walls (V 195     V). These structures are built parallel
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                          10










              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

         196  Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

         197  Groins ( * [red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

         198  Non-Flow-Through Dock      (blue]    Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

         structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
         classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
         for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
         the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
         then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
         (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
         counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
         comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
         the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
         linear (shoreline modification) and point (urban structures,
         groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
         symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
         represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
         identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
         natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
         area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
         types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
         revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
         at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
         modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
         between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
         IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
         section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
         before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
         shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
         symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
         point where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

                                         11









         199:2, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA1 LINE AND POINT
                       TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modif ication) measurements were made using the hardware/ software.
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay. Photo acetate overlays were af fixed to large-format
         digitizerS and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres /hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as, well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                    TALLY OF DATA

              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summal:jr
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
         si-actions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea,walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
           - Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within eacb
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              County SummaM@ Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use,, shoreline and



                                         12









          structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
          sheets.


                          LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

              The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
          photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
          shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
          photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
          photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
              Copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
          available for this study. Instead,, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
          ?f the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
          in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
          photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
          project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
          the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
          for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
          what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
          for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
          photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
          discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
              The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
          is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
          understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
          apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
          of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
          to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
          (1978 and 1992).

          Photo Scale and Enlargements

              All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
          reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
          corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
          inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
          ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
          topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
          and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft)'. Enlargements of
          the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
          the original photos.
              Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
          photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
          tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
          each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
          photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
          base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
          and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
          systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
          only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
          positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
          tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                         13



                                                                    . I .             1

          -13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range.
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that:
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 2.978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
          in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
          the goals, of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can. be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked. by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60* of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE   for this study
          represent photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many' land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
         ,features.


          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 str:'L:p
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 10001 of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                           14










          exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
          the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
          reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
          year.

          Missing Photo Coverage

               occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
          photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
          missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
          year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
          not represented on photos remain unknown.'

          Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

               on each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
          representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
          This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
          line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
          landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
          location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
          Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
          Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
          and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
          inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
          insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
          shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
          result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
          included in the 1978 coastal zone.

          Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

               The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
          area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
          likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
          levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
          erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
               The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
          within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
          coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
          between the shoreline and.the base of the bluff, however area
          measurements o*f land use types were made only for those types
          lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary   of
          the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
          about five (5) acres per photo.

          Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
          Development

               As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
          boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
          changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

                                          15









          erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
          location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
          the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastil zone in an
          area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
          water is filled to develop commercial land. A "lakeward" shift
          in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
          in a shift toward the water of'the interior coastal zone
          boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
          of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw' statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                       RESULTS

          Ozaukee County Statistics

               Ozaukee county communities lying within the Lake Michigan
          coastal zone include the townships of Belgium, Grafton and Port
          Washington, the Village of Bayside, and the cities of Mequon and
          Port Washington. The area measured within the coastal zone of
          Ozaukee County was 3,001 acres (1,215 ha) in 1978 and 2,868 acres
          (1,162 ha,) in 1992. This represents a difference of 133 acres
          (54 ha) or 4.4%. The discrepancy likely is the result of errors
          inherent in the enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on pages 12
          through 15. Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted on
          the linear accuracy of the Ozaukee County photos. Results of
          tests applied to the 1978 photos indicate some departure (+.2%
          and +1.3%) from USGS measurements. Results of tests applied to
          the 1992 photos indicate errors of -4.4% to -5.7%. The range of
          error could yield a'210 acre (85 ha) difference between the 1978
          and 1992 totals (Table 1).
               Statistical summaries for Ozaukee County and all communities
          included in this study are located in the Appendix.' Summary
          data sheets present land use types by area, structural counts by
          type (1992), shoreline modification types by length, and a count
          of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected at the PLSS
          section level. fqhile the section level data sheets are not
          included in this report, copies are available upon written
          request.



               'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
          (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
          presented. on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
          report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                         16










                   Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                            Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                          1978                   1992
                                      Enlarged Photos      Enlarged Photos
            County                      (1:2400)              (1:24001

           Brown                         -0.4%                -8.5%
                                          0.03%               -5.5%


           Door                           1.3%                -1.1%
                                          3.9%                -3.6%


           Kenosha                       -2.5%                -9.0%
                                          3.1%                -1.6-%


           Kewaunee                      -1.5%                -5.4%
                                          2.1%                -9.6%

           Manitowoc                     -1.7%                -6.4%
                                          2.0%                -7.4%

           Marinette  (one test)          9.6%                -1.7%

           Milwaukee                     -4.9%                -6.9%
                                         -5.3%                   1.9%


           Oconto                         2.9%                -10.8%
                                          8.5%                -13.1%

           Osaukee                        0.2%                -5.7%
                                          1.3%                -4.4%

           Racine                        -3.0%                -5.0%
                                          2.2%                -0.8%

           Sheboygan                     -2.5%                -1.2%
                                          4.6%                -3.0%



               Mean                       0.95%               -5.18%

              Range                  -5.3% to 9.6%       -13.1% to 1.9%








                                             17











          Resident.."Lal Land

               Within the 1992 coastal zone of Ozaukee County, 1,058
          residential structures were identified on 642 acres (260 ha) of
          land. Of- the total were 755 residential units (single'family or
          duplexes), 161 detached garages, 135 sheds and (7) barns. Since
          the 1992 photos are "leaves-on," these numbers likely
          underestimate the actual number of structures and area devoted -to
          residential uses. In 1978,, 507 acres (205 ha) of residential
          land were measured, 135 acres (55 ha) less than in 1992.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land represented 64 acres (26 ha) in 1992 and 57
          acres (21-1 ha) in 1978. Fifty-four (54) commercial structures
          were noted within the coastal zone. Three (3) commercial types
          experienced modest growth over the 14 year period studied. The
          type central business district increased by 1.6 acres (.6 ha)
          while neighborhood business district increased by 2.1 acres (.9
          ha). Institutional land grew by 4.2 acres (1.7 ha), from 34.9
          acres (14.1 ha) in 1978 to 39.1 acres (15.8 ha)-in 1992.
               No industrial land was observed in 1978 or 1992.

          Transportation Land

               Forty-seven (47) structures were located on 46 acres (19 ha)
          of transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 37 acres (15 ha) of
          transportation land were reported. With the exception of public
          boat landing, land use types observed within this category
          experienced slight change. Land developed for public boating
         .increased by about 8.6 acres (3.5 ha). An increase in area also
          was observed in land developed for sewage treatment facilities,
          from 1.4 acres (.6 ha) to 2.7 acres (1.1 ha). Area devoted to
          utilities remained stable at about 32 acres (12.8 ha) for each
          study year.

          Extractive

               No extractive land uses were observed for either 1978 or
          1992.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

               In 1978, land uses within the category Agricultural and
          Natural represented 73% (2,192 acres, 887 ha) of all land within
          the coastal zone of Ozaukee County. In 1992, this category
          declined to 64% (1,922 acres, 779 ha).
               Overall, 270 acres (109 ha) of agricultural and natural
          lands were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that
          continues; nationally. Land actively being cultivated declined loy
          230 acres (93 ha) or by 37.6%. Abandoned fields decreased in
          area as well, from 616 acres (250 ha) in 1978 to 369 acres (149

                                          18









          ha) in 1992, a loss of 247 acres (100 ha) or 40%. Forest areas,
          on the other hand, grew substantially from 1978 to 1992, from 585
          acres (237 ha) to 802 acres (325 ha). Heath vegetation declined
          from a 1978 total of 6 acres (2.5 ha) to no area in 1992.
               Areas of erosion along Lake Michigan's shoreline are a major
          concern of coastal resource planners. Data show that slump zone
          area declined by about 18 acres (7.3 ha), from 278 acres (113 ha)
          to 260 acres (105 ha) for 1978 and 1992, respectively. Also of
          note is a 13.8 acre (5.6 ha) increase of wetland types. Given
          state, regional and national trends, this finding is unusual.
          Increases in wetland areas could be associated with the nine (9)
          inch rise in Lake Michigan water level.

          open and other Land

               open and other land decreased from 208 acres (84 ha) in 1978
          to 195 acres (79 ha) in 1992. Outdoor recreational land
          decreased during the period from 196 acres (79 ha) in 1978 to 188
          acres (76 ha) in 1992. Land devoted to urban open lot declined -
          from 11.6 acres (4.7 ha) to 6.7 acres (2.7 ha).

          Shoreline Modifications

               ostensibly, sea walls and revetments are used to protect
          shorelines from erosion. Changes in both types of structures
          were reported. In 1978, 5,644 feet (1,721 m) of sea wall were
          reported compared to 5,497 feet (1,676 m) in 1992, representing a
          decrease of 147 feet (45 m). However, since 1979, revetments
          increased by 3,167 feet (966 m), or by 31%. Shoreline revetment
          was measured at 10,257 feet (3,127 m) in 1978 and 13,424 feet
          (4,093 m) in 1992.

                                Results by Community

          Village of Bayside

               only a small portion of the village of Bayside falls within
          the Lake Michigan coastal zone. Land within the coastal zone was
          measured at 45 acres (18 ha) in 1978 and 46 acres (19 ha) in
          1992. The source of the difference could be photo scale
          anomalies as discussed above.
               In 1992, 46 residential structures were located on 30 acres
          (12 ha) of land. Most of these structures (38) were single
          family or duplex. Other structures associated with residential
          areas included (6) detached garages and (2) sheds. In 1978,
          there also were 30 acres (12 ha) of residential land observed.
               No commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive or
          open/other types were located in 1978 or 1992.
               Agricultural and natural areas remained stable over the
          period studied.
          1992. No shoreline modifications were detected for either 1978 or

                                         19









           Town of Belgium

                The coastal zone within the town of Belgium covered 685
           acres (277 ha) in 1978 and 657 acres (266 ha) in 1992. The
           difference of 28 acres (11.3 ha) is 4.1% of the 1978 total area.
                The town of Belgium was one of the sites tested to determine
           linear accuracy of the enlarged photos. It was determined that
           the 1978 photos of Belgium deviated from USGS 1:24000 maps by
           +.2%. The 1992 photos deviated by -5.7% from the USGS basis.
                In 1.992, a total of 319 residential structures were
           identified on 100 acres (41 ha) of residential land. of these,
           196 were single family/duplex, 67 were detached garages and 54
           were shed.s. The apparent 30 acre (12 ha) loss of residential
           likely is, not actual but a function of "leaves-on" 1992 aerial
           photos which tend to mask residential structures and lawn
           management.
                Just. under (5) acres (2 ha) of commercial land were recorded.
           in 1992. This represents a (3) acre (1.2 ha) increase over the
           1978 total of 1.7 acres (.7 ha). The area increase was observed
           in the neighborhood business district type.
                For both 1978 and 1992, no area observations were recorded
           for commercial, industrial, transportation or extractive land
           uses. In. 1978 and 1992, agricultural and natural uses covered
           64% and 66% of the coastal zone, respectively. In each year,
           this category of land uses covered about 435 acres (176 ha).
           Both increases and decreases in area of individual category types
           were observed. In 1978, both abandoned fields and active
           agricultural areas declined, abandoned field by.(8) acres (3.2
           ha) from 121 acres (49 ha) to 113 acres (46 ha) and active
           agriculture by 78 acres (32 ha) from 194 acres (79) ha) to 116
           acres (47 ha). Forested areas grew significantly from 95 acres
           (38 ha) in 1978 to 179 acres (73 ha) by 1992. Wetlands gained
           modestly, adding (2) acres (.8 ha) by 1992.
                The open/other land use category also remained stable from
           1978 to 1992 at about 116 acres (47 ha). In 1992, almost all of
           this area. was observed in the type outdoor recreation.
                The remaining notable change to be reported includes
           shoreline: modifications. Results indicate a gain of 412 feet
           (126 m) of sea wall. The increase in sea wall from 1,506 feet
           (459 m) in 1978 to 1,918 feet (585 m) in 1992 represents 27%.
           Revetment structures increased by 1,598 feet (487 m) or by 27%,
           from 5,836 feet (1,779 m) in 1978 to 7,434 feet (2,267 m) in
           1992.


           Town of Grafton


                The coastal zone within   the town of Grafton covered 771
           acres (312 ha) in 1978 and 720 acres (292 ha) in 1992. The
           difference of 51 acres (20.6 ha) is 6.6% of the 1978 total area..
           The town of Grafton was one of the sites tested to determine
           linear accuracy of the enlarged photos. It was determined that


                                             20









          the 1978 photos of Grafton deviated from USGS 1:24000 maps by
          +1.3%. The 1992 photos deviated by -4.4% of the USGS basis.
               Residential land encompassed 132 acres (53 ha) in 1992.
          Over 130 structures, of which 82 were single family/duplex, were
          located within the 1992 coastal zone. other structures included
          20 detached garages and 29 sheds. In 1978, 70 acres (28 ha) of
          residential land were recorded. The increase of 62 acres (25 ha)
          represents 88.5%.
               Less than (1) acre of coastal zone land was observed to be
          commercial in 1992. No commercial was observed in 1978. For
          both 1978 and 1992, no industrial, transportation or extractive
          uses were observed within the coastal zone area.
               Substantial changes occurred to and within the category of
          agricultural and natural land. In 1978, these land uses   covered
          almost 91% (700 acres, 284 ha) of the coastal zone area. By
          1992, agricultural and natural land use covered only 76%  (585
          acres, 237 ha) of Grafton's coastal zone. The lost area
          represents 115 acres (46 ha) or 16.4% of the 1978 total. Within
          the category, abandoned field and active agricultural land lost
          area. Abandoned field lost 96 acres (39 ha), from 233 acres (94
          ha) in 1978 to 137 acres (56 ha) in 1992. Active agriculture
          declined by 61 acres (25 ha), from 183 acres (74 ha) to 122 acres
          (49 ha). All other land use types observed within the category
          experienced modest to moderate increases in area. For example,
          forest land increased from 168 acres (68 ha) in 1978 to 197 acres
          (80 ha) in 1992, an increase of 29 acres (11.7 ha) or 17%.
          Modest increases of (2) acres (.8 ha) and 1.8 acres (.7 ha) were
          observed for the types open water and slump zone, respectively.
          From 1978 to 1992, wetlands increased by (9) acres (3.6 ha), from
          17.3 acres (7 ha) to 26.3 acres (10.7 ha).
               In the open/other land use category, (3) acres (1.2 ha) were
          identified in 1992.
               Some shoreline modification has occurred since 1978. In
          1978, no sea walls were recorded compared to 88 feet (27 a) in
          1992. Revetments increased as well, from no observation in 1978
          to 396 feet (121 m)'in 1992.

          City of Mequon

               The coastal zone for the city of Mequon was determined to be
          682 acres (276 ha) in 1978 and-684 acres (277 ha) in 1992,
          reflecting a difference of less than 1%.
               The amount of residential land located within the coastal
          zone was 262 acres (106 ha) in 1992. Within the residential area
          were counted 294 structures, 231 of which were identified to be
          single family/duplex. Other structures observed were 36 detached
          garages, 26 sheds and (1) barn. Residential land increased by 69
          acres (28 ha) or 36%, from 192 acres (78 ha) in 1978 to 262 acres
          (106 ha) in 1992.
               For both 1978 and 1992, about 37 acres (15 ha) of commercial
          land were observed within the city's coastal zone.


                                          21









               No industrial, transportation or, extractive land uses were
          identified for either year of study.
               In 1.978, agricultural an natural lands covered an area of
          428 acres; (173 ha). By 1992, 68 acres (27 ha) or nearly 16% of
          agricultural and natural area had been lost, dropping total areet
          to 360 acres (146 ha). Except for forest, which increased from
          101 acres (41 ha) in 1978 to 173 acre (70 ha) in 1992, all other
          land use types observed decreased in area. Land use cover types
          and their, observed area losses include: abandoned field 113
          acres (46, ha), active agricultural 19 acres (7.8 ha), open water
          .6 acres (.2 ha), slump zone (6) acres (2.4 ha) and wetland .3
          acres (.1 ha).
               Open/other land areas remained stable at 24 acres (9.7 ha)
          over the 14 year period covered by the study.
               Both sea walls and revetments increased from 1978 to 1992.
          Sea walls, increased by 143 feet (44 m), from 913 feet (278 m) to
          1,056 feet (322 m). No revetments were recorded in 1978,
          however, by 1992, 576 feet (176 m) had been constructed.

          City of Port Washington

               The coastal zone of the city of Port Washington was
          determined to be 245 acres (99 ha) in 1978 and 235 acres   (95 ha).
          in 1992. The 10.2 acre (4.1 ha) difference is 4.2% of the 1978
          total.
               Total residential land located within the 1978 coastal zone
          was 39 acres (15.8 ha) compared to 57 acres (23 ha) in 1992. 111
          1992, 151 structures were located within the residential area, of
          which were 127 single family/duplex units, 19 detached garages
          and (5) sheds. Commercial land remained quite stable over the
          period studied, having gained only about (2) acres (.8 ha). A
          total of 19.7 acres (8 ha) of commercial land was observed in
          1992, of which 18.2 acres (7.4 ha) were central business district
          (CBD).
               No industrial or extractive uses were observed within the
          city's coastal zone'for both 1978 and 1992.
               About 20 acres (8.1 ha) or nearly 23% of agricultural and
          natural lands were lost during the 14 year period studied.
          Abandoned. field area declined from 31 acres (12.5 ha) to 27.5
          acres (11.1 ha) while active agricultural areas declined from
          15.8 acres (6.4 ha) to 2.2 acres (.9 ha). 'Two other types
          experienced losses of area. Open water declined from 8.1 acres
          (3.3 ha) to 7.7 acres (3.1 ha) and slump zone fell from 30 acres,
          (12.2 ha) to 20.5 acres (8.3 ha). Results indicate that wetlands
          remained stable from 1978 to 1992 at just over (1) acre (.4 ha),
          however, forested areas increased by 6.7 acres (2.7 ha), from 3.15
          acres (1.5 ha) to 10.3 acres (4.2 ha).
               The area of open/other land use types declined by 18.2 acres
          (7.4 ha) or by nearly 30% from 1978 to 1992. Within the
          category, urban open lot declined from 10.3 acres (4.2 ha) to ('3)
          acres (1.2 ha) and area of outdoor recreation declined from 51
          acres (21 ha) to 40 acres (16 ha).

                                          22









               Shoreline modification of the type sea wall declined from
          3,225 feet (983 m) in 1978 to 2,435 feet (742 m) in 1992.
          However, an increase of 922 feet (281 m) of revetment. was
          observed for the same time period. In 1978, 3,767 feet (1,148 m)
          of revetment. were observed along the city's shoreline. This
          compares to 4,289 feet (1,308 m) observed in 1992. While (3)
          groins were recorded in 1978, only (1) was logged in 1992.

          Town of Port Washington

               Land within the coastal zone of Port Washington was measured
          at 573 acres (232 ha) in 1978 and 526 acres (213 ha) in 1992.
          The source of the difference (47 acres, 19 ha) could be photo
          scale anomalies as discussed above.
               In 1992, 116 residential structures were located on 62 acres
          (25 ha) of land. Most of these structures (81) were single
          family or duplex. Other structures associated with residential
          land include 13 detached garages, 19 sheds and (3) barns. In
          1978, 46 acres (19 ha) of residential land were reported.
               In 1992, 2.1 acres (.9 ha) of commercial area were reported
          compared to no commercial land reported in 1978. Results
          indicate that no industrial park or extractive lands were
          observed for either study year. For both years of study, less
          than one-tenth of an acre of transportation land (utilities) was
          observed.
               Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 522 acres (211
          '
          ha) in 1978 to 456 acres (185 ha) in 1992. The types abandoned
          field, active agriculture and slump zone lost area during the 14
          year period.
               Abandoned field area fell by nearly 27 acres  (10.9 ha), from
          92 acres (37 ha) to 66 acres (27 ha) while active  agricultural
          areas fell by 58 acres (23 ha) from 187 acres (76  ha) to 129
          acres (52 ha). Areas of slump zone declined from   23.4 acres (9.5
          ha) in 1978 to 19.4 acres (7.8 ha) in 1992. Land   cover types
          gaining area included forest and wetland. Forest   increased from
          208 acres (84 ha) in 1978 to 231 acres (94 ha) in  1992. A (3)
          acre (1.2 ha) increase for the period boosted the  1992 wetland
          total to 10 acres (4.1 ha).
               Two open/other land use types showed change during the
          period studied. Urban open lot areas increased from no area in
          1978 to .4 acres (.2 ha) in 1992. The outdoor recreation type
          also increased from (5) acres (2 ha) in 1978 to (6) acres (2.4
          ha) in 1992.
               From 1978-1992, results suggest shoreline modification has
          increased within the township. No sea wall was observed for
          either study year, however, revetment increased from 654 feet
          (200 m) to 728 feet (222 m).
               No groins or non-flow-through docks were recorded for either
          study year.




                                          23












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             PhotoraRhs. 4th ed., Brugess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
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          Barrett, N.E. and W.A. Niering, 1993. Tidal marsh restoration:
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          Benton, A.R., Jr., W.W. Snell and C. Clark, 1978. Seasonal aeriELl
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          Boge, W.E., A.C. Crone and R.J. Ondrejka, 1992. Primary data
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          Carlson, H., L.M. Andrews and C.W. Threinen, 1977. Surface Water
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          Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial PhotograRhy.
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          Dresen, M. and M.E. Vollbrecht, 1986. Wisconsin's shoreland
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          Eastman-Kodak, 1974. Photography from Light Planes and
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          Evans, B.M. and L. Mata, 1984. Acquisition of 35mm oblique
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          Ferguson, R.L., L.L. Wood and D.B. Graham, 1993. Monitoring
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          Fleming, J. and R.G. Dixon, 1981. Basic Guide to Small-Format
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             Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, 81 p.




                                          24









          Hagen, G.F. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Predicting tree groundline
             diameter from crown measurements made on 35mm aerial
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          Heer, R.C. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Estimation of density in young
             pine plantations using 35mm aerial photography. Proceedings of
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          Hill, J.M., D.L. Evans and J. Blackman, 1985. Development of a
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          International Joint Commission, Committee 2, 1993. Detailed Site
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          International Joint Commission, 1993. Great Lakes Water Level
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          Kim, K. and S. Ventura, 1993. Large-scale modeling of urban
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          Lo, C.P. and W.E. Noble, 1990. Detailed urban land-use and land-
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          Lyon, J.G. and R.G. Greene, 1992. Use of aerial photographs to
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             wetlands. Photogrammetric.Eng-ineering and Remote Sensing,
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          MacConnell, W.F., 1975. Remote Sensing 20 years of change in
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                                          25









          McCarthy,, J., C.E. Olson and J.A. Witter,, 1982. Evaluation of
             spruce-fir forests using small-format photographs.
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          Nieftwiedz, W.R., 1990. Assessing permit compliance in
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          Niedzwiedz, W.R. and S.S. Batie, 1984. An assessment of urban
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             214.

          Norton, D.J., J. Organ and T. Litwin, 1985. Covertype
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          Paine, D.P. and R.J. McCadden, 1988. Simplified forest inventory
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          Roberts, A. and L. Griswold, 1986. Practical photogrammetry froin
             35mm aerial photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
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          Scarpace, F.L., B.K. Quirk, R.W. Kiefer and S.L. Wynn, 1981.
             Wetland mapping from digitized aerial photography.
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          Scherz, jr.P. and J.F. Van Domelsen, 1973. Lake Superior Water
             Quality Near Duluth from Analysis of Aerial Photos and ERTS
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             American Water Resources Association, Proceedings, No. 17.

          Shafer, 11. and S. Degler, 1986. 35mm photography: an inexpensive
             remote sensing -@ool.* Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
             Sensing, 52(6):.833-837.

          Smith, J.T., ed., 1968. Manual of Color Aerial Photography.
             American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA., 550 pp.

          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1978. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
             Levels for the Great Lakes. April. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
             MI. pp.4

          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
             Levels for the Great Lakes. May. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
             MI. pp.4


                                           26








         Walker, J.W., 1985. Ultra-light reconnaissance, another tool.
            Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington,
            D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 371-380.

         Welch, R., T.R. Jordan and S.S. Fung, 1985. Photogrammetry: A
            revolutionary solution to the assessment of e hemeral gully
                                                         .P
            erosion. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
            Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 873-874.

         Welch, R., M. Remillard and J. Alberts, 1992. Integration of GPS,
            remote sensing and GIS techniques for coastal resource
            management. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            58(11):1571-1578.











































                                         27




I
I
I

                       APPENDIX
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1                       28
I









                   Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                          1978 - 1992

                                   County Summary Data Sheet

          '
           Year: 1978
           County: Ozaukee
           Coastal Civil Jurisdiction     included in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

              Village   of Bayside
              Town of   Belgium
              Town of   Grafton
              City   of Mequon
              City   of Port Washington
              Town   of Port Washington





                                      LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                        Area
                                               of structures      Acres      Hectares,

           11 Residential

                   Res. units
                   -garages
                   sheds
           ------112 Res. units
                   garages
                   sheds
              113  Res.-units                       594            507-         205
                 -,garages                         -121
                   -sheds                           139
                   barns                              5
              115  Res. units
                   garages
                   -sheds
                                 Subtotal           859            .507         205

           12 Commercial
            :121 Central Business Dist               70              17
              122 Shopping Center/Mall
              124  Neighborhood Business    Dist      5               5
              126  Institutional                      4             35-           14
                                   Subtotal          79              57           23

           13 Industrial

          .------138 Industrial  Park












                                                                          Area
                                                 of structures       Acres      Hectares

            14 Trans)ortation

              3.41 Air Transportation
              3.42 Rail Transportation
              3.43 Water Transportation
              3.43.1 Private Marina
              3.43.2 Public Boat Landing                               3            1
              3.44 Highways                                           <1           <1
              3.45 Comminnicat ions
              3.46 Utilities                         11               33           13
              3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant              2               1            1
              3.48 Landf ill
                                 Subtotal            15               37           15

            17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal


            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF   Abandoned Field                               616          250
                   AG  Agriculture Active                            611          248
              183 F    Forest                                        585          237
              184*H    Heath                                           6            3
              185 OW   Open Water                                     13            5
              186 RL   Rock Ledge
               *187'SL Slump Zone                                    278          113.___
              188 WT   Wetland   ... 83                                            33
                                 Subtotal                           2192          887


            '19 Open Land, Other

           ----191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192  Urban Open Lots                                    12            5
              193  Outdoor Recreation                13              196           79
              194  Cemeteries
                                 Subtotal            13              208           84


                                                              Total Acres          300:1
                                                               Total  Hectares     1215

            Shoreline-Modifications                                       Linear
                                                                      Feet        Meters
              195 Sea Walls                                           5644            &.--
                                                                                __ 1711
              196 Revetments                                         10257         31',)'7_
              197*Groins                                   J of Groins     .3
             -198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of pocks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Ozaukee
          coastal civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

              Village of Bayside
              Town of Belgium
              Town of Grafton
              City of Mequon
              City of Port Washington
              Town of Port Washington





                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                            of structures      Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                      755            642         260
                 garages                         161
                 sheds                           135
                 barns                             7
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                               Subtotal         1058            642         260

          12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist            41                          7
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist        5              7           3
             126 Institutional                     8             39          16
                                Subtotal          54             64          26

          13 IndustriA_1

             138 Industrial Park






                                             of st,uctures      Acres Area Hectares

           14 Trans)ortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing             3             12           5
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities                        37             32          13
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant            7               3          1
             148 Landfill       Subtotal          47             46          19

           17---Extractive

             1.71 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 Agricultural gnd Natural

             181  AF Abandoned Field                            369         149
             182  AG Agriculture Active                         381         155
             183  F  Forest                                     802         325
             184  H  Heath
             185  OW Open Water                                  14           6___.
             186  RL Rock Ledge
             187  SL Slump Zone                                 260         105
             188  WT Wetland                                     97          39
                                Subtotal                        1922        779


           19-Open LAnd. other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                   7          3
             193 Outdoor Recreation                9            188          76
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal           9            195          79


                                                          Total Acres        2868
                                                          Total Hectares     1162
           Shoreline Modifications                               Feet Linear Metel,-k,
             195 Sea Walls                                       5497        1671i
             196 Revetments                                     13424        4 0 9.':l
             197 Groins                                    f Groins 1
             198 Dock Mon-Flow-Through                    of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet
          Year: 1978
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Bayside
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T9N R22E SEC 33











                                  LAND USE  CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                           of structures    Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

                Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     36            30          12
                garages                         6
                sheds
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages

                             Subtotal          42            30          12

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal


         ..13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park












                                                                    Area
           14 Transportation              I of structures       Acres   Hecj;args

             141 Air, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landf ill
           17 Extra:tive       Subtotal

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 =iciltural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                             <1
                 AG Agriculture Active
                 F  Forest                                      10            4
             -184H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                  <1           <1
                 RL Rock Ledge
             18 7SL Slump Zone                                    5           2
             188 WT Wetland
                               Subtotal                         16            6

           ig' 6pen Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal


                                                         Total Acres          45,
                                                         Total Hectares       is

           Shoreline Modifications                                  Linear
                                                                Feet       Meters.
             195 Seat Walls
             196. Revetments
             197 Groins                                    # of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     # of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Bayside
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T9N R22E SEC 33











                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                    38            30         12
                 garages                        6
                 sheds                          2
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal          46            30         12

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                                 of st-uctures        Acres Area Hectares

            14 Trans)ortation

               1.41 Air Transportation
               1.42 Rail Transportation
               1.43 Water Transportation
               1.43.1 Private Marina
               1.43.2 Public Boat Landing
               1.44 Highways
               1.45 Communications
               1.46 Utilities
               1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
               1.48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal


            17 Extractive

               1.71 Open Pit
               172 Underground
               1.73 Well
               179 Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                                <1            <1
               182 AG  Agriculture Active
               183 F   Forest                                         11              5
               184 H   Heath
               3.85 OW Open Water                                     <1           < 1
               3.86 RL Rock Ledge
               187 SL  Slump Zone                                       5            2___.
               188 WT  Wetland    Subtotal                            17              7

            19 Open Land, Other

               191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192 Urban Open Lots
               193 Outdoor Recreation
               194 cemeteries
                                  Subtotal                     Total Acres            46
                                                               Total Hectares         19,


            Shoreline Modifications                                        Linear
                                                                      Feet        Meters
               195 Sea Walls
               196 Revetments
               197 Groins                                           of Groins
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                            of Docks









                   take Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                            1978 - 1992

                                        civil Jurisdiction
                                        Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Ozaukee
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Belgium
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
            .description).i

                 T12N R22E SEC 25              T12N R23E SEC 6
                              SEC 36                       SEC 7
                                                           SEC 18
                                                           SEC 19
                                                           SEC 30






                                       T."D  USE CATEGORIES


                                                                           Area
                                                 of structures       Acres      Hectares


            11 Residential

              111  Res. units
                   garages
                -  sheds    .
             .112  Res. units
                   garages
            -- -- -- sheds
           ---113  Res. units                        192             130           53
                   garages                             51
                   sheds                               58
                   barns                                2
              115  Res. units
                   garages
                   sheds
                                 Subtotal            303             130           53

            12 Commercial

              121 Central Business Dist
              122 Shopping Center/Mall
              124 Neighborhood Business Dist                            2
              126 Institutional
                                    Subtotal                            2

           .13 Industrial

              .13 8 Industrial Park












                                                                                  Area
                                                   I of structures          Acres      Hectaras

             14 Trans ortation

                141 Air Transportation
                142 Rail Transportation
                143 Water Transportation
                143.1 Private Marina
                143.2 Public Boat Landing
                144 Highways
                145 Communications
                146 Utilities
                147 Sewage Treatment Plant
                148 Landfill
             17 Extra,-tive          Subtotal

                171  Open Pit
                172 Underground
                173  Well
                179  Other Extractive
                                           Subtotal

             18"icrricultural and Natural

                181  AF Abandoned Field                                     121            49
            ---.-182 AG AgricultureActive                                   194            79
                183  F  Forest                                               95            38
                @184 H  Heath                                                  2             1
                185  OW Open Water                                             I           <1
                186  RL Rock Ledge
                187 SL  Slump Zone
                189-'WT Wetland                                              24            10
                                     Subtotal                               437            177

            "19 - Open Land. Other

                191 Outdoor-Public      Assembly
                192 Urban Open Lots
                193 Outdoor Recreation                      5               116            47
                194 Cemeteries
                                     Subtotal               5               116            47


                                                                      Total  Acres           685
                                                                      Total  Hectares        277'

             Shgreline Modifications                                              Linear
                                                                             Feet         Meters,
                195 Seat Walls                                               1506            459,
                196 Revetments                                               5836          17791-
                197 Groins                                             I of Groins
                198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                 of.Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Belgium
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T12N R22E SEC 25          T12N R23E SEC 6
                          SEC 36                    SEC 7
                                                    SEC 18
                                                    SEC 19
                                                    SEC 30






                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     196          100           41
                garages                        67
                sheds                           54
                barns                            2
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds-       Subtotal         319           100           41

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      2              5           2
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal          2             5           2

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park












                                                                   Area
                                          I of stuctures      Acres     Hectares

           14 Trans)ortation

             141 Air- Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal


          18 Acrricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                           113          46
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        116          47
             183 F  Forest                                    179          73
             184 H  Heath
             1.85 OW Open Water                                  I         <1
             1.86 RL Rock Ledge
             1.87 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                    26          11
                               Subtotal                       435          176


           19 Open Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            .192 Urban Open Lots                                 1          1
             193 Outdoor Recreation                           116          47
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal                       118          48


                                                         Total Acres        657
                                                         Total Hectares     266


           Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                               Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                     1918         5 8!::)'-
             196 Revetments                                    7434        2267
             197 Groins                                      of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Ozaukee
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Grafton
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T10N R22E SEC 3           SEC 21
                          SEC. 9          SEC 28
                          SEC 10          SEC 32
                          SEC 15          SEC 33
                          SEC 16




                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acres    Hectares


           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
           _113  Res. units                    52             70          28
                -garages                       10
                 sheds                         21
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds        Subtotal         83             70          28

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                Subtotal

           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park













                                                                    Area
          14 Transportation                 of structures     Acres     Hectares

            141 Air Transportation
            1,42 Rail Transportation
            1,43 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            1,43.2 Public Boat Landing
            1,44 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill
          17 9xtractive        Subtotal

            171  Open Pit
            172  Underground
            173  Well
            179  Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

          18 &Uicultural and Natural

            181  AF Abandoned Field                           232          94
            182  AG Agriculture Active                        183          74
            183  F  Forest                                    168          68
            .184 H  Heath
          -.185  OW Open Water                                   1          1
                 RL Rock Ledge
            187  SL Slump Zone                                 98          40
            .188 WT Wetland                                      7          7
                               Subtotal                       700          284


          19 ORen  Land. Other

          ..191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192  *Urban Open Lots                                          <1
            193  Outdoor Recreation
            194  Cemeteries
                               Subtotal                          1         <1


                                                         Total Acres        771
                                                         Total Hectares     31:2

          Shorelin Modifications                                    Linear
            195 Sea Walls                                      Feet       Mete,Cj
            196 Revetments
            197 Groins                                        of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Ozaukee
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Grafton
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T10N R22E SEC 3           SEC 21
                          SEC 9           SEC 28
                          SEC 10          SEC 32
                          SEC 15          SEC 33
                          SEC 16





                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acres     Hectares


           11 Residential


             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                     82           132          53
                 garages                        20
                 sheds                          29
                 barns                           1
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal         132           132          53


           12 commercial


             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist                    <1         <1
             126 Institutional  Subtotal                       <1         <1

           13 Industrial


             138 Industrial Park






                                                            of st.-uctures          Acres   Area  Hectares

               14 Trans)ortation

                  1.41 Air Transportation
                  1.42-Rail Transportation
                  1.43 Water Transportation
                  1.43.1 Private Marina
                  3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
                  1.44 Highways
                  1.45 Communications
                  146 Utilities
                  1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
                  1.48 Landf ill
                                          Subtotal


               17 Extractive

                  171 Open Pit
                  172 Underground
                  173 Well
                  179 Other Extractive
                                                Subtotal


               18 Agricultural and Natural

                  181  AF   Abandoned Field                                         137               56
                  182  AG   Agriculture Active                                      122               49
                  183  F    Forest                                                  197               80
                  184  H    Heath
                  3.85 OW   Open Water                                                 3               1
                  186  RL   Rock Ledge
                  187  SL   Slump Zone                                              100               40
                  188  WT   Wetland                                                   26              11
                                          Subtotal                                  585              237


               19 Onen Land. Other

                  191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                  192 Urban Open Lots                                                  2               1
                  193 Outdoor Recreation                           3                   1              <1
                  194 Cemeteries
                                          Subtotal                 3                   3               1


                                                                             Total Acres               720,
                                                                             Total Hectares            292


               Shoreline Modifications                                                      Linear
                                                                                      Feet          Meters
                  195 Sea Walls                                                          88              2 7'
                  196 Revetments                                                       396             121.
                  197 Groins                                                        of Groins
                  198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                         of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet
         -Year: 1978
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Mequon
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description)

                T9N R22E  SEC 4           SEC 21
                          SEC 5           SEC 28
                          SEC  8          SEC 29
                          SEC  17         SEC 33
                          SEC  20






                                 -.1WAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                   Area
                                           of structures     Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages--
         .......Y sheds
            -113 Res. units                     188           192         78
                 garages                         33
                 sheds                           31
                 barns                           1
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds        iubtotal          253           192         78

              commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist       3               3          1
            126 Institutional                    3            34---       14
                                Subtotal         6             37         15

          13 Indu trial

            138 Industrial Park













                                                                                          Area
              14 Transportation                         f of gtructures            Acres        Hectares

                 141 Air Transportation
                 142 Rail Transportation
                 143 Water Transportation
                 143.1 Private Marina
                 143.2 Public Boat Landing
                 144 Highways
                 145 Communications
                 146 Utilities
                 147 Sewage Treatment Plant
                 148 Landfill
                                         Subtotal


              17 Extra:tive

                 171   Open Pit
                 172   Underground
                 173   Well
                 179   Other Extractive        Subtotal

              18 Agricultural and Natural

                 181   AF  Abandoned Field                                         139              56
                 182   AG  Agriculture Active                                       33              13
                 183   F   Forest                                                  101              41
                 184   H   Heath
                 185   OW  Open Water                                                 1              1
              ... 186  RL  Rock Ledge
              ...,187  SL  Slump Zone                                              121              49---.
                 -.188 WT  Wetland                                                 .33              13
                                         Subtotal                                  428             173


              19 Open    Land. Other

                 191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                 192   Urban Open Lots                                              <1              <1
                 193   Outdoor Recreation                                           25              10
                 194   Cemeteries
                                         Subtotal                 1                 25              10


                                                                            Total   Acres            682
                                                                            Total   Hectares         276,

              Sh2reline Modifications                                                     Linear
                                                                                    Feet           Meters,
                 195 Sea Walls                                                        913            27-8-'
                 196   Revetments
                 197   Groins                                                 # of Groins
                 @198  Dock Non-Flow-Through                                  P of-Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Mequon
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T9N R22E   SEC 4           SEC 21
                          SEC 5           SEC 28
                          SEC 8           SEC 29
                          SEC 17          SEC 33
                          SEC 20






                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                           of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     231            262         106
                garages                         36
                sheds                           26
                barns                           1
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal          294            262        106

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional                   6              38         15
                               Subtotal         6              38         15

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                             of st-uctures      Acres Area Hectares

           14 Trans)ortation

             1.41 Air Transportation
             3.42 Rail Transportation
             1.43 Water Transportation
             1.43.1 Private Marina
             1.43.2 Public Boat Landing
             1.44 Highways
             1.45 Communications
             1.46 Utilities
             1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
             1.48 Landf ill
                                Subtotal


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             1.72 Underground
             1.73 Well
             1.79 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal


           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF  Abandoned Field                             25          10
             182 AG  Agriculture Active                          13           5
             183 F   Forest                                     173          7o
             184 H   Heath
             185 OW  Open Water                                    1         <1
             186 RL  Rock Ledge
             187 SL  Slump Zone                                 115          47
             188 WT  Wetland                                     33          13
                                Subtotal                        360          146


           19 ORen Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation               2              24          10
             194 Cenieteries
                                Subtotal          2              24          10


                                                           Total Acres        684
                                                           Total Hectares     277


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                       1056         32:2
             196 Revetments                                        576        176.
             197 Groins                                     # of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      # of  Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet
        ..Year: 1978
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Port Washington
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description)

                T11N R22E SEC 21
                          SEC 22
                          SEC 27
                          SEC 28
                          SEC 33





                                  LMD  USE CATEGORIES

                                                                 Area
                                        I of structUres     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                    76            39           16
                 garages                       14
                 sheds                           6
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal          96            39           16
          .12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist         70            17            7
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist      2           <1          --<l
             126 Institutional                   1             1          <1
                --             Subtotal        73            18            7


          .............a


                 Industrial Park













                                                                                  Area
                                                      of structures         Acres      Hectares

              14 Transportation

                141 Air Transportation
                IL42 Rail Transportation
                IL43 Water Transportation
                143.1 Private Marina
                143.2 Public Boat Landing                   2                 3              2
                144 Highways                                                 <1            <1
                145 Communications
                146 Utilities                               10               33            13
                147 Sewage Treatment Plant                  2                 1              1
                148 Landf ill
                                      Subtotal              14               37            15


              17 Extractive

                171 Open Pit
                172 Underground
                173 Well
                179 Other Extractive       Subtotal
            _18__@@icujtural and Natural

                181  AF  Abandoned Field                                     31            13
            .....182 AG  Agriculture Active                                  16              6
                183  F   Forest                                               4              2
                18 4 H   Reath
               .,-,.185 OW Open Water                                         a              3
                186  RL Rock Ledge
                187  SL  Slump Zone                                          30            12
                188  WT  Wetland                                              1            <1
                                      Subtotal                               90            36


            ..19 Open Land, Other

                191  Outdoor-Public Assembly
                192  Urban Open Lots                                         10              4
                193  Outdoor Recreation                     7                51            21
                194  Cemeteries
                                      Subtotal              7                61            25


                                                                     Total   Acres           2415
                                                                     Total   Hectares         99

              Shoreline Modifications                                             Linear
                                                                             Feet          Met4r
                195 Sea Walls                                                3225            983
                196 Revetments                                               3767          111K
                197 Groins                                             # of Groins 3
              .... 198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                           # of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Ozaukee
           Township, Village or City name: City of Port Washington
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

               T11N R22E SEC 21
                          SEC 22
                          SEC 27
                          SEC 28
                          SEC 33






                                   LAND USE-CATEGORIES
                                           of structures     Acres Area Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                    127            57           23
                 garages                        19
                 sheds                           5
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal          151            57           23

           12 commercial


             121 Central Business Dist          41            18            7
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist      1            <1           <1
             126 Institutional                   2              1           1
                                Subtotal        44            20            8


           13  Industrial

             138 Industrial Park






                                              of structures      Acres Area Hectares.

            14 TransRortation

              141 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing             .3            12           5
              144 Highways
              145 Communications
              146 Utilities                        36             32          13
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant            -7             3           1
              148 Landf ill
                                Subtotal           46             46          19

            17 Extractive

              IL71 Open Pit
              IL72 Underground
              IL73 We'll
              IL79 Other Extractive
                                     Subtotal


            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                              28          11
              182 AG Agriculture Active                            2           1
              183 F  Forest                                       10           4
              184 H  Heath
              185 OW Open Water                                    8           3
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone                                   21           8
              188 WT Wetland                                       1           1
                                Subtotal                          69          28

            19 ORen Land, Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                  3           1
              193 Outdoor Recreation                              40          16
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal            4             43          18


                                                           Total  Acres        235
                                                           Total  Hectares      95


            Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                  Feet      Meters
              195 Sea Walls                                       2435         742:
              196 Revetments                                      4289        1308
              197 Groins                                       of Groins   1
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Port Washington
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T11N R22E SEC 1            SEC is
                          SEC 2           SEC 22
                          SEC 11          SEC 32
                          SEC 14          SEC 33







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            -112 Res. units
                 garages
              -  sheds
            113  Res. units                     so            46          19
                 garages                        7
                 sheds                          23
                 barns                          2
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal           82            46          19

          12  Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal
          i3 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park














                                                                          Area
            14 Trans)ortation                   of structures       Acres     Hectaras

              141 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              144 Highways
              145 Communications
              146 Utilities                                          <1           <1
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant
              148 Landfill
                                  Subtotal                           <1           <1

            17 Extra.*tive

              171  Open Pit
              172  Underground
              173  Well
              179  Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal

            IS =iciltural     and Natural

              181  AF Abandoned Field                                92           37
              182  AG Agriculture Active                            187           76
              183  F  Forest                                        208           84
              2.84 H  Heath                                           4            2
              _185 OW Open Water                                      1            1
            ..--186-RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL  Slump Zone                                     23           10
                   WT Wetland                                         7            3
                                  Subtotal                          522          211

           -19 Open  Land. Other

             -191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation                                  5            2
              194 Cemeteries
                                  Subtotal                            5            2


                                                              Total Acres          5713
                                                              Total Hectares       232
            Shoreline Mogifications                                       Linear
              195 Sea Walls                                          Feet       Metel.-s
              196 Revetments                                          654          2CLT
              197 Groins                                        f of  Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         # of  Docks









                 Lake Michigan coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Ozaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Port Washington
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T11N R22E SEC 1            SEC 15
                          SEC 2           SEC 22
                          SEC 11          SEC 32
                          SEC 14          SEC 33







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                           of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                      81             62         25
                garages                         13
                sheds                           19
                barns                           3
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal          116             62         25

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      2               2           1
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal         2               2           1


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                              of st.*uctures    Acres Area Hectares

            14 Trans)ortation

              3.41 Aii-7 Transportation
              3.42 Rail Transportation
              3.43 Water Transportation
              3.43.1 Private Marina
              3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
              144 Highways
              3.45 Communications
              3.46 Utilities                                     <1           <1
              3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              3.48 Landfill
                                Subtotal                         <1           <1


            17-Extra-,tive

              3.71 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              3.73 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                     Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                             66           27
              182 AG Agriculture Active                         129           52
              183 F  Forest                                     231           94
              184 H  Heath
              185 OW Open Water                                   1            1
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone                                  19            8
              188 WT Wetland                                     10            4
                                Subtotal                        456          185

            19 Oven LAnd. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                <1           <1
              193 Outdoor Recreation                              6            2
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                          6            3


                                                           Total Acres         526
                                                           Total Hectares      21"1

            Shoreline-Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Metej-j,
              195 Sea Walls
              196 Revetments                                      728          222
              197 Groins                                     # of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      # of-Docks



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