[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                             ASSESSING COASTAL
                                         DEVELOPMENT ALONG
                                                OCONTO- COUNTY'S
                                                                 MICHIGAN
                                                     LAKE
        - 410
                                                              SHORELINE:
                    7_-
                                                                              1992
                  A                                               1978

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                                                          William R. Niedzwiedz
                                                                 ent of Public and
                                                       Departm
                                                           Envirommental Affairs
                                                                       -Green Bay
                                            University of Wisconsin






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          Prepared for the Wisconsin
       Coastal Management Program

                          July 1"5
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         Acknowledgement-s

             FUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT  PROGRAM

         Financial assistance for this ResearchIStudy Project was provided
         by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
         administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
         Management, National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
         pursuant to grant #NA370ZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
         MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

         THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
         Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
         COASTAL MANAGP14ZW COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
         protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
         Superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                  The Project Team

         This project required coordination and completion of several
         steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
         interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
         preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
         complete this project.

            Brentt Michalek
            Christopher Hanrahan
            Shawn Reed
            Wendy Zareczny
            Christopher Wazny
            John Rafferty
            Cheryl Schulz
            Lori Pasterski
            Tom Marchant


  /V)    invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
         preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
         manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
  /Y\    special recognition as part of the project team.

         Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
         Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
         project.











                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


           INTRODUCTION . . o o .       o , o  , , o    o *  o o        o o       o   1


           PROJECT GOALS . o . . o      o . . . o       o  o     o  . o . . . . .     1


           STUDY AREA . * o * o *       * *  * * ,    o o  *     *  o o o  * * *  *   1


           PROJECT METHODS . . . o      o o  . . o  o . o  o . o . . . .   o o o  .   3
               Aerial Photography .     . .      o  o o o  o . . . .  o .      o  .   3
               Project Aerial Photos      . . .  o  o o o  o . . . .  o .  o . . .    4
               Photo Preparation     . . . . . .    o o o  . . . . . .  o  o o o  .   4
               Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)        o  . o o . . . . .   o .  .   5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME . . o o       . . . . .   o o o o  . . . .  o .  .   5
               Residential Land . o o . . o      . . . . . .   o .  . o o  o o .  .   5
               Commercial and Industrial Land       * * ,  * , * ,  * o *  o o o  o   6
               Industrial Land . . o o       . . o  o . . . . . .   o o o  o . o  o   7
               Transportation Land . o       o . o  o . . . . .  o  o o o  o . .  o   7
               Extractive Land Use      . . . . o   o . o  . . . . . . . . . . .      8
               Agricultural and Natural      Land   . o . .      o  o o o  o o .  o   8
               open and other Land      . . . o o   o o . . . . . . . . . . .        10
               Shoreline Modification .      . o o . . . o '                         10
               Structures - Industrial,      Commercial and R;si:d;ntiLo             11

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS            o      o o o o o . o o           11


           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT
                           TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE           o   o     12


           TALLY OF DATA o . o o . o . o . . . o        . . . .  o . o . . . .       12


           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR         . . .. . . . . .  o o      o     13
               Photo Scale and Enlargements      . . .  o                            13
               "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aeriai @h@t@g@ap*hy*                  14
               Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage . o o . o o          o  . . .     14
               Incomplete Photo'Coverage         o o o  . . . . .   o . . . . .      14
               Missing Photo Coverage                   o  . o . . . . . . .   o     15
               Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary . o o o             o         15
               Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme . o
               Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
                 Development     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       o o .     15

           RESULTS * o o *    .      * * * * o o      o    o o o *  o o o  o , *     16
               Oconto County Statistics . . o                o o o . . . o   . .     16
                 Residential Land    . . . . .        * o  * ' * *  ' ' o  o o *     18
                 Commercial and Industrial L@nd*      . . . . . . . . . .    o .     18
                 Transportation Land . o       . . o  o . . . .  o  .      o o o     18
                 Extractive . . . . o o .      . . o  . .  o o o o  . o o  o . .     18
                 Agricultural and Natural      Land   . . .  o o .  o . o  . o .     18
                 Open and Other Land      . . . o   . .      o o . . .  o  o . .     19
                 Shoreline Modifications       . . o  . .  o o . .  o .      o .     19
               Results by Community     . . . . .   o o o  . o . o  o . . . . .      19
                 Town of Little River . o      .                                     19
                 Town,of Little Suanico .      .                      'o             20
                 City of Oconto    . . . . . . . .    o . . . . . . . .    o         20










                Town of Oconto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      :21
                Town of Pensaukee   . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .    22


          REFERENCES   . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .     24


          APPENDIX   . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1. . o. . . . . . . . .     28


          LIST OF TABLES
             Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests               17

          LIST OF FIGURES
              Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
                Superior . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .         2









                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsin's
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

               The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
               Future coastal zone planning-and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
               This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

               Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
             - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
             - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
             - Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
             - Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
                1992
             - Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                     STUDY AREA

               The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide
































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                Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

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          zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
          coastline.


                                   PROJECT METHODS
          Aerial ihotography

               Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
          clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
          meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
          current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
          method of documentation, and trained personnel.
               Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
          natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
          and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
          al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). Specific applications to
          urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
          nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
          erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
          urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
          1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
          property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
          (Marsh et al., 1990).
               Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
          urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
          1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
          aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
          change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
          zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
          Joint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
          features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
          Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
          assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
          fluctuating water levels.
               Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
          forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
          uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
          such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
          to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
          spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
          possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
          seasonal timing. Scarpace et al. (1981) used digitized aerial
          photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
          and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
          vegetation change using aerial photos.
               Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
          coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
          photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
          Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
          aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
          al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
          change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                          3









          examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
          Batie, 19,84).

          Project Aerial Photos

               In 1.978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
          panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the
          Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
          photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
          Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
          flown at a scale of 1:6000 (111 = 500,1) and enlargements made at
          1:2400 (110 = 20011). The 1978 photos were taken April 16d. The
          1992 photos were flown May 136.
               Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
          and flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
          were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
          individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
          Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
          incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented    with
          the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
          photo.
               Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
          line #1 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
          northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight
          line and photo number.
               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
          flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
          photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
          photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
          photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
          coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
          1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
          900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
          shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
          Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
          about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
          Illinois border.

          Photo Preparation

               Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result.,
          all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
          acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
          interpretation included the following:
             1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
             2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                registration of acetate-overlays to the photos, if
                required.
             3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
                are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                           4










               that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
               mapping applications.
            4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
               These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
               adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
               boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
               work.
            5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section lines (red ink).
            6, Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
            7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
               ink). A divider was used to scribe a line 10001 away and
               parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
               cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
               dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
               shoreline.
            8* Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
               slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
               were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
               classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
               the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
               additional discussion.

         Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

              The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
         complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
         classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
         complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
         modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
         Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
         residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
         agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
         been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
         have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
         are tallied by type for 1992.
              Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
         revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
         Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
         and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
         were counted.


                                CLASSIFICATION SCHEME


         Residential Land

              All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
         area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
         by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
         the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
         other classification types as well.



                                          5









          111  Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113  Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for,
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               for mobile units.

          commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, Access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with-each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Center/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






                                          6









          126  Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
               public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
               churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
               "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
               When located within the CBD, public buildings without
               "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
               would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138  Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy     and light
               industrial  use areas.
                  Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
               processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
               petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
               large smokestacks-and large storage areas. Warehouses and
               transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
               interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                  Light industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
               products such as electronics, appliances, and other
               secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
               material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
               light industries are well landscaped and are
               indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
               photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141  Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
               associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
               areas and adjacent open areas.

          142  Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
               freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
               passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
               such as tank farms.

          143  Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
               several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
               related land-based facilities for water transportation and
               commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
               marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
               buildings and parking areas.

          143.1   Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                  residential land are designated as private marinas. often
                  such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                  and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                  waterway.


                                            7









          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                 launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                 ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                 areas.


          144  Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
               corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, such
               roads are four or more lanes wide. Local streets are not
               included in this type.

          145  Comiunications. Facilities and structures devoted to
               communications. These include radio/television towers,
               lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.,

          146  Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
               and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
               buildings, towers,_roads/parking facilities and, in the case
               of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147  Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
               parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in this
               type.

          148  Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
               type. Landfills cover an extensive area and-are dominated
               by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
               roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171  Open, Pit. The typerepresents open pit mining areas for
               extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
               includes access roads and any structures.

          172  Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shafft
               extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
               would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173  Well.. Features associated with wells are limited.
               Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
               difficult.


          179  Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181  Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
               reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass  are
               abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If  tree
               crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
               classified as forest.



                                          8









         182  Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
              is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
              on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
              maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
              as part of this type.

         183  Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous or
              mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
              less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
              field.

         184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
              shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

         185  Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
              and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
              during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
              located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
              edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
              railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
              establish such a line.

         186  Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
              within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
              County.

         187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
              beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
              to the beach.

         188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
              wetlands. These include'seasonally flooded flats, shrub
              swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
              forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
              stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
              herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
              water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
              growing season.
                Shrub swamps often have waterlogged soil during the
              growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
              present. Vegetation types include elder, butt6nbush,
              dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                IMeadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
              Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
              Surface water is present only for a short period during the
              spring.
                Boas are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
              plant community, including most of the following: heath
              shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
              black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
              of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                          9









                 illallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to   six
               inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                 ]Leep marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered    by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
                 Forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               "leaves-on" photography.

          Open and Other Land

          191  Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192  Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle
               in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type
               includes land which has been cleared for urban development
               of an unknown use.

          193  Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
               the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
               buildings and other related facilities.

          194 Cemeteries

          Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
          Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed wails or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin's
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                          10










              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet.steel.

          196 Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

          197 Groins ( * [red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

          198 Non-Flow-Through Dock      (blue]     Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

          structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
          classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
          for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
          the area of the buildings "footprint." The selected rectangle
          then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
          (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
          counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
          comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                            THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
          the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
          linear (shoreline modification).and point (urban structures,
          groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
          symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
          represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
          identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
          natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
          area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
          types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
          revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
          at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
          modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
          between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
          IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
          section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
          before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
          shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
          symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
          point where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for









         1992, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT
                       TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modification) measurements were made using the hardware/softwaret
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay. Photo acetate overlays were affixed to large-format
         digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres/hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as.well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                   TALLY OF DATA

              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summal-f
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
         sbctions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial, and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
           @ Civi Jurisdiction-Summg-rv-Data Shee&: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of.civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the summary,, as well as all land use, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              Coun y SummaM@ Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name,, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                         12









          structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
          sheets.


                          LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

              The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
          photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
          shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
          photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
          photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
              copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
          available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
          ?f the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
          in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
          photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
          project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
          the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
          for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
          what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
          for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
          photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
          discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
              The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
          is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
          understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
          apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
          of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
          to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
          (1978 and 1992).

          Photo Scale and Enlargements

              All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
          reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
          corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
          inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
          ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
          topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
          and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
          the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
          the original photos.
              Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
          photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
          tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
          each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
          photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
          base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
          and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
          systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
          only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
          positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
          tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                         13









          -13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
          in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          I'leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, giverk
          the goals of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation..
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both. the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE  for this study
          represent. photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-0) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
          features.


          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 stri-P
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. Occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 10001 of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                          14









          exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
          the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
          reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
          year.

          Missing Photo Coverage

               Occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
          photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
          missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
          year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
          not represented on photos remain unknown.

          Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

               On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
          representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
          This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
          line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
          landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
          location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
          Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
          Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
          and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
          inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
          insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
          shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
          result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
          included in the 1978 coastal zone.

          Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

               The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
          area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
          likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
          levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
          erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
               The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
          within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
          coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
          between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
          measurements of land use types were made only for those types
          lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
          the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
          about five (5) acres-per photo.

          Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
          Development

               As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
          boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
          changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

                                          15









          erosion/d.eposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
          location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
          the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in art
          area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
          water is filled to develop commercial land. A I'lakeward" shift
          in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result:
          in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
          boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
          of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw" statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                       RESULTS

          Oconto County Statistics

               Oconto County communities lying within the Lake Michigan.
          coastal zone include the townships of Little River, Little
          Suamico, Oconto and Pensaukee and the city of Ocofito. The area
          measured within the coastal zone of Oconto County was 2,787 acres
          (1,129 ha) in 1978 and 2,839 acres (1,150 ha) in 1992. This
          represents a difference of 52 acres (21 ha) or 1.9%. Several
          sections of Oconto County coastal zone lacked 1978 photo
          coverage. As a result, about 196 acres (79 ha) were not included
          in the analysis. Additional discrepancies likely are the result:
          of errors inherent in the enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on
          pages 12 through 15. Using USGS maps as control, tests were
          conducted on the linear accuracy of the Oconto County photos.
          Results of tests (2) applied to the 1978 photos indicate
          significant deviation from USGS measurements. The 1978 photos
          deviated from the USGS basis by +2.9% and +8.5% while the 1992
          photos deviated by -10.8% and -13.1%. The range of deviation is
          +8.5% to -13.1 and could represent coastal Xone'area estimates
          that vary by as much as 600 acres (244 ha)  (Table 1).
               Statistical summaries for Oconto County and all communities
          included in this study are located in the Appendix.' Summary
          data sheets present land use types by area, structural counts by
          type (1992), shoreline modification types by length, and a count:
          of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected at the PLSS
          section level. While the section level data sheets are not


               'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
          (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
          presented on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
          report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                          16










                   Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                            Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                          1978                   1992
                                      Enlarged Photos      Enlarged Photos
            County                      (1:2400)              (1:2400)

          Brown                          -0.4%                 -8.5%
                                          0.03%                -5.5%


          Door                            1.3%                 -1.1%
                                          3.9%                 -3.6%


          Kenosha                        -2.5%                 -9.0%
                                          3.1%                 -1.6%


          Kewaunee                       -1.5%                 -5.4%
                                          2.1%                 -9.6%

          Manitowoc                      -1.7%                 -6.4%
                                          2.0%                   7.4%

          Marinette  (one test)           9.6%                 -1.7%

          Milwaukee                      -4.9%                 -6.9%
                                         -5.3%                   1.9%


          Oconto                          2.9%                -10.8%
                                          8.5%                -13.1%


          Ozaukee                         0.2%                 -5.7%
                                          1.3%                 -4.4%

          Racine                         -3.0%                 -5.0%
                                          2.2%                 -0.8%

          Sheboygan                      -2.5%                 -1.2%
                                          4.6%                 -3.0-%



              Mean                        0.95%                -5.18%

             Range                  -5.3% to 9.6%        -13.1% to 1.9%








                                             17









          included in this report, copies are available upon written
          request.

          Residential Land

               Within the coastal zone of Oconto County, 642 residential
          structures were identified on 277 acres (112 ha) of land. This
          total includes 333 residential units (single family or duplexes),
          112 detached garages, 165 sheds and 17 barns. Seventeen (17)
          mobile homes were located on about (5) acres (1.9 ha) of land.
          Since the 1992 photos are "leaves-on," these numbers likely
          underestimate the actual number of structures and area devoted 'to
          residential uses. In 1978, 291 acres (118 ha) of residential
          land were measured. The "loss" of 14 acres (5.7 ha) of
          residential land probably is not real but the result of photo
          scale and interpretive problems caused by "leaves-on" photos.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land represented (7) acres (2.8 ha) in 1992, an
          increase of five (5) acres (2 ha) since 1978. Ten (10)
          commercial structures of the neighborhood business type were
          noted within the coastal zone. No industrial land was found
          within the coastal zone for either year.

          Transportation Land

               Four (4) structures were located on 11 acres (4.5 ha) of
          transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 8.4 acres (3.4 ha) of
          transportation land were reported.

          Extractive

               In both study years, open pit mining was reported to cover
          about 4 acres (1.6 ha) of area within the coastal zone.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

               The photo analysis showed that Oconto gained 93 acres (38
          ha) of agricultural and natural lands from 1978 to 1992. The
          increase, although modest, is counter to trends in other
          Wisconsin coastal counties. The data show, however, significant
          losses of active agricultural land and abandoned fields.
          Abandoned fields declined from 91 acres (37 ha) to 47 acres (19
          ha) from 1978 to 1992 while active agricultural land declined
          from 129 acres (52 ha) to 97 acres (39 ha).
               Also of note is an 86 acre (35 ha) decline of wetland types.
          The loss could be actual and attributed to both urban development
          and the nine (9) inch rise in Lake Michigan water level.
          However, a portion of the loss could be attributed to the
          underestimation of wetlands while using "leaves-on" photos.


                                          18









               Forest area increased dramatically from 91 acres (37 ha) in
          1978 to 401 acres (162 ha) in 1992. This increase of 341% likely
          @epresents both the abandonment of agricultural uses and the
          interpretive differences associated with "leaves-off" vs.
          "leaves-on" aerial photography.

          Open and Other Land

               During the period studied, Oconto County experienced a 33
          acre (13.5 ha) loss within the open/other land use category. The
          losses included a 5.5 acre (2.2 ha) drop in urban open lot and a
          28 acre (11 ha) drop in outdoor recreation area.

          Shoreline Modifications

               Ostensibly, sea walls and revetments are used to protect
          shorelines from erosion. In 1978, 3,897 feet (1,188 m) of sea
          wall were reported compared to 3,068 feet (935 m) in 1992,
          representing a decrease of 829 feet (253 m). However, far more
          significant is the 11,921 foot (3,634 m), 44% increase in
          revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
          measured at 26,929 feet (8,210 m) in 1978 and 38,850 feet (11,845
          m) in'1992.

                                  Results by Community

          Town of Little River

               Land within Little River's coastal zone was measured at 758
          acres (307 ha) in 1978 and 717 acres (290 ha) in 1992. The
          difference of 41 acres (16.6 ha) represents 5.4%. However, about
          15 acres (6 ha) of land was not represented in 1978 due to
          missing photo coverage. The source of the difference also could
          be photo scale anomalies as discussed above.
               In 1992, 74 residential structures were located on 98 acres
          (40 ha) of land. Most of these structures (42) were single
          family or duplex. In 1978, 105 acres (42 ha) of residential land
          were reported, (7) acres (2.8 ha) more than reported in 1992.
          Reasons for such a reduction are discussed above.
               No commercial or industrial land was identified on either
          the 1978 or 1992 photos. In the transportation category, about
          (2) acres (.8 ha) of the type public boat landing were developed
          by 1992. No area devoted to such use was recorded for 1978.
               Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 606 acres (245
          ha) in 1978 to 585 acres (237 ha) in 1992. Active agricultural
          land increased by 6.4 acres (1.8 ha), while forest land increased
          by 87 acres (35 ha).
               Wetlands lost the most area (102 acres, 41 ha) of any type
          within the natural lands category. Wetlands declined from 577
          acres (234 ha) in 1978 to 475 acres (192 ha) in 1992.
               Open/other land types decreased by 15 acres (6 ha) during
          the period studied. Urban open lot areas decreased from 2.9

                                            19









          acres (1.2 ha) in 1978 to .5 acres (.2 ha) in 1992, suggesting
          the process of infilling is occurring along near-shore lots. The
          outdoor recreation type decreased as well, from 45 acres (18 ha)
          in 1978 to 32 acres (13 ha) in 1992.
               From. 1978-1992, some shoreline modification has occurred
          within the town. Sea wall construction increased by 335 feet
          (102 m) or 89%, from 376 feet (115 m) to 711 feet (217 m).
          Revetment fell a bit from 11,012 feet (3,357 m) to 10,746 feet
          (3,276 m), a decrease of 266 feet (81 m). One (1) groin was
          located in each of the study years.

          Town of Little Suamico

               Coastal zone area within the township was measured at 556
          acres (225 ha) in 1978 and 630 acres (255 ha) in 1992, a
          difference of 74 acres (30 ha). Photo coverage for 1978 was
          missing f*or a portion of Little Suamico. When the missing area
          is added, the 1978 area total becomes 640 acres (260 ha) and the
          1978/1992 area discrepancy drops to just 11 acres (4.5 ha).
               In 1992, a total of 129 residential structures were
          identified on 30 acres (12 ha) of residential land. Of these, 66'
          were of the single family/duplex type.
               In 1992, two (2) commercial structures were located on 1.5
          acres (.6 ha) of commercial land. The total area represents a
          modest increase over 1978. No industrial land was identified for
          either study year.
               Transportation land within the coastal zone increased by (4)
          acres (1.6 ha) from 1978 to 1992. Almost all of the increase was
          due to development of public boat landing facilities.
               Agricultural and natural areas increased from 509 acres (20,6
          ha) to 594 acres (241 ha) for the period studied. The increase,
          although modest, is counter to land use trends experienced
          elsewhere. While active agricultural land decreased slightly,
          abandoned. fields decreased by 16.7 acres (6.8 ha) or by 82%.
          open water declined in area, as well, falling from 30 acres (12
          ha) in 1978 to 8 acres (3.2 ha) in 1992. Two natural types,
          forest and wetland, increased in area. Forest land increased
          from 5.4 acres (2.2 ha) to 102 acres (41 ha) while wetlands
          increased. from 445 acres (180 ha) to 473 acres (192 ha).
               Results indicate a loss of 862 feet (263 m) of sea wall and
          a 1,088 foot (332 m) increase in revetment.. The loss of sea wall
          may represent masking by leaves and shadows rather than actual
          losses of the shoreline structures. By 1992, two (2) groins had
          been built in the township.

          City of Oconto

               In 1.978, a total of 221 acres (90 ha) comprised the coastal
          zone of Oconto. In 1992, 285 acres (115 ha) were located withill
          the coastal zone. However, for the year 1978, 96 acres (39 ha)
          of photo coverage of the coastal zone was missing.


                                          20









                Residential land encompassed only 16 acres (6.4 ha) in 1992,
           which represents a modest increase over the 1978 residential area
           of 5.4 acres (2.2 ha). Fifty-six (56) structures, of which 29
           were single family/duplex, were located within the 1992 coastal
           zone.
                No commercial or industrial land was identified.within the
           coastal zone during the period studied. A (5) acre (2 ha)
           increase of the transportation type public boat landing was
           documented, however.
                For both study years, over 90% of the coastal zone fell into
           agricultural and natural land use types. A total of 208 acres
           (84 ha) were reported within these categories for 1978, while 26i
           acres (107 ha) were reported for 1992. Within these types, open
           water decreased by 19 acres (7.7 ha) while wetlands increased by
           73 acres (30 ha). Both of these findings are contrary to current
           state trends.
                Analysis of shoreline modifications appears problematic.
           While sea walls increased by 102 feet (31 m), which would be
           expected over a 14 year period, revetments declined by 2,509 feet
           (765 m) over the same period.

           Town of Oconto


                The coastal zone for the town of Oconto was determined to be
           284 acres (113 ha) in 1978 and 257 acres (104 ha) in 1992. The
           27 acre (11 ha) difference is 9.5% of the 1978 total. The town
           of Oconto was one of the sites tested to determine linear
           accuracy of the enlarged photos. The 1978 photos of Oconto were
           determined to deviate +2.9 from USGS 1:24000 maps. However, the
           1992 photo measurements deviated from the USGS maps by -10.8%.
                The amount of residential land located within the coastal
           zone remained stable from 1978 to 1992 at about 45 acres (18 ha).
           Within the residential area were counted 89 structures, 48 of
           which were identified to be single family/duplex.
                Commercial land accounted for less than an acre of the
           coastal zone in 1992. No commercial land was evident in 1978.
           No industrial land was identified for either year.
                For both years, no significant areas of transportation or
           extractive land uses were found within the coastal zone.
                Agricultural and natural lands represented the highest
           percentage of coastal zone area for both 1978 and.1992, 76% and
           79%, respectively. In 1978, 215 acres-(87 ha) were identified in
           these categories, while in 1992, 204 acres (85 ha) were
           identified. Within these categories, active agricultural land
           declined by 18 acres (7.3 ha), from 42 acres (17 ha) to 24 acres
           (9.9 ha) while forest lands increased by 15 acres (6 ha), from 15
           acres (6 ha) to 30 acres (12 ha). The types open-water and
           wetland remained stable over the study period.
                The open-other land use category declined in area by (8)
           acres (3.2 ha) from a 1978 total of 18 acres (7 ha) to the 1992
           total of 9.7 acres (3.9 ha). The largest loss within the


                                             21









          category was found in the outdoor recreation type, slipping froxi
          17 acres (7 ha) to 9.7 acres (3.9 ha).
               Modifications to the coastal shoreline increased markedly
          for revetment structures. In 1978 there were 1,587 feet (484 m),
          of revetment. This total increased to 3,723 feet (1,135 m) by
          1992, an increase of 135%. No sea walls were located in 1978
          compared to 59 feet (18 m) in 1992.

          Town of Pensaukee

               As measured,  the coastal zone of Pensaukee consisted of 9613
          acres (392 ha) in  1978 and 950 acres (385 ha) in 1992. The IS
          acre (7.21 ha) difference is 1.8% of the 1978 total. The town of
          Pensaukee was one of the sites tested to determine linear
          accuracy of the enlarged photos used for this study. The 1978
          photos of Pensaukee deviated from the USGS basis by +8.5%. The
          1992 photos tested deviated from the USGS basis by -13.1%.
               Residential land was estimated to be about 90 acres (36 ha)
          for, both 1978 and 1992. Within this area were located 148 single
          family/duplex units, 56 detached garages, 82 sheds, (5) barns and
          (3) mobile homes.
               Commercial land of the type neighborhood business increased
          by 3.6 acres (1.5 ha) to 4.6 acres (1.9 ha) by 1992. No
          industrial land was located within the coastal zone for either
          study year.
               Just: over (6) acres (2.6 ha) of transportation land were
          identified in 1978, about (5) acres (2.1 ha) of which were
          categorized as treatment plant. No transportation land use was
          tallied in 1992. During each study year, about (4) acres (1.7
          ha) of open pit mining were located within the town's coastal
          zone.
               For both 1978 and 1992, the vast majority of land use within
          the coastal zone of Pensaukee fell within the
          agricultural/natural category. In 1978, 860 acres (349 ha) of
          land were assigned this category while in 1992, 846 acres (342
          ha) were so assigned. While total area remained stable over the
          period, some significant changes did occur. Both abandoned field
          and active agricultural land uses declined, abandoned field by :30
          acres (12 ha) or 42%, and active agricultural land by 20 acres
          (8.2 ha) or 25.6%. Losses in area also were reported for the
          open-water and wetland types, 9.7 acres.(3.9 ha) or 49.7%, and   '78
          acres (32 ha) or 12.3%, respectively. Forest land, however,
          experienced a significant increase, from the 1978 total of 59
          acres (24 ha) to 182 acres (74 ha) in 1992.
               In the open-other use 'category, Urban open lots remained
          stable over the period at about 5.5 acres (2.2 ha).
               Shoreline modification of the types sea wall and revetment
          show both a decline and an increase over the study period. Sea
          walls represented 2,445 feet (745 m) in 1978 but dropped to 1,9.32
          feet (604 m) by 1992. The decline represents 463 feet.(141 m) or
          18.9%. Revetments, however, represented 8,104 feet (2,471 m) in


                                          22




 I
 1       1978 and 14,792 feet (4,510 m) in 1992, an increase of 6,688 feet
          (2,039 m) or 83%.
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                                       REFERENCES

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             Photoctraphs. 4th ed., Brugess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
             554 pp.

          Barrett, N.E.  and W.A. Niering, 1993. Tidal marsh restoration:
             trends; in vegetation change using a geographic information
             system. Society for Ecological Restoration. l(l):18-28.

          Befort, W. and J.J. Viliman, 1985. Aerial identification of
             forest: habitats. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual
             Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 679-688.

          Benton, A.R., Jr., W.W. Snell and C. Clark, 1978. Seasonal aerial
             photographic mapping of Galveston Island. Coastal Mapping
             Papers Reprint from Coastal Zone 178, Amer. Soc. Civil Eng.,
             pp. 1205-1222.

          Boge, W.E., A.C. Crone and R.J. Ondrejka, 1992. Primary data
             acquisition - state of the art review. Photogrammetric
             Engineering and Remote Sensing, 58(8):1077-10.

          Carlson, H., L.M. Andrews and C.W. Threinen, 1977. Surface Water
             Resources of Oconto County. Wisconsin Department of Natural
             Resources, Madison, Wisconsin.

          Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial Photography.
             Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 261 pp.

          Dresen, M. and M.E. Vollbrecht, 1986. Wisconsin's shoreland
             zoning program: design and direction. The Michigan Riparian.

          Eastman-Kodak, 1974. Photography from Light Planes and
             Helicopters. Pub. No. M-5, Rochester, N.Y., 25 p.

          Evans, B.M. and L. Mata, 1984. Acquisition of 35mm oblique
             photographs for stereoscopic analysis and measurement.
             Photoc ammetric Engineering    Remote Sensing, 50(11):1581-
                  Tr
             1590.

          Ferguson, R.L., L.L. Wood and D.B. Graham, 1993. Monitoring
             spacial change in seagrass habitat with aerial photography.
             Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 59(6):1033-
             1038.

          Fleming, J. and R.G. Dixon, 1981. Basic Guide to Small-Format
             Hand-Held Oblique Aerial Photography'. Canadian Centre for
             Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, 81 p.




                                           24









         Hagen, G.F. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Predicting tree groundline
            diameter from crown measurements made on 35mm aerial
            photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,
            52(5):687-690.

         Heer, R.C. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Estimation of density in young
            pine plantations using 35mm aerial photography. Proceedings of
            the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 5,
            pp. 80-84.

         Hill, J.M., D.L. Evans and J. Blackman, 1985. Development of a
            permit geographic information system for coastal zone
            management. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
            Washington, D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 284-293.

         Hinckley, T.K. and J.W. Walker, 1993. Obtaining and using low-
            altitude/large-scale imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and
            Remote Sensing, 59(3):310-318.

         International Joint commission, Committee 2, 1993. Detailed Site
            Study - Berrien County, Michigan: Final Report, 75 pp.

         International Joint Commission, 1993. Great Lakes Water Level
            Reference Study. Working Committee 2. Land Use and Shoreline
            Management Task Group Report, 99 pp.

         Kim, K. and S. Ventura, 1993. Large-scale modeling of-urban
            nonpoint source pollution using a geographic information
            system. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            59(10):1539-1544.

         Lo, C.P. and W.E. Noble, 1990. Detailed urban land-use and land-
            cover mapping using large format camera photographs: an
            evaluation. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            56(2):197-206.

         Lyon, J.G. and R.G. Greene, 1992. Use of aerial photographs to
            measure the historical areal extent of Lake Erie coastal
            wetlands. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            58(9):1355-1360.

         MacConnell, W.F., 1975. Remote Sensing 20 years of change in
            Massachusetts: 1952-1972. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 630,
            Amherst, Mass., 79 pp.

         marsh, S.E., J.L. Welsh and C.F. Hutchinson, 1990. Development of
            an agricultural land-use GIS for surveyed derived from
            multispatial video and photographic data. Photogrammetric
            Engineering and Remote Sensing, 56(3):359-363.




                                         25









          McCarthy, J., C.E. Olson and J.A. Witter, 1982. Evaluation of
             spruce-fir forests using small-format photographs.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 48(5):771-778.

          Nie.dzwied.z, W.R., 1990. Assessing permit compliance in
             .residential areas using color 35mm aerial photography.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 56(2):211-224.


          Niedzwiedz, W.R. and S.S. Batie, 1984. An assessment of urban
             development into coastal wetlands using historical aerial
             photography: a case study. Environmental Management, 8(3):205-
             214.

          Norton, D.J., J. Organ and T. Litwin, 1985. Covertype
             classification and mapping on Long, Island's National Wildlife
             Refuge. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             'Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 585-594.

          Paine, D.P. and R.J. McCadden, 1988. Simplified forest inventory
             -using large-scale 70mm photography and tariff tables.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 54(10):1423-
             1427.

          Roberts, A. and L. Griswold, 1986. Practical photogrammetry fron
             35mm aerial photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
             Sensing, 52(4):501-508.

          Scarpace, F.L., B.K. Quirk, R.W. Kiefer and S.L. Wynn, 1981.
             Wetland mapping from digitized aerial photography.
             Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 47(6):829-838.

          Scherz, J.P. and J.F. Van Domelsen, 1973. Lake Superior Water
             Quality Near Duluth from Analysis of Aerial Photos and ERTS
             Imagery, Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management,
             American Water Resources Association, Proceedings, No. 17.

          Shafer, R. and S. Degler, 1986. 35mm photography: an inexpensive
             remote sensing tool. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
             Sensing, 52(6):833-837.

          Smith, J.T., ed., 1968. Manual of Color Aerial Photography.
             American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA., 550 pp.

          U.S. Army corps of Engineers, 1978. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
             Levels for the Great Lakes. April. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
             MI. pp.4

          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
             Levels for the Great Lakes. May. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
             MI. pp.4


                                          @6








         Walker, J.W., 1985. Ultra-light reconnaissance, another tool.
            Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington,
            D.C., Vol. 1, ppo 371-380o

         Welch, R., T.R. Jordan and S.S. Fung, 1985. Photogrammetry: A
            revolutionary solution to the assessment of ephemeral gully
            erosion. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
            Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, ppo 873-874.

         Welch, R., M. Remillard and J. Alberts, 1992. Integration of GPS,
            remote sensing and GIS techniques for coastal resource
            management. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            58(11):1571-1578.











































                                         27




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                                      APPENDIX
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                   Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992

                                 County Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County:   Oconto
           Coastal  Civil Jurisdiction included     in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

              Town  of Little River
              Town  of Little Suamico
              City  of Oconto
              Town  of Oconto
              -Town of Pensaukee







                                     LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                       Area
                                              of structures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

          ____111 Res. units
                   garages
                   sheds
              112 Res. units
                   garages
                   sheds
                   Res. units                     368             287          116
                   garages                       1 1
                   sheds                          244
                   barns                            3
              115  Res. units                       26              5            2
                   garages
                   sheds
                               Subtotal           -752            291          118

          -.12 Commercial

              121  Central Business Dist
             .122  Shopping Center/Mall
              124  Neighborhood Business   Dist     5               2            1
              126  Institutional
                                  Subtotal          5              @2            1

          __13 industrial

          ----.138 Industrial Park













                                                                                    Area
             14 Transiortation                         of structures          Acres       Hectares

                141 Air, Transportation
                142 Rail Transportation
                143 Water-Ttansportation
                143.1 Private Marina                        26                                 1
                143.2 Public Boat Landing                                      <1             <1
                144 Highways
                145 Communications
                146 Utilities
                147 Seurage Treatment Plant                    5                5              2
                148 Landfill
                                     Subtotal               31                  8              3

             17 Extractive

                171  Open Pit                                                   5              2
                172  Underground
                173  Well
                179  Other Extractive
                                            Subtotal                            5              2

             18 Agricultural and Natural

            ----.181 AF  Abandoned Field                                       91            -37
                182  AG  Agriculture Active                                   122             52
                     F   Forest                                                91             37
                -184 H   Heath                                                  1             <1
            -.-.-.185 OW Open Water                                           122             so
            --.---186.RL Rock Ledge
            --.--.187.SL Slump Zone
                188 WT   Wetland                                             1965            796
                                     Subtotal                                2399            971
            -ii-@Ren    Land, Oth   er.

            -,--,,-191 Outdoor-Public    Assembly
                192  Urban Open Lots                           2              -12              5
                193  Outdoor Recreation                     26                 70             28
                .194 Cemeteries      Subtotal               28                 82             33

                                                                       Total   Acres          2787
                                                                       Total   Hectares       1121)

             Shoreline. Modifications-                                              Linear
                                                                               Feet          Mete:rs
                195 Sea Walls                                                  3897           1183
                196  Revetments                                               26929           8213-
                197  Groins                                            of Groins      2
                198  Dock Non-Flow-Through                             of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                               County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County:  Oconto
          Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

             Town of Little River
             Town of Little Suamico
             City of Oconto
             Town of Oconto
             Town of Pensaukee







                                  LAND USK CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                   333             272        110
                 garages                      112
                 sheds                        165
                 barns                         15
            115  Res. units                    17               5          2
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal         642             277        112


          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist     10               7          3
            126 Institutional  Subtotal        10               7          3

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                            of structures     Acres Area  Hectares

           14 Transiortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                               <1         <1
             143.2 Public Boat Landing           4              11           4
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal          4              11           4


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit                        1               4           2
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal      1               4           2

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                             47         19
             182 AG Agriculture Active                          97         39
             183 F  Forest                                    401         162
             184 H  Heath                                        1           1
             185 OW Open Water                                  66         27
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             1.87 SL Slump Zone
             1,88 WT Wetland                                  1879        761
                               Subtotal                       2492        1009


           19 Open Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                 7           3
             193 Outdoor Recreation                             42         17
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal          4              48         20


                                                         Total  Acres      2839
                                                         Total  Hectares   1150


           Shoreline Modifications                                  Linear
                                                                Feet      Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                      3068         935.
             196 Revetments                                   38850       11845-
             197 Groins                                  of Groins   3
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                   of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Simmary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Oconto
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Little River
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T28N R22E SEC 4           T29N R22E  SEC 23
                          SEC 5                     SEC 24
                          SEC  a                    SEC 26
                          SEC  9                    SEC 27
                                                    SEC 28
                                                    SEC 33
                                                    SEC 34



                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                        I of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            .111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            ..112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                    104          105          42
              -  garages                        35
                 sheds                          60
                 barns                           1
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal          200          105         42

          12 Commercial

            121  Central Business Dist
            122  Shopping Center/Mall
            124  Neighborhood Business Dist
            126  Institutional
                               Subtotal

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park













                                                                        Area
            14 TransDortation                  of st=ctures        Acres     Hecta gj;

              1.41 Air Transportation
              1.42 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              3.43.1 Private Marina
              3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
              144 Highways
              145 communications
              146 Utilities
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant
              148 Landfill
                                 Subtotal

            17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                      Subtotal

             8 &Uicultural and Natura    1

              181 AF  Abandoned Field
              182 AG  Agriculture Active
           -.183  F   Forest                                        11            4
              184 H   Heath                                         <1           <1
              18 5OW  Open Water                                    is            7
              186 RL  Rock Ledge
                  SL  Slump Zone
              .:188 WT Wetland                                     577          .234
                                 Subtotal                          606         245

            i9 Open Land. Other

                  Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                     3           1
              193 Outdoor'Recreation                10              45           18
              194 Cemeteries     Subtotal           10              48           19

                                                              Total Acres         758
                                                              Total Hectares      307

            Shoireline Modifications                                    Linear
                                                                    Feet       Meters
              195 Sea Walls                                           376         11i
              196-Revetments                                       11012         3357'
              197 Groins                                       0 of Groins     I
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        # of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Oconto
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Little River
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T28N R22E SEC 4           T29N R22E  SEC 23
                          SEC 5                     SEC 24
                          SEC 8                     SEC 26
                          SEC 9                     SEC 27
                                                    SEC 28
                                                    SEC 33
                                                    SEC 34



                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                        I of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          '11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    42             98          40
                garages                       13
                sheds                         13
                barns                           6
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        subtotal         74            .98          40

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal
          @.13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park












                                                                 Area
                                          of structures     Acres   -Hectares

           14 Trans:)ortation

             3.41 Air Transportation,
             3.42 Rail Transportation
             3.43 Water Transportation
             3.43.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                        2          1
             3.44 Highways
             3.45 Communications
             146 Utilities
             3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
             3.48 Landf ill
                              Subtotal                        2          1


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal


           18 Aciricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                           2          1
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        6          3
             183 F  Forest                                   87         35
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                               is          6
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                 475        192
                              Subtotal                      585        237


           19 ORen Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots.               1             1         <1
             193 Outdoor Recreation            2.            32         13
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal         3             33         13


                                                        Total Acres      71.7
                                                        Total Hectares   290


           Shoreline Modifications                               Linear
                                                             Feet      Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                    711        23.7
             196 Revetments                                 10746       3 2 705
             197 Groins                                    of Groins   I
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     of Docks









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992

                                     Civil Jurisdiction
                                     Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Oconto
           Township, Village or City name- Town of Little Suamico
           PLSS section data sheets inclu&d in summary (give full
           description):

                 T26N.R21E  SEC 8
                            SEC 9
                            SEC 17
                            SEC 19
                            SEC 20
                            SEC 29
                            SEC 30
                            SEC 31
                            SEC 32
                                    LAND USE  CATEGORIES


                                                                     Area
                                           I of structures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res units
                  gar;ges
                  sheds
             112 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             113  Res. units                      74              41          16
                  garages                         22
                  sheds                           35
                  barns
             115  Res. units                      13               2           1
                  garages
           7      -sheds
                               Subtotal           144             43          17


           12 Commercial

             121  Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124  Neighborhood Business Dist        5              1           1
             126  Institutional
                                  Subtotal          5              1           1


           13 Industrial

             1 3 8Industrial Park












                                                                     Area
                                             of structures      Acres    Hectares

           14 Trans)ortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                           <1          <1
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                                Subtotal                         <1          <1


           17 Extra-.tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           iS 'Aaricultural and Natural

             181 AF  Abandoned Field                             20           8
             A 8 2AG AgricultureActive                            9           3
             183 F   Forest                                       5           2
             184 H   Heath                                       <1          <1
                 OW  Open Water                                  30          12
                 RL  Rock Ledge
          -.-..187 SL Slump Zone
             .188 WT Wetland                                    445         180
                                Subtotal                        509         206

           -- i9 QRin Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                  3           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                          3           1


                                                          Total Acres         556
                                                          Total Hectares      225

           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                       1076         328
             196 Revetments                                      5855        1785
             197 Groins                                       of Groins
            .198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Oconto
          Township, Village' or City name: Town of Little Suamico
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T26N R21E SEC 8
                         SEC 9
                         SEC 17
                         SEC 19
                         SEC 20
                         SEC 29
                         SEC 30
                         SEC 31  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    66             26          11
                garages                       21
                sheds                         28
                barns
            115 Res. units                    14              4           2
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal          129            30          12

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      2             2           1
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal          2             2           1

          13 Industrial


            138 Industrial Park












                                                                   Area
                                            of st-uctures     Acres     Hectares


           14 Transiortation

             141 Air, Transp6rtation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation                          <1          <1
             143.1 Private Marina                4              4           2
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal          4              4           2


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             1.73 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal


           18Aaricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                             4           2
             182 AG Agriculture Active                          8           3
             183 F  Forest                                    102          41
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                  8           3
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             1.87 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                   473          192
                               Subtotal                       594          241


           19 Onen Land. other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots - .             I             <1          <1
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal          1             <1          <1


                                                         Total Acres        630
                                                         Total Hectares     255


           Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                               Feet      -Metex-s
             195 Sea Walls                                      214          65
             196 Revetments                                    6943        21 7-
             197 Groins                                      of Groins   2
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks          ---










                  Lake Michigan coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet
           Year.:. 1978
           County: Oconto
           Township, Village or City name: City of Oconto
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T28N R22E SEC 16
                           SEC 17
                           SEC 20
                           SEC 21







                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                     Area
                                           I of structures     Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

            -111 Res. units
                  garages
                ..sheds
             112 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
              -113 Res. units                    10              5           2
                  garages
                  sheds                           9
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
               -  sheds
                               Subtotal          19              5            2


           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                 Subtotal

         --13 Industrial

         --.-138 Industrial Park














                                                                        Area
                                               of structures       Acres     Hecta en

            14 Transportation

              141 Air Transportation
              IL42 Rail Transportation
              IL43 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing                                         <1
              144 Highways
              IL45 Communications
              146 Utilities
              IL47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              148 Landf ill
                                 Subtotal                           <1          <1

            17 Extra=tive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 We'll
              179 Other Extractive
                                      Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF  Abandoned Field
                  AG  Agriculture Active
              183 F   Forest                                        <1          <1
              184 H   Heath
              185 OW  Open Water                                    45          18
           __186  RL  Rock Ledge
              .187 SL Slump Zone
              188 WT  Wetland                                      163          66
                                 Subtotal                          208          84

           -19 Open  Land. Other

              .191 Outdoor-Public   Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation                 7               7           3
              194 Cemeteries
                                 Subtotal            7               7           3

                                                            Total Acres          2 2.1
                                                            Total Hectares        90

           -Shoreline Modifications                                     Linear
                                                                    Feet       Metem-,
              195 Sea Walls
              196.Revetments                                         371         113
              197 Groins                                       0 of  Groins
            ...198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       # of  Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Oconto
          Township, Village or City name: City of Oconto
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T28H R22E SEC 16
                         SEC 17
                         SEC 20
                         SEC 21







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            Ill Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     29            16           7
                garages                         8
                sheds                          19
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal          56            16           7

          12 Commercial


            121 Centra 1Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                             of structures       Acres Area Hectares

           14 Trans)ortation

             3.41 Air Transportation
             3.42 Rail Transportation
             3.43 Water Transportation
             3.43.1 Private Marina
             1.43.2 Public Boat Landing                           5           2
             3.44 Hic   ays
                    .Ihw
             3.45 Communications
             146 Utilities
             3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
             3.48 Landfill
                                Subtotal                          5           2


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal


           18 Agricultural and Natural


             181  AF Abandoned Field
             182  AG Agriculture Active                           1          <1
             183  F  Forest                                      <1          <1
             184  H  Heath                                       <1          <1
             185  OW Open Water                                  26          11
             186  RL Rock Ledge
             187  SL Slump Zone
             188  WT Wetland                                     236         96
                                Subtotal                         263         107


           19 Open Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                  1          <1
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                          1          <1


                                                          Total Acres         285
                                                          Total Hectares      11.5


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet     -Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                        102          31
             196 Revetments                                      2646         807
             197 Groins-                                    I of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992 ,


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Oconto
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Oconto
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T28N R22E SEC 28
                          SEC 29
                          SEC 31
                          SEC   32







                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                   Area
                                           of structures     Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
            - - garages
             . _sheds
          _112   Res. units
             - - garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                     48            50          19
                 garages                        13
                 sheds                          24
                 barns                            I
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          86            50          19

             -Commercial

             121 Central Business.Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                Subtotal


                    trial
          -.138  Industrial -Park













                                                                  Area
                                           of st uctures     Acres     Hectares

           14 TrangRortation

            141 Air Transportation
            1412 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            1413.1 Private Marina               9               2          1
            143.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill
                              Subtotal          9               2          1

           17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive  Subtotal

           18   icultural and Natural

            181 AF Abandoned Field
           -182 AG Agriculture Active                         42          17
            183 F  Forest                                     15           6
          -.184 H  Heath
            .185 OW Open Water                                10           4
           ...186 RL Rock Ledge
            187 SL Slump Zone
            188 WT Wetland                                   148          60
                              Subtotal                       215          87


           19 Open Land. Other

           -191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
           - 192 Urban Open Lots                1             <1          <1
            193 Outdoor Recreation              9             17           7
            194 Cemeteries    Subtotal          10            18           7  --

                                                        Total Acres        2811
                                                        Total Hectares     113

         -Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
            195 Sea Walls                                     Feet       Meters
            196 Revetments                                    1587         484F
            197 Groins                                      of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Oconto
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Oconto
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T28N R22E SEC 28
                         SEC 29
                         SEC 31
                         SEC 32







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares,

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    48              42         17
                garages                       14
                sheds                         23
                barns                           4
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         89              42         17

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      6              1         <1
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal         6              1         <1

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                             of structures      Acres Area Hectares

           14 Trans)ortation

             1.41 Air Transportation
             1.42 Rail Transportation
             1.43 Water Transportation
             1.43 1 Private Marina
             1.43:2 Public Boat Landing
             1.44 Hic hways
                       'ications
             1.45 Commun
             1.46 Utilities
             1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
             1,48 Landfill
                                Subtotal


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other.Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF  Abandoned Field                               1         <1
             182 AG  Agriculture Active                          24          10
             183 F   Forest                                      30          12
             184 H   Heath                                       -1          <1
             185 OW  Open Water                                 - 8           3
             186 RL  Rock Ledge
             187 SL  Slump Zone
             188 WT  Wetland                                    141          57
                                Subtotal                        204          83


           19 ORen   and, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation                              10           4
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                         10           4


                                                           Total Acres        257
                                                           Total Hectares     1014


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                         59          18
             196 Revetments                                      3723        1135'
             197 Groins                                        of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

           Year:   1978
           County: Oconto
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Pensaukee
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T26N R21E SEC 3            SEC 27
                           SEC 4           SEC 34
                T27N R21E  SEC 1
                           SEC 11          T27N R22E SEC 5
                           SEC 12                     SEC 6
                           SEC 13
                           SEC 14
                           SEC 23
                           SEC 26
                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                            of structures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
           -112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                      132             87         35
                 garages                          41
                 sheds                           116
                 barns                             1
             115 Res. units                       13             3            1
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal           303             89         36
           1-2'Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist                      1          <1
             126 Institutional
                                Subtotal                         1          <1

           13 Industrial
          ---138 Industrial Park













                                                                           Area
                                                 of structures       Acres      Hec@tare,s

            14 Trans)ortation

              141 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina                     17               1            1
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              144 Highways
              145 communications
              146 Utilities
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant                5               5            2
              148 Landfill
                                  Subtotal             22               6            3


            17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit                                              5            2
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 other Extractive
                                       Subtotal                         5            2

            is A@Micultural and Natural

              181  AF Abandoned Field                                 71           29
              182  AG Agriculture Active                              78           32
              -183 'F Forest                                          60           24
              -184 H  Heath                                             I          <1
              185  OW Open Water                                      20             8
              -186 RL Rock Ledge
              187  SL Slump Zone
              488  WT Wetland                                        632          256
                                  Subtotal                           861.         349

            .19 Open Land, Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                   Urban Open Lots                                      6            3
              193  Outdoor Recreation
              194  Cemeteries     Subtotal              1               6            3

                                                                Total Acres          968;
                                                                Total Hectares       392:

            Shoreline Modifications                                        Linear
                                                                      Feet        Metex.
              195 Sea Walls                                           2445           745
              196-Revetments                                          8104         24716_.
              197 Groins                                         I of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                             of-Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                    civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

          Year:    1992
          County: Oconto
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Pensaukee
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T26N R21E  SEC  3           SEC 27
                          SEC  4           SEC 34
               T27N R21E  SEC  1
                          SEC  11          T27N R22E SEC 5
                          SEC  12                    SEC 6
                          SEC  13
                          SEC  14
                          SEC  23
                          SEC  26  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                            of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                     148             90          36
                 garages                         56
                 sheds                           82
                 barns                           5
            115  Res. units                      3              1           <1
                 garages
                 sheds        Subtotal          294             91          37

          12 Commercial


            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist       2              5            2
            126 Institutional
                                Subtotal         2              5            2

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                                 of structures       Acres Area Hectares

            14 Trans)ortation

              141 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              1,43.2 Public Boat Landing
              1.44 Hichways
              1,45 Communications
              1,46 Utilities
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant
              1.48 Landf ill      Subtotal

            17 Extractive

              1.71 Open Pit                            1               4             2
              1.72 Underground
              173 Well
              1.79 Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal        1               4             2

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181  AF  Abandoned Field                                41           17
              182  AG Agriculture Active                              58           23
              183  F   Forest                                        182           74
              184  H   Heath                                           1           <1
              185  OW  Open Water                                     10             4
              186  RL  Rock Ledge
              187  SL  Slump Zone
              188  WT  Wetland                                       554          225
                                  Subtotal                           846          342


            19 Open Land. other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                      5             2
              193 Outdoor Recreation
              194 Cemeteries
                                  Subtotal                             5             2


                                                               Total Acres           95.0
                                                               .Total Hectares       385

            Shoreline Modifications                                        Linear
                                                                      Feet        Meters,
              195 Sea Walls                                           1982           64
              196 Revetments                                         14792         45
              197 Groins                                            of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                             of Docks




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