[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]





                                               ASSESSING COASTAL
                                             EVELOPMENT ALONG
                                          MILWAUKEE COUNTY'S
                                                       LAKE MICHIGAN
                                                                 SHORELINE:
                                                                      1978-1992





                                                             William R. Niedzwiedz
                                                         Department of Public and
                                                              Environmental Affairs
                                                                     onsin-Green Bay
                                              University of Wisc









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         Acknowledgements


             FUNDED IN PART By THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

         Financial assistance for this ResearchlStudy Project was provided
         by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
         administered by the Office of ocean and Coastal Resource
         Management, National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
         pursuant to grant #NA370ZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
         MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

         THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
         Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
         COASTAL HANAGEN ENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
         protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
         Superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                  The Project Team

         This project required coordination and completion of several
         steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
         interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
         preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
         complete this project.

            Brentt Michalek
            Christopher Hanrahan
            Shawn Reed
            Wendy Zareczny
            Christopher Wazny
            John Rafferty
            Cheryl Schulz
            Lori Pasterski
            Tom Marchant


         Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
         preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
         manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
         special recognition as part of the project team.

         Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
         Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
         project.











                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS



           INTRODUCTION     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             I

           PROJECT GOALS . :     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            1

           STUDY AREA     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             I


           PROJECT METHODS . * , , *       , , *  *  * , *  * *  , * * ,  ,  * * *  *   3
               Aerial Photography     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           3
               Project Aerial Photos       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          4
               Photo Preparation      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           4
               Aerial Photo Interpretation       (API)   . . . . . . . . . . . .        5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           5
               Residential Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            5
               Commercial and Industrial Land        . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        6
               Industrial Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            7
               Transportation Land . *       * * *   * * *  * *  * * * ,  *  * * *  *   7
               Extractive Land Use       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          8
               Agricultural and Natural      Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        8
               Open and Other Land       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           10
               Shoreline Modification      . . . . . . . . .                           10
               Structures - Industrial,      Commercial and R;sl:d;nt*i;l*             11

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS . , * * * * * , * * , * *                     11


           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT         TYPES  LOCATED  WITHIN THE
               COASTAL ZONE    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             12


           TALLY OF DATA    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              12


           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR * , , *           * * , * * *    * * *     13
               Photo Scale and Enlargements       . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          13
               "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-off" Aerial         Photography    . . .     14
               Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage          . . . . . . . . . .        14
               Incomplete Photo Coverage       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           14
               Missing Photo Coverage      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           15
               Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary           . . . . . . . .       15
               Lack of Beach Type in Classification         Scheme   . . . . . .       15
               Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
                  Development    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             15

           RESULTS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               16
               Milwaukee County Statistics        . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          16
                  Residential Land       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           18
                  Commercial and Industrial      Land    . . . . . . . . . . .         18
                  Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           18
                  Extractive     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             19
                  Agricultural and Natural Land       . . . . . . . . . . . .          19
                  Open and Other Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           19
                  Shoreline Modifications      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           19
               Results by Community      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .           20
                  Village of Bayside       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           20
                  City of Cudahy      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            20








                Village  of Fox Point  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         23-
                City of  Milwaukee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         23.
                City of  Oak Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     2`3
                City of  St. Francis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         2@
                Village  of Shorewood  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         2!4i
                City of  South Milwaukee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     26
                Village  of Whitefish Bay  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     27

          REFERENCES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      28


          APPENDIX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      311


          LIST OF TABLES
             Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests     . . .    3.7

          LIST OF FIGURES
             Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
                superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       :2









                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsin's
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

              The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
              Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of'structural development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
              This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

              Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
             - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
             - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
             - Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
             - Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
                1992
             - Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                     STUDY AREA

              The project study area  comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide































                           DOUCLAS
                                      aAyr=


                                                           RON


                                                ASHLAND










                                                                                             MARUIEM             J-)



                                                                                          Ocorrro        DOOR,/i





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                    Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

                                                                2










          zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
          coastline.


                                   PROJECT METHODS

          Aerial Photography

               Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
          clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal 'zone,
          meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
          current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
          method of documentation, and trained personnel.
               Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
          natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
          and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
          al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). Specific applications to
          urban/human activities cover a.wide range.including urban
          nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
          erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
          urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
          1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
          property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
          (Marsh et al., 1990).
               Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
          urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
          1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
          aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
          change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
          zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
          Joint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
          features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
          Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
          assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
          fluctuating water levels.
               Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
          forests and wetlands', to land devoted to agricultural or urban
          uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
          such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
          to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
          spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
          possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
          seasonal timing. Scarpace et al. (1981) used digitized aerial
          photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
          and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
          vegetation change using aerial photos.
               Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
          coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
          photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
          Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
          aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
          al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
          change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                          3









           examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
           Batie, 19,84).

           Project Aerial Photos

                In 1.978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
           panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the
           Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
           photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
           Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
           flown at a scale of 1:6000 (111 = 5001) and.enlargements made at
           1:2400 (3.11 = 2001). The 1978 photos were taken April 16&. The
           1992 photos were flown May 13&.
                Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
           and. flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
           were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
           individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
           Beginning at the Michigan borderi, the 1978 photos were taken
           incrementally to the Illinois border., Photos are documented with
           the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
           photo.
                Flicht lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
           line 11 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The,
           northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight,
           line and photo number.
                Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000)     were
           flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
           photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
           photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
           photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
           coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
           1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsints Lake Michigan shoreline,
           900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos'covering the
           shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
           Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
           about 601) photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
           Illinois border.

           Photo Preparation

                Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
           all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
           acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
           interpretation included the following:
              1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                 date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
              2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                 registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                 required.
              3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points,
                 are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                            4









               that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
               mapping applications.
            4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
               These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
               adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
               boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
               work.
            5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section lines (red ink).
            6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
            7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
               ink). A divider was used to scribe a line 1000f away and
               parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
               cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
               dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
               shoreline.
            8. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
               slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
               were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
               classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
               the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
               additional discussion.

         Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

              The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
         complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
         classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
         complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
         modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
         Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
         residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
         agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
         been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
         have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
         are tallied by type for 1992.
              Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
         revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
         Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
         and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
         were counted.


                               CLASSIFICATION SCHEME


         Residential Land

              All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
         area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
         by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
         the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
         other classification types as well.



                                         5









          111  Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the typo.

          113  Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               for mobile units.


          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Center/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large  parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






                                          6









          126  Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
               public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
               churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
               "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
               When located within the CBD, public buildings without
               "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
               would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138  Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
               industrial use areas.
                 Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
               processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
               petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
               large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
               transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
               interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                 Light industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
               products such as electronics, appliances, and other
               secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
               material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
               light industries are well landscaped and are
               indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
               photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141  Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
               associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
               areas and adjacent open areas.

          142  Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
               freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
               passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
               such as tank farms.

          143  Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
               several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
               related land-based facilities for water transportation and
               commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
               marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
               buildings and parking areas.

          143.1  Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                 residential land are designated as private marinas. Often
                 such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                 and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                 waterway.


                                            7




                            1                                                       1


          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                 launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                 ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                 areas.

          144  Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
               corridors with median strips between lanes. -Typically, such
               roads are four or more lanes wide. Local streets are not
               included in this type.

          145  Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
               communications. These include radio/television towers,'
               lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146  Utilities. This type includes facilities for the productioi,.i
               and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
               buildings, towers, roads/parking facilities and, in the ca-se
               of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147  Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
               parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in th.is
               type.

          148  Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
               type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
               by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
               roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171  Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
               extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
               includes access roads and any structures.

          172  Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
               extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
               would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173  Well.. Features associated with wells are limited.
               Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
               difficult.


          179  Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181  Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
               reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass    are
               abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If    tree
               crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
               classified as forest..



                                           8









         182  Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
              is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
              on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
              maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
              as part of this type.

         183  Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous or
              mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
              less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
              field.

         184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
              shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

         185  Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
              and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
              during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
              located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
              edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
              railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
              establish such a line.

         186  Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
              within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
              County.

         187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
              beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
              to the beach.

         188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
              wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
              swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
              forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
              stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
              herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
              water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
              growing season.
                Shpb swamps often have waterlogged soil during the
              growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
              present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
              dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
              Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
              Surface water is present only for a short period during the
              spring.
                Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
              plant community, including most of the following: heath
              shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
              black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
              of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                         9










                 Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to   six
               inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                 QeeP mars_h has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered     by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found In
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
                 Forested Lfetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               I'leaves-on" photography.

          Open and Other Land

          191  Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192  Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle
               in the *midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type
               includes land which has been cleared for urban development
               of an unknown use..

          193  Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
               the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
               buildings and other related facilities.

          194 Cemeteries

          Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at.,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
          Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect.
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin's
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel.
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                          10










              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

         196  Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

         197  Groins ( * (red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

         198  Non-Flow-Through Dock     (blue]     Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

         structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
         classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
         for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
         the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
         then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
         (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
         counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
         comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
         the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
         linear (shoreline modification).and point (urban structures,
         groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
         symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
         represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
         identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
         natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
         area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
         types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
         revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
         at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
         modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
         between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
         IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
         section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
         before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
         shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
         symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
         point where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for









         1992, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT
                       TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modif ication) measurements were made using the hardware/ software
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay. Photo acetate overlays were aff ixed to large-f ormat
         digitizerS and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres /hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modif ications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point: types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was brokei'.1
         into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as. well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                   TALLY OF DATA

              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summal:Jr
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
         sictions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea,walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
           - Civil Jurisdiction Summary.Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of. civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              County Summary Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                         12









         structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
         sheets.


                          LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

              The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
         photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
         shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
         photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
         photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
              copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
         available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
         ?f the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
         in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
         photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
         project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
         the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
         for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
         what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
         for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
         photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
         discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
              The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
         is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
         understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
         apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
         of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
         to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
         (1978 and 1992).

         Photo Scale and Enlargements

              All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
         reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
         corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
         inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
         ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
         topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
         and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
         the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
         the original photos.
              Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
         photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
         tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
         each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
         photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
         base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
         and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
         systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
         only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
         positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
         tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                         13









          -13.11%. 'The range of error, for 197 8 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 pacJe.
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
          in .1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          I'Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
          the goals of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation..
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE   for this study
          represent. photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
          features.

          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 strip
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 10001 of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                           14










         exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
         the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
         reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
         year.

         Missing Photo Coverage

              Occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
         photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
         missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
         year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
         not represented on photos remain unknown.

         Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

              On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
         representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
         This line was located by seribing a landward line parallel to the
         line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
         landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
         location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
         Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
         Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
         and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
         inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly .
         insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
         shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
         result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
         included in the 1978 coastal zone.

         Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

              The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
         area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
         likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
         levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
         erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
              The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
         within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
         coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
         between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
         measurements of land use types were made only for those typei
         lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
         the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
         about five (5) acres per photo.

         Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
         Development

              As discussed above, the landward extent of the 1000, coastal
         boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
         changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

                                         15









          erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
          location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
          the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For exampl6, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in an.
          area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
          water is filled to develop commercial.land. A I'lakeward" shift
          in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result:
          in a shift toward the water'of the interior coastal zone
          boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres;
          of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw, statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                       RESULTS

          Milwaukee County Statistics

               Milwaukee County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
          coastal zone include the villages of Bayside, Fox Point,
          Shorewood and Whitefish Bay, and the citiesof Cudahy, Milwaukee,
          Oak Creek, St. Francis and South Milwaukee. The area measured
          within the coastal zone of Milwaukee County was 3,272 acres
          (1,325 ha) in 1978 and 3,291 acres (1,332 ha) in 1992. This
          represents a difference of 19 acres (7.7 ha) or about 0.5%. The
          discrepancy likely is the result of errors inherent in the
          enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on pages 12 through 15.
               Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted on the
          linear accuracy of the Milwaukee County photos. Results of tests
          applied to the 1978 photos indicate some departure (-4.9% and
          -5.3%) from USGS measurements. Results of tests applied to the
          1992 photos indicate errors of +1.9% to -6.9%. The range of
          error could yield a 235 acre (95 ha) difference between the 1978
          and 1992 totals (Table 1).
               Statistical summaries for Milwaukee County and all
          communities included in this study are located in the Appendix.'
          Summary data sheets present land use types by area, structural
          counts by- type (1992), shoreline modification typei. by length,
          and a count of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected
          at the PLSS section level. While the section level data sheets
          are not included in this report, copies are available upon
          written request.


               'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
          (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
          presented on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
          report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                          16









                      Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                                Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                                 1978                      1992
                                             Enlarged  Photos        Enlarged Photos
              County                          (1:2400)                  (1:2400)

            Brown                              -0.4-%                    -8.5-%
                                                 0.03%                   -5.5-%


            Door                                 1.3%                   --1.1%
                                                 3.9%                    -3.6-%


            Kenosha                            -2.51%                    -9.0-%
                                                 3.1%                    -1.6.%


            Kewaunee                           -1.5%                     -5.4,%
                                                 2.1%                    -9.6%

            Manitowoc                          -1.7-%                    -6.4%
                                                 2.0%                    -7.4-%

            Marinette    (one test)              9.6%                    -1.7-%

            Milwaukee                          -4.9%                     -6.9%
                                               -S.3%                       1.9%


            Oconto                               2.9%                   -10.8%
                                                 8.5%                   -13.1%


            Ozaukee                              0.2%                    -5.7%
                                                 1.3%                    -4.4-%

            Racine                             -3.0.%                    -5.0-%
                                                 2.2%                    -0.8-%

            Sheboygan                          -2.5-%                    -1.2-%
                                                 4.6%                    -3.0%



                 Mean                            0.95%                   -5.18%

                Range                     -5.3% to 9.6%           -13.1% to 1.9%









                                                     17










          Residential Land

               Within the 1992 coastal zone of Milwaukee County, 3,581
          residential structures were identified on 808 acres (327 ha) of
          land. Of the total were 2,301 residential units (single family
          or duplexes), 1,131 detached garages and 145 sheds. In 1978, 8417
          acres (343 ha) of land were developed for-single family/duplex
          units compared to 800 acres (324 ha) in 1992. The lost area (477
          acres, 19 ha) represents 5.5%. In 1978, over 16 acres (6.5 ha)
          of land uras used for high-rise multi-family units. By 1992,
          total area used for this type dropped to 5.7 acres (2.3 ha). One
          (1) structure was observed. Also in 1992, (3) low-rise multi-
          family units were recorded on 2.9 acres (1.2 ha) of land. Since
          the 1992 photos are "leaves-on," these numbers likely
          underestimate the actual number of structures and area devoted 1:0
          residential uses. In 1978, 866 acres (351 ha) of residential
          land was measured.


          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land represented 134 acres (54 ha) in 1992 and
          104 acres; (42 ha) in 1978. Sixty-four (64) commercial structures
          were noted within the coastal zone. over the 14 year period
          central business district decreased by 24.6 acres (10 ha) while
          neighborhood business district increased by 5.8 acres (2.3 ha).
          Institutional land increased dramatically from 59 acres (24 ha)
          to 108 acres (44 ha) for the same period. The increase
          represents 49 acres (20 ha) or 83%.
               Industrial land within the coastal zone decreased from 238
          acres (96 ha) to 155 acres (63 ha), a loss of 83 acres (34 ha) or
          35%.

          Transportation Land

               One hundred twenty-two (122) structures were located on 42,2
          acres (171 ha) of transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 489
          acres (198 ha) of transportation land were reported. The
          category types rail transportation, public boat landing and
          communications remained stable at about 30 acres (12.1 ha), 41
          acres (16.6 ha) and less than (1) acre, respectively. Two types
          experienced increases from 1978 to 1992. Private marina
          increased from 1.9 acres (0.8 ha) in 1972 to 19 acres (7.7 ha) in
          1992 while land devoted to sewage treatment facilities increased
          from 121 acres (49 ha) to 187 acres (76 ha). Of the
          transportation types observed, three (3) lost area. Land
          developed for highway decreased by nearly 35 acres (14 ha) or 30%
          from 114 acres (46 ha) in 1978 to 80 acres (32 ha) in 1992.
          Utilities decreased from 129 acres (52 ha) to 25 acres (10.1 ha),
          a loss of 104 acres (42 ha) or nearly 81%. Lastly, area of
          landfill lost 9.4 acres (3.8 ha), declining from 49 acres (20 ha.)
          to 40 acres (16 ha).


                                          18











          Extractive

               Extractive area was not observed in 1978. However, 29 acres
          (11.7 ha) of open pit extractive area were recorded in 1992.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

               In 1978, land uses within the category Agricultural and
          Natural represented nearly 21% of all land within the coastal
          zone of Milwaukee County. In 1992, this category increased to
          23%.
               Overall, 94 acres (38 ha) of agricultural and natural lands
          were gained from 1978 to 1992. Abandoned field area increased by
          30 acres (12 ha) from 1978 to 1992, or by 19.1%, however, the
          important type active agriculture declined by nearly 41 acres
          (16.4 ha) or by 52% over the same period. All other types
          ?bserved within this category either remained stable or increased
          in area. Forest area increased from 292 acres (118 ha) in 1978
          to 351 acres (142 ha) in 1992. Open water gained 35 acres over
          the same period, from 8.2 acres (3.3 ha) to 43 acres (17 ha)
          while wetland increased from 7.4 acres (2.9 ha) to 13.1 acres
          (5.2 ha), a gain of 5.7 acres (2.3 ha). Area of slump zone
          increased by 1.8% or 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) over the 14 year period.

          Open and Other Land

               The total area of open/other land use types increased by 73
          acres (30 ha) or 8.1%, from 899 acres (364 ha) in 1978 to 972
          acres (394 ha) in 1992. In 1992, 117 structures were observed
          including 57 public assembly and 56 outdoor recreational. Most
          of the total area increase within this category was observed
          within the outdoor-public assembly type which increased 60 acres
          (24 ha) from no area in 1978 to 60 acres in 1992.

          Shoreline Modifications

               Sea walls and revetments are used to protect shorelines from
          erosion. Significant increases of both types of structures were
          reported. In 1978, 37,264 feet (11,361 m) of sea wall were -
          reported compared to 42,265 feet (12,886 m) in 1992, representing
          an increase of 5,001 feet (1,525 m) or 13.4%. However, just as
          significant is the 8,438 foot (2,573 m), 21% increase in
          revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
          measured at 40,079 feet (12,219 m) in 1978 and 48,517 feet
          (14,792 m) in 1992. The number of groins developed along
          Milwaukee County's shoreline increased from 19 to 28 over the 14
          year period. Nine (9) non-flow-through docks were recorded in
          1992 compared to 10 in 1978.





                                         19









                                   Results by Community

           Village of Bayside

                Land within Bayside's coastal zone was measured at 189 acret,.s"'
           (76 ha) in 1978 and 187 acres (76 ha) in 1992. The discrepancy
           represents less than (1) percent. The source of the difference
           could be photo scale anomalies as discussed above.
                In 1992, 68 residential structures were located on 54 acres;
           (22 ha) of land. Most of these structures (62) were single
           family or duplex. other structures associated with residential
           areas included (4) detached garages and (2) sheds. In 1978, 63'
           acres (26 ha) of residential are reported.
                No commercial, industrial, transportation or extractive
           types were located in 1978 or 1992.
                Agricultural and natural areas increased from 67 acres (27
           ha) in 1978 to 78 acres (32 ha) in 1992 or by about 10 acres (4.1
           ha). The type abandoned field lost 6.9 acres (2.8 ha) during the
           period while forest land increased by 20 acres (8.1 ha) or 37%.
           Area of slump zone decreased by 1.6 acres (0.6 ha) to a 1992
           total of 0.4 acres (0.2 ha). About 1.5 acres (0.6 ha) of wetland
           observed in 1978 were lost by 1992.
                From. 1978 to 1992, shoreline modifications had increased
           within the village. By 1992, construction led to 325 feet (99 ift)
           of new sea wall on Bayside's shoreline. No sea wall was observc,@d
           1978. Revetment increased significantly from 417 feet (127 m) in
           1978 to 1,236 feet (377 m) in 1992, an increase of 196%. While
           no groins were recorded for either study year, (2) non-flow-
           through docks were recorded in 1992.

           City of Cudahy

                Coastal zone area within the city of Cudahy was measured al:
           305 acres, (124 ha) in 1978 and 318 acres (129 ha) in 1992. The
           difference of 15 acres (6 ha) represents 4.9% of the 1978 total
           area.
                In 1.992, a total of 142 residential structures were
           identified on 28 acres (11 ha) (29 acres (12 ha] in 1978) of
           residential land. Of these, 96 were single family/duplex, 36
           were detached garages and (9) were sheds.
                For both 1978 and 1992, about 13 acres (5.3 ha) of coastal
           zone area. were devoted to commercial/institutional uses, the
           greatest portion of which fell into the institutional type. No
           industrial land was observed within the coastal zone for either
           study year.
                Less than one acre (0.7 acre (.3 ha]) of transportation land
           was observed in both 1978 and 1992. No extractive uses were
           observed for 1978 and less than one acre was observed for 1992.
           The agricultural and natural category decreased from 41 acres (17
           ha) to 32 acres (13 ha) for the period studied. Category changes
           include a 4.4 acre (1.8 ha) decrease in abandoned field and a 6.6
           acre (2.7 ha) decrease in forest land. About 31 acres (12.5 ha)

                                             20










           of slump zone area were recorded for each year. Area of the
           open/other land use category increased by 25 acres (10 ha) from
           220 acres (89 ha) in 1978 to 245 acres (99 ha) in 1992. All
           acreage within this category was devoted to outdoor recreation.
                The remaining notable change to be reported includes
           shoreline modifications. Results indicate a gain of 146 feet
           (44.5 m) of revetment. Thirteen groins were observed in 1992
           compared to 11 in 1978.

           Village of Fox Point

                In 1992, the coastal zone of the village of Fox Point
           consisted of 311 acres (126 ha) compared to 329 acres (133 ha)
           reported in 1978. The difference of 18 acres (7.3 ha) represents
           5.5% of the 1978 total coastal zone area.
                Residential land encompassed 193 acres (78 ha) in 1992.
           Observed residential structures totaled 369, of which 299 were
           single family/duplex. Other structures associated with
           residential use included 49 detached garages and 21 sheds. In
           1978, 195 acres (79 ha) of residential land were recorded.
                In 1992, no commercial, industrial, transportation or
           extractive uses were observed within Fox Point's coastal zone.
           While no commercial, industrial or extractive areas were observed
           in 1978, 4.6 acres (1.9 ha) of highway right-of-way were
           recorded.
                In 1992, 95 acres (38 ha) of area were identified within the
           agricultural and natural use category, down from 103 acres (42
           ha) in 1978. Of these were 3.0 acres (1.2 ha) of abandoned
           field, 87 acres (35 ha) of active agriculture and 4.6 acres (1.9
           ha) of slump zone. open water was observed at 0.1 acres (0.04
           ha). The major changes within the category involved the types
           abandoned field, up by 2.7 acres (1.1 ha) from 0.3 acres (0.1 ha)
           in 1978; forest, down by (8) acres (3.2 ha) from 95 acres (39
           ha); and area of slump zone, down by 3.4 acres (1.4 ha) from (8)
           acres (3.2 ha).
                In the open/other land use category, 22 acres (9 ha) were
           identified as outdoor recreation in 1992, down from 25 acres
           (10.3 ha) in 1978. Other uses made up less than one acre in
           1992.
                Considerable shoreline modification has occurred since 1978.
           In 1978, 3,612 feet (1,101 m) of sea wall were recorded compared
           to 3,304 feet (1,007 m) in 1992, a loss of 308 feet (94 ha).
           Revetments, however, increased substantially from 2,948 feet (899
           m) in 1978 to 7,502 feet (2,287 m) in 1992. The increase in
           revetment represents 4,554 feet (1,388 m) or 154%. No groins
           were observed in 1978, by 1992, (5) groins had been constructed.
           Non-flow-through docks declined from (3) in 1978 to (1) in 1992.

           City of Milwaukee

             I In 1992, a total of 1,030 acres (417 ha) of coastal zone
           fell within the city of Milwaukee compared to 1,019 acres (413

                                              21









           ha) in 1978. The 11 acre (4.5 ha) difference represents 1% of
           the 1978 total.
                In 3.992, 1,270 residential structures were observed on 161
           acres (65 ha) of land. Total residential structures included (2)
           lour-rise multi-family units, 742 single family/duplex units, 482
           detached garages and 44 sheds.
                Commercial land increased by 18.2 acres (7.4 ha) from 55
           acres (22 ha) in 1978 to 74 acres (30 ha) in 1992. The increase
           represents nearly 33%. over the 14 year study period,
           considerable change occurred within commercial types. CBD area
           lost 24.6 acres (10 ha), from 40.5 acres (16.4 ha) in 1978 to
           15.9 acres (6.4 ha) in 1992. The type neighborhood business
           district.increased by 6 acres (2.4 ha) over the same period.
           However, the main benefactor of growth was land devoted to
           institutional uses, which increased by nearly 37 acres (15 ha)
           from 13 acres (5.2 ha) in 1978 to 50 acres (20 ha) in 1992. A
           total of 38 commercial category structures were observed in 199:2,
           including 23 institutional and 11 neighborhood business district.
                Land classified as industrial fell from 142 acres (57 ha) in
           1978 to IL04 acres (42 ha) in 1992, a loss of 38 acres (15 ha) or
           27%. A total of 112 industrial structures were observed within
           the coastal zone.
                Coastal zone land devoted to transportation category uses
           covered 235 acres (95 ha) in 1992 compared to 255 acres (104 ha)
           in 1978. In 1992, observed structures of this category totaled
           39. Eight separate types were observed for both study years. Of
           these, three remained stable including rail transportation (about
           30 acres (12 ha]), communications (less than (1] acre) and
           utilities (about 23 acres [9.5 ha]). Two types lost area between
           1978 and 1992. These include highway area which lost about 20
           acres (8.1 ha), declining from 91 acres (37 ha) in 1978 to 72
           acres (29 ha) in 1992 and landfill, which lost 24 acres (9.8 ha),
           from 49 acres (20 ha) to 25 acres (10 ha). During the period
           three land use types within the category increased in area:
           private marina increased by 10.5 acres (4.2 ha), from 1.5 acres
           (0.6 ha) to 12 acres (4.9 ha); public boat landing gained nearly
           (6) acres (2.4 ha), from 34 acres (14 ha) to 40 acres (16 ha);
           and sewage treatment facilities increased by 10 acres (4.1 ha),
           from 23 acres (9.2 ha) to 33 acres (13.2 ha).
                No extractive uses were observed for either study year.
                The category of agricultural and natural land uses increased
           in total area from 33 acres (13.2 ha) in 1978 to 63 acres (25.5
           ha) in 1992, a finding which runs counter to results observed
           elsewhere within the state. In 1978, only two (2) land use types
           were observed within this category, together totally 33 acres
           (13.2 ha). In 1978, abandoned field covered 4.1 acres (1.7 ha)
           while forested areas covered 28.5 acres (11.5 ha). In 1992,
           abandoned field covered 5.9 acres (2.4 ha), a gain of 1.8 acres
           (0.7 ha) while forest areas covered 22.8 acres (9.2 ha), a loss
           of 5.7 acres (2.3 ha). The type open water increased
           dramatically from 1978 to 1992. While no open water area was
           observed in 1978, 34 acres (13.8 ha) were recorded in 1992.

                                           22










               In 1978, 354 acres (143 ha) of open/other land were
          observed, by 1992, the total had increased by 40 acres (16.2 ha)
          to 394 acres (160 ha). In 1992, observed structures totaled 79.
          No outdoor-public assembly area was observed in 1978, however, 60
          acres (24 ha) were recorded in 1992. Results indicate that the
          area of urban open lot declined by 18.5 acres (7.5 ha), from 43
          acres (17.5 ha) in 1978 to 25 acres (10 ha) in 1992. Lastly, the
          type outdoor recreation remained stable at about 310 acres (125
          ha) for both study years.
               In 1978, 24,559 feet (7,487 m) of sea wall were recorded
          within the city of Milwaukee. By 1992, 5,384 feet (1,641 m) of
          sea wall had been added for a total of 29,943 feet (9,129 m).
          Revetments, on the other hand, declined by 6,619 feet (2,018 m),
          from 24,460 feet (7,457 m) in 1978 to 17,841 feet (5,439 m) in
          1992. The structures groins and non-flow-through docks declined
          as well, groins from (5) to (2) and docks from (3) to (2) over
          the 14 year study period.

          City of Oak Creek

               The coastal zone for the city of Oak Creek was determined to
          be 456 acres (185 ha) in 1978 and 461 acres (187 ha) in 1992.
          The difference of (5) acres (2.0 ha) represents 1.1% of the 1978
          total coastal zone area.
               The amount of residential land located within the coastal
          zone was less than (1) acre in 1978. No residential area was
          observed in 1992.
               No commercial land uses were identified in 1978 or 1992. In
          1978, land devoted to industrial use covered 77 acres (31 ha),
          however, this total dropped to 29 acres (12 ha) by 1992, a loss
          of 48 acres (19.5 ha) or 62%.
               Total transportation.land remained fairly stable, 152 acres
          (62 ha) were recorded in 1978 compared to 162 acres (66 ha) in
          1992. However, considerable change occurred within the types of
          this category. For example, in 1978, 60 acres (24 ha) of
          utilities were observed compared to no acreage in 1992 while
          sewage treatment plant increased from 92 acres (37 ha) to 147
          acres (60 ha). Landfill area, not observed in 1978, gained
          nearly 15 acres (6 ha) by 1992.
               No extractive uses were observed in 1978, however, 2.2 acres
          (0.9 ha) of open pit mine were recorded in 1992.
               Agricultural and natural lands made up 49% and 57%'of the
          city's coastal zone area for 1978 and 1992, respectively. Total
          agricultural and natural lands covered 225 acres (91 ha) of the
          coastal zone in 1978 compared to 264 acres (107 ha) in 1992.
          Abandoned field increased in area from 92 acres (37 ha) to 102
          acres (41 ha) while active agricultural area declined from 49
          acres (20 ha) to 38 acres (15.5 ha). The types forest, slump
          zone and wetland all increased in area during the 14 year period:
          forest from 45.5 acres (18.4 ha) to 69 acres (28 ha), slump zone
          from 33 acres (13.4 ha) to 49 acres (20 ha), and wetland from 4.8
          acres (1.9 ha) to 5.7 acres (2.3 ha).

                                          23








                 Open/other land areas represented 3.2 acres (1.3 ha) in
           1992, all. area observed within the type as urban open lot. In
           1978, 1.91 acres (0.8 ha) of urban open lot were observed.
                 Since 1978, sea wall development increased from 3,858 feet
           (1,176 m) to 5,419 feet (1,652 m), an increase of 1,561 feet (476
           m) or 40%. Likewise, revetment experienced an increase, from
           2,994 feet (913 m) in 1978 to 3,613 feet (1,102 m) in 1992. The
           increase in revetment represents 619 feet (189 m) or 20.6%. The
           number of' groins dropped from-(2) to (1) during the 14 year
           period.

           City of St. Francis

                 The coastal zone of the city of St. Francis was determined
           to be 208; acres (84 ha) in 1978 and 216 acres (88 ha) in 1992.
           The (8) acre (3.2 ha) difference is 3.8% of the 1978 total.
                 Total residential land located within the 1978 coastal zone
           was 16.5 ackes (6.7 ha) compared-to 11.9 acres (4.8 ha) in 1992.
           In 1992, 90 structures were located within the residential area,
           of which were 39 single family/duplex, 45 detached garages and !5
           sheds. One low-rise multi-family unit was observed on 1.2 acres
           (0.5 ha) of land.
                 In 3.992, 12 commercial category structures were observed oil
           45 acres (18.3 ha) of land. Total commercial area in 1978 was
           33.5 acres (13.6 ha). Two types within this category were
           observed. Neighborhood business district remained stable at
           about 0.7 acres (0.3 ha) for each year. The type institutional
           increased from 33 acres (13 ha) in 1978 to 44.5 acres (18 ha) in
           1992.
                 Industrial land remained unchanged at 1.0 acres (0.4 ha)
           over the period.
                 In 3-978, 41 acres (16.5 ha) of transportation area were
           identified. In 1992, only 1.2 acres (0.5 ha) of transportation
           land were observed within the coastal zone. For both years, all
           transportation area was identified as utility.
                 No extractive uses were observed for 1978, however, over 26
           acres (10.6 ha) of open pit mine were recorded in 1992.
                 Agricultural and natural lands made up 37% of the town's
           coastal zone in 1978 and 35.6% in 1992. For both 1978 and 1992,
           77 acres (31 ha) of coastal zone area were classified within the
           agricultural and natural lands category. However, considerable
           internal change occurred over the 14 year period of study. The
           type abandoned field increased in area from 29 acres (11.6 ha) t      'o
           56 acres (23 ha). Active agricultural land decreased from 30
           acres (12.1 ha) in 1978 to no area in 1992. Other changes
           observed were modest. Forest area, for example, increased from
           4.5 acres (1.8 ha) in 1978 to 6.8 acres (2.8 ha) in 1992 while
           open water decreased from 5.9 acres (2.4 ha) to 4.8 acres (1.9
           ha). Similarly, a decrease in area was observed within the typet
           slump zone, from 6.7 acres (2.7 ha) in 1978 to 2.4 acres (1.0 ha.)
           in 1992. During the period studied, wetlands increased from 1.1,
           acres (0.4 ha) to 7.0 acres (2.8 ha).

                                              24









                open/other land uses increased from 40 acres (16.1 ha) in
          1978  to 54 acres (22 ha) in 1992. Urban open lots appear to have
          increased dramatically from only 1.1 acres (0.4 ha) to nearly 27
          acres (10.8 ha) by 1992. The type outdoor recreation declined
          from nearly 39 acres (16 ha) in 1978 to 27 acres (11 ha) in 1992.
                In 1978, 61 feet (19 m) of sea wall were observed compared
          to 48 feet (14.6 m) in 1992. In 1978, 3,234 feet (986 m) of
          revetment were documented, this total rose to 7,052 feet (2,150
          m) by 1992, an increase of 3,818 feet (1,164 m) or 118%. No
          groins or non-flow-through docks were observed for either study
          year.

          Village of Shorewood

                Land within the coastal zone of the village of Shorewood was
          measured at 138 acres (56 ha) in 1978 and 151 acres (61 ha) in
          1992. The source of the difference (13 acres, 5.3 ha) could be
          photo scale anomalies as discussed above. The village of
          Shorewood was one of the sites tested to determine linear
          accuracy of the enlarged photos. The 1978 photos of Shorewood
          were determined to deviate -5.3% from USGS 1:24000 maps. The
          1992 photos deviated by +1.9% from the USGS basis.
                In 1992, 426 residential structures were located on 102
          acres (41 ha) of land. Most of these structures (276) were
          single family or duplex. Other structures associated with
          residential land include 137 detached garages and 10 sheds. In
          1978, 99 acres (40 ha) of residential land were reported.
                Results indicate that no commercial or industrial park land
          was observed for either study year.
                Land area devoted to transportation types remained unchanged
          at 7.0 acres (2.8 ha) for both 1978 and 1992. All such area
          observed for both years fell into the highway type.
                No extractive uses were observed in either year of study.
                Agricultural and natural areas increased from 27 acres (10.8
          ha) in 1978 to 38 acres (15.4 ha) in 1992. Only three types
          within this category were observed, abandoned field, forest and
          slump zone. Abandoned field decreased from 1.1 acres (0.4 ha) in
          1978 to no area observed in 1992. However, both forest land and
          slump zone increased, from 25 acres (10 ha) to 35 acres (14.3 ha)
          and from 1.0 acre (0.4 ha) to 2.6 acres (1.1 ha), respectively.
                Open/other land remained stable during the period studied.
          Outdoor recreation, the only type observed, increased from 4.7
          acres (1.9 ha) in 1978 to 5.0 acres (2.0 ha) in 1992.
                From 1978-1992, results suggest total shoreline
          modifications of sea wall and revetment remained stable.
          However, considerable change between these types was observed.
          Sea wall construction decreased from 1,883 feet (574 m) to 761
          feet (232 m) while revetment increased from 402 feet (123 m) to
          1,502 feet (458 m).
                No groins, but (4) non-flow-through docks were recorded for
          each study year.


                                            25








           City of South Milwaukee

                 The coastal zone area within the city of South Milwaukee WELS
           measured at 315 acres (128 ha) in 1978 and 304 acres (123 ha) irt
           1992. The 11 acre (4.5 ha) difference is 3.5% of the 1978 area.
                 In 1.992, a total of 259 residential structures were
           identified on 46 acres (18.5 ha) of residential land. of these,
           144 were of the single family/duplex type, while 76 and 30 were
           detached garages and sheds, respectively. In 1992, (9) low-rise
           iulti-family units were observed on 6.7 acres (2.7 ha) of land.
                 In 3.992, no commercial land was located in the city's
           coastal zone. Industrial land covered 21 acres (8.6 ha) in 1992,
           on which (8) structures were observed. This area represents a
           gain of 4.2 acres (1.7 ha) over the 3.7 acres (6.9 ha) observed in
           1978. Although total land devoted to the transportation category
           remained stable from 1978 (16.5 acres, 6.7 ha) to 1992 (15.9
           acres, 6.4 ha), considerable changes within the category were
           recorded. For example, private marina increased from 0.4 acres
           (0.2 ha) to 7.0 acres (2.8 ha) while public boat landing areas
           decreased from 6.2 acres (2.5 ha) to 1.2 acres (0.5 ha). Land
           devoted to utilities also decreased, from 3.2 acres (1.3 ha) in
           1978 to no area observed in 1992. Sewage treatment facilities
           increased modestly from 6.7 acres (2.7 ha) to 7.7 acres (3.1 ha).
           In 1992, 13 structures were observed within this category.
                 No extractive types were noted for either study year.
                 Agricultural and natural lands covered about 48 acres        (19
           ha) in both 1978 and 1992. Five (5) land use types within         the
           category were observed and all remained relatively stable over
           the 14 year study period. In 1978, 18 acres (16.3 ha) of
           abandoned field were observed compared to 16.3 acres (6.6 ha) in
           1992. Forest area increased from 11 acres (4.5 ha) to 12.9 acres
           (5.2 ha) while open water increased from 0.8 acres (0.3 ha) to
           1.9 acres (0.8 ha) over the 14 year period. Two additional types
           experienced increases in area. Area of slump zone increased from.
           17.2 acres (7.0 ha)-in 1978 to 18.5 acres (7.5 ha) in 1992 while:
           wetland increased from no area to less than (1) acre.
                 Total Open and Other Lands decreased from 184 acres (74 ha)
           in 1978 to 171 acres (69 ha) in 1992. In 1978, only 1.9 acres
           (0.8 ha) of urban open lot were recorded, by 1992 no such areas
           were observed. A total of 16 structures were noted on 171 acres;
           (69 ha) of outdoor recreation land in 1992. In 1978, 182 acres
           (74 ha) of outdoor recreation land were recorded.
                 Shoreline modifications decreased significantly during the
           14 year period studied. Sea walls declined by 1,170 feet (357
           m), from 1,563 feet (477 m) in 1978 to 393 feet (120 m) in 1992.
           During the same period, revetments declined by 1,522 feet (464
           m), from 2,107 feet (642 m) to 585 feet (178 m). Three (3)
           groins were observed in 1992, compared to (1) recorded in 1978.




                                              26









          Village of Whitefish Bay

               In 1978, land within the village's coastal zone was
          estimated to be 314 acres (127 ha). The 1992 coastal zone area
          was estimated to be 321 acres (130 ha). The seven (7) acre (2.8
          ha) difference represents 2.2% of the 1978 base.
               Residential land covered 233 acres (94 ha) in 1978. In
          1992, total residential land covered 223 acres (90 ha). In 1992,
          a total of 969 structures were documented. Of these, there were
          643 single family/duplex units, 302 detached garages and 24
          sheds.
               Commercial land covered only 2.5 acres (1.0 hA) in 1992, a
          1.1 acre (0.4 ha) increase over 1978. No industrial land was
          observed in 1992 and only 0.6 acres (0.2 ha) was observed in
          1978. A total of 11.6 acres (4.7 ha) of transportation land were
          recorded in 1978, by 1992, the total had dropped to 0.8 acres
          (0.3 ha). In both years, all transportation land recorded was of
          the highway type.
               No extractive land was observed in either year of study.
               Results indicate that agricultural and natural lands
          increased in area from 1978 to 1992, a trend not common. In
          1992, this category had 74 acres (30 ha). of these, there were
          3.4 acres (1.4 ha) of abandoned field, 43 acres (17.5 ha) of
          forest and 28 acres (11 ha) of slump zone. In 1978,
          investigators observed no abandoned field, 21 acres (8.6 ha) of
          forest and 36 acres (14.4 ha) of slump zone. In effect, forest
          land doubled in area while slump zone area declined by 22.5%.
               Twenty-one (21) acres (8.6 ha) of open/other land were
          observed in 1992 compared to a 1978 total of 10.8 acres (4.4 ha).
          All such areas were of the outdoor recreation type. Outdoor
          recreation increased by 11.9 acres (4.8 ha) or 128% since 1978.
          Urban open lots, 1.5 acres (0.6 ha) in 1978, were eliminated by
          1992.
               Considerable modifications to the village's shoreline
          occurred during the study period. In 1992, 2,071 feet (632 m) of
          sea wall were recorded compared to 1,729 feet (527 m) in 1978.
          The additional 342 feet (104 m) represents an increase of 19.8%.
          Revetments increased by 5,523 feet (1,684 m) or 176% during the
          same period, from 3,141 feet (958 m) to 8,664 feet (2,641 m).
          While no groins or non-flow-through docks were observed in 1978,
          by 1992, four (4) groins had been constructed.












                                         27











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                                          28









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                                         31




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                  Lake Michigan coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                          1978 - 1992


                                  County Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Milwaukee
           Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included       in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

              Village   of Bayside
              City of   Cudahy
              Village   of Fox Point
              City of   Milwaukee
              City of   Oak Creek
              City of   St. Francis
              Village   of Shorewood
              City of   South Milwaukee
              Vi  llage of Whitefish    Bay

                                      LAND USE  CATEGORIES


                                                                         Area
                                               of*structures       Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units                         12               16            7
                 _,garages                           1
                  sheds                              I
             112 Res. units                          2                2            1
               - -garages
                  sheds
          --jif'Res. units_                       2363             84            343
                ___garages                         989
                  sheds                             163
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                                Subtotal          3531             866           351

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist               9               41          16
           -.'122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business     Dist     10                4            2
             126 Institutional                      28               59          24
                                  Subtotal          47             104           42
           13--l-ndustrial

             138 Industrial Park                   141             238           96













                                                                                 Area
            14 Transy3rtation                     I of structures          AcLres      Hectares

               1411 Air Transportation
               1412 Rail Transportation                     3               32             13
               1413 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina                         2                  2_            1
               143.2 Public Boat Landing                  11                41             :L6
               1414 Highways                                               114             46
               145 Communications                            I                I            <1
               146 Utilities                              42               129             ï¿½2
               147 Sew-age Treatment Plant                2i               121             49
               1418 Landf ill                                               42             20
                                     Subtotal             80               489           198

            17 Extractive

               171  Open Pit
               172  Underground
               173  Well
               179  Other Extractive
                                       ..,-Subtotal

            18.=icultural        and Natural

             ___181 AF  Abandoned Field .                                  152             fi4
            _182    AG  Agriculture Active                                  72             32
               183  F   Forest                                             2aZ           11.8
               184  H   Heath
                    OW  Open Water                                                           3
               .186 RL  Rock Ledge
                    SL  Slump Zone                                         134_            54
               -188 WT  Wetland                                               7              3
                                     Subtotal                              677           274

           -19 QQRen Land, Other

                    Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192  Urban Open Lots                                         so             20
               193  Outdoor Recreation                    58               849           344
               194  Cemeteries       Subtotal             58               899           364

                                                                     Total  Acres          3272
                                                                     Total  Hectares-     -1325,

            Shoreline! Modifications                                             Linear
                                                                            Feet         Meter-s
               195 Sea Walls                                               37264         1136--*
               196 Revetments                                              40Q79         12219,
               197. Groins                                        I of Groins      19
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                          f of Docks       10










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992

                                County Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Milwaukee
           Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

              Village of Bayside
              City of Cudahy
              Village of Fox Point
              City of Milwaukee
              City of Oak Creek
              City of St. Francis
              Village of Shorewood
              City of South Milwaukee
              Village of Whitefish Bay

                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                   Area
                                           of structures      Acres    Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units                       1              6         2
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units                       3              3         1
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                    2301           800         324
                 garages                       1131
                 sheds                          145
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal         3581           808         327


           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist            4             16         6
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist      19             10         4
             126 Institutional                   41           108          44
                                Subtotal         64           134          54

           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                137           155          63






                                                               of structures             Acres  Area   Hectares

                1_4 Trans)ortation

                   1.41 Air Transportation
                   2.42 Rail Transportation                                               30               12
                   1.43 Water Transportation
                   1.43.1 Private Marina                              2.                  19                  8
                   ,1.43.2 Public Boat Landing                       11                   41               17
                   1.44 Hic ays                                                           80               32
                            .Fhw
                   1.45  Communications                               2                   <1               <1
                   1.46  Utilities                                    7                   25               10
                   1.47  Sewage Treatment Plant                      92                  187               76
                   1.48  Landfill                                                         40               16
                                            Subtotal                122                  422              171


                17  Extractive

                   171 Open Pit                                                           29               12
                   172 Underground
                   173 Well
                   179 Other Extractive
                                                   Subtotal                               29               12

                18 Agricultural and Natural

                   181   AF  Abandoned Field                                             187               76
                   182   AG  Agriculture Active                       3                   38               16
                   183   F   Forest                                   3                  351              142
                   184   H   Heath                                                           1                1
                   1.85  OW  Open Water                                                   43               17___.
                   186   RL  Rock Ledge
                   187   SL  Slump Zone                                                  137               56
                   188   WT  Wetland                                                      13                  5
                                            Subtotal                  6                  771              312


                19 Oven Land, Other

                   191 Outdoor-Public Assembly                       57                   60               24
                   192 Urban Open Lots                                4                   55               22
                   193 Outdoor Recreation                            56                 .856              347
                   194 Cemeteries                                                         <1               <1
                                            Subtotal                117                  972              394


                                                                                 Total Acres               3293.
                                                                                 Total Hectares            1332:


                Shoreline Modifications                                                         Linear
                                                                                          Feet            Meters
                   195 Sea Walls                                                         42265            1288.60 .
                   196 Revetments                                                        48517            14792!.
                   197 Groins                                                    of Groins        28
                   198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                     of Docks          9










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
          Year: 1978              Summary Data  .Sheet
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Bayside
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description)

              T8N R22E SEC 3
                         SEC 4
                         SEC 9
                         SEC 10







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                          of structures     Acregs   Hectares

          11 Residential

           111 Res. units
                garages
              -sheds
           112 Res. units
              -1. garages
              --sheds
           113  Res. units                     58            63         26
                garages
                sheds                           7
                barns
           115  Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal          ..65           63         26
          -12 Commercial

           121  Central Business Dist
           122  Shopping Center/Mall
           124  Neighborhood Business Dist
           126  Institutional
                              Subtotal


          -13  Industrial
          -.138 Industrial Park













                                                                   Area
                                            of structures      Acres    Hectar,s

          14 Trans2ortation

            141 Air Transportation
            142 Rail Transportation
            143 water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            143.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill
                               Subtotal

          17 Bxtr ctive

            171  Open Pit
            172  Underground
            173  Well
            179  other Extractive  Subtotal

          18'&Uicultural and Natural

            181  AF Abandoned Field                             8           3
            182  AG Agriculture Active
                 F  Forest                                     54          22
            184  H  Heath
            185  OW Open Water
            186  RL Rock Ledge
            187  SL Slump Zone                                  2           1
            188  WT Wetland                                     2           1
                               Subtotal                        67          27

          "i9 'Open Land. Other

          ..191  Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192  Urban Open Lots                                I          <1
            193  outdoor Recreation                            58          23
            194  Cemeteries
                               Subtotal          2             58          24


                                                         Total Acres        189
                                                         Total Hectares      76

          Shoreline, Modifications                                 Linear
            195 .Sea Walls                                     Feet       Mete:rs
            196 Revetments                                      417         12F
            197 Groins                                       of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Bayside
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T8N R22E   SEC 3
                          SEC 4
                          SEC 9
                          SEC 10







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                     62           54          22
                 garages                         4
                 sheds                           2
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal           68           54          22

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                            of gt uctures     Acres Area  Hectares

           14 Trans,ortation

             141 Air- Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment  Plant
             148 Landfill      Subtotal

           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                              1
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest                                     75         30
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                   1
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                 <1         <1---
             188 WT Wetland    Subtotal                        78         32

           19 Open Land, Other

             191 outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation              3             5fi        23
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal          3             56         23


                                                        Total  Acres       187
                                                        Total  Hectares     76

           Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                               Feet       Meteac-s
             195 Sea Walls                                       325        99
             196 Revetments                                    1236         377.
             197 Groins                                     of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      of Docks    2









                  Lake Michigan Coa!stal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992

                                     Civil Jurisdiction
           Year: 1978                Suminary Data .Sheet
           County: Milwaukee
           Township, Village or City name: City of Cudahy
           PLSS section data sheets incluftd- in summary (give full
           description):

                T6N R22E SEC 23
                            SEC 24
                             SEC  25
                             SEC  36






                                          USB CATEGORIES

                                                                     Area
                                           I of structures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             ill Res. units                        1               5          2
                  garages                          I
                  sheds                            1
                  Res. units
                  garages

             113  Res. units                       88            24           10
                  garages                         42
                  sheds                            6
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                               Subtotal          139             29           12

           12 6ommerci@*l

             121  Central Business Dist
            .122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124  Neighborhood Business   Dist     3               2          1
             126  Institutional                    5             12           5
                                 Subtotal          a             14           6

              Ind strial

             138 Industrial    Park














                                                                 Area
                                          of structures      Acres   Hectaras

          14 Transortation

            1.41 Air Transportation
            142 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            1.43.1 Private Marina
            1.43.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            1.45 Communications
            146 Utilities                                                <1
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill      Subtotal                                   <1

          17 ]Extrative

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal

          18 A=icultural and Natural

            181 AF Abandoned Field                            4           2
            182 AG Agriculture Active
            183 F. Forest                                     7           3
            184 H  Heath
            185 OW Open Water
                RL Rock Ledge
            187 SL Slump Zone                                30
            188 WT Wetland                                               -12
                              Subtotal                . ..... 41         17

         -19 QRen Land, Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192 Urban open Lots
            193 Outdoor Recreation              6            220         89
            194 Cezieteries
                              Subtotal          6            220         89


                                                       Total Acres        305
                                                       Total Hectares     124
        _-Shojeline Modifications                                Linear
            195 Sea Walls                                    feet      Meter-s
            196 Revetments                                    377         115-.
            197 Groins                                      of Groins 11
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                    0  of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Cudahy
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T6N R22E   SEC 23
                          SEC 24
                          SEC 25
                          SEC 36







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                        I of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units                      1              5          2
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                      96           23           9
                garages                         36
                sheds                           9
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal          142           28           11

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional                   9            13           5
                               Subtotal         9            13           5

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                         f of st,uctures     Acres Area HectargUi

          14 Transportation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Cownunications
             146 Utilities                       2.            1         <1
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                              Subtotal           2             1         <1


          17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit                                      I         <1
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal                     1         <1


          18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183F   Forest
             184H   Heath
             185 OW Open Water
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                               32          13
             188 WT Wetland   Subtotal                       32          13

          19 Open Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation             12           245         99
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal          12           245         99


                                                       Total Acres        313
                                                       Total Hectares     121)


          Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                             Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls
             196 Revetments                                    523        1513
             197 Groins                                     of Groins 13
             1.98 Dock Non-Flow-Through                  P of  Dockï¿½        --










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    civil Jurisdiction
           Year: 1978               Summary Data -Sheet
           County: Milwaukee
           Township, Village or City name: Village of Fox Point
           PLSS section data sheets incluged in summary (give full
           description):

                TSK R22E   SEC 9
                           SEC 10
                           SEC 15
                           SEC 16
                           SEC 21




                                   ]LAND USE CATE60RIES"'

                                                                   Area
                                          I of structures     Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
             - - garages
                 sheds
            ..112-Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                     279           195          79
                 garages                         35
                 sheds                           11
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          325           195          79
           12 6@mmercial

             121 Central  Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                Subtotal

           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial   Park













                                                                          Area
            14 Trans3ortation                   of structures       Acres     Hectares,

              1.41 Air Transportation
              1.42 Rail Transportation
              1.43 Water Transportation
              1.43.1 Private Marina
              3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
              1.44 Highways                                            5           2
              1.45 Communications
              2.46 Utilities
              1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              2.48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal                             5           2

            17 Extra,,tive

              1.71 Open Pit
             .172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive     Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181  AF Abandoned Field                                <1           <i
              182  AG Agriculture Active
              183  F  Forest                                         95           39
              184  H  Heath
            .-.,..185 OW Open Water
              186  RL Rock Ledge
              187  SL Slump Zone                                       a           3
                   WT Wetland
                                  Subtotal                          103           42
           _i9 6ipen ]@and. Other

              19 1 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192  Urban Open Lots
              193  Outdoor Recreation                                25           10
              194  Cemeteries     Subtotal                           25           10

                                                               Total Acres         32:9
                                                               Total Hectares      13:1

           .Shgreline Modifications                                       Linear
                                                                     Feet        Mete-ong?
              195 Sea Walls                                          3612         HE-
              196  Revetments                                        2948
              197  Groins                                       # of Groins
              198  Dock Non-Flow-Through                        # of pocks      3









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Fox Point
          PLSS section data sheets included in summaKy (give full
          description):

               T8N R22E  SEC 9
                         SEC 10
                         SEC 15
                         SEC 16
                         SEC 21




                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                          of structures    Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    299           193         78
                garages                        49
                sheds                          21
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         369           193         78

          12 CommerciA-1-

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional  Subtotal

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                            of st-uctures      Acres Area Hectares

           14 Transiortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal


           17 Extra:tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                              3          1
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest                       2             87          35
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                 <1          <1
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                   5          2
             188 WT Wetland    Subtotal          2             95          38

           19 ORen Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                 1         <1
             193 Outdoor Recreation                            22           9
             194 Cemeteries                                    <1          <1
                               Subtotal          1             23           9


                                                         Total Acres        311
                                                         Total Hectares     126

           Shoreline Modifications                                  Linear
                                                               Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                     3304        1007
             196 Revetments                                    7502        2287
             197 Groins                                      of Groins    5
             198 Dock Ndn-Flow-Through                     #*of Docks     1










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
          Year: 1978                Slimmary Data Sheet
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Milwaukee
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

                T6N R22E   SEC 3           T7N R22E   SEC  10
                           SEC 4                      SEC  11
                           SEC 9                      SEC  14
                           SEC 10                     SEC  15
                           SEC 14                     SEC  21
                           SEC 15                     SEC  22
                                                      SEC  27
                                                      SEC  28
                                                      SEC  33
                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                          I of structures      Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

          _111   Res. units                       2              4            2
                 garages
                 sheds
             .112 Res. units                                     1          <1
                 garages
               ---sheds
                 Res. units                      736           175          71
                 garages                         441
                 sheds                            64
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          1243           179          73

          12   Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist            9              41         16
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business   Dist     4              2            1
             126 Institutional                    8              13           5
                                Subtotal          21             55         22

          -13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                 105           142          57













                                                                   Area
                                            of striactures    Acres     Hectares-i

          14 Transv)rtation

            141 Air Transportation
            142 Rail Transportation              3             32          13
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina                 1               2          1
            143.2 Public Boat Landing            a             34          14
            144 Highways                                       91          37
            145 Communications                   1               1         <1
            146 Utilities                        3             24          10
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant           2             23           9
            148 Landf ill                                      49          20
                              Subtotal           is           255         104

          17 f:2ftrac:jve

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

             =icultural and Natural

            181 AF Abandoned Field                               4          -2
          ...182 AG Agriculture Active
            .183F  Forest                                      29          12
            184 H  Heath
            185 OW Open Water
                RL Rock Ledge
            187 SL Slump Zone
            188 WT Wetland
                              Subtotal                         33          13
          iihRen Land, other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
           -192 Urban Open Lots                                43          18
            193 Outdoor Recreation               32           311         126
            194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal           32           354         143


                                                        Total Acres        1019,
                                                         Total Hectares     413

          Shoreline Modifications                                  Linear
                                                               Feet       Meters
            195 Sea Walls                                     24559        7487
            196 Revetments                                    24460        745
            197 Groins                                      of Groins    5
           ,198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     I of Docks     3










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Milwaukee
          PLSS section data sheets included in summazz (give full
          description):

               T6N R22E   SEC  3          T7N  R22E  SEC 10          SEC 22
                          SEC  4                     SEC 11          SEC 27
                          SEC  9                     SEC 14          SEC 28
                          SEC  10                    SEC 15          SEC 33
                          SEC  14                    SEC 21
                          SEC  15




                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                           of structures      Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units                                     1          <1
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units                       2             2           1
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                    742            158          64
                 garages                       482
                 sheds                          44
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal          1270           161          65

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist             4             16          6
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      11              8           3
            126 Institutional                   23              50         20
          13 Industrial         Subtotal        38              74         30

            138 Industrial7Park                112            104          42












                                                                  Area
                                           of st,uctures     Acres     Hectares


           14 Trans)ortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation            1.            30          12
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                             12           5
             143.2 Public Boat Landing         10             40          16
             144 Highways                                     72          29---
             145 Communications                 2             <1          <1
             146 Utilities                      2             23           9
             147 Sewage Treatment  Plant       22             33          13
             148 Landfill                                     25          10
                              Subtotal         39            235          95


           17 Extra:tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal


           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                             6          2
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest                                    23           9
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                34
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                   <1          <1
                              Subtotal                        63          26


           19 Open Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly       57             60          24
             192 Urban open Lots                1             25          10
             193 Outdoor Recreation            21            310         125
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal         79            394         160


                                                       Total Acres        1031)
                                                       Total Hectares      417

           Shorelint Modifications                                Linear
                                                              Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                   29943        9129
             196 Revetments                                  17841        5439'
             197 Groins                                   # of Groins   2
             198'Dock Non-Flow-Through                    # of Docks    2










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                   Civil Jurisdiction
          Year: 1978               Summary Data .Sheet
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Oak Creek
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               TSN R22E   SEC 13          T5N R23E SEC 31
                          SEC 24
                          SEC 25
                          SEC 36







                                 -LAND USE-CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures    Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            .113 Res. units                     I            <1          <1
                 garages
                 sheds
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal                        <1          <1
          -12  Commercial

            .121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal

          13 Industrial
           -138 Industrial Park                28             77         31













                                                                            Area
                                                  of structures        Acres     Hectares.

            14 Trans)ortation

               141 Aix! Transportation
               142 Rail Transportation
               143 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina
               143.2 Public Boat Landing
               144 Highways
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities                          1Q               60            24
               147 Seurage Treatment Plant            is               92            37
               148 Landfill
                                  Subtotal            25               152           62

            17 Extra:tive

               171 Open Pit
               172 Underground
               173 Well
               179 Other Extractive     Subtotal

           -i8'Agricultural and Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                                 92            37
               182 AG Agriculture Active                               49            20
               183 F   Forest                                          46            18
              -184 H   Heath
                   OW  Open Water                                      <1            <1
            --".-186 RL Rock Ledge
                   SL_,Slump Zone                                      33            13
               188 WT Wetland                                             5           2
                                   Subtotal-                           225           91
           .19 '01pen Land. Other

            ---.191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192 Urban Open Lots                                        2           1
               193 Outdoor Recreation
               194 Cemaeteries    Subtotal                                2           1

                                                                Total Acres           456
                                                                Total Hectares        185

            Sh2reline Modifications                                         Linear
                                                                       Feet        Mete%,s,,
               195 Sea Walls                                           3858          1176
               196 Revetments                                          2994           9 1
               197 Groins                                         P of Groins     2
             .198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                           # of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
         .County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: City of Oak Creek
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T5N R22E   SEC 13         T5N R23E SEC 31
                          SEC 24
                          SEC 25
                          SEC 36







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
          13 Industrial        Subtotal

            138 Industrial Park                14            29          12












                                                                     Area
                                             of strUctures      Acres     Hectares

           14 Trans3ortation

              1.41 Air Transportation
              1.42 Rail Transportation                           <1          <1
              1.43 Water Transportation
              3.43.1 Private Marina
              1.43.2 Public Boat Landing
              1.44 Highways
              3.45 Communications
              3.46 Utilities
              1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant          65           147          60
              3.48 Landfill                                      15           6
                                Subtotal           65           162          66


           17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit                                        2           1
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal                      2           1


           18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                            102          41
              182 AG Agriculture Active            3             38          16
              183 F  Forest                                      69          28
              184 H  Heath                                        1           1
              185 OW Open Water                                  <1          <I
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone                                  49          20
              188 WT Wetland                                      6           2
                                Subtotal           3            264         107


           19 Open Land, Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                  1              3           1
              193 Outdoor Recreation
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal           1              3           1


                                                          Total Acres         461L
                                                          Total Hectares      187


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Met ws
              195 Sea Walls                                      5419        165.2
              196 Revetments                                     3613        1102
              197 Groins                                       of Groins    1
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks










                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992

                                     Civil Jurisdiction
                                     Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Milwaukee
           Township, Village or City name: City of St. Francis
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                 T6N R22E SEC 14
                            SEC 15
                            SEC 23
                            SEC 24







                                -.-----LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                      Area
                                              of structures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             111  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             -112 Res. units                       2                2
                  garages
                 ..sheds, .
             -113 Res. units                      60                             6
                  garages                         38
                  sheds                            9
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                               Subtotal           109              17            7


           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist        3                1          <1
             126 Institutional                    13               33          13
                                  Subtotal        16               34          14

           13 Indu trial
             138 .. Industria.1-Park^'"            3                1          <1













                                                                                     Area
                                                       of structlares          kcxes        Hectares

             14 Transj2@rtation

               141 Air Transportation
               142 Rail Transportation
               143 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina
               143.2 Public Boat Landing
               144 Highways
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities                                 24                 41             17
               147 Sewage Treatment Plant
               148 Landfill
                                      Subtotal               24                 41             17

             17 Extractive

               171   Open Pit
               172   Underground
               173   Well
               179   Oth .er Extractive     Subtotal

             'iS'Aaricultural and Natural

               181   kF  Abandoned Field                                        29             12
             ,.--,--182 AG Agriculture Active                                   30             12
               183   F   Forest                                                  5              2
               184   H   Heath
             ---185  OW  Open Water                                              6              2
               186   RL  Rock Ledge
             ---..-187 SL Slump Zone                                             7              3
               188   WT  Wetland                                                 1           -<1
                                      Subtotal                                  77             31
             V@ 012en Land. Other

               -191  Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192   Urban Open Lots                                             1             <1
               193   outdoor Recreation                                         39             16
               194   Cemeteries       Subtotal                          -- ----- 40            16

                                                                       Total    Acres           208
                                                                       Total    Hectares          84

             Shoreline Modifications                                                 Linear
                                                                                Feet          Meters
               195 Sea Walls                                                      61              19-,
               196 Revetments                                                   3234            986-
               197 Groins                                                 # of Groins
             -..-.198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                               # of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Milwaukee
           Township, Village or City name: City of St. Francis
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T6N R22E   SEC 14
                           SEC is
                           SEC 23
                           SEC 24







                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                             of structures     Acres Area Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units                       1               1            1
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                      39             11--           4
                 garages                         45
                 sheds                            5
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds        Subtotal           90             12             5

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist       4                1         <1
             126 Institutional                    8             45           18
                                 Subtotal        12             45           18

           13 Industri_al

             138 Industrial Park                  3                1         <1






                                          of st,uctureg     Acres Area Hectares

          14 Transiortation

            141 Air, Transportation
            142 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            143.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities                      3              1          1
            147 Seurage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill
                              Subtotal         3              1          1


          17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit                                     26         11
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal                   26         11

          18 Agricultural and Natural

            181 AF Abandoned Field                           56         23
            182 AG Agriculture Active
            183 F  Forest                                     7          3
            184 H  Heath
            185 OW Open Water
            186 RL Rock Ledge
            187 SL Slump Zone                                 2          1
            188 WT Wetland                                    7          3
                              Subtotal                       77         31


          19 ORen Land. Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192 Urban Open Lots                2             27         11
            193 Outdoor Recreation                           27         11
            194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal         2             54         22


                                                      Total  Acres       216
                                                      Total  Hectares     813


          Shoreline Modifications                                Linear
                                                             Feet      Meters
            195 Sea Walls                                     48          15
            196 Revetments                                   -7052      2151)
            197 Groins                                  # of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                   # of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
          Year: -1978             Summary Data  Sheet
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Shorewood
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T7N R22E SEC 3
                          SEC 10









                                  ][A,'= USECATEGORIES

                                                                Area
                                          of structures    Acres     Hectares


          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
           .112 Res. units
                 garages
           -- -  sheds
             113 Res. units                   291           99          40
                 garages                      103
                 sheds                         24
                 barns
             115 Res. units
             -   garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal         418            99         40


          12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                               Subtotal

          13 Industrial
         -7138 Industrial Park













                                                                    Area
                                                  -uctures
                                            of atz              Acres    Hect-aras

          14 Trans ortation

             1,41 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways                                        7           3
             145 Communications
             1.46 Utilities
             1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
             1,48 Landfill
                              Subtotal                           7           3

          17 9xtractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive   Subtotal

          18 &ckicultural and Ncitural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                              I          <1
           - 182 AG Agriculture Active
                 F  Forest                                      25          10
            .184 H  Heath
          -"..185 OW Open Water
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             -187 SL Slump Zone                                  I          <1
             188 WT Wetland
                              Subtotal.                         27          11

          19 Open  Land. Other

           ....-191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation                2.            5           2
             194 Cemeteries   Subtotal             2             5           2

                                                         Total Acres         13:3
                                                         Total Hectares       55

          Shoreline: Modifications                                  Linear
                                                                Zeet       Mgters
             195 Sea. Walls                                     1883         574
             196 Revetments                                      402
             197 Groins ,                                  # of (;roins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         of Docks   4









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Shorewood
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T7N R22E SEC 3
                         SEC 10










                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units                      3            2           1
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    276           99         40
                garages                       137
                sheds                          10
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal          426          i02         41

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal

          13 Indus rial

            138 Industrial Park






                                            of structures     Acres Area Hectares

           14 Transportation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways                                       7           3
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewrage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal                         7           3


           17 Extra!tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest                                     35          14
             184 H  Heath
             18-5 OW Open Water
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                  3           1
             188 WT Wetland    Subtotal                        38          15

           19 ORen  and. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation              1              5           2
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal                          5           2


                                                        Total Acres         151
                                                        Total Hectares      61


           Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                               Feet      Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                      761         232
             196 Revetments                                    1502         4513
             197 Groins                                     of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      of Docks    4










                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Milwaukee
           Township, Village or city name:     city of South Milwaukee
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T5N R22E SEC 1
                           SEC 12
                           SEC 13








                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                             of structures     Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             111  Res. units                       9              7           3
                  garages
                  sheds
             112  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             -1   Res. unit's                    156             44          18
                  garages                         80
                  sheds                           25
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                               Subtotal          270             51          21

          -Y@ C6imei6ial---'---

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124  Neighborhood Business  Dist
             126  Institutional
                                 Subtotal




             138  Industrial Park 1                              17            7













                                                                      Area
                                             of strUctUres      Acres      Hectare's

           14 TranMortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                  I             <1           <1
             143.2 Public Boat Landing             3               6           3
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities                         5               3           1
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant            4               7           3
             148 Landfill
                                Subtotal           13            17            7

           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive   Subtotal

           18 Actricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                              18            7
           -182  AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest                                       11            5
           .-.184H  Heath
           - 185 OW Open Water                                     1          <1
           -.186 RL Rock Ledge
                 SL Slump Zone                                   17            7
           -188  WT Wetland
                               Subtotal                          47           19

           19 ORen Land, other

            -191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                   2           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation                13           182           74
             194 Cemeteries    Subtotal           13            184           74

                                                          Total Acres          315
                                                           Total Hectares      128

           Shoreline-Modifications                                    Linear
                                                                 Feet        Meters,
             195 Sea Walls                                       1563          477 --
             196 Revetments                                      2107          642--
             197 Groins                                      # of-Groins   1
           -..-198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     # of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, village or City name: City of South Milwaukee
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T5N R22E SEC 1
                         SEC 12
                         SEC 13*pLANBYUSE CATEGORIES






                                          of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential


            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units                      9              7          3
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    144             39         16
                garages                        76
                sheds                          30
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         259             46         19


          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
          13 Industrial        Subtotal

            138 Industrial Park                 8             21          9






                                           of st-uctures     Acres Area Hectares

          14 Trans)ortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             1.43 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                              7          3
             143.2 Public Boat Landing           1             1          1
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant       12              8          3
             148 Landfill
                              Subtotal         13             16          6


          17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal


          18 Agriciltural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                           16          7
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183F   Forest                       1                        5
             184H   Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                 2          1
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump gone                                19          8
             188 WT Wetland                                   <1         <1
                              Subtotal           1            50         20


          19 Open Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation            16             171        69
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal         16             171        69


                                                       Total Acres        304
                                                       Total Hectares     12'--'l


          Shoreline-Modifications                                 Linear
                                                              Feet      Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                     393        120
             196 Revetments                                    585        178
             197 Groins                                    of Groins   3
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      of Docks         --










                 Lake Michigan.Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Whitefish Bay
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T7N R22E   SEC 3
               TSN R22E   SEC 29
                          SEC 33
                          SEC 34







                                  LAND USE  CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                         I of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds .
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            -113 Res. units                    694            233         94
                 garages                       250
                 sheds                          17
                 barns
             115 Res. units
             -   garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal          961            233         94

          12 Comm rcial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional                   2              1
                               Subtotal          2              1

          13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                 1                        <1














                                                                                         Area
                                                       I of at uctures             Acres       Hecta ts

              14 !transportation

                 1,11 Air Transportation
                 142 Rail Transportation
                 143 Water Transportation
                 143.1 Private Marina
                 143.2 Public Boat Landing
                 144 Highways                                                      12                5
                 145 Communications
                 146 utilities
                 147 Sewage Treatment Plant
                 1,48 Landfill
                                        Subtotal                                   12                5

              17 Extractive

                 171 Open Pit
                 172 Underground
                 173 Well
                 179 Other Extractive         Subtotal
             _i@_j@gricultural and Natural

                 181  AF   Abandoned Field
             _.__182  AG   Agriculture Active
                 183  F    Forest                                                  21                9
                      H    Heath
                 185  OW   Open Water
                 186  RL   Rock Ledge
                -.187 _SL  Slump Zone                                              36               14
               .188 WT     Wetland
                                        Subtotal                                   57               23

              14"-6,pen Land. Other

             ......,191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                 192 Urban Open Lots                                                  2              1
                 193 Outdoor Recreation                          2                    9              4
                 194 Cemeteries
                                        Subtotal                 2                 11                4


                                                                           Total   Acres             3141
                                                                           Total   Hectares          127

             -Shoreline Modifications                                                    Linear
                                                                                   FSet          Mete3Zg
                 195 Sea, Walls                                                    1729              527
                 196 Revetments                                                    3141              9511
                 197 Groins                                                     of Groins
                 198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                    I of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Milwaukee
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Whitefish Bay
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T7N R22E   SEC 3
               T8M R22E   SEC 28
                          SEC 33
                          SEC 34







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                   643            223          90
                 garages                      302
                 sheds                         24
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal         969            223          90

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      4              1           1
            126 Institutional                    1             1          <1
                               Subtotal         5              3           1


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                                 of st,uctures        Acres Area Hectares

            14 Trans)ortation

              141 Aix, Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              1.44 Highways                                             1          <1
              145 Communications
              1.46 Utilities
              1.47 Seurage Treatment Plant
              1.48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal                              1          <1


            17 Extra:tive

              1.71 Open Pit
              1.72 Underground
              1.73 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal


            18 Actricultural and Natural


              181  AF  Abandoned Field                                  3           1
              182  AG Agriculture Active
              183  F   Forest                                         43           18
              184  H   Heath
              185  OW  Open Water
              186  RL  Rock Ledge
              187  SL  Slump Zone                                     28           11---.
              188  WT  Wetland    Subtotal                            74           30

            19 Open Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation                                  21            9
              194 Cemeteries
                                  Subtotal                            21            9


                                                               Total  Acres         321.
                                                               Total  Hectares      130


            Shoreline Modifications                                        Linear
                                                                      Feet        Meters
              195 Sea Walls                                           2071          632:
              196 Revetments                                          8664         2641.
              197 Groins                                           of Groins     4
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                            of Docks




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