Assessing coastal development along Marinette County's Lake Michigan shoreline, 1978-1992

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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ASSESSING COASTAL
DEVELOPMENT ALONG
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MARINETTE COUNTY'S
LAKE MICHIGAN
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1978-1992
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William R. Niedzwiedz
V. De@artment of Public and
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Environmental Affairs
University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

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Acknowledgements

FUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
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Financial assistance for this ResearchIStudy Project was provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
Superior coastline for this and future generations.

The Project Team

This project required coordination and completion of several
steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
complete this project.

Brentt Michalek
Christopher Hanrahan
Shawn Reed
Wendy Zareczny
Christopher Wazny
John Rafferty
/Y@ Cheryl Schulz
I
or"l- Lori Pasterski
N) Tom Marchant

Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
special recognition as part of the project team.

Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION * * * * * * * * * * * * , * * * , * * * I

PROJECT GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

-PROJECT METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Aerial Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Project Aerial Photos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Photo Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Aerial Photo Interpretation (API) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Residential Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Commercial and Industrial Land . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . 6
Industrial Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Transportation Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Extractive Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Agricultural and Natural Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Open and Other Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Shoreline Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential . . . 11

THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE
COASTAL ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
TALLY OF DATA . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . 12
LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR . . . . . . . . . . 13
Photo Scale and Enlargements . : : : : * . . * 13
"Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Ph@tog@ap'hy . . . . 14
Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Incomplete Photo'Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
missing Photo coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary . . . . . . . . . 15
Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme 15
Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural v;.*U@ba*n
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

RESULTS * * * * * * * , , * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , * * 16
Marinette County Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Residential Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Commercial and Industrial Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Transportation Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Agricultural and Natural Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Open and Other Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Shoreline Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Results by Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
City of Marinette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Town of Peshtigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

APPENDIX 25

LIST OF TABLES
'Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests . . . 17

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure: 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2

Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsinfs
Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

INTRODUCTION

The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
requirements defined the types of data to be collected..
Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
requires a temporal analysis of structural-development and
shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
This report documents both the original and amended contract
to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
of the original.

PROJECT GOALS

Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
- Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
- Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
modification of the shorelines
- Develop a database of built structures for 1992
Additional goals included:
- Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
1992
- Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
1992

STUDY AREA

The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
shoreline. Accordingly,'the study area represents a 1,000f wide

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Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior
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zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
coastline.

PROJECT METHODS

Aerial Photography

Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
method of documentation, and trained personnel.
Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993).. Specific applications to
urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
(Marsh et al., 1990).
Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
Joint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
fluctuating water levels.
Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
seasonal timing. Scarpace-et al. (1981) used digitized aerial
photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
vegetation change using aerial photos.
Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
Minnesota. 'Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

examine Wrban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
Batie, 19134) .

Project Aerial Photos

In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of ]Engineers (USACE) obtained
panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the
Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and.
Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
flown at a scale of 1:6000 (111 = 5001) and enlargements made at
1:24100 (1111 = 200"). The 1978 photos were taken April 16". The
1992 photos were flown May 13'b.
Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
and flown at the same scale, the USAC'E photos of 1978 and 1992
were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented with
the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
photo.
Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
line #1 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The:
northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight.
line and photo number.
Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
1,800 pho-tos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
Illinois border.

Photo Preparation

Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
interpretation included the following:
1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
required.
3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
are, road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects

that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
mapping applications.
4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
work. ines (red ink).
5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section 1
6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
ink). A divider was used to scribe a line 10001 away and
parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
shoreline.
8* Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
additional discussion.

Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
are tallied by type for 1992.
Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
were counted. CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

Residential Land

All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
other classification types as well.

111 Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
stru;-ture of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
type.

112 Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
would be included in the type.

113 Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
architecturally balanced structure.

115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
for mobile units.

Commercial and Industrial Land

Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
district. Each type includes all building structures, access
roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
associated with each type.

121 Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
vegetation is rare.

122 Shopping Center/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
development and malls. Structures can range from large,
flat, roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
structures.

124 Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
areas. The type may be found in established or newer
subdivision areas. NBD.structures can range from
conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
areas.

126 Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
"grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
When located within the CBD, public buildings without
$$grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
would be classified as commercial (121).

Industrial Land

138 Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
industrial use areas.
Heavy industrial land contains facilities for.the
manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
Light industrial land contains facilities for the
manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
products such as ele 'ctronics, appliances, and other
secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
light industries are well landscaped and are
indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
photographs.

Transportation Land

141 Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
areas and adjacent open areas.

142 Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
such as tank farms.

143 Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
related land-based facilities for water transportation and
commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
buildings and parking areas.

143.1 Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
residential land are designated as private marinas. Often
such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
waterway.

143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
areas.

144 Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, suth
roads are four or more lanes wide., Local streets are not
included in this type.

145 Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
communications. These include radio/television towers,
lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

146 Utilities. This type includes facilities for the productiat'l
and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
buildings, towers, roads/parking- facilities.and, in the case
of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

147 Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in th.-lis
type.

148 Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
roads.

Extractive Land Use

171 Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
includes access roads and any structures.

172 Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
would be limited to small structures and access roads.

173 Well.. Features associated with wells are limited.
Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
difficult.

179 Other Extractive Uses.

Agricultural and Natural Land

181 Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and,grass are
abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If tree
crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
classified as forest.

182 Agriculture Active (AG).. Tilled or tillable crop land which
is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
maintained. The land supporting. farm buildings is included
as part of this type.

183 Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous or
mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
less t'han 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
field.

184 Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

185 Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
establish such a line.

186 Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
County.

187 Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
beach. Slump zones begin'at the bluff line and slope down
to the beach.

188 Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
forested wetlands. Each is described below.
Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
growing season.
Shrub swamRs often have waterlogged soil during the
growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
Surface water is present only for a short period during the
spring.
Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
plant community, including most of the following: heath
shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
completely waterlogged and often covered with up to six
inches of wate*r during the growing season. The predominant
vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
grasses ana sedges present. The type is common to open
water bodies.
PeeR marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered by,
or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water,
lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
present.
. Igrested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
"leaves-on" photography.

Open and Other Land

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly

192 Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle.,
in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type
includes land which has been cleared for urban development
of an unknown use.

193 Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
.the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
buildings and otherrelated facilities.

194 Cemeteries

Shoreline Modification

Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
protection for their-boats. Groinsi large rock structures
perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin's
Lake Michigan shoreline.

195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear

features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
or interlocking sheet steel.

196 Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

197 Groins ( * [red) ). Groins are.large rock structures built
perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
similar to revetments.

198 Non-Flow-Through Dock (blue] Such docks are
permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
and well defined.

structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
the area of the building"s "footprint." The selected rectangle
then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
(relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
linear (shoreline modification) and point (urban structures,
groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
point.where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

1992, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

MEASUREMENT OF AREA,, LINE AND POINT
TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
modification) measurements were made using the hardware/software
facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
Bay. Photo acetate overlays were affixed to large-format
digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
to acres/hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
modif ications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
of modification.
Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
'designations as.well, and documented permanently on each acetate
overlay.

TALLY OF DATA

Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Sumnavr
Data (Appendix).
PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however,, up to four (4]1
siactions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
location. Also recorded were number of residential, commerciall
industrial. and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
by type, linear distance of sea-walls and revetments, and the
number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
. Civi Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
name of. civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
structure count data discussed above.
County Summary Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and

LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
Copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
of the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
for this study. Limitations and errors.associated with the
photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
(1978 and 1992).

Photo Scale and Enlargements

All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
the original photos.
Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections-within
each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to
-13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no

means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range!
of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that:
1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual)-of coastal zone area could be
reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

"Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography

There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
"leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
the goals. of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
Roads can be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
lots landscaped and managed as residentia '1 land. Leaved canopies
increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.
Land uses; and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
single family residential and wetland.

Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
represent. photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can ble
used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
interpr'etive accuracy of most land use, structural and.shorelinie
features..

Incomplete Photo Coverage

For this study, the coastal zone is-defined as a 10001 strip
of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
photo coverage did not include,all shoreland within 1000" of the
water. As a result, total land a 'rea is underrepresented, the
exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by

14-'

reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
year.

Missing Photo Coverage

occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
missing was estimated by reference to photos*of the other flight
year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
not represented on photos remain unknown.

Location of 1000f Coastal Zone Boundary

On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April'of 1978
Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
insignificant, co'uld have shifted substantially landward the
shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
included in the 1978 coastal zone.

Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

The width or.extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
measurements of land use types were made only for those types
lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
about five (5) acres per photo.

Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
Development

As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and
erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline

location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
"offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in an
area to be all residential and that b, 1992 100 acres of lake
Y
water is filled to develop commercial land. A I'lakeward" shift
in 'the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
filled for commercial use. However, 'this "shift" in the
shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
of :residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw' statistics misleadingly
suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
make room for 100 acres of commercial use.
Marinette County Statistics RESULTS

Marinette County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
coastal zone include the township of Peshtigo and-the city of
Marinette. The area measured within the coastal zone of
Marinette County was 1,759 acres (712 ha) in.1978 and 1,644 acres
(666 ha) in 1992.' This represents a difference of 155 acres (46
ha) or 8.8%. The discrepancy likely is the result of errors
inherent in the enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on pages'121
through 15. Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted oil
the linear accuracy of the Marinette County photos. Results of
tests applied to the 1992 photos indicate close agreement (-1.71@)
with USGS measurements. However, results of tests applied to the
1978 photos indicate an error of +9.6%.
Statistical summaries for Marinette County and all
communities included in this study are located in the Appendix.
Summary data sheets present land use types by area, structural
counts by type (1992), shoreline modification types by-length,
and a count of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected
at the PLSS section level. While the section level data sheets
are not included in this report, copies are available upon
written request.

Residential Land

Within the coastal zone of Marinette County, 631 residential
structures were identified on 388 acres (157 ha) of land. of tl.'Ie
total were 541 residential units (single family or duplexes), 1:22
detached garages, 162 sheds and (6) barns. Since the 1992 photos
are "leaves-on," these*numbers likely underestimate the actual
number of structures and area devoted to residential uses. In
1978, 372 acres (151 ha) of residential land were measured.

Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests

Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

1978 1992
County Enlarged Photos Enlarged Photos
(1:24001 (1:2400)

Brown' -0.4% -8.5%
0.03% -5.5%

Door 1.3% -1.1%
3.9% -3.6%

Kenosha -2.5% -9.0%
3.1% -1.6%

Kewaunee '-1.5% -5.4-%
2.1% -9.6%

Manitowoc -1.7% -6.4%
2.0% -7.4%

Marinette (one test) 9.6% -1.7%

Milwaukee -4.9% -6.9%
-5.3% 1.9%

Oconto 2.9% -10.8%
8.5% -13.1%

Ozaukee 0.2% -5.7%
1.3% -4.4%

Racine -3.0% -5.0%
2.2% -0.8%

Sheboygan -2.5% -1.2%
4.6% -3.0%

Mean 0.95% -5.18%

Range -5.3% to 9.6% -13.1% to 1.9%

Commercial and Industrial Land

Commercial land represented 31 acres (12.5 ha) in 1978 and
35 acres (14 ha) in 1992. Twenty-one (21) commercial structures
were noted within the coastal zone.
Industrial land covered 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) and 8.7 acres
(3.5 ha) in 1978 and 1992, respectively. Photo scale could
account for the reported .8 acre (.3 ha) loss.

Transportation Land

Four (4) structures were located on 15 acres (6 ha) of
transportation land in 1992. In 1978, about (3) acres (1.2 ha)
of transportation land were reported.

Agricultural and Natural Land

Overall, 139 acres (56 ha) of agricultural and natural lands
were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that continues
nationally. Land actively being cultivated remained nearly
stable. Abandoned fields decreased in area by 52 acres (21 ha)
while forest land increased by 10 acres (4 ha). Such a trend
would be expected, given farmland abandonment.
Also of note is a 124 acre (50 ha) decline of wetland type.13.
The loss could be actual and attributed to both urban developmel,-It
and the nine (9) inch rise in.'Lake Michigan water level.
However,*a portion of the lose could be attributed to the
underestimation of wetlands while using "leaves-on" photos.

Open and Other Lands

Open and other land uses remained stable over the study
period. Minor losses of area were noted in both the urban open
lot and outdoor recreation types.

Shoreline Modifications

Ostensibly, sea walls "and revetments are used to protect
shorelines from erosion. significant increases of both types of
structures were reported. In 1978, 1,723 feet (525 m) of sea
wall. were reported compared to 2,954 feet (901 m) in 1992,
representing an increase of 1,231 feet (375 m). However, far
more significant is the 14,923 foot (4,550 m), 130% increase in
revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
measured at 11,447 feet (3,490 m) in 1978 and 26,370 feet (8,040,
m) in 1992.

Results by Community

City of Marinette

Land within Marinette0s coastal zone was measured at 234
acres (95 ha) in 1978 and 213 acres (86 ha) in 1992. The source
of the difference (21 acres, 8.5 ha) 'could be photo scale
anomalies as discussed above.
In 1992, 252 residential structures were located on 63 acres
(25.5 ha) of land. Most of these structures (186) were single
family or duplex. -In 1978, 53 acres (21 ha) of residential land
were reported.
commercial area increased by 6.3 acres (2.6 ha) over the
study period, the most significant change being a 5.4 acre (2-2
ha) increase in business district. Results indicate that
industrial park land remained virtually unchanged.
No transportation land was tallied in 1978. However, over
12 acres (4.9 ha) were noted for 1992, all dedicated to boat
landing.
Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 141 acres (57
ha) in 1978 to 101 acres (41 ha) in 1992. Forest land'declined
by 14 acres (5.7 ha) or 51%.
Wetlands lost the most area of any type within the natural
lands category, from 100 acres '(41 ha) in 1978 to 62 acres (25
ha) in 1992.
Two open/other land types showed change during the period
studied. Urban open lot areas decreased from (4) acres (1.6 ha)
in 1978 to 1.5 acres (.6 ha) in 1992, suggesting the process of
infilling is occurring along near-shore lots. The outdoor
recreation type also decreased from 8.9 acres (3.6 ha) in 1978 to
(3) acres (1.2 ha) in 1992.
From 1978 to 1992, significant shoreline modification has
occurred within the city. Sea wall construction increased by 528
feet (161 m) or 194%, from 272 feet (83 m) to 800 feet (244 m).
Likewise, revetment construction increased from 2,697 feet (822
m) to 6,472 feet (1,973 m), an increase of 3,775 feet (1,151 m)
or 140%.
No groins or non-flow-through docks were recorded for either
study year.

Town of Peshtigo

Coastal zone area within the township was measured at 1,525
acres (618 ha) in 1978 and 1,431 acres (580 ha) in 1992, a
difference of 38 acres (15.4 ha). The town of Peshtigo was one
of those tested for linear accuracy of photo coverage. Using
USGS maps at 1:24000, measurements taken from the 1978 photos
deviated by +9.6% from the USGS basis. The 1992 photos deviated
by only -1.7% from the USGS basis.
In 1992, a total of 579 residential structures were
identified on 325 acres (132 ha) of residential land. of these,
355 were of single family/duplex type.

In 1992, eight (8) commercial structures were located on
12.4 acres (5 ha) of commercial land. The total area represents,
a modest decrease from 1978. No industrial land was identified
for either study year. Land devoted to transportation virtually
remained unchanged at just under (3) acres (1.2 ha) for each
study year.
Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 1,148 acres
(465 ha) to 1,050 acres (425 ha) for the period studied. Within
the category changes include a 54 acre (22 ha) decrease in
abandoned, field and a 25 acre (10 ha) increase in forest land.
Wetlands lost 86 acres (35 ha), dropping from 786 acres (319 ha)
in 1978 to 700 acres (283 ha) in 1992.
Total open and other lands remained unchanged over the study
period.
Shoreline modifications increased significantly during the
14 year period studied. Sea walls increased by 703 feet (214 m)
during the period. However, revetment construction increased
considerably, from 8,750 feet.(2,668 m) to 19,898 feet (6,066 m)
or by 11,148 feet (3,399 m).

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Boge, W.E., A.C. Crone and R.J. Ondrejka, 1992. Primary data
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Carlson, H., L.M. Andrews and C.W. Threinen, 1977. Surface Water
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Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial Photography.
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Dresen, M. and M.E. Vollbrecht, 1986. Wisconsin's shoreland
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Eastman-Kodak, 1974. Photography from Light Planes and
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APPENDIX
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1 25
I

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

County Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1978
County: Marinette
Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
order).

City of Marinette
Town of Peshtigo

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

Res. units
_.garages
sheds
-.112 Res. units 1 1 1
garages 1
. sheds
___113 Res. units.- 431 371 150
garages 98
sheds 134
barns 2
115 Res. units
garages
- sheds
Subtotal 667 73 151
i2 6om@ercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
.124 Neighborhood Business Dist 18 30 12
126 Institutional I <1
Subtotal 18 31 12
1,3- '1 dustrial

138 Industrial Park 1 10 4

Area
I of structures Acres Hectares.

14 Trans3ortation

1.41 Air Transportation
1.42 Rail Transportation
2.43 Water Transportation
1.43. 1 Private Marina
1.43.2 Public Boat Landing 3
2.44 Highways
1.45 Communications
2.46 Utilities
2.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
2.48 Landf ill
Subtotal 1 3 1

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Otlier Extractive
Subtotal

18 =i iltural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 97 39
-.-.--182 AG Agriculture Active, 42 17
183 F Forest 211 85
2.84 H Heath 12 5
_-185 OW Open Water 43 17
--..-.-186 RL Rock Ledge
--187 SL Slump Zone
-188 WT Wetland. 886 359
Subtotal 12 9 0 522
1@-&i@en land. Other

----.-191 outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 12 5
193 Outdoor Recreation 4 42 17
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 4 55 22

Total Acres 1759,
Total Hectares 712

Shorelin@ Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 1723 525 . .1
196 Revetments 11447 3490.
2.97 Groins I of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through f of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

County Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Marinette
Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
order).

City of Marinette
Town of Peshtigo

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 541 388 157
garages 122
sheds 162
barns 6
115 Res. units
garages
sheds
Subtotal 831 388 157

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 20 34 14
126 Institutional 1 2 1
Subtotal 21 35 14

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park 9 4

I of st-uctures Acres Area Hectares

14 Transiortation

141 Aix, Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing 15 6
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities
147 Seurage Treatment Plant
148 Landfill Subtotal 4 15 6

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 45 18
182 AG Agriculture Active 48 19
183 F Forest 221 90
184 H Heath 31 12
185 OW Open Water 43 is
186 RL Rock Ledge 3 1
187 SL Slump Zone
188 WT Wetland Subtotal 762 309
1151 466

19 Open I.Jand, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 8 3
193 Outdoor Recreation 38 16
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 46 19

Total Acres 1644
Total Hectares 666,

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 2954 901'.
196 Revetments 26370 8040
197 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1978
County: Marinette
Township, Village or City name: City of Marinette
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T30N R24E SEC 4
SEC 8
SEC 9
SEC 17

LAND USE CATEGORIES

Area
I of structures Acres Hect@res

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
Res. units
_garages
sheds
113 Res. units. 78 53 22
garages 11
sheds 10
barns
115 Res. units
garages

Subtotal 99 53 22
---12 -C"o.-m-m-ercial

121 Central Business Dist
---122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 6 16 7
126 Institutional 1 <1
Subtotal 6 17 7

t 'a
.-.138. Inaustrial Park- 10 4

Area
14 Trans)ortation of str .uctures Acres Hectares

3.41 Air Transportation
3.42 Rail Transportation
3.43 Water Transportation
3.43. 1 Private Marina <1
3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
3.44 Highways
145 Communications
3.46 Utilities
3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
3.48 Landf ill
Subtotal <1 <1

17 Extra,.tive

3.71 Open Pit
3.72 Underground
3.7 3 Wel 1
3.79 Other Extractive Subtotal
ii-icrric iltural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 6 2
182 AG Agriculture Active
183 F Forest 28 _11
3.84H Heath 5 2
OW Open Water 3 1
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone
188 WT Wetland 100 40
Subtotal 141 57

-.19 Open band. Other

-191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 4 2
193 Outdoor Recreation 2 9 4
194 Cemeteries Subtotal 2 13 5

Total Acres 234
Total Hectares 95

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 272 8 3
196 Revetments 2697-- 82--,L.
197 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through f of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Marinette
Township, Village or City name: City of Marinette
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T30N R24E SEC 4
SEC 8
SEC 9
SEC 17

LAND USE CATEGORIES
of structures Acr?,s Area Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 186 63 26
garages 32
sheds 34
barns
115 Res. units
garages
sheds Subtotal 252 63 26

12 Commercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 12 21 9
126 Institutional 1 2 1
Subtotal 13 23 9

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park 1 9 4

Area
of st uctures Acres Hectares

14 Transortation

141 Air Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing 2 12 5
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities
147 Sewage Treatment Plant
148 Landfill
Subtotal 2: 12 5

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agricultural and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 7 3
182 AG Agriculture Active
183 F Forest 13 5
184 H Heath is 7
185 OW Open Water <1 <1
186 RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone
188 WT Wetland 62 25
Subtotal 101 41

19 Open and, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 2 1
193 Outdoor Recreation 3 1
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 5 2

Total Acres 213
Total Hectares 86

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Meters
195 Sea Walls 800 244
196 Revetments 6472 1973..
1.97 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1978
County: Marinette
Township, Village or City name: Town of Peshtigo
PLSS section data sheets included-An summaKy (give full
description):

T29N R23E SEC 13 T29N R24E SEC 6
SEC 14 SEC 7
SEC 15 SEC 18
SEC 16 T30N R24E SEC 17
SEC 19 SEC 18
SEC 20 SEC 19
SEC 21 SEC 20
SEC 22 SEC 30
SEC 23 SEC 31
SEC 24
LAND USE CATEGORIES
Area
I of structures Acres Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units 1 1 1
garages
sheds
Res. units 353 318 129
garages 87
sheds 124
barns 2
115 Res. units
garages
sheds
Subtotal 568 319 129

'i2 'c6imercial

121 Central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 12 14 6
126 Institutional
Subtotal 12 14 6

Industrial

138 Industrial Park

Area
14 TransRortation of structures Acres Hectares.

141 Air Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
143 Water Transportation
143.1 Private Marina
143.2 Public Boat Landing _i 3 1
144 Highways
145 Communications
146 Utilities
147 Sewage Treatment Plant
148 Landf ill
Subtotal 1 3 1

17 Extractive

171 Open Pit
172 Underground
173 Well
179 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Acrricultural-and Natural

181 AF Abandoned Field 91 37
.182 AG Agriculture Active 42 17
F Forest 183 74
...-184 H Heath 6 3
-.-.-185 OW Open Water 39 16
RL Rock Ledge
187 SL Slump Zone
188 WT Wetland 786 319
Subtotal 1148 465

19 01 2en Land, Other

191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 8 3
193 Outdoor Recreation 2 33 13
194 Cemeteries
Subtotal 2 41 17

Total Acres 152.5
Total Hectares 63.8

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet Mete:gs ,
195 Sea Walls 1451 4 4.:L_
196 Revetments 8750 2 6 6_1 L
197 Groins # of-Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through # of Docks

Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
1978 - 1992

Civil Jurisdiction
Summary Data Sheet

Year: 1992
County: Marinette
Township, Village or City name: Town of Peshtigo
PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
description):

T29N R23E SEC 13 T29N R24E SEC 6
SEC 14 SEC 7
SEC 15 SEC 18
SEC 16 T30N R24E SEC 17
SEC 19 SEC 18
SEC 20 SEC 19
SEC 21 SEC 20
SEC 22 SEC 30
SEC 23 SEC 31
SEC 24
LAND USE CATEGORIES
of structures Acres Area Hectares

11 Residential

111 Res. units
garages
sheds
112 Res. units
garages
sheds
113 Res. units 355 325 131
garages 90
sheds 128
barns 6
115 Res. units
garages
sheds Subtotal 579 325 131

12 Commercial

121 central Business Dist
122 Shopping Center/Mall
124 Neighborhood Business Dist 8 12 5
126 Institutional
Subtotal 8 12 5

13 Industrial

138 Industrial Park

of st,uctures Acres Area Hectares

14 Trans)ortation

141 Air Transportation
142 Rail Transportation
1,43 Water Transportation
1.43.1 Private Marina
1.43.2 Public Boat Landing 2 3 1
1.44 Hic hways
1,45 Communications
1.46 Utilities
1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
1.48 Landf ill
Subtotal 2 3 1

17 Extractive

1.71 Open Pit
1.72 Underground
1.73 Well
1.79 Other Extractive
Subtotal

18 Agriciltural and Natural

1.81 AF Abandoned Field 38 15
182 AG Agriculture Active 48 19
183 F Forest 208 84
184 H Heath 12 5
2.85 OW Open Water 43 .17
186 RL Rock Ledge 3 1
187 SL Slump Zone
188 WT Wetland 700 283
Subtotal 1050 425

19 Open Land. Other

3.91 Outdoor-Public Assembly
192 Urban Open Lots 6 3
193 Outdoor Recreation 35 14
194 cemeteries
Subtotal 42 17

Total Acres 1433.
Total Hectares 58CI

Shoreline Modifications Linear
Feet -Meters
195 Sea Walls 2154 65-7.
196 Revetments 19898 6067_
197 Groins of Groins
198 Dock Non-Flow-Through of Docks

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