[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]



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                                    ASSESSING COASTAL
                                 DEVELOPMENT ALONG
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                                 MARINETTE COUNTY'S
                                          LAKE MICHIGAN
                                                  SHORELINE:
                                                      1978-1992
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                                               William R. Niedzwiedz
                          V.                De@artment of Public and
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                                               Environmental Affairs
                                   University of Wisconsin-Green Bay






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          Acknowledgements


             FUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
                                                 0

          Financial assistance for this ResearchIStudy Project was provided
          by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
          administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
          Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
          pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
          MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

          THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
          Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
          COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
          protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
          Superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                  The Project Team

          This project required coordination and completion of several
          steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
          interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
          preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
          complete this project.

             Brentt Michalek
             Christopher Hanrahan
             Shawn Reed
             Wendy Zareczny
             Christopher Wazny
             John Rafferty
   /Y@       Cheryl Schulz
 I
   or"l-     Lori Pasterski
   N)        Tom Marchant


          Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
          preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
          manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
          special recognition as part of the project team.

          Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
          Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
          project.











                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS


           INTRODUCTION *             * * *  * * * * * *   * * , * * * , * * *      I


           PROJECT GOALS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          1


           STUDY AREA    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          1


           -PROJECT METHODS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          3
              Aerial Photography    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         3
              Project Aerial Photos      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        4
              Photo Preparation     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         4
              Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)       . . . . . . . . . . . .       5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         5
              Residential Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         5
              Commercial and Industrial Land      . . . . . .   ; . . . . . . .     6
              Industrial Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         7
              Transportation Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         7
              Extractive Land Use     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         8
              Agricultural and Natural     Land   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       8
              Open and Other Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        10
              Shoreline Modification     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       10
              Structures - Industrial,     Commercial and Residential      . . .   11

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       11

           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND     POINT   TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE
              COASTAL ZONE   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         12
           TALLY OF DATA   . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .        12
           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR                . . . . . . . . . .     13
              Photo Scale and Enlargements . : : : :       *          . .       *  13
              "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial       Ph@tog@ap'hy  . . . .   14
              Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage        . . . . . . . . . . .     14
              Incomplete Photo'Coverage      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       14
              missing Photo coverage     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       15
              Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary        . . . . . . . . .     15
              Lack of Beach Type in Classification       Scheme                    15
              Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural v;.*U@ba*n
                Development    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         15

           RESULTS * * * * * * * , , * * * * *      * *  * * *  * * * *  * , *  *  16
              Marinette County Statistics      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       16
                Residential Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        16
                Commercial and Industrial Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . .      18
                Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       18
                Agricultural and Natural     Land   . . . . . . . . . . . . .      18
                Open and Other Lands     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       18
                Shoreline Modifications      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       18
              Results by Community    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        19
                City of Marinette     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        19
                Town of Peshtigo    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        19

           REFERENCES    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         21










          APPENDIX                                                        25


          LIST OF TABLES
             'Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests   . . .    17

          LIST OF FIGURES
             Figure: 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
               Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      :2









                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsinfs
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

              The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
              Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected..
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of structural-development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
              This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

              Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
            - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
            - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
            -   Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
            - Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
                1992
            -   Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                     STUDY AREA

              The project study area  comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly,'the study area represents a 1,000f wide































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                   Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake                           Superior
                                                                                               130












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                                                                                            @OSHA

                                                              2









         zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
         coastline.


                                  PROJECT METHODS

         Aerial Photography

              Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
         clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
         meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
         current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
         method of documentation, and trained personnel.
              Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
         natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
         and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
         al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993).. Specific applications to
         urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
         nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
         erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
         urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
         1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
         property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
         (Marsh et al., 1990).
              Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
         urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
         1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
         aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
         change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
         zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
         Joint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
         features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
         Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
         assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
         fluctuating water levels.
              Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
         forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
         uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
         such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
         to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
         spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
         possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
         seasonal timing. Scarpace-et al. (1981) used digitized aerial
         photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
         and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
         vegetation change using aerial photos.
              Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
         coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
         photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
         Minnesota. 'Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
         aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
         al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
         change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                         3









          examine Wrban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
          Batie, 19134) .

          Project Aerial Photos

               In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of ]Engineers (USACE) obtained
          panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the
          Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
          photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and.
          Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
          flown at a scale of 1:6000 (111 = 5001) and enlargements made at
          1:24100 (1111 = 200"). The 1978 photos were taken April 16". The
          1992 photos were flown May 13'b.
               Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
          and flown at the same scale, the USAC'E photos of 1978 and 1992
          were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
          individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
          Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
          incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented     with
          the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
          photo.
               Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
          line #1 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The:
          northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight.
          line and photo number.
               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
          flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
          photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
          photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
          photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
          coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
          1,800 pho-tos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
          900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
          shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
          Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
          about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
          Illinois border.

          Photo Preparation

               Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
          all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
          acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
          interpretation included the following:
             1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
             2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                required.
             3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
                are, road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                           4









               that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
               mapping applications.
            4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
               These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
               adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
               boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
               work.                                ines (red ink).
            5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section 1
            6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
            7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
               ink). A divider was used to scribe a line 10001 away and
               parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
               cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
               dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
               shoreline.
            8* Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
               slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
               were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
               classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
               the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
               additional discussion.

         Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

              The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
         complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
         classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
         complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
         modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
         Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
         residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
         agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
         been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
         have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
         are tallied by type for 1992.
              Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
         revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
         Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
         and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
         were counted.         CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

         Residential Land

              All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
         area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
         by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
         the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
         other classification types as well.



                                         5









          111  Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               stru;-ture of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113  Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               for mobile units.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Center/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat, roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type   denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD.structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






                                          6










          126  Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted    to
               public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
               churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
               "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
               When located within the CBD, public buildings without
               $$grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
               would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138  Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
               industrial use areas.
                 Heavy industrial land contains facilities for.the
               manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
               processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
               petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
               large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
               transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
               interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                 Light industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
               products such as ele 'ctronics, appliances, and other
               secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
               material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
               light industries are well landscaped and are
               indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
               photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141  Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
               associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
               areas and adjacent open areas.

          142  Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
               freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
               passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
               such as tank farms.

          143  Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
               several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
               related land-based facilities for water transportation and
               commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
               marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
               buildings and parking areas.

          143.1  Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                 residential land are designated as private marinas. Often
                 such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                 and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                 waterway.


                                           7









          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                  launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                  ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                  areas.

          144   Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
                corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, suth
                roads are four or more lanes wide., Local streets are not
                included in this type.

          145   Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
                communications. These include radio/television towers,
                lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146   Utilities. This type includes facilities for the productiat'l
                and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
                buildings, towers, roads/parking- facilities.and, in the case
                of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147   Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
                parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in th.-lis
                type.

          148   Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
                type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
                by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
                roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171   Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
                extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
                includes access roads and any structures.

          172   Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
                extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
                would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173   Well.. Features associated with wells are limited.
                Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
                difficult.


          179   Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181   Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
                reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and,grass    are
                abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If    tree
                crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
                classified as forest.



                                            8









          182  Agriculture Active (AG).. Tilled or tillable crop     land which
               is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
               on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
               maintained. The land supporting. farm buildings is included
               as part of this type.

          183  Forest (F). Areas of    forest, deciduous, coniferous or
               mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
               less t'han 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
               field.

          184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
               shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

          185  Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
               and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
               during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
               located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
               edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
               railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
               establish such a line.

          186  Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
               within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
               County.

          187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
               beach. Slump zones begin'at the bluff line and slope down
               to the beach.

          188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
               wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
               swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
               forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                 Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
               stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
               herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
               water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
               growing season.
                 Shrub swamRs often have waterlogged soil during the
               growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
               present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
               dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                 Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
               Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
               Surface water is present only for a short period during the
               spring.
                 Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
               plant community, including most of the following: heath
               shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
               black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
               of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                            9









                 Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to six
               inches of wate*r during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses ana sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                 PeeR marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water,
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
               . Igrested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               "leaves-on" photography.

          Open and Other Land

          191  Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192  Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle.,
               in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type
               includes land which has been cleared for urban development
               of an unknown use.

          193  Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
              .the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
               buildings and otherrelated facilities.

          194 Cemeteries

          Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
          Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their-boats. Groinsi large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin's
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                          10










              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

         196  Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

         197  Groins ( * [red) ). Groins are.large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

         198  Non-Flow-Through Dock     (blue]     Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

         structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
         classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
         for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
         the area of the building"s "footprint." The selected rectangle
         then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
         (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
         counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
         comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
         the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
         linear (shoreline modification) and point (urban structures,
         groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
         symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
         represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
         identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
         natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
         area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
         types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
         revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
         at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
         modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
         between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
         IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
         section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
         before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
         shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
         symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
         point.where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

                                         11









         1992, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                         MEASUREMENT OF AREA,, LINE AND POINT
                       TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modification) measurements were made using the hardware/software
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay. Photo acetate overlays were affixed to large-format
         digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres/hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modif ications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as.well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                    TALLY OF DATA

              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Sumnavr
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however,, up to four (4]1
         siactions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commerciall
         industrial. and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea-walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
            . Civi Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of. civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              County Summary Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                          12












                          LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

              The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
          photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
          shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
          photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
          photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
              Copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
          available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
          of the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
          in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
          photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
          project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
          the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
          for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
          what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
          for this study. Limitations and errors.associated with the
          photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
          discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
              The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of   Error
          is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
          understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion   could
          apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
          of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
          to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
          (1978 and 1992).

          Photo Scale and Enlargements

              All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
          reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
          corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
          inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
          ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
          topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
          and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
          the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
          the original photos.
              Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
          photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
          tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections-within
          each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
          photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
          base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
          and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
          systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
          only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
          positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
          tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to
          -13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no

                                         13









          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range!
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that:
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual)-of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
          in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
          the goals. of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residentia '1 land. Leaved canopies
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.
          Land uses; and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
          represent. photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can ble
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpr'etive accuracy of most land use, structural and.shorelinie
          features..


          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is-defined as a 10001 strip
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include,all shoreland within 1000" of the
          water. As a result, total land a  'rea is underrepresented, the
          exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
          the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by


                                          14-'










          reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
          year.

          Missing Photo Coverage

               occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
          photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
          missing was estimated by reference to photos*of the other flight
          year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
          not represented on photos remain unknown.

          Location of 1000f Coastal Zone Boundary

               On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
          representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
          This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
          line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
          landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
          location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
          Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April'of 1978
          Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
          and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
          inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
          insignificant, co'uld have shifted substantially landward the
          shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
          result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
          included in the 1978 coastal zone.

          Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

               The width or.extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
          area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
          likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
          levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
          erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
               The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
          within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
          coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
          between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
          measurements of land use types were made only for those types
          lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
          the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
          about five (5) acres per photo.

          Positional Changes to the Shoreline:   Natural vs. Urban
          Development

               As discussed above, the landward  extent of the 10001 coastal
          boundary is dependent on the location  of the shoreline. Natural
          changes to shoreline position include  both water elevation and
          erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline

                                          15









          location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts     toward
          the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone     in an
          area to be all residential and that b, 1992 100 acres of lake
                                                 Y
          water is filled to develop commercial land. A I'lakeward" shift
          in 'the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, 'this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
          in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
          boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
          of :residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw' statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.
          Marinette County Statistics   RESULTS

               Marinette County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
          coastal zone include the township of Peshtigo and-the city of
          Marinette. The area measured within the coastal zone of
          Marinette County was 1,759 acres (712 ha) in.1978 and 1,644 acres
          (666 ha) in 1992.' This represents a difference of 155 acres (46
          ha) or 8.8%. The discrepancy likely is the result of errors
          inherent in the enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on pages'121
          through 15. Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted oil
          the linear accuracy of the Marinette County photos. Results of
          tests applied to the 1992 photos indicate close agreement (-1.71@)
          with USGS measurements. However, results of tests applied to the
          1978 photos indicate an error of +9.6%.
               Statistical summaries for Marinette County and all
          communities included in this study are located in the Appendix.
          Summary data sheets present land use types by area, structural
          counts by type (1992), shoreline modification types by-length,
          and a count of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected
          at the PLSS section level. While the section level data sheets
          are not included in this report, copies are available upon
          written request.

          Residential Land

               Within the coastal zone of Marinette County, 631 residential
          structures were  identified on 388 acres (157 ha) of land. of tl.'Ie
          total were 541 residential units (single family or duplexes), 1:22
          detached garages, 162 sheds and (6) barns. Since the 1992 photos
          are "leaves-on," these*numbers likely underestimate the actual
          number of structures and area devoted to residential uses. In
          1978, 372 acres (151 ha) of residential land were measured.



                                           16









                   Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                           Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                          1978                  1992
            County                    Enlarged Photos      Enlarged Photos
                                        (1:24001              (1:2400)

          Brown'                         -0.4%                -8.5%
                                          0.03%               -5.5%


          Door                            1.3%                -1.1%
                                          3.9%                -3.6%


          Kenosha                        -2.5%                -9.0%
                                          3.1%                -1.6%


          Kewaunee                       '-1.5%               -5.4-%
                                          2.1%                -9.6%


          Manitowoc                      -1.7%                -6.4%
                                          2.0%                -7.4%

          Marinette  (one test)           9.6%                -1.7%

          Milwaukee                      -4.9%                -6.9%
                                         -5.3%                   1.9%


          Oconto                          2.9%                -10.8%
                                          8.5%                -13.1%


          Ozaukee                         0.2%                -5.7%
                                          1.3%                -4.4%


          Racine                         -3.0%                -5.0%
                                          2.2%                -0.8%

          Sheboygan                      -2.5%                -1.2%
                                          4.6%                -3.0%



              Mean                        0.95%               -5.18%

             Range                  -5.3% to 9.6%        -13.1% to 1.9%








                                             17










          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land represented 31 acres (12.5 ha) in 1978 and
          35 acres (14 ha) in 1992. Twenty-one (21) commercial structures
          were noted within the coastal zone.
               Industrial land covered 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) and 8.7 acres
          (3.5 ha) in 1978 and 1992, respectively. Photo scale could
          account for the reported .8 acre (.3 ha) loss.

          Transportation Land

               Four (4) structures were located on 15 acres (6 ha) of
          transportation land in 1992. In 1978, about (3) acres (1.2    ha)
          of transportation land were reported.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

               Overall, 139 acres (56 ha) of agricultural and natural lands
          were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that continues
          nationally. Land actively being cultivated remained nearly
          stable. Abandoned fields decreased in area by 52 acres (21 ha)
          while forest land increased by 10 acres (4 ha). Such a trend
          would be expected, given farmland abandonment.
               Also of note is a 124 acre (50 ha) decline of wetland type.13.
          The loss could be actual and attributed to both urban developmel,-It
          and the nine (9) inch rise in.'Lake Michigan water level.
          However,*a portion of the lose could be attributed to the
          underestimation of wetlands while using "leaves-on" photos.

          Open and Other Lands

               Open and other land uses remained stable over the study
          period. Minor losses of area were noted in both the urban open
          lot and outdoor recreation types.

          Shoreline Modifications

               Ostensibly, sea walls "and revetments are used to protect
          shorelines from erosion. significant increases of both types of
          structures were reported. In 1978, 1,723 feet (525 m) of sea
          wall. were reported compared to 2,954 feet (901 m) in 1992,
          representing an increase of 1,231 feet (375 m). However, far
          more significant is the 14,923 foot (4,550 m), 130% increase in
          revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
          measured at 11,447 feet (3,490 m) in 1978 and 26,370 feet (8,040,
          m) in 1992.







                                          18










                                Results by Community

          City of Marinette

              Land within Marinette0s coastal zone was measured at 234
          acres (95 ha) in 1978 and 213 acres (86 ha) in 1992. The source
          of the difference (21 acres, 8.5 ha) 'could be photo scale
          anomalies as discussed above.
              In 1992, 252 residential structures were located on 63 acres
          (25.5 ha) of land. Most of these structures (186) were single
          family or duplex. -In 1978, 53 acres (21 ha) of residential land
          were reported.
              commercial area increased by 6.3 acres (2.6 ha) over the
          study period, the most significant change being a 5.4 acre (2-2
          ha) increase in business district. Results indicate that
          industrial park land remained virtually unchanged.
              No transportation land was tallied in 1978. However, over
          12 acres (4.9 ha) were noted for 1992, all dedicated to boat
          landing.
              Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 141 acres (57
          ha) in 1978 to 101 acres (41 ha) in 1992. Forest land'declined
          by 14 acres (5.7 ha) or 51%.
              Wetlands lost the most area of any type within the natural
          lands category, from 100 acres '(41 ha) in 1978 to 62 acres (25
          ha) in 1992.
              Two open/other land types showed change during the period
          studied. Urban open lot areas decreased from (4) acres (1.6 ha)
          in 1978 to 1.5 acres (.6 ha) in 1992, suggesting the process of
          infilling is occurring along near-shore lots. The outdoor
          recreation type also decreased from 8.9 acres (3.6 ha) in 1978 to
          (3) acres (1.2 ha) in 1992.
              From 1978 to 1992, significant shoreline modification has
          occurred within the city. Sea wall construction increased by 528
          feet (161 m) or 194%, from 272 feet (83 m) to 800 feet (244 m).
          Likewise, revetment construction increased from 2,697 feet (822
          m) to 6,472 feet (1,973 m), an increase of 3,775 feet (1,151 m)
          or 140%.
              No groins or non-flow-through docks were recorded for either
          study year.

          Town of Peshtigo

              Coastal zone area within the township was measured at 1,525
          acres (618 ha) in 1978 and 1,431 acres (580 ha) in 1992, a
          difference of 38 acres (15.4 ha). The town of Peshtigo was one
          of those tested for linear accuracy of photo coverage. Using
          USGS maps at 1:24000, measurements taken from the 1978 photos
          deviated by +9.6% from the USGS basis. The 1992 photos deviated
          by only -1.7% from the USGS basis.
              In 1992, a total of 579 residential structures were
          identified on 325 acres (132 ha) of residential land. of these,
          355 were of single family/duplex type.

                                          19









               In 1992, eight (8) commercial structures were located on
          12.4 acres (5 ha) of commercial land. The total area represents,
          a modest decrease from 1978. No industrial land was identified
          for either study year. Land devoted to transportation virtually
          remained unchanged at just under (3) acres (1.2 ha) for each
          study year.
               Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 1,148 acres
          (465 ha) to 1,050 acres (425 ha) for the period studied. Within
          the category changes include a 54 acre (22 ha) decrease in
          abandoned, field and a 25 acre (10 ha) increase in forest land.
          Wetlands lost 86 acres (35 ha), dropping from 786 acres (319 ha)
          in 1978 to 700 acres (283 ha) in 1992.
               Total open and other lands remained unchanged over the study
          period.
               Shoreline modifications increased significantly during the
          14 year period studied. Sea walls increased by 703 feet (214 m)
          during the period. However, revetment construction increased
          considerably, from 8,750 feet.(2,668 m) to 19,898 feet (6,066 m)
          or by 11,148 feet (3,399 m).


































                                         20












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             MI. pp.4


                                          23








          Walker, J'.W., 1985. Ultra-light reconnaissance, another tool.
             Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRs Annual Convention, Washington,
             D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 371-380.

          Welch, R., T.R. Jordan and S.S. Fung, 1985. Photogrammetry: A
             revolutionary solution to the assessment of ephemeral gully
             erosion. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 873-874.

          Welch, R., M. Remillard and J. Alberts, 1992. Integration of GPf;,
             remote sensing and GIS techniques for coastal resource
             management. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             58(11):1571-1578.











































                                          24




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                                      APPENDIX
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                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Marinette
          Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

             City of Marinette
             Town of Peshtigo









                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                            of structures      Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

                 Res. units
                _.garages
                 sheds
            -.112 Res. units                      1               1           1
                 garages                          1
                . sheds
         ___113 Res. units.-                    431             371         150
                 garages                          98
                 sheds                           134
                 barns                            2
             115 Res. units
                 garages
               - sheds
                              Subtotal          667             73          151
          i2   6om@ercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
            .124 Neighborhood Business Dist       18            30           12
             126 Institutional                                    I          <1
                                Subtotal          18            31           12
          1,3- '1  dustrial

             138 Industrial  Park                 1             10            4













                                                                                                     Area
                                                               I of structures               Acres          Hectares.

                14 Trans3ortation

                   1.41 Air Transportation
                   1.42 Rail Transportation
                   2.43 Water Transportation
                   1.43. 1 Private Marina
                   1.43.2 Public Boat Landing                                                    3
                   2.44 Highways
                   1.45 Communications
                   2.46 Utilities
                   2.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
                   2.48 Landf ill
                                              Subtotal                    1                      3                1


                17 Extractive

                   171    Open Pit
                   172    Underground
                   173    Well
                   179    Otlier Extractive
                                                     Subtotal

                18 =i iltural and Natural

                   181    AF   Abandoned Field                                                 97               39
               -.-.--182  AG   Agriculture Active,                                             42               17
                   183    F    Forest                                                        211                85
                   2.84   H    Heath                                                           12                 5
               _-185      OW   Open Water                                                      43               17
               --..-.-186 RL   Rock Ledge
               --187      SL   Slump Zone
                   -188   WT   Wetland.                                                      886               359
                                              Subtotal                                     12 9 0              522
                1@-&i@en land. Other

               ----.-191  outdoor-Public Assembly
                   192    Urban Open Lots                                                      12                 5
                   193    Outdoor Recreation                              4                    42               17
                   194    Cemeteries
                                              Subtotal                    4                    55               22


                                                                                     Total     Acres            1759,
                                                                                     Total Hectares               712

                Shorelin@ Modifications                                                              Linear
                                                                                               Feet            Meters
                   195 Sea Walls                                                               1723               525 .           .1
                   196 Revetments                                                            11447              3490.
                   2.97 Groins                                                    I  of Groins
                   198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                      f  of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                     1978 - 1992


                              County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Marinette
          Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

             City of Marinette
             Town of Peshtigo









                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                          of structures    Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                   541            388        157
                garages                      122
                sheds                        162
                barns                           6
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal         831            388        157

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist     20            34         14
            126 Institutional                   1             2          1
                              Subtotal         21            35         14

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park                               9          4






                                          I of st-uctures     Acres Area Hectares

           14 Transiortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                         15           6
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Seurage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill      Subtotal          4             15           6

           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                            45          18
             182 AG Agriculture Active                         48          19
             183 F  Forest                                    221          90
             184 H  Heath                                      31          12
             185 OW Open Water                                 43          is
             186 RL Rock Ledge                                   3          1
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland    Subtotal                       762         309
                                                              1151        466

           19 Open I.Jand, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                 8          3
             193 Outdoor Recreation                            38          16
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal                        46          19


                                                        Total  Acres       1644
                                                        Total  Hectares     666,

           Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                               Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                     2954         901'.
             196 Revetments                                   26370        8040
             197 Groins                                 of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                  of Docks










                   Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                          1978 - 1992

                                      Civil Jurisdiction
                                      Summary Data Sheet

            Year: 1978
            County: Marinette
            Township, Village or City name: City of Marinette
            PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
            description):

                 T30N R24E SEC 4
                             SEC 8
                             SEC 9
                             SEC 17







                                      LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                       Area
                                             I of structures      Acres     Hect@res

            11 Residential

              111 Res. units
                   garages
                   sheds
                   Res. units
                   _garages
                   sheds
              113  Res. units.                     78              53            22
                   garages                         11
                   sheds                           10
                   barns
              115  Res. units
                   garages

                                Subtotal           99              53            22
          ---12 -C"o.-m-m-ercial

              121 Central Business Dist
            ---122 Shopping Center/Mall
              124  Neighborhood Business Dist        6             16             7
              126  Institutional                                     1           <1
                                   Subtotal          6             17             7

                     t 'a
            .-.138. Inaustrial Park-                               10             4













                                                                            Area
            14 Trans)ortation                     of str .uctures     Acres      Hectares

               3.41 Air Transportation
               3.42 Rail Transportation
               3.43 Water Transportation
               3.43. 1 Private Marina                                  <1
               3.43.2 Public Boat Landing
               3.44 Highways
               145 Communications
               3.46 Utilities
               3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
               3.48 Landf ill
                                   Subtotal                            <1            <1

            17 Extra,.tive

               3.71 Open Pit
               3.72 Underground
               3.7 3 Wel 1
               3.79 Other Extractive    Subtotal
            ii-icrric iltural and Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                                   6            2
               182 AG  Agriculture Active
               183 F   Forest                                          28            _11
               3.84H   Heath                                             5            2
                   OW  Open Water                                        3            1
               186 RL  Rock Ledge
               187 SL  Slump Zone
               188 WT  Wetland                                        100            40
                                   Subtotal                           141            57


          -.19 Open   band. Other

               -191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192 Urban Open Lots                                       4            2
               193 Outdoor Recreation                    2               9            4
               194 Cemeteries      Subtotal              2             13             5

                                                                 Total Acres          234
                                                                 Total Hectares        95

            Shoreline Modifications                                         Linear
                                                                       Feet        Meters
               195 Sea Walls                                             272           8 3
               196 Revetments                                          2697--         82--,L.
               197 Groins                                            of Groins
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                          f of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Marinette
          Township, Village or City name: City of Marinette
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T30N R24E SEC 4
                         SEC 8
                         SEC 9
                         SEC 17







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acr?,s Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    186            63           26
                garages                        32
                sheds                          34
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal         252            63           26

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist     12            21           9
            126 Institutional                    1             2          1
                               Subtotal        13            23           9


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park                  1             9          4












                                                                    Area
                                            of st uctures      Acres    Hectares


           14 Transortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing           2             12           5
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal          2:            12           5


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                             7           3
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest                                     13           5
             184 H  Heath                                      is           7
             185 OW Open Water                                 <1          <1
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                    62          25
                               Subtotal                        101         41


           19 Open  and, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                2           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation                             3           1
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal                         5           2


                                                         Total Acres        213
                                                         Total Hectares      86


           Shoreline Modifications                                  Linear
                                                               Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                      800         244
             196 Revetments                                    6472        1973..
             1.97 Groins                                     of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Marinette
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Peshtigo
          PLSS section data sheets included-An summaKy (give full
          description):

               T29N R23E  SEC 13         T29N R24E SEC 6
                          SEC 14                   SEC 7
                          SEC 15                   SEC 18
                          SEC 16         T30N R24E SEC 17
                          SEC 19                   SEC 18
                          SEC 20                   SEC 19
                          SEC 21                   SEC 20
                          SEC 22                   SEC 30
                          SEC 23                   SEC 31
                          SEC 24
                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                                                Area
                                        I of structures    Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units                      1              1          1
                garages
                sheds
                Res. units                    353           318         129
                garages                        87
                sheds                         124
                barns                           2
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         568           319         129

          'i2 'c6imercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist     12            14           6
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal        12            14           6

              Industrial

            138 Industrial Park













                                                                                     Area
              14 TransRortation                         of structures         Acres       Hectares.

                 141 Air Transportation
                 142 Rail Transportation
                 143 Water Transportation
                 143.1 Private Marina
                 143.2 Public Boat Landing _i                                    3              1
                 144 Highways
                 145 Communications
                 146 Utilities
                 147 Sewage Treatment Plant
                 148 Landf ill
                                       Subtotal                1                 3              1

              17 Extractive

                 171 Open Pit
                 172 Underground
                 173 Well
                 179 Other Extractive
                                             Subtotal


              18  Acrricultural-and Natural

                 181  AF  Abandoned Field                                       91            37
                 .182 AG  Agriculture Active                                    42            17
                      F   Forest                                              183             74
              ...-184 H   Heath                                                  6              3
              -.-.-185 OW Open Water                                            39            16
                      RL  Rock Ledge
                 187  SL  Slump Zone
                 188  WT  Wetland                                             786            319
                                       Subtotal                               1148           465

              19 01 2en  Land, Other

                 191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                 192 Urban Open Lots                                             8              3
                 193 Outdoor Recreation                        2                33            13
                 194 Cemeteries
                                       Subtotal                2                41            17


                                                                         Total  Acres         152.5
                                                                         Total  Hectares        63.8

              Shoreline Modifications                                                Linear
                                                                                Feet         Mete:gs ,
                 195 Sea Walls                                                  1451            4 4.:L_
                 196 Revetments                                                 8750          2 6 6_1 L
                 197 Groins                                               # of-Groins
                 198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                # of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Marinette
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Peshtigo
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T29N R23E SEC 13          T29N R24E SEC 6
                         SEC 14                    SEC 7
                         SEC 15                    SEC 18
                         SEC 16          T30N R24E SEC 17
                         SEC 19                    SEC 18
                         SEC 20                    SEC 19
                         SEC 21                    SEC 20
                         SEC 22                    SEC 30
                         SEC 23                    SEC 31
                         SEC 24
                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    355           325         131
                garages                        90
                sheds                         128
                barns                           6
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal          579           325         131

          12 Commercial

            121 central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      8            12           5
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal          8            12           5


          13 Industrial


            138 Industrial Park






                                                     of st,uctures        Acres Area   Hectares

             14 Trans)ortation

                141 Air Transportation
                142 Rail Transportation
                1,43 Water Transportation
                1.43.1 Private Marina
                1.43.2 Public Boat Landing                 2                 3             1
                1.44 Hic hways
                1,45 Communications
                1.46 Utilities
                1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
                1.48 Landf ill
                                     Subtotal              2                 3             1


             17 Extractive

                1.71 Open Pit
                1.72 Underground
                1.73 Well
                1.79 Other Extractive
                                          Subtotal

             18 Agriciltural and Natural

                1.81 AF Abandoned Field                                     38            15
                182 AG  Agriculture Active                                  48            19
                183 F   Forest                                            208             84
                184 H   Heath                                               12             5
                2.85 OW Open Water                                          43            .17
                186 RL  Rock Ledge                                           3             1
                187 SL  Slump Zone
                188 WT  Wetland                                           700            283
                                     Subtotal                             1050           425


             19 Open Land. Other

                3.91 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                192 Urban Open Lots                                          6             3
                193 Outdoor Recreation                                      35            14
                194 cemeteries
                                     Subtotal                               42            17


                                                                     Total  Acres         1433.
                                                                     Total  Hectares       58CI

             Shoreline Modifications                                            Linear
                                                                            Feet       -Meters
                195 Sea Walls                                               2154           65-7.
                196 Revetments                                            19898           6067_
                197 Groins                                               of Groins
                198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                of Docks



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