[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                                                                                          ASSESSING COASTAL
                                                                                 DEVELOPMENT                                                  ALONG
                                                                              MANITOWOC COUNTY'S
                                                                                                         LAKE MICHIGI@

                                                                                                                                                                                        w".
                                                                                                                           SHOREELINE:
                                  4o*"":-..,.Y-
                                                                                                                                                          1992 J.
                                                                                                                                    1978


                                                                                                                                           f 'rj
                                                         t7    4     v,:,


                                                 P  J i,      -_Y-,: @4 r,%;p
                                                                                                                   William R. Niedzwiedz
                                                                                                             Department of Public and
                                                                                                                     Environmental Affairs
                                                                                        University of Wisconsin-Green Bay
                                                  Nr,








                                                               7- `1 1
                                                       :"S, NN                                                            L
                                                                                                                 ::iI    I    tid
                                                           4%c,









                                                                                                                                                                                               tj
                                                                                                                                                                                        'YIN


Owl,                                                                                                                                                                                       'A @"t,!
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Vi,

                     HT
                     393
                     N6
                     N54
                     1995



                   Prepared for the Wisconsin
             Coastal Management Program

                                                   July 19"95







                                                                         now.-











     If, Acknowledgements

             FUNDED IN P.ART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

         Financial assistance for this ResearchlStudy Project was provided
         by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
         administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
         Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
     -:7, pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
         MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

         THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
         Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
         COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
         protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
         superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                  The Project Team

         This project required coordination and completion of several
         steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
         interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
         preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
         complete this project.

             Brentt Michalek
             Christopher Hanrahan
             Shawn Reed
             Wendy Zareczny
             Christopher Wazny
             John Rafferty
             Cheryl Schulz
             Lori Pasterski
             Tom Marchant



         Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
         preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
         manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
         special recognition as part of the project team.

         Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
         Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
         project.











                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS


           INTRODUCTION    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          1

           PROJECT GOALS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          1

           STUDY AREA    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          1

           PROJECT METHODS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          3
              Aerial Photography    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         3
              Project Aerial Photos      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        4
              Photo Preparation     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         4
              Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)       . . . . . . . . . . . .       5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         5
              Residential Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         5
              Commercial and Industrial Land       . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      6
              Industrial Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         7
              Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        7
              Extractive Land Use      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        8
              Agricultural and Natural     Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      8
              open and Other Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         10
              Shoreline Modification     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         10
              Structures - Industrial,     Commercial and Residential . .          11

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         11


           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT      TYPES  LOCATED WITHIN THE
              COASTAL ZONE   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           12


           TALLY OF DATA . * , * * * * * * , ,      * * ,  * ,  * * * *  * *  *    12


           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR        . . . .                         13
              Photo Scale and Enlargements      . . . . .                          13
              "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-off" Aerial       Photography   . . .     14
              Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage        . . . . . . . . . .       14
              Incomplete Photo'Coverage      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         14
              Missing Photo Coverage     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         15
              Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary         . . . . . . . .      15
              Lack of Beach Type in Classification       Scheme   . . . . . .      15
              Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
                 Development    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          15

           RESULTS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            16
              Manitowoc County Statistics       . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        16
                 Residential Land   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          18
                 Commercial and Industrial Land     . . . . . . . . . . . .        18
                 Transportation Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         18
                 Extractive  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           18
                 Agricultural and Natural    Land   . . . . . . . . . . . .        19
                 Open and Other Land     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
                 Shoreline Modifications     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
              Results by Community     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
                 Town.of Centerville     . . . . .  o .       6 . . . . . . .      19
                 Village of Cleveland    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         20
                 City of Manitowoc     . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .        21









                 Town of Manitowoc     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         2:2
                 Town of Newton    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         22
                 Town of Two Creeks    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         23
                 City of Two Rivers    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         24
                 Town of Two Rivers    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         215


           REFERENCES    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           26


           APPENDIX    . . .  o       o         o           o . . . . . .   v o    30


           LIST OF TABLES
               Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests          . . .     17

           LIST OF FIGURES
               Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
                 Superior     o o o    v o o o         o      o   o      v o o        2









                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsin's
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

              The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document.natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
              Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
              This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

              Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
            - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
            - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
            - Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
            - Assess land use change within the coastal-zone from 1978 to
                1992
            - Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                     STUDY AREA

              The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide


















                       DOWLAS     BAYPMLD

                                                     RON


                                            ASHLMM












                                                                                      HARM=





                                                                                    Ocorrm        DOOR





                                                                                                KEWAUME


                                                                                        BROWN










                                                                                          SHME






                                                                                           074AUKEE





                                                                                            M    UKU



                                                                                        RACOM





                  Figure! 1. coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

                                                            2









          zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
          coastline.


                                   PROJECT METHODS

          Aerial Photography

               Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
          clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
          meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
          current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
          method of documentation, and trained personnel.
               Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
          natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
          and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
          al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). Specific applications to
          urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
          nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
          erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
          urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
          1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
          property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
          (Marsh et al., 1990).
               Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
          urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
          1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
          aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
          change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
          zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
          Joint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
          features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
          Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
          assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
          fluctuating water levels.
               Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
          forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
          uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
          such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
          to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
          spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
          possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and.
          seasonal timing. Scarpace et al.. (1981) used digitized aerial
          photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
          and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
          vegetation change using aerial photos.
               Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
          coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
          photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
          Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
          aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
          al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
          change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                          3









          examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
          Batie, 1984).

          Project Aerial Photos
                In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engi@eers (USACE) obtained
          panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the'.
          Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
          photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
          Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
          flown at a scale of 1:6000 (111 = 5001) and enlargements made at
          1:2400 (111 = 2001). 'The 1978 photos were taken April 161h . The
          1992 photos were flown May 131.
                Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
          and flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
          were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
          individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
          Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
          incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented      with
          the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
          photo.
                Flight lines were documented for the 1592 photos. Flight
          line #1 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
          northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight
          line and photo number.
                Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
          flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
          photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
          photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
          photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
          coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
          1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
          900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
          shoreline: from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
          Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
          about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
          Illinois border.

          Photo Preparation

                Photos used in this study are owned by USACE.. As a result,
          all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
          acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
          interpretation included the following:
             1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS)*information.
             2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                required.
             3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
                are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                            4









                that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
                mapping applications.
             4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
                These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
                adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
                boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
                work.
             5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section lines (red ink).
             6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
             7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
                ink). A divider was used to scribe a line 10001 away and
                parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
                cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
                dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
                shoreline.
             8. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
                slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
                were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
                classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
                the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
                additional discussion.

          Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

               The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
          complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
          classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
          complexity of Wisconsints coastal zone. The scheme is a
          modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
          Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
          residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
          agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
          been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
          have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
          are tallied by type for 1992.
               Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
          revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
          Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
          and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
          were counted.


                                CLASSIFICATION SCHEME


          Residential Land

               All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
          area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
          by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
          the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
          other classification types as well.



                                          5









          ill  Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential-structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and :recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113  Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               formobile units.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Center/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away, from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat, roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






                                          6









          126  Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
               public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
               churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
               "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
               When located within the CBD, public buildings without
               "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
               would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138  Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
               industrial use areas.
                 Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
               processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
               petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
               large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
               transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
               interrupted street pattern characterize this type.-
                 Light industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
               products such as electronics, appliances, and other
               secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
               material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
               light industries are well landscaped and are
               indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
               photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141  Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
               associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
               areas and adjacent open areas.

          142  Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
               freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
               passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
               such as tank farms.

          143  Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
               several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
               related land-based facilities for water transportation and
               commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
               marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
               buildings and parking areas.

          143.1  Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                 residential land are designated as private marinas. often
                 such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                 and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                 waterway.


                                           7









          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                 launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                 ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                 areas.

          144  Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
               corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, such
               roads are four or more lanes wide. Local streets are not
               included in this type.

          145  Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
               communications. These include radio/television towers,
               lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146  Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
               and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
               buildings, towers, roads/parking facilities and, in the case
               of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147  Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
               parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in this
               type.

          148  Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
               type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
               by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
               roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171  Open. Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
               extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
               includes access roads and any structures.

          172  Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
               extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
               would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173  Well.. Features associated with wells are limited.
               Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
               difficult.

          179  Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181  Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
               reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass are
               abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If tree
               crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
               classified as forest.



                                          8









         182  Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
              is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
              on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
              maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
              as part of this type.

         183  Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous or
              mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
              less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
              field.

         184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
              shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

         185  Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
              and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
              during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
              located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
              edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
              railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
              establish such a line.

         186  Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
              within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
              County.

         187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
              beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
              to the beach.

         188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
              wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
              swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
              forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
              stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
              herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
              water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
              growing season.
                Shrub swamps often have waterlogged soil during the
              growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
              present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
              dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
              Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
              Surface water is present only for a short period during the
              spring.
                Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
              plant community, including most of the following: heath
              shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
              black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
              of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                         9










                  Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
                completely waterlogged and often covered with up to    six
                inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
                vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
                bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
                grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
                water bodies.
                 Reep marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
                three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered     by,
                or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
                shallow marsh. Floating and submergent, plants such as watel..-
                lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
                present.
                 Forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
                saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
                difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
                "leaves-on" photography.

          Open  and Other Land

          191   Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192   Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle.
                in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This typet
                includes land which has been cleared for urban development
                of an unknown use.

          193   Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
                mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
                environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
                the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
                buildings and other related facilities.

          194 Cemeteries

          Shoreline Modification

                Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land m@ss is common.
         .Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin"s
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
                to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                           10









              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

         196  Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

         197  Groins ( * [red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

         198  Non-Flow-Through Dock     (blue]     Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

         structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
         classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
         for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
         the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
         then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
         (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
         counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
         comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
         the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
         linear (shoreline modification) and point (urban structures,
         groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
         symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
         represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
         identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
         natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
         area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
         types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
         revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IVf symbol
         at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
         modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
         between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
         IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
         section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
         before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
         shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
         symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
         point where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

                                         11









         1992, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT
                      TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

             Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modif ication) measurements were made using the hardware/ software
         f acilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay. Photo acetate overlays were aff ixed to large-format
         digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter. measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres /hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
             Point'. types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil. jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                   TALLY OF DATA

             Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summary
         Data (Appendix) .
             PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
         sbctions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea,walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
           - Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within eacb
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,,
         name of civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the sumary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
             County Summary Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                        12









          structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
          sheets.


                          LIMITATIONS AMD SOURCES OF ERROR

              The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
          photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
          shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
          photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
          photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
              Copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
          available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
          ?f the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
          in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
          photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
          project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
          the specific objectives of-the study. The enlarged photos used
          for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
          what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
          for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
          photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
          discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
              The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
          is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
          understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
          apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
          of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
          to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
          (1978 and 1992).

          Photo Scale and Enlargements

              All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
          reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
          corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
          inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
          ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
          topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
          and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
          the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
          the original photos.         I
              Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
          photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
          tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
          each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
          photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
          base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
          and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
          systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
          only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
          positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
          tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                         13









          -13.1%. 'The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6-%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page.
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 -hotos, it is possible that
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352 ha)
          in :1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          I'Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, givein.
          the goals of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory-
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
          represent, photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-0) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
          features.


          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 str:'L'p
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. Occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 1000f of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                           14









          exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
          the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
          reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
          year.

          Missing Photo Coverage

              Occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
          photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
          missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
          year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
          not represented on photos remain unknown.

          Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

              On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
          representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
          This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
          line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
          landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
          location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
          Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
          Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
          @nd about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
          inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
          insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
          shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
          result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
          included in the 1978 coastal zone.

          Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

              The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
          area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
          likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
          levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
          erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
              The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
          within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
          coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
          between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
          measurements of land use types were made only for those types
          lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
          the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
          about five (5) acres per photo.

          Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
          Development

              As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
          boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
          changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and









          erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
          location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
          the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in an
          area to be all residential and that b: 1992 100 acres of lake
          water is filled to develop commercial land. A "lakeward" shift
          in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, -this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
          in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
          boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
          of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw" statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                       RESULTS

          Manitowoc County Statistics

              Manitowoc County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
          coastal zone include the townships of Centerville, Manitowoc,
          Newton, Two Creeks and Two Rivers, the village of Cleveland, and.
          the cities of Manitowoc and Two Rivers. The area measured within
          the coastal zone of Manitowoc County was 3,794 acres (1,536 ha)
          in 1978 and 3,643 acres (1,476 ha) in 1992. This represents a
          difference of 151 acres (64 ha) or 4%. The discrepancy likely is
          the result of errors inherent in the enlarged aerial photos, as
          discussed on pages 12 through 15. Using USGS maps as control,
          tests were conducted on the linear accuracy of the Manitowoc
          County photos. Results of tests applied to the 1978 photos
          indicate some departure (-1.7% and +2) from USGS measurements.
          Results of tests applied to the 1992 photos indicate errors of
          -6.4% to -7.4%. The range of error could yield a 357 acre (145
          ha) difference between the 1978 and 1992 totals (Table 1).
              Statistical summaries for Manitowoc County and all
          communities included in this study are located in the Appendix.'
          Summary data sheets present land use types by area, structural
          counts by type (1992), shoreline modification types by length,
          and a count of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected
          at the PLSS section level. While the section level data sheets
          are not included in,this report, copies are available upon
          written request.



              'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
          (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
          presented on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
          report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                         16









                   Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                           Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                          1978                  1992
                                      Enlarged Photos      Enlarged Photos
            County                      (1:2400)             (1:2400)

          Brown                         -0.4%                 -8.5%
                                          0.03%               -5.5%


          Door                            1.3%                -1.1%
                                          3.9%                -3.6%


          Kenosha                       -2.5%                 -9.0%
                                          3.1%                -1.6%


          Kewaunee                      -1.5%                 -5.4%
                                          2.1%                -9.6%

          Manitowoc                     -1.7%                 -6.4%
                                          2.0%                -7.4%

          Marinette  (one test)           9.6%                -1.7%

          Milwaukee                     -4.9%                 -6.9%
                                        -5.3%                   1.9%


          Oconto                          2.9%                -10.8%
                                          8.5%                -13.1%


          Ozaukee                         0.2%                -5.7%
                                          1.3%                -4.4%

          Racine                        -3.0%                 -5.0%
                                          2.2%                -0.8%

          Sheboygan                     -2.5%                 -1.2%
                                          4.6%                -3.0%



              Mean                        0.95%               -5.18%

             Range                  -5.3% to 9.6%        -13.1% to 1.9%








                                             17











          Residential Land

               Within the 1992 coastal zone of Manitowoc County, 2,119
          residential structures were identified on 561 acres (227 ha) of
          land. Of the total were 1,291 residential units (single family
          or duplexes), 596 detached garages, 207 sheds and 21 barns. New
          in 1992 were 2.2 acres (.9 ha) of,land devoted to medium rise
          multi-family dwellings and 1.9 acres (.8 ha) devoted to low rise
          multi-family dwellings. Since the 1992 photos are "leaves-on,"
          these numbers likely underestimate the actual number of
          structures and area devoted to residential uses. In 1978, 519
          acres (210 ha) of residential land were measured.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land represented 120 acres (49 ha) in 1992 and
          Ill acres (45 ha) in 1978. Eighty-eight (88) commercial
          structures were noted within the coastal zone. Two (2)
          commercial types experienced growth over the 14 year period
          studied. The type central business district increased by 3.3
          acres (1.3 ha) while neighborhood business district increased by
          21 acres (8.5 ha). Institutional land, however, experienced a
          decrease from 48 acres (19 ha) to 33 acres (13 ha) for the same
          period.
               Industrial land within the coastal zone increased from 89
          acres (36 ha) to 121 acres (48 ha), a gain of 32 acres (13 ha)  cr
          36%.

          Transportation Land

               Sixty-four (64) structures were located on 205 acres (83 ha)
          of transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 164 acres (66 ha) of
          transportation land were reported. With the exception of rail
          transportation (about 21 acres (8.5 ha] for each year of study),
          land use types within this category experienced considerable
          change. 'Land developed for public/private boating increased by
          about 12 acres (4.7 ha). Increases in area also were observed in
          land developed for highway, from 26 acres (10.6 ha) to 58 acres
          (24 ha), sewage treatment facilities, from 15 acres (6.1 ha) to
          58 acres (24 ha), and landfill, from no observed area in 1978 to
          21 acres (8.7 ha) in 1992. Two transportation types lost area
          from 1978-1992. Land developed for communications declined from
          about 21 acres (10.7 ha) to no observed area in 1992. Area
          devoted to utilities lost nearly 43 acres (17 ha), from 56 acres
          (23 ha) in 1978 to 13 acres (5.3 ha) in 1992.

          Extractive

               Extractive land uses increased modest ly (6.4 acres, 2.6 ha)
          over the period studied, all of the increase was observed within
          the type open pit mine.


                                          18









          Agricultural and Natural Land

              In 1978, land uses within the category Agricultural and
          Natural represented 71% of all land within the coastal zone of
          Manitowoc County. In 1992, this category declined to 65%.
              overall, 324 acres (131 ha) of agricultural and natural
          lands were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that
          continues nationally. Land actively being cultivated declined by
          330 acres (134 ha) or by 20.5%. Both abandoned fields and forest
          lands decreased in area as well, by 40 (16 ha) and 45 acres (18
          ha), respectively.
              Heath vegetation declined from a 1978 total of 163 acres (66
          ha) to 115 acres (47 ha) in 1992. The type open water, however,
          experienced a 21 acre (8.5 ha) increase by 1992, to a total of 67
          acres (27 ha).
              Areas of erosion along Lake Michigan's shoreline are a major
          concern of coastal resource planners. Data show that slump zone
          area remained stable at about 72 acres (29 ha) for both study
          years. Also of note is a 119 acre (48 ha) increase of wetland
          @ypes. Given state, regional and national trends, this finding
          is unusual. Increases in wetland areas could be associated with
          the nine (9) inch rise in Lake Michigan water level.

          Open and Other Land

              open and other land increased from 177 acres (72 ha) in 1978
          to 226 acres (89 ha) in 1992. Sixty-one (61) acres (25 ha) of
          outdoor recreational land were added during the period while land
          devoted to open lot declined by 19 acres (7.8 ha).

          Shoreline Modifications

              ostensibly, sea walls and revetments are used to protect
          shorelines from erosion. Significant increases of both types of
          structures were reported. In 1978, 8,913 feet (2,717 m) of sea
          wall were reported compared to 11,740 feet (3,579 m) in 1992,
          @epresenting an increase of 2,827 feet (862 m) or 32%. However,
          just as significant is the 6,660 foot (2,030 m), 24% increase in
          revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
          measured at 27,315 feet (8,328 m) in 1978 and 33,975 feet (10,358
          m) in 1992.

                                Results by Community

          Town of Centerville

              Land within Centerville's coastal zone was measured at 593
          acres (240 ha) in 1978 and 557 acres (226 ha) in 1992. The
          difference of 36 acres (15 ha) represents 6.1%. The 1992 total,
          however, does not include about 24 acres (9.7 ha) of land annexed
          by the Village of Cleveland. The source of the difference could
          be photo scale anomalies as discussed above.

                                         19









                In 1.992, 52 residential structures were located on 32 acres;
           (13 ha) of land. Most of these structures (30) were single
           family or duplex. other structures associated with residential
           areas included 11 detached garages, (8) sheds and (3) barns. In
           1978, 39 acres (16 ha) of residential are reported.
                No commercial, industrial or transportation types were
           located in 1978 or 1992. In the extractive category, in 1978,
           2.7 acres. (1.1 ha) of open pit mine were observed. No areas of
           extractive types were observed on the 1992 photos.
                Agricultural and natural areas decreased from      552 acres (224
           ha) in 1978 to 524 acres (213 ha) in 1992 or by 28      acres (11 ha).
           Active agricultural land declined by 41 acres (17 ha) or 13%
           while forest land increased by 40 acres (16 ha) or 6.2%. The
           type abandoned field lost 42 acres (1.7 ha) during the period.
           Area of slump zone increased by about. 12 acres (4.9 ha) to a 199:2
           total of 32 acres (13 ha). Wetlands remained stable at about 26
           acres (10.5 ha).
                Front 1978 to 1992, shoreline modifications have     decreased
           within the town. Revetment declined from 1,640 feet       (500 m) to
           697 feet (213 m). The loss, while unexplained, could be the
           result of' "leaves-on" photos which make detection under tree
           canopy more difficult.

           Village of Cleveland

                A very small area of Cleveland falls within the coastal zone
           of Lake Michigan. Coastal zone area within the village was
           measured at 82 acres (33 ha) in 1978 and 93 acres (37 ha) in
           1992.
                In 1.992, a total of 85 residential structures were
           identified on 42 acres (17 ha) (26 acres (11 ha) in 1978) of
           residential land. Of these, 63 were single family/duplex, 12
           were detached garages and 10 were sheds.
                Just over (8) acres (3.3 ha) of commercial land were
           recorded in 1992. This represents a 3.7 acre (1.5 ha) increase
           over the 1978 total'of 4.6 acres (1.9 ha). Area increases were
           experienced in both the central business and neighborhood
           business district types.
                Less; than one acre (.6 acres (.2 ha]) of transportation land
           was observed in 1978. No area observations of transportation
           were recorded for 1992. Neither commercial nor extractive uses
           were observed for either study year. The agricultural and
           natural category decreased from 46 acres (19 ha) to 41 acres
           (16.5 ha) for the period studied. Other changes include a (5)
           acre (2 ha) decrease in abandoned field, a 12.5 acre (5 ha)
           decrease in active agricultural fields, and a 2.7 acre (1.1 ha)
           increase in forest land.
                The remaining notable change to be reported includes
           shoreline modifications. Results indicate a loss of 287 feet (36
           m) of sea wall. The loss likely represents masking by leaves al,'Id
           shadows rather than actual losses of shoreline structures.
           However, revetment structures increased by 1,772 feet (540 m) or

                                             20









          by 454%, from 390 feet (119 m) in 1978 to 2,162 feet (659 m) in
          1992.

          City of Manitowoc

               The analysis of land use change within the coastal zone of
          the city of Manitowoc is made difficult by annexation of land
          after 1978. The coastal zone in 1992 consisted of 629 acres (255
          ha), 86 acres (35 ha) of which were annexed from the town of
          Manitowoc. In 1978, 497 acres (201 ha) of coastal zone area were
          estimated.
               Residential land encompassed 173 acres (70 ha) in 1992.
          Over 840 structures, of which 525 were single family/duplex, were
          located within the 1992 coastal zone. Other structures included
          252 detached garages and 60 sheds. In 1978, 146 acres (59 ha) of
          residential land were recorded.
               commercial uses covered 78 acres (32 ha) in 1992. Thirty-
          one (31) structures were located in 53 acres (21 ha) of
          neighborhood business district area while (5) structures were
          reported on 24 acres (10 ha) of institutional land. Also in
          1992, 33 industrial structures were located on 52 acres (21 ha)
          of land.
               Transportation types covered 94 acres (38 ha) of area in
          1992. of these, highways covered the largest area, 28 acres (11
          ha). While no marina facilities were found in 1978, over 17
          acres (7 ha) were developed by 1992. Highway transportation area
          increased from 17 acres (6.8 ha) in 1978 to 28 acres (11.4 ha) in
          1992. Modest changes were observed within the types rail
          transport and utilities, the former losing about (2) acres (.8
          ha) while the latter gained about (2) acres (.8 ha).
               Results indicate that sewage treatment plant area declined
          from 12 acres (4.8 ha) in 1978 to no area in 1992 and that
          landfill area, with no observed area in 1978, increased to 21
          acres (8.7 ha) in 1992. While possible, such shifts seem
          unlikely and could be the result of misclassification.
               No extractive uses were recorded for either study year. The
          problem of annexation skews the statistics regarding agricultural
          and natural lands against observed trends. Local and national
          trends suggest that such lands generally are declining,
          especially adjacent to urban areas. In 1992,  1117 acres (47 ha)
          of area were identified within the agricultural and natural use
          category. of these, 40 acres (16 ha) were abandoned field, 23
          acres (9.1 ha) active agriculture and 6.1 acres (2.5 ha) wetland.
          A major change in open water was observed, from 8.3 acres (3.4
          ha) in 1978 to 32 acres (13 ha) in 1992.
               In the open/other land use category, 115 acres (46 ha) were
          identified as outdoor recreation in 1992. Sixteen (16)
          structures were counted on these areas. Urban open lots declined
          significantly from 21 acres (8.3 ha) in 1978 to 1.9 acres (.8 ha)
          in 1992.
               Even considering land annexed to the city, considerable
          shoreline modification has occurred since 1978. In 1978, 7,649

                                          21









           feet (2,332 m) of sea wall were recorded compared to 11,045 feet
           (3,367 m) in 1992. The increase of sea wall represents 3,396
           feet (1,035 m) or over 44%. Revetments increased substantially
           as well, from 9,528 feet (2,905 m) in 1978 to 17,055 feet (5,200
           m) in 1992. The increase in revetment represents 7,527 feet
           (2,295 m) or 79%.

           Town of Manitowoc

               The coastal zone for the town of Manitowoc was determined to
           be 343 acres (139 ha) in 1978 and 240 acres (92 ha) in 1992.
           However, annexation to the city of Manitowoc resulted in a loss
           of 86 acres (35 ha) of land. The annexed portion represents a
           25% loss relative to the 1978 total. Given the annexation, a
           comparison of 1978-1992 land use within the coastal zone is
           problematic.
               The amount of residential land located within the coastal
           zone was 48 acres (20 ha) in 1992. Within the residential area
           were counted 75 structures, 52 of which were identified to be
           single family/duplex. Other structures observed were 14 detached
           garages, (8) sheds and (1) barn.
               No commercial, industrial, transportation or extractive land
           uses were. identified for 1992.
               In 1.992, agricultural and natural lands covered an area of
           189 acres, (76 ha). Most area fell within the use types abandoned
           field 72 acres (29 ha), active agricultural 67 acres (27 ha),
           forest 25, acres (10 ha), slump zone 14 acres (5.7 ha) and wetland
           10 acres (4 ha).
               open/other land areas represented 3.7 acres (1.5 ha) in
           1992, the majority of which (3.2 acres, 1.3 ha) were urban open
           lot. No sea walls or revetments were identified in 1992.

           Town of Newton


               The coastal zone of the town of Newton was determined to be
           410 acres; (166 ha) in 1978 and 369 acres (149 ha) in 1992. The
           41 acre (16.6 ha) difference is 10% of the 1978 total. The    town
           of Newton was one of the sites tested to' determine linear
           accuracy of the enlarged photos. Vie 1978 photos of Newton    were
           determined to deviate +2% from USGS 1:24000 maps. The 1992
           photos deviated by -7.4% from the USGS basis.
               Total residential land located within the 1978 coastal    zone
           was 13 acres (5.3 ha) compared to 30 acres (12 ha) in 1992. In
           1992, 46 structures were located within the residential area, of
           which wez. -e 26 single family/duplex units, (8) detached garages
           and 12 sheds.
               Within the coastal zone, no commercial or industrial lands
           were identified for either study year.
               In 1978, no transportation area was identified. In 1992,
           only .8 acres (.3 ha) of transportation land was observed within
           the coastal zone.


                                           22









               Agricultural and natural lands made up 89% of the townts
          coastal zone in 1978 and 81% in 1992. In 1978, 366 acres (148
          ha) of coastal zone area were classified within the agricultural
          and natural lands category. In 1992, lands classified within
          this category fell to 299 acres (121 ha). Over the 14 year
          period, the type abandoned field remained stable in area.
          However, active agricultural land decreased from 267 acres (108
          ha) in 1978 to 175 acres (71 ha) in 1992. The loss represents 92
          acres (37 ha) or 34%. The area of slump zone also declined for
          @he period, from 22 acres (9 ha) to 17 acres (6.8 ha). Increases
          in area were observed in forest land and wetland. Forests
          increased by 26 acres (10.6 ha), from 24 acres (9.6 ha) in 1978
          to 50 acres (20 ha) in 1992. Wetlands increased a modest 2.7
          acres (1.1 ha) to 6 acres (2.4 ha) in 1992.
               No open/other land areas were observed for either study
          year. In 1978, no sea walls or revetments were observed. In 1992,
          150 feet (46 m) of revetment were documented.

          Town of Two Creeks


               Land within the coastal zone of the town of Two Creeks was
          measured at 726 acres (294 ha) in 1978 and 652 acres (264 ha) in
          1992. The source of the difference (74 acres, 30 ha) could be
          photo scale anomalies as discussed above. The town of Two Creeks
          was one of the sites tested to determine linear accuracy of the
          enlarged photos. The 1978 photos of Two Creeks were determined
          to deviate -1.7% from USGS 1:24000 maps. The 1992 photos
          deviated by -6.4% from the USGS basis.
               In 1992, 97 residential structures were located on 57 acres
          (23 ha) of land. Most of these structures (56) were single
          family or duplex. Other structures associated with residential
          land included (8) detached garages, 16 sheds and 17 barns. In
          1978, the same area of residential land was reported.
               In 1992, no commercial area was reported compared to .7
          acres (.3 ha) reported in 1978. Results indicate that no
          industrial park land was observed for either study year.
               Land area devoted to transportation types increased a modest
          5.7 acres (2.3 ha), from 46.4 acres (18.8 ha) in 1978 to 52 acres
          (21 ha) in 1992. Within the transportation category, however,
          considerable change is reported. Area of public boat landing
          increased by 1.5 acres (.6 ha) to 2.3 acres (.9 ha) in 1992.
          Communication and utilities, with 1.7 acres (.7 ha) and 44 acres
          (17.8 ha) reported in 1978, were reported with no area in 1992,
          while land devoted to sewage treatment plant increased from no
          area in 1978 to nearly 50 acres (20 ha) in 1992. Likely, these
          dramatic changes reflect misclassification rather than actual
          change.
               Extractive of the type "other" was observed on both sets of
          photos. In 1978, 7.7 acres (3.1 ha) of other extractive were
          noted while 7.3 acres (3 ha) were noted in 1992.


                                            23









                Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 611 acres (248
           ha) in 1978 to 522 acres (211 ha) in 1992. The types abandoned
           field, heath vegetation, open water and wetland remained
           relatively unchanged during the 14 year period. However, active:
           agriculture, forest and slump zone experienced considerable
           losses of area. Active agricultural land decreased by 73 acres
           ((30 ha] 17.5%) from 424 acres (172 ha) in 1978 to 351 acres (142
           ha) in 1992. Forests declined from 85 acres (34 ha) to 70 acres;
           (28 ha) while area of slump zone fell from 10.7 acres (4.3 ha) to
           2.7 acres (1.1 ha).
                Two open/other land types showed change during the period
           studied. Urban open lot areas increased from .3 acres (.1 ha)      in
           1978 to 4.6 acres (1.9 ha) in 1992. The type outdoor recreation
           also increased from 3.9 acres (1.6 ha) in 1978 to 9.8 acres (4
           ha) in 1992.
                From 1978-1992, results suggest shoreline modification has
           decreased. within the township. Sea wall construction decreased
           from 977 feet (298 m) to 695 feet (212 m). Likewise, revetment
           decreased from 3,913 feet (1,193 m) to 3,789 feet (1,155 m).
                No groins or non-flow-through docks were recorded for either
           study year.

           City of Two Rivers

                Because of land annexation of about 200 acres (81 ha) since
           1978, meaningful analysis of land use change within the coastal
           zone of the city of Two Rivers is made difficult.
                The coastal zone area within the city was measured at 276
           acres (112 ha) in 1978 and 459 acres (186 ha) in 1992. The 184
           acre (75 ha) difference is more than accounted for by the area
           annexed from the town of Two Rivers.
                In 1992, a total of 864 residential structures were
           identified on 163 acres (66 ha) of residential land. Of      these,
           502 were of the single family/duplex type, while 275 and    87 were
           detached garages and sheds, respectively.
                In 1.992, 32 commercial structures were located on 32 acres
           (13 ha) of commercial land. Industrial land covered 69 acres (28
           ha) in 1992, on which 38 structures were observed.
                Agricultural and natural areas increased from 37 acres (15
           ha) to 81. acres (33 ha) for the period studied. Area changes
           within the category include a 21 acre (8.4 ha) increase in forest
           land, a 1.0 acre (4.1 ha) loss of heath community and a 40 acre
           (16.1 ha) increase in wetland.
                Total open and Other Lands increased from 45 acres (18 ha)
           in 1978 to 57 acres (23 ha) in 1992. Most of the increase was
           observed in outdoor recreation land.
                Shoreline modifications increased significantly during the
           14 year period studied. Revetment construction increased by 68%
           from 6,025 feet (1,837 m) in 1978 to 10,121 feet (3,086 m) in
           1992.





                                            24











         Town of Two Rivers

              Since 1978, about 200 acres  (81 ha) of town land within the
         coastal zone has been annexed to  the city of Two Rivers. This
         transfer of land makes difficult  analysis of landuse change
         within the town's coastal zone.   In 1978, land within the town's
         coastal zone was estimated to be  867 acres (351 ha). In 1992,
         the town's coastal zone area was  estimated to be 644 acres (261
         ha).
              Residential land covered 91  acres (37 ha) in 1978. In 1992,
         total residential land covered but 17 acres (6.8 ha), much of the
         land lost to annexation. Fifty-nine (59) structures were
         documented on the 1992 residential areas. of these, there were
         37 single family/duplex units, 16 detached garages and (6) sheds.
              Commercial land covered only 1.8 acres (.7 ha) in 1992,
         compared to 11.4 acres (4.6 ha) in 1978. Neither industrial nor
         extractive a.reas were observed for either study year. A total of
         17.8 acres (7.2 ha) of transportation land was recorded in 1978,
         by 1992 all had been lost through annexation.
              As is common in rural counties, lands within the category of
         agricultural and natural represent the greatest area of the
         coastal zone. In 1992, this category covered 600 acres (243 ha)
         or 93% of the coastal zone. of these, there were 362 acres (147
         ha) of active agriculture, 94 acres (38 ha) of forest and 131
         acres (53 ha) of wetland.
              Twenty-five (25) acres (10.1 ha) of open/other land was
         observed in 1992, most of which were of the outdoor recreation
         type.
              No shoreline modification features were recorded in 1992.
         The 4,925 feet (1,502 m) observed in 1978 appear to have been on
         land annexed to the city of Two Rivers.





















                                         25











                                      REFERENCES

          Avery, T.E. and G.L. Berlin, 1985. Interpretation of Aerial
             PhotograRhs. 4th ed., Brugess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
             554 pp.

          Barrett, 14.E. and W.A. Niering, 1993. Tidal marsh restoration:
             trends in vegetat.ion change using a geographic information
             .system. Society for Ecological Restoration. l(l):18-28.

          Befort, W. and J.J. Viliman, 1985. Aerial identification of
             forest habitats. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual
             Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 679-688.

          Benton, A.R., Jr., W.W. Snell and C. Clark, 1978. Seasonal aerial
             photographic mapping of Galveston Island. Coastal Mapping
             Papers Reprint from Coastal Zone 178, Amer. Soc. Civil Eng.,
             pp. 1205-1222. .                                                       I
          Boge, W.E., A.C. Crone and R.J. Ondrejka, 1992. Primary data
             acquisition - state of the art review. Photogrammetric
             Engineering and Remote Sensing, 58(8):1077-10.

          Carlson, H., L.M. Andrews and C.W. Threinen, 1977. Surface Water
             Resources of Oconto County. Wisconsin Department of Natural
             Resources, Madison, Wisconsin.

          Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial Photography.
             Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 261 pp.

          Dresen, M. and M.E. Vollbrecht, 1986. Wisconsin's shoreland
             zoning program: design and direction. The Michigan Riparian.

          Eastman-Kodak, 1974. Photography from Light Planes and
             Helicopters. Pub. No. M-5, Rochester, N.Y., 25 p.

          Evans, B.M. and L. Mata, 1984. Acquisition of 35mm oblique
             photographs for stereoscopic analysis and measurement.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 50(11):1581-
             1590.

          Ferguson, R.L., L.L. Wood and D.B. Graham, 1993. Monitoring
             spacial change in seagrass habitat with aerial photography.
             Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 59(6):1033-
             1038.

          Fleming, J. and R.G. Dixon, 1981. Basic Guide to Small-Format
             Hand-Held Oblique Aerial Photography. Canadian Centre for
             Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, 81 p.




                                          26









         Hagen, G.F. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Predicting tree groundline
            diameter from crown measurements made on 35mm aerial
            photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,
            52 (5):687-690.
         Heer, R.C. and J.L. SmAh, 1986. Estimation of density in young
            pine plantations using 35mm aerial photography. Proceedings of
            the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 5,
            pp. 80-84.

         Hill, J.M., D.L. Evans and J. Blackman, 1985. Development of a
            permit geographic information system for coastal zone
            management. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
            Washington, D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 284-293.

         Hinckley, T.K. and J.W. Walker, 1993. Obtaining and using low-
            altitude/large-scale imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and
            Remote Sensing, 59(3):310-318.

         International Joint Commission, Committee 2, 1993. Detailed Site
            Study - Berrien County, Michigan: Final Report, 75 pp.

         International Joint Commission, 1993. Great Lakes Water Level
            Reference Study. Working Committee 2. Land Use and Shoreline
            Management Task Group Report, 99 pp.

         Kim, K. and S. Ventura, 1993. Large-scale modeling of urban
            nonpoint source pollution using a geographic information
            system. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            59(10):1539-1544.

         Lo, C.P. and W.E. Noble, 1990. Detailed urban land-use and land-
            cover mapping using large format camera photographs: an
            evaluation. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            56(2):197-206.

         Lyon, J.G. and R.G. Greene, 1992. Use of aerial photographs to
            measure the historical areal extent of Lake Erie coastal
            wetlands. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            58(9):1355-1360.

         MacConnell, W.F., 1975. Remote Sensing 20 years of change in
            Massachusetts: 1952-1972. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 630,
            Amherst, Mass., 79 pp.

         Marsh, S.E., J.L. Welsh and C.F. Hutchinson, 1990. Development of
            an agricultural land-use GIS for surveyed derived from
            multispatial video and photographic data. Photogrammetric
            Engineering and Remote Sensing, 56(3):359-363.




                                         27









          McCarthy, J., C.E. Olson and J.A. Witter, 1982. Evaluation of
             spruce-fir forests using small-format photographs.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 48(5):771-778.

          Niedzwiedz, W.R., 1990. Assessing permit compliance in
             residential areas using color 35mm aerial photography.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 56(2):211-224.


          Niedzwied[z, W.R. and S.S. Batie, 1984. An assessment of urban
             development into coastal wetlands using historical aerial
             photography: a case study. Environmental Management, 8(3):205-
             214.

          Norton, D.J., J. Organ and T. Litwin, 1985. Covertype
             classification and mapping on Long Island's National Wildlife
             Refuge. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 585-594.

          Paine, D.P. and R.J. McCadden, 1988. Simplified forest inventory
             using large-scale 70mm photography and tariff tables.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 54(10):1423-
             1427.

          Roberts, A. and L. Griswold, 1986. Practical photogrammetry froin
             35mm aerial photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
             Sensing, 52(4):501-508.

          Scarpace, F.L., B.K. Quirk, R.W. Kiefer and S.L. Wynn, 1981.
             Wetland mapping from digitized aerial photography.
             Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 47(6):829-833.

          Scherz, jr.P. and J.F. Van Domelsen, 1973. Lake Superior Water
             Quality Near Duluth from Analysis of Aerial Photos and ERTS
             Imagery, Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management,
             American Water Resources Association, Proceedings, No. 17.

          Shafer, R. and S. Degler, 1986. 35mm photography: an inexpensive
             remote sensing tool. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
             Sensing, 52(6):833-837.
          Smith, J.T., ed., 1968*. Manual of Color Aerial .Photography.
             American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls church, VA., 550 pp.

          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1978. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
             Levels for the Great Lakes. April. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
             MI. pp.4

          U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
             Levels for the Great Lakes. May. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
             MI. pp.4


                                          28








         Walker, J.W., 1985. Ultra-light reconnaissance, another tool.
            Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington,
            D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 371-380.

         Welch, R., T.R. Jordan and S.S. Fung, 1985. Photogrammetry: A
            revolutionary solution to the assessment of ephemeral gully
            erosion. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
            Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 873-874.

         Welch, R., M. Remillard and J. Alberts, 1992. Integration of GPS,
            remote sensing and GIS techniques for coastal resource
            management. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
            58(11):1571-1578.











































                                         29




 I
 I
 I

                                      APPENDIX
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 11
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 I
 1                                       30
 1









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992

                                County Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Manitowoc
           Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

             Town  of Centerville
             Village  of Cleveland
             City  of Manitowoc
             Town  of Manitowoc
             Town  of Newton
             Town  of Two Creeks
             City  of Two Rivers
             Town  of Two Rivers


                                _LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                            of structures     Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

           -lil  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
             - -garages
                 sheds
           _113-Res. units                     1214            518         210
                 garages                        543
                 sheds                          276
                 barns                           19
             115 Res. units                        6              1         <1
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal         2058            519         210

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
           "'122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business   Dist    68              64         26-
             126 Institutional                   17              48         19--
                                Subtotal         85                         45



            -138 Industrial  Park                                89         36













                                                                                          Area
                                                        I of st,uctures            Acres        Ifectares

              14 Transiortation

                 141 Air, Transportation
                 142 Rail Transportation                           1                 20               8
                 143 Water Transportation
                 143.1 Private Marina                              7                   3              1
                 143.2 Public Boat Landing                         9                 17              .7
                 144 Highways                                                        26              11
                 145 Communications                                                  26              11
                 146 Utilities                                   13.                 56              ?s13
                 147 Sewage Treatment Plant                                          15               6
                 148 Landfill
                                         Subtotal                28                164               66


              17 Extra:tive

                 171   Open Pit                                                      33              :L4
                 172   Underground
                 173   Well
                 179-Other Extractive                                                                 3
                                               Subtotal                              41              17

              18 =icultural and Natural

                 181   AF  Abandoned Field                                         341             138
             ....... 182 AG Agriculture Active                   14                1244            504
                 183   F   Forest                                                  694             281
                 184   H   Heath                                                   163               66
                 18 5  OW  Open Water                                                46              19
              --186    RL  Rock Ledge                                                <1              <1
                 187   SL  Slump Zone                                                73              29
                 .188  WT  Wetland                                                 133               54
                                         Subtotal                16                2693            1091

              19"bp6n     Land. Other'

                                            Assembly
                 192 Urban Open Lots                                                 31              12
                 193 Outdoor Recreation                          31                147               59
                 194 Cemeteries
                                         Subtotal                32                177               72


                                                                             Total   Acres           3794
                                                                             Total   Hectares        1536

              Shoreline Modifications                                                     Linear
                                                                                     Feet          Metex,s;
                 195 Sea Walls                                                       8913            2717
                 196 Revetments                                                    27315             832EI
                 3.97 Groins                                                of Groins       I
                 198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                               I of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:,
                                      1978 - 1992

                               County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

             Town of Centerville
             Village of Cleveland
             City of Manitowoc
             Town of Manitowoc
             Town of Newton
             Town of Two Creeks
             City of Two Rivers
             Town of Two Rivers



                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acrgs    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units                      4              2
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                   1291           557          225
                 garages                       596
                 sheds                         207
                 barns                         21
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal         2119           561          227


          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist          12               3           1
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business  Dist    61              84         34
            126 Institutional                  15              33         13
                               Subtotal        88            120          49


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park,               71            121          49






                                             of structures     Acres Area Hectarej;

           14 Transportation

             141 Air Transportation
             1.42 Rail Transportation             2              22           9
             1.43 Water Transportation
             1,43.1 Private Marina               13              29          12
             143.2 Public Boat Landing            1                2          1
             144 Highways                                        5a          24
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities                        9              13           5
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant          39              59          24
             148 Landfill                                        21           9
                                Subtotal         64            205           83


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit                                        40          16
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive                                             3
                                    Subtotal                     47          19

           IS Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF  Abandoned Field              7            301          122
             182 AG  Agriculture Active                        914_         370
             183 F   Forest                                    642          263
             184 H   Heath                                     115           47
             185 OW  Open Water                                  67          27
             186 RL  Rock Ledge
             187 SL  Slump Zone                                  71          29
             188 WT  Wetland                                   252          102
                               Subtotal           7            2369         960


           19 Or)en Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                 11           5
             193 Outdoor Recreation              46            208           84
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal          46            220           89


                                                          Total Acres        3643
                                                          Total Hectares     1476

           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 ]Eeet      Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                     11740         3579,
             196 Revetments                                    33975        10358
             197 Groins                                # of Groins
             198 Dock i4on-Flow-Through                # of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                     1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
         'Year: 1978              Summary Data Sheet
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Centerville
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T17N R23E SEC 1          SEC 27
                         SEC 2          SEC 34
                         SEC 11
                         SEC 12
                         SEC 14
                         SEC 15
                         SEC 22
                         SEC 23


                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                       I of structures     Acres    Hectares
         -11 Residential

            -111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
            - -- sheds
            113 Res. units                    32           .39.         16
                garages                       10
                sheds                         24
                barns                           3
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal          69            39          16
          ii Commercial

                Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal

          13  Industrial

            138 Industrial Park













                                                                          Area
            14 Trans)ortation                 I of structures       Acres     Heq@targg.

              2.41 Air Transportation
              1.42 Rail Transportation
              2,43 Water Transportation
              1.43.1 Private Marina
              1,43.2 Public Boat Landing
              2.44 Highways
              2.45 Communications
              2.46 Utilities
              2.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              2.48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal


            17 Extra,.tive

              171  Open Pit                                            3
              172  Underground
              173  Well
              179  Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal                        3

            18* Agricultural and Natural

              181  AF Abandoned Field                               118
              182  AG Agriculture Active                            320          130
              183  F  Forest                                         65            26
              2.84 H  Heath
                   OW Open Water                                       3           1
           ..-..-186 RL Rock Ledge
                   SL Slump Zone                                     21            9
             .188 WT  Wetland                                        .25           10
                                  Subtotal                          552          224
           _'_i@i'Oyen L.And. Other

                   Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192  Urban Open Lots
              193  Outdoor Recreation
              194  Cemeteries     Subtotal

                                                               Total Acres         5911
                                                               Total Hectares      240

            Shgrelinia-Modifications                                      Linear
              195 Sea Walls                                          Feet        Meters;
              196 Revetments                                         1640          50E
              197 Groins                                        # of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         P of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Centerville
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T17N R23E SEC  1          SEC 27
                         SEC  2          SEC 34
                         SEC  11
                         SEC  12
                         SEC  14
                         SEC  15
                         SEC  22
                         SEC  23


                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     30            32          13
                garages                        11
                sheds                          8
                barns                          3
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal           52            32          13

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                          of st-uctures    Acres Area Hectares

          14 Transiortation

            141 Air, Transportation
            142 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            143.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 Seurage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill      Subtotal

          17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal

          18 Agricultural and Natural

            181 AF-Abandoned Field             1            76          31
            182 AG Agriculture Active                      279        113
            183 F  Forest                                  105          43
            184 H  Heath                                    <1          <1
            185 OW Open Water                                3           1
            186 RL Rock Ledge
            187 SL Slump Zone                               32          13
            1.88 WT Wetland                                 28          11
                             Subtotal          1           524        213


          19 ORen Land, Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192 Urban Open Lots                             <1          <1
            193 Outdoor Recreation
            194 Cemeteries
                             Subtotal                       <1          <1


                                                       Total Acres       557
                                                       Total Hectares    226,


          Shoreline Modifications                               Linear
                                                            Feet      Meters.
            195 Sea Walls
            196 Revetments                                   697         213_,
            197 Groins                                     of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      of Docks









                    Lake  Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                             1978 - 1992

                                         Civil Jurisdiction
                                         Summary Data Sheet
          ---Year-:- 1978
            County: Manitowoc
            Township, Village or City name: Village of Cleveland
            PLSS section data sheets includl_d-in summary (give full
            description) :

                  T17N R23E SEC 27








                                        LAND USg   CATEGORIES
                                                  of   sIt.ructures    Acres Area Hectares

            11  Residential

          ____111 Res. units


                    sheds
                    Res. units
                 -.-,-garages
                    sheds
               1.1-3, Res. units                       45                26           11
                 __-garages                            14
                -   sheds                              17
                    barns                               3
               115  Res. units
                    garages
                    sheds
                                  Subtotal        __.__79                26           11

            12 Commercial

               121 Central Business Dist
              .122  Shopping center/Mall
               .124 Neighborhood Business Dist          3                 5             2
               126  Institutional
                                     Subtotal           3                 5             2
            i3 industrial

          .,.__138..Industrial Park,













                                                                         Area
                                             I of st-ucture-s-      Acres     Hectare-Aa

            14 Trans)ortation

              1,41 Air Transportation
              1.42 Rail Transportation
              2.43 Water Transportation
              1,43.1 Private Marina
              IA3.2 Public Boat Landing
              1.44 Highways
              2.45 communications
              1.46 Utilities                          2                           <1
              1,47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              2.48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal            2               1           <1


            17 Extra,.tive

              171  Open Pit
              172  Underground
              173  Well
              2.79 Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal

            18 =iciltural and Natural

              181  AF Abandoned Field                                 3            1
              182  AG Agriculture Active                             33           13
              183  F  Forest                                          3            1
              184  H  Heath
              185  OW Open Water                                      2            1
            -186   RL Rock Ledge
                   SL Slump Zone                                      1           <1
              188  WT Wetland                                         4            2
                                  Subtotal                           46           19
            3.9 !@Ren Land. other
              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly"
              192  Urban Open Lots                                    3            1
              193  Outdoor Recreation                                 1           <1
              194  Cemeteries     Subtotal            1               4            2

                                                              Total  Acres          82:
                                                              Total  Hectares       33

            Sh2ieling-Modifications                                      Linear
                                                                     Feet       Meters.
              195 Sea Walls                                           287
              196.Revetments                                          390          1121-
              197 Groins                                        # of  Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         # of  Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Cleveland
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T17N R23E SEC 22
                          SEC  23
                          SEC  27







                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                          of structures    Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential


            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    63             42         17
                garages                       12
                sheds                         10
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal          85             42         17

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist         10              2          1
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      4             6          2
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal        14                         3

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park











                                                                   Area
                                           of structures      Acres    Hectares


          14 Transportation

            141 Air Transportation
            1,42 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            1,43.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill      Subtotal

          17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal


          18 Agricultural and Natural

            181 AF  Abandoned Field                            8           3
            182 AG  Agriculture Active                        20           8
            183 F   Forest                                     6           2
            184 H   'Reath
            185 OW  Open Water                                 2           1
            186 RL  Rock Ledge
            187 SL  Slump Zone                                 I           <1
            188 WT  Wetland                                    4           2
                              Subtotal                        41           17


          19 Open Land, Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192 Urban Open Lots                                1           1
            193 Outdoor Recreation              4              2           1
            194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal          4              3           1


                                                        Total Acres         9-;
                                                        Total Hectares      38
          Shoreline Llodifications                            Feet Linear Meters
            195 Sea Walls
            196 Revetments                                    2162         651-
            197 Groins                                    # of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     # of Docks










                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992


                                     Civil Jurisdiction
                                     Summary Data Sheet

           Year    1978
           County: Manitowoc
           Township, Village or City name: City of Manitowoc
           PLSS section data sheets inclugle-d in summary (give full
           description):

                T18N R24E   SEC 5
                T19N R24E   SEC 16
                            SEC 17
                            SEC 20
                            SEC 29
                            SEC 32



                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                           I of   s.truct.ures- Acres Area Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units                                      <1           <1
              - -garages
                 sheds
            _112 Res. units
             - ..-garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                       482            146          59
                 garages                          233
                 sheds                            49
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds         Subtotal         .764             146          59

           12 CommerciAl

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business    Dist __36              32           13
             126 Institutional                    11             45           is
                                 Subtotal         47             77           31

         .13 Industrial

            -138 Industrial Park                  20             27













                                                                             Area
                                                  of st-uctures        Acres      Heqt-ares

            14 Transportation

               141 Aix, Transportation
               142 Rail Transportation                                  16             6
               143 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina
               143.2 Public Boat Landing
               144 Highways                                             17             7___,
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities                                            11             5
               147 Seurage Treatment Plant                              12             5
               148 Landfill
                                   Subtotal             6               56           23


            17 Extractive

               171 Open Pit
               172 Underground
               173 Well
               179 Other Extractive
                                        Subtotal

            18 &=icqltural and Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                                  43           Is
               -182 AG AgricultureActive                                16             7
               183 F   Forest                                           11             4
               184 H   Heath
               1,85 OW Open Water                                                      3
               -186 RL Rock Ledge
                   SL  Slump Zone                                         4            2
               -.188 WT.Wetland                                           8            3
                                   Subtotal                             91           37


                      Land.  Other

            -.-.-191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192 Urban Open Lots                                      21
               193 Outdoor Recreation                  12               80           32
               194 Cemeteries      Subtotal            13              101           41

                                                                 Total  Acres          49141
                                                                 Total  Hectares       203.

            Shoielina Modifications                                          Linear
                                                                        Feet        Meters,
               195 Sea Walls                                            7649         2332
               196 Revetments                                           9528         2 9 0;
               197 Groins                                          f of Groins     I
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                             of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                     1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                 'S"mmary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: City of Manitowoc
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T18N R24E SEC 5
                         SEC 8
               T19N R24E SEC 9
                         SEC 16
                         SEC 17
                         SEC 20
                         SEC 29
                         SEC 32
                                 UND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                       I of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units                      4            2
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units                                   2
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    525           169        69
                garages                       252
                sheds                         60
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
          -                 Subtotal         841            173        70


          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist           2            1         <1
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist    31            53         21
            126 Institutional                   5           24         10
                              Subtotal        38            78         32

          13 Indus rial

            138 Industrial Park               33            52         21







                                           of stuctures      Acres Area Hectares

           14 Transiortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation              2           14           6
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                 7           17           7
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways                                     28          11
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities                        9           13           5
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill                                     21           9
                               Subtotal          18           94          38


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           IS Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                           40          16
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        23           9
             183 F  Forest                                     9           4
             184 H  Heath                                      1           1
             2.85 OW Open Water                               32          13
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             1.87 SL Slump Zone                                4           2
             188 WT Wetland                                    6           3
                               Subtotal                      115          47


           19 Or)en Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                               2           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation             16           115          46
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal          16           117          47


                                                        Total Acres        629
                                                        Total Hectares     255


           Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                              Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                   11045        336.'r
             196 Revetments                                  17055        5200
             197 Groins                                   # of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                    # of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Manitowoc
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T18N R24E SEC 5           T19N R24E SEC 9
                          SEC 6                     SEC 16
                          SEC 7
                          SEC a
                          SEC is






                                       USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                        I of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
          .--.112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                      88            64          26
                garages                         31
                sheds                           38
                barns                            3
            115 Res. units
            -   garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal          160            64          26

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist       2             6           3
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal          2             6           3

          ..13  Industrial

           - 138 Industrial Park












                                                                Area
                                        P of st uctures    AcXes     gectareg

          14
             ,rrans2ortation

            141 Air Transportation
            1,12 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            143.2 Public Boat Landing          2              6          2
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            1,66 Utilities
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill
                              Subtotal         2              6          2

          17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179-Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal

          is-&qXicultural and Natural

            181 AF,Abandoned Field                          42          19
            182 AG Agriculture Active                      181          73
            183 F  Forest                                   17           7
            184 H  Heath
            185 OW Open Water                               <1          <1
            186 RL Rock Ledge
            187'SL Slump Zone                               14           6
           .188 WT Wetland                                    5          2
          -                  Subtotal                      265          107

          19 PRen-Land, Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192 Urban open Lots                               3          1
            193 Outdoor Recreation                          <1          <1
            194 cemeteries
                             Subtotal                         3          1


                                                       Total Acres       3411
                                                       Total Hectares    139

          ShoXeline Modifications                               Linear
                                                            Feet       Meters
            195 Sea Walls                                     895        27:1
            196 Revetments
            197 Groins                                     of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                   P of  Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992


                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Manitowoc
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T18N R24E SEC 5
                          SEC 6
                          SEC 7
                          SEC 18







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acres    Hectares


          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                     52            48         20
                 garages                        14
                 sheds                           8
                 barns                           I
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal           75            48         20


          12 Commercial


            121 Central  Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                           of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          14 Transiortation

            141 Air, Transportation
            142 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            143.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill
                              Subtotal


          17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal

          18 Agricultural and Natural

            181 AF  Abandoned Field             2            72          29
            182 AG  Agriculture Active                       67          27
            183 F   Forest                                   25          10
            184 H   Heath
            185 OW  Open Water                                 I         <1
            186 RL  Rock Ledge
            187 SL  Slump Zone                               14           6
            188 WT  Wetland                                  10           4
                              Subtotal          2            189         76


          19 Open Land, Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
            192 Urban Open Lots                                3          1
            193 Outdoor Recreation                             1         <1
            194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal                         4          2


                                                       Total Actes        240
                                                       Total Hectares      97


          Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                             Feet       Meters
            195 Sea Walls
            196 Revetments
            197 Groins                                   # of Groins
            1.98 Dock Non-Flow-Through                   # of Docks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                     1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet
         -Year: 1978
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of.Newton
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T18N R23E SEC 13
                         SEC 24
                         SEC 25
                         SEC 35
                         SEC 36





                                 LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                          of structures    Acrrs    Hectares

          11 Residen&ial

            -111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     15           13          5
                garages                         2
                sheds                          14
                barns                           2
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                            Subtotal           33           13          5

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Hall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal
          ii Industrial

            138 Industrial  Park












                                                                 Area
          14 Transportation                of Itractures    Acres     Hectares.

            141 Aix, Transportation
            142 Rail Transportation
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina
            143.2 Public Boat Landing
            144 Highways
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities
            147 Sewage Treatment Plant
            148 Landfill
          17 Extra tive       Subtotal

            171 Open Pit                                     31          12
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 Other Extractive
                                  Subtotal                   31          12

          18 Acrricultural and Natural

            181 AF Abandoned Field                           49          20'-'-
            182 AG Agriculture Active                       267         108
            183 F  Forest                                      4         10
            184 H  Heath
            185 OW Open Water                                <1          <1
            186 RL Rock Ledge
            187 SL Slump Zone                                22           9
            .188 WT Wetland                                    3          1
                              Subtotal                      366         148


          19 Open Land, Other

                Outdoor-Public Assembly
                Urban Open Lots
            193 Outdoor Recreation
            194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal


                                                        Total Acres       411)
                                                        Total Hectares    1615

          ShoLreline-Modifications                               Linear
                                                             Zeet       Meters
            195 Sea Walls
            196 Revetments
            197 droins                                   0 of Groins
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Newton
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T18N R23E SEC 13
                          SEC 24
                          SEC 25
                          SEC 35
                          SEC 36






                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                          of structures     Acres     Hectares


          11 Residential

            ill  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                     26           30          12
                 garages                         8
                 sheds                          12
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal           46           3.0         12

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                             of st.-uctures      Acres Area Hectares

           .14 Transportation

              3.41 Air Transportation
              3.42 Rail Transportation
              3.43 Water Transportation
              3.43.1 Private Marina                              <1           <1
              143.2 Public Boat Landing                           I           <1
              3.44 Highways
              3.45 Communications
              3.46 Utilities
              3.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
              3.48 Landfill
                                Subtotal                          1           <1


           17 Extractive

              3.71 Open Pit                                      40           16
              3.72 Underground
              3.7 3 Wel 1
              3.79 Other Extractive
                                     Subtotal                    40           16

           18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                             49           20
              182 AG Agriculture Active                          175          71
              183 F  Forest                                      50           20
              184 H  Heath
              185 OW Open Water                                   2            1
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone                                  17            7
              188 WT Wetland                                      6            2
                                Subtotal           2             299         121


           19 ORen Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation.
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                  Total Acres          36SI
                                                          Total Hectares       14SI


           Shoreline Modifications                                    Linear
                                                                 Feet     -Meters
              195 Sea Walls
              196 Revetments                                      150           40
              197 Groins                                        of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                       1978 - 1992

                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year:   1978
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Two Creeks
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T21N R24E  SEC 2        .-.T21M R25E SEC 30
                          SEC 11                    SEC 31
                          SEC 12
                          SEC 13
                          SEC 14
                          SEC 24
                          SEC 25
                          SEC 36


                                 -LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                  Area
                                           of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res..units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
               -.--,sheds
            ..113 Res. units                   39              56        23
                garages                        12
                sheds                          39
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal          98              56        23

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist       3              1        <1
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal          3              1        <1

         .13 Industrial

          ...138 Industrial Park













                                                                       Area
           14 Transportation                  of st uctures        Acres     Hec:tares

             141 Air Transportation
             1,42 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                              1           <1
             1,44 Highways
             1,45 Communications                                    2            1
             146 Utilities                          3              44           18
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             1,48 Landfill
                                 Subtotal           3              46           19

           17 Axtractive

             171  Open Pit
             172  Underground
             173  Well
             179  Other Extractive                                  8            3
                                     Subtotal                       8            3

           3.a A@ricultural and Natural

             181  AF Abandoned Field                2              43           17
           ....-.182 AG Agriculture Active          14             424        172
             183  F  Forest                                        85           24
            -184  H  Heath                                         19            8
             185  OW Open Water                                     2            1
            -186  RL Rock Ledge
                  SL Slump Zone                                    11            4
             188  WT Wetland                                       28           11
                                 Subtotal           16             611        248

           i@-'O@en Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                   <1           <1
             193 Outdoor Recreation                 3.              4            2
             194 Cemeteries
                                 Subtotal           1               4            2


                                                            Total Acres          727
                                                            Total Hectares       294
           Sh8@eline--Modifications                                    Linear
                                                                   Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                          977          2911_
             196.Revetments                                        @913         1191-
             197 Groins                                         of Groins
            .198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        I of Qocks









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summar Data Sheet
                                        y

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Two Creeks
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T21N R24E SEC  2          T21N R25E SEC 30
                         SEC  11                   SEC 31
                         SEC  13
                         SEC  14
                         SEC  24
                         SEC  25
                         SEC  36



                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    56             57         23
                garages                         8
                sheds                         16
                barns                         17
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal         97             57         23

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                                             of st-uctures            Acres  Area  Hectares

               14 Trans)ortation

                  141 Air Transporiation
                  1,42 Rail Transportation
                  1,43 Water Transportation
                  1.43.1 Private Marina
                  1.43.2 Public Boat Landing                                             2
                  1.44 Highways
                  1.45 Communications
                  1.46 Utilities
                  1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant                       25                 50               20___,
                  1.48 Landf ill
                                           Subtotal                 26                 52               21


               17 Extra,.tive

                  1.71 Open Pit
                  1.72 Underground
                  1.73 Well
                  3.79 Other Extractive                                                  7               3
                                                 Subtotal                                7               3

               18 Acrriciltural and Natural

                  3.81  AF  Abandoned Field                                            49               20
                  3.82  AG  Agriculture Active                                        351             142
                  3.83  F   Forest                                                     70               28
                  3.84  H   Heath                                                      19                8
                  3.85  OW  Open Water                                                   2               1
                  3.86  RL  Rock Ledge
                  3,87  SL  Slump Zone                                                   3               1
                  188   WT  Wetland                                                    28               12
                                           Subtotal                  2                522             211


               19 open     bAnd, other

                  IL91 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                  192 Urban Open Lots                                                    5               2
                  193 Outdoor Recreation                             -1                10                4
                  194 Cemeteries
                                           Subtotal                  1                 14                6


                                                                               Total   Acres             652
                                                                               Total   Hectares          264

               Shoreline Modifications                                                       Linear
                                                                                       Feet           Mete:r-s
                  195 Sea Walls                                                          695             23@5
                  196 Revetments                                                       3789             1155
                  197 Groins                                                        of Groins
                  .198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                         of  Docks









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                    civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

           Year:   1978
           county: Manitowoc
           Township, Village or City name: City of Two Rivers
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description) :

                T19K R24E SEC 1            T19N R25E SEC 6
                           SEC 2
                           SEC ill







                                    LAND USg CATEGORIES
                                                                    Area*
                                             of structures     Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             112 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
            -113  Res. units                    342             84           34
                  garages                       166
                  sheds                           50
                  barns
             115  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                               Subtotal         558             84           34

           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist --14                  9           4
             126 Institutional                     6              3           1
                                 Subtotal         20            11            5

           13  Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                  38            62           25













                                                                          Area
            2.4-Trans)ortation                I of structures       Acres      Hectarj&

              1.41 Air Transportation
              2.42 Rail Transportation                                4             2
              1.43 Water Transportation
              1.43. 1 Private Marina                  117             3             1
              1.43.2 Public Boat Landing              3               7             3
              2.44 Highways                                           9             4
              1.45 Communications                                    10             4
              1.46 Utilities                          I              <1           <1
              1,47 Sewage Treatment Plant                             3             1
              2.48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal            11             37           is


            17 Extra,.tive

              2.71 Open Pit
              172  Underground
              173  Well
              17 9 Other Extractive    Subtotal

            18 Acrric iltural  and Natural

              181  AF Abandoned Field                                12             5
              182  AG Agriculture Active
              183  F  Forest                                          I
              184  H  Heath                                         .10             4
              185  OW Open Water                                     13             5
            __.._186 RL Rock Ledge
            _-.187 SL Slump Zone
              i88  Wir Wetland
                                  Subtotal                           37           15

           .19 ORen Land. Other

                   Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192  Urban Open Lots                                    1             1
              193  Outdoor Recreation                 5              43           18
              194  Ce meteries    Subtotal            5              45           18

                                                               Total Acres          27 6
                                                               Total Hectares       11.12

            Shoreline Modifications                                       Linear
                                                                     Feet        Meter-.
              195 Sea Walls
              196-Revetments                                         6025         18 3_-,L.
              197 Groins                                        # of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                         # of pocks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: City of Two Rivers
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T19N R24E SEC I           T19N R25E SEC 6
                         SEC 2           T20N R25E SEC 31
                         SEC 10
                         SEC 11
                         SEC 15






                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    502            163        66
                garages                       275
                sheds                         87
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal         864            163        66

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist                        <1         <1
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist    26             25-        10
            126 Institutional                   6              7          3
                               Subtotal       32             32         13

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park               38             69         28






                                             of structures      Acres Area Hectares

           14 Transportation

              141 Ail, Transportation
              1,42 Rail Transportation                             8          3
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina '                6            -11          5
              143.2 Public Boat Landing
              1.44 Highways                                      30          12-_
              1.45 Communications
              1.46 Utilities
              1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant         it               9          4
              1.48 Landf ill
                                Subtotal          20             58          24


           17 Extractive

              1.71 Open Pit
              1.72 Underground
              3.7 3 Wel 1
              3.79 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           IS Agriciltural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                               4          2
              182 AG Agriculture Active
              183 F  Forest                                      22           9
              184 H  Heath                                       <1          <1
              185 OW Open Water                                  is           6
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone
              188 WT Wetland                                     40          16
                                Subtotal                         81          33


           19 ORen LAnd. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots
              193 Outdoor Recreation              13             57          23
              194 Ceineteries
                                Subtotal          13             57          23


                                                           Total Acres        459
                                                           Total Hectares     1EI15


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                 Feet       Meters,
              195 Sea Walls
              196 Revetments                                    10121        30EI13
              197 Groins -                                  # of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Manitowoc
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Two Rivers
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description)

               T19N R24E SEC 10          T20N R25E SEC 4           SEC 21
                         SEC 15                    SEC 6           SEC 28
                                                   SEC 9           SEC 29
                                                   SEC 16          SEC 31
                                                   SEC 20          SEC 32





                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                             structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            ..111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
          -.113 Res. units                    171            90          36
                garages                       75
                sheds                         45
                barns
            115 Res. units                      6              1         <1
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         297            91          37

              commercial

          -121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist    10             11          5
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal       10             11          5

                   trial

            138 Industrial Park












                                                                      Area
           14 Tranialortation                of structurgs      Acres     Hectares
             1411 Air Transportation
             1412 Rail Transportation
             1413 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                              3          1
             144 Highways
             1415 Communications                                 15            6
             1416 Utilities
             1417 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
           17 Nxtractive        Subtotal           4                           7

             1*71 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive   Subtotal
           -is j@ricu'ltural and Natural*
             181 AF  Abandoned Field                             26'_         Ii
           ___282 AG A(miculture Active                             3          1
                 F   Forest                                     489          -198
           __184 H   Heath                                      133           54
           -.185 OW  Open Water                                  16            7
                 RL  Rock Ledge                                  <1           <1
                 SL  Slump Zone
            ...188 WT Wetland .                                  60           24
                                Subtotal                        727         .294

           19 0Ren Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                   3           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation               12             18            7
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal          12             21


                                                            Total Acres        8 67
                                                            Total Hectares     35:1
           Shoreline Modifications                                    Linear
                                                                 Feet       Ketegg
             195 Sea Walls
             196 Revetments                                      4925         150-
             197 Groins                                        of Groins
           ....198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     0 of Qocks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1992
           County: Manitowoc
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Two Rivers
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description) :

                T20N R25E SEC 4             SEC 21
                           SEC 9            SEC 29
                           SEC 16           SEC 31
                           SEC 20           SEC 32






                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                     Area
                                             of structures     Acres     Hectares


           11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                       37              17          7
                 garages                          16
                 sheds                            6
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal            59              17          7


           12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional                    4               2-          1
                                 Subtotal         4                2          1


           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park






                                                             of structures             Acres  Area  Hectares

               14 Transiortation

                  141 Aix, Transportation
                  142 Rail Transportation
                  143 Water Transportation
                  143.1 Private Marina
                  143.2 Public Boat Landing
                  144 Highways
                  145 Coitmunidations
                  146 Utilities
                  147 Sewage Treatment Plant
                  148 Landfill             Subtotal

               17 Extractive

                  1,71 Open Pit
                  172 Underground
                  1.73 Well
                  1.79 Other Extractive
                                                 Subtotal

               18 Agricultural !And Natural

                  1.81  AF  Abandoned Field                                                2              1
                  1.82  AG  Agriculture Active
                  1.83  F   Forest                                                     362             147
                  184   H   Heath                                                       94               38
                  185   OW  Open Water                                                  11                4
                  186   RL  Rock Ledge
                  187   SL  Slump Zone
                  3.88  WT  Wetland                                                    131               53
                                           Subtotal                                    600             243

               19 Open Land. Other

                  191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
                  192 Urban Open Lots                                                   <1               <1
                  193 Outdoor Recreation                           1@                   25               10
                  194 Cemeteries
                                           Subtotal                12                   25               10


                                                                                Total   Acres             644
                                                                                Total   Hectares          261.


               Shoreline Modifications                                                        Linear
                                                                                        Feet           Metej.-s;
                  195 Sea Walls
                  196 Revetments
                  197 Groins                                                         of Groins
                  198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                                          of Docks




                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                                              I
                                                                   111111111111110 1111111111 1
                                                                 -1 3 6668 14108 6381 r
                                                                                              I