[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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                                         ASSESSING COASTAL
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                                            E
                                     DEV LOPMENT ALONG
       Ak
                                         KENOSHA COUNTY'S
                                                LAKE MICHIGAN
                                                         SHORELINE:
                                                                                               Y
                                                             1978-1992-_@,,.

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                                                     William R. Niedzwiedz
                                                  D
                                                      artment of Public and
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                                                      Environmental Affairs
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                                        University of Wisconsin-Green B

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         Prepared for the Wisconsin
      Coastal Management Program
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                         _91












         Acknowledgements

            PUNDED IN PART BY THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

         Financial assistance for this ResearchlStudy Project was provided
         by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
         administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
         Management, National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
         pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
         MANAGEMENT PROGRAX.

         THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
         Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
         COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
         protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
         Superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                 The Project Team

         This project required coordination and completion of several
         steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
         interpretation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
         preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
         complete this project.

            Brentt Michalek
            Christopher Hanrahan
            Shawn Reed
            Wendy Zareczny
            Christopher Wazny
            John Rafferty
            Cheryl Schulz
            Lori Pasterski
            Tom Marchant


         Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
         preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
         manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
         special recognition as part of the project team.

         Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
         Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
         project.











                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS


           INTRODUCTION    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         1


           PROJECT GOALS   . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         1


           STUDY AREA * * * , * , *      * , * *  * * , , *  * * *  * * * *  * *   11


           PROJECT METHODS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         3
              Aerial Photography    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        3
              Project Aerial Photos      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       4
              Photo Preparation     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        4
              Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)       . . . . . . . . . . . .      5

           CLASSIFICATION SCHEME    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        5
              Residential Land   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         5
              Commercial and Industrial Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      6
              Industrial Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         7
              Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       7
              Extractive Land Use      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       8
              Agricultural and Natural    Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      8
              Open and Other Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        10
              Shoreline Modification     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        10
              Structures - Industrial,    Commercial and Residential . .          11

           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        11


           MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT      TYPES LOCATED  WITHIN THE
              COASTAL ZONE   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          12


           TALLY OF DATA . * . . o     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        12


           LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR       . . . . . . . . . . . . .       13
              Photo Scale and Enlargements     . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        13
              "Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-off" Aerial      Photography   . . .     14
              Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage       . . . . . . . . . .       14
              Incomplete Photo'Coverage      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        14
              Missing Photo Coverage     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        15
              Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary        . . . . . . . .      15
              Lack of Beach Type in classification      scheme                    is
              Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural v;.*U@ba'n
                Development    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .         15

           RESULTS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     16
              Kenosha County Statistics      . . . . . . . . . .                  16
                Residential Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         18
                Commercial and Industrial Land      . .. . . . . . . . . . .      is
                Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        18
                Extractive   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          18
                Agricultural and Natural    Land    . . . . . . . . . . . .       18
                Open and other Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        19
                Shoreline Modifications      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        19
              Results by Community     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        19
                City of Kenosha     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
                Town of Pleasant Prairi*     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        20
                Town of Somers   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          22










          REFERENCES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      213

          A@PENDIX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      27


             Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests    . . .     33
          LIST OF TABLES



          LIST OF FIGURES
             Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
               Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .       :2









                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsin's
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

               Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

              The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
         developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
         Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
         human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
         human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
         Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
         legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
         meters) of the shoreline (ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
              Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
         requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
         Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
         requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
         shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
         requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
         This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
         aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
              This report documents both the original and amended contract
         to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
         zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
         original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
         the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
         keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
         results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
         of the original.

                                   PROJECT GOALS

              Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
         defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
         Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
            - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
            - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
               modification of the shorelines
            - Develop a database of built structures for 1992
         Additional goals included:
            - Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
               1992
            - Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
               1992


                                     STUDY AREA

              The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
         the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
         1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
         being that land within 1,000-feet (304.8 meters) of lake
         shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents-a 1,000, wide



















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                                                                                            MAFJrWM





                                                                                         MOM            DOOR








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                   Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake                              Superior

                                                               2
                                                         ,ROM









          zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
          coastline.


                                  PROJECT METHODS

          Aerial Photography

              Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
          clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
          meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
          current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
          method of documentation, and trained personnel.
              Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
          natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
          and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
          al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). Specific applications to
          urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
          nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
          erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
          urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
          1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
          property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
          (Marsh et al., 1990).
              Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
          urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
          1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
          aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
          change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
          zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
          Joint Commission (1993) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
          features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
          Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
          assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
          fluctuating water levels.
              Wisconsin's coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
          forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
          uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
          such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
          to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
          spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
          possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
          seasonal timing. Scarpace et al. (1981) used digitized aerial
          photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
          and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
          vegetation change using aerial photos.
              Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
          coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
          photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
          Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
          aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
          al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
          change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                         3









          examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
          Batie, 1984).

          Project Aerial Photos

                In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
          panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of the
          Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
          photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
          Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
          flown at a scale of 1:6000 (111 = 500") and enlargements made at
          1:2400 (111 = 2001). The 1978 photos were taken April 161h. The
          199:2 photos were flown May 13d'.
                Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area.
          and flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
          were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
          individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
          Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
          incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented      with
          the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
          photo.
                Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
          line #1 begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
          northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight:
          line and photo number.
                Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
          flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
          photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
          photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
          photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
          coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
          1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
          900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
          shoreline: from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
          Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
          about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
          Illinois border.

          Photo Preparation

                Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
          all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
          acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
          interpretation included the following:
             1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
             2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                required.
             3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
                are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                            4










               that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
               mapping applications.
            4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
               These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
               adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
               boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
               work.
            5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section lines (red ink).
            6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
            7. Locate and mark 1,0001 coastal zone boundary line (blue
               ink). A.divider was used to scribe a line 10001 away and
               parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
               cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
               dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
               shoreline.
            8. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
               slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
               were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
               classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
               the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
               additional discussion.

         Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

              The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
         complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
         classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
         complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
         modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
         Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
         residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
         agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
         been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
         have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
         are tallied by type for 1992.
              Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
         revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
         Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
         and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
         were counted,         CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

         Residential Land

              All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
         area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
         by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
         the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
         other classification types as well.



                                         5.









          ill  Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113 'Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               for mobile units.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Centek/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away, from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






                                          6










          126  Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
               public or quasi-public uses. Examples include schools,
               churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
               "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
               When located within the CBD, public buildings without
               "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
               would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138  Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
               industrial use areas.
                 Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
               processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
               petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
               large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
               transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
               interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                 Light industrial land contains facilities for the
               manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
               products such as electronics, appliances, and other
               secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
               material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
               light industries are well landscaped and are
               indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
               photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141  Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
               associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
               areas and adjacent open areas.

          142  Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
               freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
               passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
               such as tank farms.

          143  Water Transportation. This designation is applied to
               several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
               related land-based facilities for water transportation and
               commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
               marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
               buildings and parking areas.

          143.1  Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                 residential land are designated as private marinas. Often
                 such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                 and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                 waterway.


                                           7









          143.2 Public Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                  launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                  ramp(s) from which boats may be launched and parking
                  areas.

          144   Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
                corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, such
                roads are four or more lanes wide. Local streets are not
                included in this type.

          145   Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
                communications. These include radio/television towers,
                lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146   Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
                and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
                buildings, towers, roads/parking- facilities and, in the case
                of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147   Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
                parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in thj,-:s
                type.

          148   Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
                type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
                by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access.
                roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171   Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
                extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
                includes access.roads and any structures.

          172   Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
                extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
                would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173   Well.. Features associated with wells are limited.
                Identification of wells using only aerial photos is
                difficult.


          179   Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181   Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
                reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass    are
                abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If    tree
                crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
                classified as forest.



                                            8









         182  Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
              is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
              on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
              maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
              as part of this type.

         183  Forest (F). Areas of   forest, deciduous, coniferous or
              mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
              less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
              field.

         184  Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass!
              shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

         185  Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
              and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
              during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
              located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect 'the
              edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
              railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
              establish such a line.

         186  Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
              within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
              County.

         187  Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
              beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
              to the beach.

         188  Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
              wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
              swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
              forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                Seasonally flooded basing or flats occur principally on
              stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
              herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
              water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
              growing season.
                Shpb swamps often have waterlogged soil during the
              growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
              present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
              dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
              Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
              Surface water is present only for a short period during the
              spring.
                Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
              plant community, including most of the following: heath
              shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
              black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
              of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                          9










                 Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to   six
               inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                 D_eeR marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered    by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
                 Forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               "leaves-on" photography.

          Open and Other Land

          191  Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192  Urban Open Lots. Urban  open is undeveloped land lying idle
               in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type
               includes land which has been cleared for urban development
               of an unknown use.

          193  Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
               the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilities,
               buildings and other related facilities.

          194 Cemeteries

          Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
          Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin-Is
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                          10










              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

         196  Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

         197  Groins ( * [red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

         198  Non-Flow-Through Dock      (blue]    Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

         structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
         classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
         for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
         the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
         then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
         (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
         counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
         comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                           THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
         the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
         linear (shoreline modification)-and point (urban structures,
         groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
         symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
         represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
         identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
         natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
         area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
         types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
         revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IVf symbol
         at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
         modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
         between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
         IV, symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
         section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
         before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
         shoreline would not fhidel shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
         symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
         point.where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for









         199:2, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LIKE AND POINT
                       TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modif ication) measurements were made -using the hardware/ software
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay., Photo acetate overlays were af fixed to large-format
         digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter. Measurements recorded in square inches were converted
         to acres /hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                   TALLY OF DATA

              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summary
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section Data Sheet: One (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
         sictions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial, and institutional structures (1992) , area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-f low-through docks.
           - Civi Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets f ound within each
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the summary, as well as all land use, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              Coun y SummaME Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                         12









         structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
         sheets.


                          LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

              The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
         photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
         shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
         photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
         photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
              copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
         available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
         ?f the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
         in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
         photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
         project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
         the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
         for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
         what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
         for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
         photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
         discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
              The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
         is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
         understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
         apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
         of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
         to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
         (1978 and 1992).

         Photo Scale and Enlargements

              All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
         reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
         corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
         inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
         ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
         topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
         and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
         the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
         the original photos.
              Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
         photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
         tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
         each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
         photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
         base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
         and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
         systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
         only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
         positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
         tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                         13 -









          -13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 1 page
          17). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amount of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the ranget
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352  ha)
          in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          I'Leaves-On" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
          the goals of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can. be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopies
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadows mask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.,
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked, by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
          represent. photographic coverage only, or every other photo taken
          of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
          features.

          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 10001 strip
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 100011 of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                          14










         exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
         the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
         reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
         year.

         Missing Photo Coverage

              occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the USACE
         photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
         missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
         year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
         not represented on photos remain unknown.

         Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

              On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
         representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
         This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
         line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
         landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
         location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
         Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
         Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
         and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
         inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
         insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
         shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
         result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
         included in the 1978 coastal zone.

         Lack of Beach Type in classification scheme

              The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
         area and water elevation. Since changes in the area of beach
         likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
         levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
         erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
              The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
         within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
         coastal zone is 10001 from the ghoreline. Any beach area lies
         between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
         measurements of land use types were made only for those types
         lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
         the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
         about five (5) acres per photo.

         Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
         Development

              As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
         boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
         changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

                                         15









          erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
          location. In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
          the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in ar,
          area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
          water is filled to develop commercial land. A I'lakeward" shift
          in 'the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result:
          in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
          boundary. The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
          of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw' statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential. land use were eliminated to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                        RESULTS

          Kenosha County Statistics

               Kenosha County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
          coastal zone include the townships of Pleasant Prairie and
          Somers, and the city of Kenosha. The area measured within the
          coastal zone of Kenosha County was 1,430 acres (579 ha) in 1978
          and 1,374! acres (557 ha) in 1192. This represents a difference
          of 56 acres (23 ha) or 3.9%. Area discrepancies likely are the
          result of errors inherent in the enlarged aerial photos, as
          discussed on pages 12 through 15. Using USGS maps as control,
          tests were conducted on the linear accuracy of the Kenosha County
          photos. Results of tests applied to the 1978 photos indicate
          some departure (-2.5% and +3.1%) from USGS measurements. Results
          of tests applied to the 1992 photos indicate errors of -1.6% to
          -9%. The. range of error could yield a 67 acre (27 ha) difference
          between the 1978 and 1992 totals (Table 1).
               Statistical summaries for Kenosha County and all communities
          included in this study are located in the Appendix. I Summary
          data sheets present land use types by area, structural counts by
          type (1992), shoreline modification types by length, and a count,
          of shoreline structures by type. Data were collected at the PLSS
          section level. While the section level data sheets are not
          included in this report, copies are available upon written
          request.'




               'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect  totals
          (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
          presented on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
          report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                          16









                   Table 1. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                           Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                          1978                  1992
                                      Enlarged Photos      Enlarged Photos
            County                      (1:2400)             (1:2400)

          Brown                          -0.4%                -8.5%
                                          0.03%               -5.5%


          Door                            1.3%                -1.1%
                                          3.9%                -3.6%


          Kenosha                        -2.5%                -9.0%
                                          3.1%                -1.6%


          Kewaunee                       -1.5%                -5.4%
                                          2.1%                -9.6%

          Manitowoc                      -1.7%                -6.4%
                                          2.0%                -7.4%

          Marinette  (one test)           9.6%                -1.7%

          Milwaukee                      -4.9%                -6.9%
                                         -5.3%                  1.9%


          Oconto                          2.9%                -10.8%
                                          8.5%                -13.1%


          Ozaukee                         0.2%                -5.7%
                                          1.3%                -4.4%

          Racine                         -3.0%                -5.0%
                                          2.2%                -0.8%

          Sheboygan                      -2.5%                -1.2%
                                          4.6%                -3.0%



              Mean                        0.95%               -5.18%

             Range                  -5.3% to 9.6%        -13.1% to 1.9%








                                             17










          Residential Land

               Within the coastal zone of Kenosha County, 2,175 residential.
          structures were identified on 508 acres (206 ha) of land. of the
          total were 1,418 residential units (single family or duplexes),
          590 detachihd garages, 146 sheds and (3) barns. New in 1992 were;
          11.8 acres (4.8 ha) of land devoted to low rise multi-family
          dwellings. Since the 1992 photos are "leaves-on," these numbers
          likely underestimate the actual number of structures and area
          devoted to residential uses. In 1978, 473 acres (192 ha) of
          residential land were measured.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land represented 131 acres (53 ha) in 1992 and
          126 acres (51 ha) in 1978. Commercial structures noted within
          the coastal zone totaled 138. The CBD area remained stable front
          1978 - 1992 at about 8.6 acres (3.5 ha) while neighborhood
          business district area increased from 52 acres (21 ha) in 197.8 to
          72 acres (29 ha) in 1992. Institutional land decreased from 65
          acres (26 ha) to 50 acres (20 ha) for the same period.
               No industrial-land was recorded in 1992 compared to 26 acres
          (11 ha) in 1978. The loss could be real but could reflect as
          well interpretive misclassification based upon changes in photo
          signatures.

          Transportation Land

               Land uses of the transportation category increased by 72
          acres (29 ha) or 148% from 1978 to 1992. Notable increases
          include public boating facilities which increased by nearly 45
          acres (is ha, 413%), from 10.9 acres (4.4 ha) to 56 acres (23 ha)
          and landfill area which increased by 23 acres (9.3 ha) from no
          area in 1978 to 23 acres (9.3 ha) in 1992. Other land use types
          observed within the transportation category remained relatively
          stable over the study period. In 1992, twenty-nine (29)
          structures associated with the transportation category were
          counted on 121 acres (49 ha) of land.

          Extractive

               For both 1978 and 1992, no land was observed within the
          extractive category.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

               Overall, 123 acres (50 ha) of agricultural and natural lands
          were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that continues
          nationally. Abandoned field declined by 138 acres (56 ha) from
          243 acres (98 ha) in 1978 to 105 acres (43 ha) in 1992. Land
          used actively for agriculture decreased from 24 acres (9.6 ha) 1:0
          5.9 acres (2.4 ha) for the same period, a loss of 18 acres (7.3









         ha) or 75%. Forest and open water declined by 30% and 56%,
         respectively. Forest areas in 1978 covered 49 acres (20 ha)
         compared to 34 acres (13.8 ha) in 1992. open water during the
         same years covered 24 acres (9.7 ha) and 10.6 acres (4.3 ha),
         respectively. The 13 acre (5.3 ha) reduction in area of slump
         zone is considered positive. In 1978, slump zone covered 20
         acres (8.1 ha) of land compared to 6.9 acres (2.8 ha) in 1992, a
         reduction of 65.5%.
              Another positive finding is the 74 acre (30 ha), 49%
         increase in wetland area from 1978 to 1992. In 1978, 152 acres
         (62 ha) of wetlands were observed compared to 226 acres (91 ha)
         in 1992.

         Open and Other Land

              open and other land decreased from 245 acres (99 ha) in 1978
         to 226 acres (92 ha) in 1992. Urban open lots remained stable at
         about 24 acres (9.7 ha). Sixteen (16) acres (6.5 ha) of outdoor
         recreational land were lost during the period while land devoted
         to cemeteries increased by 2.4 acres (1 ha).

         Shoreline Modifications

              Ostensibly, sea walls, revetments and groins are used to
         protect shorelines from erosion. Significant increases of these
         types of structures were reported. In 1978, 4,535 feet (1,383 M)
         of sea wall were reported compared to 5,298 feet (1,615 m) in
         1992, representing an increase of 763 feet (233 m) or 17%.
         However, more significant is the 17,332 foot (5,284 m), 67%
         increase in revetment development since 1978. Shoreline
         revetment was measured at 25,970 feet (7,956 m) in 1978 and
         43,302 feet (13,202 m) in 1992. Construction of groins increased
         dramatically as well over the 14 year period studied. In 1978,
         41 groins were counted compared to 71 groins in 1992. The 30
         groins represent an increase of 73%. Five (5) additional non-
         flow-through docks were developed along the county's shoreline
         since 1978, an increase of 250%.

                                Results by Community

         City of Kenosha

              Land within Kenosha's coastal zone was measured at 554 acres
         (225 ha) in 1978 and 566 acres (229 ha) in 1992. The difference
         of 12 acres (4.9 ha) represents  2.2%. The source of the
         difference could be photo scale  anomalies as discussed above.
              In-1992, 1,033 residential  structures were located on 166
         acres (67 ha) of land. Most of   these structures (696) were
         single family or duplex. other   structures included 318 detached
         garages and 14 sheds. In 1992,   (5) structures on 1.5 acres (.6
         ha) of land were used for low-rise multi-family housing. In
         1978, 182 acres (74 ha) of residential land are reported.

                                         19









                Commercial area remained stable over the study period, with
           75 acres (30 ha) reported for each year. A total of 43
           structures were observed in 1992. CBD area remained unchanged in
           1978 and 1992. Neighborhood business district, however,
           increased by about (9) acres (3.6 ha), from 7.5 acres (3 ha) in
           1978 to 16.4 acres (6.6 ha) in 1992. Land devoted to
           institutional uses declined from 58 acres (24 ha) to 50 acres (20
           ha).
                The analysis indicates that all 26 acres (10.6 ha) of
           industrial area were displaced for other uses by 1992.
                From. 1978 to 1992, land uses of the transportation category
           increased by 63 acres (25 ha) or 276%, from 23 acres (9.2 ha) irk
           1978 to 86 acres (35 ha) in 1992. Twenty-seven (27) structures
           were counted in 1992. Land use areas increasing the most include
           public boat facilities, highways and landfills. In 1978, public,
           boating areas covered only 2.4 acres (I ha) of land compared to
           37 acres (15 ha) in 1992. During the same period, highway area
           increased. by 5.2 acres (2.1 ha), from a total of 4.3 acres (1.7
           ha) in 1978 to 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) in 1992. Landfill area
           increased. from no area in 1978 to 23 acres (9.3 ha) in 1992.
           Other types within the transportation category either remained
           stable over the years studied or had no observed area.
                No extractive land use areas were observed for either study
           year. Agricultural and natural areas represent only 4.6% of
           Kenosha's coastal zone in 1992. Twenty six (26) acres (10.6 hali
           of area were recorded in 1992 compared to just 13.6 acres (5.6
           ha) in 1978. Two types, abandoned field and wetlands,
           experienced all gains recorded., Abandoned fields grew from less
           than (1) acre to 13 acres (5.3 ha) by 1992, while wetlands grew
           from less than (1) acre to (5) acres (2 ha) in 1992.
                Two of three open/other category types observed lost area
           from 1978, to 1992. Total area of open/other was 235 acres (95
           ha) in 19,78 and 213 acres (86 ha) in 1992. Urban open lot
           decreased from about 21 acres (8.4 ha) to 15 acres (6.2 ha) while
           outdoor recreation decreased from 210 acres (85 ha) to 191 acres
           (77 ha). Area used for cemetery increased from 4.4 acres (1.8
           ha) to 6.8 acres (2.8 ha) from 1978 to 1992.
                Total length of sea wall declined from 2,692 feet (821 m) in
           1978 to 1,710 feet (522 m) in 1992. Revetment length, however,
           increased by 5,383 feet (1,641 m) or 40%. Total revetment was
           recorded as 13,447 feet (4,100 m) in 1978 and 18,830 feet (5,741
           m) in 1992. Groins along the city's shore totaled (4) in 1992,
           down from (7) in 1978. One (1) non-flow-through dock was
           observed in both study years.

           Town of Pleasant Prairie

                Coastal zone area within the township was measured at 522
           acres (23.1 ha) in 1978 and 589 acres (238 ha) in 1992, a
           difference of 33 acres (13.4 ha). The town of Pleasant Prairie
           was one of those tested for linear accuracy of photo coverage.

                                            20









          Using USGS maps at 1:24000, measurements taken from the 1978
          photos were +3.1% of the USGS basis. The 1992 photos deviated by
          1.6% from the USGS basis.
              In 1992, a total of 450 residential structures were
          identified on 177 acres (72 ha) of residential land. Included
          were 33 single family/duplex units, 55 detached garages, 76 sheds
          and (2) barns. Residential land covered 126 acres (51 ha) in
          1978.
              Little in the way of total area change occurred in the
          commercial category, recorded as 2.3 acres (.9 ha) in 1978 and
          1.5 acres (.6 ha) in 1992. However, all of the 1978 area-was
          recorded as institutional land while all of the 1992 area was
          recorded as neighborhood business. From an interpretive
          standpoint, the two types can be quite similar; therefore, these
          results may represent interpretive misclassification.
              No industrial land was observed for either study year.
              Public boat landing was the only transportation type
          observed in 1978 or 1992. The type increased from 8.5 acres (3.4
          ha) in 1978 to 18.4 acres (7.5 ha) in 1992, an increase of about
          10 acres (4.1 ha) or 116%.
              No extractive areas were noted in 1978 or 1992.
              over the 14 year study period, significant losses of
          agricultural and natural areas were observed within the township.
          In 1978, 383 acres (155 ha) of agricultural and natural area were
          recorded compared to 281 acres (114 ha) in 1992. The loss of 102
          acres (41 ha) represents 27% of the 1978 base. Within the
          category, abandoned field lost the most area (145 acres, 59 ha),
          decreasing from 202 acres (82 ha) in 1978 to 57 acres (23 ha) in
          1992. Other notable losses include active agricultural land,
          from 11.2 acres (4.5 ha) to no area, forest land - from 13.5
          acres (5.5 ha) to 1.2 acres (.5 ha) and open water - from 9.5
          acres (3.8 ha) to 2.1 acres (.9 ha). on the positive side,
          wetlands increased by 73 acres (30 ha), from 147 acres (60 ha) in
          1978 to 220 acres (89 ha) in 1992.
              From 1978 to 1992, area of the open/other category increased
          by 8.7 acres (3.5 ha), from 2.5 acres (1 ha) to 11.2 acres (4.5
          ha). Within the category, the type urban open lot increased by
          5.7 acres (2.3 ha), from 2.5 acres (1 ha) to 8.2 acres (3.3 ha)
          while outdoor recreation increased to (3) acres (1.2 ha) from no
          recorded area in 1978.
              The Pleasant Prairie shoreline experienced considerable
          modification from 1978 to 1992. Sea wall increased from 775 feet
          (236 m) in 1978 to 2,336 feet (712 m) in 1992, an increase of
          1,561 feet (476 m) or 201%. Revetments, as well, increased
          considerably, from 10,368 feet (3,199 m) to 14,669 feet (4,472
          m). The increase of 4,301 feet (1,311 m) represents 41% of the
          @978 base. During the 14 year period, groins along the shoreline
          increased from 22 to 42 while non-flow-through docks increased
          from none in 1978 to (5) in 1992.




                                         21











          Town of Somers


               The coastal zone of the town of Somers was determined to bet
          354 acres (143 ha) in 1978 and 320 acres (130 ha) in 1992. The
          34 acre (14 ha) difference is 9.6% of the 1978 total. The town
          of Somers was one of the sites tested, to determine linear
          accuracy of the enlarged photos. The 1978 photos of Somers weret
          determined to deviate -2.5% from USGS 1:24000 maps. The 1992
          photos deviated by -9% from the USGS basis.
               Total residential land located within the coastal zone
          remained stable from 1978 to 1992 at about 166 acres (67 ha). D,'I
          1992, 692 structures were located within the residential area,
          including 405 single family/duplex units, 217 detached garages
          and 56 sheds. Thirteen (13) structures on 10.3 acres (4.2 ha)
          were classified as low-rise multi-family units. Single
          family/duplex units were located on 156 acres (63 ha) of land.
               In 1992, 94 structures were located on 54 acres (22 ha) of
          commercial land, up from 49 acres (19.8 ha) of commercial land in
          1978. No, industrial or extractive lands were observed for 1978
          or 1992. Transportation area remained stable at about 17 acres
          (7 ha) during the period.
               Within the agricultural and natural area category, each land
          use type observed in 1978 lost area by 1992. Total area of this
          category was estimated to be 115 acres (46.5 ha) in 1978 and 82
          acres (33 ha) in 1992. Area losses within the category include'
          the following: abandoned field from 41 acres (17 ha) to 35 acres
          (14 ha); active agriculture from 12.7 acres (5.1 ha) to 5.9 acres
          (2.4 ha); forest land from 35 acres (14.3 ha) to 33 acres (13.3
          ha); slump zone from 18 acres (7.3 ha) to 6.2 acres (2.5 ha); and
          wetland from 4.1 acres (1.7 ha) to .3 acre (.1 ha).
               From 1978 to 1992, open/other land uses decreased from 7.5
          acres (3 ha) to 2 acres (.8 ha).
               Changes to shoreline were substantial from 1978 to 1992.
          Sea walls increased from 1,067 feet (325 m) in 1978 to 1,252 feet
          (382 m) in 1992. Revetments increased by 7,647 feet (2,331 m)
          from a total of 2,156 feet (657 m) in 1978 to 9,803 feet (2,989
          m) in 1992. This represents an increase of 355%.
               The construction of groins along the town's shoreline
          increased dramatically as well, from 12 groins in 1978 to 25
          groins in 1992. one (1) non-flow-through dock was observed for
          each study year.












                                          22












                                     REFERENCES

         Avery, T.E. and G.L. Berlin, 1985. Interpretation of Aerial
            PhotograRhs. 4th ed., Brugess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
            554 pp.                                                 0
         Barrett, N.E. and W.A. Niering, 1993. Tidal marsh restoration:
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         Befort, W. and J.J. Viliman, 1985. Aerial identification of
            forest habitats. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual
            Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 679-688.

         Benton, A.R., Jr., W.W. Snell and C. Clark, 1978. Seasonal aerial
            photographic mapping of Galveston Island. Coastal Mapping
            Papers Reprint-from Coastal Zone 178, Amer. Soc. Civil Eng.,
            pp. 1205-1222.

         Boge, W.E., A.C. Crone and R.J. Ondrejka, 1992. Primary data
            acquisition - state of the art review. Photogrammetric
            Engineering and Remote Sensing, 58(8):1077-10.

         Carlson, H., L.M. Andrews and C.W. Threinen, 1977. Surface Water
            Resources of Oconto County. Wisconsin Department of Natural
            Resources, Madison, Wisconsin.

         Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial Photogra]2hy.
            Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 261 pp.

         Dresen, M. and M.E. Vollbrecht, 1986. Wisconsin's shoreland
            zoning program: design and direction. The Michigan Riparian.

         Eastman-Kodak, 1974. Photography from Light Planes and
            Helicopters. Pub. No. M-5, Rochester, N.Y., 25 p.

         Evans, B.M. and L. Mata, 1984. Acquisition of 35mm oblique
            photographs for stereoscopic analysis and measurement.
            Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 50(11):1581-
            1590.

         Ferguson,,'R.L., L.L. Wood and D.B. Graham, 1993. Monitoring
            spacial change in seagrass habitat with aerial photography.
            Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 59(6):1033-
            1038.

         Fleming, J. and R.G. Dixon, 1981. Basic Guide to Small-Format
            Hand-Held Oblique Aerial Photography. Canadian Centre for
            Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, 81 p.




                                         23









          Hagen, G.F. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Predicting tree groundline
             diameter from crown measurements made on 35mm aerial
             photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,
             52 (5) :687-690.
          Heer, R.C. and.J.L. Smith, 1986. Estimation  of Aensity in young
             pine plantations using 35mm aerial photography. Proceedings of
             'the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 5,
             pp. 80-84. @

          Hill, J.M., D.L. Evans and J. Blackman, 1985. Development of a
             permit geographic information system for coastal zone
             management. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             Washington, D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 284-293.

          Hinckley, T.K. and J.W. Walker, 1993. Obtaining and using low-
             altitude/large-scale imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and
             Remote Sensing, 59(3):310-318.

          International Joint Commission, Committee 2, 1993. Detailed Site
             Study - Berrien County, Michigan: Final Report, 75 pp.

          International Joint Commission, 1993. Great Lakes Water Level
             Reference Study. Working Committee 2. Land Use and Shoreline
             Management Task Group Report, 99 pp.

          Kim, K. and S. Ventura, 1993. Large-scale modeling of urban
             nonpoint source pollution using a geographic information
             system. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             59(10):1539-1544.

          Lo, C.P. and W.E. Noble, 1990. Detailed urban land-use and land-
             cover mapping using large format camera photographs: an
             evaluation. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             56(2):197-206.

          Lyon, J.G. and R.G. Greene, 1992. Use of aerial photographs to
             measure the historical areal extent of Lake Erie coastal
             wetlands. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             58(9):1355-1360.

          MacConnell, W.F., 1975. Remote Sensing 20 years of change in
             Massachusetts: 1952-1972. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin  630,
             Amherst, Mass., 79 pp.

          Marsh, S.E., J.L. Welsh and C.F. Hutchinson, 1990. Development of
             an agricultural land-use GIS for surveyed derived from
             multispatial video and photographic data. Photogrammetric
             Engineering and Remote Sensing, 56(3):359-363.




                                          24









         McCarthy, J., C.E. Olson and J.A. Witter, 1982. Evaluation of
            spruce-fir forests using small-format photographs.
            Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 48(5):771-778.

         Niedzwiedz, W.R., 1990. Assessing permit compliance in
            residential areas using color 35mm aerial photography.
            Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 56(2):211-224.


         Niedzwiedz, W.R. and S.S. Batie, 1984. An assessment of urban
            development into coastal wetlands using historical aerial
            photography: a case study. Environmental Management, 8(3):205-
            214.

         Norton, D.J., J. Organ and T. Litwin, 1985. Covertype
            classification and mapping on Long Island's National Wildlife
            Refuge. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
            Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 585-594.

         Paine, D.P. and R.J. NcCadden, 1988. Simplified forest inventory
            using large-scale 70mm photography and tariff tables.
            Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 54(10):1423-
            1427.

         Roberts, A. and L. Griswold, 1986. Practical photogrammetry from
            35mm aerial photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
            Sensing, 52(4):501-508.

         Scarpace, F.L., B.K. Quirk, R.W. Kiefer and S.L. Wynn, 1981.
            Wetland mapping from digitized aerial photography.
            Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 47(6):829-838.

         Scherz, J.P. and J.F. Van Domelsen, 1973. Lake Superior Water
            Quality Near Duluth from Analysis of Aerial Photos and ERTS
            Imagery, Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management,
            American Water Resources Association, Proceedings, No. 17.

         Shafer, R. and S. Degler, 1986. 35mm photography: an inexpensive
            remote sensing tool. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
            Sensing, 52(6):833-837.

         Smith, J.T., ed., 1968. Manual of Color Aerial Photography.
            American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA., 550 pp.

         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1978. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
            Levels for the Great Lakes. April. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
            MI. pp.4

         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
            Levels for the Great Lakes. May. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
            MI. pp.4


                                         25





          Walker, J.W., 1985. Ultra-light reconnaissance, another tool.
             Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington,
             D.C.,Vol. 1, pp. 371-380.

          Welch, R., T.R. Jordan and S.S. Fung, 1985. Photogrammetry: A
             revolutionary solution to the assessment of ephemeral gully
             (erosion. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 873-874.

          Welch, R., M. Remillard and J. Alberts, 1992. Integration of GPS,
             remote sensing and GIS techniques for coastal resource
             management. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             58(11):1571-1578.











































                                          26
 



I
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                                    APPENDIX
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1                                      27

m
Z:










                   Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                         1978 - 1992

                                 County Summary Data Sheet

           Year:. 1978
           County: Kenosha
           coastal  civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
           order).

              City  of Kenosha
              Town  of Pleasant Prairie
              Town  of Somers







                                     LANb @SE 6iT@GORIES

                                                                       Area
                                              of structures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residen&ial

                   Res. units--                      2              2            1
                ..-garages
                   sheds
             112 Res. units
                   garages
                   sheds
                       units                     1257            472           191
              -,-.-_.garages                      570
                   sheds                          167
                   barns                             2
             115   Res. units                                     <1-          <1
                   garages
                   sheds
                               Subtotal          1999            473           192

           12 Commercial

             12 1  Central Business Dist           11               9            4
           :@-122  Shopping Center/Mall
           -,.-124 Neighborhood Business Dist      95             52           21
             126   Institutional                   27             65           26
                                 Subtotal         133            126           51


                       a

           -.-..138-Industrial Park               -12             26           11













                                                                       Area
                                              of st uctures      Acres    -Hectarets

           14 Transportation

             1,41 Air Transportation
             1,42 Rail Transportation
             1,43 Water Transportation
             1,43.1 Private Marina.
             143.2 Public Boat Landing             10             11            4
             1,44 Highways                                        19            8
             1.45 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sew-age Treatment Plant           29             19            7
             148 Landfill
                                Subtotal           39             49           20

           17 ]Jxtrative

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 other Extractive
                                    'Subtotal

           18 &rricultural and Natural                                         @4

                  AF Abandoned Field                             243           98
           ____.182 AG Agriculture Active                         24           10
             183  F  Forest                                       49           20
                  H Heath
                  OW Open Water                                   24           .10
             186  RL Rock Ledge
           .-.187 SL Slump Zone.                                  20            8
           _.*188 WT Wetland                                     152           62
                                Subtotal             2           511           207

                    Land, Other

                  Outdoor-Public Assembly                          7            3
             192  Urban Open Lots                                 23            9
             193  Outdoor Recreation               18            210           85
             194  Cemeteries                                       4            2
                                Subtotal           22            245           99


                                                            Total Acres        1430
                                                            Total Hectares     - 579
           Shoreline Modifigations                                     Linear
                                                                  Feet       Metell-,
             195 Sea Walls                                        4535         13 82 L'
             196 Revetments                                      25970         795_6
            .197 Groins                                  I of Groins    41
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                   I of pocks      2









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Kenosha
          coastal  civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

               City of Kenosha
               Town of Pleasant Prairie
               Town of Somers










                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                            of structures      Acres     Hectares


          11 Residential

             Ill  Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
             112  Res. units                      18            12            5
                  garages
                  sheds
             113  Res. units                    1418           496          201
                  garages                        590
                  sheds                          146
                  barns                            3
             115  Res. units                                    <1          <1
                  garages
                  sheds
                              Subtotal         2175            508          206

          12 commercial

             121 Central Business Dist             5              9           4
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist- 112                72          29
             126 Institutional                    21            50          20
                                Subtotal         138           131          53

          13 Industrial


             138 Industrial Park






                                                 of st-uctures       Acres Area Hectares

            14 Trans)ortation

               141 Air, Transportation
               142 Rail Transportation                                 _3           1___
               143 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina                                     I          <1
               143.2 Public Boat Landing                5              56          23
               144 Highways                                            23           9
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities                            I              <1          <1
               147 Sewage Treatment Plant             23               15           6
               1.48 Landf ill                                          23           9
                                  Subtotal            29             121           49


            17 Extra--tive

               1.71 Open Pit
               1.72 Underground
               1.73 Well
               1.79 Other Extractive
                                       Subtotal

            IS Agriciltural And Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                               105           43
               182 AG  Agriculture Active                               6           2
               183 F   Forest                                          34          14
               184 H   Heath                                           <1          <1
               3.85 OW Open Water                                      11
               186 RL  Rock Ledge
               3.87 SL Slump Zone                                       7           3
               188 WT  Wetland                                       226           91
                                  Subtotal              1            389          158


            19 Open Land. Other

               191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192 Urban Open Lots                                     25          10
               193 Outdoor Recreation                 19             194           79
               194 Cemeteries                                          -7           3
                                  Subtotal            19             226           92


                                                               Total Acres         1374,
                                                               Total Hectares       557


            Shoreline Modifications                                        Linear
                                                                       Feet       Metez-.-,
               195 Sea Walls                                           5298        1615
               196 Revetments                                        43302        13202
               197 Groins                                      of Groins    71
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Dockg      7









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                    Civil Jurisdiction
           -Y-ear: 1978             Summary Data Sheet
           County: Kenosha
           Township, Village or City name: City of Kenosha
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                T1N R23E   SEC 5           T2N R23E   SEC 18
                           SEC 6                      SEC 19
                           SEC 7                      SEC 29
                           SEC 8                      SEC 30
                                                      SEC 31
                                                      SEC 32




                                    LAND USX CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                          I of structures      Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

             -111 Res. units
                 garages
                ....sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages                                                    -
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                      641           182          .74
                 garages                         322
                 sheds                           48
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          1011           182          74

                     rcial

             121 Central Business Dist           11               9           4
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business   Dist      8                          3
             126 Institutional                   23              59         24
                                Subtotal         42              75         30

           13 Industrial

             138 Industrial  Park                12              26         11












                                                                                Area
             14-Trans)ortation                    f of structures         Acres        Hectares
               141 Air Transportation
               142 Rail Transportation
               143 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina
               143.2 Public Boat Landing                    41               2             1
               144 Hichways
                        .r                                                   4             2
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities
               147 Sewage Treatment Plant                 29               16              7..--.
               148 Landfill
             17 Extra:tive           Subtotal             33               23              9

               171  Open Pit
               172  Underground
               173  Well
               179  Other Extractive
                                          Subtotal
             1'8'.... Agricultural and Natural

               181  AF  Abandoned Field                                    <1            <1
            -182    AG Agriculture Active
               @183 F   Forest
               184  H   Heath
            ..-185  OW Open Water                                          11              4
            -'-186  RL Rock Ledge
            -.--.187 SL Slump Zone                                           2             1
            ,--.188. WT Wetland                                              1           <1
                                     Subtotal                              14              6

            ..19 Omen -Land. Other

               .191 Outdoor-Public     Assembly
                .192 Urban Open Lots                                       21              8
               193  Outdoor Recreation                    18              210            as
               194  Cemeteries                                               4             2
                                     Subtotal             is              235            95


                                                                   Total Acres             554
                                                                   Total Hectares          225,

             Shoreline Modifications                                            Linear
                                                                           Feet         Meteg,_s,
               195 Sea Walls                                               2692            821,
               196  Revetments                                            13447          41067'
               197  Groins                                               of Groins      7
            .----,198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                              of-Docks       1









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Kenosha
          Township, Village   or City name: City of Kenosha
          PLSS section data   sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

                T1N R23E  SEC 5            T2N R23E   SEC 18
                          SEC 6                       SEC 19
                          SEC   7                     SEC 29
                          SEC   8                     SEC 30
                                                      SEC 31
                                                      SEC 32




                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                            of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units                       5              2           1
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                     696           164          67
                 garages                        318
                 sheds                           14
                 barns
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds        Subtotal         1033           166          67

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist             5              9           4
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist . 17                 16           7
            126 Institutional                    21             50         20
                                Subtotal         43             75         31

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                           of st,uctures     Acres Area Hectar@:s

           14 Trans)ortation

             141 Aix, Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                               1         <1
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                        37          15
             144 Highways                                     10           4
             145 Communication*s
             146 Utilities                                    <1          <1
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant         23            15           6
             148 Landfill                                     23           9
                               Subtotal         27            86          35


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                           13           5
             182 AG Agriculture Active
             183 F  Forest
             184 H  Heath
             1.85 OW Open Water                                 7          3
             1.86 RL Rock Ledge
             1.87 SL Slump Zone                                           <1
             188 WT Wetland                                     5          2
                               Subtotal                       26          11


           19 Open Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban-Open Lots                              15           6
             193 Outdoor Recreation             18           191          77
             194 Cemeteries                                     7          3
                               Subtotal         is           213          86


                                                        Total Acres        566,
                                                        Total Hectares     229,


           Shoreline Modifi cations                               Linear
                                                              Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                    1710         522".
             196 Revetments                                  18830        5741.
             197 Groins                                     of Groins    4
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      of Docks     1









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
          Year: 1978               Summary Data Sheet
          County: Kenosha
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Pleasant Prairie
          PLSS section data sheets included-in summary (give full
          description):

               T1N R23E   SEC 7          SEC 20
                          SEC 8          SEC 29
                          SEC 17         SEC 30
                          SEC 18         SEC 32
                          SEC 19






                                       USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                        I of structures     Acrrs     Hects1res

          11 Resi enti-a-1

            111 Res. units
             -  garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                     242           126         51
                garages                         54
                sheds                           55
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal          351           126         511

              commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional                   2              2
                               Subtotal         2              2          1
          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park













                                                                             Area
            14 Transportation                   I of structures        Acres        Hectares

              141 Air Transportation
              1412 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing                  6                9             3
              1414 Highways
              145 Communications
              1416 Utilities
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant
              148 Landf ill
                                   Subtotal              6                9             3

            17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive      Subtotal

           18 A=icultural       and Natural
              181  AF  Abandoned Field                   2             202             8'2
                   AG  Agriculture Active                                               5
              183  F   'Forest                                            14            6
              184  H   Heath
            .-.185 OW  Open Water                                        10             4
            _-.186 RL  Rock Ledge
                   SL  Slump Zone
                   WT  Wetland                                         147             60
                                   Subtotal              2             383            155

           19 Ongn Land. Other

             -.191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192  Urban Open Lots                                        3             1
              193  Outdoor Recreation
              194  Cemeteries
                                   Subtotal                               3             1

                                                                 Total Acres            522
                                                                 Total Hectares         211.

           Shoreline Modifications                                           Linear
                                                                         Feet         Meter'l
              195 Sea Walls                                               775           23 i -       1
              196  Revetments                                          10368           31951-
              197  Groins                                             of Groins     22
              198  Dock Mon-Flow-Through                           f of Docks









                 Lake Michigan  Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Kenosha
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Pleasant Prairie
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T1N R23E   SEC 7           SEC 20
                          SEC 8           SEC 29
                          SEC 17          SEC 30
                          SEC 18          SEC 32
                          SEC 19






                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                           of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            113  Res. units                    317            177         72
                 garages                        55
                 sheds                          76
                 barns                          2
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds       Subtotal          450            177         72

          12 Commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 shopping center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist      1               2          1
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal         1               2          1

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park






                                              of structures     Acres Area  Hectares

            14 Transoortation

              141 Air Transportation
              IL42 Rail Transportation
              IL43 Walter Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina
              143.2 Public Boat Landing                           18           8---.
              144 Highways
              145 Communications
              146 Utilities
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant
              148 Landf ill
                                Subtotal           2              18           8


            17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 We'll
              179 Other Extractive
                                     Subtotal


            18 Actricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                              57          23
              182 AG Agriculture Active
              183 F  Forest                                        1           1
              184 H  Heath                                        <1          <1
              185 OW Open Water                                    2           1
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone
              188 WT Wetland                                    220           89
                                Subtotal                        281          114


            19 ORen Land, Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                  8           3
              193 Outdoor Recreation               1               3           1
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal           1              11           5


                                                            Total Acres        489
                                                            Total Hectares     1SI13


            Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                  Feet       Meters
              195 Sea Walls                                       2336         73.:)..-
              196 Revetments                                    14669         4472.
              197 Groins                                       of Groins    42
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks      5









                  Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                     Civil Jurisdiction
                                     Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Kenosha
           Township, Village or City name: Town of Somers
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description) :

                T2N R23E    SEC 5
                            SEC 7
                            SEC 8
                            SEC 17
                            SEC 18
                            SEC 19




                                    LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                     Area
                                           I of structures     Acres     Hectares

           11 Residential

           ----111 Res. units                      2               2
                  garages
              -   sheds                            1
              112 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
              113 Res. units                    374              164
                  garages                       194
                  sheds                           64
                  barns                            2
              115 Res. units                                      <1         <1
                  garages
                  sheds
                               Subtotal         637              166         67


           12 Commercial

              121 Central Business Dist
              122 Shopping Center/Hall
              124 Neighborhood Business Dist      87              45         18
              126 Institutional                    2               4           2
                                 Subtotal         89              49         20

           13 Industrial


              138 Industrial Park






                                           of structUres     Acres Area Hectarg,-s,

          14 Trans)ortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation                           2           1
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways                                                  6
             145 communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal                       17           7


          17 Extra:tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 other Extractive  Subtotal

          18 Actriciltural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                           41          17
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        13           5
             183 F  Forest                                    35          14
             2.84H  Heath
             __185 OW Open Water                               4           2
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone                                is           7
             188 WT Wetland                                    4           2
                              Subtotal                       115          47


                   Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly        4              7           3
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation                           <1          <1
             194 Ceineteries
                              Subtotal          4              8           3


                                                        Total Acres        354
                                                        Total Hectares     14.3

          Shorelina Modifications                                 Linear
                                                              Feet      Mete:i
             195 Sea Walls                                    1067         3 25 )
             196 Revetments                                   2156
             197 Groins                                     of-Groins   12
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                      of Docks     1









                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Kenosha
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Somers
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T2N R23E  SEC  5
                         SEC  7
                         SEC  8
                         SEC  17
                         SEC  18
                         SEC  19





                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units                    13             10           4
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    405            156        63
                garages                       217
                sheds                         56
                barns                           1
            115 Res. units                                   <1         <1
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal          692           166         67

          12 Commercial


            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist    94             54         22
            126 Institutional
                              Subtotal        94             54         22

          13 Industrial


            138 Industrial Park












                                                                           Area
                                                 of structures        Acres     Hectaras

            14 Trans)grtation

               141 Ail' Transportation
               1,42 Rail Transportation                                3
               1,43 Water Transportation
               1,43.1 Private Marina
               1,43.2 Public Boat Landing
               1.44 Highways                                           14
               1.45 Communications
               1.46 Utilities
               1.47 Sewage Treatment Plant
               1.48 Landf ill
                                  Subtotal                             17           7


            17 Extra.,tive

               171 Open Pit
               1.72 Underground
               1.73 Well
               179 Other Extractive
            18                         Subtotal
               ---Agricultural gnd Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                 1               35          14
               182 AG  Agriculture Active                              6            2
               183 F   Forest                                          33          13
               184 H   Heath
               3.85 OW Open Water                                      -1
               186 RL  Rock Ledge
               187 SL  Slump Zone                                      6            3
               188 WT  Wetland                                         <1          <1
                                  Subtotal             :1              82          33

            19 Open Land, Other

               191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192 Urban Open Lots                                     2            1
               193 Outdoor Recreation
               194 cemeteries
                                  Subtotal                             2            1


                                                               Total Acres          320
                                                               Total Hectares       130

            Shoreline Modifioations                                        Linear
                                                                       Feet       Metejg,
               195 Sea Walls                                           1252         38;!.
               196 Revetments                                          9803        2989
               197 Groins                                           of-Groins--   25
               198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                            of-Docks-      1










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