[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




 
                                                                             

                                              ASSESSING COASTAL
                                              DEVELOPMENT ALONG 
                                                 BROWN COUNTY'S
                                                  LAKE MICHIGAN
                                                     SHORELINE:
                                                      1978-1992





                                                         William R. Niedzwiedz
                                                      Department of Public and
                                                         Environmental Affairs
                                             University of Wisconsin-Green Bay


                                                 




















              HT
              393
              .W6
              N54
             1995



         Prepared for the Wisconsin
         Coastal Management Program

                         July 1995
 











          Acknowledgements

             FUNDED IN PART By THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

          Financial assistance for this ResearchlStudy Project was provided
          by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
          administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
          Management, National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
          pursuant to grant INA37OZO349 and the WISCONSIN COASTAL
          MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.

          THE WISCONSIN COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, part of Wisconsin
          Department of Administration, and overseen by the WISCONSIN
          COASTAL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, was established in 1978 to preserve,
          protect and manage the resources of the Lake Michigan and Lake
          superior coastline for this and future generations.



                                   The Project Team

          This project required coordination and completion of several
          steps including map documentation, photo preparation, photo
          interpret ation, digital area/linear measurement and data sheet
          preparation. The following students worked as a team to help
          complete this project.

             Brentt Michalek
             Christopher Hanrahan
             Shawn Reed
             Wendy Zareczny
             Christopher Wazny
             John Rafferty
             Cheryl Schulz
             Lori Pasterski
             Tom Marchant



          Invaluable help was provided by Karen Katers to coordinate
          preparation of the manuscript and project data sheets, and to
          manage student employment records. Her contribution deserves
          special recognition as part of the project team.

          Also, a special thanks is made to the U.S. Army Corps of
          Engineers who allowed access to the aerial photos used in this
          project.









                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

            INTRODUCTION                * , *  * * * * * , * * * * * , * , * ,          I

            PROJECT GOALS   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             1


            STUDY AREA    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


            PROJECT METHODS . o     . . . . . .                                         3
               Aerial Photography '               : :  : :            : : : :  :        3
               Project Aerial Phot@s' : : :       . .  o .  : :  : :  . . .      :  *.  4
               Photo Preparation      . . . . . .    o . . . . . . . . . . . . .        4
               Aerial Photo Interpretation       (API)                                  5

            CLASSIFICATION SCHEME     . . . . . . . . . .                               5
               Residential Land     . . .  o  . . . . . . .                             5
               Commercial and Industrial Land            . . . . . . . .                6
               Industrial Land      . . . . . .                                         7
               Transportation Land      . . . .                                         7
               Extractive Land Use      . . . . . . .       . . . . . . . . . . .       8
               Agricultural and Natural       Land   . .    . o  . .  o . . o  .        8
               Open and Other Land      . . . . . . . . . .      o . . . . . . . .     10
               Shoreline Modification .       o. . . . . . .     o . . . . . . . .     10
               Structures - Industrial,       Commercial and Residential       . . .   11

            THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS      ... . . . . . . . .

            MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT        TYPES  LOCATED   WITHIN THE
               COASTAL ZONE    . . . . . . . . . .     o . . . . . . . . . . . .       12


            TALLY OF DATA    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           12


            LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR         . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       13
               Photo Scale and Enlargements       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        13
               "Leaves-on" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial         Photography   . . . .    14
               Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage          . . . .   o . . . . . .    14
               Incomplete Photo'Coverage        . . . . .   o . . . . . . . . . .      14
               Missing Photo Coverage      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         15
               Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary           . . .  0 0 . . . .    15
               Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme            . . . . . . .    15
               Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
                  Development    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           15
            RESULTS [email protected]. . *             * * , : :   : :  : :  : :  : : : . . . .    16
                                tat7s*.*
               Brown      n y S     i tics . .                              . . . .    16
                  Residential Land    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          19
                  Commercial and Industrial Land       . . . . . . . . . . . . .       19
                  Transportation Land      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
                  Agricultural and Natural      Land   . . . . . . . . . . . . .       19
                  Shoreline Modifications       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        20
               Results by Community     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          20
                  City of Green Bay      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         20
                  Town of Green Bay      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         21
                  Village of Howard      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         22
                  Town of Scott     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          22
                  Town of Suamico     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          23










          REFERENCES   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      25


          APPENDIX   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .    o . . . . .   29

          LIST OF TABLES
             Table 1. County Coastal Zone Area by Community-, Year and Land
                Use Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        3.7
             Table 2. County Results of Linear, Accuracy Tests                3.8

          LIST OF FIGURES
             Figure, 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake
                Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . .     . . . . . . . . .        2










                  Assessing Coastal Development Along Wisconsin's
                         Great Lakes Shoreline: 1978 - 1992

                Coastal Management Program Contract No. 840005-501.15

                                    INTRODUCTION

               The Wisconsin Coastal Management Program mission includes
          developing an understanding of change along the state's Great
          Lakes shoreline. Such change, of course, can be natural or
          human-based. This study was undertaken to document natural and
          human-based development within the coastal zone of the state's
          Lake Michigan and Lake Superior shorelines. The Wisconsin
          legislature has defined coastal zone as land within 1,0001 (304.8
          meters) of the shoreline (Ordinary High Water Mark - OHWM).
               Future coastal zone planning and risk assessment
          requirements defined the types of data to be collected.
          Assessment of risk to structures built in the coastal zone
          requires a temporal analysis of structural development and
          shoreline modification(s). Planning of the coastal zone
          requires, as well, determination of the natural resource base.
          This study utilized U.S. Army Corps of Engineers historic color
          aerial photographs taken in 1978 and 1992.
               This report documents both the original and amended contract
          to assess natural and developmental change within the coastal
          zone of Wisconsin's Great Lakes shorelines. Although the
          original contracted work was interrupted to include elements of
          the amended contract, no attempt will be made in this report to
          keep separate original vs. amended objectives, procedures or
          results. Goals of the amended contract include and expand those
          of the original.

                                    PROJECT GOALS

               Planning and assessment of hazards within the coastal zone
          defined the goals of this study. Within the Lake Michigan and
          Superior coastal zones, project goals included:
             - Development of land use databases for 1978 and 1992
             - Development of 1978 and 1992 databases of human
                modification of the shorelines
             - Develop a database of built structures for 1992
          Additional goals included:
             - Assess land use change within the coastal zone from 1978 to
                1992
             - Assess human modification of the shoreline from 1978 to
                1992


                                      STUDY AREA

               The project study area comprises the Wisconsin portion of
          the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior coastal zone (Figure 1). In
          1982, the Wisconsin state legislature defined coastal zone as
          being that land within 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) of lake
          shoreline. Accordingly, the study area represents a 1,0001 wide
































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                              BAYF=





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                                                                           KZNOSHA
                                                                                W
                                                                           IMOSHAT

               Figure 1. Coastal Counties of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

                                                   2









          zone, the landward boundary of which is parallel to the
          coastline.


                                   PROJECT METHODS

          Aerial Photography
               Using aerial photos to assess coastal development requires
          clear statement of goals, appropriate definition of coastal zone,
          meaningful classification scheme, appropriate historical and
          current aerial photos, appropriate interpretation procedure and
          method of documentation, and trained personnel.
               Application of aerial photography to assess urban and
          natural resource features is documented well (Smith, 1968; Avery
          and Berlin, 1985; Lo and Noble, 1990; Ciciarelli, 1991; Boge et
          al., 1992; Hinckley and Walker, 1993). specific applications to
          urban/human activities cover a wide range including urban
          nonpoint pollution assessment (Kim and Ventura, 1993), gully
          erosion analysis (Welch et al., 1985), historical analysis of
          urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and Batie,
          1984), identifying structural additions to urban residential
          property (Niedzwiedz, 1990), and studying agricultural land use
          (Marsh et al., 1990).
               Aerial photos have been used to map archeological sites,
          urban features, and to document changes to the landscape (Smith,
          1968). MacConnell (1975) reports the use of black and white
          aerial photography (scale 1:20000) to map 20 years of land use
          change within the state of Massachusetts, including the coastal
          zone. As part of a larger Great Lakes study, the International
          Joint Commission (1903) used 1:24000 scale photos to map land use
          features along the Berrien County, Michigan segment of the Lake
          Michigan shoreline. Results of the photo analysis were used to
          assess residential riparian erosion/recession rates caused by
          fluctuating water levels.
               Wisconsinfs coastal zone includes diverse land use, from
          forests and wetlands, to land devoted to agricultural or urban
          uses. The uses of aerial photos long have been applied to study
          such land uses. Befort and Viliman (1985) studied aerial photos
          to classify forest habitat. McCarthy et al. (1982) evaluated
          spruce-fir forests to aid management. Wetlands analysis is
          possible with aerial photos of appropriate format, scale and
          seasonal timing. Scarpace et al. (1981) used digitized aerial
          photos to map wetlands, while Ferguson et al. (1993) and Barrett
          and Niering (1993) have monitored sawgrass habitat and marsh
          vegetation change using aerial photos.
               Extensive use of aerial photography has been directed at
          coastal resources. Scherz and Van Domelsen (1973) used aerial
          photos to help assess water quality in Lake Superior near Duluth,
          Minnesota. Numerous studies have been made with aerial photos to
          aid management of coastal resources (Benton et al., 1978; Hill et
          al., 1985; Norton et al., 1985; Welch et al., 1992), to address
          change in coastal wetlands (Lyon and Greene, 1992), and to

                                          3









          examine urban development into coastal wetlands (Niedzwiedz and
          Batie, 1984).

          Project Aerial Photos

                In 1978, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) obtained
          panchromatic color aerial photos of the Wisconsin portion of.the
          Lake Michigan coastline. In 1992, USACE obtained color aerial
          photo coverage of the Wisconsin portion of both Lake Superior and
          Lake Michigan coastlines. Both the 1978 and 1992 photos were
          flown at a scale of 1:6000 (ill = 500") and enlargements made at
          1:2400 (111 = 200"). The 1978 photos were taken April 161h. The
          1992 photos were flown May 131h.
                Unlike most historical aerial photos covering the same area
          and flown at the same scale, the USACE photos of 1978 and 1992
          were not flown with coincident photo centers or coverage. No
          individual flight lines were documented for the 1978 photos.
          Beginning at the Michigan border, the 1978 photos were taken
          incrementally to the Illinois border. Photos are documented      with
          the photo date and photo number on the northern edge of each
          photo.
                Flight lines were documented for the 1992 photos. Flight
          line Ji begins just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The
          northern edge of each 1992 photo displays the photo date, flight
          line and photo number.
                Both the 1978 and 1992 photo contact prints (1:6000) were
          flown to produce stereo coverage of the coastline. Adjacent
          photos overlap (endlap) about 60% with each other. The enlarged
          photos (1:2400) available for this study represent every other
          photo contact print, therefore, only photographic, not stereo
          coverage, is provided by the enlarged photos. Approximately
          1,800 photos (1:2400) cover Wisconsin's Lake Michigan shoreline,
          900 for each flight year. About 1,200 photos covering the
          shoreline from Marinette to Sheboygan are on file at the Green
          Bay office of USACE. The Waukesha office of USACE has on file
          about 600 photos covering the shoreline from Sheboygan to the
          Illinois border.

          Photo Preparation

                Photos used in this study are owned by USACE. As a result,
          all photo documentation and interpretive work was applied to
          acetate affixed to each photo. Preparing photos for
          interpretation included the following:
             1. Affix label and document photo number/flight line, photo
                date and Public Land Survey System (PLSS) information.
             2. Mark photo fiducials (orange ink). Fiducials allow the
                registration of acetate overlays to the photos, if
                required.
             3. Mark control points (orange ink). Typically these points
                are road intersections and,or buildings, stable objects


                                            4










                that could be referenced against controlled maps for future
                mapping applications.
             4. Locate and mark interpretation boundary lines (black ink).
                These lines are used to denote a common boundary between
                adjacent photos. Land use interpretive lines end at these
                boundary lines, which eliminates redundant interpretive
                work.
             5. Locate, mark and label PLSS section lines (red ink).
             6. Locate, mark and label civil boundary lines (green ink).
             7. Locate and mark 1,000f coastal zone boundary line (blue
                ink). A divider was used to scribe a line 10001 away and
                parallel to the line defined by land meeting water. In
                cases where large streams entered Lake Michigan, a straight
                dashed line was drawn to represent a continuation of the
                shoreline.
             8. Locate and mark top of bluff, and bottom of bluff if
                slumpage is evident (black ink). In practice, these lines
                were not drawn until the shoreline portion of the
                classification scheme was applied to the photos. Refer to
                the section Photointerpretive Process (page 11) for
                additional discussion.

          Aerial Photo Interpretation (API)

               The landscape within the coastal zone can represent a
          complex mix of natural to urban uses. The land use
          classification scheme developed for this study addresses the
          complexity of Wisconsin's coastal zone. The scheme is a
          modification of the scheme developed by International Joint
          Commission (1993) and includes the general use categories of
          residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, extractive,
          agricultural, natural, open land and other uses. Land uses have
          been measured by area (acres, hectares). Structures per land use
          have been located and marked for spatial reference. Structures
          are tallied by type for 1992.
               Modification of the shoreline also has resulted. Sea walls,
          revetments, groins and permanent docks have been constructed.
          Sea walls and revetments are linear types. Their interpretation
          and measurement are presented in feet (meters). Groins and docks
          were counted.


                                CLASSIFICATION SCHEME


          Residential Land

               All residential areas include infrastructure to service the
          area. Boundary placement is made to separate residential areas
          by type. No attempt is made to distinguish roads/streets from
          the residential areas they serve. This convention is true for
          other classification types as well.



                                          5









          111  Multi-Family: Medium to High Rise. Large residential
               structure of five (5) or more stories. Access roads,,
               parking areas, open space and recreational facilities
               associated with the structure(s) would be included in the
               type.

          112  Multi-Family: Low Rise. Large residential structures up to
               four (4) stories. Access roads, parking areas, open space
               and :recreational facilities associated with the structure(s)
               would be included in the type.

          113  Single Family, Duplex. Structures large and small used for
               residential use. The type includes lawn, landscaped areas,
               garage and driveways. Duplex structures are identified by
               twin driveways or a very wide driveway leading to an
               architecturally balanced structure.

          115 Mobile Home Park. Residential area developed exclusively
               for mobile units.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

               Commercial land includes three (3) types: central business
          district; shopping center/mall; and, neighborhood business
          district. Each type includes all building structures, access
          roads/streets, parking facilities and other features commonly
          associated with each type.

          121  Central Business District (CBD). Commercial land
               predominantly used for distribution or merchandizing of
               goods and services. Stores, hotels, office buildings,
               parking facilities and smaller warehouses constitute the
               components of this type. The CBD spatially is tight,
               vegetation is rare.

          122  Shopping Centek/Mall. These commercial areas have developed
               away from the CBD. The type includes both "strip" type
               development and malls. Structures can range from large,
               flat roofed and rectangular (centers) to large,
               geometrically shaped. Both types include large parking
               areas adjacent to or completely surrounding the commercial
               structures.

          124  Neighborhood Business District (NBD). This type denotes
               small commercial areas within, or adjacent to residential
               areas. The type may be found in established or newer
               subdivision areas. NBD structures can range from
               conventional architecture to unusual geometric shapes.
               Small parking areas are associated with NBD commercial
               areas.






                                          6










          126   Institutional Land. The type reflects areas devoted to
                public or quasi-public-uses. Examples include schools,
                churches, hospitals, prisons, etc., and their associated
                "grounds," green space, landscaping and parking facilities.
                When located within the CBD, public buildings without
                "grounds" often cannot be identified on aerial photos and
                would be classified as commercial (121).

          Industrial Land

          138   Industrial Park. The type includes both heavy and light
                industrial use areas.
                  Heavy industrial land contains facilities for the
                manufacture, storage and assembly of raw or partially
                processed products such as machinery, metals, chemicals,
                petroleum, or electrical power. Such industries often have
                large smokestacks and large storage areas. Warehouses and
                transportation facilities for bulk products and an open and
                interrupted street pattern characterize this type.
                  Light industrial land contains facilities for the
                manufacture or assembly of smaller, partially processed
                products such as electronics, appliances, and other
                secondary process products. Large smokestacks or raw
                material storage facilities are never present. Many modern
                light industries are well landscaped and are
                indistinguishable from commercial activity on aerial
                photographs.

          Transportation Land

          141   Air Transportation. Includes areas with airports and
                associated facilities, landing strips, hangers, parking
                areas and adjacent open areas.

          142   Rail Transportation. This type includes railyards, terminal
                freight and storage facilities as well as stations for
                passengers. The type may include liquid storage facilities
                such as tank farms.

          143   Water Transportati6n. This designation is applied to
                several water-based areas, including docks, warehouses and
                related land-based facilities for water transportation and
                commercial fishing. The type includes, as well, public
                marinas and their associated facilities: boat slips,
                buildings and parking areas.

          143.1   Private Marina. Boat mooring areas adjacent to
                  residential land are designated as private marinas. often
                  such areas include a protected slip(s), dredged waterway
                  and,or a permanent docking structure built into the
                  waterway.


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          143.2 PULblic Boat Landing. This type is applied to boat
                 launching areas. Typically, facilities include only a
                 ramp(s) from which-boats may be launched and parking
                 areas.


          144  Divided Highway. This type includes transportation
               corridors with median strips between lanes. Typically, such
               roads are four or more lanes wide. Local streets are not
               included in this type.

          145  Communications. Facilities and structures devoted to
               comnunications. These include radio/television towers,
               lighthouses and their grounds, buildings and parking areas.

          146  Utilities. This type includes facilities for the production
               and distribution of energy. Such areas can include large
               buildings, towers, roads/parking facilities and, in the case
               of coal fired plants, large piles of raw coal.

          147  Sewage Treatment Plant. Buildings, treatment lagoons,
               parking areas, access roads and grounds are included in this
               type.

          148  Landfill. Landfill sites used to bury garbage define this
               type. Landfills cover an extensive area and are dominated
               by large excavated areas, mounds of exposed soil and access
               roads.


          Extractive Land Use

          171  Open Pit. The type represents open pit mining areas for
               extraction of sand, gravel, stone or rock. The type
               includes access roads and any structures.

          172  Underground Mine. Mining of underground resources via shaft
               extraction. Surface features captured on aerial photos
               would be limited to small structures and access roads.

          173  Well. Features associated with wells are limited.
               Identifibation of wells using only aerial photos is
               difficult.


          179  Other Extractive Uses.

          Agricultural and Natural Land

          181  Abandoned Field (AF). These are agricultural units
               reverting to wild land. Woody vegetation and grass are
               abundant but tree crown cover is less than 30%. If tree
               crown cover were greater than 30%, the land would be
               classified as forest.



                                         8









         182   Agriculture Active (AG). Tilled or tillable crop land which
               is or recently has been intensively farmed. The boundaries
               on the ground usually are sharply defined and well
               maintained. The land supporting farm buildings is included
               as part of this type.

         183   Forest (F). Areas of forest, deciduous, coniferous-or
               mixed, having canopy closure of at least 30%. Areas with
               less than 30% canopy closure are classified as abandoned
               field.

         184   Heath (H). Areas of heath plant community as well as grass,
               shrubs, and other low vegetation found on poor sandy soils.

         185   Open Water (W). Areas of open water found in lakes, rivers
               and large streams. Water depth is greater than three feet
               during the growing season. The boundary of coastal water is
               located by drawing a line at the river mouth to connect the
               edges of the coastline, or man-made features like roads,
               railroads or bridges crossing rivers or inlets are used to
               establish such a line.

         186   Rock Ledge (RL). Rock outcrop areas at the coastline or
               within the coastal zone. Such outcrops are common in Door
               County.

         187   Slump Zone (SL). Land located between upland bluff and
               beach. Slump zones begin at the bluff line and slope down
               to the beach.

         188   Wetland (WT). This type covers the full spectrum of
               wetlands. These include seasonally flooded flats, shrub
               swamps, meadows, bogs, shallow and deep marshes, and
               forested wetlands. Each is described below.
                 Seasonally flooded basins or flats occur principally on
               stream floodplains. The most common plants are grasses and
               herbaceous species. The soil is waterlogged or covered with
               water during spring freshets, but well-drained during the
               growing season.
                 Shrub swam2s often have waterlogged soil during the
               growing season, as much as six (6) inches of water may be
               present. Vegetation types include elder, buttonbush,
               dogwood and willow. Sedges usually are present in tussocks.
                .Meadows are vegetated with grasses, rushes and sedges.
               Soils are waterlogged through most of the growing season.
               Surface water is present only for a short period during the
               spring.
                 Bogs are unique wetland types that support a distinctive
               plant community, including most of the following: heath
               shrubs, cranberries, pitcher plants and sedges. Scattered
               black spruce, tamarack and red maple may be present. A mat
               of sphagnum moss is the most common feature of bogs.

                                          9










                 Shallow marsh is wetter than meadow. The soil is
               completely waterlogged and often covered with up to six
               inches of water during the growing season. The predominant
               vegetation is emergent, including such plants as cattails,
               bulrushes, burreed, pickerelweed and arrowhead with some
               grasses and sedges present. The type is common to open
               water bodies.
                 DeeR marsh has water depth ranging from six inches to
               three feet. Fairly large open water areas are bordered by,
               or interspersed with, emergent vegetation like that found in
               shallow marsh. Floating and submergent plants such as water
               lilies, duckweed, watershield and pondweeds also are
               present.
                 Forested Wetlands. This type represents areas of moist to
               saturated soil covered by forest canopy. The type is
               difficult to identify without stereo photography and,or with
               I'leaves-on" photography.

          Open and Other Land

          191  Outdoor-Public Assembly

          192  Urban Open Lots. Urban open is undeveloped land lying idle
               in the midst of urban areas or adjacent to them. This type
               includes land which has been cleared for urban development
               of an unknown use.

          193  Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor recreation types are either
               mainly for participation, mainly for spectators, or are
               environmental in character. Each recreational type includes
               the recreational complex: access roads, parking facilitiest
               buildings and other related facilities.

          194 Cemeteries

          Shoreline Modification

               Development along the lakeshore often means modification at,
          or near, the shoreline. Land along the lakeshore is exposed to
          significant erosional forces. Recession of land mass is common.
          Agricultural and urban land uses destabilize shoreland, in effect
          accelerating erosion and land recession. To protect real estate
          and property, many property owners have constructed walls or
          revetments along their shoreline. Some owners also have built
          non-flow-through docks at the shoreline to provide mooring and
          protection for their boats. Groins, large rock structures
          perpendicular to the shoreline, have been built along Wisconsin's
          Lake Michigan shoreline.

          195 Sea Walls (V 195 V). These structures are built parallel.
               to the shoreline and typically are well defined, linear


                                         10









              features. Construction materials can include concrete, wood
              or interlocking sheet steel.

          196 Revetments (V 196 V). Large rock or slab structures built
              parallel to the shoreline. Interpretively, revetments are
              less well defined, and appear wider than do sea walls.

          197 Groins ( * (red] ). Groins are large rock structures built
              perpendicular to the shoreline into the water. Except for
              their distinct orientation and placement, groins appear
              similar to revetments.

          198 Non-Flow-Through Dock      (blue]     Such docks are
              permanent structures built into near-shore waters.
              Typically these docks are straight, their upper surface wide
              and well defined.

          structures - Industrial, Commercial and Residential

              On the 1992 photos, buildings within the coastal zone are
          classified by type and location. Using a template of rectangles,
          for each building, a rectangle is selected that best represents
          the area of the building's "footprint." The selected rectangle
          then is positioned so that the leading edge of the building
          (relative to the shoreline) is located. Buildings for 1978 were
          counted by type. However, due to photo format differences,
          comparison of 1978 and 1992 structural counts may be inaccurate.

                            THE PHOTOINTERPRETIVE PROCESS

              After photo preparation, each photo was interpreted using
          the classification scheme defined above. Area (land uses),
          linear (shoreline modification).and point (urban structures,
          groins, docks) types are represented in this study. Lines and,or
          symbols were used to define all types. Area types are
          represented by perimeter boundary lines and symbols to define and
          identify the areas. Line types representing modification to
          natural shoreline were defined using both lines and symbols. All
          area and line type symbols are recorded in black ink. Point
          types are defined by symbols and colored ink (see above).
              Modifications to the shoreline, such as sea walls or
          revetments, are delineated by placing (painting) the IV' symbol
          at the beginning and end of the modification. The type of
          modification is represented by placing the appropriate number
          between the IV' symbols. For example, 195 positioned between two
          IV' symbols means that a sea wall has been built along this
          section of shoreline. Shoreline classification was conducted
          before land use so that land use boundary lines placed along the
          shoreline would not 'hide' shoreline information.
              Groins and non-flow-through docks were defined by point
          symbols (see above). In both cases, the symbol was placed at the
          point.where the structure meets land. As discussed above, for

                                         11








         1992, buildings also were classified using point symbols. The
         delineation of buildings represents the last API procedure.

                        MEASUREMENT OF AREA, LINE AND POINT
                       TYPES LOCATED WITHIN THE COASTAL ZONE

              Area types (land use polygons) and line types (shoreline
         modification) measurements were made using the hardware/software
         facilities of the GIS Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Green
         Bay. Photo acetate overlays were affixed to large-format
         digitizers and each land use polygon digitized along the
         perimeter.. Measurements recorded in square inches were convertell
         to acres/hectares. Line measurements (in inches) of shoreline
         modifications were made using digitizers as well. Linear inch
         measurements were converted to linear feet/meters for each type
         of modification.
              Point'. types (groins, structures) simply were tallied by
         count for each type. The area covered by each acetate was broken
         into civil, jurisdiction and PLSS section designations.
         Measurements (above) were separated by civil and PLSS
         'designations as.well, and documented permanently on each acetate
         overlay.

                                   TALLY OF DATA


              Measurements recorded on each photo acetate were transferred
         to data sheets. Three (3) levels of data sheets were used: PLSS
         Section Data; Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data; and County Summary
         Data (Appendix).
              PLSS Section Data Sheet: one (1) PLSS Section Data sheet
         was used for each section located on a photo/acetate. Generally,
         1-2 PLSS sections are located on a photo, however, up to four (4)
         sbctions per photo were recorded. Section level data sheets
         record photo documentation including photo year, photo number,
         county and community(ies) covered, and complete PLSS section
         location. Also recorded were number of residential, commercial,
         industrial and institutional structures (1992), area of land use
         by type, linear distance of sea walls and revetments, and the
         number of groins and non-flow-through docks.
              Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data Sheet: This tally sheet
         summarizes the data for all PLSS section sheets found within each
         township, village or city. The sheet records photo year, county,
         name of civil jurisdiction, a complete listing of PLSS sections
         included in the sum-mary, as well as all land use,, shoreline and
         structure count data discussed above.
              County Summary Data Sheet: The County Summary sheet
         summarizes all data for the towns, villages and cities located
         within the county. Documented information includes photo year,
         county name, an alphabetical listing of all civil jurisdictions
         within the county, and a summary of all land use, shoreline and



                                         12
                                                                                   d
                                                                                   id









          structure count data reported on Civil Jurisdiction Summary Data
          sheets.


                          LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR

               The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contracted for aerial
          photography of the Wisconsin portion of the Lake Michigan
          shoreline on April 21, 1978 and May 19, 1992. Both sets of
          photos are 1:6000 scale and panchromatic color, however, the 1978
          photos are "leaves-off" while the 1992 photos are "leaves-on."
               Copies of the original stereo photos (1:6000 scale) were not
          available for this study. Instead, enlargements (1:2400 scale)
          of the original photos were borrowed from Corps district offices
          in Green Bay and Waukesha. The enlargements provided
          photographic coverage only, not stereo coverage. Normally, for a
          project of this magnitude, photos would have been taken to meet
          the specific objectives of the study. The enlarged photos used
          for this project present limitations and introduce error beyond
          what would be reported with original photos flown specifically
          for this study. Limitations and errors associated with the
          photographs used are discussed below. Also presented below is
          discussion regarding methodological inconsistencies.
               The following discussion of Limitations and Sources of Error
          is presented in an attempt to provide the reader a basic
          understanding of the issues. Any section of the discussion could
          apply to any of the results reported below. The Results sections
          of this report present findings without any comprehensive attempt
          to explain anomalies within, or between, the photo study years
          (1978 and 1992).

          Photo Scale and Enlargements

               All vertical aerial photographs not ratioed (enlarged or
          reduced to a common average scale) or rectified (common tilt/tip
          corrected to a horizontal reference plane) inherently are scale
          inaccurate. The original USACE photos (1978 and 1992) were not
          ratioed or rectified, therefore, their scale varies relative to
          topographic changes of the coastal zone, tip/tilt of the camera
          and changing elevation of the camera (aircraft). Enlargements of
          the original photos simply accentuate the inaccuracies found on
          the original photos.
               Area and linear measurements taken off of the USACE enlarged
          photos reflect the inaccuracies inherent in those photos. Simple
          tests of shoreline distances for numerous PLSS sections within
          each county were conducted to establish linear accuracies of the
          photos. USGS topo sheets at 1:24000 scale were used to establish
          base shoreline distance measurements against which photo (1978
          and 1992) shoreline distance measurements could be compared. No
          systematic errors were detected for the 1978 photos. However,
          only one (1) of 21 tests of the 1992 photos varied in the
          positive direction from USGS measurements. The remaining 20
          tests varied in the negative direction and ranged from -0.8% to

                                         13









          -13.1%. The range of error, for 1978 was -5.3% to +9.6%, while
          the range of error for 1992 was -13.1% to +1.9% (see Table 2 page
          18). Without a test of error for each photo used, there is no
          means to judge the direction or the amou-nt of error relative to
          statistics associated with each photo. However, given the range
          of error found for the 1978 and 1992 photos, it is possible that
          1,000 acres (405 ha) (actual) of coastal zone area could be
          reported as 1,096 acres (444 ha) in 1978 and 869 acres (352  ha)
          in 1992, a 227 acre (92 ha) difference.

          "Leaves-on" Versus "Leaves-Off" Aerial Photography

               There are distinct advantages and disadvantages of both
          "leaves-on" and "leaves-off" aerial photography. However, given
          the goals of this project, the 1978 "leaves-off" photography
          offers important advantages over the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photography. Vegetation in leaf can hide the details of built
          structures, including buildings and shoreline modifications.
          Roads can be hidden under tree crowns, as well as portions of
          lots landscaped and managed as residential land. Leaved canopilEts
          increase the effect of shadows. Shadowsmask ground, understory
          and structural information leading to inaccurate interpretation.
          Land uses and/or structures hidden under the canopy of vegetation
          or masked by shadows can be underestimated in area, length or
          count. Land use types particularly affected (underestimated) are
          single family residential and wetland.

          Stereo Versus Photographic Coverage

               Both the 1978 and 1992 photo sets were taken to capture
          stereo (3-D) coverage of the Lake Michigan coastal area. This
          means that adjacent photos overlap approximately 60%. Stated
          another way, 60% of the shoreland area located on one photo also
          is located on an adjacent photo. The shoreland common to
          adjacent photos is "seen" from two different perspectives which
          allows stereo viewing (using a stereoscope).
               The enlarged photos borrowed from USACE for this study
          represent photographic coverage only, or every other photo takert
          of shoreland. While photo (2-D) coverage at large scales can be
          used to interpret accurately many land use types (agricultural
          and most urban land), the lack of stereo viewing makes difficult.
          the identification of wetland types and the exact location of
          bluff lines. Stereo viewing generally would have increased the
          interpretive accuracy of most land use, structural and shoreline
          features.


          Incomplete Photo Coverage

               For this study, the coastal zone is defined as a 1000, strip
          of land adjacent and parallel to the shoreline. Occasionally,
          photo coverage did not include all shoreland within 10001 of the
          water. As a result, total land area is underrepresented, the

                                          14










          exact land use types not covered are not known. In such cases,
          the area not captured on a particular photo was estimated by
          reference and comparison to coverage photos of the other flight
          year.

          Missing Photo Coverage
               occasionally, photo coverage was missing from the US'ACE
          photo library. In such cases, as described above, coverage area
          missing was estimated by reference to photos of the other flight
          year. However, the exact land use types and shoreline features
          not represented on photos remain unknown.

          Location of 10001 Coastal Zone Boundary

               On each photo set, 1978 and 1992, a boundary line was drawn
          representing the 10001 coastal zone parallel to the shoreline.
          This line was located by scribing a landward line parallel to the
          line defined by the shoreline (where water meets land). The
          landward extent of the boundary line is a function of shoreline
          location, which in turn, is dependent on the water elevation of
          Lake Michigan. USACE (1978, 1992) reports that in April of 1978
          Lake Michigan water elevation was about 578.4 feet (176.3 meters)
          and about 579.16 feet (176.5 meters) in May, 1992. The nine (9)
          inch difference in water elevation, while seemingly
          insignificant, could have shifted substantially landward the
          shoreline in extremely low slope beach or mud flat areas. The
          result of such a shift would be inclusion of inland areas NOT
          included in the 1978 coastal zone.

          Lack of Beach Type in Classification Scheme

               The width or extent of beach is dependent on slope of an
          area and water elevation. since changes in the area of beach
          likely would reflect more the differences in 1978 and 1992 water
          levels (9 inches higher in 1992) than actual losses/gains due to
          erosion or development, no beach type was included in the study.
               The lack of a beach type does affect measurement of area
          within the 10001 coastal zone. The landward extent of the
          coastal zone is 10001 from the shoreline. Any beach area lies
          between the shoreline and the base of the bluff, however area
          measurements of land use types were made only for those types
          lying between the base of the bluff and the interior boundary of
          the coastal zone. In most cases, beach strips represent only
          about five (5) acres per photo.

          Positional Changes to the Shoreline: Natural vs. Urban
          Development

               As discussed above, the landward extent of the 10001 coastal
          boundary is dependent on the location of the shoreline. Natural
          changes to shoreline position include both water elevation and

                                          15









          erosion/deposition of soil. Filling of coastal waters to
          accommodate urban development artificially changes shoreline
          location., In such cases, not only does the shoreline move
          "offshore," the interior coastal zone boundary line shifts toward
          the water. This "shift" in coastal boundaries skews area
          measurement. For example, in 1978 assume the coastal zone in an
          area to be all residential and that by 1992 100 acres of lake
          water is filled to develop commercial land. A I'lakeward" shift
          in the location of the shoreline will occur due to the land
          filled for commercial use. However, this "shift" in the
          shoreline created by the filled commercial site also will result
          in a shift toward the water of the interior coastal zone
          boundary., The effect of the latter shift will be that 100 acres
          of residential land will not be included as part of the 1992
          coastal zone. In such a case, the "raw' statistics misleadingly
          suggest that 100 acres of residential land use were eliminated :to
          make room for 100 acres of commercial use.


                                        RESULTS

          Brown County Statistics

               Brown County communities lying within the Lake Michigan
          coastal zone include the townships of Green Bay, Scott and
          Suamico, the village of Howard and the city of Green Bay. The
          area measured within the coastal zone of Brown County was 3,647
          acres (1,476 ha) in 1978 and 3,408 acres (1,380 ha) in 1992.
          This represents a difference of 239 acres (97 ha) or 6.5%. The
          discrepancy likely is the result of errors inherent in the
          enlarged aerial photos, as discussed on pages 12 through 15.
          Summary statistics of land use distribution within the coastal
          zone of each community are presented in Table 1.
               Using USGS maps as control, tests were conducted on the
          linear accuracy of the enlarged Brown County photos. Results of
          tests applied to the 1978 photos indicate virtual agreement (less
          than h of 1% error)-with USGS measurements. However, results of
          tests applied to the 1992 photos indicate errors of -5.5% to
          8.5% (Table 2), or a shortage of up to 310 acres (126 ha).
               Statistical summaries for Brown County and all communities
          included in this study are located in Appendix.' Summary data
          sheets present land use types by area, 1992 structural counts by
          type, shoreline modification types by length, and a count of
          shoreline structures by type. Data were collected at the PLSS
          section level. The section level data sheets are not included in
          this report.



               'Area figures used in the Results discussion reflect totals
          (not rounded) reported on the original tally sheets. Figures
          presented on the tally sheets found in the Appendix of this
          report have been rounded to the nearest whole number.

                                          16



         NO Mb On M                                 M dW so M M so M M dW W 00 00




             Table 1. Countv Coastal Zone Area by Community. Year and Land Use Type (acres rhectaresl)


                         Total
                         Coastal                                                                       Agricul-
                         Zone         Residen-     Commer-      Idus-        Transpor Extrac-          ture/        open/
                         Area         tial         cial         trial        tation       tive         Natural      Other



            County    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            1978         3647         598          39           60           309                       2323         317
                         (1476)       (242)        (16)         (24)         (125)                     (940)        (128)
            1992         3408         557          39           52           265                       2105         390
                         (1380)       (225)        (16)         (21)         (107)                     (850)        (158)

            City  of Green Bay        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            1978         1146         244          28           60           295                       275          244
                         (464)        (99)         (11)         (24)         (120)                     (111)        (99)
            1992         1081         228          33           42           254                       216          309
                         (437)        (92)         (13)         (17)         (102)                     (87)         (125)

            Town  of Green Bay        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            1978         394          83           6                         5                         242          58
                         (159)        (34)         (2)                       (2)                       (98)         (24)
            1992         365          86           7                         1                         210          61
                         (148)        (35)         (3)                       (<1)                      (85)         (25)

            Village of Howard         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
            1978         386          27                                                               352          6
                         (156)        (11)                                                             (143)        (2)
            1992         391          29                                                               352          10
                         (158)        (12)                                                             (143)        (4)

            Town  of Scott      . . . . . . . .                                                        * * * * *    * * * '
            1978         732          151          5                                                   571          5
                         (296)        (61)         (2)                                                 (231)        (2)
            1992         773          145                       6            <1                        616          7
                         (313)        (59)                      (2)          (<1)                      (249)        (3)









                      Table 2. County Results of Linear Accuracy Tests


                                Percent Deviation From USGS Base Map Measurements

                                                1978                      1992
                                            Enlarged  Photos        Enlarged Photos
              CoAnty                          (1:2400)                 (1:2400)

            Brown                              -0.4%                    -8.5%
                                                0.03%                   -S.S%


            Door                                1.3%                    -1.1%
                                                3.9%                    -3.6-%


            Kenosha                            -2.5%                    -9.0%
                                                3.1%                    -1.6%


            Kewaunee                           -1.5%                    -5.4%
                                                2.1%                    -9.6%


            Manitowoc                          -1.7%                    -6.4%
                                                2.0%                    -7.4%

            Marinette    (one test)             9.6%                    -1.7%

            Milwaukee                          -4.9%                    -6.9%
                                               -5.3%                      1.9%


            Oconto                              2.9%                    -10.8%
                                                8.5%                    -13.1-t

            Ozaukee                             0.2%                    -5.7.%
                                                1.3%                    -4.4%


            Racine                             -3.0%                    -5.0%
                                                2.2%                    -0.81%

            Sheboygan                          -2.5%                    -1.2%
                                                4.6%                    -3.0%



                 Mean                           0.95%                   -5.18%

                Range                     -5.3% to 9.6%           -13.1% to 1.9%








                                                   18











          Residential Land

              Within the coastal zone of Brown County over 1,600
          residential structures were identified on 557 acres (225 ha) of
          land. Total structures included 1,007 single family or duplex
          units, 308 detached garages, 279 sheds and 13 barns. Since the
          1992 photos are "leaves-on," these numbers likely underestimate
          the actual number of structures and area devoted to residential
          uses. In 1978, 598 acres (242 ha) of residential land was
          measured. The "loss" of 41 acres (16.6 ha) of residential land
          probably is the result of photo scale and interpretive
          misclassification caused by' "leaves-on" photos.

          Commercial and Industrial Land

              Commercial land represented 39 acres (16 ha) for both 1978
          and 1992. Nineteen (19) commercial structures were noted within
          the coastal zone of 1992.
          Industrial land covered 60 acres (24 ha) and 52 acres (21 ha) in
          1978 and 1992, respectively. Photo scale could account for the
          reported eight (8) acre loss. However, the industrial type
          includes "grounds" used for outside storage and movement of
          materials, which, given the nature of the Bay Port Industrial
          Park, could have changed dramatically during the 14 year period.

          Transportation Land

              Twenty-five (25) structures were located on 265 acres (107
          ha) of transportation land in 1992. In 1978, 309 acres (125 ha)
          of transportation land were reported, a reduction of 44 acres
          (17.8 ha) compared to 1992. The transportation category contains
          the landfill type which declined in area from 222 acres (90 ha)
          in 1978 to 179 acres (73 ha) in 1992. Such a decline reflects
          the dynamic nature of landfill development and use, and as
          reported, accounts for the loss of transportation land over the
          period studied.
              About seven (7) acres (2.8 ha) of marina land were developed
          between 1978-and 1992.
          Agricult@iral and Natural Land

              Overall, 218 acres (88 ha) of agricultural and natural lands
          were reported lost from 1978 to 1992, a trend that continues -
          nationally. Land actively being cultivated declined by 71 acres
          (29 ha) or by 12.5%. Both abandoned fields and forest lands
          increased in area by 130 (53 ha) and 166 acres (67 ha),
          respectively. While such a trend would be expected, given
          farmland abandonment, the magnitude of these increases reflects
          as well, the impact of the 1992 "leaves-on" photography.
              Of particular note is a 414 acre (168 ha) decline of wetland
          types. The loss can be attributed to both urban development and
          the nine (9) inch rise in Lake Michigan water level. Due to

                                         19









          higher water, Suamico alone lost about 200 acres (81 ha) of
          wetland. However, a portion of the loss could be attributed to
          the under-estimation of wetlands while using "leaves-on" photos.

          Shoreline Modifications

               Sea walls and revetments are used to protect shorelines from
          erosion. Significant increases of both types of structures were.
          observed. In 1978, 18,350 feet (5,595 m) of sea wall were
          reported compared to 19,578 feet (5,969 m) in 1992, representing
          an increase of 1,228 feet (497 m) or 6.7%.. However, far more
          significant is the 10,069 foot (4,078 m), 23% increase in
          revetment development since 1978. Shoreline revetment was
          measured at 43,598 feet (13,292 m) in 1978 and 53,677 feet
          (16,365 mi) in 1992.

          Results by Community

          City of Green Bay

               Land within Green Bay's coastal zone was measured at 1,146
          acres (464 ha) in 1978 and 1,081 acres (438 ha) in 1992. The
          difference of 65.acres (26 ha) represents 5.7%. The source of
          the difference could be photo scale anomalies as discussed above.
          However, the difference also might be explained in the landward
          shift in shoreline location in 1992 due to increased lake level.
               In 1.992, 562 residential structures were located on 228
          acres (92 ha) of land. Most of these structures (382) were
          single family or duplex. other structures associated with
          residential uses included 108 detached garages, 66 sheds and 1
          barn. In 1978, 244 acres (99 ha) of residential was reported, 16
          acres (6.5 ha) more than reported in 1992. Reasons for such a
          reduction are discussed above.
               Commercial area remained stable over the study period, the
          most significant change being a 3.7 acre (1.5 ha) increase in
          business district. -Results indicate that industrial park land
          decreased by 18 acres (7.3 ha), however, the decrease is more
          likely to be the result of aesthetic changes of the Bay Port
          Industrial Park than actual losses of the industrial type.
               The transportation category, too, appears to have lost area
          from 1978 to 1992, 295 acres (120 ha) and 254 (102 ha),
          respectively. Eighteen (18) structures were counted, most
          falling in the types sewage treatment (7), utilities (7), or
          marina (4). Significant*changes occurred within the marina and
          landfill types. From 1978 to 1992, marinas increased by 8.2
          acres (3.3 ha) or nearly 104%. Landfill area decreased by 43
          acres (17 ha) or 19%.
               Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 275 acres (111
          ha) in 1978 to 216 acres (87 ha) in 1992. Active agricultural
          land declined by 27 acres (11 ha) or 18% while forest land
          increased by 18.6 acres (7.5 ha) or 326%.


                                          20









               Wetlands lost the most area of any type within the natural
          lands category, from 75 acres (30 ha) in 1978 to 21 acres (8.6
          ha) in 1992. The loss of 54 acres (22 ha) represents 72%.
               Two open/other land types showed significant change during
          the period studied. Urban open lot areas decreased from 38 acres
          (15.4 ha) in 1978 to 22 acres (8.8 ha) in 1992, suggesting the
          process of infilling is occurring along near-shore lots. The
          outdoor recreation type increased from 206 acres (84 ha) in 1978
          to 283 acres (115 ha) in 1992. Most of this land is related to
          the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay campus and surrounding
          Cofrin Arboretum.
               From 1978-1992, significant shoreline modification has
          occurred within the city. Sea wall construction increased by
          1,483 feet (451 m) or 54%, from 2,728 feet (832 m) to 4,211 feet
          (1,284 m). Likewise, revetment construction increased from
          18,392 feet (5,607 m) to 32,202 feet (9,818 m), an increase of
          13,810 feet (4,210 m) or 75%.

          Town of Green Bay

               Coastal zone area within the township was measured at 394
          acres (195 ha) in  1978 and 365 acres (148 ha) in 1992, a
          difference of 29 acres (11.7 ha). The town of Green Bay was one
          of those tested for linear accuracy of photo coverage. Using
          USGS maps at 1:24000, measurements taken from the 1978 photos
          fell within +.03% of the USGS basis. The 1992 photos deviated by
           5.5% from the USGS basis.
               In 1992, a total of 303 residential structures were
          identified on 86 acres (35 ha) of residential land. of these,
          177 were of the single family/duplex type. other structures
          associated with residential use included 55 detached garages, 66
          sheds and five (5) barns.
               In 1992, eleven (11) commercial structures, including two
          (2) institutional buildings, were located on 6.6 acres (2.7 ha)
          of commercial land. The total area represents a modest increase
          over 1978. No industrial land was identified for either study
          year.
               Agricultural and natural areas decreased from 242 acres (98
          ha) to 210 acres (85 ha) for the period studied. Changes within
          the category include a 22 acre (9 ha) increase in abandoned
          field, a 16 acre (6.6 ha) decrease in active agricultural fields,
          and a 30 acre (12 ha) decrease in forest land.
               Results indicate losses of 301 feet (92 m) and 332 feet (101
          m) of sea wall and revetment, respectively. These results likely
          represent masking by leaves and shadows rather than actual losses
          of shoreline structures. By 1992, one (1) groin had been built
          in the township.






                                            21









          Village of Howard

               In 1978, a total of 386 acres (156 ha) comprised the
          coastal zone of Howard. In 1992, 391 acres (158 ha) were located
          within the coastal zone.
               Residential land encompassed only 29 acres (11.6 ha) in
          1992, which represents but a modest increase over the 1978
          residential area of 27 acres (11 ha). Seventy-one (71)
          structures, of which 39 were single family/duplex, were located
          within the 1992 coastal zone. other structures related   to
          residential uses included 10 detached garages and 22 sheds.
               For both study years, over 90% of the coastal zone fell into
          agricultural and natural land use types. A total of 352 acres
          (143 ha) were reported within this category for each study year.
          Within these types, forest land increased by 42 acres (17 ha)
          while wetlands decreased by 34 acres (14 ha).
               Shoreline modifications increased by 175% (656 feet (200  m])
          during the 14 year period studied. Sea walls decreased from 21S,
          feet (67 m) to 34 feet (10.4 m) during the period, however
          revetment construction increased considerably, from 156 feet   (48
          m) to 996 feet (304 m).

          Town of Scott


               The coastal zone for the town of Scott was determined to
          cover 732 acres (296 ha) in 1978 and 773 acres (313 ha) in 1992.
          The 41 acre (17 ha) difference is 5.6% of the 1978 total. The
          town of Scott was one of the sites tested to determine linear
          accuracy of the enlarged photos. The 1978 photos of Scott were
          determined to be within h of 1% of measurements taken from USGS
          1:24000 maps. However, the 1992 photo measurements deviated from
          the USGS maps by 8.5%.
               The amount of residential land located within the coastal
          zone remained stable from 1978 to 1992 at about 145 acres (59
          ha). Within the residential area were counted 435 structures,
          264 of which were identified as single family/duplex. other
          structures associated with residential use included 90 detached
          garages, 76 sheds and five (5) barns.
               Commercial land accounted of 5.3 acres (2.1 ha) of the
          coastal zone in 1978. No commercial land was evident in 1992.
          While no industrial land was identified in 1978, 5.6 acres (2.3
          ha) were identified in 1992.
               No extractive uses were observed for either study year.
               The town of Scott was the only Brown County community to
          show an increase in total agricultural and natural lands, from
          571 acres (231 ha) in 1978 to 616 acres (249 ha) in 1992. The
          type abandoned field increased from 4.3 acres (1.7 ha) to 84
          acres (34 ha) as did forest land, from 68 acres (27 ha) to 173
          acres (70 ha). However, other important land uses experienced
          declines that parallel national trends. For example, active
          agricultural lands declined by 20 acres (8 ha) or 7.1%, and
          wetland area declined by 114 acres (46 ha) or 64%.

                                          22










              Structural modification of the shoreline to protect coastal
          property increased by 588 feet (179 m) or 50% from 1978 to 1992.
          Sea wall construction increased from 5,108 feet (1,557 m) to
          6,197 feet (1,889 m). However, revetment construction appears to
          have decreased from 6,428 feet.(1,960 m) to 5,527 feet (1,807 m).
          The decline in revetment construction is suspect and may reflect
          interpretive difficulties associated with the 1992 "leaves-on"
          photos.

          Town of suamico

              Total coastal zone within the town of Suamico was measured
          at 988 acres (400 ha) in 1978 and 797 acres (323 ha) in 1992, a
          difference of 191 acres (77 ha) or 19.3%. The difference is the
          result of change of lake elevation between 1978 and 1992. Lake
          Michigan in 1972 was nine (9) inches deeper than in 1978. As a
          result, Suamico lost about 200 acres (81 ha) of wetland. About
          100 acres (41 ha) of the loss occurred along Little Tail Point,
          with remaining losses occurring along the mainland shoreline and
          the section of Long Tail Point covered by aerial photos.
              Results indicate that land used for residential purposes
          declined from 93 acres (38 ha) in 1978 to 69 acres (28 ha) in
          1992, a loss of 24 acres (9.7 ha). Analysis of the aerial photos
          suggests three factors contributing to the lost area. In a few
          cases, residential land was abandoned and structures removed.
          The 1992 photos captured land cover conditions when vegetation
          was in leaf and when lake and ground water levels were higher
          than in 1978. Careful analysis of both photo sets indicates that
          leaved vegetation did "hide" photographic evidence of residential
          @se of land, especially lawn areas. The analysis yielded another
          interesting finding, that the combination of Suamicols low-lying
          coastal land and higher water levels resulted in soggier soils.
          The photo evidence suggests that some residential areas managed
          @s lawn in 1978 were too wet to do so in 1992. Photo
          interpreters use lawn management evidence to aid placement of
          residential boundary lines.
              In 1992, a total of 241 structures were identified on the 69
          acres (28 ha) of residential land. These structures included 145
          single family/duplex units, 45 detached garages, 49 sheds and two
          (2) barns.
              No commercial land was observed within the town's coastal
          zone for either study year. In 1978, no industrial land was
          recorded compared to 4.1 acres (1.7 ha) in 1992.
              Land uses falling under the transportation category remained
          stable at about 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) for each year. No extractive
          land use types were documented for either study year.
              Agricultural and natural land uses represented about 90% of
          total coastal zone area for both 1978 and 1992. In 1978, 882
          acres (357 ha) of agricultural and natural land were recorded
          compared to 711 acres (288 ha) in 1992. The loss of 171 acres
          !69 ha) represents 19.4%. While the type abandoned field
          increased by 16 acres (6.5 ha), active agricultural land

                                         23









          decreased by 6.2 acres (2.5 ha). Forest land increased 31 acres
          (12.6 ha) or by 126%. Wetlands, as explained above, lost
          considerable area due to higher water, levels. Wetland area
          declined from 761 acres (308 ha) in 1,978 to 557 acres (226 ha) Ln
          1992.
               No change in open/other land was observed.
               In 3.978, 2,794 feet (852 m) of sea wall were recorded
          compared to 2,413 feet (736 m) in 1992, a loss of 381 feet (116
          m). Revetments declined from 16,892 feet (5,150 m) in 1978 to
          14,337 feet (4,371 m) in 1992.










































                                          24












                                     REFERENCES

          Avery, T.E. and G.L. Berlin, 1985. InterRretation of Aerial
             PhotograRhs. 4th ed., Brugess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
             554 pp.

          Barrett, N.E. and W.A. Niering, 1993. Tidal marsh restoration:
             trends in vegetation change using a geographic information
             system. Society for Ecological Restoration. l(l):18-28.

          Befort, W. and J.J. Viliman, 1985. Aerial identification of
             forest habitats. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual
             Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 679-688.

          Benton, A.R., Jr., W.W. Snell and C. Clark, 1978. Seasonal aerial
             photographic mapping of Galveston Island. Coastal Mapping
             Papers Reprint from Coastal Zone 178, Amer. Soc. Civil Eng.,
             pp. 1205-1222.

          Boge, W.E., A.C. Crone and R.J. Ondrejka, 1992. Primary data
             acquisition - state of the art review. Photogrammetric
             Engineering and Remote Sensing, 58(8):1077-10.

          Carlson, H., L.M. Andrews and C.W. Threinen, 1977. Surface Water
             Resources of Oconto C*ounty. Wisconsin Department of Natural
             Resources, Madison, Wisconsin.

          Ciciarelli, J.A., 1991. Practical Guide to Aerial Photography.
             Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 261 pp.

          Dresen, M. and M.E. Vollbrecht, 1986. Wisconsin's shoreland
             zoning program: design and direction. The Michigan Riparian.

          Eastman-Kodak, 1974. Photography from Light Planes and
             Helicopters. Pub. No. M-5, Rochester, N.Y., 25 p.

          Evans, B.M. and L. Mata, 1984. Acquisition of 35mm oblique
             photographs for stereoscopic analysis and measurement.
             Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 50(11):1581-
             1590.


          Ferguson, R.L., L.L. Wood and D.B. Graham, 1993. Monitoring
             spacial change in seagrass habitat with aerial photograph@.
             Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 59(6):1033-
             1038.


          Fleming, J. and R.G. Dixon, 1981. Basic Guide to Small-Format
             Hand-Held Oblique Aerial Photography. Canadian Centre for
             Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, 81 p.




                                          25









          Hagen, G.F. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Predicting tree groundline
             diameter from crown measurements made on 35mm aerial
             photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,
             52 (5) :,687-690.

          Heer, R.C. and J.L. Smith, 1986. Estimation of density in young
             pine plantations using 35mm aerial photography. Proceedings of
             the AC.SM-ASPRS' Annual Convention, Washington, D.C., Vol.. 5,
             pp. 80-84.

          Hill, J.M., D.L. Evans and J. Blackman, 1985. Development of a
             permit geographic information system for coastal zone
             management. Proceedings of the ACSK-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             Washington, D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 284-293.

          Hinckley, T.K. and J.W. Walker, 1993. obtaining and using low-
             altitude/large-scale imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and'
             Remote Sensing, 59(3):310-318.

          International Joint Commission, Committee 2, 1993. Detailed Site:
             Study - Berrien County, Michigan: Final Report, 75 pp.

          International Joint Commission, 1993. Great Lakes Water Level
             Reference Study. Working Committee 2. Land Use and Shoreline
             Management Task Group Report, 99 pp.

          Kim, K. and S. Ventura, 1993. Large-scale modeling of urban
             nonpoint source pollution using a geographic information
             system. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             59(10):1539-1544.

          Lo, C.P. and W.E. Noble, 1990. Detailed urban land-use and     land-
             cover mapping using large format camera photographs: an
             evaluation. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             56(2):197-206.

          Lyon, J.G. and R.G. Greene, 1992. Use of aerial photographs to
             measure the historical areal extent of Lake Erie coastal
             wetlands. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             58(9):1355-1360.

          MacConnell, W.F., 1975. Remote Sensing 20 years of   'change in
             Massachusetts: 1952-1972. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 630,
             Amherst, Mass., 79 pp.

          Marsh, S.E., J.L. Welsh and C.F. Hutchinson, 1990. Development of
             an agricultural land-use GIS for surveyed derived from
             multispatial video and photographic data. Photogrammetric
             Engineering and Remote Sensing, 56(3):359-363.




                                           26









         McCarthy, J., C.E. Olson and J.A. Witter, 1982. Evaluation of
            spruce-fir forests using small-format photographs.
            Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 48(5):771-778.

         Niedzwiedz, W.R., 1990. Assessing permit compliance in
            residential areas using color 35mm aerial photography.
            Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 56(2):211-224.


         Niedzwiedz, W.R. and S.S. Batie, 1984. An assessment of urban
            development into coastal wetlands using historical aerial
            photography: a case study. Environmental Management, 8(3):205-
            214.

         Norton, D.J., J. Organ and T. Litwin, 1985. Covertype
            classification and mapping on Long Island's National Wildlife
            Refuge. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
            Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 585-594.

         Paine, D.P. and R.J. McCadden, 1988. Simplified forest inventory
            using large-scale 70mm photography and tariff tables.
            Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 54(10):1423-
            1427.

         Roberts, A. and L. Griswold, 1986. Practical photogrammetry from
            35mm aerial photography. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
            Sensing, 52(4):501-508.

         Scarpace, F.L., B.K. Quirk, R.W. Kiefer and S.L. Wynn, 1981.
            Wetland mapping from digitized aerial photography.
            Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 47(6):829-838.

         Scherz, J.P. and J.F. Van Domelsen, 1973. Lake Superior Water
            Quality Near Duluth from Analysis of Aerial Photos and ERTS
            Imagery, Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management,
            American Water Resources Association, Proceedings, No. 17.

         Shafer, R. and S. Degler, 1986. 35mm photography: an inexpensive
            remote sensing tool. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
            Sensing, 52(6):833-837.

         Smith, J.T., ed., 1968. Manual of Color Aerial Photography.
            American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA., 550 pp.

         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1978. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
            Levels for the Great Lakes. April. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
            MI. pp.4

         U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
            Levels for the Great Lakes. May. Dept. of the Army, Detroit,
            MI. pp.4


                                         27








          Walker, J.W., 1985. Ultra-light reconnaissance, another tool.
             Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention, Washington,
             D.C., Vol. 1, pp. 371-380.

          Welch, R., T.R. Jordan and S.S. Fung, 1985. Photogrammetry: A
             revolutionary solution to the assessment of ephemeral gully
             erosion. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention,
             Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, pp. 873-874.

          Welch, R., M. Remillard and J. Alberts, 1992. Integration of GPLS),
             remote sensing and GIS techniques for coastal resource
             management. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
             58(11):1571-1578.











































                                          28




I
I
I
I                                     APPENDIX
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1                                        29
1










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Brown
          Coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

              City of Green Bay
              Town of Green Bay
              Village of Howard
              Town of Scott
              Town of Suamico








                                    LAND USE-CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                            of structures      Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

                 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
         ----:--112 Res. units                     3             2
                 garages

             113 Res. units                     1026            597         242
                 garages                         355
                 sheds                           388
                 barns                           41
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal          1813            598         242
          -12-Commercial

             '121 Central Business  Dist           9             6            2
             122 Shopping Center/Mall                            1            1
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist      12              8            3
             126 Institutional                     6             24          10
                                Subtotal         27              39          16

              Industrial

                 Industrial Park                 23              60          24













                                                                           Area
                                              if of structures       Acres      Hectares;

            14 Transoortation

               141 Air Transportation
               142 Rail Transportation
               143 Walter Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina                                                 2
               143.2 Public Boat Landing                              12            5
               144 Highways                                             4           2
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities                           15             45           18
               147 Sewage Treatment Plant               2             al            8
               148 Landfill                                          222           90
                                   Subtotal            28            309          125


            17 Extractive

               171 Open Pit
               172 Underground
               173 Well
               179 Oth .er Extractive  Subtotal

               -Aciricultural and Natural

               181 AF  Abandoned Field                                31           13
               -182 AG Agriculture Active                            568          230
                   F   Forest                                        232           94
               184 H   Heath                                          12            5
               i85 OW  Open Water                                    139           56
             -..-.-186 RL Rock Ledge
               187 'SL Slump Zone
                   WT  Wetland                                       1341         543
                                   Subtotal                          2323         940

          -.19 Open   Land, Other

                                     Assembly
           .-.-.-.192 Urban Open Lots                   6             52           21
               193 Outdoor Recreation                 22             264          107
               194 Cemeteries     Subtotal            -28            317          128

                                                               Total Acres         3647
                                                               Total Hectares      1476

          -.Shorgline Modifications                                        Linear
                                                                      Feet        MetgMg
               195 Sea Walls                                         18350         5595
               196 Revetments                                        43598        132L2_
               197 Groins                                    # or Groins    --2
            -..,198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                    # of  pocks     1










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                County Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Brown
          coastal Civil Jurisdiction included in summary (in alphabetical
          order).

              City of Green Bay
              Town of Green Bay
              Village of Howard
              Town of-Scott
              Town of Suamico






                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                            of structures     Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential


             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units                       5               2           1
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                    .1007           555         225
                 garages                        308
                 sheds                          279
                 barns                          13
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal         1612            557         225

          12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist                           4            2
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist     11               9            4
             126 Institutional                    2             26          11
                                Subtotal        19              39          16

          13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                21              52          21






                                            of structures      Acres Area Hectare",

          14 TranjRortation

            141 Air Transportation
            142 Rail. Transportation                             1            1
            143 Water Transportation
            143.1 Private Marina                  8             23            9
            143.2 Public Boat Landing                            2            1
            144 Highways                          3              4            2
            145 Communications
            146 Utilities                         7             34           14
            147 SewLge Treatment Plant            7             21            9
            148 Landfill                                       179           73
                               Subtotal           25           265          107


          17 Extractive

            171 Open Pit
            172 Underground
            173 Well
            179 other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

          18 Agricultural and Natural

            181  AF Abandoned Field                            161           65
            182  AG Agriculture Active                         497          201
            183  F  Forest                                     398          161
            184  H  Heath                                       12            5
            185  OW Open Water                                  97           42
            186  RL Rock Ledge
            187  SL Slump Zone
            188  WT Wetland                                    927          375
                               Subtotal                        2105         850


          19 Open Land, Other

            191 Outdoor-Public Assembly                          4            1
            192 Urban Open Lots                   2             39           16
            193 Outdoor Recreation                24           348          141
            194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal           26           390          158


                                                          Total Acres        3408
                                                          Total Hectares     1380

          Shoreline Modifications                                    Linear
                                                                Feet        Meter:g
            195 Sea Walls                                      19578         596S,
            196 Revetments                                     53677        1636EI
            197 Groins                                 # of Groins    2
            198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                  # of Docks










                   Lake Michigan coastal Development inventory Project:
                                           1978 - 1992


                                       Civil Jurisdiction
                                       Summary Data Sheet

           Year: 1978
           County: Brown
           Township, Village or City name: City of Green Bay
           PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
           description):

                 T24N R20E   SEC 13           T24N R21E   SEC 11           SEC 27
                             SEC 14                       SEC 12           SEC 28
                             SEC 24                       SEC 13           SEC 29
                             SEC 25                       SEC 14           SEC 45
                             SEC 45                       SEC 22           SEC 46
                             SEC 46                       SEC 23




                                      LAND  USE CATEGORIES

                                                                         Area
                                             P of  structures      Acres     ffectares

           11 Residential

              111 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
              -112 Res. units                        3                2
                  garages
                  sheds
              '113 Res. units                      359              242          98
                  garages                          130
                  sheds                              92
                  barns                              19
              115 Res. units
                  garages
                  sheds
                                Subtotal           603              244          99
         -12 Commercial

              121 Central Business Dist
              122 Shopping Center/Mall
              124 Neighborhood Business Dist         3                4           2
              126 Institutional                      6               24
                                  Subtotal           9               28          11



              -3:38 Industrial Park"                 23              60          24













                                                                            Area
            14 Transportation                  f of structures        Acres      Hectarls,

              141 Aix, Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina                                       I           <1
              143.2 Public Boat Landing                  3               7            3
              144 Highways                                               4            2
              145 Communications
              146 Utilities                                            41            16
              147 Seurage Treatment Plant                              21             8
              148 Landf ill                                           222            90
                                   Subtotal              9            295           120


            17 Extra:tive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive      Subtotal

            18 Agricultural and Natural

              181  AF  Abandoned Field                                 19             8
            ....182 AG Agriculture Active                             150            61
              183  F   Forest                                            6            2
              184  H   Heath
              185  OW  Open Water                                      26            10
              186  RL  Rock Ledge
              187  SL  Slump Zone
              188  WT  Wetland                                         75            30
                                   Subtotal                           275           ill

            19 ORen Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public     Assembly
           ...-...192 Urban Open Lots                    1             38            '15
              193 Outdoor Recreation                    16            206            84
              194 Cemeteries       Subtotal            17             244            99

                                                                Total Acres          1146
                                                                 Total Hectares       464

                        Modifications                                       Linear
                                                                       Feet         Met !rg
              195 Sea. Walls                                           2728           a L-        1
              196 Revetments                                          18392          56017-
              197 Groins                                             of Groins-    I
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                              of Docks      1










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: City of Green Bay
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T24N R20E SEC 13          T24N R21E  SEC 11         SEC 27
                          SEC 14                    SEC 12         SEC 28
                          SEC 24                    SEC 13         SEC 29
                                                    SEC 14         SEC 45
                                                    SEC 22         SEC 46
                                                    SEC 23




                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                          of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units                     5               2          1
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    382            227        92
                garages                       108
                sheds                          66
                barns                          1
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         562            228        92

          12 Commercial


            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist     8               7          3
            126 Institutional                                 25        10
                               Subtotal        8              33        13

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park                10             42        17






                                           of structures     Acres Area Hectares

           14 Trans,gortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation                           1           1
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                4            14           6
             143.2 Public Boat Landing                         2           1
             144 Highways                                      2           1
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities                       7            34          14
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant          7            21           9
             148 Landfill                                    179          73
                               Subtotal         18           254         102


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal


           18 Acrricultural and Natural


             181 AF Abandoned Field                           29          -12
             182 AG Agriculture Active                       123          50
             183 F  Forest                                    24          10
             184 H  Heath                                     <1          <1
             185 OW Open Water                                19           8
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                   21           9
                               Subtotal                      216          87


           19 Open Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly                       4           1
             192 Urban Open Lots                              22           9
             193 Outdoor Recreation             16           283         115
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal         16           309         125


                                                        Total Acres       1081
                                                        Total Hectares     437


           Shoreline Modifications                                Linear
                                                              Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                    4211        1284
             196 Revetments                                  32202        9818.
             197 Groins                                     of Groins   I
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Throu4h                      of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Green Bay
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T25N R22E SEC 13
                         SEC 14
                         SEC 15
                         SEC   22







                                           CATEGORIES


                                                                Area
                                        I of structures    Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    180            83          34
                garages                        58
                sheds                          62
                barns                           4
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
                             Subtotal         304            83          34
          n 6mmercial*

            121 Central Business Dist'          9             6           2
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal         9             6           2

          1i Industrial

         -138 Industrial Park













                                                                               Area
             14 TraD_sj)ortation                   of structures         Acres ---Hectares;

               141 Ai3r Transportation
               142 Rail Transportation
               143 Water Transportation
               143.1 Private Marina
               143.2 Public Boat Landing                  2                5             2
               144 Highways
               145 Communications
               146 Utilities
               147 Sewage Treatment Plant
               148 Landfill         Subtotal              2                5             2

             17 Extractive

               171  Open Pit
               172  Underground
               173  Well
               179  Other Extractive      Subtotal
                Acf@icujtural and Natural

               181  AF  Abandoned Field                                    8
               182. AG  Agriculture Active                                93            38
            __183   F   Forest                                           131            53
                    H   Heath
                    OW  Open Water                                         2             1
               18 6 RL  Rock Ledge
               __187 SL Slump Zone
            .___._188 WT Wetland                                           9             4
                                    Subtotal                             242            98


             19 Open Land. Other ....

             _-.191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
               192  Urban open Lots                                        2             1
               193  Outdoor Recreation                    6               57            23
               194  Cemeteries
                                    Subtotal              6               58            24


                                                                   Total  Acres          394
                                                                  Tot  al. Hectares      159
             Shor@line   Modifications'                                        Linear
                                                                          Feet         MeteKs,
               195  Sea  Walls                                            7369          2247'
               196  Revetments                                            1351           41_2.
               197  Groins                                           # of Groins
               198  Dock Non-Flow-Through                            # of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Green Bay
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T25N R22E SEC 13
                          SEC 14
                          SEC 15
                          SEC 22







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                          of structures     Acres    HectAres


          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    177             86          35
                garages                        55
                sheds                          66
                barns                          5
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal         303             86          35

          12 Commercial


            121 Central Business Dist          6              4           2
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business  Dist    3              1           1
            126 Institutional                  2              1           1
          13 Industrial        Subtotal        11             7           3

            138 Industrial Park






                                             of structures     Acres Area Hectares;

           14 TraDs
                    jportation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                                           <1
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Commilnications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                                Subtotal                           1        <1


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181  AF Abandoned Field                            30          12
             182  AG Agriculture Active                         77          31
             183  F  Forest                                    101          41
             184  H  Heath
             185  OW Open Water                                             <1
             186  RL Rock Ledge
             187  SL Slump Zone
             188  WT Wetland                                      2           1
                                Subtotal                       210          85


           19 Oven Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                                  4           1
             193 Outdoor Recreation               8             58          23
             194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal          8             61          25


                                                           Total Acres        365
                                                           Total Hectares     14.8


           Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                Feet       Meters,
             195 Sea Walls                                      7068        2155
             196 Revetments                                                   31.1
                                                                1019
             197 Groins                                       of Groins I
             198 Dock Non-FloiAr-Through                      of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992

                                    civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Howard
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

                T24N R20E SEC 1
                           SEC 2
                           SEC 11
                           SEC 14







                                   LAND USE  CATEGORIES


                                                                    Area
                                          I of structures     Acres     Hectares

          11  Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
          ...112 Res. units
                 garages
                 -sheds
             113 Res. units                      37             27
                 garages                         11
                 sheds                           32
                 barns
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                              Subtotal           so             27
          -12 Commercial

             121 Central  Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                Subtotal

        _-@13 Industrial

                 Industrial  Park













                                                                     Area.
                                           I of ltructures       Acres   -Hectare

           -14 Trans)ortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 UtJilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                                Subtotal

           17 Extra-,tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive   Subtotal

          _i8_'A4ricujtura,j and Natural

             181  AF Abandoned Field                              1*          <1
             182  AG Agriculture Active                           2
             183  F  Forest                                       2
             184  H  Heath
             185  OW Open Water                                  28           12
           ....-.186 RL Rock Ledge
             187  SL Slump'Zone
             .188 WT Wetland                                     319        129
                                Subtotal                         352        143

           iï¿½ 06en Land. Other

             191  Outdoor-Public  Assembly
             192  Urban Open Lots                 4               5           2
             193  Outdoor Recreation                              2           1
             194  Cemeteries
                                Subtotal          4                           2


                                                          Total Acres         386
                                                          Total Hectares      15,6

           sh6reline  Modifications                                  Linear
                                                                 Feet       Met -Ms,
             19 5 Se;a Walls                                      219          67
             196 Revetments                                       156          48.
             197 Groins                                        of Groins
                  Dock Non-Flow-Through                        of Docks           -










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  Civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: Village of Howard
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T24N R20E SEC 1
                         SEC 2
                         SEC 11
                         SEC 14







                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                          of structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    39            29          12
                garages                       10
                sheds                         22
                barns
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds       Subtotal          71            29          12

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
          13 Industrial "     Subtotal

            138 Industrial Park






                                           of structures     Acres Area, Hectares

           14 Trans)ortation

             141 Ai3r Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             -143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                              Subtotal


           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                            3          1
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        <1          <1
             183 F  Forest                                    44          18
             184 H  Heath
             185 OW Open Water                                20          a
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                  285        115
                              Subtotal                       352        143

           19 02en Land. Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots                2             10          4
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                              Subtotal          2             10          4


                                                        Total Acres       39,1
                                                        Total Hectares    15.8

           Shoreline Modifications                                Linear
                                                              Feet      Meters,
             195 Sea Walls                                      34         1.0
             196 Revetments                                    996        34-
             197 Groins                                  # of  Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                   # of  Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992

                                   civil Jurisdiction
                                   Silmnary Data Sheet

          Year: 1978
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Scott
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T24N R21E SEC 1           T25N R22E  SEC 20
                          SEC 2                     SEC 21
               T24N R22E SEC 6                      SEC 28
               T25N R21E SEC 36                     SEC 29
                                                    SEC 30
                                                    SEC 31




                                  .@D USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                        0 of structures     Acres     Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            112  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
            ...113 Res. units                  294           151          61
                 garages                        99
                 sheds                         117
                 barns                          16
            115  Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
                             Subtotal          526           151          61


          12 Commercial

            121 Central  Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall                           1           1
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist       9             4           2
            126 Institutional
            -                  Subtotal          9             5           2

          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park












                                                                    Area
           14 Trans)ortation              I of structures     Acres    -Hectares

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Hichways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landf ill
                               Subtotal


           17 Extra:tive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

                            and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                               4          2
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        280         113
             .183F  Forest                                      68          28
             184 H  Heath                                       10           4
             185 OW Open Water                                  32          .13
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                   177           72
                               Subtotal                       571         231

           '19 O]2en Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 urban Open Lots                                  5          2
             193 Outdoor Recreation
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal                           5          2


                                                         Total Acres         732
                                                         Total Hectares      296

          Shoreline Modifications                                   Linear
                                                                Feet      Mete,Ls_,
             195 Sea Walls                                      5108        ;L557
             196.Revetments                                     6428        1962-.
             197 Groins                                      of Groins    I
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks










                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                        1978 - 1992


                                    Civil Jurisdiction
                                    Summary Data Sheet

          Year:    1992
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Scott
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

                T24N R21E SEC 1            T25N R22E  SEC 20
                           SEC 2                      SEC 21
                T24N R22E  SEC 6                      SEC 28
                T25N R21E  SEC 36                     SEC 29
                                                      SEC 30
                                                      SEC 31




                                   LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                            of structures     Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

             ill Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                     264            145          59
                 garages                         90
                 sheds                           76
                 barns                            5
             115 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds        Subtotal          435            145          59

          12 commercial


             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                                Subtotal

          13 Industrial

             138 Industrial Park                 10              6           2












                                                                   Area
                                            of structures     Acres     fectares

           14 TransRortation

             141 Air Transportation
             142 Rail Transportation
             143 Water Transportation
             143.1 Private Marina                              <1          <1
             143.2 Public Boat Landing
             144 Highways
             145 Communications
             146 Utilities
             147 Sewage Treatment Plant
             148 Landfill
                               Subtotal                        <1          <1

           17 Extractive

             171 Open Pit
             172 Underground
             173 Well
             179 Other Extractive
                                   Subtotal

           18 Agricultural and Natural

             181 AF Abandoned Field                            84          34
             182 AG Agriculture Active                        260         105
             183 F  Forest                                    173          70
             184 H  Heath                                        3          1
             185 OW Open Water                                 33          13
             186 RL Rock Ledge
             187 SL Slump Zone
             188 WT Wetland                                    63          25
                               Subtotal                       616         249


           19 Open Land, Other

             191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
             192 Urban Open Lots
             193 Outdoor Recreation                              7          3
             194 Cemeteries
                               Subtotal                          7          3


                                                         Total Acres        77:3
                                                         Total Hectares     31:3


           Shoreline Modifications                                 Linear
                                                               Feet       Meters
             195 Sea Walls                                     6197        1889
             196 Revetments                                    5927        1807
             197 Groins                                    # of Groins
             198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                     # of Docks









                 Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978'- 1992

                                   Civil Jurisdiction
                                   Summary Data Sheet
          -Year: 1978
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or  City name: Town of Suamico
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T25N R20E SEC 13          T25N R21E  SEC 5
                          SEC 24                    SEC 6
                          SEC 25                    SEC 7
                          SEC 36                    SEC 8
                                                    SEC 18
                                                    SEC 19




                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES


                                                                 Area
                                        I of structures     Acres    Hectares

          11 Residential

             111 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             112 Res. units
                 garages
                 sheds
             113 Res. units                    156           93-         38
                 garages                        57
                 sheds                          as
                 barns                           2
             115 Res. units
                 garages
             - - sheds
                             Subtotal          300           93          38

          12 Commercial

             121 Central Business Dist
             122 Shopping Center/Mall
             124 Neighborhood Business Dist
             126 Institutional
                               Subtotal

          13  Industrial

          ------138 Industrial Park












                                                                                               Area
                                                           I of structures             Acres--       ffectar Ls_

               14 =ans ortation

                  141 Air Transportation
                  142 Rail Transportation
                  143 Water Transportation
                  143.1 Private Marina                                6                   5                2
                  143.2 Public Boat Landing                                              <1              <1
                  144 Highways
                  145 Communications
                  146 Utilities                                      11                   4                2
                  147 Sewage Treatment Plant
                  148 Landfill
               17 Extractive               Subtotal                  17                  10                4

                  171 Open Pit
                  172 Underground
                  173 Well
                  179 other Extractive            Subtotal

               16 Agricultural and Natural

                  181   AF  Abandoned Field
                  182   AG  Agriculture Active                                           43              18
              -'-"-'183 F   Forest                                                       25              10
                  184   H   Heath                                                         4                2
                  185   OW  Open Water                                                   5Q              20
                  186   RL  Rock Ledge
                  187   SL  Slump Zone
                  188   WT  Wetland                                                    761              308
                                           Subtotal                                    882              357


               19  Open Land,       Other

                  191   Outdoor-Public Assembly
                  192   Urban Open Lots                               1.                  3
              ...... 193 Outdoor Recreation
                  194   cemeteries
                                           Subtotal                   1                   3


                                                                               Total Acres                 9813
                                                                               Total Hectares              401)

               Shoreline Modifications                                                         Linear
                                                                                         feet           MeteiLs
                  195   Sea Walls                                                        2794              8 5:),__
                  196   Revetments                                                     16892             515)_
                  197   Groins                                                        of Groins                -
                  198   Dock Non-Flow-Through                                         of Docks










                Lake Michigan Coastal Development Inventory Project:
                                      1978 - 1992


                                  civil Jurisdiction
                                  Summary Data Sheet

          Year: 1992
          County: Brown
          Township, Village or City name: Town of Suamico
          PLSS section data sheets included in summary (give full
          description):

               T25N R20E SEC 13          T25N R21E SEC  5
                         SEC 24                    SEC  6
                         SEC 25                    SEC  7
                         SEC 36                    SEC  8
                                                   SEC  18
                                                   SEC  19





                                  LAND USE CATEGORIES
                                           of-structures    Acres Area Hectares

          11 Residential

            111 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            112 Res. units
                garages
                sheds
            113 Res. units                    145            69         28
                garages                        45
                sheds                          49
                barns                           2
            115 Res. units
                garages
                sheds        Subtotal         241                       2@

          12 commercial

            121 Central Business Dist
            122 Shopping Center/Mall
            124 Neighborhood Business Dist
            126 Institutional
                               Subtotal


          13 Industrial

            138 Industrial Park                 1             4          2






                                             of s ructures     Acres Area Hectares

           14 Transportation

              141 Air Transportation
              142 Rail Transportation
              143 Water Transportation
              143.1 Private Marina                4              8           3
              143.2 Public Boat Landing                         <1          <1
              144 Highways                        3              2           1
              145 Communications
              146 Utilities
              147 Sewage Treatment Plant
              148 Landfill
                                Subtotal          7              9           4


           17 Extractive

              171 Open Pit
              172 Underground
              173 Well
              179 Other Extractive
                                    Subtotal

          .18 Agricultural and Natural

              181 AF Abandoned Field                            16           7
              182 AG Agriculture Active                         37          15
              183 F  Forest                                     56          23
              184 H  Heath                                       9           4
              185 OW Open Water                                 36          15
              186 RL Rock Ledge
              187 SL Slump Zone
              188 WT Wetland                                   557         226
                                Subtotal                       711         288


           19 Open Land. Other

              191 Outdoor-Public Assembly
              192 Urban Open Lots                                3           1
              193 Outdoor Recreation
              194 Cemeteries
                                Subtotal                         3           1


                                                         Total Acres         797
                                                         Total Hectares      323

          .Shoreline Modifications                                  Linear
                                                                Feet       Meters,
              195 Sea Walls                                     2413         7'@:16
              196 Revetments                                   14337        43'71
              197 Groins                                      of Groins
              198 Dock Non-Flow-Through                       of Docks





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