    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                     COASTAL ZONE
                                     INFORMiATION CENTER

                                       ACTIVITY NUMBER 8

                                   Analysis of Land and Water Uses

                                                 crpcty ,   ~:   ~~r

                                             *,. [EAFATM~ENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                            COOASIAL SERVICE? CENTER
                                            2234 SOUTH HOE';r. AVENUE
                                            CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

                              New York State Coastal Zone Vanagement Program

    Ilt

           I-

    TASK 8.4

        STATENMENT OF TASK

             Integration of Water Quality Plans with the Coastal Zone Managemaent
             Prog-a rm

    Products Expected

        1.  A technical report will be prepared setting forth considerations including:
    implications of water quality limit-ing and effluent-limiting segments on future use;
    needs for land use regu.lations for non-point source control; dredge spoil disposal
    policy; prevention and control of oil spills; saltwater intrusion and grounmd+water
    quality problems and their solutions.

        DEC

        Progress

             60%7 complete0  Principal input material to this report is taken from        '
        information gathered as part of State water quality planning activities carried
        out under P.L. 92-500 (Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
        1972) or as part of earlier State-sponsored county comprehensive water pollution
        control studies. This base information is being analyzed from the perspective
        of water quality impacts upon the coastal zone and conversely, coastal zone
        impacts upon water quality0  There have been no major problems to date in
        carrying out this analytical work,  The writing of the technical report is also
        under way and a revised outline is available as well as drafts of selected       *
        sections.

        Prognosis

             The techlnlical. report to be completed at the end of the second year program
        will include an introductory section interrelating goals and objectives of both
        the state's water qucality and coastal zone programs, their areas of interface
        and their common problems.  Individual chapters on various specific water
        quality concerns in the coastal zone will be prepared.  These chapters will
        also distinguish the extent of each type of concern within the various parts of
        the coastal zone around the state.  Concerns to be covered include: point
        source discharge, combined sewers and storm sewers, disposal of sew-rage
        sludge, oil spills and offshore oil production, thermal discharges, discharges
        from boats and other wva.ter-hborne equipment, dredge and dredge spoil disposal,
        nutrient loadings, persistent toxic substances, impacts of non-point source
        discharges, and grotundwater quality (with particular focus oil Lon-  Islanl').  It
        is not expected that any major problemns will arise in completing the final
        technical report by the end oL the program year.

    TASK 8. 5

         STATEMENT OF TASKI

               Continue to Evaluate Water Supply Needs and Problems, -and
               Management of SWater Supplv Sources in the Coastal Zone

    Products Expected

         1.   Review and discuss critical water supply areas identified in the
    first year CZM work with local water supply system operators andT offcials,
    evaluate information collected in the field survey and develop protective
    measures for these critical areas.  Prepare technical memorandum� .

         DEC

         Progress

               100% complete. A first year draft report consisted of separate
         sections on water supply needs and management for the Erie-Niagara
         region, Lak-e Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, the I-Tudson River,
         New York City and Long Island. Initial work done in thbe second year
         focused on field surveys of local water supply officials including
         industrial users. On the basis of the questionnaire prepared during
         these interviews, a statewide overview of water supply needs was
         developed, A new section covering the field surveys was added to
         the original report and the first year draft sections done by separate
         authors were edited for technical consistency. (One specific conclusion
         has been dravm from this work: water suppliers feel that there is
         sufficient protection of water supplies taken from sources in the State's
         coastal zone based upon existing State and local health and environ.mental
         regulations.)

                                     Recornuenda tions

    1.  Work programis for all four planning -:_-,y!rams - water quality, air quality,

        coastal zone, and land use - should be adjusted to show the timing and the mech-

        anisms by which interprogram coorindation will be addressed, including many of

        the items discussed in these recommendations.  This should be done by all

        administering agencies, whatever the level of the jurisdiction - state, regional,

        county and local.  There must be a clear recognition by the staff of each

        program that one programs is formally, by federal requirements, accountable to

        another.  In general the approach of adjusting the work programs is more desirable

        than that of making cumbersome interagency agreements.

    2.  Provision should be made for exchange of information, to include:

        - briefings on the work program and progress to date for each of the major

           programs, for the administrators and key staff of each of the other programs.

           At the state level in New York this should be done through the State Inter-

           agency Planning Commlittee and in separate meetings where more of the project

           staff can be present.

           exchange of interim work products  as they become available and discussion of

           strategies, revised approaches, and major developments in any of the programs.

        - exchange of data, source materials, maps and other information.

    3.  Cross-review and formal acceptance procedures should be established to cover each

        of the major products prepared in each program

        - interim products

        - pre-hearing drafts of final reports

    4.  Advisory Committees  for each program should receive a detailed briefing on each

        of the other major programs, with an emphasis on the points of interaction,

        potential impacts, and areas of probable conflict. Additionally, there should

       be an exchange of membership between t;.L advisory committees for each program and

       liaison reporting arrangements should be established.

    5.  The public involvement work in each program should include activities specifically

       designed to make the public aware of the requirements and relationships of the

        other programs.  In so far as possible this should be done through special sessions

        at conferences and workshops. It also can be done through newsletters and other

       mediums.

    6.  Maximum advantage should be taken of the public review op:,.ortunity provided through

        the A-95 review process for each program and all agencies should allow time in

        their 1ork schedule for this process.  This not only covers annual application for

        federal planning funds but also will include review of plans submitted for approval.

        Where these programs are on a tight schedule for completion this could present

        difficulties.

    7.  Coordination and consistency must be achieved through the preparation.of an Environ-

        mental Impact Statement for each completed program. Moreover, in each statement

        there must be an exposition of the impact of the proposed plans on each of the

        other major planning programs.  Adequate time for the preparation and review of

        the draft and final EIS must be allowed and, in each case, tlhe requirements of

        the State Environmental Quality Review Act should be examined.

    8.  Federal agencies should review work programs carefully as they are submitted by

        state and other agencies to insure that work elements directed to the problem of

        interprogram coordination and consistency are included.  Elements for integrating

        air and water quality, CZM and land use should be required.

    Federal agaencies should review their Guidelines carefully to determine whether or not

    their coordination requirements are burdensome, out of date, relative to the timing

    for completion of the programs,,or to current insights into their nature, or

    conflicting and self-defeating.  For example, where pre-submission review have

    been requested by federal agencies other than the one to which a plan must be

    submitted, such reviews may be useful but time-consuming. Therefore, it should be

    made clear that they will run concurrently with A-95 review and other public

    review. Or - another example - it does not seem practical to use it "single

    land use element" for both "208" and "701", but it is  practical and desirable to

    attain consistency. This distinction should be made.

    Federal agencies should attempt to integrate, simplify and reconcile the morass

    of coordination and consistency guidelines, agreements, regulations and directives

    applying to tiese four major programs.  Submittal and cross-review procedures at

    the federal level seem to be an area of particular confusion for example.  After

    having gained some experience with this over the past year or two, this would seem

    to be an area that could productively receive the attention of the Federal agencies.

    At the very least the key documents could be assembled and some successful

    examples of coordination could be elaborated.

    Federal agencies should take stock of commitments to facilitate joint funding of

    projects such as statewide data systems, through budgetary transfers, integrated

    grants or compensatory budgetary adjustments.  Despite statements that air and

    water programs must be integrated through land use programs, LPA, HUD and CCZM

    have given little attention to the need for pooling and concentrating funds to

    implement the Land Resources Information System in New York State as a basic land

    use planning tool which could serve all program interests at any level of govern-

    ment.  Encouragement could also be given through this means to combining of program

    elements. DEC and DOS also should take steps to assist this.

    12.  State programs should be presented to the Federal Regional Council (Region II)

         following their submittal to the sponsoring agency for approval.

    13.  The special coordination requirements of each program should be given attention in

         the appropriate work programr.  For exarnple, in the CZM program the state must

         have coordinated its proposed program with applicable local, areawide and inter-

         state plans on January 1 or later of the year in which the program is submitted

         for approval.

    14.  Care should be taken to coordinate the land use and population/emiloyn',ent data

         and projections developed for the statewide '"208" prograim during the first half

         of 1977 with the "701" land use program to be submitted to iiUD in August, 1977.

         Particular attention should be given to insuring consistency between this data

         at the regional, county and local levels of planning and to resolving any con-

         flicts with EDB population data and the State Land Use Program.

    15.  The State Interagency Planning Comm;ittee should be used much more extensively

         and effectively than it has been to date as a forum for flushing out and resolving

         coordination issues and conflicts. Moreover, it should be used in this regard

         for relating these major planning programs to transportation, housing, solid

         waste, water supply and other functional areas which ihave received little attention

         thus far.

    16.  Consistency requirements of both a formal and informal nature in each program should

         be made more widely known.  For example, it is well known that applicants for

         federal pennits will have to get a state sign-off on the consistency of the proposed

         action with the state's approved CZM program. However, it is less well known

         that air and water cgality  standards are binding on the CeZM program or that state

         and local applicants for federal funding will have to get a sign-off from the

         "306" agency.

    17.  Documentation of all interprogram coordination activity needs to be undertaken

        more systematically, with steps to insure that records will be maintained throughout

        program development. In the case of CZM, for example, this will be four years

         or more and while central project files may be kept intact during this period,

         auxilliary files such as those for the interstate basin commission also should be

         kept intact. Documentation will be requested for dates and subjects of meetings,

         participants, coordination steps taken, developing conflicts..

    18.  Resolution of conflicts between the major programs will be an increasing problem

         as these programs advance to completion.  The state should insist that conflicts

         of a local nature be resolved locally and procedures and guidelines should be

         established for this.

    19.  It may seem too late to some persons to attempt to standerdize data requirements

         for these major programs.  The fact is that all of these programs will be continuing

         in one form or anotner and it will be desirable to interrupt a program and improve

         the data base or coordinative procedures  at almost any stage.  If it is too late

         to affect a final product the change will be picked up during the next revision.

    20.  At the state level ancillary resources  could be used much more widely to make the

         requirements and alternative strategies for these major programs better known.

         For example, the editors of lewsvane,jIew- Yorjk State Environment, and the Conserva-

         tionist could be made more aware of the interrelationships of these programs and

         the nature of the programs administered by agencies other thian their own.  Add-

         itional effort is needed to get all of these programs and their interrelationship

         before the public and local officials in such meetings as those for the Association

         of Towns and tne County Officers Association.

       K  . -                                208 A(;i;'NCIES

    Mr. Leo J. Nowak, Jr.                                   Dr. Lee F. Koppelman
    Director                                                Executive Director
    Erie-Niagara Regional Planning Board                    Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board
    Northtown Plaza                                         H. Lee Dennison Exec. Office Building
    3103 Sheridan Drive                                     Veterans Memorial Hlighway
    Amherst, New York  14226                                Ilauppauge, LI, New York  11787
          Jerome Fulton                                          Bert Weinstein
          Dave Seigneur                                     136 (516) 724-1919
          Frank Nerone
    169 (716) 837-2035

    }Mr. William D. Hess                                    Mr. Anthony Napolitano
    Executive Director                                      Director
    Southern Tier Central Regional Planning                 Water Quality Planning Task Force
     and Development Board                                  Westchester County Department of Planning
    53'2 Bridge Street                                      216 Central Avenue
    Corning, New York  14830                                White Plains, New York  10601.
          Frank Rose                                        134   682-2965
    149   962-3021                                                     2901
          962-5092                                                    2902

    Mr. Gary Hlayes                                         The Environmental Protection
    Acting Executive Director                                Administration of New York City
    Central New York Regional Planning                      Municipal luilding
     and Developinent Board                                 New York, New York  10007
    lid Town Plaza                                               Mr. Kurtz
    700 East Water Street                                        John: Rosawe 11
    Syracuse, New York  1321.0                                    Samowitz
          Walker Banning                                    139  566-3730
    159   422-8276

                                                         John Roswell
                                                              NYC 208 Project Director
                                                              Department of Water Resources
                                                              40 Worth St.
                                                              New York, N. Y. 10013

                  MAP I

              01F~ YORK STATIE
       DESIGNATED AREAS & AGENCIES
    FUNDED UNDER SECTION 200 OF PL 9-0

                                                                            STLAWRENCE   ~~~CENTRAL NEW YORK
                                                                   JEFF R    ~~~~~~~~REGIONAL PLANNING&
                                                                                                      DEVELOPMENT BOARD

                                N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~    ~    ~    ~    ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C  A

                                                                                        C-

                                                             N~~~~~~~~~ ETHSEWYRK COUTYEP

     TASK 8.4 Integration of water quality plans for coastal zone areas with coastal
              zone management program

                        OUTLINE OF FINAL 2nd YEAR TECHNICAL REPORT
                        WATER QUALITY AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

     I. General comparison of CZM and WQM Programs

         A.  Introduction -- interdependence of land and water -- need for land resources
             management to complement WQ management in CZ

         B.  Relationships of WQM planning to other land and water use related programs
              (AQM, "701", etc.)

         C.  Legislative purposes (overall goals and objectives ) of WQ program (PL 92-500)

         D.  Legislative purposes (overall goals and objectives)of CZM program (PL 92-583
             as amended)

         E.  Coordination requirements of CZM program to PL 92-500 --- agencies involved

         F.  Differences and commonalities of T'208" WQM program and CZM program.

     iI. thru XII - Examination of particular aspects of water quality management concerns
                    statewide and by various parts of the coastal zone

          -- Each type of concern listed below under II through XII will be examined
             with respect to:

             a - details of laws, policies and regulations for that concern
             b - details on monitoring and enforcement to alleviate or minimize specific
                 concern (e.g. permits, fines, specified control equipment)
             c - inventory of information available at state and local (regional) level
                 including specific contemporary studies and identification of existing
                 facilities and programs
             d - current program development and/or construction activity related to
                 particular concerns
             e - overview of public and governmental attitudes, program inadequacies,
                 statewide and particular area problems and potential solutions

    II.  Point discharges

    III. Combined sewers/storm sewers

     IV.  Sewage sludge disposal

     V. Oil spills/oil and grease/OCS drilling

            VI.  Thermal wastes

      r    VII.  Vessel wastes

          VIII.  Dredging and dredge spoil disposal

            IX.  Nutrients

             X.  L. I. Groundwater

            XI.  Persistant toxic substances

           XII.  Miscellaneous non-point sources such as air pollution, landfill leachate, erosion
                 control, farming, etc.,

          XIII.  Summation of individual concerns examined above with general conclusion about
                 their priorities of importance in different parts of the coastal zone

    j.

                       Draft 2/5/77

       MAJOR WATER QUALITY FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN

       THE MANAGEMENT OF NEW YORK STATE'S COASTAL ZONE

    (A technical report for Task #8 4 of N.Y. CZM Program)

                     I. INTRODUCTION

                                     Draft 2/5/77

                    MAJOR WATER QUALITY FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
                    THE MANAGEMENT OF NEW YORK STATE'S COASTAL ZONE
                 (A technical report for Task 8.4 of N.Y. CZM Program)

                                    I - INTRODUCTION

    A. Interdependence of Land and Water Planning in the Coastal Zone

              Water quality and land use are interdependent. The interrelationships are

        especially evident in coastal zone areas. These areas are rich in a variety of

        natural, commercial, recreational, industrial and aesthetic resources of immediate

        and potential value for which there are competing demands and an urgent need to

        protect natural systems in the ecologically fragile areas. Air and water pollution

        stem, for the most part, from activities conducted on the land and measures for

        mitigation of the pollution of air and water must be implemented primarily on the

        land.

              Provision for all of man's land related activities (land use)-- in some way,

        virtually everything he does -- is the most integrative element of a comprehensive

        planning process. This is the case in the coastal zone, as it is elsewhere, not

        only because such planning must reflect air and water plans, but also because it

        must reflect other social-economic-environmental decisions concerning land resources

        and interrelated biological resources. It is on the land where conflicts are most

        likely to show up from decisions made through more detailed planning for housing,

        commercial and industrial activity, recreation, transportation, food and fiber

        production-.Zid non-renewable resource production.  "Coordination" and "consistency,"

        therefore must be given special emphasis in governmental activity for the management

        of all the resources of the coastal zone.

              This, or course, includes all water quality management activities and as a

        consequence mandates the thoughtful integration of water quality management planning

        with that for the coastal zone. As is shown below, this point did not go unrecog-

        nized by Congress at the time the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

        was passed.

    B. Water Quality Planning Relationships to Other Land and Water Related Programs

             Much has been written in recent years about the dangers of transferring

        adverse environmental effects form one medium to another if pollution control plans

        or measures are implemented along narrow lines without consideration of intermedia

        effects. Thus, in meeting water quality standards by installing wastewater

        treatment facilities and interceptors in a growing area, care must be taken not

        to encourage the type or magnitude of growth that will lead to contravention of

        air quality standards or place undue development pressure on, for example,

        nearby flood hazard or unique wetland areas.

              Similarly, issuance of air quality permits for complex sources and prepara-

        tion of regional Air Quality Maintenance Plans must not precipitate developmental

        sprawl in conflict with policies designed to promote efficiencies in the areas of

        water pollution control, land use and energy consumption, and maintenance of

        ecological balances.

              Contrary 'to most thoughts on the subject, a tightening of water quality

        standards also may lead to sprawl, in that this may make it cheaper to abandon old

        plants and build new ones rather than undertake expensive modernizations.

              This emphasizes the need for coordination of tax policies, transportation,

        housing, recreation, economic development and other plans with air and water plans

        to achieve growth patterns that are socially acceptable and economically and

        environmenal7ly sound. There is an imperative for sound management in the

        coastal zone, with special emphasis on planning.   This specifically means

        that water quality and coastal zone management plans must acknowlege and strive

        for consistencies with such plans as:

                 State Air Quality Maintenance Plan

              -- Statewide Transportation Plan

              -- Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan

              -- Statewide and Regional Solid Waste Management Plans

              -- State and Federal Energy Plans and State Energy Facility Siting Planning

              -- State and Federal Fish and Wildlife Resoruce Planning

              -- Statewide Land Use and Housing Elements of HUD '701" Planning.

    C. Overall Objectives of Water Quality Planning Under PL 92-500

              Congress, when it passed the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of

        1972 (PL 92-500) provided specific objectives for that program, many of which are

        closely intertwined with those for coastal zone management. Section 101 of

        PL 92-500 states:

              (1) it is the national goal that the discharge of pollutants into the navigable

              waters be eliminated by 1985;

              (2) it is the national goal that wherever attainable, an interim goal of water

              quality which provides for the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish,

              and wildlife and provides for recreation in and on the water be achieved

              by July 1, 1983;

              (3) it is the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in

              toxic amounts be prohibited;

              (4) it is the national policy that Federal financial assistance be provided

              to c(;Bstruct publicly owned waste treatment works;

              (5) it is the national policy that areawide waste treatment management

              planning processes be developed and implemented to assure adequate control of

              sources of pollutants in each State;

              (6) it is the national policy that a major research and demonstration effort

              be made to develop technology necessary to eliminate the discharge of

              pollutants into the navigable waters, water of the contiguous zone, and

              the oceans.

                                        -4-

          In order to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological

    integrity of the nation's waters, PL 92-500 has provided for water pollution

    control through prohibitions, permit systems, planning, certifications, construction

    grants, etc. These controls are variously applicable to several types of pollutant

    sources (i.e. municipal point discharges, industrial point discharges, vessel

    discharges, dredge spoil disposal, sewage sludge disposal, urban runoff, rural

    non-point sources, etc.) or to several types of pollution (i.e. thermal, toxic

    chemicals, bacterial *and viral contamination, oxygen demanding wastes, suspended

    solids, etc.)

          The existing water quality program in New York State is aimed at restoring

    and maintaining the quality of the waters of the State. Streams, lakes, and rivers

    throughout the entire state have been surveyed, and following public hearings, each

    water body or portion therof has been assigned one of several "best usage" class-

    ifications. The assigned classifications are based on the best usage that can

    reasonable be expected of a water body. Standards of water quality have been

    established for each of the classifications. Contravention of a standard constitutes

    pollution. A goal is to eliminate pollution and maintain water quality that will

    not impede the useage of a water for its assigned best usage. Classifications of

    waters and standards are periodically reviewed through the public hearing process.

          Best use classifications and standards provide but one aspect of water quality

    control. Re~jifirements for maintenance of discharge free waters, maintenance of

    waters with better than adequate quality at present higher levels, achievement of

    "swimmable fishable waters" wherever practicable, and implementation of sediment

    controls at construction sites are a few-additional practices and goals.

          In accordance with these goals and practices, the State's "continuing

    planning" process (Section 303), Areawide Waste Treatment Management Planning

    Programs (section 208), Facilities Planning (Section 201), and Comprehensive Water

    Resources Planning (Section 209) are programs established under PL 92-500 for

    the purposes of identifying water quality problems, evaluating alternative

    abatement measures, and implementing those measures judged to be cost effective.

          Areawide waste treatment planning under Section 208 requires an analysis

    of alternative land management controls and practices to determine those which would

    be rciost cost efficient in reducing pollutant loadings. Because such controls are

    used to achieve a variety of objectives, this analysis should include a review of

    the consistency of the controls with those required for other programs, policies,

    and plans. The capability of implementation of the controls and their likelihood

    of public acceptance also are to be considered. One of the outputs for this analysis

    must include a demonstration that the land controls, existing and proposed, will

    be consistent with and reinforce projections of uses and activities for given

             ares ad wterqulit  failiiessuplans.  T-e support for much of this comes

    from Part 130.34 of the EPA's regulations for a State Continuing Planning Process

    for water quality management and indicates that the plans should be tied with other

    resources and developmental planning conducted by state, local and federal agencies.

          Since such objectives and procedures apply statewide, they obviously have

    significant application to the state's coastal zone. The Coastal Zone Management

    Program should set forth objectives, policies and standards to guide public and

    private use of land and waters in the coastal zone. The standards, criteria and

    regulationsEieveioped through PL 92-500 must be included in the CZM program , and

    the CZM program is not to establish any additional or substitute water quality

    standards or criteria to regulate the discharge or runoff of pollutants. The

    creation and establishmen~t of objectives, policies, and standards for water quality

    management which do not directly regulate discharges of pollutants are required.

          0.Overall objectives of Coastal Zone Management Planning as They lMay Relate to

    0       ~~Water Quality Management

                  In its overall declaration of policy, Congress states in Section 303 of the

            Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (PL 92-583) that is shall be national policy:

             (a) to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance, the

            resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations, (b) to

            encourage and assist the states to exercise effectively their responsibilities in

            the coastal zone through the development and implementation of management programs

            to achieve wise use of the land and water resources of the coastal zone giving full

            consideration to ecological, cultural, historic, and aesthetic values as well as to

            needs for economic development, Cc) for all Federal agencies engaged in programs

            affecting the coastal zone to cooperate and participate with state and local

            governments and regional agencies in effectuating the purposes of this title,

            and Cd) to encourage the participation of the public, of Federal, state, and local

            governments and of regional agencies in the development of coastal zone management

            programs. With respect to implementation of such management programs, it is the

            national policy to encourage cooperation among the various state and regional

            agencies including establishment of interstate and regional agreements, cooper-

            ative procedures, and joint action particularly regarding environmental problems.

                  The Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500) remains the

            central autho'ity for water quality programs; the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

            clearly states that requirements of PL 92-500 must be included in all CZM programs.

            Furthermore, nothing in a CZM Program is to conflict with requirements of the

            Water Pollution Control Act. These principles are contained in Section 307 (f) of

            the CZM Act:

                   (f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, nothing in this title

                   shall in any way affect any requirement (1) established by the Federal Water

                                            -7-

             Pollution Control Act, as amended, or the Clean Air Act, as amended, or (2)

             established by the Federal Government or by any state or local government

             pursuant to such Acts. Such requirements shall be incorporated in any program

             developed pursuant to this title and shall be the water pollution control

             and air pollution control requirements applicable to such program."

           Accordingly, as part of required state/federal consistency requirements in

       the Coastal Zone Management Act, specific memoranda of understanding and other

        interagency agreements have been set forth between those agencies responsible for

        the conduct of the two programs (EPA and NOAA).

    E. Coordination Requirements of the Coastal Zone Management Program with the Federal

        Water Quality Management Program

              In August of 1975, the administrators of the federal Office of Coastal

        Zone management in NOAA and of water quality management programs in EPA released

        a joint letter spelling out certain coordination principles to be followed by

        the two agencies. Five particular procedures were stressed:

              (1) CZM agencies should make special effort to coordinate with basin and 208

              areawide waste treatment management programs in the CZM and vise versa.

              (2) Compatability of assumptions, technical criteria and data use and

              analysis is strongly encouraged.

              (3) Participation on advisory, review and working groups for both programs

              should 'e coordinated and integrated.

              (4) CZM and water quality agencies shouid exchange progress reports, be

              alerted of each others key decision points and made aware of alternatives

              and choices being considered in both programs; there should be special

              meetings to discuss common problems.

              (5) Documentation should be kept of the interactions and interrelationships

              between the two programs as they are developed, in order that it may be

             used at the times of formal review and approval of the CZM and Water

             quality programs.

           Subsequently, a more detailed guidance paper was prepared by OCZM on how to

       best implement these coordinative procedures.

    F. Differences and Similarities of the CZM and W�2M Programs

              In addition to describing areas of coordination at length, the OCZM

       guidance paper compares the purposes and workings of the two acts.

              Referring to Section 307(f) of the CZM Act, the paper recognizes that the

       main objective of the EPA program is to restore and maintain water quality, and

        all other objectives are contributory to that. Differences between the two

        programs are recognized and include the fact that the CZM program is voluntary for

        states whereas the water quality program is not. CZM fosters environmental

        quality but also requires balancing this with concern for developmental interests.

        CZM focuses on development of a land and water management process, too, rather

        than upon meeting specific measurable goals and standards as in the case of water

        quality work. The latter also covers all parts of a state whereas the coastal zone

        is of more limited geographical definition.

              Conversely, sections 302 and 303 of the CZM Act make it clear that Congress

        was concerned about environmental degradation brought about by unplanned population

        growth and economic development. Both programs are concerned with water resources

        and the quality of coastal resources and they do overlap geographically. Both

        require extensive planning and implementation efforts and often are on the same

        timetable. In more than half of the coastal states the CZM program is managed by

        the natural resources - environmental quality agency and therefore CZM and water

        quality programs are managed by the same agency more often than not. Both programs

        will affect land and water uses,

         The preceding section has stressed the fundamental interdependency of land

    and water uses in the evolution of both a water quality management and coastal

    zone management program in New York State.

          The following chapters provide details of existing water quality control

    programs as they relate to the coastal zone. The chapters are devoted to those

    types of pollution, or to those sources of pollutants, which are of concern to the

    coastal zone environ. The purpose of the report is to present, in an orderly

    fashion, the existing water quality controls, to identify opportunities for

    enhancement of existing programs, and to propose methods for improvement directly

    through the coastal zone management program. This report is intended to serve as

    a start form which the CZM planning program may formulate more detailed or

    additional proposals.

                                                                              /,/ '177
                                            DRAFT                        T

                                   WATER QUALITY - CZM REPORT
                                    I. Introduction

               Water quality-and land use are interdependent. The inter-

            relationships are especially evident in coastal zone areas. These

            areas are rich in a variety of natural, commercial, recreational,

            industrial and esthetic resources of immediate and potential value.

            There are competing demands on coastal resources and an urgent need

            to protect the natural systems in the ecologically fragile coastal

            zone. The State Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program as authorized

            through the Coastal Zone Management Act (PL92-583 amended by PL 94-300)

            is being conducted to identify coastal zone boundaries, and to enhance

            or create planning and regulatory procedures to protect and wisely

            develop the resources of the coastal zone.

               Several diverse programs exist for planning and regulating land

             and water uses. Water quality programs are a distinct group of

            programs, and for convenience and clarity, they are considered

            somewhat independent of other coastal zone land and water use

            programs.

               The Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (PL92-500) is a central

            authority for water quality programs. The Coastal Zone Management

            Act of 1972 clearly states that requirements of PL 92-500 must be

             included in all CZM programs. Furthermore, nothing in a CZM program

             is to conflict with requirements of the Water Pollution Control Act.

            These principles are contained in Section 307 (f) of the CZM Act:

                " (f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title,

    is nothing in this title shall in any way affect any

            requirement (1) established by the Federal Water

            Pollution Control Act, as amended, or the Clean

            Air Act, as amended, or (2) established by the

            Federal Government or by any state or local

            government pursuant to such Acts. Such require-

            ments shall be incorporated in any program

            developed pursuant to this title and shall be

            the water pollution control and air pollution

            control requirements applicable to such program."

       The opportunities for establishing specific Coastal Zone

    Water Quality Controls are limited but not prohibited. In essence,

    a state or political subdivision may require only more stringent

    controls than those developed through the Water Pollution Control

    Act. Section 510 of PL 92-500 establishes this state authority.

            "See. 510. Except as expressly provided in this Act,

            nothing in this Act shall (1) preclude or deny the right

            of any State or political subdivision thereof or inter-

            state agency to adopt or enforce (A) any standard or

            limitation respecting discharges of pollutants, or (B)

            any requirement respecting control or abatement of

            pollution; except that if an effluent limitation, or

            other limitation, effluent standard, prohibition, pre-

            treatment standard, or standard of performance is in

            effect under this Act, such State or political subdivision

            or interstate agency may not adopt or enforce any effluent

            limitation, or other limitation, effluent standard, pro-

            hibition, pretreatment standard, or standard of performance

                                     -2-

    which is less stringent than the effluent limitation, or

    other limitation, effluent standard, prohibition, pretreatment

    standard, or standard of performance under this act; or~ (2) be

    construed as impairing or in any manner affecting any right

    or jurisdiction of the States with respect to the waters (including

    boundary waters) of such States."

       In order to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and

    biological integrity of the nationts waters, PL 02-500 has provided

    for water pollution control through prohibitions, permit systems,

    planning, certifications, construction grants, etc. These controls

    are variously applicable to several types of pollutant source (i.e.

    municipal point discharges, industrial point discharges, vessel

    discharges, dredge spoil disposal, sewage sludge disposal, urban

    runoff, rural non-point sources, etc.) or to several types of pollution

    (i.e. thermal, toxic chemicals, bacterial and viral contamination,

    oxygen demanding wastes~suspended solids, etc.)

       There are numerous agencies which must coordinate in the imple-

    mentation of requirements of PL-92-500. Administration of programs at

    the federal level is primarily through the U.S. Environmental Protection

    Agency (EPA), the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, and the U. S. Coast

    Guard. At the State level the Departments of Environmental Conservation

    and Health-,have primary responsibilities for administering federal

    and federally sanctioned water quality programs. The Interstate

    Sanitation Commission has responsibilities in the New York Metro-

    politan area, the International Joint Committee has authorities in the

    Great Lakes area, and the St. Lawrence Seaway Iuthority is a third

    inter-boundary organization. Region, county, city, town, and harbor

                                    -3-

    planning and control programs exist. Private organizations and the

    general public are provided the opportunities for review and comment

    in permit issuance- and planning programs.

       The existing water quality program in New York State is aimed at

    restoring and maintaining the quality of the waters of the State.

    Assigned "Best Usage" water classifications provide a goal for water

    quality control. Streams, lakes, and rivers throughout the entire state

    have been surveyed, and following public hearings, each water body or

    portion thereof has been assigned one of several "best usage" class-

    ifications. The assigned classifications are based on the best usage

    that can reasonably be expected of a water body. Standards of water

    quality have been established for each of the classifications. Con-

    trivention of a standard constitutes pollution. A goal is to eliminate

    pollution and maintain water quality that will not impede the useage

    of a water for its assigned best usage. Classifications of waters

    and standards are periodically reviewed through the public hearing

    process.

       Best use classifications and standards provide but one aspect of

    water quality control. Requirements for maintenance of discharge

    free waters, maintenance of waters with better than adequate quality

    at present higher levels, achievement of "swimmable fishable waters"

    wherever pgacticable, and implementation of sediment controls at con-

    struction sites are a few additional practices and goals. In

    accordance with these goals and practices, the State's "continuing

    planning" process (Section 303), Areawide Waste Treatment Management

    Planning Programs (Section 208), Facilities Planning (Section 201), and

    Comprehensive Water Resources Planning (Section 209) are programs

    established under PL 92-500 for the purposes of identifying water

                                --4--

    quality problems, evaluating alternative abatement measures, and im-

    plementing those measures judged to be cost effective.

       The Coastal Zone Management Program is to set forth objectives,

    policies and standards to guide public and private use of land and

    waters in the coastal zone. The standards, criteria and regulations

    developed through PL 92-500 must be included in the CZM program, and

    the CZM program is not to establish any additional or substitute

    water quality standards or criteria to regulate the discharge or runoff

    of pollutants. The creation and establishment of objectives, policies,

    and standards for water quality management which do not directly reg-

    ulate discharges of pollutants are required.

       The following chapters provide details of existing water quality

    control programs as they relate to the coastal zone. The chapters

    are devoted to those types of pollution, or to those sources of

    pollutants, which are of concern to the coastal zone environ. The

    purpose of the report is to present, in an orderly fashion, the existing

    water quality controls, to identify opportunities for enhancement of

    existing programs, and to propose methods for improvement directly

    through the coastal zone management program. This report is intended

    to serve as a start from which the CZM planning program may formulate

    more detailed or additional proposals.

                   i~~~~~~~s~--

    Draft

                               I.  Point Discharges

        A point discharge is a discernable, confined, and discrete conveyance,

    including, but not limited to, any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit,

    well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated ani mal

    feeding operation, subdivision, or vessel, or other floating craft, from

    which pollutants are, or may be, discharged.   Discharges to.,,wells, or

    from industrial and municipal waste treatment plant outfalls, storm sewer

    outfalls, or cooling water outlets, are point sources of pollution.  In con-

    trast, non-point discharges include the precipitation and fallout from the

    air, stormwater runoff from rural and urban areas, suspended sediments

    from erosion, resuspension or emission from benthic deposits, and seepage

    from groundwater.

        The discharge of pollutants from point sources is regulated through

    State Pollution Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) permits (Environ-

    mental Conservation Law 3-0301, Art. 17).  This State permit system was

    approved under section 402(b) of the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

    (PL 92-500) and substitutes for permits of the National Pollution Discharge

    System, the Rivers and Harbors Act, and other discharge permits.

        SPDES permits establish effluent limits, self-monitoring requirements,

    and when necessary,  schedules of compliance.   Failure to comply with

    permit requirements may result in permit revocation, penalties, and

    damage payments.  Permits may be issued for period of up to five years.

    The permit issuing process requires compliance with requirements of

    Sections 301, 302, 306, 307 and 403 of PL 92-500, and permit issuance

    is conditional to approval by US EPA, any state with waters affected by

    Draft                                -2-

    the discharge, the Coast Guard, the Corps of Engineers, and others.

    Public notice and opportunity for public hearings are also required for

    permit issuance.   Permits on file with US EPA and the State are available

    for inspection or reproduction.

        Permits may be issued for a single point discharge, or for several

    different point discharges from a single site.  The discharges are con-

    trolled through chemical, physical and Biological effluent limits.   These

    effluent limits are established within the permits to apply to each discharge,
                            ~S  ~-oi~i~.The           be5z            e ~ of~  c 0 *'d o
    or groups of similar discharges; the water quality of the receiving waters;

    and economic, social, political and environmental factors.    When abate-

    ment is required, interim and/or final effluent limits may be presented

    within the permit.

        Guidelines in establishing effluent limits are included in Section 301

    of PL 92-5003 which in summary establishes that by July 1, 1977 the

        1. Effluent limits for publicly owned treatment works are to

            be based upon secondary treatment.

        2. Effluent limits for other point sources are to be based on

            the best practicable control technology currently available

            (BPCTCA or BPT),

        3. Effluent limits for select discharges are to be more

            stringent, if necessary, to meet water quality standards

            or any state or federal law or regulation.

                                      -3-

    This section further requires that by July 1, 1983 the~

        1. Effluent limits for publicly owned treatment work are to

            be based on the best practicable waste treatment technology

            of studied and evaluated alternative waste management tech-

            niques.

        2.  Effluent limits for other point sources a-re to be based on

            the best available technology economically achievable (BATEA).

        3. Effluent limits for discharges to publicly owned treatment

            works are to comply with applicable pre-treatment requirements.

    Section 306 in summary:

        L. Requires that new sources are to provide the best available

            demonstrated control technology, processes, operating methods

            or other alternatives, including,where practicable, no discharge

            of pollutants.

        2. Establishes that point sources constructed to meet all applicable

            standards of performance shall not be subject to any more stringent

            standard of performance for 10 years, during the period of de-

            preciation, or during the period of amortization.

        Standards of performance for secondary treatment, best practicable

    control technologies currently available, best available technologies, and

    best available demonstrated control technologies, have been established by

    US EPA for each of several types or groups of dischargers.   Nationwide,

    dischargers within a group are equally burdened to provide minimum uniform

    Draft                               -4-

    abatement measures of process modification, treatment, and/or operating

    methods.   When effluent limits based on these minimum abatement measures

    are sufficient for achievement and maintenance of "in stream" water quality

    standards, the receiving waters are termed and "Effluent Limiting Segment".

    "In stream" water quality standards are based on the "best usage", within

    natural limitations, that a body of water could be reasonably expected to

    support.  By 1966 the surface waters of the State had been surveyed, indexed

    and following public hearings, assigned an official Best Usage Classification.

    Descriptions of best uses and applicable standards are presented for each

    classification in tables 1, 2 and 3.  An up-to-date index of surface waters

    and their assigned classifications are contained in the Official Compilation -

    Codes, Rules, and Regulations of the State of New York - Title 6, Conservation.

        All fresh and saline groundwaters are presumptively classified as water

    for salt production, water for desalinization, or fresh or mineral drinking

    water. Some wells to saline groundwater may, however, be found suited

    only as a receiving water for disposal of wastes and, provided adjacent

    and tributary groundwaters will not be impaired, are so classified. .

        Both classifications and standards are periodically reviewed, subjected

    to public hearing, and revised if warrented.   Suggested revisions and justif-

    ications may be submitted to DEC at any time.

        In contrast to Effluent Limiting segments,  "V/ater Quality  limited

    Segments" are waters that are extremely vulnerable to pollution, over-

    burdened by discharges, or too complex for a. simple abatement scheme.

    Abatement in water quality limited segments may, in some areas, be

                                                                                                          TFA FE

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                                        -5-

    accomplished by requiring all, or some, of the dischargers to the segment

    to provide extraordinary measures of abatement. The extents to which it is

    desirable to abate water pollution in water quality limited segments is de-

    pendent on state of the art technologies and economic, social, political, and

    environmental factors. The extents to which abatement can or should be

    accomplished, is determined through various planning, management, re-

    search and development programs, studies and projects. The reviews,

    approvals and hearings required in establishing or changing SPDES permits

    provides for a collection, coordination, and evaluation of facts and attitudes.

    When conflict or competition exists, the permit limits and requirements pro-

    vides a working compromise.

       Water quality limiting segments are identified and designated through

    the State's continuing planning process (Sec. 303, PL 92-500). The desig-

    nations are based on estimates of water quality conditions4   present

    discharges being provided BPT, or with future discharges being provided

    BPT. Designations may be revised as more accurate estimates are developed

    and proposals for changes in discharges occur. The State Continuing Planning

    Process provides preliminary WQL segment designations, Basin Plans,

    where completed, provides refined designations. Statewide and designated

    208 areawide waste management planning will provide further refinement.

       Point discharges which are excluded from the SPDES permit            are

    described in detail in 6 CCR 751. 3 and there within referenced laws and rules.

    In summary, the following are excluded,

            1. Discharges from vessels.

    DRAFT                           -6-

          2.  Discharges of dredged or fill material.

          3. Uncontrolled storm discharges that are not contaminated by

              industrial or commercial activity (a particular storm dis-

              charge that is identified as significant contributor of

              pollution may be included in the SPDES system).

          4. Major steam electric generating facilities for which a

              certificate is required under article VIII of the Public

              Service Law.

          5. Water, gas or other material injected, with DEC approval,

              into a well to facilitate production of oil or gas.

          6. A discharge in conformance with the national contingency

              plan for removal of oil and hazardous substances.

          7. Additions of pollutants to permitted treatment works,

              when such additions require only notice.

          8. Discharges of less than 1,000 gpd from dwellings to

              groundwater, which do not contravine water quality

              standards.

       These discharges are excluded from SPDES permit requirements

    but as can be seen, they are controlled through other programs or

    laws.

       The objectives of PL 92-500 include:

          ,,(I) it is the national goal that the discharge of pollutants

               into the navigable waters be eliminated by 1985;) and

          "(2) it is the national goal that wherever attainable, an

               interim goal of water quality which provides for the

    DRAFT                          -7-

    protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and

    provides for recreation in and on the water be achieved by

    July 1, 1983."

       The SPDES permit program provides coordination of diverse

    interests, and following adjudication if necessary, establishes

    levels for abatement and schedules for attainment of these levels.

       This permit program, as required by the Coastal Zone Management

    Act, is to be included unaltered in all Coastal Zone Management

    Programs. The system provides for periodic reviews, and when

    necessary, results in changes, to best usage classifications and

    standards, water quality limited segment designations and

    individual permit requirements. If the need is found, these

    existing procedures allow for system improvement within the

    Coastal Zone.

       In addition to directly controling the discharge of pollutants

    through the SPDES permit'program there are numerous ways in which

    the 4olumes, strengths, and locations of discharges can be affected:

    1. Through land use controls, prohibit development which cannot

    meet the goal of zero discharge of pollutants. Potential discharges

    by type or group can be prevented or discouraged from developing in

    areas where discharges having been provided BPT, would not be of

    equal q4 better quality than the receiving waters.

    2. Through any practical means, promote the conservation of water.

    Water conservation will reduce total volumes of discharge and will

    increase treatment efficiencies. In combined storm and sanitary

    sewer systems and hydraliely overloaded sanitary sewers, conservation

    will reduce bypass and overflow volumes and frequencies of occurance.

    DRAFT                           -8-

    3. Through government, industry, civil group and individual aetials,

    promote trash, litter, and debris free urban areas. The impact of

    storm events on water quality may be reduced through regular periodic

    removal of sediments and debris onom sewers, roads, catch basins,

    and sewer discharge basins.

    4. Prohibit the development of new sanitary land fills and discontinue

    use of existing sanitary land fills as practicable within the

    Coastal Zone.

    5. Insure the cleaning of domestic septic tanks in the coastal zone

    and surrounding areas on a 3 year cycle with these scavenger wastes

    being kept separate from other scavenger wastes which may contain

    heavy metals etc. These sludges being treated and used as soil

    conditioners.

    6. Prohibit development in the Coastal Zone which will require

    septic tanks.

    7. Prohibit gravity.sewer pipe installation within the coastal

    Zone. Allow only installation of sewers that could be pressurized.

    This type of sewer pipe, under pressure or gravity flow, will

    eliminate infiltration and exfiltration.

                            Report-
                             on
                     Water Supply Studies
                             for
               Coastal Zone Management Program
                          (Task 8.5)

                          Prepared by

    New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
     Office of Program Development, Planning and Research
                          50 Wolf Road
                     Albany, New York 12233

    The preparation of this report plus accompanying maps was
    financially aided through a Federal Grant from the Office
    of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospher-
    ic Administration, under the Coastal Zone Management Act
    of 1972.

    This report plus accomparnying maps was prepared under the
    Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 for the Division of
    State Planning, Department of State

    'September 1976

    Grant Number: 04-5-158-50002

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

          Title                                                         Page

    Summary
        Task Objectives                                                  1
        Methodology                                                      3
        Findings                                                         4

    Section I  Lake Erie-Niagara River Subarea
        General                                                        I-1
        Chautauqua County                                              I-2
        Erie County                                                    I-9
        Niagara County                                                 1-14
        Bibliography                                                   1-20

    Section II Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Subarea
        General                                                       II-1
        Orleans County                                                II-3
        Monroe County                                                 II-10
        Wayne County                                                  II-21
        Cayuga County                                                 II-30
        Oswego County                                                 II-36
        Jefferson County                                              II-45
        St. Lawrence County                                           II-54
        Franklin County                                               II-65
        Bibliography                                                 II-66
    Section III Hudson River Subarea
        General                                                      III-1
        Albany County                                                III-2
        Rensselaer County                                            III-9
        Greene County                                                III-15
        Columbia County                                              III-20
        Ulster County                                                III-26
        Dutchess County                                              III-32
        Orange County                                                III-43
        Putnam County                                               III-50
        Rockland County                                              III-54
        Westchester County                                           III-62
        Bibliography                                                III-69

    Section IV New York City Subarea
        General                                                       IV-1
        Existing Public Water Systems                                 IV-1
        Estimations of Future Water Demands and Potential
           Water Supply Sources                                       IV-5
        Boundary Line Determination                                  IV-7
        Areas for Protection                                          IV-8

    i                                TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

                 Title                                                     Page

        Section V Long Island Subarea

            General                                                        V-1
            Nassau County                                                  V-4
            Suffolk County                                                 V-13
            Bibliography                                                   V-19

        Section VI   Reconnaissance Survey

            General                                                       VI-1
            Existing Regulations                                          VI-3
            Discusssion                                                   VI-5
            Conclusion                                                    VI-6

                                                iii

                                  List of Tables

    Table No.                        Title                                   Page

    Summary

    Section I - Lake Erie-Niagara River Subarea

     I-1        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Chautauqua County  I-6
     I-2        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Erie County            1-12
     I-3        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Niagara County         1-17

    Section II - Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence Subarea

    II-1        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Orleans County    II-6
    II-2        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Monroe County         II-19
    11-3        Summer Residents - Wayne County                             II-26
    11-4        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Wayne County          II-27
    11-5        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Cayuga County         II-32
    II-6        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Oswego County         II-41
    11-7        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Jefferson County  I1-50
    11-8        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, St. Lawrence Co.  II-57
    11-9        Major Water Using Industries of St. Lawrence County         II-58

    Section III - Hudson River Subarea

    III-1       Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Albany County    III-6
    III-2       Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems, Albany County  III-7
    111-3       Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Rensselaer CountyIII-12
    III-4       Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems, Rensselaer Co. III-13
    III-5       Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Greene County    III-18
    III-6       Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Columbia County  III-23
    III-7       Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems, Columbia Co.   III-24
    III-8       Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Ulster County    III-30
    III-9       Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Dutchess Co.         III-34
    III-10      Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems, Dutchess Co.   III-38
    III-Il      Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Orange County    III-47
    III-12      Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems, Orange County  III-48
    III-13      Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Putnam County    III-52
    III-14      Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Rockland County  III-56
    III-15      Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Westchester Co.
                    (Hudson River)                                        III-64
    III-16      Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Westchester Co.
                    (Long Island)                                         III-67

    Section IV - New York City Subarea

    IV-1        Estimated Future Water Consumption from Public Water
                    Supply Systems                                         IV-6

                                          iv

                                        List of Tables (Cont'd)

          Section V - Long Island Subarea

          Section VI - Reconnaissance Survey

    N,-

                                  List of Figures

    Figure No.                                                                 Page

    Summary

      1         Subareas, Limits of Study                                      2
      2         Municipal Intakes                                              6
      3         Aquifers                                                        7
      4         Industrial Intakes                                              8

    Section I - Lake Erie-Niagara River Subarea

    I-1         Water Service Areas in Chautauqua County                        I-7
    I-2         Location of Proposed New Development, Chautauqua Co.            I-8
    I-3         Water Service Areas in Erie County                              1-13
    I-4         Water Service Areas in Niagara County                           1-18
    I-5         Potential Water Sources in Niagara County                       1-19

    Section II - Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Subarea

    II-1        Existing Public Water Supply Systems, Orleans County           II-7
    II-2        Lakeside & Sunset Beach Water System, Orleans County           II-8
    II-3        Point Breeze Water Systems, Orleans County                     II-9
    II-4        Monroe County Service Areas                                    II-12
    II-5        Webster Treatment Plant Site, Monroe County                    II-14
    II-6        Parma Treatment Plant Site, Monroe County                      II-15
    II-7        Location of Intakes, Town of Greece, Monroe County             II-20
    II-8        Wayne County Existing Facilities                               II-22
    11-9        Shaker Tract Utilities, Map, Wayne County                      II-28
    II-10       Recommended Project Phasing, Wayne County                      II-29
    11-11       Map of Northern Cayuga County                                  II-33
    11-12       Map of Little Sodus Bay, Cayuga County                         II-34
    II-13       Map of Proposed Ninemile Creek Intake Site, Cayuga Co.    II-35
    II-14       Existing Water Facilities, Oswego County                       II-42
    II-15       Anticipated Water Supply Service Areas, Oswego County          II-43
    II-16       Lake Ontario Supply & Transmission Facilities,
                      Onondaga County                                         II-44
    II-17       Service Areas, Jefferson County                                II-51
    II-18       Village of Sackets Harbor, Jefferson County                    II-52
    11-19       Cape Vincent Village Water System Map                          II-53
    II-20       Village of Morristown Water Supply System                     II-59
    II-21       City of Ogdensburg Water Supply System                        II-60
    II-22       Village of Waddington Water Supply System                     II-61
    II-23       Tucker Subdivision Water Supply System                        II-62
    II-24       village of Massena, St. Lawrence County                       II-63
    II-25       Existing & Potential Major Water Using Industrial Sites,
                      St. Lawrence County   II-64

                                          vi

                                      List of Figures

    Figure No.                                                                     Page

    Section III - Hudson River Subarea
       III-1     Albany County (partial)                                           III-8
       III-2     Rensselaer County                                                 III-14
       III-3     Greene County (partial)                                           11I-19
       III-4     Columbia County                                                   III-25
       III-5     Ulster County Public Water Supplies                               III-31
       III-6     Dutchess County Drainage Basins                                   III-39
       III-7     Dutchess County (north)                                           III-40
       III-8     Dutchess County (central)                                         III-41
       III-9     Dutchess County (south)                                           III-42
       III-10    Orange County (partial)                                           III-49
       III-11    Putnam County                                                     III-53
       III-12    Spring Valley Water Company, Inc. (north)                         III-57
       III-13    Spring Valley Water Company, Inc. (south)                         III-58
       III-14    Rockland County Municipal Surface Water Supplies                  III-59
       III-15    Rockland County Water Company Surface Areas                       III-60
       111-16    Rockland County Municipal Ground Water Sdpplies                   III-61
       III-17    Major Water Supplies in Westchester & Fairfield Counties          III-68
    Section IV - New York City Subarea
        IV-1     Coastal Zone Area of the City of New York                          IV-2
        IV-2     Existing Surface Water Supplies of New York City                   IV-4
    Section V - Long Island Subarea
         V-1     Long Island Subarea                                                V-3
         V-2     Groundwater Flow                                                   V-6
         V-3     Saline Water in Nassau County                                      V-8
    Section VI - Reconnaissance Survey

                                              vii

                                           Summary

                                       Water Supply Task

                                    Coastal Zone Management

    Task Objectives

           The coastal zone management program must consider many facets of

     the environmental picture and form a program that will ensure the harmonic

    use of the coastal zone resources. The water supply study was undertaken

    to examine water use along the coastal zone and to identify ways in which the

    coastal zone management program could protect and safeguard existing and potential

    future sources of water supply. Another objective was to provide information

    for determining where the coastal zone boundary line should be by identifying

    areas along the coast, which from a water supply standpoint should be included

    within the boundary.

           For purposes of the water supply component of the coastal zone management

    study, the coastal zone area in New York State was divided into the following five

    subareas:

           - the Lake Erie-Niagara River Subarea, which includes all of Niagara

             County,

           - the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Subarea,

           - the Hudson River Subarea, which extends from the Federal Dam in Albany

             and Rensselaer Counties downstream to the New York City Boundary

           - the New York City Subarea and

           - the Long Island Subarea

    These are shown on Figure 1.

                                                                          LONG ISLAND

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                   NIAGARA RIVER
                                                                                            SUBAREAS
                                                                      4..   j         ~~~LIMITS OF STUDY
                                                                                     CZM WATER SUPPLY STUDY
                                                                        V  I            ~~~~FIGURE 1

              Within each subarea water supply was examined on a county by county

    *  basis and is presented as such in this report.  Within each county, emphasis

       was placed upon the water supply systems serving communities which are adjacent

       to the coast. Water supply systems which serve inland areas and take their

       supply from the coast, such as Onondaga County, were examined in terms of their

       point of taking to determine if the Coastal Zone management program could be

       useful in protecting the source, intake, or associated facilities.

      Methodology

               After limiting the area of study provisionally to a one county depth,

       a review was made of all pertinent reports concerning the existing and

       projected future uses of water within those counties. These reports included

       the county comprehensive water supply studies, reports of the U.S. Geological

       Survey, Regional Water Resources Planning Board reports, the Northeastern United

    *  States Water Supply Study, and the study by the Temporary State Commission on

       Water Supply Needs of Southeastern New York. A bibliography for each subarea

       is included in this report.

               Using the above reports, the existing sources of supply, present and future

       water supply demands, service areas and potential future sources of supply were

       determined for each water supply system serving a community along the coast. Maps

       were gathered which show the service areas and sources of supply for these

       communities. it was,then,possible to identify areas which from a water supply

       standpoint should be included within the coastal zone. it was also possible to

       identify areas which could be protected through the Coastal Zone Management Program.

       Local people, who use the coastal zone areas for water supply purposes, were

       interviewed in two of the subareas.for a sample of public opinion in regards

       to coastal zone management.

                                            -3-

    .  Findings

       1. There are 25 counties and 469 water districts located in the 4,subareas

           examined in this report. The number of water districts located directly

           adjacent to the coast is 155.

       2. Of these, 109 water districts located directly adjacent to the coast

           use only upland sources for their supply; 41 water districts use coastal

           waters only as a source of supply; and 5 water districts use both upland

           and coastal sources as a source of supply. Figure 2 shows the location

           of all municipal water supply intakes in the coastal waters.

       3. The largest systems using coastal waters are those serving the Buffalo,

           Rochester and Syracuse areas. The largest system using upland sources is

           the New York City system.

       4. Gv-ound water aquifers are used as a source of supply by 15 municipal

    0      ~~systems adjacent to the coast (Fig. 3).  Two additional aquifers have

           been identified as potential future sources of supply.

       5. There are 23 industrial firms which are known to use the coastal waters

           as a source of supply (Figure 4). Probably other industries use coastal

           waters as a source of supply. However, information on these is not

           available.

       6. industrial and agricultural water demands in Erie and Niagara counties

           are supplied by the municipal systems.

       7. Local water suppliers do not want more regulations unless they are

           absolutely necessary. Many feel that the existing regulations administered

           by the Department of Health and the Department of Environmental Conservation

           are adequate. Protection of intakes and ground water aquifers are considered

           important, but most feel that existing laws are adequate if properly enforced.
            9                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~-4-

       S. The watershed rules administered by the Department of Health apply to

          municipal water suppliers only and cover both ground water and surface

           water sources. These rules could be used to protect the aquifers and

           intakes in streams within the coastal zone, but might not be directly applicable

           to the coastal waters due to the "watershed" connotation.

       9. The Pure Waters Program administered by the Department of Environmental

           Conservation controls discharges into all of the waters of the State. All

           waters including coastal waters are classified by the state. Each classi-

           fication limits the types and amounts of pollutants that can enter the

           stream. Additional restrictions can be added by DEC if the discharge is

           considered detrimental to a downstream intake.

      10. Private and industrial users of coastal waters can not be protected directly

           by the Watershed Rules, but can be protected indirectly by the Pure Waters'

           Program. Since the acceptable water quality for these users may vary

           individually, the average Watershed Rules may be too strict for an isolated

           purpose. The need for additional "protection" is questionable, but

           additional protection can be provided by inclusion of private and industrial

           intakes into the purview of existing laws.

      11. Long Island receives all of its water from groundwater. The island is virtually

           a bubble of fresh water surrounded by salt water. Therefore, the interface

           between fresh and salt water becomes increasingly important as the population

          increases.

      12. The Department of Environmental Conservation adequately regulates the placement

           of wells on Long island considering the location of the salt water/fresh water.

           Therefore, no further regulations are needed.

      13. It appears that existing regulations are adequate for water supply development

    *      ~within the coastal zone and special water supply regulations under the coastal

           zone program are not required.

    *    ~~~~~~~~~I-

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                                         SECTION I
                               LAKE ERIE - NIAGARA RIVER SUBAREA

    e

                                   GENERAL

         Lake Erie-Niagara River sub-area consists of the-thraee cuntiea.sof

    Chautauqua, Erie, and Niagara in the Western New York State. At this time

    no definite boundary lines of coastal zone have been delineated. In

    this study, however, the attempt was made to include those areas where

    the water supply may be affected by large scale coastal zone management

    programs, and vice versa (Figure 1-1).

         Public water supply systems provide service to the majority of residents

    and many industrial and commercial users in the study area. The largest

    public water supplies serve Buffalo, the town of Tonawanda and the metropolitan

    Erie County. In the remainder of the sub-area there are twelve smaller public

    water systems. Large water systems take water from either Lake Erie and the

    Niagara River. Water sources for small systems are very diversified. They

    include    upland reservoirs, streams, and groundwater aquifers as well as Lake

    Erie and the Niagara River.

                            Chautauqua County

         Chautauqua County is located on the western boundary of New York State

    along the southerly shore of Lake Erie. The major economic activities are

    associated with heavy industry in the City of Dunkirk as well as the agri-

    cultural and the resulting canning activities in the remainder of the area.

         Most of the county drains southerly through the Allegheny River Basin.

    The northwesterly portion drains into Lake Erie via Chautauqua, Canadaway,

    Walnut and Spring Creeks as well as several smaller tributaries.

         The potential coastal zone area is underlain by shale with surficial

    deposits of sand and gravel. The major aquifers are located along the

    streambeds of Chautauqua Guneek, Canadaway Creek and Walnut Creek.

    Municipal Water Systems

         The county has 17 municipal water systems of which 7 systems are

    located within the potential coastal zone area. Surface water sources

    are used by 7 systems within the county or 6 systems within the potential

    coastal zone area. Groundwater sources are used by 10 water districts

    within the county or I district within the coastal zone area. The water

    districts within the coastal zone area are listed in Table 1-1  and

    described briefly below.

         Village of Silver Creek

              Water supply is obtained from two impounding reservoirs along

         Silver Greek. Dependable yield of the source is about 2.0 mgd, which

         is considered adequate for present and projected future needs. However,

         present treatment consists of chlorination only. CPWS-49 recommends

         that a filter plant be built at a proposed site near the reservoirs

         about 6 miles from shoreline.

                                       1-2

               City of Dunkirk

    As  ~~~The Dunkirk system takes water from Lake Erie.  The existing intake

               and treatment capacity of 8 mgd is considered adequate to meet present

               and projected future demands.

               Village of Fredonia

                   The Village obtains water from Fredonia Reservoir located on

               Canadaway Creek. The present estimated safe yield of the reservoir

               is 1.94 mgd, which barely meets peak demands during the canning

               season. CPWS-49 considered a reservoir site on Canadaway Creek

               at Shumla Fall, but recommend an interconnection with the City of

               Dunkirk system.

               Village of Forestville

                    The Village obtains its water from 3 springs of unknown yield and

               a small auxillary well. The supply is barely adequate to meet present

               demands. Although a reservoir site on Walnut Creek was considered,

               CPWS-49 recommended that the village develop additional groundwater

               sources to meet projected demands.

               Village of Brocton

                    The Village takes water from three reservoirs in the Slippery

               Rock Creek watershed known as Brocton, Risley, and Burr Reservoirs.

               In an emergency, water can be pumped from Bear Lake into the watershed.

               Without Bear Lake water, the safe yield of the system is 0.586 mgd.

               The existing system is considered adequate to meet projected demands

               with minor modifications to the treatment and distribution system.

                                                 i-3

             Village of Westfield

    0             ~~~~The Village uses the Chautauqua Creek watershed as its source

             of water. A reservoir on Minton Creek and an intake on Chautauqua

             Creek supply the treatment plant by gravity flow. During low flows,

             water is pumped from Chautauqua Creek downstream from the intake into

             the Minton Reservoir. The safe yield of the system is estimated as

             0.97 mgd. After considering a system using Lake Erie as. a- source,

            CFWS-49 recommended that the Village construct a reservoir on

            Chautauqua Creek.

             Ripley Water District

                  The District takes water from Alford Reservoir on Belson Creek.

             The safe yield of the reservoir is estimated as 0.33 mgd. After

             considering the use of Lake Erie as a source of raw water, CFWS-49

             recommended further development of Belson Creek.

        Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems

             In the study area, canning industry and grape industry are the

        important economic forces. Private water supply for industrial purpose

        were estimated by the Allegheny River Basin study to be about 20 to 30

        percent of the public water uses. Lake Erie is the major source of

        privately owned industrial water supply. No further information is

        available.

        Boundary Line Determination

             On the basis of this preliminary investigation, no particular

        consideration concerning water supply situation is needed in establishing

        the coastal zone boundary line.

                                              1-4.

    Areas for Protection

         All of the new developments are located more than three miles away

    from coastal zone and thus would not induce any direct impact on coastal

    zone management. The existing intake from the City of Dunkirk and

    some existing (unknown) industrial intakes are possibilities. The sites

    of the intakes considered, but rejected by CPWS-49 are of lesser consid-

    eration.

                                       1-5

                                                 TABLE I-1

                                 Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                          Coastal Zone Area
                                          Chautauqua County

                    Existing Sources &.Capacity
                                    System
    Water System      Sources      Capacity               Projected Demand (mgd)                 Alternatives to Meet
                                    (mgd)          1970             1990            2020            Future Needs

    Dunkirk          Lake Erie-       8.0           4.35              5.14           6.66

    Fredonia        Fredonia          1.9           1.31              2.26           3.01      1. Purchase from Dunkirk
                    Reservoir                                                                 2, Canadaway Creek

    Westfield       Minton Cr.        0.97          0.74              1.05           1.44      1. Chautauqua Reservoir
                    Reservoir                                                                 2. Lake Erie

    Silver Cr.      Silver Cr.        2.0           0.26              0.49           0.73

    Brocton         Brocton           0.6           0.34              0.43           0.55
                    Reservoir

    Ripley          Alford            0.3           0.12              0.30           0.47      1. Belson Cr. Reservoir
                    Reservoir                                                                 2. Lake Erie

    Forestville     Groundwater                                       0.10           0.14      1. Groundwater
                                                                                              2. Walnut Cr.

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                                  ;T-13 ;A

    Erie County

         Erie County is located along the easterly shores of Lake Erie and

    the Niagara River. The major economic activity is manufacturing especially

    in the primary metals industries.

         The entire county drains into the Lake Erie-Niagara System. The major

    tributaries are Cattaraugus, Tonawanda, Buffalo and Cazenovia Creeks.

         The northern quarter of the county is underlain with limestone

    formations, which are good yielding aquifers. Surficial deposits from

    the Ice Age overlie the bedrock formations. For the coastal zone area,

    the valley adjacent to Cattaraugus Creek, which is the southern boundary

    of the county, is a good yielding aquifer.

    Municipal Water Supply Systems

         In Erie County, there are 19 public water systems with their own supply

    facilities. Seven of them take water from either Lake Erie or the Niagara

    River. The others use inland surface water (streams and reservoirs). These

    systems are listed in Table  1-2   and briefly described below.

         Erie County Water Authority (ECWA)

        This water utility serves about 55 percent of the Erie County

    population outside of the City of Buffalo. Communities,which are wholey

    of partly served by the Authority,include the Towns of Amherst, Clarence,

    Newstead, Cheektowaga, Lancaster, Alden, West Seneca, Elma, Orchard Park,

    Hamburg, Evans, Eden, Boston, Aurora and the City of Lackawanna.

        The E.C.W.Ao owns and operates two water treatment plants, Woodlawn

    and Sturgeon Point. Both plants take water directly from Lake Erie. The

    Sturgeon plant has a nominal capacity of 50 mgd and the Woodlawn Plant

    has a capacity of 13 mgd. The Woodlawn plant is recommended for expansion

    to 38 mgd by 1990 and 78 mgd by 2020.  Also, recommended is a new plant to be

    shared with the Town of Tonawanda in the future.

                                      I-9

                The City of Buffalo System

     W        ~~The City System takes its water from Lake Erie.  Existing intake and

           other plant facilities are adequate to meet the present and most of the

           projected future water demands. The system serves the entire City of

           Buffalo. in addition, the city has a total of six interconnections with

           the E.C.W.A. and the town of Tonawanda system. These interconnections

           provide supplemental water supply for E.C.W.A. and the town of Tonawanda

           during periods of high demands. Expansion of

           facilities is recommended after the year 2000.

               Town of Tonawanda System

                The Town of Tonawanda System takes its water from the Niagara River.

          The intake has a capacity of 150 mgd, which is adequate to meet the present

           and future water demands. The existing filtration capacity of 24 mgd is

           recommended for expansion to 136 mgd by the year 2020. The Town of

          Tonawanda has interconnections with the E.C.W.A. and the City of Buffalo

           for emergency purposes. CPWS-55 recommends that all 19 systems within the

           county be incorporated into using 6 sources. Expansion of the Tonawanda

          System is a vital part of the recommendation.

               City of Tonawanda System

               The City of Tonawanda System takes its waters from the East Branch of

           the Niagara River. The syttem is inadequate in meeting the future demands.

           CPWS-55 recommended that the city purchase water from the Town of Tonawanda.

               Town of Grand Island System

               Grand island receives its major water supply from its own plant and

           supplemental supply from the Niagara County water district's Wheatfield

          plant. The town plant takes its water from the West Branch of the Niagara

    *     ~River, which has water of excellent quality.  CPWS-55 recommended that the

          Town become part of the E.C.W.A. system.

                                               I-10O

         Village of Angola

         The village takes its water from Lake Erie. The system has a capacity

    of 0.80 mgd. CPWS-55 recommends that this system be part of the E.C.W.A.

    system by 1980.

        Wanakah Water Company

         The company takes its water from Lake Erie. The capacity of the system

    is 1.0 mgd.  CPWS-55 recommends that this system be part of the E.CoW.A.

    system by 1980.

    Self Supplied Industrial Systems

         Industrial water use is projected to increase. However, no information

    is readily available concerning self supplied industrial water systems.

    Boundary Line Determination

         On the basis of preliminary data no particular consideration concerning

    the water supply situation is needed in establishing the coastal zone boundary

    line.

    Areas for Protection

         The areas surrounding the intakes may need protection.

                                                  Table I-2

                                  Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                           Coastal Zone Area

                                             Erie County

                        Existing Sources & Capacity

                                         System
                                       Capability              Projected Demand (mgd)            Alternatives to
    Water System         Sources          (mgd)             1970            1990          2020    Meet Future Needs

    Erie County
    Water Authority    Lake Erie            63              47.5            110.0         224.5     Expand Woodlawn plant

    Buffalo (City)     Lake Erie            160            128.0            143.6        168.9      Expand filter plant

    Tonawanda,Town      Niagara River
                                            24            22.5             27.4          34.2      Expand filter plant
    Tonawanda,City      Niagara River

    Grand Island,
    Town                Niagara River                        1.3              2.9          7.9      Purchase water from
                                                                                                  E.C.W.A.
    Wanakah Water
    Company            Lake Erie              1.0            0.72                                   Purchase water from
                                                                                                  E.C.W.A.

    Angola (village)   Lake Erie              0.8            0.75                                   Purchase water from
                                                                                                  E.C.W.A.

                                                          NIAGARA                       COUNTY-

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                                                                     LAAAA'J~~~~~~EYA

                                                                  IJRG1                                            WAL.ES

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                               t    EVANS             E O NeST                                  COLOEN       [     tOLN

                                 BRA PT         I NORTH                                                            .I
                                             CAT~~~~~~a~~~~GuS  ~~~~~~   1 ~~SARDINIA                                  GAU

                  CHAUTAUQUA;
                    COUNTY                                                                    .Lz

                                                                                                  CATARAUG'US   COUNTY

                                                                                                Water Service Areas
                                                                                                        Erie County
                                                                                               CZm Water Supply Study
                                                                                                        Fis'tire2 T-3

                                     Niagara County

           Niagara County is located in the northwesterly corner of the State being

      bounded by Lake Ontario on the north and the Niagara River on the west. The

      economic activity in the southern portion of the county is closely related to

      the industrial mix for the Buffalo SMSA with the chemical industry being the

      major employer in the county. In the northern portion, agriculture is a

      major economic activity.

           The topography of the county is divided into two district parts by the

      Niagara Escarpment which forms Niagara Falls on the Niagara 'River and extends

      easterly through the county. South of the escarpment, the county is drained

      westerly toward the Niagara River by Tonawanda Creek and other smaller tributaries

      North of the escarpment, the county is drained northerly to Lake Ontario by

      Eighteenmile Creek and other small tributaries.

           Geologically the southern half of the county is underlain by bedrock of

       limestone and shale, which are generally considered potentially good yielding

      aquifers. Surficial deposits of till and drift overlay the bedrock formations

      and are not considered good aquifers.

      Municipal Water Supply Systems

           There are four major public water supply systems in the county, which are

      serving about 90 percent of the population. All of the systems use the Niagara

      River as its source. The characteristics of these systems are summarized in

      Table T-3 and described briefly below.

           Niagara Falls City System

           The City of Niagara Falls draws water from the West Branch of the Niagara

      River at a point between Navy Island and Grand Island. The intake has a safe

    *  yield of 80 mgd.  The existing filtration plant has a rated capacity of 64 mgd.

                                           I-14

       The City also supplies water to the Villages of Lewiston and Youngstown as well as

    *  a strip area along the Niagara River to Fort Niagara State Park.  The capacity

       of existing facilities will soon be exceeded. Expansion of existing facilities

       at same location is recommended by CPWS-59.

            North Tonawanda City System

            Water for the City of North Tonawanda is obtained from the East Branch

       of the Niagara River.   The existing intake's  capacity of 40 mgd is

       considered adequate for present and for the projected future use.

            Lockport City System

            The City of Lockport obtains water from two sources. The City owns a

       treatment plant,which draws water from the East Branch of the Niagara River

       near the north end of Tonawanda island and has a capacity of 30 mgd. The

       City also purchases supplemental water from the Niagara County Water District

       in periods of high demand . CPWS-59 recommends further reliance on the

       NCWD system.

            Niagara County Water District

            The District takes water from the West Branch of the Niagara River.

       It serves the 12 towns of the County, the villages of Wilson and Barker,

       and part of the Village of Middleport. The District also supplies water

       to the Village of Medina and environs in Orleans County and to the northern

       half of the Town of Grand Island in Erie County.

            The intake of this system is capable of carrying a total flow of about

       100 mgd, which is adequate to meet the projected needs for 1980. After that,

       a new intake at the Hamlet of Oleott is recommended to take water

       from Lake Ontario.      Later',  another intake into Lake Ontario at

       Youngstown is recommended.       CPWS-59 also recommends the

                                             1-15

       expansion of the TWheatfield filter plant from the existing capacity of 20 mgd

    *  to 114 mgd for projected needs in 2020.

       Self Supplied Industrial Systems

            There are a large number of industries in Niagara County. They obtain

       water wholly or partly from public water system, which are evaluated as part

       as the public system needs.

       Boundary Line Determination

            There are no specific considerations for the determination of the

       boundary line.

       Areas for Protection

            Except for the possible protection of the areas surrounding the intakes,

       there appears to be no areas for protection.

                                             1-16

                                                    Table 1-3
                                    Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                              Coastal Zone Area
                                                 Niagara County

                          Existing Sources & Capacity
                                        System
                                       Capacity                 Projected Demand (mgd)               Alternatives to
        Water System       Sources        (mgd)          1970            1990            2020         Meet Future Needs

        Niagara Falls,    Niagara
        City              River            64             52              68              90         Expand intake capacity

        N. Tonawanda,     Niagara                                                                     Obtain water from
        City              River            40             14              22              39         NCWD

        Lockport,City     Niagara                                                                     Obtain water from
                           River            30            15              19              25          NCWD

        Niagara Co.       Niagara                                                                     1. Lake Ontario
    4 Water District    River                                                                         2. Expand intake
         (NCWD)                            100             40              86             214            Capacity

                                                                                *                                                   N~~~~~~~~~~~~~l

                                                                                                                                 N
                                                                          VIM %.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

                        --~ ~~~ra

    j7.?S~~~~~~' Pd..

      We"-

                                                                                                  Water Service Areas
                                                                                                      Niagara County
                                                                                                 CZM Water Supply Study
                                                                                                          Figure 1-4

                                      Aft C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

                    Waf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.et

           ft~~~~~~fi~~~~~jU~ ~ E&Aa   a�

    ATA r.... P,"--

                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~gn C o ~.*
                                                                         Tom~~~~~~~

                                                     LME~~~~~~~~~~~igr Count
                                                                                  4 ~      ~       ~       Z W a t ?OerSplStd

                                          T~~L.�.j~~4 a..a t*�                                                      *             ad~~~~Fgure I-

                       ~~~~~  ~ ~           ~           ~            ~          ~          11

                                   BIBLIOGRAPHY

    1. "Allegheny River Basin, Alternatives Report,'"by Allegheny River
         Basin Board, 1971

    2. "Comprehensive public water supply study, Chautauqua County, CPWS-49,"
         by Metcalf & Eddy Engineers, 1968

    3. "Comprehensive public water supply study, Erie County, CPWS-55,"
        by Greeley & Hansen Engineers, 1970

    4. 'comprehensive public water supply study, Niagara County, CPWS-59,"
         by Greeley & Hensen Engineers,.1970

    5.  'Erie-Niagara Basin, Comprehensive Water Resources Plan,by New York
        State Water Resources Commission, 1969

    6. 'Water utility management information series for local officials,"
         Bulletin No. 3, State of New York, 1970

                                       I1-20

                                           SECTION II
                            LAKE ONTARIO - ST. LAWRENCE RIVER SUBAREA

    e0

                                           GENERAL

              The Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Sub-area covers more

       than 300 miles of shoreline in New York State with approximately two-thirds

       of this amount bordering Lake Ontario. Eight counties are involved: Niagara,

       Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Cayuga, Oswego, Jefferson and St. Lawrence. For

       convenience, Niagara County was included in the Lake Erie-Niagara River Sub-area

       and will not be considered further in this section. The combined population

       of the remaining seven counties, according to the 1970 Census, is slightly

       over 1,200,000. In addition to this, Onondaga County, with a population of

       472,000, is a major user of Lake Ontario water, and therefore has a significant

       influence on the Lake Ontario coastline. Added to this amount must be the large

       number of people who use the coastline for recreational purposes. The State

       Parks along the coastline of Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties serve over

    O  one million visitors annually. So, perhaps 3.5 to 4.0 million people affect the

       coastline of the Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Sub-area.

              Thirty-three public water supply systems affect the coastal area within the

       Subarea, either by using the coastal waters as a source of supply or by the proximity of

       their potential service, areas to the coastline. These systems supplied about 825,000

       permanent residents as well as many tourists and industrial and commercial

       concerns in 1970. The average daily demand was about 132 MGD.

              The vast quantities of water available from Lake Ontario and the St.

       Lawrence River make these sources very attractive to water supply planners.

       The water quality is, overall, excellent. Greater development of these coastal

       waters as a wate3t_-supply source by (communities outside the coastal zd'He can be

       expected.

                                            IT-1

          Most of the data contained in this sectionwascbtained from the

    county Comprehensive Public Water Supply Studies.  A bibliography of

    all sources appears at the end of the section.

          Following is a county-by-county compilation of the water supply systems

    in the vicinity of the Sub-area's coastline and an analysis of their effect

    on the coastal araa.

                                        II-2

    .  ORLEANS COUNTY

            Orleans County can be classified as a rural area. Its economy is

        principally based on agriculture, although some of its work force is employed

        in the Buffalo and Rochester areas. Population growth through 1995 is expected

        to be moderate, compared to the State average, with most of the growth occurring

        adjacent to the villages.

            The northern part of the county comprises a moderately flat or undulating

        plainlike area, part of the Ontario plain. It'has no abrupt or sudden changes

        in relief. The shoreline bordering Lake Ontario is fairly even with no deep

        bays or indentations. Along the edge of the lake, there is an abrupt bluff rising

        from the lake shore W the plain which ranges from 5 to 40 feet in height.

        This is bordered by a narrow gravel beach, ranging from 10 to about 25 feet

        in width, that extends from the foot of the bluff to the water's edge.

    *       ~~Lake Ontario has a modifying effect on the climate of the northern half of the

        county which makes it suitable for the growth of fruit. Large scale fruit growing

        is prevalent here. Fruit processing and canning in the autumn creates a

        heavy demand for %water in some areas.

            The drainage system of Orleans County consists of several small streams

        which drain directly into Lake Ontario. The largest of these is Oak Orchard

        Creek. The Barge Canal runs east-west through the middle of the county. There

        are no lakes of any significant size.

            Groundwater is not prevalent in the county in any great amounts. Areas not served

        by public systems must rely on individual wells which frequently fail to

        provide sufficient water of suitable quality throughout the year. An evaluation

        of the aquifers in the county Lwwas made for the Orleans County Comprehensive

        Public Water Supply Study. Indications were that it is unlikely that groundwater

        sources could provide dependable supplies for new locAl systems.

                                              11-3

    A. Description of Public Water Supply Systems

        There are six water supply service areas in the county.  Four of these

    systems receive all or part of their supply from water systems in adjacent

    counties. Yates Water District #2 and the Village of Medina are supplied by

    the Niagara County Water District. The Kendall-Hamlin Water District and

    the Village of Holley are connected to the Brockport, Monroe County, system.

    The Villages of Albion and Lyndonville- obtain their water supply from Lake

    Ontario. Following is a description of those systems. affecting the coastal

    area.

        1. Village of Albion

            In addition to the Village, the system serves the hamlets of Gaines

    and Childs in the Town of Gaines, and Oak Orchard-on-the-lake

    in the Town of Cwlton from Lake Ontario.    The system is capable of

    meeting anticipated  demand for at least the next 15 years.  Expansion of the

    treatment facility would be required to meet projected increased demands and

    expansion to adjacent suburban areas.

        2. Village of Lynclonville

             The Lyndonville system serves the Village of Lyndonville and the hamlets

    of Yates Center and Shadigee. Water is pumped from Lake Ontario and is processed

    at a treatment plant located adjacent to the lake. The treatment plant is more

    than 50 years old,but it is still in good condition. The plant has a rated

    capacity of 0.20 mgd which is sufficient to meetLyndonville's needs through

    the study period. However, it is approaching the end of its economic life

    and will eventually have to be replaced.

        The Comprehensive Water Supply Study presents information for new water systems

    to serve hamlets in thecounty projected to have 80 or more homes by the year 1990.

    Because of tbageneral inadequacy of groundwater supplies in the county it is assumed

                                        11-4

    that the new systems would have to    obtain  their supply from existing village

    systems.  Locations of the proposed new service areas near the coastal zone

    are shown on Figure 11-1 These systems are not now economically feasible.

     Table I1-1 summarizes the present andprojectectdemandsfor the Villages of

    Albion and Lyndonville and the alternatives for meeting their future needs.

        B. Boundary Line Determination

           From a water supply point of view it isn't important where the boundary

    line is established. The shoreline is quite straight and, once past the bluff

    at the lakeshore, the land is quite flat. These factors make a boundary line

    500-1,000 feet from the shoreline look reasonable. Mostof the shoreline development

    appears to be vacation homes quite close to the lake. It should' e noted that, since

    in many areas wells drilled for individual homes prove to be inadequate, the control

    of the spread of service areas into coastal zone areas can be a useful management

    tool.

        C. Areas for Protection

            There are no aquifers of significance near the coast. The intakes for

    the Villages of Albion and Lyndonville are located on the lake. Watershed rules

    have been established for both systems and must be considered in coastal zone

    management.

                                          11-5

                                                      TABLE II-1

                                       Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                                    Orleans County

                           Existing Sources & Capacity
                                       System Capacity            Projected Demand (mrd)            Alternatives to Meet
    Water System          Sources          (mRd)                    1970        1990        2020         Future Needs

    Albion               L. Ontario         2.0                     1.10        2.00        3.10     Expansion of treatment
                                                                                                    plant by 1990

    Lyndonville          L. Ontario         0.2                      0.12       0.15        0.16

                      -            Iif         ~~~~LA                            O      A K   hO

                        .,.-.~~~:- ~~  ~HAOZGEE -~~~               LAIK~riDE HEACfr~-a *                          ---. ~
                                            '1            1           S~~~~~~~TATE- "AR~y

    NIAGARA   COUNTY LINEI    .-----/                                                                              I
    COUNTY                           YATES CENTER     *jK~~f                                                                  E A   R   t    A ~  L EA LL
                         y  A
               ]MILLERS                                                                                                        --     -     ------ -  MORTO-

                   J             Li ~~~Lvboo"VILLE                                                                              I'~BROCKPORT

                          R1046 AAY6

                          I~~~~~~~~~~~~ ID

        COUNTY      ~  i   K. E                                 WA1)4U1

    ONIAAR               of                               a                                                                                              BROCKPORT

                                    II  L     B      Y    I              ~~~~~~8    A   RE   F    EI

                                            IA                                                                                                        A

            LEGEND
           SERVICE AREA IExisting  Public Water Supply Systems
                                                                     Orleans County
                    ~~ WATER MAINS      -         -       ~      CZM Water Supply Study

                                          L A KE                                                                                                       O N TA RIO

                                                                                                                       LAKESIDE

                                                                       SUNSET BEACH               tx]C;

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                                                                                                                                                    LAKTESIDE  13EACH      I F                                                     6   N

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                                                           SI     a  ~~~~         ~       ~~        ~~              _________       3~~~~.60  LF  TO

                   N  ~~~~~~  a ~~~~LAKE  SHORE  ROAD                                                                                   A~ANtNANSM,tED. S l[O  'ARK I

                             C)  ID,                ~~~                                     ~~~~~~~~~~AP ROAMAE HaJNDAAIY.
                                                                                      OF STATE PARA

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           MONROE COUNTY

                Monroe County is dominated by the City of Rochester. According to the

           1970 census, 90% of the approximately 712,000 people living in the County

           resided within the City of Rochester and in the towns adjacent to the City.

                The economy is heavily dependent upon the manufacture of instruments

           and machinery. The Eastman Kodak Corporation located in Rochester is

           the major employer in the county.

                Latest available population projections from the Economic'Develop'ment

            Board   indicate a county growth of about  'ten percent to about

           770,000 by 1990. Most of this growth will occur in the suburban towns adjacent

           to Rochester. The Town of Webster, which borders Lake Ontario dust of

           Rochester, is expected to experience substantial growth.

                The land generally slopes up from the Lake Ontario shoreline, with the

           highest elevations along the County's southern border. There are several

           small bays on the Lake Ontario coast immediately west of Rochester. Irondequoit

           Bay, on the east side of Rochester, is quite large, extending about five miles

           southerly from the Lake into the interior of the County.

                A considerable portion of Monroe County is drained by the Genesee River,

           which runs northerly through the center of the county and empties into Lake

           Ontario at Rochester. There are no large lakes in the county.

                Groundwater availability is highly variable throughout the county. Glacial

           outwash deposits in the present valley of the Genesee River and in its abandoned

           channels are the most productive sources in the basin. In many-parts of the

           county, glacial till is the principal overburden and groundwater yields are lowThe yield:

           from bedrock am generally less than 20 gallons per minute. Much of the

           groundwater presently used for public water supply in the county is high in

    *      ~hardness and total dissolved solids.

                                                 II-lo

               Description of Public Water Supply Systems

           There are ten public water supply systems in Monroe County. By far,

      the two most important are the City of Rochester system and the Monroe County

      Water Authority (MCWA) system. These two systems served about 593,000 customers

       in 1970. The MCWA, being a county-wide entity, has a wide tax base and greater

       bonding authority than the village systems in the County. It is expected that

       the MCWA will be able to meet future needs of these smaller systems at a more

       economical price than they could by themselves. The MCWA is presently inter-

       connected to seven of the other nine public water supply systems, there are

       public water sup-ply systems in the County. Besides the two previously mentioned

       systems, there are public water supply systems in the Villages of: Brockport,

       Hilton, Webster, Fairport, Churchville, Pittsford, Spencerport and East Rochester.

       Following is a description of the Rochester, MOWA, Brockport, Hilton and Webster

    *  systems which have facilities affecting the coastal areas.

                City of Rochester

                Rochester takes its raw water supply from Lake Ontario and from Hemlock

       and Canadice Lakes located in Livingston and Ontario counties. The Lake Ontario

       supply is withdrawn through an intake shared with the Monroe County Water Authority

       and treated at a filtration plant located adjacent to Lake Ontario (See Figure II-4).

       Treatment capacity is rated at 36 mgd.

                The upland supply consists of Hemlock and Canadice Lakes and a system of

       conduits connecting by gravity flow to the City system. The lakes have an estimated

       safe yield of 30 mgd. The conduit system capacity is 48 mgd.

                The system capacity is more than adequate to meet present needs. The

       Monroe County Comprehensive Water Supply Study (V-A study) recommends the con-

       solidation of City and Monroe County Water Authority production, transmission

       and storage facilities under the ownership and administration of the MCWA in

       order to insure the most economical supply of water.

                                              TI-11

    -\                                        ~~~~~~~~IL

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                                f~ ~      _-�    ( lC~I-~r~'2                                                         ,-I II~LJL ._la~ -I

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                                              I,�     ----- --'                                  ,-r                                      '-

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                                         -I..                                                     -       CZM Water  Supply  Study
                                                                                                                   Figure  11-6                  -
                                                                           -5 --n4-  *                                a Ma - -"
          ---arCJI~~~.-�m0. 2-11  -JCl      .I�;I  -l~~lL~Tb~~-I�~N-

    *  maximum daily demand.  Additional water is purchased from the MCWA

       during periods of peak demand. Recommendations are for the Village to

       continue purchasing peaking water from the MCWA.

                Village of Hilton

                Hilton takes its raw water supply from Lake Ontario. The water

       is treated at the Village's 0.6 mgd treatment plant located near Hilton

       Beach. The plant is old and inadequate to meet maximum daily demand.

       The Village system is interconnected with the MCWA system. Recommendations

       are for the Village to phase out its existing plant and contract with the

       MCWA for the supply of all future requirements.

                Village of Webster

                Webster takes its raw water supply from twelve wells located

       adjacent to Irondequoit Bay in the western part of the Town of Webster.

       The reported safe yield of this supply is 10.5 mgd. Seven of these

       wells provide very poor quality water. Projections of service area

       demands indicate that Webster's existing supply facilities will be

       unable to meet maximum day demands within the next few years. The very

       poor quality of the water produced at several of the Village's wells

       suggest that they be abandoned. Recommendations are for the Village to

       proceed along this course and purchase supplemental water requirements

       from the Monroe County Water Authority.

                Table 11-2 summarizes the present and projected demands for the

       five water systems discussed above.

                                              II-16

    *     ~Self-Supplied Industrial Systems

                The Eastman Kodak Corps. is a major industrial water user. Most of Kodak's

          processing water is self supplied. Kodak withdrew an average of 29 mgd from

          Lake Ontario in 1975. The location of Kodak's water supply intake in the

          Town of Greece is shown on Figure I1-7. The Xerox Corporation has a new

          facility in the Town of Webster and is expected to become a major water

          user in the future. The exact location of this facility and the source of its

          water has not yet been determined. Rochester Gas and Electric Co. -also has an

          electric power generating facility in the Town of Greece which extracts

          cooling water from Lake Ontario. Nuclear and conventional power facilities

          will be investigated under a separate task.

          Boundary Line Determinations

                From a water supply point of view, the only necessary consideration

    *     ~would be to protect the water supply intakes along Lake Ontario.  Locations of these

           intakes are shown on Figure 11-4. A logical boundary line appears to be the

          roads paralleling the shoreline such as Lake Road to the East of Rochester and the Lake

          Ontario Parkway to the West of Rochester.

          Areas for Protection

                The areas around municipal and industrial water supply intakes from Lake

           Ontario should be protected. Watershed rules have been enacted for: Rochester,

          MCWS (Shoremont facility) and Hilton. Additionally, if the MCWA expects to

           construct treatment plants at the Parma and Webster sites, as recommended in

           the Comprehensive Water Supply Study, these areas will require protection.

           The site of the proposed Webster plant, shown on Figure 11-5, is now owned by

           the MCWA. The Parma site, shown on Figure II-6 would have to be purchased.

                                               II-17

          Irondequoit Bay is an important body of water from a recreation and

    geologic point. The Bay has pollution problems caused by wastewater and salt

    from winter road maintenance. The shoreline of the Bay

    should be included in the coastal zone management area.

         The well field for the Village of Webster is located adjacent to

    Irondequoit Bay              .Watershed rules have been enacted.  The well

    field should be included in anyarea of management.

                                                        TABLE '11-2

                                             Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                                    Monroe County

    Water System            Existing Sources & Capacity
                                                System Capacity           Projected Demand (mrd)          Altermnatives to
    Water System                 Sources              (mRd)               1970       1990        2020      Meet Future Needs

    Rochester                Lake Ontario             36                 52.85        57.0       62.5     Purchase water
                                                                                                        from MCWA
       "                    Hemlock and Canadice
                            Lakes                    30

    Monroe Co. Water         Lake Ontario             87                 35.34        89         160    Additional withdrawal
    Authority                                                                                             from Lake Ontario

    Brockport                Lake Ontario              5                  3.57         8.60      16.80    Purchase water from
                                                                                                        MCWA
    Hilton                   Lake Ontario            0.6                  0.34         0.64       0.91    Purchase water from
                                                                                                        MCWA
    Webster                      wells              10.5                   5.16        9.49      14.50    Purchase water from
                                                                                                        MCWA

         ell,~e

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                Ji   1-20

          WAYNE COUNTY

               Wayne County is mainly a rural-agricultural area. The major centers

          of population, Newark, Lyons, Palmyra and Clyde, are located in the southern

          half of the county. More than one-half of the land in the county is devoted

          to agricultural interests. Dairy and fruit farms are most numerous,

          Of the counties in. New York State,   Wayne is firs~t in land-

          in orchards and vineyards, second in the value of all farm products sold, third

          in acres of vegetables harvested for sale and fifth in farms with more than

          400 chickens. Rainfall total and distribution is generally adequate so that

          very little of the farm acreage is irrigated.

               A large-food processing industry has established itself in Wayne County

          based on the large local farm output. These plants require large quantities

          of water for washing farm produce and packaging. Most of the water required

          by this industry is used in the fall ~months.

               Orchards extend quite close to the Lake Ontario shoreline much of the

          distance between Sodus Bay and the Monroe County line. To the east of Sodus

          Bay, the shoreline becomes increasingly steep, with several bluffs noted on

          the topographic maps. From the shoreline the lake plain rises gradually to

          the south. The northern 'half of the county is drained by several small

          streams which empty directly into Lake Ontario. The coastline is fairly

          regular in the western half of the county. The eastern half is characterized

          by several bays and marshes which are typically separated from the Lake by a

          barrier beach.

               There is a sizeable summer resident population along the coastline.

          The estimated 1966 population was 9,000. This is projected to grow to

          13,000 in 1990 and 19,000 in 2020.TableII-3 shows projected growth for resort

    *     ~areas along the coastline.

                                               II-21

                                                                                                L AKE   ONTARIO

                                       So~~~~~w 2J

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    r_ I-"                  SE.C A.RAC                                                                                                           COA.VO

       OQ  (D 1-.. ~~       w~SO.. A~l. OSO SIZE

        Groundwater is generally available in the county for individual well

    development although high hardness and iron content are common.

            Description of Public Water Supply Systems

            Wayne County has 22 individual systems serving roughly 60 percent of

    the County's 74,000 inhabitants. Of these, five use Lake Ontario as a source

    of supply. Most of the smaller systems utilize groundwater.

            There are eight existing systems with either service areas or

    source of supply within the coastal area. A brief description of each

    follows.

                 Holland Cove

                This is a resort village located on the coastline in the

            Town of Williamson. Summer resident population is about 230.

            The water supply system operates in the summer only. Source of

             supply is groundwater. Any additional source needs likely will

            be obtained from groundwater development.

                 Ontario Water District (including Walworth W.D.)

                The Ontario Water District supplies all water districts in

             the Town of Ontario, except the West Ontario Water District, and

            all water districts in the Town of Walworth (see Figurejj-8).

            Source of water is Lake Ontario.

                Village of Sodus (including Sodus W.D.)

                Approximately 4,400 people are served by this system. Lake

            Ontario is the main source of supply, with wells as an emergency

             supply.

                 Village of Sodus Point

                The Sodus Point system served about 1,300 people in 1966.

            The Village supply is taken from Lake Ontario.

                                           II-23

                West Ontario Water District

                The West Ontario Water District buys its water from the Village

            of Webster, Monroe County. The system served 380 people in 1966.

                Williamson Town Water District

                The Williamson Town W.D. includes all water districts in the

            Town (Williamson, East Williamson, Pultneyville, Ridge Chapel and

            West Ridge Water Districts) and the Marion Town Water District.

            Lake Ontario is the source of supply.

               *Village of Wolcott

                The Village of Wolcott has a treatment plant on Lake Ontario.

            The system served 1,640 people in 1966.

                Shaker Tract Utilities, Inc.

                This is a private water supply system serving the Shaker Heights

             subdivision located on the west side of Sodus Bay in the Town of

             Huron (see Figurel11-9). Source of supply is groundwater. The

             system supplied an average 11,000 gallons per day to 175 people in

             1974.

            The Report on Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study for Wayne County

    recommends an intermunicipal development plan for much of the county, including

    all of the coastal area. The plan recommends interconnection of existing

    systems and development of additional capacity in order to permit expansion

    of service areas and to absorb growth in demand. Principal features include

    phased expansion of the Town of Williamson treatment plant and phase-out of

    plants of the Ontario Water District and Villages of Sodus, Sodus Point and

    Wolcott. Project phasing is shown on FigureI11-10. The system would be

    administered by a County Water District.

                                          II-24

               Table 11-4 summarizes available information on present and projected

      demands on the above seven systems

               Self-Supplied Industrial Water Supplies

               The field interviews, which are discussed later, produced information

      on one self supplied industrial water user in Wayne County. Rochester Gas and

      Electric Corporation's Ginna Station is located in the Town of Ontario and take

      cooling water from Lake Ontario.

               Boundary Line Determination

               The determination of boundary line location in Wayne County should

      follow careful study of the shoreline. In some places, bluffs border the

      coastline. In other places, bays and wetlands cut deep into the interior

      of the County. The areas recommended for ptoection should be included in

      the management area, if possible.

    *          ~~~Areas for Protection

               There are no important aquifers near the coastline except for the

      groundwater sources of the Holland Cove and Shaker Tract Utilities, Inc.,

      water supplies. These aquifers should be protected. The five withdrawal

      points and the accompanying filtration plants should be included in the

      management area.

                                            II-25

                                     TABLE II-3

                      Summer Residents - Wayne County (1)

    Location                          1966              1990               2020

    Lake Ontario

       Ontario Town
         Bear Creek                   370               520                780
         Remainder of Town            370               520                780

       Williamson Town
         Hollands Cove                 230              320                480
         Remainder of Town             700              980              1,500

       Sodus Town Western
         Shoreline                    330               460                690

       Camp Beechwood                  200              280                420

       Sodus Point Village           1,800            2,500              3,800

       Sodus Bay
         Lake Bluff                   420               590                880
         LeRoy Island                  500              700              1,100
         Remainder of Sodus
           Bay (2)                  1,580            2,200               3,300

       East Bay                        560              780              1,200

       Port Bay                      1,750            2,400              3,700

       Blind Sodus Bay                 280              390                590
                                    9,090           13,000             19,000
            Total

    (1) Average number of residents in addition to year-round population at
         recreational areas on weekends during the summer

    (2) Centered around the hamlet of Resort

    Source: Wayne County Comprehensive Water Supply Study

                                           II-26

                                                     TABLE II-4

                                      Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                                  Wayne County

                      Existing Sources
                        & Capacity                   Projected Demand
     Water                          System                     (mgd)
    System            Sources     Capacity       1966          1990         2020      Alternatives to
                                   (mgd)                                             Meet Future Needs
    Holland Cove      Ground-
                     water          0.03        0.01          0.01         0.03       Increase groundwater with-
                                                                                    drawals

    Ontario W.D.      Lake
                     Ontario        1.53        0.32          N.A. N.A.
                                                                                    Either interconnection of
    Sodus (V)         Lake                                                            systems, as outlined in
                      Ontario &                                                       the Wayne County Compre-
                     wells          1.64        0.50          N.A.        N.A.       hensive Water Supply Study,
                                                                                    or continue present Lake
    Sodus Point(V)   Lake                                                             Ontario withdrawals
                     Ontario        0.75        0.12          N.A.        N.A.

    Williamson        Lake
    W.D.              Ontario        2.50        1.10          N.A.         N.A.

    Wolcott (V)       Lake
                     Ontario &
                     springs        1.00        0.30          N.A.        N.A.  J

    Shaker Tract      Ground-
    Utilities, Inc.  water           0.13        0.011         N.A.         N.A.

    West Ontario      Webster,
    W.D.              Monroe
                        Co.          -         N.A.          N.A.         N.A.       Continue to meet needs by
                                                                                    purchasing water from
                                                                                    Village of Webster

    ( r

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    .  CAYUGA COUNTY

            There is only about eight miles of Lake Ontario shoreline in Cayuga

       County. The major feature is Little Sodus Bay located near the Wayne County

       line. Major stream tributaries, which enter Lake Ontario along the coastline,

       are Sterling Creek and Ninemile Creek. Fair Haven. Beach State park is located

       immediately east of Little Sodus Bay and occupies a little more than one

       mile of coastline. The coastline consists of a series of drumlins separated

       by mnarshes which extend inland along streams. Barrier beaches generally front

       the marshes.

            Description of Public Water Supply Systems

            The Village of Fair Haven, on Little Sodus Bay, is the only community

       water supply system presently affecting the coastal area. The Onondaga

       County Comprehensive Water Supply Study recommends that the Onondaga County

    *  Water District construct an intake and treatment plant at West Nine Mile

       Point sometime around 2020 to meet anticipated demand (See Figure 11-1l).

                 Village of Fair Haven

                 The source of water supply is well field located east of the Village

                 near a tributary of Sterling Creek. Fair Haven is a resort community

                 with a large influx of summer visitors. The largest user of the Village

                 system is the Fair Haven Beach State Park. The service area, shown on

                 Figure 11-12, includes the Little Sodus Bay shoreline and the State Park.

                 The present source should be adequate through 1990. Additional groundwater

                 development would likely be the last expensive means of increasing supply.

                 Onondaga County Water District (OCWD)

                 See Oswego County for a system description.

            Self-Supplied industrial Water Systems

            There are no known self supplied industrial water supply system. However,

       the field interviews with Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation shows that they

                                             II-30

       are considering the location of a plant (Sterling No. 1) in the area.

    is ~~Boundary Line Determination

            There are neither public water supply sources nor aquifers near enough

        to the coastline to influence boundary line determinations.

            Areas for Protection

            Fair Haven's well field is located 3,700 feet distant and 20 feet higher

        than the coastline; too far away to warrant consideration. The Onondaga County

       Water District proposed intake at the West Nine Mile Point site could need

        protection.

                                                II-31

                                                           TABLE 11-5

                                              Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                                         Cayuga County

                             Existing Sources & Capacity    Projected Demand (mgd),
                                        System Capacity                                  Alternatives to Meet
          Water System         Sources       (mgd)         1970       1990     2020            Future Needs

         Fair Haven          Groundwater    0.505          0.075    0.140    0.290       Additional ground water

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                                                                                Cayuga County
                                                                          CZM Water Supply Study
                                                                                Figure II-13
                                                                      II-S-

    .    ~OSWEGO COUNTY

                The center of population and commercial activity in Oswego County

          has traditionally been the City of Oswego. However, the Syracuse suburban area

          is having increasing influence on the population trends and on employment

          in the county. The combination of the movement to suburbia and improved road

          access from Syracuse is causing a substantial population growth on the corridor

          between Syracuse and Oswego. Population projections indicate a county growth

          rate substantially higher than the State average during the next 25 years.

          In addition to this, new industries have settled in the county, making the

          employment outlook, over the long term,bright.

                The only urbanized area of the Lake Ontario coastline is tn the City

          of Oswego. Oswego, at- one time, was a major Great Lakes port. Although

          the amount of cargo tonnage handled has decreased substantially in the last

          hundred years, the port continues to generate a considerable amount of commercial

          and industrial activity along the adjacent coastline.

                The Lake Ontario coastline in Oswego County has a variable topography.

          West of the City of Oswego.,it consists of a series of drumlins trending in a

          general north-south direction, separated by marshes that extend several miles

          inland along small creeks. The drumlins range up to 150 feet above lake level

          and one-quarter to one-half mile wide at their base.

                For about 13 miles east of the Oswego River, the shore bluffs are

          from 5 to 25 feet high. From there to the Salmon River the shore contains

          occasional reaches of high sound separated by marsh areas that are fronted

          by barrier beaches.

                The remaining Oswego County shoreline north of the Salmon River is generally

    Is ~a barrier beach and sand dunes up to 45 feet high, separating either marsh areas

          or open ponds from the lake.

                                             11-36

              The major stream system in the courty is the Oswego River, which

         enters Lake Ontario at the City of Oswego. Other streams draining portions

         of the County are the Salmon River, Little Salmon River, Little Sandy Creek

         and Grindstone Creek.

              Selkirk Shores State Park is located on the Lake Ontario coastline

          in the Town of Richland,2 between the outlets of the Salmon River and Grindstone

          Creek. The Office of Parks and Recreation proposes expansion of the park in

          its Statewide Comprehensive Recreation Plan. Harbors of Refuge are also

          proposed by OPR for Mexico Point and Port Ontario.

              Description of Public Water Supply Systems

              There are two public water supply systems which affect the Lake Ontario

          coastline in Oswego County. The existing municipal water supply facilities

    *    ~are shown in Figure II-14.

                  City of Oswego

                 The City takes all of its public water supply from Lake Ontario

          from an intake located just west of the Oswego River. The intake

          structure is at the end of an eight-foot diameter tunnel which extends

          6,250 feet off shore in about 54 feet of water. The intake is shared

          with the Onondaga County Water District, which is allowed to withdraw

          up to 62.5 mgd. The water receives only chlorination and fluoridation

          before use. The City is under orders, issued by the Water Resources

          Commission, to filter its water supply. Pumping capacity is expected

          to be sufficient to meet needs through 2020.

                                               II-37

        The City system also serves part of the adjacent towns of Oswego,

    Minetto, Scriba and Volney. The present service area and the likely

    1990 and 2020 areas served are shown on Figure 11-15. Industries served

    include the Alco Aluminum Co. and the Niagara Mohawk Nine Mile Point

    facility in the Town of Scriba and the Hammermill Paper Company in the

    City of Oswego.

        Onondaga County Water District (OCWD)

        OCWD, which is administered by the Metropolitan Water Board, takes

    its-water supply from Lake Ontario. The District has a contract with the

     City of Oswego to take up to 62.5 mgd from Oswego's Lake intake. The water

     is pumped to a filtration plant located south of Oswego and then transmitted

     to Onondaga County. At present, OCWD has two customers, the Onondaga

     County Water Authority and the City of Syracuse. However, other

     municipalities in both Onondaga and Oswego Counties are expected to purchase

     water from this system in the future.

        The Onondaga County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study has

     recommended an expansion plan to meet an expected large growth in demand. The

     study predicts that the Onondaga County service area demand in 1990 and

     2020 will be 139 mgd and 223 mgd, respectively. The study recommends

     that Lake Ontario supply 73 mgd in 1990 and 155 mgd in 2020.

        It is recommended that the existing pumping facilities at the City

     of Oswego intake be expanded to the 62.5 mgd allowable capacity, that

     a new intake be built on Lake Ontario at Burt Point which is located

     about 1.5 miles west of the existing intakes, and that the treatment

     plant located south of Oswego be expanded. These facilities are recommended

     for construction prior to 1980. For 1990 further expansion of pumping,

     treatment and transmission facilities are recommended.

                                     11-38

               For 2020 the construction of a third Lake Ontario intake, located

          at West Nine Mile Point in Cayuga County, is recommended. A water treatment

          plant would also be constructed at the site. The future expansion

          plans are shown in Figure II-16.

               The service areas and sources of supply of other water supply systems

          in the county are all located more than one mile from the coastline. None

          of these systems are expected to seek a source of supply within one mile of

         the coastline in the future.

          Self Supplied Industrial Water Systems

               There are two electric power generating plants on the coastline in Oswego

          County, both operated by the Niagara Mohawk Power Corps. The Oswego station,

          located in the City of Oswego, uses fossil fuels. The Nine Mile Point Station

          in the Town of Scriba, is nuclear powered. Lake Ontario water is used for

    *     ~cooling:

               Boundary Line Determination

               The existing City of Oswego and Onondaga County Water District pumping

          stations, located on the coastline at Oswego, should be included in the coastal

          zone management area. Since the Onondaga County Water District plans to construct

          pumping and treatment facilities at Burt Point, Oswego County, and West Nine

          Mile Point, Cayuga County, these areas should also be included in any management

          area.

               Areas for Protection

               There are no important aquifers within the coastal area which require special

          protection. No new water supply systems are expected to be established within

          a mile of the coastline in the next 45 years. It is expected that the City of

          Oswego system will serve more of the coastal area as time passes. The only

    *     ~water supply system expected to seek new source supply in the coastal area is

          the Onondaga County Water District.

                                              TI-39

         Since the existing City of Oswego intake is located far out into Lake

    Ontario approximately 6,250 feet, no watershed rules have been established.

    The location of its pumping station and the adjacent OCWD pumping station

    should be considered in the course of establishing land use regulations for

    the adjacent area.

                                        II-40

                                               TABLE t1-6

                                EXISTING PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
                                          COASTAL ZONE AREA
                                            OSWEGO COUNTY

                      Existing Sources & Capacity        Projected- Demand
                                   System Capacity            (mgd)                    Alternatives to
    Water System        Sources        (mgd)           1974       1990      2020        Meet Future Needs

    Oswego (c)       Lake Ontario    34.0             10.00      16.02    25.72

    Onondaga Co.     Lake Ontario    25.0              9.42      73.02   154.59         Two new intake sites on Lake
    Water District                                                                      Ontario at Burt Pt.,
                                                                                      Oswego County, and West Nine
                                                                                      Mile Point, Cayuga Co.

                                                                           ~  ~-I~oMG~

                                                           \ ~~         ~                       -~L.0. 30 M

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                    0~~~~~~~. 5MG.V1    .                                                                             UVR TTO

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                                    0                                  t~       ~       ~     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ee- JFFERSON COUNTY

                                                                                           M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CALOVIL

                                                                                                          0 R W E L L   I     t      0    Z

                                                                                     'I                                           ~~~~~~~~LEGEND

                                                                               ~PARISH     C     MO      1                 1970   WVAT ER  SER\
                                                                                                                            1990 WVATER SER\
                                                                                                                           2020 WATER SER\,

    (D au's

       CL

     CD I 1

                                                       pENN-CENTRAL

                  Burt Point

         West

                     PS~~~i
        Point //

    g~~~
                 DEATMENT rPCI~LmES

                          OSWEGO                                COUNTY

                                         F ULTON

                                                                                            CENTRAL
                                                                                            SQUARE

                                                             1-                           -~~4~

            3                                .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~G~~-AE     CZ'J.TY  9P -

                   CAYUGA                                                 M

                  COUNTY                                                   T0I~          TWL.-4AS~

                                                            OSA LY 9 VV               I

                                                       ONO COUNTY                              C
                                      LAKE~~~~~~~-

            J            S.                        -~~~~~~~Awu  Lake Ontario Supply & Transmission Facilities
                                                                 oJORDAN  Onondaga County
                                Is 0-,/    ORDAN                   CZM Water Supply Study
                                                                          Figure II-16
                 LEGEND                 c
                 EXISrING FACLITIES  I       ELBRIDGE
           EIiQ 1 990 CONSTRUCTICN                                  0
                  200CCNSTRUC7,1ON1

                                          K~                                   M .ES
               I~~~~~~~~~~~~T4

       JEFFERSON COU~rY

            The coastal area of Jefferson County is heavily oriented to recreation.

    *  There are 15 State Parks along either Lake Ontario or the St. Law rence River

       which occupy a total of 3,800 acres of the coastline. in addition, there are

       several town and village parks along the coast. The northern half..of -the. county

       borders the Thousand Islands area, famous for its scenery and recreational

       opportunities. The Villages of Cape Vincent, Clayton and Alexandria Bay are

       major recreation centers and have large population increases during the summer.

       This puts a burden on their water supply systems. Average daily demand increases

       about fifty percent during this time.

            The shore of Jefferson County, between the Oswego-Jeffersoni County line and

       Tibbett's point at the head of the St. Lawrence River, is very uneven and contains

       several deep bays and prominent headlands. The total length of the shore is about

       120 miles. For 10 miles north from the Oswego County line, a barrier beach and

       sand dune extend in nearly a straight line, separating marsh areas and small ponds

       from the open lake. At the and of the 10-mile reach, the shore characteristics

       change abruptly. Rock outcrops at the water's edge and rises gradually to a

       height of about 75 feet on the west side of Stony Point. It then falls gradually

       as the shore continues around Stony Point into Henderson Bay. From Henderson Bay

       to Tibbett's Point the shoreline is -very irregular with deep bays predominating.

       Some of the bays have marsh areas at their inner end.

            The shoreline along the St. Lawrence River section of Jefferson County is quite

       variable in relief. There is little beach area and rock is very close to the surface.

       As the name, Thousand Islands implies, there is a multitude of islands of all sizes

       dotting the River in this reach.

            The major streams cutting across the coastal areas in Jefferson County are

       Sandy Creek, Stony Creek, Black River, Perch River and Chaumont River.

            Jefferson County, except for some isolated areas, is not lacking in groundwater

       resources. The groundwater for individual use is obtained principally from

       wells drilled in bedrock. Surficial deposits are usually too thin to

                                             1 1-45

        support a water table. Buried glacial channels are a possible source

        of groundwater locally. The water is generally of good quality but

        hard. Excess iron, sulphur and salt are problems locally. The problem

        areas of the county seem to be principally those covered by lacustrine

        clays found in the Towns of Cape Vincent, Henderson and Hounsfield.

            Description of Public Water Supply Systems

            There are ten public water supply systems in Jefferson County near

        the coastline. The largest system supplies the City of Watertown which

        serves about 34,000 people as well as several industries. The remaining

        nine systems are small, with demand less than 0.5 mgd. Six of the systems

        take their source of supply from Lake Ontario or the St. Lawrence River.

        Following is a description of the existing water supply systems, their present

        and projected needs and suggested alternatives for meeting needs.

    9           ~~~City of Watertown

                   The City takes its water supply from the Black River, near its eastern

                boundary. The treatment plant is over 60 years old. The Jefferson County

                Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study recommends that Watertown and the

                adjacent communities of Brownville, Glen Park and Dexter join together

                with portions of the adjacent towns in a regional system. Several

                alternative schemes of supplying the system were considered using

                either Lake Ontario or the Black River as a source.

                   The Black River was recommended as the source of supply with the

                existing Watertown treatment plant supplying treated water. Around

                1990, a new treatment plant would be needed.    Figure III-17

                shows the projected 1990 and 2020 service areas.

                                              II-46

    Is ~~Village of Sackets Harbor

               The Village obtains its water from Lake Ontario through an

            intake located on the shore southwest of the Village (see Figure I1-18)

           The water is treated before use. The supply is expected to be adequate

            in quantity for the next 45 years.

               Village of Alexandria Bay

               The Village derives its water supply from the St. Lawrence River.

           The water receives only chlorination before use. The Village is subject

            to seasonal variations in population and, consequently, in demand. Golf

            course watering also creates fluctuations in demand.

                Improvements in the distribution system and in pumping and storage

            facilities were made in the 1960's. It may be necessary to filter

            the water in the future.

    *           ~~~Village of Cape Vincent

                Cape Vincent takes its water supply from the St. Lawrence River.

           The water receives only chlorination before use now, but filtration may

            be necessary in the future.

               The village received permission from DEC in 1974 to refurbish the

            pumping,. chlorination and storage facilities. The new pumping facilities

           are capable of meeting projected future demands.

                Village of.Chaumont_

                The village takes its water supply from Lake Ontario. The water

            is filtered before use and maximum capacity of the filtration plant is

            385,000 gallons per day. Source supply, pumping capacity and filtration

            facilities are expected to be adequate through 2020.

                                             II-47

            Village of Clayton

            The St. Lawrence River is the source of supply for the Village of

        system. The water is not filtered. Bacterial count varies widely and

        filtration may be necessary in the future. Source supply and pumping

        capacity are adequate for the planning period.

            Thousand Island Park

            The Park located on Wellesley Island, is supplied by a privately

        owned water system between April 15 and October 10. During the remaining

        part of the year, the residents use individual well supplies. Water supply

        for the system is taken from the St. Lawrence River. The water is not filtered

        before use. The pumping facilities,,while old, are considered adequate.

        During the summer months the lakeshores in the Towns of Henderson, Hounsfield

    and Ellisburg are heavily populated. Many of the seasonal residents use water

    from the lake for all purposes except drinking. Drinking water is often transported

    in or taken from individual well supplies.

        No new water supply systems are expected to be constructed in the foreseeable

    future along the coastline of Jefferson County. Present and projected

    population densities are too low to make a project economically feasible.

      Table II-T-summarizes the present and projected water supply demands and

    alternatives to meet needs of the a~bove discussed systems.

        Boundary Line Determination

        There are no special boundary line considerations necessary for

    water supply in Jefferson County. It appears that the pump stations for

     the six communities that use either Lake Ontario or the St. Lawrence River as

    source are located near the water's edge and would fall within even a minimum

    management area.

                                       II-48

           Areas for Protection

    *       ~~There are no significant groundwater aquifers near the coastline in

       Jefferson County. The pumping and treatment facilities of Alexandria Bay,

       Clayton, Cape Vincent, Clairmont, Thousand Island Park and Sackets Harbor

       which are located on the coastline should be protected. if watershed rules

       have been established for the intake areas of these systems, they should

       be taken into account when determining the management plan.

                                             II-49

                                                      TABLE II-7

                                        Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                                  Jefferson County

                     Existing Sources & Capacity      Projected Average Daily Demand
                                  System Capacity                 (mgd)                      Alternatives to Meet
    Water System   Sources            (mgd)            1970               1990  2020             Future Needs

    Watertown       Black River       9.0              4.8                6.02   7.13

                                                                                           Join a county water District.
    Brownville     Well              0.29              0.11              0.25   0.31         Around 1990, add to treatment
                                                                                           plant.
    Dexter         Well              0.14              0.11                0.11   0.13

    Sackets Harbor Lake Ontario      0.58              0.14               0.17   0.20

    Glen Park      Village of
                   Brownville         -                                    -     -          Same as Brownville

    Alexandria     St. Lawrence                        0.4    (w)         0.48   0.62
    Bay            River             N.A.              0.6    (s)

    Cape Vincent   St. Lawrence          .0.18                   (w)      0.22   0.27
                   River            N.A.              0.27    (s)

    Chaumont       Lake Ontario      0.385             0.05               0.07   0.09

    Clayton         St. Lawrence                                          0.54   0.58
                   River            N.A.              0.47    (w)
                                                      0.60    (s)

    Thousand       St. Lawrence                                           0.31   0.47
    Is. Park      River              N.A.              0.20

                                                             ALEXANORIA SAY                 *

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                                                         Water �System Map
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                                        I.I-- j3           ~~~Figure II-19      'i

       St. Lawrence County

            The topography of the county was greatly effected by the glacial activities

       of the Ice Age. The limestone and sandstone formations underlying the potential

       coastal zone are overlain with deposits of sand and gravel. As a result, ground-

       water is readily available although the water may be hard. The entire county

       drains into the St. Lawrence River via the Oswegatchie, Raquette, St. Regis and

       Grass Rivers as well as several small streams.

          Description of Public Water Supply Systems

            There are five water supply systems operating in the coastal area of

       St. Lawrence County. Four of the five take their water supply from the

       St. Lawrence River. The amount of water withdrawn by these systems is

       miniscule compared to the St. Lawrence River flow of 164 billion gallons

       which flow by Massena daily. The municipal water systems within the

    *  coastal zone in St. Lawrence County are listed in Table II-8 and described

       briefly below.

             Village of Morristown

                The village obtains its water supply from the St. Lawrence River.

             The water is filtered and chlorinated before use. The pumping and

             treatment facilities are nine years old and are considered adequate

             through 2020. Figure II-20 shows the location of the facilities and

             the extent of the distribution system.

             City of Ogdensburg

                The City takes its water from the St. Lawrence River. The present

             water supply and treatment facilities date back to 1910. The dis-

             tribution system is old and leaks excessively. The storage system

             is adequate.

    is ~~The St. Lawrence County Comprehensive Water Supply Study recommends

             that the existing pumping and treatment facilities should be replaced

             and new storage facilities should be added. The location of the

                                           II-54

    existing and proposed facilities as well as the extent of the

    distribution system appears on Figure 11-21

       Ogdensburg has a deep water port with access to the St. Lawrence

    Seaway. As such, its growth potential is considerable. So far, it

    has been unable to attract any major industry. It is likely that

    any large water user locating in the area would obtain its supply

    directly from the St. Lawrence River.

    Village of Waddington

       Water from the Village system is obtained from two 17 year old drilled

    wells located within its boundaries. Treatment is provided for hydrogen

    sulfide removal. The supply and treatment facilities are expected to be

    adequate through 2020. Figure II-22 shows the location of the wells and

    the areal extent of the distribution system.

    Tucker Terrace Water Company

       This is a small privately owned system located about four miles northwest

    of Massena. The system shown on Figure II-23 serves a residential subdivision

    of approximately 90 people.

       Water is taken from the St. Lawrence River and is filtered through

    pressure type diatomaceous earth filters before use. The only system

    deficiency noted in the St. Lawrence County Comprehensive Public Water

    supply study is the 300 gallon pressure tank. The study recommends its

    replacement with a 1500 gallon capacity tank.

    Village of Massena

       The Village distribution system is located away from the coastal

    area, being about three miles south of the St. Lawrence River. However,

    the Village's pumping station is located on the shoreline of the River,

    at the mouth of the Massena Power Canal. The treatment plant is located

                                 II-55

             an the south bank of the Power Canal, about one mile from the St.

    0        ~~Lawrence River shoreline.  Figure II-24 shows the location of these

             facilities.

                The St. Lawrence County Comprehensive Water Supply Study indicates

             that the pumping facilities are adequate through 2020. It recommends

             that, to compensate for a shortage of storage capacity, an additional

             high lift pump be installed at the treatment plant. The treatment

             facilities are adequate through 2020.

          Self Supplied Industrial Water Systems

          The St. Lawrence County Comprehensive Water Supply Study identified 23 self

       supplied industrial water systems within the county. Of these five are located

       within the potential coastal zone area and are listed in Table II-9. No other

       information on these water users is available.

          Boundary Line Determination

          No special boundary line considerations are required for water supply.

       The pumping stations of Morristown, Ogdensburg, Tucker Terrace and Massena and

       Waddington's well field are all located within 500 feet of the St. Lawrence River

       shoreline. The diversity of use of the shoreline from industrial to residential

       to recreational makes it difficult to suggest a uniform width for the management

       area.

          Areas for Protection

          Possible areas requiring protection are around the intakes of Massena, Ogdenburg,

       Morristown and Tucker Terrace as well as Watddington's well field. None of these

       systems have had watershed rules enacted.

            Is II~~~~~~~~~~1-56

                                                       TABLE II- 8

                                           EXISTING PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
                                                Coastal Zone Area
                                                St. Lawrence County

                 Existing Sources & Capacity
                                       System    Projected Demand
                                      Capacity           (mgd)
    Water System    Sources             (fgd)    1970        1990      2020             Alternatives to Meet Future Needs

    Morristown      St. Lawrence R.      0.360    0.066    0.091    0.142

    Ogdensburg      St. Lawrence R.      5.25      3.16      3.85     5.14             Modernize system, increase pumping
                                                                                    capacity to 7.25 mgd
    Waddington      Wells                0.340    0.10       0.16     0.27

    Tucker          St. Lawrence R.      0.086    0.008    0.014    0.022
    Terrace

    Massena         St. Lawrence R.      5.0       2.07      3.12      5.57            Install additional high lift pump
                                                                                   at treatment plant, increasing capacity
                                                                                   to 7.5 mgd.

    1/ Projected demand for the year 2000

                                       TABLE II-9

                   MAJOR WATER USING INDUSTRIES OF ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY

                                  Coastal Zone Area              -

                                                                  WATER DEMANDS IN
    NAME OF INDUSTRY                  SOURCE OF WATER               GALLONS PER DAY
      AND LOCATION                        SUPPLY                AVERAGE         MAXIMUM

    ACCO                              St. Lawrence River           1,000         1,000
    Ogdensburg                        Well                         6,000         7,500

    ALCOA
    Massena                           St. Lawrence River    20,500,000    27,000,000

    CHEVROLET -G.M.C.                 St. Lawrence River      2,500,000      4,000,000

    DIAMOND NATIONAL
    Ogdensburg                        St. Lawrence River      3,000,000      4,200,000

    REYNOLDS METALS
    Massena                           St. Lawrence River      8,000,000    10,000,000

                                      TOTALS                34,007,000    45,208,500

     Source: St. Lawrence County Comprehensive Water Supply Study

                                           II-58

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                                                    41

                           6" OR LESS
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                      e-.    2000 CONSTRUCTION
                           PERIOD
                                                                SCALE - HUNDRED FEET

                  7  I                                    16         ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~0  5  10  15

                                                                    Village of Morristown
                                                                    Water Supply System
                                                                    CZM Water Supply Study
                     iF                                                       ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Figure 11-20

        /~~    CMWer Supply  Study
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    .     ~Franklin County

               This county is located at the downstream end of the St. Lawrence

          River in New York State. The coastline runs along the St. Regis Indian

          Reservation for approximately three miles. At present there are no

           industrial or municipal water supply systems for the reservation within

           the potential coastal zone.

               The Franklin County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study identified

          an alternative which would supply water to the reservation from a well in

           the Hamlet of Hoganburg. The well is located outside the potential coastal

           zone area.

                Boundary Line Determination

               There is nothing of value to determine a boundary for coastal zone

          management.

     *         ~~~Area of Protection

               There are no areas that need protection.

                                                I I-65

                                   BIBLIOGRAPHY

    1. "St. Lawrence County Comprehensive Water Supply Study, CPWS-3" by
        Stearns and Wheler, 1968

    2. "Jefferson County Comprehensive Study, CPWS-38" by O'Brien and
        Geere, 1968

    3. "Oswego County Water Supply Study, CPWS-23" by Barton, Brown,
        Clyde and Loguidice, 1967

    4. "Cayuga County Comprehensive Water Supply Study Report, CPWS-69" by
        Barton, Brown, Clyde and Loguidice, 1970

    5. "Wayne County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, CPWS-48" by
        Greeley and Hanson, 1970

    6. "Monroe County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, CPWS-75" by
        O'Brien and Geere, 1973

    7. "Orleans County Comprehensive Water Supply Study, CPWS-40" by Teetor -
        Dobbins, 1970

    8.  "Lake Ontario Surface Waters, Recommended Classifications," by NYS
        Dept. of Health, 1958

    9. "Great Lakes Region Inventory Report, National Shoreline Study," by
        Corps of Engineers, 1971

    10. "St. Lawrence-Eastern Ontario Shoreline Study, Technical Reports,':' by
        St. Lawrence Eastern Ontario Commission, 1972

    11. "Inventory Community Water Systems with Sources," by New York State,
        NYS Dept. of Health, 1974

    12. "Onondaga County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, CPWS-21," by
        O'Brien and Geere, 1968

                                         II-66

         SECTION III

    HUDSON RIVER SUBAREA

                                          GENERAL

              The Hudson River Subarea is the ten counties adjacent to the tidal

         waters of the Hudson River upstream from New York City. The tidal water

          of the Hudson River extend approximately 130 miles upstream from New York

          City to the Federal Dam located between the Village of Green Island, Albany

          County and the City of Troy, Rensselaer County. The ten counties are:

          Albany, Rensselaer, Greene, Columbia, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam,

          Rockland and Westchester.

               The economy of the area is based primarily on the State Capitol at the

          upstream end, light industries as well as tourism in the middle and New York

          City suburbia at the downstream end.

               Geologically the area was greatly effected by the glacial activity

    *     ~from the lee Age which left pockets of surficial deposits of sand and gravel.

          Some of these deposits provide sources of groundwater in sufficient quantity

          and quality for a municipal water supply system.

               The area contains 321 municipal water districts of which 97 may be

          effected by coastal zone management measures. For the most part, water

          sources are located far enough from the shoreline to warrent little if any

          consideration. However, there are 11 known industrial intakes, 2 infiltration

          galleries, 2 existing municipal intakes, 2 potential municipal intakes and

          8 groundwater aquifers within the potential coastal zone area,

             .An analysis of the water supply districts for each of the ten counties

          follows.

            9~~~~~~~~~~~I-

    Albany County

         Albany County contains the western half of the Federal Dam, which is

    the upstream terminus of the tidal waters of the Hudson River. Employment

    comes from various industries and the activities related to a state capital.

    The chief industries are printing and publishing, textiles, machinery and

    metal products, plus stone products.

         About three quarters of the county drains towards the Hudson River.

    The Normanskill and the Snake Hill Formations are located along the Hudson

    River. These shale formations yield very little groundwater and are not

    commonly considered aquifers. The major streams are Normanskill, Vloman

    Kill, Coeymans Creek and Rannacrois Creek.

    Municipal Water Systems

         Albany County has fifteen water districts. Of these, six are supplied

    totally or partially by groundwater. Eleven Districts use surface water as

    a source. Three Districts purchase part or all of their water. The seven

    Districts located within the coastal plain area are shown on Table- 111-1 and

    are described below.

         1. City of Cohoes

             The City of Cohoes is technically upstream from the coastal zone

    area, but it does sell water to the Village of Green Island, which is in the

    coastal zone area. Water is taken from the Mohawk River through the power

    canal of the Niagara-Mohawk Power Corporation. The treatment facilities

    are adequate to meet the City's projected demands to 2020. However,

    changes in the pumping and transmission facilities are needed to meet

    projected future demands to 2020 for both the City and the Village.

                                        III-2

         2. Village of Green Island

            An infiltration gallery on Center Island in the Hudson River was

    the original source of water for the village. During the severely cold

    winter of 1962-63, the gallery yielded only 0.75 mgd, which was half of

    its rated capacity. In 1963, the village entered into a 40-year contract

    with the City of Cohoes to provide them with water through a 16-inch main.

    Both sources are currently being used. In CPWS-43, a recommendation to

    phase out the gallery was made. Alternatives for purchase of water from

    the City of Cohoes or the City of Watervliet as well as the interconnection

    of all three communities were considered viable.

         3. City of Watervliet

            In 1916, the City developed a public water supply on Norman's Kill

    approximately 13 miles west of the City in the Town of Guilderland known

    as Watervliet Reservoir. The reservoir has excess capacity to meet pro-

    jected needs to 2020. However, improvements in the transmission mains and

    an expansion of the water treatment plant will be rqquired. In addition to

    the interconnections with Cohoes and Green Island described above, expansion

    of the system for the Town of Guilderland was considered.

         4. Village of Menands

             In 1955 the village entered into a 40-year contract with the City

    of Troy for the purchase of a minimum of 1.5 mgd to a maximum of 4.5 mgd.

    Water is pumped under the Hudson River through a 20-inch main. No problems

    are expected to meet projected future needs to 2020.

         5. City of Albany

             The City in 1932 abandoned the Hudson River as a source of supply

    and constructed the Alcove and Basic Reservoirs en Hannacrois and Basic

    Creeks respectively.  The reservoirs are located approximately 13 to 15

    miles southwesterly from Albany. A decision by the former Water Resources

                                      iii-3

      Commission requires that the City must release water to supply the needs

    Wof the Village of Ravena located downstream from the Alcove Reservoir.

      The existing sources would be adequate to meet projected demands for the

      City, but cannot satisfy projected demands for Ravena too. The City will

      need to make alterations to its system by 2020 either to satisfy projected

      increases in demands for Ravena or to meet the City's peak demands with

      the treatment plant. CPWS-43 recommends a new-.source of supply from dither

      Catskill Creek about 7 miles south of the county line in the Town of Cairo,

      or Normans Kill below the Watervliet Reservoir.

           6. Town of Bethlehem

               Bethlehem Water District No. I supplies water to approximately 81

      percent of the population of the Town of Bethlehem. The present sources

      of supply are two dug wells, a reservoir on Vly Creek and a diversion dam

      on the West Fork of Onesquethaw Creek; all are located in the Town of New

      Scotland. In CFWS-43, the demands of the Town of New Scotland were com-

      bined with the Town of Bethlehem since no other sources were available within

      the Town. As a result, the system will not meet projected demands by 1988.

      The three alternative sources for a combined system are a diversion dam on

      Normans Kill, a reservoir on Vloman Kill or a reservoir on Onesquethaw Creek.

           7. Village of Ravena

               The village draws water from Hannacrois Creek at Deans Mills, in

      the Town of Coeymans, Greene County. Through a decision by the former Water

      Resources Commission, the City of Albany must release sufficient water from

      its Alcove-Basic Reservoir System to meet the villages demands.

                                            III-4

    Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems

         The reconnaissance study recorded fifteen major industrial water users

    for Albany County in 1965. Of these, fourteen were supplied partially water

    from public water supply systems. Five systems take water from the Hudson

    River through their own systems. The major industrial water users are listed

    in Table 111-2.

    Boundary Line Determination

         From a water supply standpoint, the location of a boundary line for

    coastal zone management appears unimportant. All municipalities obtain all

    or part of their water outside the zone. An educated guess concerning the

    self supplied industrial use would be that the water is used for cooling and

    water quality is not a major concern in their water use.

    Areas of Protection

         Groundwater use is miles away from the Hudson River and does not affect

    a coastal zone management plan. The type of industries presently using the

    Hudson River do not appear to require special protection for their intakes.

    Only the infiltration gallery on Center island for the Village of Green Island

    appears as a possibility. if this is phased out of use as recommended by the

    consultant, no protection would be required.

                                                         TABLE III-i
                                          Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                    Coastal Zone Area
                                                     Albany County

                              Existing Sources & Capacity
                                           System Capacity            Projected Demand (MGD)         Alternatives to Meet
          Water System       Sources             (MGD)              1970         1990       2020          Future Needs

          Cohoes (C)        Mohawk R.           15.0                 5.6         5.7         9.0      1. None w/o Green Island (V)
                                                                                                    2. Change mains

          Green Island (V)  Hudson R.             0.75               1.1          1.5        4.0      Purchase from Cohoes and/or
                             Cohoes (C)     (16" main)                                               Watervliet

          Watervliet (C)    Watervliet            9,4                3.9          4.6        5.0      None w/ main changes
    t'H                      Reservoir
    0I
          Menands (V)        Troy (C)        (20" main)              1.8          2.5        3.5      None

          Albany (C)        Alcove Res.         32.0                22.0        26.6        32.8      1. None with changes in
                             Basic Res.       (filter)                                                   plant and mains
                            Silver Cr. Res.                                                          2. Catskill Cr.
                                                                                                    3. Normans Kill

          Bethlehem (T)     Vly Cr. Res.         3.1                 1.4         2.6         7.5     1. Normans Kill
                              2 wells            0.4                                                 2. Vloman Kill
                                                                                                    3. Onesquethaw Creek

          Ravena (V)        Hannacrois           1.0                0.4          0.5         0.6     None w/ releases from
                            Cr. Res.           (filter)                                             Alcove-Basic Res.

                                                   TABLE III-2
                                        Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems
                                               Coastal Zone Area
                                                 Albany County

                            Existing Sources & Capacity
                                        System Capacity      Projected Demand (MGD)**         Alternative to Meet
    Water System           Sources         (MGD)*             1970      1990       2020            Future Needs

    Allegheny Ludlum       Hudson R.
    Steel Corp.            & Reservoir         4.30             6        9          15

    Ford Motor Corp.       Hudson R.           0.79             1        2           3

    John A. Manning        Hudson R.           7.15            9        15          24
    Paper Co.

    Atlantic Cement Co.   Hudson R.            1.20             2        3           4

    Niagara-Mohawk         Hudson R.         520.00          660      1100        1750
    Steam Gen. Plant

    ALBANY COUNTY                            533.44           679     1132        1794
       TOTAL*-

    *   1965 withdrawal
    ** County Total Estimated in TAMS Recon. Report Proportioned to Nearest MGD

                                 SA.RATOGA       COUNTY

                          COLONIE
                         N              ~~~~~LATHAM W.O    VILLAGE  OF
                                                     GREEN  iLN

                                 N                  ~~~~CITY   OF7:
                                 NVILLAGE OF   WTRLE  .
                                      COLONIE       WA

    'MONT                  *-MENAND
                                            MC NOMINVILLE
                                              "~~~~~~~~~~IC
         'GUILOERLANO WO.DWSTEE

    DERLAND                 RCHMONT W.O.

           -  ~~~~ ~    THREE  HILLS
         VILLAGEo~    * -,TERRACE W O.    1ABN
    ,/OOR SVILLE  I*

         SALEM                  BETHLEMEM W D ,. RNSSEAE

                   UNIONVILLE CUT
    EW SCOTLAND

        CLARKSVILLE                                                                        LEGEND

                                                                          m   LESS  THAN  I PERSON /ACRE
                         ausH                    I-U                                3.9 PERSONS",ACRE

            -                I    8~~~~~~~~ETHLEH-EM                       D       4-9.9 PERSONS /ACRE

                                         --                             Li      ~~~~~~~~~GREATER  THAN 10 PERSONS /ACRE

           COEYMANS                                                                     SCALE IN MILES
                                                                                 0   I   2    3   4

     LE   I(

                  I ~~~~~~~~~COEYMANS-

                   COEYMANS VLAEO
               IHOLLOW         VILG OF
                               RAVENA

                                                      CLUMBIA
                 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~COUT

                         0    w                                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Albany County (partial)

     VJE  ctmm ry                                                                         Water Supply System
                                                                                    CZM Water Supply Study

                                                                                        Figure III-i

                                                           TTT-8

    Rensselaer County

         Rensselaer County contains the eastern half of the Federal Dam, which

    is the upstream terminus of the tidal waters of the Hudson River. The

    economy of the western and central sections of the county is closely linked

    to the Capital District. About one-third of the labor force in that area

    is employed in Albany County. Employment elsewhere comes from firms engaged

    in manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade and service industries.

         The northern and eastern portions of the county lie within the Hoosic

    River watershed, which drains into the Hudson River upstream of Troy.

    The remainder of the county is drained in a westerly direction towards the

    Hudson River by the Poestenkill, Wynantskill, Moordenerkill, Kinderhook Creek

    and numerous smaller streams.

         No major aquifers lie within the area generally considered the coastal

    zone.  The geology adjacent to the Hudson River contains shale from the

    Normanskill shale and the Snake Hill Formation.

    Municipal Water Systems

         Rensselaer County is unique in that a large portion of the county is

    supplied from one source, Tomhannock Reservoir. Twenty water districts

    including the Village of Menands in Albany County takes water from sources

    in Rensselaer County. Twelve districts use groundwater entirely. One

    district uses both surface and groundwater. Schaghticoke Water District

    No. 2 purchases its water from the Village of Mechanicville in Albany

    County. The two water systems for the coastal zone area are listed in

    TabletII-3and described briefly below.

         City of Troy

         The Tomhannock Reservoir was built by the City of Troy, who sells water

    to most of the coastal zone area in Rensselaer County. Through six separate

                                       III-9

    contracts, the City sells water to water distrcits in the Towns of Brunswick,

    East Greenbush, North Greenbush, and Srhaghticoke  as well as the villages

    of Rensselaer and Menands (Albany County). In CPWS-76, new treatment and

    transmission facilities are recommended to meet projected demands for 2000.

    The safe yield of the reservoir was revalued after the mid 1960's drought

    from 45.8 MGD to 35.5 MGD. Projected demands for 2020 for the entire system

    are slightly more than the latter estimate. An alternative source of supply

    to the southern portion of the service area (around the village of Rensselaer)

    is a reservoir on Tsatsawassa Creek.

         Village of Castleton

         The Village of Castleton takes water from Vlockie Kill and sells a

    portion of it to the Maple Hill Park Public Water System. The safe yield

    of the source is about 0.5 MGD. CPWS-76 foresaw a possible water quality

    problem with the development of the watershed upstream from the diversion

    dam. With this development toward the east expansion was toward a aquifer

    near the middle of the county, which was recommended for development as a

    replacement.

    Self Supplied Industrial Water Systems

         TAMS Reconnaissance Study listed eleven major industrial water users

    within the county. Six industries purchase water from public water supply

    systems. Two of the five industries listed as self supplied take water

    from the Hudson River. CPWS-76 lists Winthrop Laboratories as having

    a self supplied system (not listed in TAMS). Table Ii-4 lists the self

    supplied industries.

    Boundary Line Determination

         From a water supply standpoint, the determination of the boundary

    line appeaz unimportant.  The high yielding aquifers are located miles

                                       III-10

    from the Hudson River. No municipal water supply systems take water from

    the Hudson River. Two or three industrial systems might be using the

    Hudson River.

    Areas of Protection

         There are no areas in apparent need of protection.s

                                      I0I-11

                                                      TABLE III-3

                                        Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                  Coastal Zone Area

                                                  Rensselaer County

                         Existing Sources & Capacity
                                       System Capacity              Projected Demand (MGD)           Alternatives to Meet
    Water System         Sources            MGD                 1970         1990          2020             Future Needs

    Troy (C)*            Tomhannock         35.5                23.5         29.5          37.2        Tsatsawassa Creek
                        Reservoir       (source)

    Castleton (V)**      Vlockie             0.5                 0.4          1.5           2.6        wells
                        Kill

    *   Sells water to water districts in seven communities

    ** Sells water to Maple Hill Park P.W.S.

                                                  TABLE 111-4
                                   Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems
                                            Coastal Zone Area
                                            Rensselaer County

                         Existing Sources & Capacity
                                     System Capacity          Projected Demand (MGD)**           Alternatives to Meet
    Water System         Sources         (MGD)*               1970         1990        2020           Future Needs

    General Aniline      Hudson R.        4.30                 5.6          11.0       30.7
    & Film Corp.

    Republic Steel       Hudson R.        5470                 7.4          14.6       40.7
    Corp.

    RENSSELAER COUNTY
       TOTAL**                            9.60                12.5          24.6       68.6

    Winthrop
    Laboratories

      1965 withdrawal
      County Total in TAMS Recon. Report Proportioned to Nearest 0.1 MGD
      Firm is shown on map, but was not listed in table (TAMS error?) proportioned by County total

                               WASHINGTON COUNTY

                          /                  i~~~L-              I
                                      V4LLEI
                                      FALLS ~'
                     Hemstreet
                     Park
                   I W. 1. No . 2~I~.
                                  *i4  SCHAGHTICOKE                               HOOSICK
                                              /                 V..            ~~~~~~~~FALLS

                                             Tomhannock
                             ::Xa~'O) e-".    Reservoir
                       II                                           I
          SARATOCA         Z                 ..                                                   LUk
          COUNTY
                   I             I~~ik   Iad
                           W.D  NO.               -             Babcock
                                                 S r          Lake
                                                      I                 .~~~~~~~~~~~~I
                                                I.                       S

      RIVER

      ALBANY                ? Brunswick -j
      COU.TY  / .                                               Forest   /        petersburg   N.Y. MAS
                           ~.D. g1. 1).,B  LakeI
                                  I  4. No.        -
                    I $.  1 ~   ~ ~ --                           I
             I                .                                  *
                           %I Im

                             1                                                         2
      '/O   2',N  RENSSELAER   ,            --
               1r- I
               ?                                              I~~~~~~~~
                      ~~--1   *                              1
          1F                ~~~~~~~~~~~I
             Hampton Manor                     Berlin
                                                               I.D. No.

                 East Greenbush                            I
              cffacer

                                -I
                  L~Englewood

         CCASTLFTCN
                  B Battisti      NASSAU

                                                 I
                  Van oesOn  II
                           /  Orchard park -

    1             Vsn Hoes~V n    -I  CChlL

                                                                      Rensselaer County
          L                                                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Water Supply System
                                                                    CZM Water Supply Study
                                                                        Figure I11-2

                                      111-14

        Greene County

    0        ~~Greene County is located along the westerly shore of the Hudson

        River immediately downstream (south) of Albany County. Employment in

        the county comes from manufacturing and activities associated with

        seasonal recreation in the summer. The major manufacturers are apparel

        as well as stone, clay and glass products.

             The western half of the county drains northwesterly through the

        Schoharie Creek watershed. The eastern half drains easterly towards the

        Hudson River-through the watersheds of Catskill Creek, Coxsackie Creek,

        Murderers Creek and other small tributaries. The Normanskill and Deepkill

        shales formation underlies the eastern boundary of the county in a belt

        from one to three miles thick.

        Municipal Water Supply Systems

             Of the eleven municipal water supply systems in the county, four are

        located in the coastal zone. Three of these use surface supplies from

        outside the coastal zone as a source. One system uses groundwater. The

        four systems are listed in TableflT5' and described below. CPWS-25

        analyzed seven alternative systems recommending the Hudson River as a

        source. Unlike other studies, only regionalized systems were considered.

             Village of Athens

             The village uses Hollister Lake as a source of supply. Since the

         lake is only 3.1 feet deep, water quality problems occur especially in

        the summer.  The estimated safe yield of the source is 0.35 MGD.   The

        transmission system from the lake to the village is inadequate.

                                            III-15

         Village of Catskill

        The village takes water from its reservoir on Potic Creek, which is

    capable of yielding 1.22 MGD. Although the reservoir site could hydro-

    logically yield more water, the reservoir cannot be enlarged economically.

    The treatment and transmission facilities need modifications.

         Hamlet of Cementon

        Technically, a public water supply system exists in the hamlet since

    a well from the cement plant supplies the plant,a school and a few houses.

         Village of Coxsackie

         The Village takes its. water from Murderers Kill. At the time of the

    study (1967), Medway Reservoir was being constructed as an expansion of

    the source. The estimated yield of the source is 1.22 MGD. Future

    plans for the village calls for the construction of Beaver Dam Lake in

    the adjoin watershed.

    Regionalized System (Alternative Sources)

         CPWS-25 studied the possibilities of intermunicipal systems only.

    The "Master Plan" proposed two general systems of which the valley

    system affects the coastal zone area. The seven alternative systems

    considered three intake sites along the Hudson River and four reservoir

    sites. The reservoir sites were (1) Catskill Creek near Oak Hill,

    (2) Catskill Creek near Woodstock, (3) Potic Creek near its confluence

    with Catskill Creek, and (4) Ten Mile Creek near its confluence with

    Catskill Creek. The recommended plan called for an intake on the

    Hudson River between Athens and Catskill.

                                        111-16

    Self Supplied Industrial Water Systems

         Except for the cement plant in Cementon, no self supplied water

    supply systems are known.

    Boundary Line Determination

         No major aquifers underlie the coastal zone area. Existing major

    water supplies transport water from outside the coastal zone. From a

    water supply viewpoint, boundary line is unimportant.

    Areas of Protection

         The cement plant at Cementon uses well water from a low yielding

    aquifer area. in addition, CPWS-25 recommends taking water from the

    Hudson River. 9 zone of protection around both areas might be needed.

                                        III-17

                                                          TABLE 111-5

                                            Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                      Coastal Zone Area

                                                       Greene County

                               Existing Sources & Capacity
                                             System Capacity         Projected Demand (MGD)        Alternatives to Meet
          Water System         Sources           (MGD)                  1967        2017                 Future Needs*

          Catskill (V)         Potic Creek          1.22                0.70        1.50            County agency w/

          Athens (V)           Hollister Lake       0.35                0.30        0.80            1. Hudson River & wells
                                                                                                  2. Catskill Creek
                                                                                                  3. Potic Creek
        Cementon (H)           Wells**                                                              4. Ten Mile Creek
    co
          Coxsackie (V)        Murderers Kill       1.01                0.40        0.75

          *    CPWS-25 considered regional agency only
          **   Cement plant plus a few homes on system

                                                                         ALBANY   COU.NTY.........  A,      ZiI

      --    *~~  I COUNTY 90UNOARY LINE        NF  YNEWV  BALTIMORE

                               7ELLS ~~~~~~.KPEENVILE. ~ ~     GAPEILL
                Y  I   -                   SA~~~~~~~~~~4FORD

                  * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~SURPRISE ' -
       ST DUI    GRE   NVILLE   CNE

                              -'   -       ~~~~PLACE                                           .

                 -~~~~~~~0 RE                                                    CLI

                               3 ~~~~~~~~    -  - - -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~COXSACY.IE
                                                      NJ(COXSACKIR

                                         4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '-

         CAIROPU

                                      Rc--jso        1.    THEoo,                                        ATHENS
                                                                                                        VILLAGE OF

                                   /  -   -                                                          0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TE

                                         CATSKILL

                                                                     caJTLRIL  4%-~RC      . CAIRO  HIAMLET
                        -A-4ES   FALLS                                              ~      ~~~~~~~~2. CATSKIL'L VILLAGE
                        ~~*-~~~-*-.~~~*    I  -.                             , ~~~~~~ *~~~  3. ATHEN S V ILLAG
                4;                                                                               4 CEl'ENTON  HAM11LET
                                    -/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O VIL .Eo                               CC)XS.CK E  ViLLAGE
                                                                                     EASIL   PR~ATT-SVILLE HAMLET
                                      PALEVALLE                                            T~~~~~~7  WINDHAM  HA M L ET
                                                                                            8.HENSOINVILLEP HAMLET
                                       _____                                              ~~~~~~~~~~~9. HUN7ER VILLAGE
                                                                                          IQ TANINERSVILLE  VILLAGE
                                                              A ~~~~                     II~~. GREENVILLE  HAMILET

                                                        CELLS                           Greene  County  (partial)
    /o-                                                                                   Water Supply System
                                                                                        CZM Water Supply study
                                                                                            Figure :1:1-3

                                                              III-19

    Columbia County

          Columbia County is located on the easterly bank of the Hudson River

     immediately downstream (south) from Rensselaer County. The dominant

     industries include dairy and fruit products, textiles, cement, paper and

     local service-oriented concerns.

          Almost all of the county including the area within the coastal zone

     drains westerly into the Hudson River. The major tributaries are Kinder-

     hook Creek, Roeloff Jansen Kill and Claverack Creek. The potential coastal

     zone area is underlain by bedrock from the Normanskill Shale and Nassau

     Formations, which are not generally considered as high yielding aquifers.

     Surfacial glacial deposits overlie the bedrock formations resulting in

     high yielding aquifers near the stream channels.

     Municipal Water Systems

          The county has twelve public water supply districts.  Four of these

     are located within the coastal zone area. The Village of Philmont (outside

     the coastal zone area) and the City of Hudson (within the coastal zone area)

     use surface water for their sources. The remaining water districts use

     groundwater. The water districts within the coastal zone are listed on

    Tabl/[& ,'--and described below.

     City of Hudson

          In 1904, the City abandoned the Hudson River as a source and developed

     an upland supply system. The present sources are diversion dams on Taghkdnic

     Creek and Churchtown Creek. The City also has a supplemental source, an

     abandoned limestone quarry, and two emergency sources, which are an infil-

     tration gallery on Mill Creek within the City limits and an intake on

     Claverack Creek. The system is inadequate to meet projected demands.

     CPWS-32 recommended two alternatives.  One alternative useA the Hudson

                                         IIT-20

    River as its source providing that the water quality was improved sufficiently

    to assure no recurrence of the epedemic conditions around 1900.  The other

    alternative expands the Churchtown Reservoir and rehabilitates a major

    transmission main and pump station as its first phase. A reservoir located

    at the headwaters of Churchtown Creek with pumping facilities from Taghkanic

    Creek is the second phase.

    Town of Greenport

         In 1925 the Town formed Water District No. 1 and purchased the water

    supply facilities of the Hudson Aqueduct Company including Fountain Head

    Spring. Since then the District has developed three wells. The total

    yield of the system is estimated as 1.5 MGD. The potential development

    of a community college near the District indicates that additional ground-

    water development may be needed.

    Town of Stockport

         The Town has two water districts. In 1953, Water District No. 1 was

    formed to purchase a small private water system, which had a well as its

    source of supply near Claverack Creek in the Hamlet of Scottville. During

    the drought of the mid 1960's many individual wells went dry resulting in

    the formulation of Water District No. 2 and the construction of a caisson-type

    well near Kinderhook Creek. CPWS-32 recommends that the two districts

    combine their facilities. Future expansion would use new wells alopg

    Claverack Creek and/or Kinderhook Creek irregardless of the combined water

    district proposal.

    Self Supplied Industrial Systems

         The TAMS Study listed ;seven major industrial self supplied industrial water users.

    Of these, two are located in the potential coastal zone area and are listed in

    Table: -I-7  The projected demands for the entire group was proportioned

    for each industry.

                                         iii-21

        Boundary Line Determination

    0        ~~Nearly all of the water supply sources are located more than a mile

        from the Hudson River. The groundwater aquifers servicing the coastal

        zone area are located from 2 to 5 miles from the Hudson River. The

        infiltration gallery for the City of Hudson is located less than 3000

        feet from the Hudson River. Since this is an emergency source which is

        recommended for abandonment, protection of this source is questionable.

        Areas of Protection

             Potential areas of protection are near the industrial intakes as

        well as the area surrounding the infiltration gallery for the City of

        Hudson. CPwS-32 identified a potential groundwater source adjacent to

        the Hudson River in the Town of Stuyvesant. Although there is no projected

        needs for this area, perhaps protection is needed.

                                         ITI-22

                                                   TABLE IE -6

                                    Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                               Coastal Zone Area

                                                Columbia County

                         Existing Sources & Capacity
                                        System Capacity              Projected Demand (mgd)         Alternatives to Meet
    Water System        Sources              (mgd)                1970         1990      2020           Future Needs

    Hudson (C)     Taghkanic Creek           1.67                 1.54        1.92       2.56       Hudson River (?)
                   Churchtown Creek                                                                 Churchtown Creek
                   Claverack Creek                                                                 Taghkanic Creek
                   Groundwater (2)

    Greenport'(T)  Spring wells              1.50                 0.41        0.73       1.29       Wells
    W. D. #1

    Stockport (T)
    W. D. #1       Well                      0.08                 0.05        0.07       0.10       Wells
    W. D. #2       Well                      0.588                 -          0.26       0.66

                                                   TABLE tII-7
                                   Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems
                                               Coastal Zone Area
                                                Columbia County

                            Existing Sources & Capacity
                                           System Capacity       Projected Demand (MGD)**      Alternatives to Meet
    Water System          Sources              (MGD)*             1970       1990     2020          Future Needs

    Lone Star Cement    Hudson R.                 0.28            0.4         0.7     1.7
                        Cleverack Cr.

    Universal Atlas      Hudson R.                0.45            0.6         1.1     2.7
    Cement

    COLUMBIA COUNTY
      TOTAL**                                     2.70            3.4         6.6    16.4

    *   1965 withdrawal
    ** County Total Estimated in TAMS Recon. Report Proportioned to Nearest 0.1 MGD

                                            L~~4   ~~~c        I    n~~EW LEBAIR N
          -~~~~~~~~~~-

                           IVALATIE C
         ~~P3~  j                                CHATXA N     �~\L

                STUYYESANT Ir   iC
                                                      !V1          ~~~CANAAN

                                GHENT             I             USTERLITZ
                                                  COIKE

                              AGH~~               IC
                               I I

                                {   ~~~~~~~~~Columbia County
    'J  .~~~~�   iilOSO~~~~~~c   b   P~~~~~ltWWaersuply ystm
    4/               1              PSflLHqGCr  )    HICLSOASlE
                                              I

                                          qF                       /

                               ~Qcvig                                        I

                     G.I.LLA11-25
            ~~c l~~~~al~~~~t~~~nr ~                               Wae   upySse

                                                   ~~ CZM Water Supply Sytudy
                                                                     Figure 111-4

                              111-25

    Ulster County

         The county is located on the westerly bank of the Hudson River about

    halfway between New York City and Albany. The major employers are manu-

    factures of electronic equipment, apparrel and textiles.

         The western portion of the county drains southwesterly into the Delaware

    River. The eastern portion drains easterly into the Hudson River via Esopus

    Creek, Rondout Creek and several minor tributaries. The bedrock beneath the

    coastal zone area consists of slate and metamorphic shale overlain with

    deposits of glaciated drift.

    Municipal Water Systems

         The county has 26 public water supply systems, nine of which provide

    water to the coastal zone. Two systems use the Hudson River. Ground water

    is used by 18 systems within the county or 4 systems within the coastal

    zone.  Surface water sources are used by 8 systems within the county or 3

    within the coastal zone. Within the countM 2 systems purchase water from

    other systems. Of these, only Glasco Water District is located within the

    coastal zone. The water systems within the potential coastal zone are

    listed in TableM;-Er and are described briefly below.

    Saugerties Water District

         The Village of Saugerties takes its water from Blue Mountain Reservoir

    on Prattekill Creek. The village in turn sells part of its water to the

    Glasco Water District. The estimated yield of the system is 1.8 MGD.

    CPWS-15 recommends that this system be combined into a larger system

    taking water from the Catskill Aqueduct near Stone Ridge. Alternative

    regional systems considered the Hudson River or the Prattekill Creek as

    a source.

                                      III-26

    Glasco Water District

        The District receives its water from the Saugerties water district,

    described above. Its estimated withdrawal capacity is 0.50 MGD. CPWS-15

    recommends that this system be part of the system using the Catskill

    Aqueduct. Alternative regional systems considered the Hudson River or

    Prattekill Creek as a source.

    Kingsvale Water Company

         This company isn't described in detail except that it uses well

    capable of producing an estimated 0.18 MGD, which appears adequate to meet

    projected needs.

    Town of Ulster Water District

         This District obtains its water from a well near Esopus Creek. The

    yield of the well is estimated at 0.43 MGD. CPWS-15 recommends that this

    District be part of the system using the Catskill Aqueduct.  Alternative

    regional system considered the Hudson River and Prattekill Creek as a

    source.

    City of Kingston

         The City diverts water from Mink Hollow Creek into the Cooper Lake

    storage area. The source has an estimated safe yield of 6.1 MGD. The

    projected demands for 2000 for the City are within the safe yield of the

    system. However, the projected demands for the smaller systems surrounding

    the city exceed the capacity of the combined systems even if they were

    interconnected. CPWS-15 recommends that the city join the dombined system

    using the Catskill Aqueduct. Alternative regional systems considered the

    Hudson River and Prattekill Creek as a source.

                                          III-27

       Port Ewen Water District

            The District diverts water from the Hudson River through a treatment

       plant having a capacity of 0.5 MGD. The system is supplemented by a well

       located near Plantasie Creek. The system is inadequate to meet projected

       demands. CPWS-15 recommends that this system be part of the system using

       the Catskill Aqueduct. Alternative regional systems considered the Hudson

       River and Prattekill Creek as a source.

       Highland Water District

            The District takes water from the Hudson River through a treatment

       plant with a capacity of 1.0 MGD. The system is inadequate to meet pro-

       jected demands for 2000. CPWS-15 recommends that the District expand its

       plant to meet projected demands. Other alternatives were to expand the

       plant to meet demands for two districts to the south or to join these

    *  districts in using the Delaware Aqueduct.

       Milton Water District

            The District is supplied by wells capable of yielding 0.15 MIGD. The

       system is inadequate to meet projected demands. CPWS-15 recommended that

       the District be part of a combined system using the Delaware Aqueduct.

       An alternative considered joining an enlarged system using the Hudson

       River at the Highland Plant.

       Marlboro Water District

            The District takes water from a reservoir west of the village and a

       well field along the Hudson 'River. The system is inadequate to meet pro-

       jected demands. CPWS-15 recommends that the District be part of system

       using the Delaware Aqueduct. An alternative considered joining an enlarged

       system using the Hudson River at the Highland Plant.

         Self Supplied Industrial Water Systems

              The TAMS study reported seven industrial water users. Three of these

         are self supplied by well, but do not appear to be within the coastal zone

         area.

          Boundary Line Determination

              No major aquifers are located near the coastal zone area. The Marlboro

         and Port Ewen Water Districts as well as the FkSgV49MJje Water Company take

         minor amounts of water from the ground. The exact location of these are

          not shown in 'CPWS-15, but they could be a determining factor.

         Areas of Protection

               In addition to the three areas above, two existing intakes could need

          protection. One of the alternative considerations to the recommended plan

          was a intake along the Hudson at a different location. Preservation of this

    *    ~area could be considered.

                                               1I1-29

                                                              TABLE III-8

                                                 Existing Public Water Supply Sytems
                                                          Coastal Zone Area

                                                             Ulster County

                                 Existing Sources & Capacity
                                                System Capacity              Projected Demand (MGD)            Alternatives To Meet
        Water System            Sources              (MGD)                1970          1985         2000          Future Needs

        Saugerties W.D.       Prattekill Cr.          1.80                0.50                                   1. Catskill Aqueduct
                                                                                      2.64        3.44        2. Hudson River
        Glasco Water Co.      Saugerties              0.50                0.30                                   3. Prattekill Creek

        Kingsvale Water Co.  Wells                    0.18                0.30                                  NONE
                                                                                      1.76        2.96
        Town of Ulster W.D.  Wells                    0.43                0.25                                   a

        Kingston (C)          Mink Hollow Cr.         6.10                4.00          4.80         4.88        a
    H
        Port Ewen W.D.        Hudson River            0.50                0.30          1.20         1.60       a
          LaO~~~ ~well
    0

        Highland W.D.         Hudson River            1.00                0.75          1.20         1.60        1. Hudson River
                                                                                                               2. Delaware Aqueduct

        Milton W.D.           Wells                   0.15                0.05                                   1. Delaware Aqueduct
                                                                                      0.77         1.00
        Marlboro W.D.         Reservoir               0.35                0.20                                   2. Hudson River
                              Wells

        a - Part of regionalized system with Saugerties

      '\~~~~~~~~~~~~k

                         32.2~~~~~~~-    .2 's

    Uj~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4                                                      0
                                  N~~~~~~~~~~ m

                                                    I

                               -'06~0

                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~No
                              - '~~~~~~~~~~~~~ltrCut
                               -J~~~~~~~Pbi atrSple
               -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~Z Wae Supl Stud
                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fgr III- -  '

       /~ ~ ~ ~~~~~Ti3

          Dutchess County

     S        ~~Dutchess County is located about halfway between Albany and New York City

          along the easterly bank of the Hudson River. Its primary economic activity is

          associated with the machinery industries as well as the printing and publishing

          industries.

               The eastern quarter of the county is drained by Tenmile River into Connecticut.

          The remainder drains into the Hudson River via Wappinger Creek, Fishkill Creek

          and several smaller tributaries.

               Most of the potential coastal zone area is underlain by the Hudson River

          Formation, which is not generally classified as an aquifer. There are two

          strips of Stockbridge Limestone south of Poughkeepsie, which have a higher yield.

          Surficial deposits along the stream valley beds could also be considered as

          aquifers.

    .    ~Municipal Water Systems

               In August 1962, the county adopted a master plan for the establishment of

          the Dutchess County Water District including communities within the potential

          coastal zone. At that time., 24 water districts and 16 privately owned systems

          were to be included in the District. The plan called for a phased interconnection

          of water systems, an expansion of the City of Poughkeepsie's treatment plant on

          the Hudson River and the development of an impounding reservoir on Little Wappinger

          Creek by about 1985.

               Subsequently, the City of Poughkeepsie, the villages of Fishkill and Rhinebeck

          as well as the town of Rhinebeck withdrew their support for the plan resulting in

          the 1965 version of the Master Plan, which changes some transmission lines and

          constructs a new treatment plant along the Hudson River.

               In addition,, other studies of the New York City water supply problem

    S ~recommend that New York City take water from Hyde Park and transport it via an

          aqueduct to Kensico Reservoir in Westchester County. If this occurs, Dutchess

                                            I1I-32

    County will probably tie into the New York City system.

        A brief description of the larger water systems in the potential coastal

    zone follows. Table III-9 lists all the water districts in the potential

    coastal zone.

         City of Poughkeepsie

         The City takes its water from the Hudson River. The treatment plant has

    a capacity of 12 mgd. At present-the City also serves 23 water districts

    within the town of Poughkeepsie.

         City of Beacon

         The City has three small reservoirs called Cavgill, Beacon, and Melzingah.

    In addition, a well is used as an emergency source. The entire system is

    capable of producing 23 mgd and supplies 3 water districts in the town of

    Fishkill.

         Wappinger Falls Village

         The village also provides water service to Swenson Estates Water District.

    The supply is obtained from three wells with an estimated capacity of 1.32 mgd.

    Hardness is a problem and a portion of the water (up to 0.36 mgd) is softened.

         Hyde Park (Unincoporated)

         The Hyde Park Fire and Water District obtains its water from Crum Elbow

    Creek. Two auxiliary wells have also been'developed. The estimated capacity

    of the system is 1.15 mgd. The service area includes three federal institutions

    plus two water districts.

         Rhinebeck Village

         The system serves the village and Rhinecliff Hamlet. The sources of supply

    are 4 wells which have an estimated capacity of 0.34 mgd. Landman Kill is used

    as an emergency source of water supply.

         Fishkill Village

         The village serves one other district and an unincorporated area outside

    the village. The main sources of supply are 4 wells which have an estimated

                                      III-33

       yield of 1.06 mgd. in addition, the village has a standby supply consisting of

    *  reservoirs on Hell Hollow Brook and Clove Brook, which have an estimated yield

       of 0.06 mgd.

            Red Hook Village

            The village sources of supply are 4 wells, which have an estimated yield

       of 0.125 mgd.

            Tivoli Village

            The village sources of supply are 4 wells, which have an estimated yield

       of 0.10 mgd.

       Self-Supplied Industrial Systems

            The TAMS study reported five industries that have their own systems.

       One of these uses the Hudson River as a source. Table 111-10 lists the

       industry with its projected demands.

       Boundary Line Determination

            From a water supply standpoint, the location of the coastal zone

       boundary line is not critical. if the recoummended plan comes true the

       western third of the county would be interconnected.

       Areas of Protection

            Areas of protection could be the existing and proposed water intakes

       and the aquifers. The existing intake for Poughkeepsie can be located, but it

       is uncertain which proposal will be used in the future. The alternatives

       are expansion of the Poughkeepsie intake, a new county intake location

       or the Hyde Park aqueduct for the City of New York.

                                         TII-34

                                                               TABLE III-9

                                                  Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                           Coastal Zone Area
                                                            Dutchess County

                             Existing Sources & Capacity
                                           System Capacity             Projected Demand (mgd)          Alternatives to Meet
         Water System         Sources            (mgd)              1980          1990      2020           Future Needs

         BEACON CITY        Reservoirs          2.30                2.24          2.86                         (a)
         Glens Park          & wells
         Beacon Hills W.D.
         Matteawan Hospital

         FISHKILL TOWN        wells             0.88                2.52          4.00                         (a)
         Brinkerholf Water Co.
         Fishkill Park Apt.
       Hudson View Water
           Works
    L Pleasant Manor
    Ln

         FISHKILL VILLAGE     wells             0.80                0.17          0.23                         (a)
         Glenham Water Dist.

         HYDE PARK          Crum Elbow          2.04                3.22          4.58                         (a)
         Dutchess Estates   Cr. & wells
         Harbourd Hills
           Water Co.
         Haviland Apts.
         Hyde Park Fire
           & Water Dist.
         KiFi Apts.
         South Cross Rd.
           Water Co.
         Staatsburg Water
           Co.

                                                          TABLE III-9

                                             Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                      Coastal Zone Area
                                                        Dutchess County

                          Existing Sources & Capacity
                                         System Capacity          Projected Demand (mgd)           Alternatives to Meet
       Water System        Sources             (mgd)             1980         1990      2020           Future Needs

    POUGHKEEPSIE CITY    Hudson River          12.00             5.60        7.15                           (a)
    Arlington
    Bradley village
    Carriage Hill
    Coral
    Crestwood Heights
    Crestwood Heights
      Ext. 1
    Crestwood Heights
      Ext. 2
    Croft Road
    Crown Heights
    Crown Heights Ext.
    Eastwood
    Hagan Farms
    Kingwood Park
    Pye Lane
    South Gates Estates
    South Park Estates
    South Park Estates
      Ext. 1
    South Park Estates
      Ext. 2
    Spackenkill Heights
    Spackenkill Heights Ext.
    Tower Development
    Walnut Hill
    Woodmere Park

                                                           TABLE III-9

                                                 Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                         Coastal Zone Area
                                                          Dutchess County

                          Existing Sources & Capacity
                                        System Capacity        Projected Demand (mgd)          Alternatives to Meet
    Water System           Sources            (mgd)            1980       1990      2020            Future Needs

    POUGHKEEPSIE TOWN        wells             0.72           8.40       11.15                          (a)
    Centerbury Gdn. Apts.
    Colburn Estates
    Country Club Estates
    Country Club Terrace
      Apts.
    Lincoln
    Merrywood
    Pine Acres
    Pleasant Ridge Estates
    Riverview village
    Sharon Heights
    Sharon Heights Ext.
    Sunny Slopes
    Swenson Estates
    valley Acres

    RED HOOK TOWN            wells             0.48           0.98         1.43                         (a)
    Annadale Water Works,
      Inc.
    Rokeby Gardens
    Windmere Highland
      Water Co.

    RED HOOK VILLAGE         wells             0.25            0.28        0.34                         (a)

                                                        TABLE III-9

                                              Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                       Coastal Zone Area
                                                        Dutchess County

                       Existing Sources & Capacity
                                     System Capacity         Projected Demand (mgd)             Alternatives to Meet
    Water System        Sources            (mgd)            1980       1990        2020               Future Needs

    RHINEBECK TOWN                           0              0.56       0.77                             (a)

    RHINEBECK VILLAGE  Hudson River        1.00             0.36       0.46                             (a)

    TIVOLI VILLAGE        wells            0.11             0.13       0.14                             (a)

    WAPPINGER TOWN        wells            2.68             3.92       5.51                             (a)
    Atlas Water Co.
    Chelsea Ridge Apts.
    Fleetwood Manor
    Gerion Apts.
    Hilltop Water Co.
    Mayim Water Co.
    Montclair Apts.
    Oakwood Knolls Water Dist.
    Orchard Homes
    Rockingham Farms
    Royal View Apts.
    Scenic Apts.
    Tall Trees
    Wappinger Park Homes

    WAPPINGER FALLS       wells            1.08             0.90       1.07                             (a)
      VILLAGE

    (a) Interconnection of all districts was recommended first followed by use of the Hudson River

                                                          TABLE xI-10
                                               Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems
                                                      Coastal Zone Area
                                                      Dutchess County

                                Existing Sources & Capacity
                                             System Capacity        Projected Demand (MGD)**         Alternatives to Meet
          Water System         Sources         (MGD)*               1970      1990       2020             Future Needs

           IBM - Poughkeepsie  Hudson R.           24.00            31.7       80.0       267.0

           DUTCHESS COUNTY
              TOTAL**                              25.71             34.0      85.7       286.0
    ,H

    00
    'I-

           *   1965 withdrawal
           ** County Total Estimated in TAMS Recon. Report Proportioned to Nearest 0.1 MGD

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                                                          Fiure11-

          C3W s3~ ~ ~~   1I04

     Orange County

           Orange County is located along the west bank of the Hudson River with

      its center about 50 miles from-New York City. Employment at present comes

      mainly from agricultural pursuits. However, projected future growth is

      expected from business activities associated with urbanization.

           The county drains into three major watersheds. The western portion drains

      into the Delaware River. The southern part drains into the Ramapo River, a

      Passaic River tributary. The remainder of the county drains into the Hudson

      River via the watersheds of Wallkill Creek, Moonda Creek or other minor

      tributaries.

           No major aquifers are located in the potential coastal zone area. The

      bedrock formation of carbonate rocks, shale and crystalline rocks produce low

      yielding wells. Only one higher yielding aquifer from the surfacial glaciated

      deposits occurs near Moodna Creek. The estimated yield is in excess of 1 MGD,

    *but the presence of manganese causes a water quality problem.

      Municipal Water Systems

           Six of the twenty-seven municipal water supply systems in Orange County

      are within the possible coastal zone area. Groundwater is used as a source

      for all or part of their supply for 15 municipal systems or two systems within

      the coastal zone. Surface sources provide part or all the water supply for

      17 systems of which five are within the'coastal zone. The Village of Cornwall

     . (within the coastal zone) also uses the Catskill Aqueduct for an emergency source

      of supply. Table]1r~fJ lists the municipal water supply systems within the potential

      coastal zone area which are described briefly below.

           Newburgh Consolidated Water District

           In 1966, the District was formed integrating numerous community and pri~vate

    *systems and developing Chadwick Lake as a source. The estimated safe yield of

                                             III-43

      the source is 4.9 MIGD. CPWS-4 considered three alternatives which included

      using the Delaware Aqueduct, raising the Chadwick Lake dam and using flood

      skimming techniques from neighboring Gidneytown Creek.

      City of Newburgh

           The City's sources of water supply are from the drainage basins of Patton

      Brook, Silver Creek and Washington Lake. in 1854, Lake Washington was developed

      as a water supply source after groundwater sources became inadequate. As demands

      increased, Lake Washington was raised; diversions were made into Lake Washington

      from Patton Brook and Silver Stream; and then Silver Stream Reservoir (Brown's

      Pond) was constructed upstream from the diversion. Lockwood Basin immediately

      downstream from Lake Washington catches the overflow from the Lake, and is

      used as an emergency source. in 1919 and in 1965, water was diverted from the

      Catskill Aqueduct into Silver Stream. The existing system has an estimated yield

      of 3.8 MGD. CPWS-4 recommends that a supplemental supply be obtained by making

      a diversion from Drury Lane Creek to Washington Lake and a permanent connection

      to the Catskill Aqueduct.

      Town-of New Windsor

           The Town's water supply is groundwater obtained from three well fields having

      a combined yield of 1.0 NGD. A caisson well located near Moodna Creek fluctuates

      with the tidal flows of the Hudson River, but tests show that the water quality

      is nearer to that of Moodna Creek. The Schoonmake well and the Little Falls

      Pond well field (5 wells) are drilled at different locations and are not subject to

      the tidal flows of the Hudson River. Part of the system is interconnected with the

      City of Newburgh. CPNS-4 considered either purchasing water from the City of

      Newburgh or becoming part of a larger system using the Catskill Aqueduct as a

      source.

    .Village of Cornwall

           CPWS-4 is dated in regards to this system. The village has three general

      sources, which are the Black Rock Forest System, the Mountainview Well-'System

                                            111-44

    and the Catskill Aqueduct Supply. The safe yield of the entire system is 3.0 MGD.

    The Black Rock Forest System consists of Aleck Meadow Reservoir, Authur Pond,

    Sphagnum Pond, Tamarack Pond, and Upper Reservoir. Consolidated Edison was

    to flood out the Upper Reservoir for their pumped storage hydroelectric project.

    The mountainville well system consists of two wells along Moodna Creek. The

    village is restricted to a maximum withdrawal of 1 MGD due to the use of the

    aquifer for irrigation by Glenoden Farms and Star Industries. The Catskill

    Aqueduct was a new connection in 1967. CFWS-4 considered various alternatives

    using the Catskill Aqueduct as a source for the village.

    Village of Highland Falls

         The village obtains its water from two reservoirs on Highland Falls Creek

    also known as Buttermilk Falls Brook. Water is released from the two reservoirs,

    Bog Meadow Pond and Jim's Pond, to an intake downstream. The yield of the system

    is estimated as 0.5 MGD.  CPWS-4 recommends purchase of water from the West Point

    System or the development of a reservoir on Glycerine Hollow Brook.

    West Point

         The United States Military Reservation at West Point takes water from the

    Popolopen Brook and Queensboro Brook Watersheds. The yield of the system is

    estimated as 4 MGD. Although there are several lakes within the watershed,

    only Stilwell Lake on Popolopen Brook is used as a source for the Academy.

    Some of the lakes on Queensboro Brook are used by the Palisades Interstate Park.

    The planned expansion of the Academy (1967) included additional treatment

    facilities using Stilwell Lake as its source.

                                            III-45

    Self Supplied Industrial Systems

        The TAMS study listed seven self supplied industrial water users.

    Of these only one appears to be located with the possible coastal zone

    and is summarized in Table -11-12.

    Boundary Line Determination

         Nearly all sources are located outside the potential coastal zone.

    The aquifer along Moodna Creek might be considered. The exact location

    or extent of the wells aren't known by the writer. Other than that the

    location of the boundary line doesn't appear important.

    Areas of Protection

         The recharge areas along Moodna Creek appear likely for protection.

    In addition, the area in the vicinity of the industrial water intake

    may require protection.  Tt-teaults. ai the field survey discussed in

    Section VI and the subsequent evaluation determined that existing laws

    provide sufficient protection for these areas.

                                         ITI-46

                                                              TABLE III-l11

                                                  Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                                           Coastal Zone Area

                                                              Orange County

                                  Existing Sources & Capacity
                                              System Capacity          Projected Demands (MGD)        Alternatives to Meet
         Water System            Sources            (MGD)             1965       1995       2029             Future Needs

         Newburgh Consolidated  Chadwick              4.9              0.4       6.4*       10.8*       Chadwick Lakes Expansion
         Water District          Lake                                                                   Catskill Aqueduct
                                                                                                      Gidneytown Creek

    H    Newburgh (C)            Patton Brook         3.8              3.6        4.9        6.1        Drury Lane Creek
    H
           H"~~~               ~Silver Stream                                                          Catskill Aqueduct
                                Washington
                                 Lake

         New Windsor             Wells                1.0              0.7       6.0*       10.1*       Newburgh (C) System
                                                                                                      Catskill Aqueduct

         Cornwall (V)            Black Rock
                                 Forest System        0.73             0.8       3.5         5.8        Catskill Aqueduct

                                 Wells                1.0

                                 Catskill
                                Aqqeduct             1.5

         Highland Falls (V)      Highland Falls
                                 Brook                0.5              0.4       0.9         1.4       West Paint System
                                                                                                      Glycerine Hollow Brook

         West Point              Queensboro Brook
                                 Popolopen Brook

         *Table in CPWS-4 appears to be in error for these figures

                                                        TABLE '111-12
                                             Self-Supplied Industrial Water Systems
                                                     Coastal Zone Areas
                                                        Orange County

                                 Existing Sources & Capacity
                                              System Capacity       Projected Demand (MGD)**        Alternative to Meet
          Water System         Sources           (MGD)*               1970     1990       2020           Future Needs

          Central Hudson Gas   Hudson R.          260.00              300       525       900
          & Electric Corp.

          ORANGE COUNTY
            TOTAL**                               263.90               309      531       907

    I-

          *   1965 Withdrawal
          ** County Total Estimated in TAMS Recon. Report Proportioned to Nearest MGD

                *%C,',., . f ~

                                                     -i

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          Putnam County

               Putnam County is located about 50 miles north of New York City along

          the easterly bank of the Hudson River. The major economic activity in the

          county is oriented towards servicing the resident population and vacation

          resorts. The county could be considered a bedroom community for New York

          City commuters.

               The eastern half of the county drains sourtherly via the Croton River

          Watershed. The western half drains into the Hudson River via Peekskill

          Hollow Creek, Canopus Creek, Clove Creek, Fishkill Creek and several smaller

          tributaries.

               The coastal zone area is underlain with crystaline rock which delivers

          groundwater through cracks and fissures that are difficult to locate.

          There is a fairly large surficial deposit of glaciated drift located just

          south of Cold Spring, which could be considered as an aquifer. However,

          very little subsurface information is available for that area.

          Municipal Water Systems

               The county has 78 municipal water supply systems. Of these 4 are

          within the potential coastal zone area. Groundwater is the source for 54

          of the systems within the county, but is not in use within the coastal

          zone. All 4 systems within the coastal zone totalling 21 through the

          county use surface water as a source. The 4 systems within the coastal

          zone are listed in Table fl43 and described briefly below.

          Cold Spring Water Department

               The Cold Spring Water Department supplies water to the villages of

          Cold Spring and Nelsonville from an intake on Foundry Brook. The overflow

          from two reservoirs upstream from the intake is sufficient to meet demands

    9     ~during most of the year.  Releases are made from the reservoirs in dry

          periods to meet the demands. The Department has tapped the Catskill Aqueduct

          on an emergency basis.

                                              iiI-50

         CPNS-16 recommended that groundwater be developed to meet future

    demands after considering a permanent tap to the Catskill Aqueduct and

    reservoirs on Foundry Brook and Clove Creek.

    Highland Public Society, Inc.

        The Highland Public Society, Inc. also known as the Garrison Water

    Supply provides water from a spring developed in 1906. The spring provides

    an average of 0.002 MGD to the unincorporated area called Garrison.

    CPWS-16 recommnded that this area join the Cold Spring Water Department

    in developing a source.

    St. Basil's Academy

         St. Basil's Academy is supplied with an average of 0.01 MGD from

    Indian Brook. The academy is near the Garrison area. Therefore, CPWS-16

    did not evaluate any new sources for this system.

    Monastery of Mary Immaculate

         The Monastery of Mary Immaculate is supplied with an average of 0.02

    MGD from Local Brook. The Monastery is located near the Garrison area.

    Therefore CFWS-16 did not evaluate any new sources for this sytem.

    Self Supplied Industrial Systems

         The TAMS Study listed only one self supplied industry, which does not

    appear to be within the coastal zone.

    Boundary Line Determination

         Inclusion of the potential aquifer just south of the Village of Cold

    Spring deserves consideration. Since very little is known about this area

    geologically due to lack of development, its exact value is unknown.

    Areas of Protection

         The aquifer mentioned above is the only potential area.

                                                   TABLE II-13

                                        Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                               Coastal Zone Area
                                                Putnam County

                          Existing Sources & Capacity
                                        System Capacity         Projected Demand (MGD)          Alternatives to Meet
    Water System          Sources            (MGD)            1970        1990        2020           Future Needs

    Cold Spring         Foundry Brook                                                            1. Catskill Aqueduct
    Water Dept.         Catskill                                                                 2. Groundwater
                        Aqueduct              0.16                                              3. Foundry Brook
                                                                                                4. Clove Creek

    Highland Public
    Society             Spring                                                                   1o Groundwater
                                                                                                2. Catskill Aqueduct

    St. Mary
    Immaculate          Local Brook

    St. Basil's
    Academy             Indian Brook

        _~I~~srpa~E-CP-  ----�--                                    -                           -w

                                             r-  /1~~~~~~Jrn

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                                /7�~~~~~~~~" -r                                            ?

                                        -                                      Putnam County,,  ~~

                                                          III ''            GZM Water Supply Stud
                                                                        ;'~~igr  ii:i

       Rockland County

            Rockland is the most southerly county along the west bank of the Hudson

       River in New York State. It has become urbanized due to its access to markets

       in northern New Jersey and New York City via the Thruway and the Tappan Zee

       Bridge.

            The county is drained by three watersheds, the Passaic River to the

       southwest,, the Hackensack River to the south and the Hudson River to the

       north and east. The major streams draining through the coastal zone area

       are Ninisceongo Creek and Sparkill Creek.

            The coastal zone area is underlain by four different types of rock

       formations of which only the Newark group could be considered an aquifer.

       In addition, there are surficial deposits of stratifted. drift which can

       produce high yielding wells.

    *  Municipal Water Systems

            The county has six municipal water supply systems of which two are

       within the potential coastal zone area. Five systems including both

       systems within the coastal zone use surface -water for part or all of their

       supply. Three systems including one within the coastal zone use groundwater

       for part or all of their supply. The systems within the coastal zone are

       listed in Table-LOI;W~and described briefly below.

       Spring Valley Water Company

            The Spring Valley Water Company is an investor owned subsidiary of the

       Hackensack Water Company of New Jersey. The utility's service area includes

       most of Rockland County. The company-has two surface sources, Lake DeForest

       on the Hackensack River and a reservoir on Cedar Pond Brook. in addition,

       the Company has 42 wells and springs. The estimated legal yield of the system

    O  is 24.65 MGD.  The yield of Lake DeForest reservoir is estimated to be over

       20 MGD, but court decisions restrict its allowable use to 9.25 MCD.

                                           III-54

        CPWS-67 recommended the construction of Ambrey Pond Reservoir on Cedar

    Pond Brook, then the development of more groundwater resources, and then the

    raising of the DeForest Reservoir.

    Nyack Water Company

        The Village of Nyack serves the Village and the surrounding towns from

    an 'Intake along the Hackensack River. The Village has the right to take up

    to 3 MGD from the River, CPWS-67 could not find an alternate source.

    Self Supplied Industrial Systems

         The TAMS study listed eight self supplied industrial systems none of which

    appear to be within the potential coastal zone area.

    Boundary Line Determination

         With the exception of two of the 42 wells owned by the Spring Valley

    Water Company, the coastal zone is supplied from outside sources. The

    line's location appears unimportant.

    Areas of Protection

         The recharge areas for the well system might be considered if they can

    be located.

                                       III-55

                                                   TABLE III-14

                                      Existing Public Water Supply Systems

                                             Coastal Zone Area

                                              Rockland County

                         Existing Sources & Capacity
                                        System Capacity         Projected Demand (mgd)            Alternatives To Meet
    Water System          Sources            (mgd)             1966        1985       2020             Future Needs

    Spring Valley        Lake DeForest        9.25                                                 Cedar Pond Br.
                                                                                                groundwater
                          Cedar Pond Br.      0.4              14.66      33.0        58.0        Lake DeForest Exp.
                                                                                                Ramapo River
                         42 wells &.springs 15.0

    Nyack Water           Hackensack                                                                Hackensack River
         Comp ~Hackensack River               3.0               1.34        2.6        3.3         Expansion
              Company River ~~~~3.0 1.34 2.6 3.3 Expansion

    0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                                                              ''I                  /~~~~~~~

                                                                         7t-

                                                     J            X

                                               "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..j
                                                             X4~~~~~

                                                      Spring Valley Water Company,  Inc. (north)
             ------ ,~',.'-.-

                                                             CZM Water Supply Study
                                                                  Figure III-12
                                            III -57

                                                                         'k~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                                    All----.-   -''-i
                                                                                                      AA~~~~~

    *    k~~~':  ~  L

                                                 *~~~ ~                        ~~~~~Fgr III-13:

            0~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C0
     31cM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S.

                         Municipal Surface Water Supplies~~~S
    N, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r RZ   aErS.pl   td
                                      Figure 111-14~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~K

                                                              T~~~~~~L ILL

                 I                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FIGUkE

                                                                   e-Z~~~~~~~~~~~* .***. .*.*

                                                    T 0N.YP 01 NT RVERS~~
                                                 ...............VE~R~W

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                                                              C LA   KS-      0     W N

                  El~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PAR   LAN  ORNG   ITOWN

       WATER COMPANIES

    SPRING VA     L     E SUFFERN

    POTHAT               NYACK            Rockland County
             WATER CO. WATER CO.Water Company Surface Area
              WATER  CO.  WATER CO.      CZM Water Supply Study
    LETCHWORTH        . HI LLBURN          Figure 111-15
    WATER  Co.          WATER  GO
                                                          0 3000  9000
                                           rT T T -

                                             THIELLS -6  HAVERSTR VII
                                               -  GARNiERVILLE -I

                                CATALUOUNT -2

       25.~~~~~~~~~~~N 2B

                                       NEW HFUPSTEAD-2

                        RAI.APO-2   0
    'Z~.                    $       VIOLA-I             NEW CITY -I
                                          SPRING  1       0
                  HiLLsjRn-t                  O G~l~i45CH~ER-IAL  GEYMONKDS - I
    /                         T~~~~~~~~~TLLMACN -I '
                  SUSLFFERN-2   0    t.,C*~ SE y- 2
                                         r    e        BARDONIA-I

                                                            *0~~P

                                                   NANUET -3

             O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~Rcl~   Count
                                                             TAPPAN -
                                                                         PIERUae
                                                                     SPIARKILL -3

                                           Rocklaild County
                                  Municipal Ground Water Supplies
                                        CZM Water Supply Study
                                           Figure III-16

                                        IIT-61

          Westchester County

               Westchester county is located immediately north of New York City, along

          the east bank of the Hudson River and along the northerly shore of Long Island

          Sound. The major economic activity comes from services and retail trades

          since many people commute to New York City.

               The northern and eastern portions of the County drain into the Hudson

          via the Croton River, Peekskill Hollow Brook and other smaller tributaries.

          The southwesterly portion of the county drains into Long Island Sound.

          Municipal Water Systems

               Westchester County has 44 water districts or companies. Of these 21

          use groundwater sources and 35 use surface sources for part or All of their

          supply. The water supply system within the potential coastal zone are listed

          in Table Mf-ibfor the Hudson River reach and in Table1IE&F for the Long island

    *     ~Sound reach.. Although detailed descriptions of all of the companies are not

          available at present, all but the Briarcliff Manor Village system are presently

          tapping either the Catskill Aqueduct or the Croton River system. It could

          easily be assumed that the water resources of Westchester County are nearly

          fully developed.

          Self Supplied Industrial Systems

               The TANS study listed only Columbia University out of seven self supplied

          industries as using the Hudson River as a source. Since no consumptive use

          was noted no future demand were estimated.

          Boundary Line Determination

               The county is highly urbanized and is starting to depend on water from

          the Catskill Aqueduct. The coastal zone area is adjacent to salt water

          sources, which are not high desirable for water supply purpose. Ground water

                                             III-62

    sources do not appear to be available in sufficient quantities. The

    boundary line is unimportant for water supply purpose.

    Areas of Protection

         Based on the above discussion, there are no areas for protection

    either

                                      iii-63

                                                        Table 111-15

                                         Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                    Coastal Zone Area
                                                    Westchester County
                                                     (Hudson River)

                                   Existing Sources & Capacity.
                                               System Capacity         Projected Demand (mgd)**         Alternatives to Meet**
    Water System                    Sources          (mgd)            1970         1990         2020           Future Needs

    Town of Cortlandt
      Cortlandt Water District #1  Catskill
                                   Aqueduct
      Croton-on-Hudson (village)      wells         3.22

      Montrose Consolidated Water  Catskill
      District                      Aqueduct

      Peekskill City                 brook
                                   Catskill
                                   Aqueduct

    Town of Ossining
      Briarcliff Manor (village)      well          3.5

      Ossining (village)              wells
                                     brook
                                   Croton
                                   System

      Ossining Water Districts

                                                       Table II-15 (Cont'd)

                              Existing Sources & Capabity *
                                             System Capacity         Projected Demand (mgd) **          Alternatives to Meet
    Water System              Sources               (mgd)          1970          1990          2020          Future Needs   **

    Town of Mount Pleasant
      Hawthorne Improvement   Catskill
      District                Aqueduct

      North Tarrytown         Croton
      (village)               System

      Old Farm Hill Water     New Castle
      District                Water Co.

      Pleasantville (village)   wells
                              Catskill
                              Aqueduct

      Thornwood Water Dis-      wells
      trict                   Catskill
                              Aqueduct

      Valhalla Water Dis-     Catskill
      trict                   Aqueduct

    Town of Greenburgh
      Elmsford (village)      Catskill
                              Aqueduct

      Greenburgh Consolidated Catskill
      Water District          Aqueduct

      Irvington (village)       lake
                              Croton
                              System

      Tarrytown (village)        lake
                              Croton
                              System

                                                       TablelZI-15 (Cont'd)

                      Existing Sources & Capacity *
                                        System Capacity           Projected Demand (mgd) **         Alternatives to Meet
    Water System       Sources                (mgd)          1970             1990          2020           Future Needs  **

    Yonkers City   river, reservoir
                   Catskill Aqueduct
                    Croton System

    � Information from TANS Reconnaissance Study - Complete information not available for individual sources in TAMS
        or CPWS studies

    �** Projected demands were made only for regionalized systems in CPWS-10 due to heavy reliance on the New York City
        system to meet increased future demands

                                                         Table 111-16

                                              Existing Public Water Supply Systems
                                                      Coastal Zone Area
                                                      Westchester County
                                                     Long Island Sound

                                 Existing Sources & Capacity*
                                               System Capacity          Projected Demand (mgd)**        Alternatives to Meet**
    Water System                 Sources              (mgd)            1970         1990          2020        Future Needs

    Town of Rye
      Port Chester Water Co.   Greenwich               7.25
                               Water Co.        (Legal Limit)

    Town of Mamoroneck
      Larchmong (village)         lake
                               Catskill
                               Aqueduct

    City of New Rochelle
      New Rochelle Water          lakes
      Company                   Catskill
                               Aqueduct
                               Croton
                               System

    Town of Pelham
      Pelham (village)         New Rochelle
                               Water Co.

    *   Information from TAMS Reconnaissance Study - Complete information not available for individual sources in TAMS
        or CPWS studies

    ** Projected demands were made only for regionalized systems in CPWS-10 due to heavy reliance on the New York City
        system to meet increased future demands

                                                                                                     SALIM_                      _    _      -              .
                                                    PUTNX-4   coal~~~~~~~~~~~~~4

                                                                     AN.VAK EiR0

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                                                   NANO~~~~~~~~~~~~R.                       OCK(WOOD LAKE                   NORWALK

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       9    ID

          ti R
              (D

                                   BIBLIOGRAPHY

    1. "Reconnaissance of Water Resources Potentials for Hudson, Mohawk and
        Long Island Areas Report," New York State Water Resources Commission,
        Conservation Department, Division of Water Resources; Prepared by
        Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton, New York; Camp, Dresser and McKee,
        Boston; Leggette, Brashears and Graham, New York, August 1966

    2. "Albany County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, CPWS-43,"
        Prepared by Malcolm Pirnie Engineers, White Plains, New York, May 1968.

    3. "The Ground-Water Resources of Albany County, New York," by Theodore
        Arnow, U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin GW-20, Albany, N.Y. 1949

    4. "Report on Rensselaer County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study,
        CPWS-76," by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plain, Albany, N.Y. August
        1972.

    5.  "The Ground-Water Resources of Rensselaer County, New York," by R. V.
        Cushman, U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin GW-21, Albany, N.Y. 1950

    6.  "Green County Comprehensive Intermunicipal Water Supply Study, CPWS-25,"
        by Alex N. Diachishin and Associates, Ellenville, N.Y. June 1967.

    7. "The Ground-Water Resources of Greene County, New York," by Jean M.
         Berdan, U.S.G.S. Bulletin GW-34, Albany, N.Y. 1954.

    8. "Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, Columbia County, New York,
        CPWS-32," by Malcolm Pirnie Engineers, White Plains, N.Y. April 1969.

    9. "The Ground-Water Resources of Columbia County, New York," by Theodore
        Arnow, U.S.G.S. Bulletin GW-25, Albany, N.Y. 1951

    10.  "Comprehensive Water Supply Study for County of Ulster,  CPWS-15,"by
        Brinnier and Larios, Kingston, N.Y. Revised March 1970.

    11. "Groundwater Resources of Orange and Ulster Counties, New York," by
        Michael H. Frimpter, U.S.G.S., Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper
         1985.

    12.  "Scope of Public Water Supply Needs,'  by Temporary State Commission on
        the Water Supply Needs of Southeastern New York, Albany, N.Y. November
         1972.

    13.  "Sources of Ground-Water in Southeastern New York," Geological Survey
        Circular 417.

    14. "Report on Water Resources and Development, Orange County, New York,"
        Hazen and Sawyer, New York, October 1959.

    15.  "Comprehensive Water Supply Study for Orange County, New York,  CPWS-4,"
        by Metcalf and Eddy, New York, April 1967.

    16.  "Report on Water Resources and Development, Orange County, New York,"
        Hazen and Sawyer October 1959.

                                        III-69

    17. "Comprehensive Water Supply Study of Rockland County, CPWS-67,"by Quirk,
         Lawler and Matusky Engineers, December 1970.

    18.  "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Rockland County, New York" by
         Nathaniel M. Perlmutter, U.S.G.S., GW-42

    19. "Ground-Water Resources of Dutchess County, New York" by E. T. Simmons,
         I.G. Grossman and R. C. Heath, U.S.G.S. GW-43, 1961

    20.  "Streams in Dutchess County, N.Y." by G. R. Ayer and F. H. Pauszek,
         U.S.G.S. Bulletin 63, 1968

    21. "Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, Putnam County, New York,
         CPWS-16-,"Goodkind and O'Dea.

    22.  "Report on the Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study for Northern
         Westchester County, ACPWS-lO"Volume II by J. Wilbur Irish, Consulting
         Engineers, September 1968.

    23. "Report on Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study for the Village of
         Port Chester, City of Rye and Town of Rye, Westchester County, New York,"
         by Hazen and Sawyer, CPWS-11, December 1967.

    24. '"The Ground-Water Resources of Westchester County, New York," by E. S.
         Asselstine and I. G. Grossman, U.S.G.S. Bulletin GW-35, 19550

                                          III-70

                                           SECTION IV

                                       NEW YORK CITY SUBAREA

    (is

                                        GENERAL

                 The New York City Sub-Area consists of five boroughs; Bronx, Brooklyn,

           Manhattan, Queens and Richmond. It includes a small piece of land along

           the lower Hudson River, portions of the Bronx River Watershed, and the

           Manhattan and Staten Islands. Present population of the City is estimated

           at 8,000,000.

                  Population densities in the four major City boroughs range from 18,000

           persons per square mile in Queens to 68,000 persons per square mile in

           Manhattan. The least developed borough in the City, Richmond also has an

           average density of 4,500 persons per square mile. The study area is thus

           one of the most densely populated regions of the Nation. Furthermore, the

           study area contains the Nation's largest concentration of financial, trade,

           professional, business and communications services. Therefore, the water

    (0     ~supply requirement is by far the most important water problem.

                  Shoreline extends for more than 100 miles in the sub-area. It includes

           the coastline along the Atlantic ocean, Long Island Sound as well as the

           lower reach of the Hudson River. Most of the shoreline has been developed

            (Figure IV-1).

                  Existing Public Water Systems

                  New York City Department of Water Resources serves more than 90 percent

           of the City's population. It obtains most of its water supply from three

           upland sources. In addition, the Jamaica Water C ompany (a private water company)

           uses groundwater to supply water to the City.

                                            IV- 1

      E W~

          ISLA~~
                                  Figure~~ IV-1
                       Iv-2

          NEW           B~~RONX  /i
                      / :     ~~I

    JERSE
                       p~~~ NFASSAUI

                  r~~~~~Z Wate Supy td
                    GROOKLYNigre v-

          STATEN~IV 2

                  New York City Department of Water Resources

        Three upland surface supplies provide the backbone of the system

    (Figure IV-2).

         1. Croton River System

            The Croton River System is furnished with the runoff from 375 square

    miles watershed. The system consists of twelve reservoirs with a total storage

    capacity of about 95 billion gallons. The new Croton aqueduct can yield approx-

    imately 275 mgd of water. The safe yield of the system, computed on the basis

    of 1960's drought is 240 mgd.

         2. Catskill System

             The Catskill System gets the runoff from 571 square miles watershed.

    The total storage of the system in Schoharie and Ashokan reservoirs amounts to

    150 billion gallons. The Catskill Aqueduct has a capacity of 600 mgd above

    Kensico Reservoir, and 800 mgd between Kensico and Hillview. The safe yield,

    on the basis of 1960's drought flow condition, was estimated as 470 mgd.

         3. Delaware System

             The Delaware system includes 1,010 square miles of watershed and

    four reservoirs; Neversink, Pepacton, Cannonsville and Rondout. The total

    storage of the system amounts to 326 billion gallons. The Delaware Aqueduct

    is a deep rock tunnel throughout, with a capacity of 890 mgd above West

    Branch, 1,000 mgd from West Branch to Kensico, and 1,800 mgd from Kensico

    to Hillview. The safe yield of the system was computed as 580 mgd.

         Several local supplies of the City system have         limited capacities

    and have been used only during water shortages such as the 1960's drought.

    The local supplies include Ridgewood system which withdraw         groundwater

    in Queens and Brooklyn and the Chelsea pumping station which pumps water from the

    Hudson River.

                                        IV-3

         IDOGE -TERS-'4
         1010 SQUAPE UILES

                                                                         -.5-cs~-S RIVER

                                      --~/:  #,~~~E    -4 K-.

                                    L~~

                                                .5  ---,~~~~-  ,  ~ ~ ~   f/(   .~~~-   I  _________  MLE
    :~~~~R.EC   ""r ..             -  '.   *                                    ~AS'4L   T

                                       /~~~~~~~~~5                   ,, (,

                                                              I-F~~,oP  '7.*~/:R           FAILS

                   i~~~~~~~~n ~        ~    ~ ~       ~~.' C54C'�~nS ~'I�  Nik I7 SUF.- I�ES
                                                                                   lei

                                                              OCION   f/   '
                                                           L *          -5--   'r~ T~ tI'R\   E'

          1.~~                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~ -.    c- /

                .5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---- --

                                                                        Existing Surface Water Supplies

                                                                                  New York City
                                                                            CZm Water Supply Study

                                                                                  Figure IV-2

                                                       IV-4

                               Investor Owned Water Companies

           The Jamaica Water Supply Company furnishes groundwater to about

    650,000 persons in Queens. The present output of the company is approximately

    60 mgd. The system includes wells, water treatment facilities, pumping

    stations, storage reservoirs and distribution mains. The well water

    supplied by the J~amaica Water Supply Company, while less satisfactory

    than upland sources is of tolerable quality. As the supply of this

    system is very limited and its quality poor, it is not included

    with the safe yield of the City water system.

           Estimations of Future Water Demands and Potential Water Supply Sources

           Future water uses are based upon projections of future population

    density, prospective industrial development, growth in per capita water

    usage and other usages.

           The present and future per capita water use may be divided into the

    industrial use and non-industrial use. The latter includes all domestic,

    commercial, institutional, and public use plus unaccounted for water in

    the form of leakage and under-registration of meters.

           Some industries in the Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens have their

    self-supplied water systems. Groundwater is the sole source of these

    systems. Currently, there are 30 industrial users with their own water

    supply. Total extraction of groundwater by them amounts to about 28 mgd.

    Of this, 10 mgd or 36 percent is recharged back to groundwater aquifer.

    The present consumptive use is therefore 18 mgd. This amount is expected

    to increase, but it is assumed that all additional industrial water

    requirements in the future will be met by public supplies.

                                      IV- 5

          Total safe yield from New York City public water system estimated on

    the basis of the recent drought is approximately 1,300 nigd. When compared

    to the projected water demands, the City water supply is expected to become

    inadequate by 2000. It should also be noted that the City Water System

    has to provide water to Westchester and other counties where the City has

    developed water sources. Table IV-l gives the latest information on potential

    water deficits for the NYMA which could be supplied by a regional project.

    The water deficits are based on information from the Northeastern United

    States Water Supply Study (NEWS), Corps of Engineers, with certain adjustments

    made by the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). The DEC

    adjustments were made to take into account latest population projection (1976)

    by the NYS Economic Development Board (EDB) and also to account for the

    latest EDB changes in household size.

           Many studies including the NEWS study have identified and analyzed new water

    sources for New York City and surrounding areas. The Hudson River has

    generally been identified as the best source for a new regional water supply

    for the NYMA. Detailed studies are in progress under the NEWS study considering

    a potential high flaw skimming project in the vicinity of the Rhinebeck

    area. A large water intake, treatment plant, tunnels and the NYC third

    City tunnel are features of a potential project.

           Water conservation measures have also been considered in the NEWS

    study with cooperation from the State and the City. Demand reductions due to

    metering and leakage control and water conservation devices have been taken into

    account in the NEWS study.

           Boundary Line Determination

           Substantially all of the people in New York City depend upon the public

    water systems for water supply. Major supply sources are located well beyond

                                   IV-6

                 (j~~~~~~~~ ~TABLE

                                           Water Deficits for Year 2000
                                                   NYS/NYMA

                           EDP Pop.    Industrial    Non-Industrial         Net Per      Net Water
                   EDB.    Served       Per Capita       Per Capita         Capita         Demand       Local      Water
    County         Pop.    by P.W.S.       Demand          Demand           Demand          MGD         Supply      Deficit

    Dutchess       328       276             40             167               207           57           35          22

    Nassau        1350      1350             31             130               161          217          151          66

    Orange         463       412             33             139               172           71           69           2

    Putnam         130       112             26             110               136           15            1          14

    Rockland       380       369             48             201               249           92           60          32

    Suffolk       1866     1754              39             163               202          354          466          -
                          I-I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Ulster         223       172             23              97               120           21           15           6

    Westchester   873        847             31             129               160          136           28         108

    NYC           6876     6876              38             157               195         1341         1290          51

    NYS/NYMA    12489    12168               37             151               188         2304           -          301

           the City limits. Therefore, no particular consideration is needed in the City

    0      ~from the water supply standpoint in establishing the coastal zone boundary.

           It is noted that groundwater is used to a limited degree in Queens and the

           coastal zone boundary lines should be determined in the same manner as for the

           rest of Long Island.

                  Areas for Protection

                  In New York City, practically all the water supplied is from

           upland reservoirs. Therefore, the areas inside the coastal zone do not

           need land use control or other measures to protect water supplies.

                  Parts of the Queens and Brooklyn boroughs use groundwater as their

           sources. So far, the Jamaica Water Supply Company's wells have suffered

           little from salt water intrusion. In order to keep the water quality

           acceptable, any incraaseduse of groundwater should be carefully examined.

            0                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~IV- 8

                                          SECTION V
                                     LONG ISLAND SUBAREA

    <O

                                          GENERAL

            The North and South shores of Long Island contrast sharply in physical features.

       The North shore tends to be rapid high rise, cliff-like shore lines while the

       South shore is a glacial outwash plain which includes off shore barrier beaches.

       The narrow North and South "forks" on the easterly end of Suffolk County main-

       tain these respective characteristics as they taper to land points in the At-

       lantic Ocean. Due to these geographical features the Long Island subarea is

       broken down into separate north and south shore zones. Both forks due to their

       narrowness and by being virtually surrounded by salt water ate treated as complete

       coastal units. The potential coastal zone areas are shown on Figure V-l.

            All of the water supply systems on Long island use groundwater as their

       source of supply. In affect, the island is a big bubble of fresh water

       surrounded by salt water. Excessive pumping will reduce the size of the bubble

    .  which will cause salt water intrusion into some wells.  Maintenance of the

       fresh water bubble has been undertaken by the Department of Environmental

       Conservation.

            The Long island coastal zone area does not appear to be in a precarious

       state at the present time due to current water supply practices. The New York

       State Department of Environmental Conservation's responsibilities regarding

       decisions on water supply applications for expansion, increased pumpages, new

       locations etc., have aided greatly in protecting the underground reservoir.

       Restrictions on pumping in shore areas and requiring new wells to be located

       inland are perhaps the most important actions that have kept the Long Island

       shore area secure from salt water intrusion.

            While the study area does not have any major conflict with coastal zone

    *  resources and present water supply needs, significant population increases

                                            V-1

          especially in the eastern forks of Suffolk County can jeopardize the fresh

       0  water-salt water and ecological balances.  Water quality deterioration of

           the underground reservoir must, also, be considered with population expansion.

                The predictibility of changes in the coastal zone area under various

           proposed water management alternatives should be greatly enhanced under the

           ongoing PL 92-500 Section 208 waste water management study. The 208 study

           being conducted under the Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board includes a

           computerized model study for the Long Island ground water system. Any water

           management determinations should await the 208 study results.

                From a water supply point of view, the concept of managing a strip of

           land along the coastline does not appear practical. The entire island is

           interrelated hydrologically. What happens in the middle of the island can

           affect the water supplies along the coastline. Since the Department of

       *  Environmental Conservation is virtually managing the groundwater of Long

           Island through its permit program, coastal zone management for water supply

           purposes for Long Island is not needed.

                                                  v-2

    is

                   N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4N1

           -             N~~~~N(S AU S

    N~~~~~~~I E2                               UFF0                        Lon   sadSuae
     J~~~~~~~~iERSGZWaer SOUTHl  SHORE
                                              SU~~~~~~~~~FFOLure GEVOI

    Nassau County

         Nassau County, an area of about 300 square miles located on Long Island,

    is bordered on the west by Queens County (N.Y.C.) and on the east by the Suffolk

    County boundary. The north and south boundaries are Long Island Sound and the

    Atlantic Ocean respectively. The barrier beach area on the Atlantic is separated

    from the mainland by a bay area which contains dozens of marsh and wetland

    islands which are an important part of the local ecology.

         The North Shore coastal area is broken into five distinct bays and harbors.

    (Little Neck Bay, Manhasset Bay, Hempstead Harbor, Oyster Bay and Cold Spring

    Harbor) between the New York City and Suffolk boundaries. The shoreline is

    characterized by steep slopes or bluffs, many of them wooded, with narrow sandy

    or rocky beaches. In some instances the land elevation is over 100 feet above

    sea level less than 1,000 feet from the shoreline. Such features have limited

    access and shoreline development, but there are lowlands and previously filled

    wetlands particularly at the heads of harbors which have major residential and

    commercial development.

         Nassau County has rapidly transformed from a semi-rural suburb of New York

    City with a population of 400,000 in 1940 to a present dynamic urban center of

    approximately 1.5 million residents, with the largest concentrations in the South

    Shore area. Present (1975) LILCO population estimates indicate 204,000 people

    now located in the mainland study area and 47,000 within the Long Beach, Island

    Park areas; averaging over 12 persons per acre. With less than 57. vacant land

    remaining in the South Shore study area, and with the Nassau-Suffolk comprehensive

    Development Plan indicating the subject area may expand to complete medium to

    high population densities, apartment and high-rise type dwellings will be part

    of future development.

         *                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~V-4

            All water supply is from groundwater sources and all groundwater

    *  orginates from precipitation that falls on the county.  Half of the average

       precipitation of 45 inches infiltrates into the groundwater reservoir and

       the remainder is lost by evapotranspiration and direct runoff into tidal water.

            Sandy unconsolidated deposits which underlie the county make up the three

       major aquifers used for water supply. The Glacial aquifer is the uppermost and

       is readily accessible for water supply. The Magothy aquifer is directly below

       and is the largest, accounting for 807. of the public pumpage. The Lloyd for-

       mation is the deepest aquifer and lies above bedrock and under a Raritan clay

       layer.

            The groundwater flows away from the groundwater divide near the central

       portion of the county towards Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean at about

       I foot per day. Near the groundwater divide, a downward component of flow serves

       to recharge the deeper formations. As the groundwater moves toward the shoreline

       an upward flow component exists. Thus, recharge water in the inner portion of

       the county eventually will be a part of and interact with the shallow coastline

       subsurface flows into Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean. Figure V-2

       illustrates the groundwater movement across the island.

       Public Water Supply Systems

            Nassau County has 18 municipal and 6 privately owned public water

       supply systems within the potential coastal zone area, as shown in Figure V-1.

       The northern and southern zones are described briefly below.

                                           v-5

                    LJ

                    z

                    0

    LONG ISLANO                                          ATLANTIC
     SOU ND                    <                           f OCEAN

     GLACIAL
     M AGOTHY   ( ~
     RARITAN CLAY           (        BEDROCK
     LLOYD  SANDS

       -?'  SSALT WATER

               CROSS SECTION NASSAU COUNTY-GROUND WATER FLOW

                                            Ground Water Flow
                                           CZM Water Supply Study
                                              Figure V-2

                             V-6

                            South Shore Water Supply Area

        The study area's public water supply needs are served by five municipal

    and two private suppliers. All water is obtained from wells. All of the

    suppliers franchised areas, with the exception of the City of Long Beach and

    Lido-Point Lookout, extend beyond the study area boundaries. The total pumpage

    for public water supply wells within the study area, however, averaged 12 mgd

    (1974).

        The greatest withdrawals within the study area were from the Lloyds aquifer

    (6.3 mgd) followed by the Jameco (4.0 mgd), Magothy (1.6 mgd), and Glacial aquifers

    (0.2 mgd). The study area encompasses an area outside the hydrologically-defined

    water budget area of Nassau County (Greeley-Hansen Study-1971) and thus all pumpages

    for the study area exceed the permissive sustained yield allowances as defined by

    the Greeley and Hansen Study. The county total permissive sustained yield for an

    average year is 151 mgd, which is projected to be exceeded by 1985.

         Since 1954, glacial pumpage has dropped in Nassau County from 15% of the total

    pumpage to less than 5% while the Magothy pumpages increased from 72 to 85% of the

    total pumpage. This is a result of shutdowns and reduced glacial pumpage due to

    wells having high nitrates, iron, detergent or ammonia concentrations.

         Saltwater encroachment is another serious concern in the study area aquifer.

    The U.S.G.S. has confirmed bodies of salty groundwater or wedges under southwestern

    Nassau County in each of the four aquifers. The appropriate landward limit of the

    four wedges has been delineated by Lusczynski and Swarzenski, 1966(See Figure V-3).

         Recognizing the sensitivity of the area to increased chlorides with increased

    groundwater withdrawals, the former New York State Water Resources Commission and

                                         V-7

        *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

              I I             M~~~~ANHASSET
               if                  ~~~~~~~N ECK

                               NECK          .Q~-e~OUNO   ~    OY

                                            NASSAU CO.

    O            5                 /0~~

              APPROXIMATE LANDWARD EXTENT  OF
              INTERMEDIATE WEDGE OF SALTY GROUND WATER

              APPROXIMATE LANDWARD EXTENT OF
              DEEP WEDGE  OF SALTY GROUND. WATER
      *REF.  POSITIONS OF SALTY WEDGES AFTER
              LUSCZYNSKI  8 SWARZENSKI (1966)

      *                                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Saline Water in Nassau County
                                                                CZI4 Water Supply Study
                                                                      Figure V-3

       the Department of Environmental Conservation have prohibited new well construction

    *  south of the Sunrise Highway.  Existing mainland wells, which are now south of Sun-

       rise Highway, are usually within a few hundred feet of the highway boundary. The

       barrier beach section, which includes Atlantic Beach and City of Long Beach, lacks

       any tie-in to mainland water sup-ply sources and has historically had quality pro-

       blems with chlorides in the shallow aquifers. As a result, all barrier beach public

       suppliers now have wells exclusively in the lower Lloyd formation.

            The Lloyd formation rests above the bedrock formation and is considered the last

       resort for water supply in the Long Island aquifer system. The Department of Environ-

       mental Conservation practice is to protect the Lloyds whenever alternative sources

       are available. This is in part due to the experience with the Brooklyn area, where

       high population and geographic and hydraulic conditions similar in most respects to

       southern Nassau suffered drastic water-level reductions and severe salt water intrusion

       due to overpumping in the 1930's. This resulted in abandonment of all Brooklyn ground-

    *  water wells as a source of public water supply to the problem areas.

            The quality of Nassau groundwater has undergone deterioration with nitrates and

       detergent problems which have been documented by several reports. Some local

       situations involving thermal and industrial waste contamination are potential threats

       to groundwater quality, but widespread abuses, if existing, have not been highlighted.

       Recharge of treated STP effluents in the shore areas has at various times been

       proposed to protect the iUnderground freshwater from salt water intrusion. However,

       distances to the water table are shallow throughout this shore area. Prospects

       for recharge are poor as little soil medium would be available for filtration and

       any high-quantity recharge would ultimately affect the bay water salt concentration

       and existing estuary limits from a dilution standpoint. The quality and nature of

       the recharge, of course, would demand further consideration of the local ecology.

       While recharge is technically feasible, detailed ecological studies from the

       effects of recharge have not been conducted to date.

                                              V-9

                               North Shore Water Supply Area

         Public water supply needs within the defined coastal zone are furnished by

    13 municipal and 4 privately owned suppliers. In 1974 these suppliers pumped an

    average of 38 million gallons per day from 105 wells within the greatest pumpage

    from the M4agothy aquifer.

         Public water supply pumpage in the Great Neck and Manhasset area has induced

    changes in the natural freshwater saltwater interface and at times drastically

    lowered the groundwater table. The Glacial aquifer is limited for pumping water

    as it is believed to exist only as valley fill of the Magothy aquifer. The Magothy

    structure tends to be quite clayed in these areas and some wells intended for public

    water supply were abandoned due to poor yields. Saltwater intrusion occurred in

    Lloyd wells due to overpumping in the 1950's when chloride content jumped from a

    range of 5 to 15 parts per million to 65 parts per million. Wells in all aquifers

    in the Port Washington Water District are affected by increased chloride levels

    during increased summer pumpage.

         In several cases among the various water suppliers located near the shoreline,'

    groundwater levels dropped below sea level during periods of peak Oumpage. For

    example, the Citizens Water Supply Company has had pumping levels as low as 68

    feet below sea level on peak days.

         The former New York State Water Resources Commission recognizing the consequences

    of overpumping in the peninsula areas imposed conditions and restrictions on existing

    wells and regulated capacities on wells constructed during recent expansion. As a

    result observation wells are now used to monitor pumping and pumping cannot continue

    on certain wells if drawdown levels in observation wells are lowered beyond designated

    elevations and/or chlorides increase to 50 parts per million.

                                          V-10

           Due to these sensitivities the Department of Environmental Conservation

    * disapproved the Port Washington Water District's request to construct wells within

      their own district, but approved the construction of two wells inland where drawdown

      and chlorides are not critical.

           Inland wells in some instances have had water quality problems with nitrates.

      The United States Geological Survey conducted a study of nitrates between 1966 and

      1970 and nitrate content exceeded the drinking water standards of 10 mg/I in Glacial

      and Magothy wells in substantial portions of the mid-Nassau area. Computations indi-

      cate insufficient dilution under Nassau County to bring nitrate nitrogen concentrations

      below 10 mg/l in unsewered areas where the population density is in excess of 3 persons

      per acre. With the Glacial formations showing the most serious deterioration,

      communities have moved their wells to deeper formations. This may only be a temporary

      expedient as degradation indicated by increasing nitrate content extends downward into

      the Magothy formation. This movement is encouraged in part by pumping of deeper wells

       in addition to natural flow. In 1973, the wells of 25 of 384 communities in Nassau

      County exceeded nitrate nitrogent drinking water standards with the heaviest concen-

      tration in the northern and central portion. Some steps taken to cope with degradation

      of water quality are blending water from 2 or more wells and deepening wells. Ion-

      exchange nitrate removal plants are being investigated and one such plant is presently

       in operation and being ".tested.

           A study of the public water supply in the coastal zone area requires an-ex~ami~nation

      of the inland and mid-island sources. The present concept of the natural underground

       flow is that the deeper mid-island water is the potential water which travels outward

       to the shoreline sectors (Figure V-2). Freshwater contained within the coastal zone

       sector is contiguous to the inland supply. High public water supply withdrawals in the

       coastal areas lead quickly to changes in the saltwater-freshwater balance mechanism

       both from capturing the normal freshwater outflow and the accompanying drawdown effects.

       However, groundwater flows between the three main Long Island aquifers and their

                                               V-l11

      inter-relationship with the non-static freshwater-salt-water interface are

    *  thought of as separate units and vary individually in respective water quality

      and boundary limits.

           Areas of Protection

           This study shows that a close relationship exists between the entire water

      use throughout Nassau County and the interface between the fresh and salt water

      under the potential coastal zone. Although the entire ecological effects were

      not discussed in this report, an awareness of the potential loss of fish and

      wildlife habitat due to overpumping of the groundwater aquifer exists. Regulation

      of a strip of land along the coastline for water supply purposes is not required. To

       include the entire island in the coastal zone and to impose regulations for water

       supply purposes duplicates the activities of the Department of Environmental Con-

      servation and is not needed. No areas need protection for water supply purposes.

                                           v -12

    Suffolk County

         Suffolk County comprises the eastern two-thirds of Long Island and includes

    a land area of about 922 square miles. Its western boundary is Nassau County and

    the remaining three sides are bounded by water. Suffolk County is recognized as

    a major suburban area of New York City with extensive residential and industrial

    development and a total population of approximately 1,300,000.

         The source of all freshwater in Suffolk County is precipitation which is

    transmitted to the main groundwater body as recharge. Nearly all the public

    water supply is from wells tapping the groundwater reservoir. The only exception

    is Fishers island located about 12 miles northeasterly of Orient Point in Long

    Island Sound. Fishers Island, with a year round population of less than 500, has

    some runoff fed ponds which are used as the primary public water supply.

         The Suffolk County shorelines are bounded by Long island Sound on the north;

    the Great Peconic Bay on the east forming several other bays and the Atlantic Ocean

    off the barrier beaches to the south. The shorelines total 784 miles, with the

    Long island Sound shoreline 191 miles, the south shore bays 239 miles, the Atlantic

    Ocean 92 miles and the Great Peconic Bay 262 miles.

         Geologically, Suffolk County is similar to Nassau County as shown in Figure V-2.

    The County is composed of unconsolidated sediments resting on a Pre-Cambrian rock

    base which vary in depth from 400 to 1800 feet below sea level. The deepest aquifer

    is the Lloyd sand formation, 150 to 300 feet thick, which lies above the bedrock.

    A Raritan clay layer (100 to 300 feet thick) overlies the Lloyd sands. Above the

    Raritan clay is the Magothy formation ranging from 200 to 1000 feet thick making up

    the Magothy aquifer. Glacial deposits form the uppermost Glacial aquifer, which in

    places may be as much as 700 feet thick in buried Magothy valleys, but averages

    100 to 200 feet thick.

                                             V-13

            A primary consideration of water suppliers is the location of interface

    0  between fresh and salt water.  With the exception of a very few localized areas,

       there has been no salt water encroachment to date in Suffolk County and the

       position of the interface is a result of natural equilibrium. Studies are

       being made continuously of the interface. In eastern Suffolk County, the

       knowledge of the position of the salt water - fresh water interface has been

       expanded significantly through the findings of the Suffolk County Test Well

       Program. Test borings for five deep test wells on the South Fork penetrated the

       fresh water - salt water interface.

            Public Water Supply Systems

            Over 67 wells are known to be located within the potential coastal zone

       area, as shown on Figure V-I. The northern and southern areas are described

       below.

                         Suffolk County North Shore Water Supply Area

            The north shore water supply area has an estimated population of 120,000.

       The population density varies from 1400 persons per square mile in the western

       area to less than 400 in the eastern portion.

            Generally, like Nassau County, the north shore of Suffolk County consists

       of lightly wooded bluffs which ascend steeply to a height of 30 to 100 feet or

       more from narrow sandy-gravel beaches. The upland or inland areas on the western

       end of Suffolk County are heavily residential, but a noticeable drop in population

       densities starts from the Riverhead area eastward where the residential character

       changes to agriculture and remains so to Orient Point.

                                            V-14

            Over fifty well sites exist in the defined North Shore zone with dozens of

    Wthe well sites belonging to small privately owned suppliers, which furnish

       specific developments or operate seasonally in the eastern portion of the

       coastal area. There are an estimated 40,000 or more residents in this study

       area using private domestic wells with the total water withdrawals ranging

       from 10 to 20 million gallons per day.

            From Nassau County east to Riverhead, there are only a few and relatively

       minor concerns regarding public water supply when compared to the southern

       coastal zone area. From Riverhead east, however, due to the narrowness of the

       North Fork, the fresh water supply and balance is much more sensitive than any

       place else in Suffolk County.

            On the North Fork salt water lies much closer to ground surface than on the

       South Fork. A county test well program revealed a clay layer existing in the

    *  north fork Cutchag-ue community.  Rapid salt water intrusion occurred in a test

       well which penetrated the clay layer.  It is believed the clay layer acts as a

       basin for recharged fresh water. This test domonstrated the need to keep wells

       on the North Fork above the clay layer. Only a limited number of wells on the

       North Fork penetrate the level of this clay layer. Sufficient data is not

       available to determine the extent of the clay. If it covers a large area of the

       peninsula, it protects the overlying wells from upland salt water encroachment.

            In the vicinity of Greenport, the salt water interface lies above the level of

       this deep clay. Public supply wells in this area are extremely susceptible to

       salt water intrusion since salt water is present close underneath the wells as

                                             V-15

    *  ell as on either side.  Extended heavy pumpage periods have caused the

      chloride content in one of the well fields to increase to about 500 mg/I.

      Efforts by the Village to minimize this problem and to increase the avail-

      able fresh water supply by pumping stream or pond water to the well field

      for spreading and recharge have been successful in reducing and maintaining

      the chlorides to acceptable limits. Other Village well fields have experi-

      enced increases in chlorides but not beyond drinking water standard limits.

      Water development in this area has been with reasonably small capacity wells

      to reduce the local pumping cone of depression. This has reduced the ten-

      dency for vertical movement of the salt water interface. The natural yield

      of the immediate area of the Village is nearly completely developed and the

      water system has been extended to outlying areas for additional isupply.

                          Suffolk County - South Shore Water Supply Area

           The South Shore Coastal area has an estimated population of 240,000

      people with highest densities occurring in the western end. There are

      twenty-four corporately owned well sites located on the mainland between

      Nassau and Shinnecock which furnish over half of the area's public water

      supply.

           There are also seventeen public supply well sites on the barrier beaches.

      Many of these provide water for seasonal water supply users in summer

      communities. A great many residents within the south shore coastal area,

      exclusive of the South Fork, are supplied from inland public supply wells

      located outside the potential coastal zone boundaries. As many as 60,000

      residents depend on private domestic wells and the total withdrawal from

      the area is estimated to range from 17 to 30 million gallons per day.

                                             V-16

            Assuming the safe yield of one million gallons per day per square mile

    Wgenerally accepted for the inland area of Suffolk County, the population in

       the coastal area west of Shinnecock can be adequately served in the foresee-

       able future without environmental consequences even with anticipated population

       increases. The NYS Department of Environmental Conservation requires permits

       for all public water supply well construction and is exercising current powers

       for spacing, pumping, and monitoring of public supply withdrawals as a result

       the NYS DEC is alert to the cological considerations of public water supply.

       it does not appear for the coastal area west of Shinnecock, that any limitations

       are warranted due to water supply considerations.

            For the south fork, however, future population expansion may stress the

       availability of fresh water due to salt water encroachment. Studies of the

       South Fork show some areas where chloride levels are suspect of being 250 ppm.

    *  or greater.  For any well located in the low lying coastal areas localized

       salt water intrusion can be expected to occur.

            Areas of Protection

            The coastal zones of Suffolk County excluding the North and South Forks do

       not appear to be in danger from current water supply practices or those chat

       will occur with growth in the foreseeable future. Future supplies can be

       distributed from wells outside the potential coastal zone. Both the North and

       South Forks, however, will not tolerate large increased water supply withdrawals

       without salt water encroachment and accompanying ecological changes. im-

       porting or other alternate water sources can relieve the. consequences of

       overpumping as can land use regulation which would prevent large population

       and industrial expansion.

                                               V-17

           The water supply management problems within the subregion and the

       contiguous areas is also intertwined with water quality and all the

       ramifications that water management programs have on the quality aspects.

      The public water supply needs of Suffolk County will be met through either

       expansion of existing water supply systems or the construction of new

       facilities utilizing the ground water source. There will be impact on

       this source as development occurs and more waste water disposal is

       needed.

            Although septic system contamination of ground water is of primary

       concern, the efforts to provide sewering which lessens the groundwater

       contamination also decreases the recharge of the groundwater reservoir.

       With decreased recharge the balance of the salt water - fresh water

       interface would be changed and any resulting reactions would affect the

    .  coastal zone areas.

            The on-going PL 92-500 Section 208 wastewater management study for

       Nassau-Suffolk Counties being conducted under the Nassau-Suffolk Regional

       Planning Board, is scheduled to investigate effects of sewering and various

       recharge proposals using computerized model studies. The results of the 208

       study should be of great value in making water management decisions benefiting

       the coastal zone area.

            Regulations for water supply purposes within a strip along the coastline

       is not feasible due to the interrelationship of the groundwater to the middle

       part of the island. Since the Department of Environmental Conservation already

       manages the groundwater system for the entire island through its permit system,

       additional regulations under the coastal zone management program are not

    O  needed.

                                             V-18

                                    Bibliography

    1. "Report on Water Supply, Nassau County, New York," by Greeley and
        Hansen, 1963.

    2.  "Nassau County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, CPWS-60,"
        by Greeley and Hansen, 1971.

    3. "Utilities, Inventory and Analysis," by Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning
        Board, 1969.

    4. "Comprehensive Development," by Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board,
        1970.

    5. "Hydrogeology Along the Proposed Barriers Recharge Well Alignment in
        Southern Nassau County," by U. S. Geological Survey, 1975.

    6. "Suffolk County Comprehensive Public Water Supply Study, CPWS-24," by
        Holzmacher, McLendon and Murrell, 1970.

    7. "Nassau-Suffolk Comprehensive Development Plan," by Nassau-Suffolk
        Planning Board, 1970.

    8.  "Utilities and Inventory Analysis," by Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning
        Board, 1960.

    9.  Well data and pumpage figures from NYS DEC Environmental Analysis
        Records.

                                        V-19

    m

                                     SECTION VI
                                 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

    9

    a

                             Reconnaissance Survey

         After the first part of study determined the water users, their pro-

    jected needs, and their problems in regards to the potential coastal zone

    management program, interviews with local water supply interests were

    planned. These interests included regional planning boards, regional and

    local Department of Health personnel, municipal water systems, industrial

    users and private users. Since the interviews were of an informal nature,

    the results are considered only as personal opinions of professionals dealing

    with water supply problems, and not as any formal request or position of

    the agency which employs them. This approach gives us an insight to the

    problems without worrying about commitments to a specific solution.

         Interviews were held in Niagara, Orleans, Monroe and Wayne Counties

    with 42 people. The majority of the people saw no need for further regu-

    lations under the coastal zone manageme~nt program. Protection of the intakes

    and the groundwater aquifers are considered important, but many feel that

    the existing laws are adequate if properly implemented. If for some unf ore-

    seen reason additional regulations are imposed, many feel that the coastal

    zone should have'somfe physically recognizable boundary such as one of the

    roads that parallel the shoreline. if existing zoning does exist, the

    coastal zone should adopt the inland limits of the existing zoning. Based

    upon the results of the 42 interviews, which are summarized below, further

    interviews were considered unnecessary.

                                      VI -1

         Niagara County

    0         ~~The Niagara River is the source of water supply for nearly all of the

         water users in Niagara County. Interviews with nine organizations within

         the county revealed that Erie and Niagara Counties have a master plan for

         the counties, which provides for supplying all of the water needs from the

         Niagara River and Lake Ontario. Due to the pumping costs, the county is

         reconsidering the Lake Ontario proposals. industrial and agricultural users

         take their water from the municipal suppliers.

              Most of the suppliers interviewed felt that no special protection was

         needed under the coastal zone management program. Two thought that the

         major transmission lines should be protected. The representative from the

         Village of Youngstown expressed a desire to have the boundary for the coastal

         zone extend to River Road to conform to existing ordinances.

         Orleans County

              Lake Ontario is the major source of water supply in Orleans County.

         Interviews were held with six organizations. The results are varied. One

         thought that no special protection was needed. Others thought that the

         aquifers should be protected. The coastal zone should be easily defined

         using Route 18 or some arbitrary distance. Watershed rules were suggested

         for Oak Orchard Creek.

         Monroe County

              Monroe County and much of its coastal zone is greatly effected by the

         City of Rochester and its suburban area. Most of the water is taken from

         Lake Ontario. Interviews were held with 15 agencies including 8 municipal

         suppliers, 2 private suppliers and 2 industrial suppliers.

                                             VI-2

               In general, the protection of the intakes and the aquifers was a major

    O     ~concern.  many thought that no special legislation is needed and that existing

          building codes, zoning laws or watershed rules are adequate. Someone suggested

          that no water service be provided in flood prone areas, while others suggested

          protection of the easements and the sludge disposal areas.

          Wayne County

               Northern Wayne County relies primarily on Lake Ontario for its water

          supply. Interviews were held with 12 agencies.

               The smaller water districts were concerned about protecting the aquifers.

          Many felt that the existing regulations may be adequate if properly imple-

          mented. One suggested that the coastal zone be within the lake only. Water-

          shed rules were suggested for East Bay and Sodus Bay. Another suggested

          that no water service be provided to wetland areas due to the difficulty

           in constructing a pipeline in those areas.

                                    Existing Regulations

               The widespread opinion of those interviewed was that the existing

           regulations are adequate. Two agencies have programs that affect the water

          quality at an intake; these are the Watershed Rules Prog~am administrated

          by the Department of Health and the Pure Waters Program administrated by

           the Department of Environmental Conservation. The people in DEC and the

          Department of Health working with the programs see no need for additional

           regulations for water supply purposes in the Coastal Zone Management Program.

          A brief description of the existing regulations follows.

                                             VI -3

    Pure Waters Program

        All of New York State's streams are classified under a system adminis-

    tered by DEC, which limits the quality and quantity of wastes that can be

    discharged into a stream at a given location. The cla ssifications are based

    upon the best use of the water resource. Administrators of the program

    evaluate the effects of the waste discharges upon the stream and the water

    intakes downstream from the point of discharge. Each classification sets

    limits on types of waste discharges, but a higher level of treatment than

    indicated by the stream classification may be required by DEC if the dis-

    charge is judged to have a detrimental effect upon a downstream intake.

    The differences in the classifications between the lakes and the streams

    are due to the physical mechanics of a standing body of water and a free

    flowing stream. The general principle is to protect the quality of water

    at the nearest downstream intake.

    Watershed Rules

         Any water purveyor can protect its source by having Watershed Rules

    enacted by the New York State Commissioner of Health under Section 1100 of

    the Public Health Law. After receiving a request for watershed rules,

    the Commissioner orders a sanitary survey to determine the limiting distances

    from the source that junkyards, waste discharges and other elements detri-

    mental to water quality may be located. Watershed rules can apply to both

    surface and groundwater sources. Watershed rules cannot be used for private

    or industrial intakes. The Department of Health is primarily concerned with

    the quality of water being extracted from the stream and whether the water

    can be treated for public consumption.

                                        vi-4

    Discussion

         The primary concern of the water supply task was to determine what is

    needed to protect existing and future water users in the coastal zone.

    Evaluation of the problems resulted in the conclusions that the water users

    of the coastal zone are no different than those in the remainder of the

    State and that no special regulations for coastal zone management are needed

    although changes in existing laws may be advisable to protect private and

    industrial users.

         The Pure Waters Program administrated by DEC limits the discharges of

    wastes into any water course within or bordering the State. Any needed

    changes in the existing classifications can be made under the existing laws.

    Slight changes in water quality at the intakes could occur due the natural

    and the allowable man made causes, but no adverse changes are expected.

    Adverse changes in water quality by accidental spills, etc. can always be

    mitigated through the judicial process.

         The Watershed Rules Program administrated by the Department of Health

    applies to both the surface and the groundwater sources. For the coastal

    waters, the watershed rules do not appear applicable due to the "Watershed"'

    connotation and the large quantity of water in the receiving water courses

    in relationship to potential discharges. Some tributaries flowing through

    the proposed coastal zone could probably use watershed rules, but those are

    local problems that are not of special concern to the results of the coastal

    zone management program. Other watersheds outside the coastal zone could

    probably use watershed rules too.

                                         VI-5

        The groundwater aquifers within the coastal zone are no different than

    those outside of the coastal zone from a water supply point of view. The

    watershed rules restrict the location of potentially hazardous materials

    to a certain horizontal distance from the well. Our geologist reviewed the

    model regulations and advises that changes could be made in the existing

    regulations. However, no special regulations are needed for coastal zone

    management.

         The County Comprehensive Water Supply Studies identified two aquifers

    within the coastal zone area which have not been developed. Consideration

    was given to the concept of preserving these aquifers from degradation under

    the coastal zone management program. Since the aquifers are undeveloped,

    their safe yield is undefined and will not be defined until the aquifer is

    developed. The lack of good geologic information is a good reason for

    caution in developing new regulations. In addition, other aquifers both

    developed and undeveloped are located outside the coastal plain which should

    not be treated differently. For example, the Spring Valley Water Company

    in Rockland County has 42 existing wells. Two of these are located within

    the potential coastal zone. There is no good reason why these two wells

    should have additional regulations on them.

    Conclusion

         As long as private, municipal and industrial water users are allowed

    to continue and expand their use of the waters within the coastal zone, no

    special consideration is needed for water supply purposes under the Coastal

    Zone Management Program.

                                       VI-6

                            Regional Facilities Outline
                                   Task 8.10

    Introduction   General

    A.  Goals and Objectives
    B.  Definitions
    C.  Study Area
    D.  Data Base
    E.  Planning Parameters

    Ports and Harbors

    A.  Introduction
    B. Commercial Harbors

        1. Buffalo
            a.  description
           b.  economic impact  (table by county)
            c.  development plan
                (1) illustration
                (2) b/c ratio

       2. Rochester
           a.  description
           b. economic impact
           c.  development plan
                (1) commodity flow
               (2) illustration

       3. Oswego
           a.  description
           b.  economic impact
           c.  development plan
               (1) commodity flow
               (2) illustration

       4. Ogdensburg
           a.  description
           b.  economic impact
           c.  development plan
               (1) commodity flow
               (2) illustration
               (3) b/c ratios

       5. Albany
           a. description
           b. development plan
           c. economic impact

         6. Port Development Issues
             a. Organization
             D.  Finances
             c. Solicitation
             d. Winter Navigation
             e. Environment
             f. Power

         7. Recommendations

    C.   NY and NJ Port Authority

         1. Port Admin and Facilities

         2. Shipping in the Port of NY

         3. Future Forecasts

    D.   Great Lakes Recreational Harbors

         1. Great Lakes Harbors:

             1.  Barcelona                           17.  Irondequoit
             2.  Lake Erie State Park                18.  Pultneyville
             3.  Dunkirk                             19.  Great Sodus
             4.  Cattaraugus                         20.  Port Bay
             5.  Grand View Bay                      21.  Little Sodus
             6.  Sturgeon Point                      22.  Mexico Bay
             7.  Hamburg                             23.  Port Ontario
             8.  Four Mile Creek State Park         24.  N. Sandy Pond
             9.  Wilson                              25.  Henderson
            10.  Olcott                              26.  Sackets Harbor
            11.  Golden Hills State Park             27.  Chaumont Bay
            12.  Johnson Creek                       28.  Cape Vincent
            13.  Oak Orchard                         29.  Clayton Harbor
            14.  Hamlin Beach                        30.  Alexandria Bay
            15.  Braddock Bay                        31.  Morristown
            16.  Cranberry & Long Ponds              32.  Little River

         2. Existing Condition

                  harbor and channel
                  waterfront and surrounding

         3. Trends

        4. Major Problem

        5. Environmental Considerations

        6. Major Issues

               Salmonoid Stocking
              Navigation Season Extension
              Lake Level Regulation
              Recreational Developments

    E. Hudson River Recreational Harbors

        1. Recreational Boating

              Marinas and Berths
               Launching Ramps
               Recreational. Waterway Use
               Problems and Needs

        2. Waterway Functions and Use

              Navigation
               Channel Maintenance
              Debris Drift
               Ice

        3. Management Alternatives

    F. Mineral Resources

        1. Identification

        2. Protection and Development Alternatives

    G. Solid Waste Disposal Sites

        1. Identification

        2. Criteria for Siting

        3. Development Alternatives