Maine coastal recreation and open space conservation

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

ii-normation
Maine Coastal
R
reation' d
e c' an
Open Space
Conservation

COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

--,PCs=

ilk

Prepared for the
Maine Department of Conservation
Bureau of Parks and Recreation

June 1977

HT
393
.,M2
S3
1978

Maine Coastal
Recreation and'
Op en Space
C ervation/
james A. St-Pierre

.7-

'A Prep'ared for the
Maine Department of Conservation
Bureau of Parks and Recreation

June 1977 Vxopezty of CLC LI-o.--Y

Financiat azziztance jot the ptepatation o6 tkis document
has been ptovided by the Coastat Zone Management Act 06
1972, administe,-Led by the 046ice o6 CoaztaZ Zone
ManagIement,'NatL o naZ Oc ianic. an.d A-tmosphe,.ti-c Admini.ztjtatio,.@
A

ABSTRACT

Beginning in late 1976 the Maine Bureau of Parks and Recreation
initiated a@study to identify those open space sites of state
level significance in Maine's coastal area which would be
suitable for one or more forms of outdoor recreation and which
are worthy of protection because of their intrinsic natural
features. A number of such areas have tentatively been
identified. More may be added to the list when a review of
the coastal islands has been completed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A great many pe
Jple have assisted in the preparation of
-this document. To each of them I extend a warm thank
you. I mustexpress my appreciation for help and
encouragement, in particular, to Herb Hartman, Tom
Cieslinski, Norm Manwell, Jan Saleeby, Fred Bartlett
and John Briggs of the Bureau of Parks and Recreation
and to Alec Giffen, Hal Kimball, Rob Elder, Joe Chaisson,
Denise Lord and Joel Cowger of the Maine State Planning
Office. Finally, most sincerest thanks to Donna McLaughlin
and Jean Kinney who transmuted reams of scribblings into a
legible text. I take responsibility, of course, for any
errors in form and content.

JAS
6/30/77

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . v

TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X'

I. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . 1
Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ii. OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
The Maine Coast As A Unique Natural Resource. . 19
Why Conserve Open Space? . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Coastal Protection . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 29
Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
State . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 30
Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Coastal Ownership Summary . . . . ... . . . . . 41
Visitor Use Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Natural Features Deficiencies Summary . . . . . 53
Recreation Needs Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 55

III.UNIT ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Southern B . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Coastal Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6o
Inland Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Visitor Use . . . . . . . - - . . . . . 61
Public and Quasi-Public Op;n Spa;e Lands. . 61
Natural Feature Deficiencies . . . . . . . 62
Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area
Open Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Southern A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Coastal Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Inland Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Visitor Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands. 83
Natural Feature Deficiencies ... . . . . . 83
Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area
Open Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Southern C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Coastal Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Inland Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 96
Visitor Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Public and Quasi-Public Open Space.Lands . 97
Natural Feature Deficiencies . . . . . . . 97
Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . ... . . . 98
Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area
Open Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Southern D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Coastal Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Inland Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Visitor Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands . 115
Natural Feature Deficiencies . . . . . . . 116
Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area
Open Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Eastern W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Coastal Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Inland Parks . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 135
Visitor Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands 135
Natural Feature Deficiencies . . . . . . . 135
Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area
. Open Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Recommendations 137
Eastern E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Coastal Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Inland Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Visitor Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands . 159
Natural Feature Deficiencies . . . . . . . 159
Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area
Open Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16o
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

IV. BEACH ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. . . . 173

V. CAMPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

VI. ISLAND ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

VII. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
State Natural Reserve System Proposal . . . . 191
Maine Coast Heritage Trail Proposal . . . . . 192
Estuarine Sanctuary Proposal . . . . . . . . . 194
Private Park Certification Proposal . . . . . 195
Scenic Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Abandoned Railway Right-of-Way Recreation Trails197
eecommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

VIII. ACTION PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

IX. CONCLUDING REMARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

REFERENCES AND SOURCES

APPENDIXES
A. Maine Bureau of Parks and Recreation Coastal
Area Properties
B. Natural Feature Definitions

vii

TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure page
1 Coastal State Parks . . . . 8
2 Properties Which Should Be D;v;lo*p;d'by The
Bureau of Parks and Recreation . . . . . . 9
3 Properties Recommended for Sale, Transfer or
Lease . . . . . . . . . * * * * * ' * ' ' 10
4 Properties Recommended for Consideration of
Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . I. . . 11 1
5 Properties the Bureau of Parks and Recreation
Should Work with or Urge Other Agencies
to Acquire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6 Bureau of Parks and Recreation Administrative
Districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7 Maine Coastal Area Land Ownership . . . . . . . 43
8 Maine Coastal Area Open Space Lands ... . . . . 44
9 Maine Coastal Area Open Space Lands by Admin-
istrative Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10 Maine State Park and Memorial Estimated
Visitor Day Use: 1965-1976 . . . . . . . 49
11 Maine State Park Estimated Visitor Camping
Use: 1966-1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
12 Distribution of Coastal State Park and Memorial
Visitor Use by Administrative Unit: 1976 51
13 Unit Southern B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
14 Unit Southern A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
15 Unit Southern C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
16 Unit Southern D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
17 Unit Eastern W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
18 Unit Eastern E . . . . . . * * * * * ' * . . . 157
19 Resident/Nonresident State Park Public Camping
Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Table
1 Coastal Area Minor Civil Divisions . . . . . . . 17
2 Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Lands 46
3 Coastal/Inland Visitor Use of State Pa;k; and'
Memorials Within Administrative Units:1976 52
4 Natural Feature Deficiencies by Administrative
Unit - Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5 Recreation Needs by Administrative Unit - I
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

UNIT SOUTHERN B
6 State Park and Memorial Estimated Visitor Use:
1966-1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7 Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
I Areas Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
8 Bureau of Parks and Recreation Coastal Ownership 70
9 Other Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 72

viii

Table page
10 Conservation Easements . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11 Near-Coastal Inland Open Space Areas 78
12 Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

UNIT SOUTHERN A
13 State Park and Memorial Estimated Visitor Use:
1.966-1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
14 Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15 Bureau of Parks and Recreation Coastal Ownership 88
16 Other Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas . . ' * * ' ' * ' - 89
17 Near-Coastal Inland Open Spac; Ar;a; . . . . . 90
18 Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

UNIT SOUTHERN C
19 State Park and Memorial Estimated Visitor Use:
1966-1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
20 Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas Summary . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 103
21 Bureau of Parks and Recreation Coastal Ownership 104
22 Other Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
23 Conservation Easements . . . . . . . . . . . . log
24 Near-Coastal Inland Open Space Areas . . . . . 110
25 Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

UNIT SOUTHERN D
26 State Park and Memorial Estimated Visitor Use:
1966-1976 . . . . . . . . *I' ' ' * 120
27 Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Spac; Ar;as
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
28 Bureau of Parks and Recreation Coastal Ownership 122
29 Other Public and Qua8i-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
30 Conservation Easements . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
31 Near-Coastal Inland Open Space Areas . . . . . 130
32 Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

UNIT EASTER W
33 State Park and Memorial Estimated Visitor Use:
1966-1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
34 Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14o
35 Bureau of Parks and Recreation Coastal Ownership 141
36 Other Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open
. Space Areas . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . 142
37 Conservation Easements . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
38 Near-Coastal Inland Open Space Areas 153
39 Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Table page
UNIT EASTERN E
4o State Park and Memorial Estimated Visitor Use:
1966-1976 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 163
.41 Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas Summary . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 164
42 Bureau of Parks and Recreation Coastal Ownership 165
43 Other. Public and Quasi-Public Coastal Open Space
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 166
44 Conservation Easements . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
45 Near-Coastal Inland Open Space Areas . . . . . 169
.46 Recreation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

PREFACE

The Maine Coast - these three words evoke a great variety of
mental images: long sandy beaches, bold rocky headlands,
saltwater farms with grassy fields that run down to muddy tidal
flats, spruce covered islands, blushing red lobsters, quaint
weatherbeaten villages, foggy harbors with a seagull perched
on every pier and boat, antique shops and roadside flea mar-
kets and tourist traps.

The coast of Maine is all of these things and, of course, much
more. It is a composite resource which is important to the
economic , environmental and social needs of Maine. Above all,
the largest use of the coastline by the public is for recrea-
tion of all types. It is important, therefore, that we plan
for both the rational use of the coast for recreation and for
protection of the values which make the coast so attractive and,
in the long run, indispensible to our well being.

In the past there was little competition for use of the re-
sources in Mainefs coastal area. There was plenty of coastal
land and only a few dominant uses: fishing, farming, dwelling,
processing, logging. Coastal resource uses are changing, how-
ever. Deep water ports are much more important for modern
transport than in the past. Cold seawater temperatures now are
a resource for industrial cooling rather than an ice-cluttered
nuisance. Shore bluffs are a scenic vantage point rather than
a barrier to land access from the water. In short, as resource
uses shift and as pressures for all types of uses increase
conflicts never before experienced along the coast have become
a common threat to the natural integrity of many shore areas.

In addition to the conflicts, there is also a sense of irony
in that people often have contradictory desires. The prime
interest of the general public in the Maine coast may be
esthetic and recreational. Visitors want to enjoy the natural
scenery of undeveloped headlands or quaint fishing villages
barnacled to the rocky shore, to hear when the sea meets the
land, to taste the cool salty air, to smell the sandy warmth
of the mid-summer sun, to feel the openness of the panorama of
the coast. They want to be able to drive along the sea, but
they do not want roads spoiling the unblemished beauty. They
want to live by the ocean, but they do not want homes to deface
their view of the seashore. They want more public beaches, but
they would like to have them all to themselves.

To a great many people the Maine coast is a place offering a
vast complex of opportunities which most equitably would belong
to all the people. Yet many would give their right arm to have
a piece of the coast to call their own.

Although people want an uncrowded coast accessible to anyone
they continue to crowd along, build upon, and,change the
face of the Maine coast. At present only a small proportion
of the seashore in Maine is in public ownership -- roughly
three to four percent. This situation with more than 95%
of our coastline in private ownership presents some unique
problems for achieving an allocation of resources in which
conservation values are given equal consideration with
economic interests.

It is perhaps most useful to look at Maine's coastal land and
water resources as scarce goods with inherent na 'tural and
social values. There are pressures on these limited re-
sources from a variety of uses, some of which are complementary,
some of which are competing, Every portion of the coast can-
not be all things to all people, If we are to conserve areas
which represent some of the most outstanding examples of
natural features to be found in Maine while pr.oviding op-
portunities for outdoor recreation, choices simply will have
to be made which will preclude alternatives.

In the end the greatest problem relating to use of the Mai ne
coast is in the decision-making process. Who should be mak-
ing the decisions which determine coastal resource use? How
are we to most effectively and most fairly protect the rights
of the individual and the interests of the public? What
.trade-offs are socially justifiable and politically accept-
able?

Unless creative and agressive decision-making can be imple-
mented individual landowners and special interests will con-.
tinue to determine the fate of our coast. As a consequence
the interest of the public may go wanting.
7
Ultimately, as an allocation problem,c>the issue is tj@is: how
to provide, at the lowest real and ntangible or many
diverse and often conflicting deman s,, pu lic and pri,
vate, and still obtain the optimal long term social, ecologic
and economic benefits.

one thing is clear: the State has a responsibility to the
people of Maine to protect, for the general good, those re-
sources which must be considered to belong to the people In

common.

This obligation was recognized by the Maine Legislature when
it declared

... that the highest and best uses of the seacoast of
the State are as a source of public and private re-
creation and solace from the pressures of an indus-
trialized society, and as a source of public use and
private commerce in fishing, lobsterin.g and gather-
ing other marine life used and useful in food pro-
duction and other commercial activities.

xii

... preservation of these uses is a matter of the
highest urgency and priority and that such uses can
only be served effectively by maintaining the coastal
wat.ers, estuaries, tidal flats, beaches and*public
lands adjoining the seacoast in as close to a pristine
condition as possible taking into account multiple
use accommodations necessary to provide the broadest
possible promotion of public and private interests
with the least possible conflicts in such diverse
uses.

(38 M.R.S.A. 541 as enacted by P.L.1969, c. 572)

It is primarily through the agencies of state and local govern-
ment that these lofty objectives are implemented. The Maine
Bureau of Parks and Recreation is, of course, charged with
providing opportunities for public recreation. But the Bureau
also has other responsibilities. To quote the Bureauts
statutes: 11wilderness or natural areas, or both, shall
be established and managed primarily to preserve the natural
character and features of such areas, and any use or develop-
ment which threatens such character and features shall be
prohibited." The law also states that one of the types of
parks the Bureau "shall have jurisdiction, custody and con-
tkol in, over and upon [is] ...any area of land largely in
a natural condition and containing natural features of scenic,
ecological or scientific interest or importance." (12 M.R.S.A.
601-602)

These facts taken together - the importance of the coast and
the responsibility for resource conservation r have prompted
the Bureau of Parks and Recreation to undertake a study of
the coastal-area of Maine to identify those sites suitable
for recreation and conservation which the Bureau may acquire
or encourage and assist other jurisdictions to acquire for
recreational use and resource protection, This working
document is the product of that study. It is an attempt to
present in a systematic manner information and guidelines
which will help the Bureau of Parks and Recreation in making
decisions relating to the provision of recreation opportuni-
ties and the protection of outstanding natural features in
Maine's coastal area.

These purposes will be best served if it is understood that
planning by its very nature is a process; it is necessarily
interpretive and evolutionary. Above all planning should be
responsive to public desires and changing needs, while at
the same time committed to the conservation of our natural
resources. These considerations underly the work summarized
in this report.

xiii

I SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

"...the development of recreation
on the Maine coast so fara has been
uite scattered and piecemeal:
superbly attractive in a few places,
and an unadulterated mess in many
places...Much more thought and
care and planning and effort will
be necessary in the years ahead if
the coast is even to begin to meet
in an attractive and tasteful way
the demands that are going to be
placed on it."

--Joseph L. Fisher,
"Toward a Maine Coastal
Park and Recreation
System," 1966

1. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FINDINGS

The Maine Coast is a composite resource with many unique
characteristics which offer both opportunities and con-
straints for use.

Although a number of coastal conservation efforts have
been undertaken by both public agencies and private in-
dividuals and organizations, more needs to be done to
protect Maine's coastal resources.

Only about 100,500 acres or 4.1 percent of the land in
the Maine coastal area is currently managed by public
agencies or quasi-public conservation organizations as
open space for low intensive recreational use and natural
resource protection. Portions of this land are closed
to or are unsuitable for public use leaving even less of
the coast available for public use.

The Maine Bureau of Parks and Recreation currently has
32 fully or partially developed parks and memorials, 22
undeveloped holdings, five leased properties, 13 State
operated boating facilities, 18 town operated boating
facilities, 5 undeveloped boating facilities, and 13 con-
servation easements within the coastal area,

About 76 percent of estimated non-camping use of Bureau
operated facilities in 1976 took place at coastal state
parks and memorials. Approximately 31 percent of camp-
ing use occurred in coastal state parks.

Various types of protected natural features appear to be
deficient for all coastal administrative units..

Needs for various types of outdoor recreation activities
have been identified in all coastal administrative units.

Outstanding unprotected coastal area resources have been
identified for all coastal administrative units.

Three out of four campers using state parks in Maine are
from out of state; nine out of ten campgrounds in Maine
are run by private operators.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The Department of Conservation should take an activel
leading role in the conservation and management of open
space arIeas and natural features of statewide and re-
gional significance through the implementation of a
clearly defined open space and resource conservation
program covering both the coastal and inland regions of
Maine.

Unprotected high priority open space lands and resources
of statewide significance which are threatened by ad-
verse land use or ownership changes should be acquired
for conservation and outdoor recreational use where
suitable. Consideration priority should be given to
coastal area,. open space lands which are subject to de-
velopment.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should be encouraged
to exercise the right of eminent domain only for acquir-
ing interests in those coastal resources identified as
of statewide or regional significance or as essential to
enhance the public convenience for recreation,

An Open Space Acquisition & Development Land Resource
Conservation Fund should be established expressly for the
purpose of providing funds to local and state governments
for the protection of open space lands.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should explore oppor-
tunities for expanding the use of cooperative agreements
with recreation and conservation organizations (e.g.,
Appalachian Mountain Club, Sierra Club, Audubon Societies,
Nature Conservancy) to further mutual objectives.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should.continue to limit.
use of state parks or of specific park areas to insure
protection of the parks' resources and tomaintain high
quality recreational experience levels.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should attempt to
improve public awareness and use distribution of existing
developed parks, memorials and boat facilities.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should work closely
with the Critical Areas Program to help protect those
sites identified as of outstanding naturalsignificance.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should continue to
leave the provision of most of the facilities for non-
primitive camping to the private sector,

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should continue to
operate all developed coastal state parks and memorials.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should develop the
following land holdings for public use (Figure 2):
Eastern Head, Fort Baldwin, Fort Island, Jewell Island,
Laudholm Farm, Little Chebeague Island, Mt. Waldo,
Pickering Cove.

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should, if possible,
sell, transfer or lease the following properties (Figure 3);

SITE UNIT ACTION

Andrews Beach Southern B Lease to local

Bangs Island Southern A Transfer to Depart-
ment of Inland Fisher-
ies & Wildlife

Birch Point Beach Southern D Lease to local

Carvers Island Southern D Transfer to Depart-
ment of Inland Fisher-
ies & Wildlife

Clark Cove Southern C Lease to local

Ferry Beach Southern B Lease to local

Gleasons Point Eastern E Lease to local

Goods Point Eastern E Sell or lease to local

Scarborough River Southern B Lease to local and to
Department of Inland
Fisheries & Wildlife

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should consider acquisi-
tion of the following coastal area properties (F igure 4);

SITE UNIT ACTION

Blue Hill Eastern W fee (if threatened)

Boot Neck-Goose River Southern D fee

Cape Small-Hermit Is. Southern C fee

East Cundy Point Southern C fee

Fox Islands Southern C fee (if threatened)

Lands End Southern C fee

Mt. Waldo Southern D fee (if threatened)

Popham Peninsula Southern C fee

Richmond Island Southern B study

Scarborough Beach Southern B fee/easement

Scarborough Ledges Southern B easement

The Basin Southern C study

Wolf Neck Southern A fee

The Bureau of Parks andRecreation should work with or
urge other agencies or organizations to acquire the
following properties (Figure 5):

PROPOSED
SITE UNIT ACTION MANAGEMENT AGENCY

Arrowsic Southern C fee IFW

Bagaduce River Eastern W easement IFW

Biddeford Pool Southern B fee FWS

Cape Elizabeth Southern B fee/easement BPRP TNC, IFW
Beaches

Great Wass Island Eastern E study TNC

Howard Cove Beach Eastern E fee TNC

Long Island Eastern W study ANP

Mt. Agamenticus Southern B fee BPR, IFW, BPL,
local, others

Roque Island Eastern E -fee (if threat- BPR
ened)

Saco Heath Southern B study Saco C/C

Salt Pond Eastern W easement IFW

Tunk Lake Eastern W fee BPR, IFW, BPL

Upper York River Southern B fee FWS

KEY
Management Agency

ANP - Acadia Nationa Park
BPL - Bureau of Public Lands
BPR - Bureau of Parks and Recreation
FWS - U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
IFW - Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
C/C - Conservation Commission
TNC - The Nature Conservancy

SUM C-7

C16

ID 0 10 20 30

Figure 1 :2.000.000
mgn;
I Ml
COASTAL STATE PARKS

0 DEVELOPED

UNDERDEVELOPED

0 UNDEVELOPED

FL-',tern Head,
Mt. W aldo

O,Pickc@7ing Cove

Figure 2
Fort 1 s land PROPERTIES WHICH SHOULD
BE DEVELOPED BY THE'
1%) r t1; c I d w i i i
J ew I I I s I n ii d' BUREAU OF PARKS & RECREATION
1, 1 t t I c, C h E: 1, e au c I s I;i n d

Laudholm Farm.

Point

Goods Voin@.

Birch Point Beacj@j

Bangs Island 0 Carvers Island Figure 3
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II OVERVIEW

"The shore has duet nature,
changing with the swing of the
tides, belonging now to the
land, now to the sea. On the
ebb tide it knows the harsh
extremes of the land world,
being exposed to heat and cold,
to wind, to rain and drying sun.
On the flood tide it is a water
world, returning briefly to the
relative stability of the open
sea.

--Rachel Carson,
The Edge of the Sea,
1955

II, OVERVIEW

By way of an overview definitions of the Maine coastal area
and open space are first set out in this chapter. This is
followed by a brief discussion of why it is,important to
conserve open space. Next discussions highlighting the
unique characteristics of the coast.and the major existent
conservation efforts having an impact on coastal protection
are presented. The methodology employed in the study is
then outlined. Finally, ownership totals, state park and
memorial visitor use estimates, natural feature deficiencies
and recreation needs for all administrative units are
summarized.

DEFINITIONS

Coastal Area

The Maine coastal area is defined for the most p art
by those municipalities which border on water affect-
ed by the tides of the Atlantic Ocean (Fig.
Approximately one hundred forty minor civil divisions
are located within the boundary of the coastal area.
.These are listed in Table 1 by Bureau administrative
unit.

While the coast is a distinct portion of Maine, it
cannot be considered wholly separate from the rest
of the State. For the purposes of this report, then,
a near-coastal inland region has been delineated as
shown in Fig. 1. None of the communities within
this region are more than about 50 miles (80.5 kilo-
meters) from the seashore - a reasonable driving dis-
tance for a day trip to, say, a coastal state park.

Open Space

Open space is a term more easily defined by what
it is not than by what it is. For the purposes of
this report "open space" shall be interpreted to
mean areas of land, air and water which are not
preempted by intensive uses such as residential,
industrial and commercial building sites, paved
parking lots and roads, etc.

Open spaces may be wilderness areas, city or state
parks, urban green belts, town forests, watershed
protection districts, wildlife habitats, beaches,
and so on.

Table 1

Coastal Area Minor Civil Divisions

Southern A Southern D Eastern W (cont'd)

Cumberland Belfast Penobscot
Freeport Bremen Sedgewick
Yarmouth Bristol Sorrento
Camden Southwest Harbor
Southern B Cushing Stonington
Damariscotta Sullivan
Arundel Frankfort Surry
Biddeford Friendship Swans Island
Cape Elizabeth Isle au Haut Tremont
Eliot Islesboro Trenton
Falmouth Lincolnville T7 SD
Kennebunk Matinicus T8 SD
Kennebunkport Monhegan T9 SD
Kittery Newcastle T10 SD
Old Orchard Beach Nobleboro Winter Harbor
Portland North Haven
Saco Northport Eastern E
Scarborough Owls Head
South Berwick Prospect Addison
South Portland Rockland Beals
Wells Rockport Calais
York Searsport Centerville
So. Bristol Cherryfield
Southern C So. Thomaston Columbia
St. George Columbia Falls
Alna Stockton Springs Cutler
Arrowsic Thomaston Dennysville
Augusta Vinalhaven East Machias
Bath Waldoboro Eastport
Boothbay Warren Edmunds
Boothbay Harbor Winterport Harrington
Bowdoinham Jonesboro
Brunswick Eastern W Jonesport
Chelsea Lubec
Dresden Bangor Machias
Edgecomb Bar Harbor Machiasport
Farmingdale Blue Hill Marion
Gardiner Brewer Marshfield
Georgetown Brooklin Milbridge
Hallowell Brooksville Pembroke
Harpswell Castine Perry
Perkins Twp- Cranberry Isles Robbinston
Phippsburg Deer Isle Roque Bluffs
Pittston Ellsworth Steuben
Randolph Franklin Trescott
Richmond Gouldsboro Whiting
Southport Hancock Whitneyville
Topsham Hampden
West Bath Lamoine
Westport Long Island Plt-
Wiscasset Mt. Desert
Woolwich Orrington

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ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS

Bureau of Parks & Recreation

111177

THE MAINE COAST AS A UNIQUE NATURAL RESOURCE

Taken as a whole, the coast of Maine is an outstanding and
unique natural resource. At least seven factors or groups
of factors make the Maine. coast unique.

0 A.. First of all, the coast is a definite and distinct
part of the State which differs from, say, the roll-
ing fields and mountainous areas because it presen ts
an interface unlike that found away from water,
This is the triple terrestrial-atmospheric-
hydrologic interface where the land meets the air
,meets the ocean. The confluence of these three
systems results in a variety of special ecologic
and physiographic associations like that found
nowhere save at the edge of the sea,

B. Less tangible but equally as important is the
thalassic drama of the coast which offers an al"
most inexplicable attraction to the seashore, The
crashing of the waves on a rocky island, the taste
of the cool salty air, the awesomeness of an un-
marred landscape stretching toward the horizon, the
smell of the mud flats on a foggy summer morning
all of these together are part of the draw of the
coast. And, too, there is the mystery of the ocean
as the original source of life and the continuing
source of recharging vitality. In.many ways the sea
is yet in our blood.

C. As a third aspect, the Maine coast is unique because
of its historic and prehistoric importance. Long
before Europeans "discovered" the New World, aborigi-
nal Americans lived on the coast seasonally gathering
their food from the sea and the shore. With the ad-
vent of colonization, the settlements on the coast
played a key role as a focus for the trade which per-
mitted development of much of the vast North American
hinterland.

D. Fourth.. is the group of natural features which to-
gether set the Maine coast apart from any other
physiographic area in the world: climate, soils,
geography and vegetation.

1. Much of the Maine coast has what is known as
a perhumid climate. This refers to humid
weather systems associated with thick fogs
and frequent rains, and relatively cool
summers and warm winters. Perhumid climates

are found in very few locations in North
America. Other than along the Maine coast
they occur only along the Pacific coast of
Washington and Oregon and in small pockets
in some mountain regions.

2. By and large the.soil along the coast of
Maine is shallow and infertile. In the
southwest are the great sandy beaches,
residuals of till wash plains left when the
last glaciers finally retreated from Maine
12,000 years ago. East of York County are
soils from clay, sand, and glacial till.

3. The diversity of geographic forms is per-
haps the most noticeable natural feature of
the Maine coast. As distinguished from in-
land Maine, most of the coast is rolling
rather than hilly or mountainous in relief,
although there are a few exceptional hilly
areas on the coast which are all the more
important due to their rarity. The southern
portion of the coast is quite,flat while
from Casco Bay east the present shore was
formed by submergence under the weight of the
most.recent glaciers and a general rise in sea
.level. The resultant landforms are plains in
the extreme south and bold irregular peninsulas
and islands in the east. It is interesting
that along the Maine coast are a large proportion
of the total percentage of the nationt's head-
lands. Maine also has the deepest harbors and
highest tides of the entire U.S. Atlantic sea-
board. In addition, the irregularity of the
coast gives Maine one of the longest shorelines
of any state. one study has estimated that
Maine has over 4,100 miles of shorefrontage.
Yet this lengthy shoreline accounts.for only
a small measure of our total land acreage.
The value of the seashore, like any resource,
is proportional to its rarity.

The diversity of coastal wetlands is as unique
as the variety of landforms. Lakes and ponds
are scarcer in the coastal area than in any
other region of the State. Large estuaries
and salt marshes as well as extensive mud flats,
on the other hand, are found from Kittery to
Cobscook Bay - evidence of the unusually high
tides which stretch northward into the Bay of
Fundy.

4. The climate, soils, and geography of the
Maine coast combine to support the great
spruce-fir forest region which characterizes
the coast from Casco Bay eastward. South
of Casco Bay is an area of mixed hardwoods
interspersed with some softwoods. Offshore
on the coastal islands are found many rare
birds and plants beyond their inland limits
of tolerance.

All of these natural factors together help
describe the uniqueness of the coast.

E. The fifth factor which makes the coast of Maine
unique is its relatively low state of development,
particularly Downeast. To be sure, much of the shore
from York to Portland is lined with necklaces of
private homes and cottages. However, compared with
states to the south, the Maine coast has so far
escaped most of the sort of development which alters
the face of the shore beyond recognition. Only in
Portland has significant dregding and filling changed
the shore to an undistinguished facade of piers and
highways.

F. But that is not to say that the pressures for de-
velopment on the entire coast are not tremendous.
Commercial, residential and recreational interests
compete daily with industrial interests for the use
of precious coastal land. Today about 45 percent
of the resident population of Maine lives on the
twelve percent of land comprising the coastal
fringe. The vast majority of the State's public
energy needs are generated at power plants sited on
the coast. And in recent years at least half a
dozen major industrial developments have been pro
posed for various coastal locations in Maine. More-
over, between tourism, boat building and commercial
fishing, the coast is probably more important to
the State economically than all of the inland forest
resources.

All of these pressures entail more than merely land
use conflicts. They threaten a social order and
cultural heritage as well. For many of the rustic
villages barnacled to the shore and the quaint summer
colonies alike represent the last strongholds of
established ways of life which remain in many other
places only as artifacts and memories. Conservation
of the Maine coast must ultimately include pro-
tection of human as well as natural resources.

G. One fact which surprises many is the low percentage
of public ownership along the Maine coast, Only
about three to four percent of shoreline is in the
public domain. In all of New England approximately
eight percent of the coastline is publicly owned.
In many of the western states the proportion is
much higher. More than 60 percent of the shoreline
of California, for example, is public. On the
whole nationally about 30 percent of the coast is
public property. And in most states the rights
of the public in the intertidal portion of the
shore are extensive while in Maine this area is
generally considered to belong to owners of the
upland property.

The many characteristics of the coast come together
as an indispensible aspect of what might be called
the "Maine Image" - spruce covered islands surround-
ed by colorful lobster bouys; sunshine and peasoup
fogs; weather grayed fishing shacks; cold, blue
waters which dance to the gravity of unheard moon
songs.

All of these factors combine to offer problems and oppor-
tunities for using and protecting a natural resource - the
Maine coast - the likes of which cannot be found anywhere
else in the world.

WHY CONSERVE OPEN SPACE?

In many are as of the United States more urbanized than
Maine, it would be unneces,sary to address the question of
why to conserve open space. The benefits of open space
areas would be obvious. However, in Maine where perhaps
better than 90 percent of our land area is undeveloped, it
would be easy to conclude that we already have an over
abundance of open space areas. The crucial points then are
not only how much open space there is and why it is valuable
but where it is located and to whom it is available.

Open space resources are not of a single type although there
is some overlap between types. For discussion purposes
open space resources can be broken down into several types:

A. Open Space Areas for the Conservation of Natural
Resources.

1. Fish and Wildlife

Needless to say, fish and wildlife are important
to the State@'s economy, both directly and in-
directly. Total fisheries landings along the
Maine coast in 1976 were over 177,833,343 lbs.
Landed value of this harvest was $53,821,342.
Hunting, sport fishing & nature study also are
important recreational activities. To maintain
each of these it is essential to have productive
habitats. This means that dunes, estuaries and
other wetland areas as well as upland habitats
must be protected. Today there are a number
of endangered, threatened or peripheral fish,
birds and plants in the coastal area. It is
primarily the responsibility of the federal
Fish & Wildlife Service, the Maine Department
of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife and the Department
of Marine Resources along with private organi-
zations such as the Audubon Societies to protect
fish and wildlife resources on the coast.

2. Scientific Study & Environmental Education

While in many cases areas for scientific study
and environmental education are coterminous
with fish and wildlife habitats they are dis-
tinct because they are often areas of unique
ecological or geological character. Several
academic and research programs already use the
resources of the Maine coast for scientific

study and environmental education. Both of
these uses can directly benefit our physical
and mental wellbeing by increasing our know-
ledge of ecosystem diversity and the impacts
of human activity affecting the sea and the
shore. It is imperative that we protect the
best examples of harbors, salt marshes, mud
flats, rocky shores and beaches so that we
do not find ourselves studying only memories.

B. Open Space for Parks & Recreation and Protection of
Scenic Resources

1. Parks and Recreation

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation has over the
years acquired some excellent open space lands
and outstanding resources in Maine, particular-.
ly along the coast. However, during the past
few years there has been a general shift away
from acquiring resource oriented parks in favor
of providing smaller, user oriented recreation
areas near population centers throughout the
State. Undeniably these urban area parks are an
important addition to Maine's outdoor recreation
facilities. Nevertheless, acquisition of those
open space areas and natural features important
for recreation and protection in their own right
should not be allowed to lapse. For the resources
of the earth form the basis of a peoples' heritage
and in the end, it is peoples' heritage and the
earth which sustain.

The State in its parks and memorials holds some
13,500 acres in Maine's coastal area -.seemingly
a large amount of land, but a mere fraction of
a.percent of the total coastal land base. In-
creasing population, expanding tourism and im-
proved environmental awareness combine to suggest
that pressures for outdoor recreation are greater
than ever. Of course, balancing this is the un-
certainty of the short and long term energy out-
look. But there will always be people wanting,
willing and able to go to the resource parks. A
case can clearly be made for a manifold increase
in the area in our coastal state parks. Particular-
ly since the value of these parks toward open
space and resource conservation in Maine goes far
beyond simply fulfilling recreation needs.

2, Scenic Resources

Although intangible, the scenic resources of
Maine, especially at the edge of the sea, are
among the State's most precious. The natural
scenery is one of the amenities which makes

Maine such an attractive place for residents
and tourists alike. The conservation of
coastal open space as an aesthetic resource$, then,
is of no small value.

To date, in addition to those areas protected in
park and wildlife areas, approximately 8,000 -
9,000 acres of coastal land have come under the
protective cloak of easements granted for con-
servation purposes. Most of these easements have
been granted by private island property owners.
Although these easements do not allow public
access except in a few cases, they do restrict
visual intrusions in many significant coastal
locations.

Besides these individual landowners, private
conservation.organizations, notably the Nature
Conservancy, also help protect scenic resources
by holding properties in their natural state.

Thus far the State Scenic Highway Board has
designated one 12,mile stretch of road in the
coastal area as an official scenic highway.,
Other open space areas, parti.cularly those-with
good,coastal vistas, should be includ-ed.in the
scenic highway system to encourage their re-
tention as open spaces.

Maine's environmental laws also help to protect
scenic resources along the coast. Under the
Mandatory Shoreland Zoning Act, for example,
areas tagged as protection zones have restrictions
on development and tree cutting. This protects
the shore not only from visual degradation but
also from erosion and other types of degradation.

C. Open Space Resources for Managed Production

1, Forests

While most of Maine's remaining great woodlands
are located inland back from the coast, forest
lands are among the most productive and most
economically important of the Statets natural
resources, In the Downeast coastal reaches of
Hancock and Washington Counties large scale
timberland management is yet the rule. Indeed,
timberland ownership by the major forest products
corporations is on the increase there. Along
most of the rest of the coast small scale woodlot
management and tree farming is more common. And
residentail, industrial and commercial land uses
are increasingly eating away at the remaining

tracts of woodland. Few spots on the coast
today are safe from either the bulldozer or
the chainsaw. And fewer still are the ancient
stands of virgin trees.

2. Agricultural Land

Despite the efforts of the pioneers who clear-
ed the forests to farm the land, agriculture
in Maine has been on a disturbingly precipitous
decline for the past several decades. Too many
rich,soiled, rural roadside farms are sprouting
mobile homes and shopping malls rather than
crops, And too many abandoned fields, both
coastal and inland, support scrub pine and
junipers rather than productive forest timber.
With the first signs of weather catastrophy and
crop failure in our western and mid-western
farm belts and of inevitableenergy cost increases
portending shifts toward greater self-sufficiency,,
it behooves us to save our most productive agri-
cultural lands. A rationale for allowing existing
prime agricultural lands to be converted to
other uses simply will not be justifiable in the
long-tun.
V-armiand and'Ope'n Space-Law and Tree-Growth
Tax Law

According to the National Wildlife Federation
urbanization devours nearly a million acres of
farmland in the United States every year. Ad-
ditionally two million acres of agricultural
land is lost annually due to leapfrogging de-
velopment and the construction of new ponds and
reservoirs.

The Maine Farm Productivety and Open Space Land
Law - enacted in 1971, revised in 1973 and
further amended in 1976 - was-intended to pre-
vent the forced conversion of farmland and open
space land to more intensive uses as the result
of economic pressures caused by taxing these
lands for their potential uses such as house-
lots or commercial development. Farmland or open
space landowners may apply to have their land
classified for current use valuation.

The law also allows municipalities to accept or
acquire scenic easements or development rights
for the preservation of open space or agricultural
farmland. These easements or development rights
must be held for a term of at least ten years.
As of January 1977 only 4,608 acres had been

classified as farmland in the coastal area
(0.2%). Less than 46,000 acres (1.9%) were
classified as open space. Some additional
administrative changes to the law have been
proposed in the 108th Legislature. None of
these, however, are likely to significantly
affect the amount of land classified under
the law.

The Farmland and Open Space law has been
criticized on a number of counts. It has not,
for example, protected large tracts of open
space lands, particularly near cities. Neither
has it significantly prevented the conversion
of.prime agricultural land to other uses.
Traditionally, most farm and open space lands
in Maine have received low assessments. There
is little incentive, then, to seek special
classification. Simply stated, few people in
Maine seek classification for philosophical
reasons. On the contrary, economic considera-
tions are the most important. As more towns
are re-evaluated and as market values rise,
more landowners will seek to have their farm or
open space land taxed at current use levels.

Somewhat similar to the Farm Productivity and
Open Space Land Law is the Tree Growth Tax Law
which declares it to be the policy of the State
to "tax all forest lands according to their
productivity and thereby to encourage their
operation on a sustained yield.basis." The
law is intended to provide incentive to forest
landowners to retain their land holdings in
forest production and to improve woodland
management practices. Parcels over 500 acres
must be included while the law may be applied
to parcels of 10 to 500 acres at the owners'
discussion. 131,763 acres of woodland in
the coastal area towns (5.4%) were classified
under the law as of the beginning of 1977.

D. Open Space Areas for Public Health and Safety

1. Air Quality

Maine.generally has few air p ollution problems.
With the exception of emissions from out-of-state
sources entering Maine airsheds, Maine's worst
air quality problems are localized. Some of
Maine's urban centers are trouble spots due to
geographical peculiarities which cause temporary
thermal inversions or due to concentrations of
emissions. In the case of the latter open space
areas can have a definite beneficial effect.
The stiffling canyon-effect.of tall city buildings

can be relieved by opening up the "canyons"
with open spaces which promote air circulation.

2. Water Quality

Open space areas can play a vital part in the
protection of both surface and subsurface water
supplies. Lakes and streams must be guarded for
water-she*d protection while acquifiers and ac-
quifer recharge zones must be protected for well
water supplies. Although Maine has thousands
of 'freshwater lakes, there are fewer lakes and
ponds in the coastal area than in any other
portion of the state. Furthermore, coastal water
supplies in Maine are especially fragile be-
cause of the concentrations of population and
the danger of saline intrusion.

3. Flood Plains

Intertidal inundation is the way of the sea.
Historically building on the flood plains of
the seashore has been the way of people. it
is a well known and sad story that the two
often conflict - with neither the winner in
the end. Nationally floods are our. single
greatest annual disaster. There are now both
federal and state programs to discourage in-
compatible flood plain activity. President
Carter, moreover, recently directed all federal
agencies to refrain from supporting, funding or
issuing licenses and permits to most new projects
located on floodplains.Yet people continue to
fight.the water at the ocean's edge. All major
flood plain areas along the Maine coast could be
included as part of a statewide open space plan
implemented for the public's safety.

These then are some of the types and values of open.space.
There are a variety of techniques for protecting valuable
open space areas. Those most relevant to the Bureau of Parks
and Recreation are fee acquisition and restricted land trans-
fers such as easements. The most important factor affecting
open space acquisition at all levels is the availability of
money.. If open space and resource conservation are to be
carried out on a large scale, it is essential that funds for
this purpose be greatly increased.

COASTAL PROTECTION

There are a number of existing and proposed recreation and
conservation efforts which affect the Maine coast. These
range from regulatory laws to management programs.

Federal

Among the most important national laws affecting coastal re-
sources are the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Maine Pro-
tection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, the Water Pollution
Control Act, the Deepwater Ports Act, the Ports and Waterways
Safety Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Fishery
Conservation and Management Act. All of these laws are use-
ful tools for protecting coastal areas - those vulnerable
bands fronting the sea which are the most heavily used land
areas in this country. However, none of these laws alone,
nor all of them together, are adequate for conservation of
our coastlines.

The two federal agencies which hold coastal land in Maine for
resource protection are the National Park Service and the Fish
and Wildlife Service. Besides these, the Coast Guard, the
Navy and the Air Force all maintain installations on the coast,
though, except in a very few cases, active recreation is not
allowed on these properties and protection of natural resources
is at most incidental to the purposes of the installations.
One 260 acre tract in Winterport is managed by the U.S. Forest
Service for blueberry production.

One coastal area, Monhegan Island, has been designated a
National Natural Landmark. Twenty-three coastal sites are
National Historic Landmarks. Of the 328 Maine sites on the
National Register of Historic Places 215 are located in
coastal area communities. Twenty-five of the 32 sites in Maine
on the National Registry of Historic Districts are in coastal
towns.

There are also a number of federal or federally funded ad-
ministrative programs which have a bearing on coastal re-
creation and conservation. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,
for example, administers the Land and Water Conservation Fund
which provides matching grants,to states, and through the
states, to local governments for the planning, acquisition and
development of public outdoor recreation areas.

The Soil Conservation Service, an agency of the U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, is involved in recreation largely through
its Resource Conservation and Development Projects. Three
RC&D projects in Maine combined cover all of the State's coastal'
counties.

The Department of Housing and Urban Development administers.
several programs which provide technical and financial as-
sistance to communities relating to recreation. Compre-
hensive Planning Assistance "701" grants and Community
Development "block grants" are the most important of these.

The Economic Development Administration provides funds for
a variety of development projects including such facilities
as marinas And campgrounds.

The Office of Coastal Zone Management provides monies to
states and communities for planning and implementation of
programs to encourage the development and conservation of
resources in coastal areas. Under the Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Act, states and municipalities are also eligible for
grants to set up estuarine sanctuaries and soon will be
eligible for grants to acquire lands to provide public ac-
cess to public coastal areas and to preserve coastal islands.

U.S, Army Corps of Engineers has completed improvement.:pro-
jects in sixty coastal rivers and harbors in Maine. These
projects are intended to improve navigation for both com-
mercial and recreational boating.

There are a number of other federal agencies which have an
impact on coastal resource use. However, these are the
major agencies affecting coastal recreation and protection
in Maine.

State

Currently there are about 75 state laws, administered by more
than a dozen separate agencies, which pertain to management
of coastal resources in Maine. Of these, eight are adminis-
tered by the Department of Conservation, three specifically
by the Bureau of Parks and Recreation:

LAW AGENCY

Bureau of Parks & Recreation 'Bureau of Parks &
Statutes Recreation

Keep Maine Scenic Bur, of Parks & Rec.

Water Safety Aids to Navi- Bur. of Parks & Rec. I
gation, Boating Facilities

Coastal Island Registry Bureau of.Public Lands

Submerged & Intertidal Lands Act Bureau of Public Lands

Land Use Regulation for Wildlands Land Use Regulation Com-,
Mining on State-Owned Lands iyng Commi-ssion
Gas Co nservation Act J
Oil a Maine Mining'Commission

With re ct to the conservation of shorelands, there are 10
princip;pe laws governing land and water use and quality along
the coast. The Coastal Wetlands Act (38 M.R.S,A. 4701-4708)
directs the Department of Environmental Protection to regu-
late uses that could harm tidal and subtidal lands, The Man-
datory Shoreland Zoning Act (12 M,R.S.A. 4811-4814) requires
municipalities to enact and enforce zoning for shore areas
within 250 feet of water. The Act which established the Land
Use Regulation Commission (12 M.R,S.A. 681-689) directs that
agency to zone all land use in the unorganized areas of the
State, including six unorganized townships and 116 islands
in Maine's coastal area. The Protection and Improvement of
Waters Act (38 M.R.S.A. 3-1-454) mandates that the quality
of all state waters be protected from degredation. The Sub-
division Law (30 M.R.S.A. 4956) specifies that communities
have to review proposed subdivisions to see that they meet
minimum state criteria. The Site Location of Development
Act (38 M.R.S.A. 481-489) controls large development projects
through a permit procedure, The Coastal Conveyance of
Petroleum Act (38 M.R.S.A. 541-560) established an oil spill
prevention and clean-up program financed by a fee on oil
brought into Maine ports. The State Plumbing Code (22 M.R.S.A.
42) sets up minimum standards for subsurface waste water ,
disposal. The Conservation of Renewable Resources Law (M.R.S.A.
401-417) gives the Department of Marine Resources broad re-
gulatory powers to manage almost all phases of marine
fisheries. The Coastal Island Trust Act (12 M.R.S.A. 641-646)
enables coastal island trusts administered by coastal island
commissions to be set up to control and guide the development
of Mainels coastal islands. The Submerged Lands Act
(12 M.R.S.A. 514-A) reaffirmed the State's ownership of sub-
mergedand intertidal lands.

All of these laws are a very important part of the effort to
protect our shore and marine resources. But as William R. '%dams,
Jr., former Commissioner of the Department of Environmental
Protection pointed out in a recent speech to the Commission
on Maine's Future -

Maine cannot rely upon environmentallaws alone to
preserve our lifestyles. Environmental laws cannot
halt the development of agricultural land, nor dictate
shoreland uses, Environmental laws are no panacea
against changes to landscape or lifestyles, and people
who think so are in for a rude shock.

In his talk, Commissioner Adams went on to cite examples of
environmental regulations which offer little control over
cumulative effects, As long as the criteria for approval are
met for any one specific wetland project, for instance, the
Board of Environmental Protection is required to approve the
permit. The additive result of approving an endless number
of individual applications could be "wall-to-wall piers from
Kittery to Eastport." What we are missing by this case-by-case
regulati'on are the broad social and political issues which,
in the end, will result in infringements of the

rights of the general public, "Pocketcombs" of wall-to-wall
private piers limit publi.@ @8__,t'o public lands below the
low-water mark and causK farreachink changes in esthetic
appearance.
The low consequence of this sort of environmental management
will be a contraction of the alternatives available to the
people of Maine to protect their resources and to improve
their lifestyles, What can be done is,to improve the
coordination of planning on a regional and statewide basis.
Thisneed not mean.the loss of all local decision-making.
What it does mean is the setting of policy at the State
level with the execution of regulation left to the munici-
palities, subject to oversight by the State. The Maine
shoreland zoning experience provides a good case study of
this type of social,environmental control. Despite all the
problems encountered in the implementation of shoreland
zoning, it is fair to say that the exercise has served its
purpose. We only need to improve our enforcement techniques.
What is important is that the rationale behind shoreland
zoning as a method of helping to protect a fragile resource
has- been accepted by the people of Maine as a social control
necessary to guard the rights of the public at large.

Besides the Bureau of Parks and Recreation there are three
principle state agencies responsible for managing public
lands along the coast of Maine. The Department of Inland
Fisheries and Wildlife administers wildlife management
areas including 25 coastal eider duck islands. The Bureau 01
of Public Lands maintains the Coastal Island Registry and
has responsibility for the gubmerged and intertidal public
lands as well as the public reserved lots and public "agri-
cultural lands." The Bureau of Forestry manages a few
sNelect forest lands for silviculture experimentation.

The State Planning Office is also involved in the conser-
vation of coastal resources though it neither administers
regulatory laws nor holds public lands. The Coastal Planning
Program of the State Planning Office seeks mainly to provide
technical resource information and to encourage coastal land
use planning and management efforts at all levels of
government.

The.106th Maine Legislature, in 1974, set up a Registry of
Critical Areas (natural features "of unusual natural, scenic,
scientific, or historical significance") to be coordinated
by the State Planning Office. An eleven member Critical
Areas Advisory Board was created to advise and assist in the
establishment of the Registry and in the conservation of
critical areas throughout the State. So far thirtyrf@ve
coastal sites have been registered as official critical areas.
On February 4@ 1976, Governor James B. Longley revamped the
Advisory Committee on Coastal Development and Conservation.

One of the major responsibilities of the CCDC, as stated in
the Governor's Executive Order, is to "make recommendations
for the conservation of important coastal natural resources."
Both the Commissioner of Conservation and the Director of
the Bureau of Parks and Recreation are members of the Coastal
Conservation Subcommittee of the Governorls Advisory Com-
mittee,

Local

At the local level, a number of coastal communities in Maine
manage lands for resource conservation and public outdoor
recreational use. In some instances, however, notably
coastal be*aches, it is not clear whether the municipalities,
in fact, legally own some of the lands they claim. Title
searches would have to be done to clarify ownership. It is
expected that over the next few years cities and towns in
Maine will become more actively,involved in the provision of
outdoor recreation facilities.

Attempts have been made in several Maine communities in
recent years to control residential growth by enacting a
moritorium on building. Harpswell, for example, voted in
1973 to approve a moritorium banning all new subdivisions
and most commercial development until 1975 or until a com-
prehensive plan had been formulated and accepted by the
town.

More recently, voters in Arundel have enacted an ordinance
which limits housing construction in that town to 36 units
annually. This action was taken as a check on the residential
growth which resulted in a 49% increase in population in the
town during the six years 1970-1975.

Also, as mentioned above, all municipalities were required
by the.Mandatory Shoreland Zoning Act to zone all shore
areas within 250 feet of high water mark. One hundred
eleven of the coastal cities and towns now have State-ap-
proved ordinances describing their shoreland zoning. Eighteen
have State-imposed ordinances on all of their shore areas and
two have State-imposed ordinances on some of their shorelines.

One bill currently being considered by the State Legislature
would increase the Community Recreation Fund of monies avail-
able to towns to purchase open space and recreation property.
Money for this proposal would come from an increase in the
State's real estate transfer tax.

Private

Along with federal, state and local efforts to protect Maine's
coastal resources there are a number of private groups which
actively participate in coastal conservation.

The Critical Areas Program, for instance, grew out of a Natural
Areas Inventory which was conducted by the Natural Resources

Council of Maine in 1971-73. The purpose of the inventory
was (1) to identify, classify and describe sites and areas
whose natural state was suggested to be of unusual interest,
and (2) to develop a program for natural area protection
which would be more comprehensive in scope and more coordi-
nated than.had been undertaken previously. Dozens of coastal
natural features were listed in the original Natural Areas
Inventory. The State Planning Office is now in the process
of updating the Inventory.

Several priate, not-for-profit organizations have become
involved in coastal land ownership in recent years. Most
prominent among these are The Nature Conservancy, the National
Audubon Society, and the Maine Audubon Society. The Maine
Chapter of the Nature Conservancy alone holds forty-four
properties in the coastal area with a cumulative acreage of
2,876 acres.

However, ownership is only part of the involvement.of.these
organizations. The Audubon Societies, for example,.also con-
duct extensive environmental education programs. Since 1936
the National Audubon Society has operated the Audubon Camp of
Maine on Rog Island in Upper Muscongus Bay as an adult education
center. Two sessions are held annually in the summer. Maine
Audubon conducts about 25 field trips annually to coastal
islands, operates a nature center at the Scarborough Marsh
and conducts educational programs at its Mast Landing Sanctuary
in Freeport.

Several small, private landowner organizations provide ongoing
resource protection. The Monhegan Associates, for example,
is a group of private individuals, most of them landholders
on Monhegan Island, which oversees the conservation and use
of that portion of the island which remains undeveloped, The
Hope Island Coub holds Hope and Sand Islands in Casco Bay.
Friends of Nature retain McGlatnery and Little McGlatnery
Islands in Merchant Row as undeveloped. The Isle of Springs
Association protects the shore area of that island off Booth-
bay Harbor for the members collectively. A new group, the
Dix Island Association, will hold most of the land on Dix
Island in Muscle Ridge for the members in common.

An organization which does not hold land itself but which
helps obtain conservation easements from private landowners
is.Maine Coast Heritage Trust. The Coast Heritage Trust has
helped secure easements on more than 120 properties, mostly
,in the coastal Hancock County region. The recipients of these
easements include local, state and federal agencies as well
as certain private conservation organizations.

There have also been a number of private ad hoc citizens
groups formed to respond to particular threats to coastal
lands over the past ten years or so. The formation of
Citizens Who Care in 1969, to oppose the development of an.
oil terminal by King Resources in Casco Bay is one example,
Another group is the Coastal Resources Action Committee.
CRAC has intervened in the administrative proceedings of

the Board of Environmental Protection on a number of occasions
to block the construction of heavy industrial developments
on the coast. Safe Power for Maine has worked in opposition
to the siting of a nuclear power plant on Sears Island,

Other private organizations which have been involved in
various aspects of coastal area resource protection are
the Saco River Corridor Association, the Sheepscot Valley
Conservation Association, the Maine Public Interest Research
Group, the Oyster River Bog Association, the Royal River
Watershed Association, Save Our Environment, For the Love of
Eastport, Friends of Meeymeeting Bay, Save Agamenticus, Pine
Tree Conservation Society, Damariscotta River Association,
Citizens for Safe Power, Ocean Park Conservation Society
and the Coastal Resources Center. Local conservation com-
missions, both through the Maine Association of Conservation
Commissions and individually, have also played a major role
in resource conservation at the municipal level.

METHODOLOGY

Presented here is a summary of the process used to deter-
mine the significant coastal area sites identified in this
report.

First a review of secondary sources was undertaken to de-
termine those sites which in recent years have been suggested
as important resource areas and/or which would be suitable
for outdoor recreation use, This yielded a large list of
potential study sites of varying significance. Some small
sites on the list, for example, clearly were only of local
significance. Other recommendations involved sites so large
that they were useful only for hinting at general areas.
A total of more than 160 sites were listed from the review
of secondary sources.

While thereview of secondary sources was underway, a number
of relevant agencies, organizations and individuals were
contacted directly by letter, telephone, or in person. Of
the approximately 55 groups and individuals contacted about
25 formal and informal replies were received suggesting 10
possible study sites. Each of these sites was reviewed as
a potential study area.

The third method of site identification used was review of
old and new USGS topographic maps and personal on-the-ground
reconnaissance, This method, in fact, proved to be one of
the best as several otherwise unmentioned sites were dis-
covered.

The sites identified during the study are not intended to be
a complete catalog of natural areas along the Maine coast
meriting protection. They are selected areas with unusual
or unique natural features which may be suitable for one or
more forms of outdoor recreation and which,in many cases should
be protected from inappropriate use or development.

Also, it should be noted that most of the sites recommended
in this draft document are on the mainland, Only those is-
lands of obvious or well documented significane have been
included. Other islands may be added when they have been
studied in more detail.

Supplementary to the identification of new sites, an inventory
of existing public and quasi,-public open space areas was com-
piled on a unit by unit basis. This inventory shows which
sector or level of government currently has responsibility for
the most open space in a given unit. This is important be-
cause it is generally desirable to have a mix of agencies
and types of open space.
Q37:,

From this list of open space areas, then, an assessment was
made of the apparent natural feature deficiencies in each
un i t'.

Recreational needs for each unit were synthesized from a
review of five separate documents. No single survey on
coastal outdoor recreation habits and needs has been under-
taken in recent years. However, once completed, the results
of a survey on recreational habits and preferences of
Maine residents, recently conducted for the Bureau.of Parks
And Recreation by Northeast Markets, may be helpful in more ac-
curately evaluating coastal recreational needs.

The detailed analyses presented in Section III of this
report are broken out on the basis of Bureau of Parks and
Recreation administrative units. The format of each.
analysis will be the same.

A. Since a prime goal of the study is to identify those
sites in the Maine coastal area with outstanding
natural features which may be protected, it is im-
portant, first of all, to look at existing parks to
get an idea of what natural features and outdoor
recreational opportunities are already available.
All state parks in the coastal area, both developed
and undeveloped, are briefly described indicating
their present or potential recreational use.

B. Next a synopsis of recent park and memorial visitor
use is presented with a coastal/inland breakdown.

C, Third, areas along the coast which are now managed
for resource use and protection by public and
quasi"public agencies are listed. In addition to
Bureau properties these coastal open space areas
.include principally those held by the National Park
Service, the US Fish & Wildlife Service, the Maine
Bureau of Public Lands, the Maine Department of
Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, the National Audubon
Society, the Maine Chapter of the Nature Conservancy,
the Maine Audubon Society, and those municipalities
in the coastal area. Where applicable, coastal
conservation easements have been included in separate
listings.

In a similar fashion, near-coastal inland open space
areas are also listed.

D. From the existing supply of open space areas, includ-
ing those managed both by the Bureau and by other
agencies, the types of natural features wh -i'ch appear
to be deficient in a unit are listed. Those which
are not physically represented by significant examples
in a unit are also. mentioned.' Normally if at least

one or two si.gnificant examples of a particular
type of natural feature are present no deficiencies
are listed for that type. Thus, because a natural
feature type is not listed as deficient does not
mean that other examples of the same type should not
be protected. Deficiencies listed are only intended
to suggest minimums.

For the purposes of this document, natural features
of the coastal area have been broken down into the
following types:

s.and beaches forests
sand dunes grasslands
cobble beaches bogs & heaths
rocky headlands freshwater marshes
hills estuaries & salt marshes
lakes and ponds sub-alpine habitats
rivers & streams intertidal flats

A glossary of natural feature.definitions is presented in APT"
pendix B.

E. As an indication of recreational needs in a given
unit, five sources are cited:

Maine: An Appraisal by the People. Prepared
by Northeast Markets, Inc. for the Maine
State Planning Office, September 1973.

Tourism In Maine: Analysis and Recommendations.
Prepared by Northeast Markets, Inc, for the
Maine Vacation Travel Analysis Committee,
May 1974.

Citizen Evaluation of Public Policy in the Coastal
Zone.
Prepared by the Social Science Research Insti-
tute of the University of Maine at Orono for.
the Maine State Planning Office, May 1975.

Recreation In Maine: Utilization and Need.
Prepared by the Social Science Research Insti-
tute of the University of Maineat Orono for
the Maine Bureau of Parks & Recreation,,
November 1976.

Draft 1977 Maine Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor
Recreation Plan.
Prepared by the Maine Bureau of Parks &
Recreation, March 1977,

F. As part of the study for this plan, sites in the
Maine coastal area which have outstanding natural
features.and recognized recreational potential have
been identified. Those areas now in priva-te owner-

ship which were deemed to be outstanding unprotected
resources, then, ar-e listed here as worthy, in
ma ny cas es, of in depth study and serious con-
sideration for acquisition by the Bureau.

G. Finally, -recommendations based on the information
gathered for this report are summarized at the end
of the discussion for each unit.

COASTAL OWNERSHIP SUMMARY.

There are 2,449,969 acres in the 144 mino r civil divisions
of Maine's coastal area (excluding most coastal submerged
lands). Of this, about 2,350,000 acres (95,9%) are pri-
vately owned. The balance, about 100,520 acres, is open
space land maintained in a natural condition by public or
quasi-public agencies. Figure 3 illustrates land owner-
ship in the coastal area by jurisdiction. Figure 4 gives a
breakdown of the public and quasi-public open space lands
by jurisdiction for the entire coast. Figure 5 shows public
and quasi-public coastal open space lands,by administrative
unit. The information presented in all of these figures is
summarized in Table 2.

Federal

Federal agencies, notably the National Park Service and the
Fish and Wildlife Service, hold about 50,000 acres, or 2.1%
N of the total coastal area acreage. This does not include
Coast Guard lighthouses and military installations which are
closed to the general public and General Services Adminis-
tration properties. The largest block of federal land owner-
ship on the coast is the 34,370 acres of Acadia National Park
in Hancock and Knox Counties.

State

Slightly less than 25,000 acres are controlled by various
state agencies in the coastal area excluding the roughly
1,500 small coastal islands under the jurisd,iction of the
Bureau of Public Lands. This acreage is equal to approxi-
mately one percent of the total coastal land area. The
Bureau of Parks and Recreation controls in its coastal state
parks and memorials more than 13,500 acres of this 25,000.
The other state agency with substantial coastal open space
properties is the Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife.

Municipal

The coastal cities and towns control about 17,500 acres of
open space lands maintained in a natural condition. Not in-
cluded in this figure are some small local parks (under 10
acres), tax delinquent lands and coastal beaches, Beach areas
were not included because of the difficulty in defining
boundaries and the confusion over ownership. In any case,
excluding these beach open spaces significantly affects only
Unit Southern B and does not significantly affect acreage
figures for the coast as a whole.

Quasi.-public

A total of over 8,100 acres are owned by private, non-profit
.conservation organizations in the coastal area, The Nature
Conservancy is the largest single land owner in this category
with 2,876 acres, State designated game sanctuaries have
been included here where acreages were known. In addition to
these areas, there,are about 8,000 - 9,000 acres of private
lands encumbered with conservation easements which restrict
development to various degrees., These areas have not been
included in the inventory because for the most part they do
not allow public access. These lands under easement do,
however, constitute an important flora, wildlife and aesthetic
resource. The Bureau of Parks and Recreation has responsi-
bility for monitoring 14 separate coastal conservation ease-
ments totaling about 900 acres.

FEDERAL 2.1%
STATE 1.0% TOTAL PUBLIC AND
(BPR 0.6%) QUASI-PUBLIC 4.1%
MUNICIPAL 0.7%-, \(I 00, 5 2 0 acres*)
I NN
QUASI-PUBLIC 0.3%

\NN

PRIVATE 95.9%
(2.349,449 acres)

D
0
Figure 7

MINE COASTAL AREA

LAM OWNERSHIP

Does not Include activ federal military installations and
lighthouses, General S vices Administration holdings. Maine
'Departmenu of Tran:lportatlon properties , unregistered Statt
owned islands, and most municipal beaches.

MUNICIPAL 17.5%

STATt 24.7%

QUASI-PUBLIC 8.3%

FEDERAL 49.7%

Figure 8
MAINE COASTAL AREA
OPEN SPACE LANDS

100,0520 ACRES

Figure 9
MAINE COASTAL AREA
OPEN SPACE LANDS
BY ADMINISTRATIVE UINI

ERN C

SOUTHERN A

EASTERN E
Dcn

EASTERN W

SOUTHERN D

QUASI- EDERAL
PUBLIC

MUNICIPAL TATE

SOUTHERN B

Table 2

PUBLIC AND qUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE LANDS
By Administrative Unit - Summary

ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT
COAST
S/A S/B. S/C S/D E/W E/E % of % of Total
Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Acres % Total Acres Total Public &
AQrrs Ouasi-Pub
Coastal
Acreage 46,599 100 375.315 100 369,988 in 445,402 no 650,352 100 562,313 100 2.449,969 100

Federal 0 0 2,035 0.5 30 3,215 0.7 31,584 4.9 13,133 2.3 49,997 2.1 49.7

State 289 o.6 4,166 1.1 4 6 1.1 8,422 1.9 3,333 0.5 4,488 o.8 24,8 04 1.0 24. 7
(BPR) (288) (0-6) (1,080) (0-3) (l:V5)(O.4) (6,016)(1.4) (2,656) (0.4) (2,039) (0.4' (13,544) (o.6) (13-5)

Municipal 1,107 24 -9,387 2.5 2,IT2 o.6 2,728 o.6 l , o94 0.2 1,o67 0.2 17,555 0-T 1T.5

.Quasi-Public 176 o.4 2,620 0.7 1,545 o.4 2,133 0.5 1,489 0.2 199 8,162 0-3 8.1

Total Public&
Quasi-Public 1,572 3.4 18,208 4.8 7,853 2.1 16,500 3.7 3T,500 5.8 18,887 3.3 100,520 4 . l *100

Less than 0.1%

VISITOR USE SUMMARY

FigurelO shows that visitor use at state parks and memorials
with day use facilities increased at both coastal and inland
facilities between 1966 and 1976. However, coastal use rose
at a considerably-faster rate than inland use, Since 1970,
inland day use has remained fairly stable averaging about
420,000 visitors annually, Coastal day use., in contrast, has
markedly increased in recent years, The volume of coastal
use is now more than three-fold that of inland use.

A comparison of coastal/inland design capacities and user
estimates for 1976 reveals that while inland facilities total
53% of potential capacity and coastal facilities 47%, coastal
use was 76% and inland 24%. The pressures on coastal state
parks and memorials is not only disproportionability large
but seems to be growing.

As presented in Figurell visitor use at state parks with
camping facilities increased between 1966 and 1970, both
inland and coastal. Inland park camping use peaked in 1970
at about 237,600, Coastal camping use peaked in 1971 at
about 104,300. Camping use declined until 1974. Inland
use increased slightly during 1975 and 1976, due largely to
the opening of Peaks-Kenny State Park in Dover-Foxcroft.
Coastal use increased in 1975 then dropped again during the
wet 1976 season.

Despite the fact that inland camping facilities were increas-
ed si gnificantly between 1966 and 1976 with the addition of
Rangeley Lake and Peaks-Kenny State Parks and expansion of
sites at Aroostook State Park, the gap between inland and
coastal use appears to be narrowing. Coastal parks were
expanded by only about twenty sites. The importance of
coastal/inland camping is illustrated by comparing site and
user ratios. In 1976, 30% of the Bureau's camping sites
were in coastal parks. Camping use was 31% coastal and 69%
inland. Use of existing state park camping facilities appears
to be well distributed between the coastal and inland facili-
ties.

Looking at coastal visitor use on a unit by unit basis,
Figure12 illustrates that most of the camping in coastal
state parks in 1976 occurred in Unit Southern D (56.6%).
Camden Hills and Warren Island State Parks are in the Unit.
Unit Eastern E had 26.3 percent of the coastal camping
(Cobscook Bay State Park). Eastern W had 17.1 percent (Lamoine
State Park). There were no state camping areas in the coastal
portion of Units Southern A, Southern B, or Southern C.

Day use activity was more evenly distributed.with no unit re-

ceiving more than one-third of the total coastal day use.
Unit Southern 1) received 33 percent of the total, Roughly
28 percent of the day use occurred each in Units Southern B
and Southern C. The remaining three coastal units experienc-
ed considerably less use.

These figures suggest that perhaps attempts should be made
to sp.read use more evenly both among coastal units and
between coastal and inland regions.

Table 3 provides a comparison of coastal and inland 1976
visitor use estimates within each of the administrative units
bordering the coast. In every unit except Southern A facili-
ties in the coastal portion of the unit accommodated over
90% of the day users. In units Southern D, Eastern W and
Eastern E, most or all of the camping use occurred in the
coastal parks. In Southern A, all camping occurred inland.
There were no camping facilities in Units Southern B. and
Southern C.

The table clearly shows that by far most of the total public
use occurred in the coastal portion of each of the units,
Southern A being the single exception.

To summarize, it appears that visitor utilization of state
park's and memorials for day use activities is far heavier
along the coast than inland. Camping use, on the other hand,
is much heavier inland though overall use of available
facilities is no greater inland than in the coastal parks.

It is important to note that none of these statistics reveal
potential demand or user preferences. They merely suggest
how.use matches existing supply. Many questions remain to
be addressed. For instance, what portion of the facilities
supplied by the Bureau ought to be coastal? Should parks be
developed Downeast to draw people away from the southwestern
coast? Should State camping areas be developed in southern
Maine? Should the Bureau concentrate on high intensive or
low intensive use parks? Answers to these sort of questions
will determine the action plan needed to guide the Bureau
in park development over the next few years.

L A

Figure 10
MAHE STATE-PARK-AND MEMORIAL ESTIMATED VISITOR'DAY.USE:.1966 1976

1500

1250-

CO&ST

10001,

450

500

Nl@ND

275
1966
1970 1975
4

Figure 11
MAINE STATE PARK EMMATED VISITOR.CAMPING US 1966 1976,*
Et

250

INIMD

-200-

150'-

E-4

100
COAST

66 1970
1975

11 Iwo

WON @mm-mmm mmmmmm own MMMIM loll

Figure 12
DISTRIBUTION OF COASTAL STATE PARK AND MEMORIAL VISITOR USE
Southern.Al- Day Use 2.6% BY ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT:I976..
Camping 0%

Southern B Day Use 28.6%

Camping 0%

Southern B Day Use 27.6%

E-4 Camping 0%

Southern D Day Use 33.0%

56.6%
Camping

2:1%
Eastern W Day Use

Camping 17-1%

Eastern D'ay Use 6 .

C.amping, 261.3% A
6 20 @0 4o 50 6o

PERCENT

Table 3

Coastal/Inland Visitor Use of State Parks &
1.1'emorials Within Administrative Units: 1976

DAY USE CAMPING PUBLIC USE
UNIT Coastal Inland Coastal Ii@land Coastal Inland

-percent-

Southern A 12.6 87.4 0 100 9 91

Southern B 100 0 100 0

Southern C 97.4 2.6 97.4 2.6

Southern E 8.7 81.5 18.5 90.2 8.8

Eastern W 100 0 100 0 100 0

Eastern E 100 0 100 0 100 0

NATURAL FEATURE DEFICIENCIES SU'XMARY

From a checklist of coastal area natural features, those
types of protected features which appear to be deficient
have been identified for each unit. Table 4 summarizes
these deficiencies for each coastal unit. Forests (conr
iferous, deciduous and mixed) and lakes and ponds are
represented in every unit. On the other hand, good
examples of protected cobble beaches, a significant
though uncommon feature along much of the Statets shore@-." A
line, are lacking in all units. Other features are found
to be deficient in various units. A glossary of natural
feature definitions is presented in Appendix B.

Table 4

NATURAL FEATURE DEFICIENCIES BY ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT SUMMARY

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Southern A x x x x x x

Southern B x x x x x

Southern C x x x x

Southern D x x x x

Eastern W x x x x

Eastern E x x x x
__j

RECREATION NEEDS SUMMARY.

Table 5 is a summary of those kinds of resource oriented
outdoor recreation opportunities vhich appear to be needr
ed in each coastal administrative unit. Needs for each
unit were identified by analyzing needs listed in five
separate surveys and studies issued between 1973 and 1977.
The surveys and studies are not directly comparable since
each used somewhat different methodologies and slightly
different lists of activities, Neverthelesso a qualitative
evaluation can be made of the results of each with some
interpretation. There are, of course, other outdoor re-
creation activities not mentioned here, However, the
major activities the Bureau is involved with are represent-
ed.

According to the analysis camping areas, beaching facilities,
both coastal and inland, boat access sites, trails, and
natural/wildlife areas are the most important needs.

It should be noted that this list of needs may be updated
once results from a March 1977 recreation user preference
survey conducted for the Bureau are available,

Table 5
RECREATION NEEDS by Administrative Unit Summary

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Southern A x x x x x x

Southern B x x x x x

Southern C x x x x x x x

Southern D x x x x x x x

Eastern W x x x

Eastern E x x x

III UNIT ANALYSES

"We need indoor and outdoor6
recreation facilities and we
we would like to see open spaced
and wilderness preserved for
future generatins and for
the immediate, unrestricted
use of people today." Those
were the collective opinions
of Mid-Coaast youth speaking
out at a youth forum held at
Medomak Valley High School
this week.

--News item,
Courier-Gazette,
June 18, 1977

SOUTHERN "B

Population.
Tota I - 224,956
Coastal- 181,958

Falmouth

100 @f t I And Harpswell
scd rbo I, Ggh

G an 43 Cape Elizabpth
idde ord jzlco

so, ick

Eliot

Kittery
EO Coastal
RNear-coastal

TYPE OF AREA DEVELOPED UNDEVELOPED
Day Use -Swim mIng/PIcn Ick Ing SCA%l
Day Use- Trails/Picnicking 0 0 s 10 Is 10 2s mitts
Day Us*- Educat Iona I/Cultural 0 a to 20 30 K11,01111MRS
i dde @f
'0
.JE I i @ot
ry

Camping A
Boat Access 1/77

UNIT SOUTHERN B

Coastal Parks

There are at present four developed state parks in the
coastal section of Unit Southern B:

Crescent Beach is a salt water park in Cape Elizabeth main-
ly serving the Greater Portland area as a regional swimming-
picnicking day use area. As shown in Table 6, since the park
opened in 1962, public use has increased fairly steadily top-
ping 168,000 visits in 1976. The park has an instant design
capacity of 3,753. At present roughly 60% of the land suit-
able for development for parking within the park's boundaries
is developed. Expansion of parking facilities and develop-
ment of an interpretive trail system and picnic area would
be possible. However, the sand dunes fronting the back
beach area should be vigorously protected against trampling.

Scarborough Beach (formerly called Jordan's Beach) is a salt
water park in the town of Scarborough which, like Crescent
Beach, primarily.serves the Greater Portland area as a
regional swimming-picnicking day use area. However, unlike
Crescent only a very small fraction of the beach is actually
owned by the Bureau, 67 linear feet to be precise. Users
of the park tend to spill over onto the privately owned beach
on either side of the Bureau's land.

Before Scarborough Beach was operated as a state park, the
300 car parking lot was run as a private concern. Since the
park opened in 1972, annual use has more than doubled. There
is no room for expansion of parking facilities at the park.
Indeed, to protect the barrier dune behind the beach, all
parking should be limited to the lot north of Massacre Pond
with only foot traffic allowed to the beach.

Two.Lights, a park in Cape Elizabeth nearly adjacent to
Crescent Beach, is used as a trails-picnicking day use area
mostly by Maine residents, especially those from the Portland
region. Located on the site of a former World War II military
magazine, the coastal views of the rocky shore both north
and south make this a popular regional park. Visitor use has
risen steadily since the park opened in 1960, totaling almost
150,000 in 1976. There is no significant room for expansion
of parking facilities at the park and use of the vegetated
headland is already showing the signs of erosion problems.

Vaughan Woods Memorial Park on the Piscataqua River in South
Berwick is a wooded area used for-walking, horseback riding

and picnicking day use. The park is apparently available
only for passive recreation. The will of the donor, Eliza-
beth R. Vaughan, reads, in part, that the "land, woods and
forest shall.forever be retained and used ...... for a State
Forest, public park and public recreation purposes, shall
forever be left in the natural wild state and forever be
kept as a. sanctuary for wild beasts and birds,..". Since
1961 visitor use has increased slowly from 1,723 to an
estimated 10,506 in 1976. The current instant design capa-
city of 81 visitors appears adequate to accommodate antici-
pated use in the immediate future.

The Bureau now owns five undeveloped coastal properties in
the Unit. Two of these would be suitable primarily to serve
beach use only: Ferry Beach in Saco, and Andrew's Beach on
Long Island in Portland. Since both of these areas are
mainly of local interest, they might best be transferred to
local administrative bodies. To enhance the use of Andrewls
Beach, Vaill (Marsh) Island should be protected as a wildlife
(bird nesting) site.

Laudholm.Farm in Wells has been 'proposed as a multiple-use,
trails-picnicking-swimming-open space day use park. Priority
for development of this area should be high as it could serve
as a park of diversified opportunities in a region of rapid
population and tourist growth,

In Casco Bay the Bureau has two islands in the Unit with
important state park potential: Jewell and Little Chebeague.
Something should probably be done with these islands as soon
as possible so that the unsupervised use now occurring on the
islands does not seriously degrade the resources. These
islands will be treated in more detail in the Coastal Island
Analysis.

Inland Parks

Inland in the Unit there are no developed state parks. There
is one undeveloped 142 acre parcel of land on Bunganut Pond in
Lyman which would be suitable for swimming and picnicking day
use.

Visitor Use

Public use of existing State Parks and Memorials in Unit
Southern B.totalled 376,147 persons in 1976 (Table 6). All
of this use took place in coastal facilities as there are no
developed inland parks in the Unit (Table 3).

Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands

The total area of the coastal towns in U nit Southern B is
375,315 acres. Of this, 2,035 acres or 0.5 percent is now in

federal ownership. This brings to slightly over eleven per-
cent the federal portion of the total public and quasi-
public coastal open space lands in the Unit. When all of the
proposed acquisitions for the Racbel Carson National Wildlife
Refuge are completed a total of 4,011 acres is expected to be
in federal ownership.

Approximately 4,103 acres or 1.1 percent of the coastal area
in the Unit is in State ownership. This is 22.6 percent of the
public and quasi-public open space lands. Bureau of Parks.
and Recreation properties account for one-quarter of these
State owned lands.

@An estimated 9,407 acres or 2.5 percent of the coastal land
is town-owned open space or property available for low intensive
recreation. Municipal open space lands account for more than
half of the public and quasi-public open space acreage.
Actually this is something of an underestimate since coastal
beach lands have not been included here due to uncertainty
over ownership and instability in beach size.

Over 2,600 acres or 0.7 percent of the coastal land in the
Unit is managed by quasi-public conservation organizations
or private landowners as game sanctuaries. In sum these
land managers hold 14.4 percent of the total public and quasi-
public lands in the Unit.

Taken together, the total open space land managed by public
or quasi-public agencies along the coast in Unit Southern B
is approximately 18,165 acres. In other words, only about
five percent of the area in the coastal communities - the
region undergoing the most rapid growth in Maine - has been
set aside as open space.

Natural Feature Deficiencies

There appear to be deficiencies in the Unit of the following
types of protected natural features: hillsp heaths, sub-
alpine habitats, freshwater marshes and cobble beaches
(See Table 4). Of these,sub-alpine habitats and cobble beaches
are not significantly available in the coastal portion of
the Unit.

Recreational Needs

The survey of Maine people prepared for the State Planning
'Office in 1973 indicated that the top recreation priorities
of respondents in the York and Cumberland Districts werefor
coastal beaches and scenic areas, naturalareas, wild and
scenic riversp inland beaches and scenic areasp and camp-
site areas. Coastal beaches were far and away the favorite
(61% in York, 70% in Cumberland).

The 1974 tourism study indicated that the most popular re-
creation activities of tourists in Maine were, in decreas-
ing order: sightseeing, fishing/hunting, freshwater beach-
ing, salt water beaching, fresh water boating, and camping.

The 1975 citizen evaluation of public policy indicated that
50% or more of the respondents in the Southern Coastal Area
favored more spending for the following coastal projects, in
decreasing order: wildlife habitats, historic areas, public
beaches and picnic areas, scenic road turnoffs, campsites,
and marinas and boat ramps.

The results of the 1976 panel surveys conducted by the Social
Science Research Institute listed what participants felt state
recreation priorities should be. In order of decreasing
priority for the Souther Region, these were: camping areas,
saltwater boat launches, state parks, backpacking trails, and
upgrading existing facilities. For the Southern Maine Region
the state recreation priorities agreed upon by 50% or more of
the meeting participants were:

1. camping (70%)
2. educational programs (70%)
3. saltwater boat launches (60%)
4. stocking brooks and lakes (60%)
5. state parks (50%)
6. saltwater access (50%)
7. wildlife management (50%)
8. freshwater boat launches (80%)
9. small man-made ponds (50%)

The planning district analysis of the Draft 1977 Maine SCORP
indicated that from now through 1990 there will be needs in
the Southern Maine and Cumberland Planning Districts for
hiking, ski touring, picnicking, bicycling, horseback riding
opportunities, interpretive trails, swimming, boating, camp@
ing, and snow skiing opportunities. SCORP does not indicate
a need for canoeing or snowmobiling opportunities.

While all of these studies are not directly comparable, a
qualitative evaluation of each reveals that there is little
consistency in the activities people do or would prefer to
participate in in southern coastal Maine. These inconsisten-
cies may be due to changes over the past few years in outdoor
recreation preferences. Coastal beaching, for example, seems
to be giving way among residents of the area to other preferences
such as boating, both coastal and non-coastal, lake beaching,
natural areas and trail activities of all sorts. The pressures
for camping facilities appear to be holding fairly steady. it
may be that as more and more non-residents crowd the southern
coastal beaches, local residents are shifting to other, most-
ly inland, activities. If this is the case, an important
A question arises for the Bureau: What are the Bureauts
responsibilities in providing ocean beach opportunities in
southern Maine? The beach analysis presented in Section IV
will address this issue.

Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area Open Spaces

Large sand beach ecosystems (beaches, dunes, wetlands) are
the predominant coastal natural features in the Unit. Be-
tween the longshore beaches are reaches of rocky headland
interspersed with small sand and gravel pocket beaches.
Inland for a considerable distance most of the landscape is
quite flat, the hills of York providing an interesting con-
trast in landform. In the Unit the most important unpro-
tected coastal area open spaces include the following:

Gerrish Island - Cutts Island, a compact area of unusual
ecological diversity in close proximity to a rapid growth
center; being developed now for housing

Upper York River area, an important wildlife habitat

- Bald Head and York Cliffs in York, one of the few
stretches of bold rocky headland along the southern
Maine' coast

- Mt. Agamenticus watershed area in Yo rk and So. Berwick,
long recognized as an unusual, relatively undeveloped
area in close proximity to a fast growth region

- Biddeford Pool, a tidal bay/estuary which has been
described as the most significant area in Maine for
migratory.shorebird concentrations lei
shore between Scarborough and Higgins Beach, a headland
of particularly colorful scenic quality

- Richmond Island in Cape Elizabeth, an island of state-
wide and possibly national historical significance and
present day aesthetic importance

- Saco Heath, one of the largest inland sphagnum wetlands
in southern Maine

all of the privately owned coastal beaches including
Crescent in Kittery, Crescent Surf and Parson's in
Kennebunk, Goose Rocks in Kennebunkport, the Biddeford
and Saco Beaches, Scarborough and Western in Scarborough,
Cod and Richmond Island Harbor in Cape Elizabeth and
the island beaches in Casco Bay (see Section IV on
coastal beaches).

Recommendations

1. The Bureau should continue to oper ate Vaughan Woods
Memo,tiat as a low intensive day use picnicking and
trail recreational area; however, as the cost per
user at this park is comparatively high, the area
should be studied to determine how operation and
maintenance costs might be decreased.

2. The Bureau should continue to operate Two Lights
State Pa&k without increasing parking capacity.

3. The Bureau should develop a day use state park at
Laudhotm Fa&m as soon as possible (development of
this area should have high priority in the Unit);
the park would offer day use swimming, interpre-
tive trails, picnicking, and open field recreational
opportunities as well as wildlife habitat pro-
tection; as the beach and marsh areas of the farm
site are a fragile environment, there should be no
road access to the beach and a carry in-carry out
policy should be strictly enforced.

4. The Bureau should negotiate an agreement with the
Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife to manage
its land bordering the Scatbotough RiveA as part
of the Scarborough Marsh Wildlife Management Area;
the upland portion of the Scarborough River parcel
should be leased to the town for outdoor recreation.

5. The Bureau should actively explore the possibility
of acquiring Richmond Iztand in Cape Elizabeth to
conserve the scenic recreational and historic re-
sources of the Island,

6. The Bureau should strongly urge the U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service to add the Uppet Yotk Rive&, the
Bidde6o,td Poot, and the Chauncy Cteek ateaz to the
Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge.

7. The Bureau should explore with the Maine Department
of Transportation the construction of a bicycle path
connecting downtown Portland - So. Portland with Two
Lights, Crescent Beach, and Scarborough Beach State
Parks.

8. The Bureau should try to acquire at no or at low
cost a conservation easement on the tocky tedges
between Scarborough Beach and Higgins Beach in
Scatbotough to protect the natural beauty of the
area.

9. The Bureau should immediately begin active ex-
ploration of the acquisition of the Mt. Agamenticu.6
watershed area in cooperation with other interested
agencies and groups.

10. The Bureau should strongly urge the newly formed
Saco conservation commission to immediately begin
a study of the environmental significance and value
of the Saco Heath to determine appropriate use and
protection of the area; the integrity of the Heath
is threatened by mining operations.

Recommendations relating to the coastal islands in the Unit will
be presented when Section VI has been completed, The following
suggestions, based on known information are presented in the
interim:

11. Littte.Chebeague 1,6tand should be developed as soon
as possible as a day use state park featuring pic-
nicking, trail and swimming opportunities; picnic
and toilet facilities should be provided to accom-
modate an instant capacity of approximately 1,000
people; overnite camping on the island should be
strictly prohibited; public ferry transportation to
the Island, say, on weekends, should be explored.

12. Jewett 1.6tand should be developed as funds become
available as a day use and overnight state park
featuring a limited number of picnic tables, a
trail system, a small number of primitive camp-
sites, and a harbor anchorage. Public transportation
to the Island should not be promoted and facilities
should be kept to a minimum.

13. The land that the Bureau owns at And,%ewz Beach on
Long Island in Casco Bay should, if possible, be
leased to a regional or local administrative body for
operations and maintenance; the Department of Inland
Fisheries & Wildlife should be urged to acquire
Vaill (Marsh) Island which lies off of Andrews Beach
as a protected bird nesting area..

Recommendations relating to the coastal beaches in the Unit will
be presented when Section IV has been completed. The following
tentative suggestions based on known information are presented
in the interim:

14, The Bureau should consider developing at this time
on existing holdings at Fe,%Ay Beach in Saco only a
parking lot even if this necessitates a walk to the
beach of a quarter mile or more; this facility might
be leased to the City for operations and maintenance.
A bicycle path from downtown Saco to the park is
being constructed. Problems over property acquisi-
tion and potential beach erosion make this an in-
appropriate time to develop a full park.

15. If possible, the operation & maintenance of
CAescent Beach State Pakk should be turned over
to a regional or local administrative body to be
run as a regional park leased from the Bureau
and subject to annual review by the,Bureau; in
the absence of such an arrangement the Bureau
should continue to operate the area as a state
park; facilities need not be expanded beyond
present capacities for the short term.

16. The Bureau should work with the Nature Conservancy
and/or the Department of Inland Fisheries &
Wildlife to acquire in fee or easement the beach
ateaz in Cape Etizabeth at the Richmond Island
breakwater and east of the Cod Rocks to protect
these fragile and uniquely undisturbed areas if
they become threatened by changes in land use.

17. If federal funds become available under the
federal CZMA Amendments of 1976, the Bureau
should consider acquisition of additional land
at Sca)tbotough Beach; if funds are not available,
as an alternative, the Bureau might try to secure
at no cost or at low cost, a conservation ease-
ment on the beach and adjacent dune areas. Park-
ing at the existing park should be limited to
the lot north of Massacre Pond; if more of the
beach is acquired in fee, an additional parking
area could be developed east of the existing lot.

Table 6

STATE PARK AND STATE MEMORIAL EST114ATED IWISITOR USE
UNIT SOUTHERN B
1966-19T6
19T6
Instant
Type Of Design
Park/Memorial Use 1966 1967 1968 1969 19TO 1971 19T2 1973 19T4 19T5 19T6 Capacity

Crescent Beach Day Use 58,196 97,459 94,908 126,239 146,769 144,038 112,94o 132,273 148,547 l50,o6g 168,379 3,753
Fort McClary Day Use 46,9T4 32,T9T 43,50T 56.T35 5T.088 60,653 61.565 52,389 48,237 50,549 47,020 171

Scarborough Beach Day Use 2,935 2,176 . 2,992 11999 1,6o6 2,9o6 1,350
Two Lights Day Use 90,935 84,525 102,563 112,382 126,424 121,212 111,99T 120,216 11T.49T 134,166 147,336 833
Vaughan W.oods Day Use 5,980 4,385 4,lo4 5,274 6,115 7.708 8,3T3 9,540 8,509 8,991 10,506 81

Coastal

Table 7
C
PUBLIC AND Southern B
QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS Summary

% OF TOTAL
PERCENT OF PUBLIC AND
ACRES COASTAL QUASI-PUBLIC
ACREAGE ACREAGE

COASTAL
ACREAGE 375,315 100

FEDERAL 2,035 0.5 1 .11.2

STATE 4,103 1.1 22.6

(BPR) (1,080) (0. 3 5.9)

MUNICIPAL 9,407 2.5 51.8

QUASI-PUBLIC 21620 0.7 14.4

TOTAL 18,165 4.8 100
UBLIC @n jB
QUAISI- ry
Li@c

0 m rt 0 0 W 0 m H. m En 0
m 0 (D 0 ::r r- m :j rr :4 0 I*d 03
(D rt r) m rt Pi rt N D) QQ pi rt m
M w m cu co FJ- (D 0 ::r Fl Fl
H H rt :3 H ::r F-4 0 (D @-A H. 0
0 El 03 OQ U) td OQ
F-I rt Fj. .0 ::r 0 C: C') m n ::r 0
:31 0 0 0) zr ri) rt C:
(D W 0) r_ > n m Fl rj)
H 0 0 cr 0)
En C-) m H. 0 0@ m :3
0 ED 0 U) H 4) rL w
e. m 0 (D (D UQ m
(D (D r- D3
Pi (D 0

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

m t1i Cd to td td @3t I'd t-d I'd pici @t
03 0 0 0 0 0 (D m m 0) M P) 0). W 03 03 0
0 ti El pi
CM co 9) 0) 03 03 0) El
1
(D (D m rt ct rt 0 0 0 PV 0
0 0 El
m m m
:3 ;j 10 0) CD D)
rt rt F,
Ud En 1-0 -cl Id c I W
H. r) Fl 0 FA- m H. Fi6 0 0 W 0 0 W 03 0 tor
rL 03 Fl @-6 06 H ct rt H 0 H " (D 0) m
0@ H 0 0 rt rt rt 0 cr rt cy, rt rt H rt
(D (n m
a, 0 ro rt C7, M 9) m F-
0 0 0 0) 0
0 rt 0 :3 F-
" 0 0 ri rL 03 0@ W 0@ P- 0
CL PIZ, r_ P@ rt 0 . 0 . N C:
(IQ 0 la. CL OQ

(D
CA cr En 0) v cr Pl*h 0 ::r" 0 :31 CL cr CL
0 03 Fu 0 0 0 0 m rt " m (D 0 Id co 0 0 m (D c
f) (D zi H :j H 0) co ID 4) H (D Pi Pi :j A3 03 :3
,m 0) r: rt (D 0 m @:s cy, (D H. Q@ (D 0 (D
0 (A
m rt t-h m (D
En ::3 0 U) F4
rt 0 m
F-

rt
w @ U) 0
En En a, (a rt v .0 v - "d 0
10 10 10 10 0) rt En
rt

F- %D C) 00
-j F@ C> C> @-A ON co

00 00

F@ C) ON

0.
0 C> ID ON
C) C) CD C) CD C) C) C) -j

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

s - svimming av - scenic vista
c a camping r- public use restricted or limited
p - picnicking g= golf
b - boating/canoeing pe - primitive camping
t - trails no = nature study.
h - historic sk - skiing/ice skating

Table 9
PUBLIC AND 11 .. i SOUTHERN B
QUASI-PUBLIC (%,@AML FL21 @PAU-_ A`EAS

0 @_l

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING 0 E'
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE F4 ACRES
F4 EA
U)0
@D P4
Kittery, York,
Wells, Kennebunk,
Kennebunkport, Esturary, t,ns,b 2,0351
FWS Rachael Carson N.W.R.
Biddeford, Scar- Forest
borough, Cape
Elizabeth

BPL Bragdon Forest Kennebunk r 87

IFW Inner Green Island Portland Duck Nesting r 3

Pq IFW outer Green Island Portland Duck Nesting r 5

IFW Peaks Island WMA Portland Fresh Marsh 22

IFW Scarborough WMA Scarborough Tidal Marsh b,ns 2,969

City Baxter Blvd. Portland 33
Town Blackstrap Falmouth 8.31

P-ortland 18.5
City Capisic Pond Park

Town Casco Hall Area Falmouth 11
YWD Chases, Welches Ponds York Water protec@r,p,sv 1,200
Shore tion 53.7.
City Deering Oaks Portland

Sand beach s
-4 Town Drakes Island Beach Wells
P-4
City East End Beach Portland 4001 beach s

city Evergreen Cemetery Portland Open Space p 368

Town Falmouth Fore side Pres. Falmouth Forest 34

City Ferry-BayView -Kinney Saco Sand beach s
Beach

Town Ferry Beach Scarborough Sand beach s

KWD !Folly, Middle, Boulter
'Ponds Shore, Smelt York Water pro- r 1,150
IBrook tection
1. Proposed total acquisiti.on is 4,011 acres.,

PUBLIC AND
OP1,E-A QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPLI SPArE Af-T."S SOUTHERN B (continued)

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING 11@0 P
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE 0@ ACRES
0 F-4 EA
P1 U)0
fr4 @D P4
City of Forest City Cemetery So. Portland p 100
Fortland

City Fort Foster Kittery Beach, head-
land S)tjp 92,

City Fort Gorges Portland Fort h 1.5

Town Fort Williams Cape Elizabeth Headland p,h,sv 100

City Fortunes Rocks Beach Biddeford Sand Beach s

Town Goochs Beach Kennebunk Sand Beach s

Town Goodrich Park York 4o

City Gulliver Field Portland 22

own Higgins Beach Scarborough Sand Beach s

City Hills Beach Biddeford Sand Beach s

:cCity Hinckley-Knight Pond So. Portland Isk,p 32
Pq

Town Jasper St. Skating Area Scarborough sk 35

@4 Town Kennebunk River LanO Kennebunk 9r)

1@ity Larry Rowe Golf Course So. Portland 9 30.6

Town Lions Field Cape Elizabetli t 37

rown Long Sands Beach York Sand Beach s

Pown Massacre Pond Scarborough ns 35
I
A "ity Mayor Baxter Woods Portland 30

"ity Mill Creek Park So. Portland 9

'own Moulton Park York sk 4o

own !Oaks Neck Beach Kennebunk Sand Beach
own 10gunquit-Moody Beaches Wells Sa nd Beaches s

A 'own !Old Town Farm Kittery 70

rovn Qld Trolley Trail Wells t,h 1 mile

PUBLIC AND SOUTHERN B (continued)
OT"ir-A QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPLN SPAH ARE'S

0 @4

MANAGEMENT
OUTSTANDING ':4 0 P
AGENCY SITE F-1
MUNICIPALITY FEATURE rr@ ACRES

Pq U) 0
(4 @D PL4

Town Open Space Eliot 25

Town Open Space
Cape Elizabeth Water pro- r 150+
tection
Town Open Space (3) Falmouth 78

Town Open Space Wells 450+
City Payson Park Portland 47.81
City Peaks Island Reserva-
tion Portland 100

Town Pine Grove Park Falmouth 15

City Pine Grove Park Portland 6.2
Town Pine Point Beach Scarborough Sand B ea+cIh S

Town
Leased Powder House Hill So. Berwick Isk 20
,:"City Presumpscot Park &
P-1
Baxter Pines Portland
t 34

-city Putnam Park
Biddeford 6o

City Ram Island Kittery 2

Town Ramancescho Land Arundel 182

Town Reservoir Land Kennebunk Watershed
Protection 200

Town Reservoir Land Wells 100

ity Riverside Municipal
Golf Course Portland g,t 187

ity Rogers Park Kittery t 25

I.Town
Leased Scarborough R. Area Scarborough Open Field ns 55

School i School Forest Kennebunk 50A. wooded 50

School School Forest Kittery 26A. wooded 26

School School Forest Wells 25A. wooded 25
I I _j

PUBLIC AND r SOUTHERN B (Continued)
0P1,rL1__,), QUASI-PUBLIC %19ASTAL OPLI SPArH AiTAS

E-i M H
MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING <4 OE-1
W Pl-
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE M rA ACRES

VA U) 0
M @D PL4

Town Scottows Hill 25

City Seapoint Beach Kittery Sand Beach s 2 1

Town Short Sands Beach York Sand Beach s

Town Town Farm Kittery 65A.woodland 70

P, Town Town Farm Wells 75A.woodland 75

Town Town Forest Kennebunkport 500A.woodland .500
ZD
Town Town Forest Scarborough 79A.woodland 79

Town Town Forest So. Berwick 90A.woodland 90

City University Park Portland 8.7

Town Wells Beach Wells Sand Beach s

City Western Promanade Portland P 18.9

City Willard Beach So. Portland Sand Beach s 3

City Wood Island Kittery 1.3

Town York Harbor Beach York Sand Beach s

IFW Back Bay Sanctuary Portland Tidal Flats P 6

TNC Butler Preserve Kennebunk Forest 30

PNA Bluff & Stratton Is. Saco Bird Nesting r 50

CIA Cushing Island Portland r 50
E-4
IFW rake's Is. Game Sanc. Wells Wildlife

rl@ 14AS tvast Point Sanctuary Biddeford Pebble Beach?s ns,t9 21
I sv
AAS @ore River Sanctuary Portland Salt Marsh 76

MAS Gilsland Farm Falmouth Open Field ns,,t.,p 70

TNC @Marshall Preserve Arundel Forest ns 181
A
TNC Mill Cove So. Portland Tidal Flat ns 30

TNC Mill Creek Preserve Falmouth IS9,1t Marsh ns 20

PUBLIC AND rq EN SPArE AREAS SOUTHERN B
QUASI-PUBLIC ASTAL OPE continue

MANAGEMENT
OUTSTANDING `:e, 0 P
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE rr@ rq ACRES

P1 M 0
P4

IFW Ocean Park Game & Bird
Sanctuary Old Orchard B.

IFW Prout's Neck-Richmond'
Island-Cape Elizabeth Cape Elizabeth Beach r 1,927
Sanctuary

TNCi Redin's Island Cape Porpoise ns 6
P TNC iitchey Preserve Portland Headland ns 6o

>
" MAS Stage & Wood Islands Biddeford Bird Nestinr r,ns 45
P@
PA TNC Vaughn's Island KennebunkDort ns 48

IFW Wells Sanctuary 'Wells ns

IFW Wells & York Sanctuary Wells, York

KEY

RECREATION USE OR POTENTIAL

s = swimming sv = scenic vista
c = camping r = public use restricted or
p = picnicking limited
b = boating/canoeing g = golf
= trails pc = primitive camping
h = historic ns = nature study
sk = skiing/ice skating

MANAGEMENT AGENCY

BPL = Bureau of Public Lands
CIA = Cushing Island Association
FWS = U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
IFW = Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
KWD = Kittery Water District
MAS = Maine Audubon Society
PNA = Prouts Neck Audubon
TNC = The Nature Conservancy
YWD - York Water District

CONSERVATION EASE11ENTS Table 10 SJUTHLWN B

SITE MUNICIPALITY RECIPIENT APPROX.
AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

Biddeford Pool Biddeford MAS no development

Key
Recipient Agency

MAS Maine Audubon Society

NAR - C 0,",STA-1 I NLAVIA OPEN SP ACE AREAS Table 11 SOUTHERN B

0 -1

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING
4 0 E-i
:.AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE ACRES

Pq U)0

USFS Messabesic Exp. Forest Lyman, Dayton, r 3,70.0
Sanford

BPR Bunganut Pond Lyman 1300' beach S)p 142-

Town Little River Town Lot Berwick 12

Town Reservoir Land Sanford 58A. wooded 58

School School Forest Dayton 13

School School Forest Lebanon 5A. wooded 10

School School Forest Sanford 20A. wooded 70

U
H Town Town Farm. Lebanon 79A. wooded 79
z

Town Town Farm 1 Lyman
100

Town Town Farm Sanford 24A. wooded 90

Town Town Forest Berwick 25A. wooded 40

Town Town Forest Lebanon 100A. wooded 100

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

a swimming sv - scenic vista
C camping r- public use restricted or limited
p picnicking g- golf
b boating/canoeing pc - primitive camping
t trails no - nature study
h historic sk - skiing/ice skating
i I E A

Management Agency

BPR Bureau of Parks and Recreation

USFS US Forest'Service

P-A

Coastal Beaching

M
>4 Lake Beaching M

Coastal Boating

Freshwater Boating

Picnicking

Wild & Scenic Rivers

Historic Sites

Camping F-3
0)

M
Snowmobiling

Hiking/Back Packing

Bicycling

Horseback Riding

Interpretive

Ski Touring

Snow Skiing 0

Natural/Wildlife Areas M
Pd
z
X X Sightseeing W
no,

Hunting/Fishing

SOUTHERN A

Population.
Total- 169p293
Coastal- 13,731

Woodstock
a West Paris
Stwieham 0 Norway

Bri:lc ton
0 lana Lisbon (S)

Durham
6rov:@,f-.eld

Pownal-

Freeport,

Limington"Ov-
&-Buxton

Acton
M Coastal
RNear-coastal

TYPE OF AREA DEVELOPED UNDEVELOPED
Day Us* -Swim mIng/PIcn Ick Ing (1)
Day Us*. Trails/Picnicking T
Day Us*- Educational/Cultural (a SCAtj

S 10 is 20, 1- mitts
V_aT@erlor

Camping Ff1q_.14-TF3a=rT-T_ .TT-JT1zrT-T3E3
Boat Acc*ss 0 10 -:10 30 011,08WIVS
1/77

UNIT SOUTHERN A

Coastal Parks

There is only.one state park in the coastal section of this
Unit, Wolf Neck in Freeport. This is a 233 acre park with
a variety of habitats including wooded upland,- salt marsh,
rocky shore, and open fields, Interpretive trails crisscross
the park making it the most fully developed educational state
park in the system. The popularity of the park is illustrat-
ed by the fact that public use quadrupled between 1973 and
1976. The park is used year-round, cross-w@country skiing be-
ing the most popular winter recreation activity. The natural
qualities of Wolf Neck State Park are further enhanced by a
conservation easement directly adjacent to the park which pro-
tects the scenic vistas both from and to the park,

There is one.separate undeveloped island in this administrative
unit, Bangs Island in Casco Bay. A.treeless, 54 acre island
with limited recreation potential due to the fragility of its
soils, this area might best be protected as a wildlife habi@-
tat.
01
Inland Parks

There are a number of properties, both developed*and
undeveloped, held by the Bureau inland in this Unit. Bradbury
Mountain State Park in Pownal is one of the oldest holdings
in the State Park system and one of the few not located on
water. It is used both for day use (picnicking, walking,
scenic viewing) and camping (averaging about 11,300 visitors
annually). Just north of Bradbury Mountain is an undeveloped
park at Runaround Pond (145.acres) which is leased to the
town of Durham. North of this area is Beaver Park (338 acres)
which is leased to the town of Lisbon for use as a day use
swimming-picnicking area.

Three other parks in the Unit can be considered to be of
reasonable distance from the coast to be regarded as avail-
able recreation alternatives. Salmon Falls in Buxton (61
acres) is a parcel once slated for development but rendered
much less desirable when CMP built a dam downstream which
flooded the formerly picturesque gorge. Currently it is
leased to the town which has failed to improve the site. it
would be suitable for public picnicking and trail use only.
The Bureau might do well to entirely divest itself of th is
area,

A 38 acre parcel on Horn or Pequawet Pond in-Limington could
be developed as a swimming-picnicking day use area if a problem

concerning the access road can be resolved. It is unlikely,
however, that the carrying capacity of the beach could.
tolerate much over 400-500 people at any given time.

Finally, Sebago Lake State Park in the Naples area is by far
the most heavily used camping park in the system and the
second most popular day use area after Reid. The heavy use
the area receives suggests that perhaps the Bureau ought to
be developing other camping areas in the southern and western
sections of the state.

While all of these inland parks are importan t supplements to
the parks on the coast, they cannot really be considered as
alternatives since for the most part they offer natural
features and recreation opportunities different from those
intrinsic to the coast.

Visitor Use

Public use of existing State Parks and Memorials in Unit
Southern A totalled 374,728 persons in 1976 (Table 13). Of
this, 9 percent occurred at Wolf Neck, the only developed
coastal facility in the Unit. Inland facilities dominate
current public use in the Unit both for camping and day use
(Table 3)..

Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands

The total area of the coastal towns in Unit Southern A is
46,599 acres. This includes no significant federal open space
holdings.

State open space properties total 289 acres, all but one of
which is land owned by the Bureau of Parks and Recreation.
This is equivalent to 0.6 percent of the coastal acreage and
18.4 percent of the public and quasi-public land in the Unit.

More than 1,100 acres in the coastal communities are locally
owned. This accounts for only 2.4 percent of the total
coastal acreage but seven-tenths of the total public and
quasi-public open space areas.

Private conservation organizations hold 176 acres in the
Unit - 11.2 percent of the open space lands.
A Something less than 1,600 acres total, then, is in public
or quasi-public ownership in the three coastal communities
in the Unit. This equals only 3.4 percent of the land area
A in the three towns - one of the fastest growing urban centers
in the State. Clearly the most important current open space
land holders in the Unit are the coastal municipalities.
A
Natural Feature Deficiencies

There appear to be deficiencies in the Unit of the following
types of protected natural features: coastal beaches, sand

dunes@ rivers and streams, cobble beaches, heaths@ fresh
water marshes, estuary/salt marshes and sub,alpine habitats.
(see Table 4). Of these.,s-ignificant beaches, sand dunes,
heaths, and [email protected] are not physically available
in the coastal portion of the Unit. It should be noted that
many of the deficiencies may be alleviated by protected areas
in adjacent administrative units,

Recreation Needs

The survey of Maine people done for the State Planning Office
in 1973 indicated that the top recreation priorities of res-
pondents in the Cumberland District were for coastal beaches
and scenic areas, natural areas, wild and scenic rivers, in-
land beaches and scenic areas, historic areas, and campsites.
Coastal beaches.were far and away the favorite.

The 1974 tourism study indicated that the most popular re-
creation activities of tourists in Maine were, in decreasing
order: sightseeing, fishing/hunting, fresh water beaching,
salt water beaching, fresh water boating, and camping.

The results of the 1976 panel surveys conducted by the Social
Science Research Institute listed what participants felt state
recreation priorities should be. In order of decreasing
priority for the Southern Region, these were: tamping areas,
saltwater boat launches, state parks, backpacking trails, and
upgrading existing facilities. For the Southern Maine Region
the state recreation priorities agreed upon by 50% or more of
the meeting participants were:

1. camping (70%).
2. educational programs (70%)
3. saltwater boat launches (60%)
4. stocking brooks and lakes (.60%)
5. state parks (50%)
6, saltwater access (50%)
7. wildlife management (50%)
8. freshwater boat launches (80%)
9. small man-made ponds (50%)

The planning district analysis of the Draft 1977 Maine SCORP
indicated- that from now through 1990 there will be needs in
the Cumberland Planning District for hiking, horseback rid-
ing, picnicking, interpretive trails, bicycling, ski touring,
swimming, boating, camping and snow skiing opportunities.
SCORP does not indicate a need for canoeing or snowmobiling

opportunities,

An evaluation of all of these studies reveals the same basic
inconsistencies as were found for the southern coastal area.
The most pressing needs appear to be for camping, coastal and
lake beaching, boating facilities, and natural areas. Because
of the heavy permanent concentration of urban population in
the Portland area, priority needs for all types of recreation
activities may be greater in this Unit than along the southern
coastal section. The differences are not in kind so much as
in degree.

Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area Open Spaces

The islands of Casco Bay as a group are the dominant coastal
natural feature, a unique resource worthy of immediate at,
tention. These are treated in the section on coastal islands.
On the mainland, in the coastal portion of this Unit, the
area of greatest significance is the upper Harraseeket River
area along Wolf Neck to the Mast Landing Sanctuary.

Recommendations

18. The Bureau should continue to operate Wct4 Neck
State Pa,%k as a day use area offering trails and
picnicking; existing parking capacities should
not be expanded; the feasibility.of opening up
more of the parkland on the north s-ide of the
neck should be explored with a possible parking
lot on that side of the road.

19. *The Bureau should consider acquisition of the
area on Wotj Neck which stretches from existing
state park property northward to the Mast Landing
Sanctuary along the Harraseeket River. This
property would serve as an addition to Wolf Neck
State Park.

20. The Bureau should transfer 13angA 14tand to the
Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife for
administration as a wildlife management area,

Table 13

STATE PARK AND STATE MEMORIAL ESTIMATED VISITOR USE
UNIT SOUTHERN A
1966-19T6
19T6
Instant
Type Of Design
ParklMemorial Use 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 19T1 1972 1973 1974 19T5 1976 Capeciii
Bradbury Mountain Day Use 26,510 16,242 18,966 16,368 21,029 19,917 20,128 22,910 20,812 21,588 26,598 6o8
Camping. 9,184 8,255 10,590 11,670 12,246 14.9ol 12,829 lo,146 T9019 9,277 9,868 228
Range Pond Day Use 35,148 38,694 37.355 38.505 47.813 64,703 50,T39 46.614 19,98T 23.345 30,590 2,4T5
Sebago Lake Day Use 132,;00 111,93T 126,248 169,321 129,T67 159,843 151.139 157,551 151,502 167,80 176,4o8 2,943
Camping 102,407 93,o66 95,338 122,130 132.283 io6,Tl3 105,o.4o 101,954 93,824 93,628 9T,658 1,148
*Wolf Neck, Day Use 8,038 16,759 27,000 33,6o6 436

*Coastal

Table 14
t
PUBLIC AND Southern A
QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS Summary

% OF TOTAL
PERCENT OF PUBLIC AND
ACRES. COASTAL QUASI-PUBLIC
ACREAGE ACREAGE

COASTAL
ACREAGE 46,599 100

FEDERAL 0 0 01

STATE 289 0.6 18.4

(BPR) (288) (0.6) 18..4

MUNICIPAL 1,107 2.4 70.4

QUASI-PUBLIC 176 0.4 11.2

TOTAL 1,572 3,4 100
UB IC
L
QUAS:I-
@D
LICI

bu
0 H. m 0)
rt :j

m
0 0 (a m
::r . F@ 0
m F" CD w
lcr 0 ri)
m
03
GQ

w cl@ wed 0 w

W@d 0 0
D.- 01 0 F@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0 p P.- H,
0 0 0 I-d I'd
64 03

m Al
to Ef
m m
t03

0 0 0 0
ID (D ti Pt
9) rt
ct m r-?
1@ H m
0
0 Pi p"I 0

C: N
on 4 .4 G @4

0 13 t) a 0 0 0

td
Pwr V3 tj 0 r. @d
& F4 p e 0 0
X: rs ct 0 10 lb 0 0
4 P. 0
m cl, r) n ts Pi rt x
m :j a, m @-4
0 co
0 ct (D m CD tal
(D r. (D rA H " rt m M
rL a ct
CA (D (D
pr 1 0
in Id pi
Cf, 1@ C+

cr
r,
C+

C> 00 ko t-n
LA)

uv 0 C>
C) 0

PUBLIC AND r9ASTAL OPU SPArE AREAS Table 16 SOUTHERN A
UPIE1 QUASI-PUBLIC

0 @_q

P prl
MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING `4 0 P
Pq z
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE C4 P4 ACRES
0 rA E-4
P4 E/) 0
P@ @:) P4
Pr4
E-4
"' IFW West Branch Cow Island Cumberland Duck Nesting r I
E-4

Town Chebeague Is. Beach Cumberland Beach s@pjb 11

Town Cousins Island Beach Yarmouth 1501 beach s,p

Town Cousins Island Preserv Yarmouth Flowers 20

Town Open Space Freeport 42

-:@Town Royal River Park Yarmouth p't 4o.

OSchool School Forest Cumberland 5A wooded 220
RSchool School Forest Freeport 6A wooded .19

School School Forest Yarmouth 20A wooded 125

Town Town Forest Cumberland 400A.wooded t 4oo

Town Val Halla Golf Course Cumberland 9 150

rown Winslow Park Freeport c 80

TNC Basket Island Cumberland Mixed Growth ns 9

E-1
MAS Mast Landing Sanctuary Freeport Old Dam SitEt,p,,h, 167
ns
pr,

KEY

RECREATION USE OR POTENTIAL

s - evimmiag ev a scenic vista
C = camping r= public use restricted
p a picnicking or limited
b = boating/canoeing g- golf
t - trails PC a primitive camping
h - historic us - nature study
sk - skiing/ice skating
@MANAG

MANAGEMENT AGENCY

IFW a Dept. of Inland Fisheries
Wildlife
MAS - Maine Audubon Society
TNC = The Nature Conservancy

EAR-COA'STAL INLAND OPE:N SPACE AREAS Table 17 A
SOUTHERN

0 0

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING E-4 n@:
-140 E-4
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE @?@ ACRES

0 r4 &4
Pq U)0
M @D P-4

Bradbury Mt. State Park Pownal Hill 9
lpgc,t 2 7

IFW` Dry Mills Hatchery Gray r 162

BPL Hebron Agricultural-Land Hebron 466

BPR Little Ossippee River Limington b 1,195
JBPR Mi-ddle Pond Hiram, Denmark, Wildlife, ins 1,880
Sebago

IFW Newfield WMA Newfield,
Shapleigh 1r, ns 4,159

.IFW New Gloucester Hatchery New Gloucester ir 53
JFW Northwest River WMA ISebago Fresh marsh t, ns 47
JBPR Pequawket Pond !Limington 1200' beach !s, p 38
E_
1BPL Pineland Agricultural Land iPownal, Gra
Y9
New Gloucester i,055

IBPR Range Pond State Park 'Poland Beach S, p 753

BPR Sabatis Island !Bridgton sv, p 15
i
BPR Sebago Lake State Park !Naples, Casco Beach is,ct 1,338
IFW State Game Farm, ;Gray p, r

Town
ILeased Beaver Park ILisbon Two ponds s 338

Town Conservation Areas !Gray 20
1 1
City Mt. Apatite Auburn Hill It 370

Town Open Space !New Gloucester 100
I
Town Perley Mem. Woods Bridgton 52

H 1VWL1 Recreation Area iGreene t 102
Cj
[E-1:EEAR1

Town Reservoir Land Lewiston 33

@Lisbon 15A. wooded 15
Town Reservoir Land

"IrEAR-COASTAL INLIV-10 OPEN SPACE AREAS SOUTHERN A

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING
@4 0 H
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE W ;?I ACRES
p:1 pq
C) E-1
pq 0
P-4
Town Wildli ns
Runaround Pond Durham fe 145
Leased
Town 61
Leased Salmon Falls Buston ded 40'
School School Forest Gray 5A. woo

School S(fhool Forest Lewiston 215

School School Forest
Lisbon

School School Forest Mechanic Falls 25A. wooded 73
School School-Forest 13.5
Poland

School School Forest 12A. wooded 25
No. Yarmouth

PWD Sebago Lake' Standish, Gorham ir 1,440

Town Town Farm Baldwin 175A. wooded 175

Town Town Farm. Bridgton 100

Town Town Farm Buxton 177

Town Town Farm Cornish 12

Town Town Farm Harrison 60

Town Town Farm Hollis 65A. wooded 94

Town Town Farm Lewiston 33A. wooded 133

Town Town Farm Lisbon 40A. wooded 40

Town Town Farm Otisfield 150A. wooded 165

Town Town Farm Poland 217A. wooded 217

Town Town Farm Standish 450A. wooded 500
3

Town Town Farm jWales 5

Town Town Forest Hollis 120A. wooded 120

Town Town Forest No. Yarmouth 120A. wooded 120

Town Town Forest Sabattus 40A. wooded 40

N EEAR-COASTIAL I HLAND OPEN SPACE AREAS SOUTHERN A

0 @-q
MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING E-' M H
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE. FA @4 ACRES

r-4 U) 0
M tD PL4
Town Town Forest. Shapleigh 90A. wooded 14.0
Town Town Forest Turner 482

Town Town Forest Waterboro 50A. wooded 50

TNC Douglas Mt. Sebago Hill Sv 150

IFW Dry Pond Sanctuary Gray r

IFW Gray Game Sanctuary Gray r

r
IFW Limington, Hollis and Limington, Hollisl
Waterboro Sanctuary Waterboro

00
IFW Narragansett Game Sanc. Gorham r 3,6
IFW Sebago Lake Basin WMA 1 Standish, Windhal Ir
24
NEWS Springvale Springvale

IFW Standish Sanctuary Standish r
IFW Thoncrag-Stanton Bird Lewiston r,ns,t 45
Snactuary
Auburn Town Beach Poland 15
YMCA

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

9 - swimming xv - scenic Vista
c - camping r - public use restricted or limited
p - picnicking g - golf.
b - boating/canoeing pc - primitive camping
..t a trails us - nature study
h - historic sk - skiing/ice skating

Management Agency

BPR Bureau of Parks and Recreation
IES

BPL - Bureau of Public Lands
MAS - Maine Audubon Society
17W - Department of inland Fisheries & Wildlife
NEWPS - New England Wildflower Preservation Society
PWD - Portland Water District
TNC - The Nature Conservancy

RECREATIOIN NEEDS Table 18. SOUTHERN A

co
ra w
00 p
Cho
a >
bo V4
-H
to
STUDY co V4
w V4 0 u w A4
(YEAR) 41 41 bo
cd -H 0 > 00 bo r-4
(o A 0 -ri r. r. -H
u m 41 -H -ri :3 -H
co 41 W u -H 00 Q w p V4 w
w cd -H 00 .0 co p :j !d @q w
cd pq co @r tj sa p 9: 0 w H a 0. 0 cn co w
0 0 r. u IV @4 E-
41 @t P4 >% w w
ce Cd u r-4 0 0 W Ci $4 41 -H 0 C:
0 cc 0 -H 9: Vq VA 0 9:
u no w z w

1973 x x x x x X*

1974
x x x x X, x

1975 x x x x x x x

1976 x x x x

1977 x x x x x x x x x x x x
(C:RECREATIOIN :!@@ED,

(",."l 9 7 7 X]

SOUTHERN C

Population.
Tota I - 153AS7
C0,0001- $7,477

oaki an
Q (Dwinslo-ov
Vernon 111111DIV-Sel grade

Mt. Vernon
Fayette OBelgradi?
M Vassalboro
R,!adfield7& man er

qusta
Monmouth. hd I I OW
GP -tstor
Litchfield Garii r

Richmon

Bow oinha,
Edge(omb
Bath

estpo
Brunswi@k
Qothbay
Brunswick

Harpswel; oothbav Harbor-

Georgetown

Phippsburg

SCALE

0 5 10 Is 20 is MILES
Fti-I Fr
0 20 10 KILOMETERS
oFrFrFr-

1/77
TYPE OF AREA DEVELOPED UNDEVELOPED
Day Use -SwIlm mIng/PIcn Ick Ing 0 0] Coastal
Day Us*. Trails/Picnic king 0
Day Us*- Educational/Cultural 0
Camping A ina E3 Near-coastal
Boat Accoss

UNI'T SOUTHERN C

Coastal Parks

There are two developed state parks in the coastal section
of this Unit, Popham Beach and Reid. Popham, a popular
.swimming-picnicking day use park in Phippsburg, was ac-
quired in 1965. Since it officially opened in 1968, annual
visitor use of the park has tripled. The beach is threaten-
ed, however, with serious erosion problems. In.the past few
vears the forebeach has been drastically altered by coastal
currents, the situation being aggrevated by attempts by ad-
jacent landowners to stabilize the beach, At the same time
overcrowding presents a potential threat to the fragile sand
dunes and to critical bird nesting habitats in the park.
Particularly worrisome is the public pressure for more park-
ing facilities close to the beach.

With its extensive sand beaches, rocky headlands, and wet-
lands, Reid State Park offers one of the most compact areas
of diversified coastal resources on the entire Maine coast.
And the enthusiasm of the public for the area matches this
physiological diversity. Since 1970 Reid has been the most
heavily used day use park in the Maine State Park System
with an annual average of almost 200,000 visitors. Currently
the park has an.instant design capacity of 2,943 persons.
Within the boundaries of the park is undeveloped land which
would be suitable for trail walking, nature study and other
low intensive recreational uses.

The Bureau also owns ten acres of land on Lobster Cove in
Boothbay Harbor which is being developed into a local park
to be operated by the town.

There is one small undeveloped day use park on Clark Cove
in Harpswell which offers a good view of Merriconeag Sound.
This site may be of primarily local significance,

Bordering on the tide waters of Merrymeeting Bay the Bureau
also has a 435 acre parcel in Bowdoinham which is managed
by cooperative agreement by the Department of Inland Fisher-
ies and Wildlife. In a report prepared for the Department of
Conservation in 1975 it was recommended that a 11nature/visitors/
education center with overlook to tidal flats, exhibit area,
and nature conservation trails that illustrate the ecology
.of the Bay" be developed on this site.

Inland Parks

There are a number of inland parks in this Unit, most of them
undeveloped. Peacock Beach on Pleasant Pond in Richmond is

state operated but the area is one of the least used of all
state parks. The area might better be run as a local or
regional park. A parcel on Woodbury Pond in Litchfield would
be suitable as a day use swimming area. The lot is small,
however, and possesses no outstanding resources. A 127 acre
parcel around Tyler Pond in Manchester and Augusta and a
251 acre parcel on Spectacle Pond in Vassalboro may likewise
be suitable as day use recreation areas.

Lastly, two parcels, one 63 acres and one 71 acres, in Mt.
Vernon and Rome could be developed as day use areas of
regional importance.

Visitor Use

Public use of existing State Parks and Memorials in Unit
Southern C totalled 371,704 persons in 1976 (Table 20).
Over 97 percent of this use took place in coastal day use
facilities. There are no State camping areas in the Unit
(Table 3).

Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands

The total area of the coastal communities in Unit Southern C
is 369*988 acres. Of this, only 30 acres is federally ad-
ministered open space.

State agencies control nearly 4,100 acres or 1,1 percent of
lie the total coastal land. More than one-third of this acreage
is held by the Bureau of Parks and Recreation, Aggregate
State holdings account for over fifty percent of the total
public and quasi-public open space areas,

Municipal open space ownership equals 2,172 acres or a mere
0.6 percent of coastal acreage in the Unit.

Private organizations own 1,545 acres or 0*.4 of the coastal
land in the Unit. This is about one-fifth of the total
public and quasi-public land.

In all, 7,839 acres are maintained as public or quasi,,-public
open space lands in the coastal area communities of Unit
S6uthern C leaving nearly 98 percent of the land in private
ownership.

Natural Feature Deficiencies

There appear to be deficiencies in the Unit of the follow-
ing types of protected natural features: hills, heaths,
estuaries/salt marshes, sub-alpine habitats and cobble
beaches (See Table 4). Of these, hills, heaths, sub-alpine
habitats and cobble beaches are not significantly available
in the coastal portion of the Unit.

Recreation Needs

The survey of Maine people done for the State Planning Office
in 1973 indicated that the top recreation priorities of
'respondents in the Hidcoastal District were for, in decreas-
ing order, coastal beaches and scenic areas, natural areas,
wild and scenic rivers, campsite areas, inland beaches and
scenic areas, and historic areas.

The 1974 tourism study indicated that the most popular recrea-
tion activities of tourists in Maine were, in decreasing-order:
sightseeing, fishing/hunting, fresh water beaching, salt water
beaching, fresh water boating, and camping.

The 1975 citizen evaluation of public policy indicated that
50% or more of the respondents in the Midcoast Area favored
more spending for the following coastal projects, in de-
creasing order: wildlife habitats, historic areas and picnic
areas, public beaches, scenic road turnoffs, campsites,
coastal highways, and marinas and boat ramps.

The results.of the 1976 panel surveys conducted by the Social
Scenic Research Institute listed what participants felt state
recreation pirorities should be, in order of decreasing
priority for the Midcoast Region, these were: inland camping
and wilderness parks, trails for biking/walking, picnic areas,
public beaches, and boat launches.

For the Midcoast Region the state recreation priorities agreed
upon by 50% or more of the meeting participants were:

1. day-use facilities (82%)
2. public beaches (74%)
3. wildland preservation (74%)
4. trails - hike/bike/nature (50%)

The planning district analysis of the Draft 1977 Maine SCORP
indicates that from now through 1990 there may be acreage
deficiencies in the Midcoast Planning District for ski touring,
hiking, bicycling, interpretive trails, picnicking, swim-
ming, boating, and snow skiing. SCORP does not indicate any
camping, canoeing, horseback riding, or snowmobiling acreage
deficiencies.

Taken together these studies seem to indicate a fairly strong
need for ocean beaching opportunities, a somewhat less urgent
need for lake beaching facilities and a need for camping areas.
Also, there appears to be a growing need for picnic sites
for trail facilities of all types, for boat launch sites and
for natural/wildlife areas.

Outs,tlan'd.ing U-npro-tected Coasta.1- -Ar-ela. Open Spaces

The coastal area between Brunswick and Boothbay is character-
ized by highly irregular islands and peninsulas with a diversi-
ty of topographic relief not found in the southern coastal
plains, Some towns, such as Arrowsic and Georgetown, are
located entirely on large near-shore islands. Separating
the heavily forested islands and peninsulas are tidal rivers
and bays lined with salt marshes and estuaries. In fact
the area has one of the highest concentrations of tidal and
salt marshes of the entire coast though extensive marshes
such as those found along the southern coast are absent.
There are only two major beach systems in the Unit, the
Popham-Seawall complex in Phippsburg and the Reid State Park
complex in Georgetown.

Other than the coastal islands, which are treated i n a
separated section, the most important coastal area unprotect-
ed resources in the Unit include:

- Merrymeeting Bay, a unique tidal bay formed by the
confluence of six rivers which is perhaps most im-
portant as a waterfowl habitat

- Lands End on Bailey Island in Harpswell, one of the
best examples of bold rocky shore with an excellent
view of Casco Bay readily accessible by car

- EaSt Cundy Point in Cundys Harbor (Ha rpswell)., a
compact system of many typical habitats and land-
forms including rocky shore, softwood forest, sand
beach and salt marsh in addition to cellar holes of
possible historical significance

- the southern portion of Arrowsic Island, an area of
broad salt marshes, thick forests and high promontories
with excellent views north up the Back River, west across
to Phippsburg village and south down the wide Kennebec
River to Popham

- the Basin in Phippsburg, a natural, protected shelter
for small watercraft surrounded by forested hills

- the Cape Small - Hermit Island complex of sand beaches
and dunes, rocky headlands, sheltered harbors, tidal
flats and ponds in Phippsburg

- the entire Popham peninsula region at the mouth of
the Kennebec River in Phippsburg, an area of diverse
topography, scenic islands, salt marshes, sand beaches
and dunes and historical significanc e,

Recommendations

27. The Bureau should continue to operate Popham Beach
as a swimming-picnicking day use state park. Park-
ing facilities should not be expanded near the
beach or on the sand dunes; rather, parking lots
could be constructed on Bureau property at Fort
Baldwin or near Spirit Pond with public mini-bus
transportation to the beach, if necessary.

28. The Bureau should consider acquisition of the
Fox 14tands off Popham Beach State Park if public
use becomes restricted and of Wood lztand.if land
use changes threaten the view from Popham (Wood
Island is currently for sale).

29. Because of the unique natural and historic im-
portanc6 of the Popham Beach area the Legislature
should consider setting aside the entire peninsula
in a park by declaring it to be the long term in-
tent of the State to acquire all land on the
peninsula. Current landowners could be granted
life tenancy with further development restricted.
@However, the State would purchase fee interests
from landowners wishing to sell. Federal matching
funds would be available for much of the purchase.
The Atkins Bay area could be designated a National
Estuarine.Sanctuary. There are already a number
of protected parcels in the area. North and South
Sugarloaf Islands, Popham Beach State Park, Port
Popham and Fort Baldwin Memorials are all held by
the Bureau of Parks & Recreation. Pond and Sequin
Islands are held by the federal government. The
Seawall'Beach - Morse Mountain area and the Heron
Islands are managed by the Nature Conservancy.

30. In conjunction with the above the Bureau should
consider.acquisition of the Cape Smatt - Hetmtt
1,6tand area in Phippsburg. If opened to public
recreational use while protected in public owner-
ship this area, together with the adjacent Seawall &
Popham Beach areas, could constitute one of the most
important natural - historic reserves on the Maine
coast.

31. The Bureau should continue to operate 'Reid State
Pa,.U. Consideration should be given to develop-
ing recreational facilities such as interpretive
trails on the undeveloped areas in the park.

32. The Bureau should.consider selling, leasing or
transferring its property on Ctatk Cove to a local
or regional administrative body which would operate

100

and maintain the area as a park for passive re-
creation (picnicking - sightseeing),

33. The Bureau should actively explore the feasibility
of setting up a nature center with interpretive
trails in cooperation with the Department of In-
land Fisheries & Wildlife and the Audubon Society
at its property on Muttymeet'C'ng Bay.

34. The Bureau should consider acquisition of property
at Landz End and Eazt Cundy Point in Harpswell to
improve public access to these areas,

35. The Bureau should urge the Department of Inland
Fisheries & Wildlife to consider the acquisition
of the southern portion of AtiLowsic 14tand as a
Wildlife Management Area; the property is threatened
by residential subdivisions.

36. The Bureau should study the possibility of acquisi,
tion of land around The BaZin in Phippsburg;
marina facilities might eventually be developed
here; the area is threatened by residential sub-
division.

101

Table 19

STATE PARK AND STATE MEMORIAL ESTIMATED VISITOR USE
UNIT SOUTHERN C
1966-1976

.1976
Instant
Type Of Design
Park/Memorial Use 1266 i96T 1268 1269 1970 12T1 12T2 3.9T3 1-9T4 19T5 19T6 Capacity
*Eagle Island Day Use 438 1,216 1,448 19T35 2,219 2,66o 2,170 ?
*Fort Edgecomb Day Use 1@,334 14.950 16,T20 15,151 18,6og lT,9Tl- 16.T64 12,6T6 10,985 9,TOT 12,688 122
Fort Halifax Day Use 412 1,208 1,012 1,110 1,268 983 1,189 1,103 1,435 1,290 18
*Fort'Popham Day Use 6,968 8,o1q. 9,69o lo,188 11,314 16,757 22,114 14,05T 18,985 14,365 31,404 144
Peacock Beach Day Use 9,01T 14,843 14,.5iT 13,79T i2,354 12,53T 24,169 16,599 10,377 292
*Popham Beach Day Use 41,126 68,545 90,315 gi,862 88,182 loo,669 lo8,4ol 122,887 111,079 1,980
*Reid Day Use 159,088 150,211 164,o96 168,671 196,833 200,843 194,ogi 192,143 199,343 200,633 202,716 2,943

*Coastal

Table 20
@
BLIC AND Southern C
QUUASJ_PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS summary

% OF TOTAL
PERCENT OF PUBLIC AND
ACRES COASTAL QUASI-PUBLIC
ACREAGE ACREAGE
T
COASTAL
ACREAGE 369,988 100

FEDERAL 30 0.4

STATE 4,092 1.1 52.2

(BPR) (11465) (0.4) (18.7),

MUNICIPAL 2,,172 0.6 27.7

QUASI-PUBLIC 11545 0.4 19.7

TOTAL 7,839 2.1
100

Less than 0.1%
UBLIC
Sj_
FCQU A

Table 21
BUREAU OF PARKS RECREAT19,1 rRML OTIRY11r) Southern C

12 0 14 Ft V1
P4 10
i P4 @4 E--i
<4 0 E-4 CO 0
0 IP4.1
E-4 M
E-4 -:4 0 @A E-1 i@q 0
.SITE @:)w P1 ca 0 W
im Im. TYPE MUNICIPALITY 0 P:4 fl, ACRES

Popham Beach SP K 'Park thippsburg beach, SIP 554.7 12,380
dunes,salt
pond

Reid 8P
Ki Park Peorgetown beach, SIP 770 15,360
dunes,
headland
Clark Cove X Park @arpswell bluff, P 20.4 1,600
beach
.Lobster Cove Town ParklBoothbay Hbr P 9.8 1,880
Eagle Island Memorial i'Harpswell Adm.Perry h 17 4,100
House

Fort Edgecomb Memorial No.Edgecomb fort h 3.1 720
Fort Popham K Memorial -Phippsburg fort h 4.4 2,4
ere Point @c Memorial Brunswick monument I h 0.2 ---
ort Baldwin I X Memorial Phippsburg fort,tower, h 45.1 385
hill

Fort Island Memorial Boothbay fort site b, p,h, 37.6 5,350
C

go.&So.Sugarloaf Is. @X Memorial Phippsburg bird nest-ns, h 3.0 2,020
ing
Perry Landing K Boat Westport DOT oper- b 10
ated

(ennebec River KI Boat Hallowell b 1.5 383
.Pleasant Pond X Boat Gardiner bi- 6.5 250
4haleboat Island Easement Harpswell wildlife 100
4errymeeting Bay IX IFW admin Bowdoinham wildlife 435 5,776
area

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

8 - swimming ev - scenic vista
C - camping r - public use restricted or limited
p - picnicking g - golf
b = boating/canoeing pe - primitive camping
t - trails ns = nature study
h = historic Sk = ski,ing/ice skating

-----------
PUBLIC AND r Table 22 SOUTHERN C
QuASI-PUBLIC @_OASTAL OPEI SPACT ARBS

0 1.4

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING :4 0 P
P pe;
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE PC; P ACRES
C) PqP
Pq U) 0
M @D P-1

@4
FWS Pond Island N.W.R. Phippsburg Bird Nestine r 10

USGS Sequin Island Georgetown Lighthouse p,b,h 20

BPL Augusta Agricultural Augusta Forest,grass-
Land - t 361
land

BF Austin Cary Tree Farm Harpswell r

BPL B. Baxter Memorial
Forest Topsham r 125

IFW Gov. Hill Hatchery Augusta 171

IFW Muddy River Topsham Tidal Marsh r,ns 16o

IFW Oakes Lot Bowdoinham 6.2
co IFW Powell Lot Dresden Tid 'I @arsh r,ns 200
BPL Hallowell Agricultural Hallowell 32
Land

IFW Swan Island WMA Perkins Twp. Wildlife r,ns,pc 1,570

IFW Winship-Island Arrowsic Salt Mars h 16

City Bath Recreation Park Bath 24

City Butlers Cove Bath Headland sv 135'

Town I Clough Point Cons.Area Westport 8
I
City Coffin Pond Brunswick �4001 beach s,t 142

Town Elm Island Harpswell 10

04 Town Five Islands Open Spac@ Georgetown 27
Town ',Kennebec River Lot 'Farmingdale 7
Town Knickerkane Island Boothbay �1001 beach 1
@M,

Town Lewis Park Boothbay Harb. 5

PUBLIC AND r SOUTHERN C (continued)
QUASI-PUBLIC MASTAL PEI SWE A'T'i'S
Eo-T!

0 1_q
MANAGEMENT E-1 PC4 H
OUTSTANDING @4 0 P
FXI ;F2;
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE P@ Pq ACRES
0 PrI E-4
Pq a)0
14 ::) P-4

Town
Leased Lobster Cove Boothbay Hbr. p 10

Town Long Reach,Mt. Harpswell 9

Town Open Space Chelsea 28

Town Open Space Farmingdale 10
Town 6pen Space Richmond 22

Town Pat's Pond Park Boothbay Hbr. 8

Town Perkins Island Georgetown Lighthouse h,p,pc 9

Town Recreation Area Bowdoinham 13

City Reservoir Land Brunswick 87A.wooded 158

Town Reservoir Land Dresden" 20

Town 'Reservoir Land Hallowell 700

PL4
Town Reservoir Land Southport 15A.wooded 20

City Sawyer Park Brunswick 18

School School Forest Augusta 105

School School Forest Bath 15A.wooded 41

School School Fores t. Dresden 20A.wooded 38.

School School Forest Gardiner 64

School School Forest, Richmond 55

School School Forest Woolwich 18

Town Southport Beach Southport t5001 beach s

City Town Common Brunswick 86A.wooded 195
City Town Farm Brunswick 5140

Town ITown Farm Topsham 8o

Town Town Forest Phippsburg 20A. wooded 20

PUBLIC AND r inued)
-PUBLIC -9ASTAL OPE'll SPArE AREAS SOUTHERN C (cont
QUASI

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING 4 0 E-1
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY URE W @r.
FEAT P11 r4 ACRES
0 VA E- 4
Pq EO 0
1.3 P-4
@4
PA Town Town Forest Richmond 90A. wooded 90

City Trailwood Arboretum Brunswick 31

MAS -Appalachie Sanctuary Boothbay Hbr. Lake r,ns 35
Augusta A'ugusta Nature Center Augusta
Nat.Clb. 17

YMCA Bath YMCA Summer Camp Bath r 50

AMC Beals Island Georgetown r,pc,b 10.0
YMCA Boothbay YMCA Day Camp Boothbay �1,500' s 100
beach

Bowdoin
College Bowdoin Pines Brunswick Forest

MAS Cow Island Topsham Freshwater
Marsh r 20

TNC Damariscove Island Boothbay Hbr. Rocky,open ns,h,.p, 209

TNC Doughty Island Harpswell Forest 2

TNC Doughty Point Harpswell Salt Marsh ns 4o

TNC Eustis Preserve Georgetown Forest r'ns 43

TNC Heron Islands Phippsburg 5

H ISA Isle of Springs Boothbay Hbr. r 75'shore
band

P4 NEWPS Coffih Wild Flower Re- Woolwich Tidal marsh ns 175
servation
IFW Merrymeeting Bay Game Bovdoinham'
Sanctuary Woolwich r

TNC Montsweag Preserve Woolwich Open Field ns,sv 45
@MANA(
Ar

TNC 'Morse.Mt. Phippsburg Hill,sand,
n.s , sv 30
dunes
MAS Newman Sanctuary Georgetown Marsh, pines t,ns,h .200

PUBLIC AND rOASTAL OQUI SPArE A"E"S SOUTHERN C,(continued)
OT"E.-I QUASI-PUBLIC

MANAGEMENT
OUTSTANDING 'c:4 0 P
r_1 @4
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE ACRES

Pq (0 0
M @D P4

Pq PTCS Newagen Southport ns 470

HGC Stover Point Marsh Harpswell 4

KEY

RECREATION USE OR POTENTIAL

s = swimming sv = scenic vista
c = camping = public use restricted or
r
p = picnicking limited
b = boating/canoeing g = golf
t = trails pc = primitive camping
h = historic ns = nature study
sk = skiing/ice skating

MANAGEMENT AGENCY

AMC = Appalachian Mountain Club ISA = Isle of Springs
BF = Bureau of Forestry Association
BPL = Bureau of Public Lands MAS = Maine Audubon Society
HGC = Harpswell Garden Club NEWPS = New England Wildflower
_R@ES
AC

FWS = U.S. Fish & Wildlife Preservation Society
Service PTCS = Pine Tree Conservation
IFW = Dept. of Inland Fisheries Society
& Wildlife TNC = The Nature Conservancy
USCG = U.'S. Coast Guard

CTM@ERVAT1011 EASEIPITS Table 23 6OUTHERN C

RECIPIENT APPROX.
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

'2 4 no development
Damariscotta River Boothbay jTown of Bootl-
frontage bay

Gray, Maine Gray Town of Gray 17.9 forever wild

Merrymeeting Bay Bowdoinham IFW 200 1 residence now,
no future residences

Morse River/Morse. Phippsburg TNC 600 no residences;
Mtn. construction of
research bldgs. per-
mitted, 12001 set-
back; controlled
public access

Oak Island Woolwich IFW .65 1 1 residence set back
1001; 1 dock

Key
Recipient Agency
L[@CITT ER-@l @1011 E

IFW - Department of Inland Fisheries Wildlife
TNC - The Nature Conservancy

',..1rr__AR-C0,`,STAL 1K."10 OPEN SPACE AREAS Tabl
e 24 SOUTHERN C

0 @_q
MANAGEMENT -4
OUTSTANDING E-1 PI; '-A
0 P
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE ACRES

W U) 0
M @:) p-,

BPR Blueberry Hill Rome Hill isv,p 71

BPR Long Pond 'Rome,Mt.Vernon 5200tiake- I s,p
shore

H BPR Peacock Beach SP Richmond Beach S,p 10
4 0
E4
BPR Spectacle Pond V assalboro Sand beach s,p 251
BPR Tyler Pond Manchester 24A. po.nd
1 127

BPR Woodbury Pond Litchfield 350' beach S,p 17

Town
Open Space Monmouth 300+

Town Open Space
Vassalboro
10+

School School Forest
ILitchfield 25

School
School Forest 1R.eadfield
10

School 'School Forest
ISidney 30

--School School Forest
Waterville 41

A4 Town Town.Farm Leeds 75
z -own 'Town Forest ;Albion
:D 1 10
z Town Town Fo
rest lBowdoin 900

Town Town Forest
ILitchfield 507
Town Town Forest i
IManchester 247

Town Town Forest Readfield 100

IFW Colby College WMA Waterville r 640

Colby
04 College Colby-Marston Bog !Oakland t,ns 21
IFW Oak Grove WMA lVassalboro r

P4
:3

@ES

04
IFW Readfield & Winthrop !Readfield, Win- r
Sanctuary throp
IFW Thorncrag-Stanton Bird Monmouth ns 132
Sanctuary

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

s = swimming sv = scenic vista
c = camping r= public use restricted or limited
p = picnicking g= golf
b = boating/canoeing pc = primitive camping
t = trails ns = nature study
h = historic sk = skiing/ice skating

Management Agency

BPR - Bureau of Parks and Recreation

IFW - Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife

14 V

M
C-1

>4 Coastal Beaching

M
>4 Lake Beaching M

Coastal Boating

>1 Freshwater Boating

Picnicking

Wild & Scenic Rivers

Historic Sites

Camping

Cr
Snowmobiling

Un
Riking/Back Packing

Bicycling

Horseback Riding

Interpretive

Ski Touring

Snow Skiing En

Natural/Wildlife Areas M

Sightseeing
nn,,

>4 Hunting/Fishing
- U_j

SOUTHERN D

Population -
Tota I - 63 wO 17
Coastal- 49,373

Uri t. j, rospect

Sears Stockton Springs

Wash ir,4LOnO Linco Me

Cap- er.
lie
A
Rockport

Thuimi stor . " -9> &
Owl, spa

St. Georqe

St. George
bf L.",

@-i Fi F T i c F-r ri ir-ETTT_F=11:T3
to 20 30 ItI10MITIRS
Ff F1 H 1/77

TYPE OF AREA DEVELOPED UNDEVELOPED
Day Use -Swim ming/Picn Ick Ing ID Coastal
Day Use- Trails/Picnicking 0
Day Use- Educational/Cultural
Camping A EINear-coastal
Boat Access 0

UNIT SOUTHERN D

Coastal Parks

Thereare four developed state parks in the coastal section
of this Unit.

Camden Hills is an extensive wooded park offering trails,
camping, picnicking and scenic viewing. The park, original-
ly developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps as a National
Demonstration Recreation Area, was transferred to the State
in 1939. The coastal hills in Camden and Lincolnville are
second in height only*to the Norumbega hills of Hancock County.
The views of Penobscot Bay from Mt. Magunticook and the sum-
mit of Mt. Battie are unsurpassed. Of the four coastal state
parks offering camping Camden Hills is by far the most heavi-
ly used. Since 1970 the park has averaged over.50,000 campers
annually. In addition, more than three times as many day use
visitors make use of the park@s facilities each year. There
is land available for expansion of both day use and overnight
facilities. Serious consideration should be given to estab-
lishing a network of pack-in campsites throughout the park.

Moose Point is a day use park with fine views of Upper Pen-
obscot Bay. Visitor use has apparently been somewhat vari-
.able in recent years. In 1976, about 104,000 people visited
Moose Point. Facilities, particularly walking trails, could
be expanded on existing park land.

Warren Island off Islesboro is currently the only coastal is-
land in the state park system offering camping to the general
public. Most of the park's use, however, is by day trippers.
An increase in the use of overnight facilities can be expected
as public pressures for island camping grow, as more people
are turned away from the Acadia National Park campsites on
Isle au Haut, and as more people learn of Warren Island. Ad-
ditional camping shelters may be constructed on the island
in 1977. The Bureau should consider contracting-for regular
ferry service to the island during the summer season to make
the park accessible to a wider variety of people.

Fort Point on Cape Jellison is most important for its proxi-
mity to the historic Fort Pownal site. However, a great deal
could be done with the undeveloped land at Fort Point. At
the least, the access roads to the park should be improved.

In addition to th ese parks, the Bureau@s properties at Pemaquid

(Colonial Pemaquid, Fort House and Fort William Henry) and
Fort Knox are also popular coastal outdoor recreation areas.

There are three undeveloped state parks on the coast in the
Unit. Birch Point Beach in Owls Head has a beach of unusual
quality for the region though the area might best be develop-
ed as a regional park. Owls Head Light is a picnic spot with
good vistas to the North and East and a view of the cliffs at
Dodge point. Mt. Waldo in Frankfort has historical im-
portance for the quarrying once carried on in the area and
recreation potential for hiking and picnicking.

The Bureau also holds Carvers Island off Vinalhaven and a
beach at Duck Trap. Carvers Island is a significant bird
nesting site which could be transferred to the Department of
Inland Fisheries and Wildlife for management.. Duck Trap
beach was acquired as a boat launch site.

Inland Parks

Outside of the coastal area in the Unit, there are three
swimming-picnicking day use parks. Lake St. George in
Liberty is a 354 acre park which offers camping as well as
day use activities.

The annual visitor rate at this park has b een fairly stable
over the past decade at about 24,000 day users and 10,000
camping visitors.

Damariscotta Lake is a small beach park used by about 17,000
people each year. The Bureau intends to expand facilities
at the park to increase capacity by 70%.

Swan Lake in Swansville (60 acres) was acquired to provide
a day use swimming-picnicking area to serve the residents of
the Bangor-Belfast region. The Bureau is trying to acquire
an additional small parcel of land for this park. Develop-
ment funds are available for construction of public facilities;
however, it is unclear exactly when actuail construction will
begin.

Visitor Use

Public use of existing State Parks and Memorials in Unit
Southern D totalled 535,282 people in 1976 (Table 27).
Ninety percent of this use occurred in coastal facilities.
Over 90 percent of day use activity took place on the coast
while 81.5 percent of the camping in the Unit was in coastal
parks (Table 3)

Public and Quasi-Public 02en Space Lands

The tot.al area of the coastal towns in Unit Southern D is
445,402 acres. Over 3,200 acres or 0.7 percent of this
is federal open space.

115

State agencies manage 8,422 acres or 1.9 percent of the
coastal acreage in the Unit. The Bureau of Parks and Recrea-
tion holds 6-,016 acres, most of it in Camden Hills State
Park. This is 36.5 percent of the total public and quasi-
public open space.

Municipal open space totals 2,722 acres or 0..6 percent of the
coastal acreage.

Conservation groups own about 2,133 acres in the coastal
towns. This is one,half of one-percent of the coastal acreage
or 12.9 percent of the total public and quasi-public open
spaces.

,,Together nearly 16,500 acres of land are controlled by
public or quasi-public agencies in coastal Unit Southern D.
This amounts to less than four percent of the total coastal
acreage in the Unit.

Natural Feature Deficiencies

There appear to be deficiencies in the Unit of the follow-
ing types of protected natural features: sand dunes,-grass-
lands, sub-alpine habitats and intertidal flats, cobble
beaches (see Table 4). Of these,sand dunes, grasslands and
sub-alpine habitats are not significantly available in the
coastal portion of the Unit.

Recreation Needs

The survey of Maine people done for the State Planning Of,
fice in 1973 indicated that the top recreation priorities of
respondents in the Midcoastal District were for, in decreas-
ing order: coastal beach.es and scenic areasp natural areas,
wild and.scenic rivers, campsite areas, inland beaches and
scenic areas, and historic areas.

The 1974 tourism study indicated that the most popular
recreation activities of tourists in Maine were, in decreas-
ing order: sightseeing, fishing/hunting, fresh water beaching,
salt water beaching, fresh water boating, and camping.

The 1975 citizen evaluation of public policy indicated that
50% or more of the respondents in the Midcoast.Area favored
more spending for the following coastal projects, in decreas-
ing order: wildlife habitats, historic areas and picnic areas,
public beaches, scenic road turnoffs, campsites, coastal
highways, and marinas and boat ramps.

The results of the 1976 panel surveys conducted by the Social
Scenic Research institute listed what participants felt state
recreation priorities should be. In order of decreasing pri-
ority for the Midcoast Region, these were: inland camping and
wilderness parks, trails for biking/walking, picnic areas,
public beaches, and boat launches.

116

For the Midcoast Region the state recreation priorities agreed
upon by 50% or more of the meeting participants were:

1. day-use facilities (82%)
2. public beaches (74%)
3. wildland preservation (74%)
4. trails - hike/bike/nature (50%)

The planning district analysis of the Draft 1977 Maine SCORP
indicated that from now through 1990 there may be acreage
deficiencies in the Midcoast Planning District for ski tour-
ing, hiking, bicycling, interpretive trails, picnicking,
swimming, boating, and snow skiing, SCORP does not indicate
any camping, canoeing, horseback riding, or snowmobiling
acreage deficiencies.

Taken together these studies seem to indicate a fairly strong
need for ocean beaching opportunities, a somewhat less urgent
need for lake beaching facilities and a need for camping
areas. Also, there appears to be a growing need for picnic
sites, for trail facilities of all types, for boat launch
sites and for natural/wildlife areas.

Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area Open Spaces

The coastal area of Unit D is made up of large rocky peninsulas,
scattered hilly areas and groups of islands of all sizes, Low-
land shoreline wetlands are limited to a few small, isolated
pocket beaches tucked away into rocky caves and a couple Gf
expansive estuary and salt marsh areas.

Other than the coastal islands, which are addressed in a
separate section, the most important unprotected resources
identified on the coastal area of the Unit include:

- Upper Sheepscot River Estuary area in Alna, Wiscasset,
and Newcastle, one of the cleanest and most pastural
estuarine tidal regions on the coast -

- Salt Bay linking Damariscotta River and Damariscotta Lake
in Nobleboro, Newcastle and Damariscotta, a large tidal
embayment offering good wildlife habitat

- Boot Neck - Goose River area on the Waldoboro - Friendship
town line, a compact area of many habitats and landforms
offering an excellent opportunity for interpretive trails,
open playfields, picnic spots, tidal bay canoeing - all
with very good road accessibility .

- Mt. Waldo in Frankfort, a 1,064 foot high hill with some
fine views of Penobscot Bay on which the Bureau of Parks
and Recreation already owns 124 acres

117

- Mosquito Island off Port Clyde (St, George),' a large
particularly scenic island with a fine stone homestead
and a variety of microhabitats

- Allen Island in St. George, a 420 acre island in
Muscongus Bay supporting a unique stand of ancient
yellow birches.

Recommendations

37. The Bureau should continue to operate Camden Hittz
State Pakk; consideration should be given to the
establishment of a network of pack-in campsites
throughout the__park.
38. The Bureau should continue to operate Moose Point
and Fo,%t Point State Pa&kh; consideration'should be
given to developing a network of trails throughout
each of the parks.
39. The Bureau should continue to operate Wa)uten Iztand
State PaAk; development of additional camping shelters
and resumption of public transportation to the is-
land should be considered.

40. The Bureau should consider eliminat@-'n,g the restuarant
at Cotoniat Pemaquid and intensifying-historical
restoration and archeological diggings at the site.

41, The Bureau should develop its Bi/tch Point,Beach
property for swimming-picnicking use if the town
or another local or regional agency will operate
and maintain the area.

42. Picnicking-walking facilities should be improved at
M4 Head Light when funds become available; di-
rectional signs and access roads should also be im-
proved.

43. Catveu Istand should be formally transferred to
the Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife for
administration as a wildlife management.area.

44. If public use is restricted or threatened, the
Bureau should consider acquisition of land on
Mt. Watdo, including the summit; the mountain could
be developed into a hiking-scenic viewing-historic
area.

45. The Bureau should seriously consider the immediate
acquisition of the Boot Neck - Goose RiveA area
for development as a multi-purpose day use park.

118

46. The Department of Conservation should carefully
monitor the plans of the Maine Department of
Transportation for the reconstruction of U.S.
Route One around Wiscasset to guard the integrity
of the Uppe& Sheepscot E,6tuaiLy.

119

Table 26

STATE PARK AND STATE MEMORIAL ESTIMATED VISITOR USE
UNIT SOUTHERN D
1966-1976

Type Of
Park/Memorial Use 1966 1967 1968 1969- -- 19To 1971 1972 19T3 19T4
*Camden Hills. Day Use 206,926 131,275 173,946 1T4,342 182,105 150,620 138,083 146,768 139,738 1
Camping 36,747 46,384 46,T5T h8,829 55,214 56,535 50,262 49,28o 46,033

*Colonial Pemaquid Day Use 28,T54 23,132 12,032 11,T59 10,926

Damariscotts, Lake Day Use 15,038 1T,T3T 16,487 16,465 20,582

*Fort Knox Day Use T3,455 6T,8TT T9,654 76,20T T3,225 T8,375 81,738 T3,004 TT,815
*Fort Wm. Henry - Day Use 18,ooT 16,817 21,30T 18,944 18,630 18,T21 '19,312 16,2TT 15,29T

*Fort Point &
Fort Pownall Day Use 3,81T 3,928 5,826 6,TTT 2,90T 2,031 3,328 lo,811

Lake St. George Day Use 25,28o 23,356 25,195 23,362 25,hhT -25,640 23-242 25.397 25.4o4
Camping 9.299. 9.006 91179 9,607 9,832 11,583 10:498 11,083 9,787
*Montpelier Day Use 9,223@ 9,190 9,013 9,225 9,302 9,o62 8,716 8,353 6,987
Moose Point- Day Use 105,170 95,126 lbo,44o 110,509 118,192 118,675 166,185 74,8oo 48,819
*Warren Islan .d Day Use 1,035 1,993 2,612 3,348 3,167 2,883 3.o62 2,620
Camping 287 525 799 942 1,642 i.63T 1,3T5 8TO

*Coastal

Table 27

L
Ic AND Southern D
- LIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS Summary
.UASI PUB

% OF TOTAL
PERCENT OF PUBLIC AND
ACI S COASTAL QUASI-PUBLIC
ACREAGE ACREAGE

COASTAL
ACREAGE 445,402 100

FEDERAL 3,215 0.7

STATE 81422 1.9 51.1

(BPR) (6,016) (1.4) (36.5)
T

MUNICIPAL 2,,722 0.6 16.5

QUASI-PUBLIC 2..133 0.5 12.9

TOTAL 16,492 3.7 100
CCUB
LI
.UASI

p
IF,
'D@
LIC

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BUREM OF PARKS RECREAT19,1 rql.@T-AL 0`11FTY11D Southern-D

F4 0

Pq 0 ;4 N E-i M H
P4 @.4 .4 M -C4 0 P
0 1Pq E-' :D z
0 @, to P M E-i Pr;
r.1 W EA -4 E-1 rXI 0
SITE :> r)
TYPE MUNICIPALITY :D r4 Pq C13 0
0 ;D P4 ACRES P4 C/3

Seavey Island Easementj St. George 25

Thrumcap Is. Easement Islesboro 1

Sheep Island Easement Owls Head 8.8

KEY

Recreation use or Potential

8 evimming ev a scenic Vista
c camping r - public use restricted or limited
p picnicking g-M golf
b boating/canoeing pc a primitive camping
t trails no a nature study
h historic sk a skiing/ice skating

PUBLIC AND Table 29
OTHER QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS SOUTHERN D

MANAGEMENT
OUTSTANDING RECREATION USE OR POTENTIAL ACRES
MUNICIPALITY FEATURE

NPS Acadia National Park Isle Au Haut Hills P,Pc 2,870

FWS Franklin Islan NWR Friendship Bird Nesting r 12

USCG Matinicus Rock Matinicus Bird Nesting r,h 8

FWS Seal Island National
Wildlife Refuge Isle Au Haut Bird Nesting 65

USFS Winterport Blueberry 26o
Fields

BPL Durham Forest, Northport 105

IFW Eastern Duck Rocks Monhegan Duck Nesting r 2

IFW Garden Island So. Thomaston Duck Nesting r 1

IFW Goose Island North.Haven Duck Nesting r 5
IFW Green Ledge Isle Au Haut Duck Nesting r 4

IFW H. Mendall WMA Frankfort,
Prospect Duck Nesting r 220

IFW Little Burnt Island St. George Duck Nesting r 8

IFW Lit tle Green Island Vinalhaven Duck Nesting r 2

IFW Old Hemp Ledge St. George Duck Nesting r 2
IFW Robinson's Rock North Haven Duck Nesting r 2

IFW Sandy Pt. WMA Stockton Freshwater
Springs Marsh ns 5400

IFW Shark Island St. George Duck Nesting r 2

IFW Sparrow Island Isle Au Haut Duck Nesting r 3

IFW Spoon Ledge North Haven Duck Nesting r
BPL Thomaston Agricultural Warren,
Land Thomaston
973

IFW The Cow Pen Isle Au Haut Duck Nestin r 3
So. Thomaston
IFW Weskeag WMA Rockland Tidal Marsh ns 533
Thomaston.0wls Head,

PUBLIC AND
QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS SOUTHERN D (continued)

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING RECREATION USE OR

AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE POTENTIAL ACRES

Town Amburst Hill Park Vinalhaven t 20

Town Barrets Cove Camden Lake s 6

Town Bok Amphitheater Camden h 6

Town Curtis Island Camden + 25' beach s,p 6

Town Laite Beach Camden +200' beach s,p 1.5

Town Lands End Camden
40' beach s,p 4

Town Lighthouse Park Bristol Headland P,sv 6

Town Marine Park Waldoboro 20

Town Mullinhead Pk.Campgrnd. No. Haven PC 26o

Town Open Space Islesboro

Town Open Space Thomaston 75+

Town Pemaquid Beach Park Bristol Sand Beachs 8

Town
Leased Pendleton Beach Islesboro +200' rocky
beach 7

Town Ragged Mt. Camden 53+

School School Forest Islesboro 17

School School Forest Thomaston 46
School School Forest Winterport 100+ wooded 120

Town Snow Bowl Camden Hill ak,t,p 265

Town Spragues Beach Islesboro +. 500 beach s
Town Town Farm Rockland 38A. wooded 63

Town Town Forest Frankfort 1,300A.wooded 1,300

Town Town Forest Northport 225

Town Town Forest St. George 20A.wooded 20

Town Town Forest Waldoboro 56A.wooded 56

PUBLIC AND
OTHER QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS SOUTHERN D (continued)

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING RECREATION USE

AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE OR POTENTIAL ACRES

Town Town Forest Warren 20A.wooded 20

Town Town Park Stockton Sprgs, 8

Town Walker Park Rockport +15' beach 1.5

Town Wyman Park Northport +300' beach 115

American
Legion American Legion Park Vinalhaven +l,400'beach 5

IFW Bartlet Island WMA Mount Desert r

TNC Bass Rock Preserve Round Pond Headland ns 12

IFW Beauchamp Sanctuary Camden,Rockport r

TNC Big Garden Island Vinalhaven Forest,bea ch ns 18

TNC Big White Island Vinalhaven Mixed Forest ns 20

HCTPR Black House Ellsworth t 178

IFW Carver's Pond Waterfowl
Sanctuary Vinalhaven r

CF Chewonki Neck Wiscasset Forest r 168

NAS Eastern Egg Rock St. George Bird Nesting r 9

TNC Fernald Neck Camden, Lin-
colnville Lake 285

IFW Glencove Sanctuary Rockport

HIOBS Great Spoon Island Isle Au Haut r 50

TNC Harkness Grant. Rockport Hard Woods ns 5

TNC Lane's Island Vinalhaven Moors ns 29

TNC ILaVerna Preserve Round Pond Spruce-fir ns 119
TNC Lark Island North Haven Bird Nesting r 30

IFW Megunticook Lake Camden, Hope,
Sanctuary Lincolnville r

Merryspring Rockport Horticulture 50
Park

SOUTHERN D (continued)
OTHER QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS SOUTHERN D(conitinued)

MANAGEMENT
OUTSTANDING RECREATION USE
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE OR POTENTIAL ACRES

Monhegan Monhegan Is. Trust Monhegan Plt. Headlands t,SV 100
Associates

IFW Monroe Island Game
Sanctuary Owl's Head r

NAS Mulford Sanctuary Bristol Bird Nesting r 11

TNC Osborne Finch Preserve Waldoboro Softwoods ns 11

TNC Plummer Point So. Bristol Forest r 70

Mid-
Coast Rockland Bog Rockland Bog 27
Audubon

PRIVATE TNC St. Clair Tract Northport Spruce-fir ns 240
TNC Salt Pond Bristol mixed Forest ns 78

TNC Simonton Corner Quarry Rockpo rt Lime Quarrie h 11

TNC Smith Island Vinalhaven Treeless ns 12

NAS Ten Pound Island Knox County r,ns 150

AS Todd Wildlife Sanctuary Breman r,ns 345

AS Western Egg Rock Bristol Bird Nesting r 100

KEY

RECREATION USE OR POTENTIAL

s = swimming sv = scenic vista
c = camping r = public use restricted or
p = Picnicking limited
b = boating/canoeing g = golf
t = trails pc = primitive camping
h = historic ns = nature study
sk = skiing/ice skating

MANAGEMENT AGENCY

BPL = Bureau of Public Lands
CF = Chevonki Foundation
FWS = U.S. Fish & wildlife Service
HCTPR = Hancock county Trustees of Public Reservations
HIOBS = Hurricane Island Outward Bound School
IFW = Dept. of In-land Fisheries & Wildlife
NAB = National Audubon Society
NP = National Park Service
TNC = The Nature Conservancy
USCG = U.S. Coast Guard
USFS = U.S. Forest Service

COMS RVIT 10 11 EASE11PITS Table 30
60UTHEz@ND

- ----------

RECIPIENT APPROX.
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

Ames Knob North Haven ANP 60 no development

'Babbidge
N.orth Haven ANP 70 no development
Barter Island IFW
Burnt Mouse & 3 no development
Wheat Island Isle at Haut ANP 102 70buijdin@s there
I n w; tu ure
Clark Island St. George IFW residences
35 no development

Cranberry Isi-and Friendship Audubon 40 1 residence now; 1
future cabin and 2
future docks; cabin
to be set back 1001

Damariscotta R.
So. Br Iis.tol IFW 40 residence now; no
additional residences

Gull Point Islesboro IFW 18.5 2 houses and 1 cabin
now; no additional
houses or cabins

Great
Spoon I. Isle au Haut ANP 50 no structures now;
future residence in
Area 1; 1 dock and 1
boathouse in Area 11

Harbor Island Friendship Audubon 66 no development

John River So. Bristol IFW 20 no. development

Kimball Island Isle au Haut TNC 35, no development
Little Spoon Is. Isle at Haut ANP 12 no more than -1
residence and 1 dock

Monroe Island Owl's Head IFW 225 1 residence now; no
more than total of 5
residences; 100' set
back
Oar Island Breme In IFW 27 no development
Pell Island Isle au.Haut ANP* 20 no back houses now-
rFCO I 791F 3 future houses
1001, 3 docks, 1 boa
house
Rockport Rockpor t IFW no.residences permit
ted

SOUTHERN D

RECIPIENT APPROX
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE* RESTRICTIONS

Sheep Island North Haven TNC 25 no development

The.Dumplings North Haven ANP 3 no development

Westport Island Westport IFW 200

Key
Recipieat Agency

ANP- Acadia National Park
IFW- Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
TNC- The Nature Conservancy

NEAR - COASTAL INLAND OPEN SPACE AREAS Table 31 SOUTHERN D

RECREATION
USE OR
MANAGEMENT STATE MUNICIPALITY OUTSTANDING POTENTIAL ACRES
AGENCY FEATURE

FWS Carlton Pond Waterfowl Troy P 1,068

BPR Damariscotta Lake SP Jefferson Beach s 19

IFW Frye Mt. WMA Montville p, ns 5,251

BPR Lake St. George SP Liberty s, c 354

IFW Ruffington WMA Montville, r, ns 610
Searsmont

BPR Swan Lake Swanville 2500' lake- s 60
front

School School Forest Somerville 20A. wooded 25

Town Town Forest Appleton 150A. wooded 150

Town Town Forest Brooks 145

Town Town Forest Freedom 40

Town Town Forest Liberty 268A. wooded 268

Town Town Forest Troy 1300A. wooded 1,300

Town Town Forest Union` 150A. wooded 175

TNC Appleton Bog Appleton White cedar ns 84

TNC Dyer's Neck Jefferson Spruce- fir ns 43

IFW Jefferson & Whitefield Jefferson r
Sanctuary

WEES Walters Ecological Palermo ns 100
Station

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

s = swimming sv = scenic vista
c = camping r= public use restricted or limited
p = picnicking g= gold
b = boating/canoeing pc = primitive camping
t = trails ns = nature study
h = historic sk = skiing/ice skating

Management Agency

BPR - Bureau of Parks and Recreation
FWS - U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
IFW - Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
TNC - The Nature Conservancy
WEES Walters Ecological Experiment Station

SOUTHERN D

60
bo
r.
bo bo
9: 60 ci 44
.STUDY -H 0 al to co -A -f-I
.0 tko 0
u
(YEAR) po bo
ca -H r. V4 :> 00 00 w
0 .0 0 to ci -H 0 r. 4-4 0
CQ u PQ co to -H :3:
41 -rq
PO r.
Cd bo .0 -H co 14 Ile
rd 00 u 0 0 to 0 cc
"4 -H 13 9: H $4
w 0
cc cc u
a 0
0 cc 0 44 V4 cc -A co
u P4 P4 u 00

1973
x x x x X,
x

1974
x x x x x x

1975 x x x x
x x

1976 x x x x x
C
1977
x x x x x x x x x x
19 7 7

EASTERN W

Population -
Medways Total-IS7,938
Coastal-82,938

Lincoln

Aegyi e 0

@,,!wport

Henmo

W,rt.

Verona rlan'
t
'Lamoin
i nei

Castine rooksville Mount Desert
i Bar Harbor

1h
di m Coastal
Swans Island
4Z5 El Near -coasta I
De,r Isle
1/77
TYPE OF AREA DEVELOPED UNDEVELOPED,
DO), J'no - SwImming/PicnickInS
Day We- Trall!3/Picnickin 0 (1)
Day U3-a- EdUcational/Cultural 0 (0 SCAt$
C.impinj A A .0 S to Is 10
OD a -1 A C C 1) 3 3 0 FrF C-Er
0 to 20

EASTERN REGION

Because-of the great expanse of territory and the diversity
of natural features covered by this management region, it
would seem logical to divide the region into two sections
each roughly equivalent in size, Those towns in Peno-bscot,
Hancock and Waldo Counties will be treated as the western
section (Unit Eastern W). Those in Washington County will
be treated as the eastern section (Unit Eastern E).

UNIT EASTERN W

Coastal Parks

Due to the overwhelming presence of Acadia National Park in
this Unit, the Bureau has in the past been reluctant to pro-
vide state parks when such a large park was already located
here. Consequently, there is only one developed park in the
Unit, Lamoine. Lamoine State Park is located on the mainland
just north of Mt. Desert Island and offers camping and a
picnicking day use spot as well as-a boat launching site.
Though it has fine views of the Mt. Desert monadnocks, it
functions, like many of the private campgrounds in the area,
as a spillover park catching some of the overflow from
Acadia. Fifteen to twenty thousand people use the camping
facilities at Lamoine each year.,

There are several undeveloped parks in the coastal towns of
this Unit. Holbrook Island Sanctuary is a large, wild area
on Cape Rosier in Brooksville which was donated to the Bureau
to be maintained for nature study and very low intensitive
recreation activities such as hiking and picnicking. Some
improvements could be made on a small portion of the Sanctuary
to make the area more available for the uses for which its
donor intended. Pickering Cove is a parcel on Deer Isle which
has a rocky shoreline and both open field and forest cover in
addition to an interesting cave. Pickering Cove could be
developed for picnicking and trail use, with a possible boat
launching site, if the town would make some improvements to
the main access road.

There is one other park in the coastal area though not on
salt water. That is the 1,272 acre wooded parcel on Branch
Lake in Ellsworth. Unfortunately most of this land is not
well suited for recreational use. A boat-accessible, lake-
shore picnic site has been suggested for the area,

134

Inland Parks

There are no developed parks inland in Unit Eastern W. There
is one undeveloped area on Hermon Pond (24 acres) which could
be developed into a day use swimming a rea for the residents of
the Greater Bangor region. Already this area is used by the
public though it is not formally operated as a park by the
Bureau.

Visitor Use

Public use of existing State Parks and Memorials in Unit
Eastern W totalled 41,822 in 1976 (Table 34). All of this
recorded use tock place in coastal facilities as there are iio
developed inland parks in the Unit (Table 3),

Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands

The coastal area of Unit Eastern W comprises 650,353 acres.
Almost five percent of this (31,584 acres) is federally
managed, the bulk being in Acadia National Park (Table 35).
The State control's 3,333 acres or 0.5 percent of the coastal
land area. All but 0.1 percent of this is Parks and Re,
creation property,

The towns of the Unit hold 1,094 acres or less than 0.2
percent of the coastal acreage..

Private organizations own nearly 1,500 acres or four . percent
of the total public and quasi-public open space land.

The largest proportion of any of the coastal administrative
units (5.8%) is held cumulatively by public and quasi-public
agencies in Unit Southern D. Acadia National Park definite-
ly dominates all holdings in the Unit in size, natural features
and recreation facilities.

Natural Feature Deficiencies

There appear to be deficiencies in the Unit of the following
types of protected natural features: sand dunes, rivers
and estuaries and salt marshes (see Table 4). Of these,dunes
are not significantly available in the coastal section of the
Section.

Recreation Needs

The survey of Maine people done for the State Planning Office
in 1973,indicated that the top recreation priorities for
respondents in the Eastern Maine (Downeast) District were,
in decreasing order; coastal beaches and scenic areas,
natural areas and inland beaches, campsite areas, wild and
scenic rivers, and historic areas.

135

The 1974 tourism study indicated that the most popular re-
creation activities of tourists in Maine were,-in decreasing
order: sightseeing, fishing/hunting, fresh water beaching,
salt water beaching, fresh water boating, and camping.

.The 1975 citizen evaluation of public policy indicated that
50% or more of the respondents in theMidcoast Area favored
more spending for the-following coastal projects, in decreas-
ing order: wildlife habitats, historic areas and picnic
areas, public beaches, scenic road turnoffsp campsites,
coastal highways, and marinas and boat ramps,

The results of the 1976 panel surveys conducted by the Social
Science Research Institute listed the following as state
,recreation priorities named by respondents in Eastern Maine
(in decreasing order): freshwater beaches, roadside parks/
picnic areas, camping.areas, boat launches, bike paths, and
wilderness camping areas,

The planning district analysis of the Draft 1977 SCORP indicat-
ed that from now through 1990 there may be acreage deficiencies
in the Eastern Planning District for ski touring, hiking,
snowskiing, canoeing, and (insignificantly) swimming. SCORP
does not indicate any camping, picnicking, boating, interpre-
tive trail, horseback riding, snowmobiling, or bicycling
deficiencies.

Considering all of these studies together, it is difficult
to clearly discern any distinct recreation needs. There
appearsto be s.ome need for camping facilities, particularly
primitive campsites, for beaching opportunities, and for
additional natural and sightseeing areas.

Outstanding Unprotected Coastal Area Resources

The predominant natural features of the Unit are the coastal
islands and the glacial hills rising close to the shore. The
best example of these features in one compact place is on Mt.
Desert Island. Acadia National Park takes in the most
spectacular of the island's natural features. There are,
.however, a number of important areas which should be studied
for possible protection including:

Tunk Lake region on the eastern Hancock County border,
one of the very few hilly areas on the coast and a
region.significant for its forest and other flora, lakes,
wildlife, fish, geology and historic sites

Bagaduce River area in Castine, Brooksville, Penobscot
and Sedgewick, a tidal river running through one of the
most picturesque and historically and ecologically im,
portant areas on the Maine coast

Blue Hill in the town of Blue Hill, a well known land-
mark offering good vistas of Mt. Desert Island and
Blue Hill Bay

136

Salt Pond @- Blue Hill Falls area, in Blue Hill,
Brookline and Sedgewick, made up of a tidal pond,
a reversing falls, a section of rocky coast, a locally
important historic site and an unusual wildlife area
set in an agricultural setting

Taunton - Egypt - Hog B&YS in Franklin, Hancock and
Sullivan, a series of tidal inlets on the fringe of
the eastern mid-coast growth center around Ellsworth

Skillings River area in Lamoine and Hancock, a series
of embayments and caves which together fo.rm one of the
most scenic and still largely undisturbed estuaries
on the coast of Maine

Long Island in Blue Hill, the largest island in Blue Hill
Bay

Grand Heath in Gouldsboro, one of the biggest coastal
heaths in Hancock County.

Recommendations

47. The Bureau should continue to operate Lamoine State
Pa&k at present design capacities,

48, The Bureau should make parking and trail improvements
at Hotbtook Istand Sanctua)Ly to enhance public use and
appreciation of the area.

49. The Bureau should consider acquisition of Btue Hitt
if public use of the area is threatened by changes
in land use or ownership.

50. The Bureau should urge the Department of Inland
Fisheries & Wildlife to acquire conservation ease-
ments on the land areas around the Bagaduce Rive&
and the Satt Pond to protect these important.fish
and wildlife areas.

51. The Bureau should take a leadership role in the
protection of the Tunk Lake region; a bond referen-
dum to raise money specifically for the acquisition
of this important area might be proposed jointly
with the Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
and the Bureau of Public Lands; following a period
of educating the public to the uniqueness of the
area,such a bond issue might have an excellent.
chanee of passing.

52. The Bureau should urge the National Park Service to
study the acquisition and development of Long Iztand
for resource protection and recreational use including
primitive camping.

137

52a. The Bureau should develop its property on Picketing
Cove as funds become available.

Table 33

STATE PARK AND STATE MEMORIAL ESTIMATED VISITOR USE
UNIT EASTERN W
19@66-19T6
1976
Instant
Type Of Design
Park/Memorial Use, 1266 1967 196e 1969 197o- -_1971 1912 1973 1974 1975 1976 Capacity
*Fort George Day Use 2,502 3,610 8.635 8,132 9,222 6,125 5,839 11,149 9,8oo 9.950 12.865 36

*Holbrook Island Day Use 2,935 2,176 2,992 1.999 1.6o6 2,9o6 27

*Lamoine Day Use 7,679 T 39T 5,216 6,5T5 12,56o 16,46o 18,455 17,68T 21,218 20,840 11,355 225
Camping 10.,545 9:816 13,453 ih,6j6 IT,223 20,T20 19,622 16,60 15,T93 19,66,9 14,696 224

*Coastal

Table 34

PUBLIC AND Eastern W
QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS Summary

% OF TOTAL
PERCENT OF PUBLIC AND
ACIRES. COASTAL QUASI-PUBLIC
ACREAGE ACREAGE

COASTAL
ACREAGE 650,352 100

FEDERAL 31,584 4.9 84.2

STATE 3,333 0.5 8.9

(7.1)
(BPR) (2,656) (0.4)

MUNICIPAL 1, 0.2 2.9
094

QUASI-PU8LIC 1,489 0.2 4.0

TOTAL 37,500 5.8 100
:
U B@LIC
UA S I

L
7
D
LICI

Table 35
BUREAU OF PARIKS RECREqT1qj rR@T-AL 014-"IET@HIP Eastern W

0 0 E-i Pq
Pq 10 E-4 Z H
PLI
1.4 1 44 z <4 0 E-1 co @4
0 1Pq E-4 :Z) N ;2@ Pq
W E-4 x Pq PrI
E-f U Pq P W 0
W 1W
:D Pq
SITE TYPE MUNICIPALITY ACRES
0 P4 C4 @D P-4 rx, CQ
M 0
12,71Z
Holbrook Island ]Xi. Park @Brooksville forest ns,,p, 1,
t

Lamoine SP x Park @,Han'cock open field sv, c 55 2,52(

Branch Lake x Park AEllsworth lakeshore b, p 1,272 -

Pickering Cove IX Park Deer Isle forest,cav( ppt 94 4145(
ialiCastine fort site h 2.75 -
Fort George xi Memor
Fort VBrien xi IMemorial Machiasport fort ruins h 2 35@
1 1
Battery Gosselin 1XI Memorial Castine fort bat- h 0.3
tery site
Penobscot River x Boat lOrrington b 2.5 11321
a Verona Island X1 Boat Verona Island b 2 635
Long Pond IX Boat Somesville b 2.7 -
Toddy Pond X Boat Oakland b 2.4

Eden Easement Bar Harbor 13
Skillings River I Easement Hancock 65
Ix Boat Swans Island b
Boat Park

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential
evimming ev ;ceuic Vista
a a camping r ublic use restricted or limited
p - picnicking g golf
b - boatin.g/canoeing pe primitive camping
t a trails an nature study
h a historic sk skiing/ioe okating

...........
rD PUBLIC AND EASTERN W Table 36
r9ASTAL OPLI SPACE UEAS
OPIE QUASI-PUBLIC

. ................ ............

0 0

P Pr
MANAGEMENT
OUTSTANDING 0 P
AGENCY r_1 @Ii
SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE r4 ACRES
@A E-1
W co 0
P-1

NPS Acadia National Park Bar Harbor, Mt. Hills, head- s,c,
Desert, South- lands, ponds SV3,hj 31,300
west Harbor, beaches, ns
Tremont, Cran- forests
berry Isles,
Gouldsboro,
Swans Island
Trenton, Winter
Harbor
@4
Pq FWS Craig Brook National
Fish Hatchery Orland 135

USCG Great Duck Island Long Is. Plt. Lighthouse r 10

FWS Green Lake Fish Hatchery Ellsworth 129
USCG Mount Desert Rock Offshore Lighthouse r icall

IFW Barred Island, Deer.Isle Duck Nesting r 5

IFW Buck Island Brooksville Duck Nestin r 0.5

DOT Dorothea L. Dix Rest
Area Hampden Mixed Forest p 23

IFW Grass Ledge Deer Isle Duck NestinE r .1

IFW Little Eaton Island Deer Isle Duck Nestinf r 2

IFW Phoebe Island Stonington Duck NestinE r 2,

PL Public Reserved Lot T8 SD 64o

EFW Sloop Island Ledge Deer Isle Duck NestinE r 1

IFW Spirit Ledge Isle Au Haut Duck NestinE r 11

IFW Thrumcap Island Brooksville Duck NestinE r 1

City jBrookside Park Bangor 40

city iGraham Lake Ellsworth 2,500'shore 4o

H Town Grant Park Bar Harbor +
-150' beach s 2

PUBLIC AND
OTHER QUASI-PUBLIC COASTA OPEN SPACE AREAS EASTERN W (continued)

RECREATION
MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING USE OR AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE POTENTIAL ACRES

Town Hadley's Point Park Bar Harbor 150 beach s 2

Town High School Open Space Bar Harbor 35

Town Hockamock Head Swans Island 50

Town Hoet's Mill Pond Area Stonington 22

City Kenduskeag Park. Bangor b 51

Town
Leased Lamoine Beach Lamoine 940' beach 12.8

Town Lapaus Point Beach Tremont 500 beach s 2

Town Municipal Beach Castine 300' beach

Town Municipal Beach Surry

City Municipal Golf-Course Bangor g,t 169

Town Open Space Winter Harbor 400 beach

City Prentiss Woods Bangor t 36

Town Reservoir Land Brewer 150

Town Richardson Lot Orrington 105+

Town Sand Beach Swans Island Sand Beach s

School School Forest Brewer 75

School School Forest Holden 32A.wooded 67

School School Forest Mt. Desert 10

Town Seal Harbor Beach Mt. Desert + 1,000' beach

City of Simmons Pond Area Hancock Mixed Forest 120
Ellsworth

Town Stinson Memorial Park Stonington

Town Town Beach Franklin +50 beach

City Town Forest Bangor 25A.woodland 25

PUBLIC AND
OTHER QUASI- PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS EASTERN W (continued)

RECREATION
MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING OR USE
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE POTENTIAL ACRES

Town Town Forest Brooklin 10A.woodland 30

Town Town Forest Southwest Hbr. 80A.woodland 86

TNC Barred Island Sunset Shore Birds ns 5
TNC Blagdon Preserve Bar Harbor Spruce,head- ns 110
land
TNC Bradbury Island Deer Isle Headland ns 46

Bangor
YMCA Camp Jorden Ellsworth r 127

TNC Crockett Cove Woods Deer Isle Forest ns 100

IFW Deer Isle & Stonington Deer Isle,
WMA Stonington r

TNC Dram Island Sorrento Spruce ns 6

AMC Echo Lake Camp Mt. Desert r 13

TNC Ketterlinus Preserve Tremont Spruce-fir
shore ns 20

NAS Little Duck Island Offshore Bird nesting r 367

EGC Mariners Park Deer Isle 23

FON McGlathery & Little
McGlathery Islands Stonington 105

MAS Northeast Creek Bar Harbor Freshwater
Marsh b,ns 70

IFW Orrington Game Sanc. Orrington r 86

TNC Round Island Stonington Forest,
headland ns 36

TNC Sheep Island Deer Isle Bird nesting r,ns 5
SF Stanwood Wildlife Sanc. Ellsworth ns,t 28

TNC Stave Island Preserve Gouldsboro Spruce-fir ns 132

TNC Turtle Island Winter Harbor Spruce-fir ns 140
TNC Wreck Island Stonington Spruce ns 70

KEY

RECREATION USE OR POTENTIAL

s = swimming sv = scenic vista
c = camping r= public use restricted
p = picnicking or limited
b = boating/canoeing g= golf
t = trails pc = primitive camping
h = historic ns = nature study
sk = skiing/ice skating

MANAGEMENT AGENCY

BPL = Bureau of Public Lands MAS = Maine Audubon Society
DOT = Dept. of Transportation NAS = National Audubon Society
EGC = Evergreen Garden Club NPS = National Park Service
FON = Friends of Nature SF = Stanwood Foundation
FWS = U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service TNC = The Nature Conservancy
IFW = Dept. of Inland Fisheries & USCG = U.S. Coast Guard
Wildlife

Table 37
Or'SERVATION EASPIENTS

RECIPIENT APPROX
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

Bald Island--
Deer Isle ANP ino residences now;
11 future residence
iset back 751; 1
Ifuture dock

Barred Islands., Deer Isle TNC 14 cabin & 1 dock now;
Chain Links
1 future dock & resi-
dence to be set back
i751; Chain Lake
I
Iforever wild

Bartlett Narr-ows Mt. Desert ANP 6 2 residences now;
!no more residences

Bass Harbor Tremont
ANP 2.5 Ino residences now;
futre residence

Bean Island Sorrento ANP 27 no residences now;
;2 future residences
!set back 1001;
Ifuture dock

Big Babson Island
.rooklin ANP 22 ;no development
Big Coombs I. Stonington TNC 13 no development

Black Island Swans island ANP 81. Area 1 - no develop-
ment; Area II - no
more than 1 house
per 15 acres

Black Island Long Island ANP 349 no residences now;
Plantation no more than maximum
of 4 residences set
back 1001; 1 future
pier

Black Island Long Island ANP 1 no structures now; 1
Plantation future residence set
back 100' and 1
future dock

Black Island Long Island ANP 80 no structures now;
Plantation
no more than total
of 2 residences & 2
cabins, 1 dock

Buckle
Island Stonington
ANP 8 no development

COMSERVATION EASEIT"ITS

RECIPIENT APPROX.
I i
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

Buckle Island, Duck Swans Island: ANP 25 1 cabin now; 1
Is. additional residence

Butler Island, Deer Isle ANP 360 no houses now; no
Barred Island I more 'than 5 future
structures of any
type; must be set
back 100'

Carroll Farm Southwest ANP 80 1 residence now; no
Hbr. more residences

Chatts Island Brooklin ANP 5 no development

Clark Cove Bar Harbor ANP 43 1 residence now; no
more than 2 future
houses & 2 docks
pier

East Torry Island Brooklin ANP 25 no development
F* Fernald Point Southwest ANP 3 1 residence now; no
Hbr. more residences; 1
future pier

Fernald Point Southwest ANP 3.84 1 residence now; no
Hbr. more residences; 1
future pier

Fernald Point Southwest ANP 10.15 1 residence now; no
Hbr. more residences; 1
future pier

Fernald Point Southwest ANP 3 1 residence now; no
Hbr, more residencles; 1
future pier

Fernald Point Southwest ANP 7 1 residence now; no
Hbr. more residences; 1
future pier

Fernald Point Southwest ANP 3 1 residence now; no
Hbr. more residences; 1
future pier

Gooseberry Island Stonington ANP 8 no development

Great Gotts Island Tremont IFW 6.92 1 residence now; no
additional residence

CONSERVATION EASEMENTS EASTERN W

RECIPIENT APPROX.
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS
Great Gotts Island Tremont IFW 14.43 no houses now; 1
future residence witl
75' setback

Great Sprucehead 1. Deer Isle TNC 306 no development

Hardwood Island Tremont ANP 205 2 residences now; 1
boathouse & dock; 2
future houses set
back 300'

Hat Island Swans.-Island ANP 14 1 future residence;
100' setback &
height restriction

Heart Island Deer Isle ANP 2 no residences now; I
future residence with
size restrictions

Hog Island Brooklin ANP 90 no development

Indian Point Bar Harbor ANP 27.7 no residences; 3
future residences set
back 75'

Indian Point Bar Harbor ANP 15

Indian Point Bar Harbor ANP 46 1 residence now; no
more residences

Indian Point Bar Harbor ANP 146 2 residences now; no
more than 1 residence
per 15 acres

Indian 'Point Bar Harbor ANP 15.75 1 residence now; 1
future residence set
back 250'

Indian Point Bar Harbor ANP 14.5 1 residence now; 1
future house set back
75'

John's Island Swans Island. ANP 15 Area I - no development
Area II no more than
1 residence per 15
acres

Little Gott Is. Tremont ANP 1 cabin now; 1 future
residence
2 cabins now; 1 boat
Little Gott Is. Tremont ANP 56 house now; no more
than a total of 4 re

CTISERVATITI EASE11PITS LASTFhli 4

RECIPIENT APPROX.
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

Little Island Brooklin ANP 3 no development

Lopaus Point Tremont ANP 7 1 residence now; no
more

Lopaus Point Tremont ANP 16.5 1 residence now; 2
future houses set
back 200'

Moose Island Tremont ANP 44 no residences now;.
1 future house set
back.100'

Northeast Harbor Mt. Desert ANP 8.75 2 residences now; 2
additional residencef
set back 751

Northwest Cove Bar Harbor ANP 57.3 1 residence now; 3
additional residenceE
permitted

Old Point Lamoine IFW 120 1 residence & 1 barn
now; 3 future resi-
dences in specified
areas; 300' set back,
1 future pier & 1
small pond

Opeechee Island Swans Island ANP 16 Area I - no develop-.
ment; Area II - no
more-than 1 residenCE'
per 15 acres
Orono Island Swans Islandl ANP 30 no houses now; 1
future house & 1
future dock

Outer Scott Island Deer Isle TNC 7 no development

Pond Island Long I. Plt. ANP 235 200'strip; no deve 1,
opment saltmarsh; no
development remaindex
of island; no more
than total of 6 resi-
dences

Preble Island Sorrento ANP 83 2 cabins now; no
more residences
[ECTr5E

Pretty Marsh Mt. Desert ANP 4.8 no residences now &
none in the future;
future boathouse

COIIISERVARTJ EASFIENTS

RECIPIENT APPROX.
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

Roun ANP 8.5 1 residence now; no
more residences

Saddleback Island Stonington I ANP 49.5 forever wild

Scrag Island Deer Isle ANP 4 1 residence, 1 guest
house now; 1 future
dock

.Second Island Stonington TNC 2 no residences now;.l
future cabin set bacl
100,

Shabby Island Deer Isle ANP 11 no development

Sheep Isla nd Deer Isle ANP 8.6 no development

Shingle Island Stonington TNC 6 1 single family
residence, 100'' 1
dock

Somesville kt. Desert ANP 5 .4 1 residence now; 1
future residence to
be set back 150'; 1
boathouse

Spruce Island Stonington ANP 50 no residences now; 5
future residences
I set back 300'

Spruce Point Gouldsboro ANP 78 no development

Sutton Island Cranberry ANP 8.69 2 future residences
Isles plus docks & floats
Sutt on Island Cranberry ANP 8.1 .1 residence &*l boat-1
Isles house now; 1 future
residence

Sutton Island Cranberry ANP 11*3 1 residence now; 3
Isles future houses & 1
pier

Sutton Island Cranberry ANP 28.02 1 residence & 1 pier
Isles now; 3 future houses

Sutton Island Cranberry ANP 8 1 residence now; 1,
Isles future residence &
FCONSE

future pier

Sutton island Cranberry ANP 35.07 1 residence & 1-boat
Isles house now, 2 future
residences & 1 futur

COMSERVATIOIN EASPIENTS

---------------j

RECIPIENT APPROX.
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE
RESTRICTIONS

Sutton Island Cranberry ANP 28 1residence & 1 boat"__
Isles house now; 1 future
residence & 1 pier

Sutton Island Cranberry ANP 1.79 no residences now; 1
Isles future residence set
back 1001; 1 dock*

Sutton*Island Cranberry ANP 2.05
Isles

Sutton Island- Cranberry ANP 1.1 1 house, 1 cabin now
Isles future - 1 swimming
pool, 1 greenhouse,
1 dock

Sutton Island Cranberry ANP 2 residences now; no
Isles additional residence;
permitted

Swans Island Swans Island ANP 72 3 residences now;
future residence set
back 100' & 1 dock
& boathouse
Swans Island Swans Islandl ANP 42.6 no residences now, 1
future residence
200' setback

Swans Island Swans Island ANP 367 no residences now;
5 future residences
to be-set back 100'

Swans Island Swans Island ANP 80 1 residence, 1 boat-
house & dock now; no
more than a votal of
3 residences ever

The Hub, Birch I., Mt. Desert ANP 1 forever wild
The Ledges, John 1.

Tunk Lake TIO SD IFW 6 l.cabin & 1 dock
Welch Island Sorrento TNC 3/8 no development
Western Sister Is. Swans Island ANP 50 1 residence now; I
future dock; no more
residences
[rco -` II

West Torry Island Brooklin ANP 15 no development

Key
Recipient Agency

ANP - Acadia National Park
IFW - Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
TNC - The Nature Conservancy

NEAR COASTAL INLAND OPEN SPACES AREAS Table 38 EASTERN W

RECREATION
MANAGEMENT USE OR
AGENCY STATE MUNICIPALITY OUTSTANDING POTENTIAL ACRES

F USAF Dow Pines Great Pond Plt. Forest s,p,c, 375
E t
D
E
R
A
L USFS Penoobscot Expl Forest Bradley Forest r 4,000

UM Fay Hyland Bog Orono Bog ns 350

BPR Hermon Pond Hermon Beach s,p,c 24
S
T UM Lagrange Forest Lagrange Forest ns 200
A
T IFW Lyle Frost WMA Eastbrook, Freshwater r, ns 1,813
E Franklin marsh

BPL Military Site (Duck L.) T4 ND Lake 10,977

IFW Old Farm Pond WMA Maxfield, r, ns 600
Howland

BPL Public Reserved Lots Great Pond Plt. Forest 752
Osborn Forest 960
T16 MD Forest 320
T32 MD Forest 640
UM University Forest Orono Forest ns,t 1,700

Town Reservoir Land Dedham 1900A. wooded 1,900

School School Forest Dexter 50
M
U School School Forest Glenburn 10
N
I School School Forest Greenfield 160A. wooded 160
C
I School School Forest Hermon 22A. wooded 90
P
A School School Forest Old Town 57A. wooded 69
L
School School Forest Orono 23A. wooded 26

City Sewall Park Old Town s,p 30

Town Town Farm Aurora 10A. wooded 90

Town Town Farm Bradford 130A. wooded 1,107

Town Town Forest Burlington 1214A. wooded 1,220

Town Town Farm Eddington 18A. wooded 85

NEAR COASTAL INLAND OPEN SPACE AREAS EASTERN W

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING RECREATION
USE OR
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE POTENTIAL ACRES

Town Town Farm Garland 202A. wooded

Town Town Farm Newburgh 385

Town Town Farm Orono 101A. wooded: 284

Town Town Farm Plymouth 9A. wooded 10

TNC Mullen Woods Newport Miixed forest ns 115

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

a -swimming av scenic vista
c camping r public use restricted or limited
P picnicking g golf
b boating/canoeing Pc- primitive camping
t trails ns -nature study
h historic sk -skiing/ice skating

management Agency

BPL -Bureau of Public Lands
BPR -Bureau of Parks and Recreation.
IFW -Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
UM -University of Maine
USFS -U.S. Forest Service
TNC -The Nature Conservancy
USAF -U.S. Air Force

This figure includes 5,297 acres of land plus 1,222 acre Duck
Lake and 269 acre Upper Unknown Lake which are already in
State ownership. To add to this, it is expected that the 108th
Legislature will approve a proposal to exchange 1,520 acres
with Dead River Company and 2,606 acres of land with Diamond
International Corporation. Cutting rights on a 270 acre
public reserved lot in the parcel will also be returned to the
State as part of the agreement with Diamond International.
2. Only those public lots within this Section on which the State
retains the grass and timber cutting rights have been included
here.

3. It is anticipated that this lot will be exchanged in trade
with the St. Regis Paper Company in the near future.

ME ME NEW ME M ME ME 11110 ME 11

Table 39 EASTERN W
RECREATION NEEDS

cd
w
p 00
bo w 9:
r. :> -m
bo -m 1@4 to 0
0 tio 4-1 Pd u r.
STUDY -H ev 0 co
.0 0 u 0 44
(YEAR) u pq bo -H oj
co 0 0 -14 P4 > to
vo p bo -ri u V4 Z 0 V4 Z
co u go a) r: r--4 co -H :3: -H
cd -rq u 00 -ri -- w
4) co 1@4 bo -H co -14 r-q 4) tD
cd pq co u La 0 V-1 0 co 0
A 0 E-4
to 41 Im.
cd u go 13 0 qu S-4 -ri 0 Z
0 cd 0 -H V4 r4 cc 0 -H -4 0 cd
44 P4 w pq ca z co
1973 x x x x x I.X
1974
x x x x x x

x x
1975 x x x x x

1976 x x x x x x

1977
x x x
R ==EC R FAT 1 ON'

@1977

EASTERN E

Popul. 11 tion -
Total-29,959
Coastal-22,904

Danforth

Vanceboro

Robbi Jon

Perry.
lie

nysvil le
BedaimjtGn AS Lubec

Machiasport Trescott

Milbridge
Jonesport 0,
p U Roque Bluffs*
Steuben

1/77 Coastal
TyPE OF AREA DEVELOPED UNDEVELOPED,
Day U-se Sw(mmln3/PlCnlCkln9 (5) E'Near-coastat
A

OE: T,
a 1
n 'T
Day Uze- Trails/Picnickin% 0 T
Day Uw@t- Educatio.nal/Cultural (e)
cumping jn@
B 0-a t A C C e 5:5 0 El -------- 10

UNIT EASTERN E

Coastal Parks

There is one park in Washington County which is developed for
both camping and day use. Cobscook Bay State Park in Ed-
monds Township is on the bay of @'boiling water" as it was
called by the Passamaquoddy Indians. The park has been leas-
ed from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and is adjacent to
the Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge. The present lease
runs out in 2000. It is interes-ting to note that while camp-
ing use has remained relatively stable over the last six
years at about 23,000 to 26,000, day use visits have in-
creased steadily.reaching an estimated 20,000 in 1976.

Right now there are two day use state parks in this Unit:
Quoddy Head and Roque Bluffs, Quoddy Read in Lubec is a 532
acre park with high rock ledges rising from the sea 50 feet
or more and a bog at Carrying Place Cove which has been des-
cribed as the best raised bog in Maine. The park is current-
ly used for hik.ing and picnicking, and affords spectacular
views of both the famous stripped Quoddy Head lighthouse and
the sheer cliffs of Grand Manan Island in the Bay of Fundy.
The Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife has
suggested that Quoddy Head State Park be enlarged.

Roque Bluffs is a new addition to the state park system. For
the first time in 1977 it will offer formal facilities for
visitors using the beach, one of the best in eastern Maine.
Much of the 274 acres in the park remainsunutilized. Some
of the upland could be used for a variety of outdoor re-
creation activities.

Along the coast in this Unit there are two undeveloped parks.
A 100 acre parcel at Gleason's Point in Perry consists of
open field with good views of Passamaquoddy Bay and a gravel
.pit extending into the mouth of the Little River. The lot is
located just off Rt. 1 with good road.access. It could be
used as an off-highway picnic site and possibly for camping.

Eastern Head in Trescott Township is a 263 acre parcel with
excellent rocky cliffs, a fine sand beach, and forested up-
land areas. Right now there is no road access to the site
but it is expected that this problem could be worked out
with St. Regis Paper Company which owns the area inland to
Rt. 191. The site ought to be studied soon to determine
what sort of recreation the land is most suitable for.

158

In addition, the Bureau has a tiny lot at Good's Point in
Steuben. As this lot is not of statewide significance it
would best be transferred to another management agency (such
as leased to the town) or simply sold.

Inland Parks

There are no developed inland parks in this Unit, but there
is one 338 acre undeveloped area at Pleasant River Lake in
Beddington which has excellent sand beaches and would be
suitable for swimming, picnicking and perhaps camping.

Visitor Use

Public use of existing State Parks and Memorials in 'Unit
Eastern E totalled 103,243 in 1976 (Table 41), All of this
recorded use took place in coastal facilities as there are
no developed inland parks in the Unit (Table 3).

Public and Quasi-Public Open Space Lands

The total area of the coastal minor civil divisions in Unit
Eastern E is 562,313 acres. Federal open space lands total
13,133 acres with Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge being
the largest single block of public open space in the Unit.

The State ho'lds 4,488 acres, roughly half of which is in
wildlife management areas and half in state parks.

Municipally owned open space in the coastal communities
totals 1,067 acres. This is 5.6 percent of the total public
and quasi-public open space.

Private conservation lands total 199 acres. In size, this
is a negligible fraction of the land in the Unit.

Taken together the total open space land managed by public
or quasi-public agencies in Unit Eastern E is approximately
18,887 acres of 3.3 percent of the coastal acreage.

Natural Fea ture Deficiencies

There appear to be deficiencies in the Unit of the following
types of protected natural features; sand dunes, hills,
sub-alpine habitats and cobble beaches (see Table 4), Of
these, hills and sub-alpine habitats are not significantly
available in the coastal portion of the Unit.

Recreation Needs

The survey of Maine people done for the State Planning Office
in 1973 indicated that the top recreation priorities for

159

respondents in the Eastern Maine (Downeast) District were, in
decreasing order: coastal beaches and scenic areas, natural
areas and inland beaches, campsite areas, wild and scenic
rivers, and historic areas,
.I I
The 1974.tourism study indicated that the most popular recrea-
tion activities of tourists in'Maine were, in decreasing order:
sightseeing, fishing/hunting, fresh water beaching, salt water
beaching, fresh water boating, and camping.

The 1975 citizen evaluation of public policy indicated that
50% or more of the respondents in the Midcoast Area favored
more spending for the folloving coas-tal projects, in decreasing
order: wildlife habitats, his-toric areas and picnic areas,
public beaches, scenic road turnoffs, campsites, coastal highrr
ways, and marinas and boat ramps.

The res-ults of the 1976 panel surveys conducted by the Social
Science Research Institute listed the following as state re-
cr eation priorities named by, respondents in Eastern Maine (in
decreasing order): freshwater beaches, roadside parks/picnic
areas, camping areas, boat launches, bike paths, and wilder-
ness camping areas.

The planning district analysis of the Draft 1977 SCORP indicates
that from now through 1990 there may be acreage deficiencies
in the Eastern Planning District for ski touring, hikingp snow-
skiing, canoeing, and (insignificantly) swimming. SCORP does
not indicate any camping, picnicking, boating, interpretive
trail, horseback riding, snowmobtling, or bicycling deficiencies.

Considering all of these studies togetherp it is difficult to
clearly discern any distinct recreation needs. There appear
to be some need for primitive camping facilities, for beach-
ing opportunities, for canoe access sites and possibly for
additional hiking, ski touring and snowshoeing trails.

Outstandifig Unprotected Coastal Area 02en Spaces
The predominant natural features of this Unit are longitudinal
peninsulas fringed Iby large near-shore islands between Steuben
and Cutler; steep, rocky headlands from.Cutler to Lubec facing
the open ocean; and the Cobscook Bay complex with its exception-
ally high tides. The most important unprotected coastal re-
sources identified in the 'Unit include;
- the Roque Island constellation of islands in Englishman
Bay with some of the finest sand beaches@ forests and
headlands of any islands on the 'Maine coast
- Great Wass Island in Beals, an island with ancient sphag7
num heaths, a unique stand of Jack pine, even a small
sand dune all accessible by bridge

16o

Howard Cove Beach in Machiasport, perhaps the largest
and most scenic cobble beach in Maine

Boot Cove/Read in Lubec, an interesting large stone
beach and geological fissure with caves

the shore along Cutler including Western and Ferry
Heads, a coast of bold, rocky headlands

Pleasant River-rBay area in Harrington, Addison,
Columbia Falls, and Columbia, "the most extensive
complex of mudflats, salt marshes, an d mature
spruce-fir forests east of the Kennebec River".

Recommendations

53. The Bureau should continue to operate Cobzcook Bay
State Pa)Lk at present capacity levels.

54. The Bureau should continue to operate Quoddy Head
State Pa&k; consideration should be given to expand-
ing facilities at the park.

55. The Bureau should continue to operate Roque Btu66z
State Pa&k; consideration should be given to expand-
ing facilities at the park including the development
of an interpretive trail system.

56. The Bureau should consider developing as a day use
area and leasing to a local administrative body
Gteazonlz Point.

57. The Bureau@s property on Eaztetn Head should be studied
to determine how access might best be provided and
what type and level of recreational use is most ap-
propriate for the area.

58. The Bureau should transfer or lease Good'Z Point.

59. If land ownership or use changes threaten any of the
islands in the Roque 14tand group, the Bureau should
work, alone or in cooperatio .n with other agencies
and organizations, to acquire the islands; a bond issue
to finance the acquisition and low scale recreational
development of the islands might be appropriate.

60. The Bureau should work with the Nature Conservancy
to protect G&eat Wazz 14tand; TheAmerican La nd Trust,
a special project of the Nature Conservancy, is ex-
ploring the possible preservation of Great Wass as
part of its program "to save outstanding examples.of
Americats extraordinary natural heritage."

161

61. If land ownership or use changes threaten Howa&d
Cove Beach, the Bureau should acquire or assist
in the acquisition of the beach and adjacen t wetlands.

162

Table 40

STATE PARK AND STATE MEMORIAL ESTIMATED VISITOR USE
UNIT EASTERN E
19'66-1976
1976
Instant
Type Of Design
Park/Memorial Use 1966 1967 .,1968 1969 1970 1971 19T2 19T3 19T4 19T5 1976 Capacity

tobscook Bay Day Use 6,434 7,685 8,147 '10,976 T,788 8,842 10,715 9,11T 12,751 15,715 20,296 126
Camping Q,807 9,109 13,212 16,836 20,435 25,437 25,402 23,830 20,945 26,627 22,684 500

'Fort O'Brien Day Use 1,548 2,868 3,486 4,81o 6,876. T.20A T.954 4.512 7,qi8 6,691 45

*Quoddy Read Day Use 28,157 25,8T6 36,480 44,828 56,34o 5T,884 62,040 64,264 59,372 62,852 53,5T2 90

*Coastal

-_--Table

PUBLIC AND Eastern E
QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS Summary

% OF TOTAL
PERCENT OF PUBLIC AND
ACIRES COASTAL QUASI-PUBLIC
ACIREAGE ACREAGE

'COASTAL
ACREAGE 562,313 100

FEDERAL 13,133 2.3

STATE 4,488 0.8 23.8

(BPR) (2,039) (o.4) (10.8)

MUNICIPAL 1,067 0.2 5.6

QUASI-PUBLIC 199

TOTAL 18,887 3.3 100

Less than 0.n
t:UB
QU LI
AS I 7@PUI

D
LICI

Table 42
BUREU 9F PARKS & RECRFAT19,,j rOTML 0`111ET@@! Ip Eastern E

0 @4 Pq

rTI 10 ;2@ Pq E-4 f4
P4 0 M -:4 0P $ to @4
0 1PQ @D K ;@; I rA
E-4 M PQ E-,M
E-4 -4 0 PQ E-4 1 W 0
@DW W co 0 i r4
SITE TYPE !MUNICIPALITY ACRES
F4 Imi 0 r=4 r, @D P4
V'
Cobscook Bay SP K ark Edmunds Twp f ores t c P P , t 868 7 P 200
flats

Quoddy Head SP X1 Park Lubec headland, p,s,v, 531.9 9,660
forest t/c

Gleason Point Ix Park Perry open field,p,b,c 100 6,500
bluff
Good's Point 11XIPark Steuben 0.3
Eastern Head X Park Trescott Twp headland, p,t,c, 263 k,900
sand beach sv

Roque Bluffs X1 Park Roque Bluffs beach s/p,c, 273.6 7,200
1 1 t. I
rt O'Brien X1 Memorial Machiasport fort ruins h 2 357
1

Jonesport Marina X1 Boat Jonesport b 1.8 546

Lubec Town Landing X Boat Lubec b 1.7 280
Narraguagus. River X1 Boat Milbridge b 5 il,050
1
St, Croix River X1 Boat Calais b 7.5
1

Harrington
Foster Island Easement .400

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential
@j 0

swimming ev - scenic vista
camping ra public use restricted or limited
p picnicking ga golf
b boating/canoeing pc " primitive camping
t trails no u nature study
h historic sk a skiing/ice skating

OTHER PUBLIC AND Table 43
QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS EASTERN E

MANAGEMENT
OUTSTANDING RECREATION
USE OR
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE POTENTIAL ACRES

USCG Libby Island Machiasport Lighthouse r
F
E USCG Little River Island Cutler Lighthouse r 15
D
E USCG Machias Seal Island Cutler Bird Nesting r 25
R
A FWS Moosehorn N. W.R. Calais,
L Edmunds Mixed Forest ns,t 11,035
FWS Petit Manan N.W.R.
Steuben Bird Nesting r,ns 1,999

NPS St.Croix Nat'l. Mon. Calais Historic
site h, pc 14

IFW Back Bay WMA Milbridge Salt Marsh r,ns 0

IFW Englishman R, WMA Roque Bluffs Tidal Marsh r,ns 120

S IFW Great Works WMA Edmunds Twp. Fresh Marsh r,ns 640
T
A IFW Green Island Steuben' Bird Nesting r 11
T
E IFW Jonesboro WMA Jonesboro Softwoods r,ns 713

IFW Orange River WMA Whiting Flowage
right 588

IFW Pennamaquam WMA Pembroke Fresh Marsh r,ns 293

IFW Pleasant R. Salt Marsh Columbia Falls Salt Marsh r,ns 24

M Town Fred Grant Mill Cherryfield 8
U Town McCellan Park Milbridge 7
N City Nashs Lake Calais 640
I Town Reversing Falls Pembroke Tides t,p,c, 50
C
I Town Round Island Machiasport Salmon Run PC 5
P
A School
L School Forest Calais 50.5
Jonesport 10

Machias 10A wooded 13

Pembrooke 60A wooded 70

Robinston 3A wooded 10

OTHER PUBLIC AND
QUASI-PUBLIC COASTAL OPEN SPACE AREAS EASTERN E (continued)

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING RECREATION USE
AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE OR POTENTIAL ACRES

Town Town Forest Calais 28A. wooded 153

Town Town Forest Marshfield 50A. wooded 50

TNC Flint Island Harr ington Fossil h,ns 134

IFW Stone Island Machiasport spruce,
headland ns 6o

IFW Sillow Water Game

Sanctuary Perry r

TNC Wolfe Preserve Perry Open Field ns,sv 5

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential
s = swimming sv = scenic vista
c = camping r = public use restricted or limited
p = picnicking g = golf
b = boating/canoeing pc = primitive camping
t = trails ns = nature study
h = historic sk = skiing/ice skating

Management Agency

FWS U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
IFW Department of Inalnd Fisheries & Wildlife
TNC The Nature Conservancy
USCG U.S. Coast Guard

1ENTS Table 44
CO!"Is RII-IT1911 WE

RECIPIENT APPROX.
SITE MUNICIPALITY AGENCY ACREAGE RESTRICTIONS

Cutler Headland Cutler IFW 77 no development

Hog Island Harrington TNC 10 no development

Mink Island Harrington no development

Narrows Island Harrington TNC 50 1 house, 2 cabins,
1 dock now; no addi-
tional residences
permitted

Perry Perry TNC 50 1 house, 1 cabin, 2
camps now; no addi-
Itional residences
permitted

Raspberry Island Harrington TNC 50 no development

Trafton Island Harrington IFW luu 2 cabins now; no
more than a total of
16 residences permit
ted,-75' setback; 1
future pier, 1 boat-.
house

Key
Recipient Agency

IFW - Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
TNC - The Nature Conservancy

Table 45
NEAR-COASTAL INLAND OPEN SPACE AREAS EASTERN E

MANAGEMENT OUTSTANDING RECREATION

AGENCY SITE MUNICIPALITY FEATURE USE OR POTENTIAL ACRES

FEDERAL

FWS Moosehorn NWR Baring, Meddy- Forest 11,630
bemps,Charlott

IFW Canal Point Baring r 25

BPL Great Heath T18 MD Heath ns, b 3,277

IFW Machias River Area r 35

BPR Pleasant River Lake Beddingtin Sand beach s,c,b 38

BPL Public Reserved Lots Grand L.Stream Forest 960
Plt.
Dennysville Forest 960
STATE
T18 MD Forest 64
T24 MD Forest 3202
T29 MD Forest 3722
T36 MD Forest 960
T6 ND Forest 960
No. 14 Plt. Forest 960
No. 21 Plt. Forest 960
BPL Rocky Lake T18 ED* Forest & 9,7543
lake
IFW St. Croix River Baileyville 25

PRIVATE IFW Mooseh6rn Game Sanctuary Calais

KEY

Recreation Use or Potential

a - swimming 3v - scenic vista
c. -camping r- public use restricted or limited
p - picnicking g- golf
b n boating/canoeing pc u primitive camping
trails ne a nature study
ht historic sk - skiing/ice skating

Management Agency

BPR - Bureau of Parks and Recreation
BPL - Bureau 'of Public Lands
IPW - Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife
FWS - U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

1. Only those public lots within the Section on which the State
retains the timber and grass cutting rights have been included
here.

2. It is anticipated that these lots wili be exchanged in trade
with the St. Regis Paper Co. in the near future.

3. This figure includes 9,434 acres of land which it is expected
the 108th Maine Legislature will approve for trade with the
International Paper Co. plus the return to the State of cutting
rights on a 320 public reserved lot.

EASTERN E

rj)

41 44
STUDY Cd ca cc r4 -H
to 0 u w P4 10 r--q
(YEAR) u 9: 00 -H 41 bo -ri
0 r- P4 > to 60
0 $4 bo -H -H r. 0
pq u m 0 0 -4 bo ly. -W -H -H 44
co IH -H pq 0 u w -r4 cu --
w I@d -ri bo .0 -r4 p @4 rq
co PQ ci ka 14 r. 0 to @q a, 0 co
4-J 0 -r4 r. u @4
M im. -r4 >% 41
w 0 14 0 ci $4 0 to C:
0 cc 0 -r4 V4 cc 9: -H 0
V3 00

1973 x x x x x x
1974 x x x x x x
1975 x x x x x x x

1976 x x x x x x

1977
x x x
- CC:R IECR INE
:E:AT 1:@,

L19 7 7

"If tract houses should take over
the last stretch of shore...where
would we escape the epidemic of
urbanization...where would we
find the solitute of an unspoided
beach, the renewal of mind and
spirit that comes from contract
with the natural forms and
rhythms of the earth?"

-- Harold Gilliam, Islands
in Time: The Point Reyes
Peninsula

IV. BEACH ANALYSIS

A separate analysis of coastal beach protection and re-
creational use will be undertaken as part of this study.'
Before this is accomplishedo however, more complete in-
formation on beach locationo quality and ownership will
have to be gathered.

175

"...the Marine coast can have
increased economic development
(of tourism and other industries)
without destroying its essential
beauty, but only if the State and
localities adopt land use controls
sufficiently strong to ration
carefully the development of
presently vacant land. Certainly,
unlimited tourist development
along the coast would be self-
defeating by restricting public
access or by creating an urban
slum which fewer tourists would
wish to visit."

-- Carl Veazie, "The
Economic Importance
of Recreation Along
the Maine Coast, " 1971

V. CAMPING

Camping in Maine is not only a popular activity, it is an
important industry. The Department of Human Services reports
that in 1977, there are 305 licensed tent and trailer parks
in Maine having an estimated 20,448 sites. These privately
operated campgrounds range in size from three to 500 sites.
However, many campgrounds in popular regions such as Old
Orchard Beach crowd more camping units into their parks than
they are legally supposed to. In other regions of the Statel,
many campgrounds never fill to capacity--even though they may
be attractive areas with reasonable rates. It is often these
operations which experience the highest turnover rate.

To start a successful campground in Maine today takes more
than enthusiasm and a desire to please. It requires a great
deal of capital, a better than average location, a good
sense of marketing and no small amount of managerial ability.

Still, across the-state there seems to be a growing demand
for campsites of many types. On numerous lakes-and at some
coastal locations, residents and out-of-staters alike rent
tent or trailer sites for the entire season and use the site
as an inexpensive second home. Others prefer to travel,
often in large, self-contained vehicles , stopping no longer
than a night or two at any one spot. Some families still
prefer to travel to destination parks where they can stay
for a one or two week vacation. Finally, a growing number
strike out for the more wild areas transporting all of their
camping gear in canoes, four-wheel drive vehicles, airplaaes,
or on their backs.

All of these types of camping together make up the activity,
the experience, the industry we call camping. But assessing
the demand, the preference, and the expectations of campers
is no easy task. Over the past five years, a number of
studies related to these issues have been published. Looking
at each of these may reveal a common thread.

In a survey conducted by Northeast Markets for the State
Planning Office in 1973, people throughout Maine were asked
to rank which types of recreation areas they would like to
see State money spent on. Thirty-nine percent of the respon-
dents statewide said they would like to see funds spent on
campsite areas. The percentage wanting more expenditures
for campsites was somewhat higher in Aroostook County (53%)
and somewhat lower in Cumberland County (28%). All other
areas in Maine were very close to the state average.

179

While this represents a substantially favorable response,,
it should be noted that campsite areas ranked fifth in a
list of seven choices.

A different perspective is presented in the results of a
study on tourism in Maine prepared for the Maine Vacation
Travel Analysis Committee in 1974. With a focus on existing
resident and nonresident tourist activities, the report
states that "camping as an activity accounts for only 5%
of the total tourist days, while campgrounds as a lodging
account for almost 12% of the same tourist days, which
implies that many of those who stay in campgrounds consider
it only a lodging and not an activity." Nevertheless,
it campgrounds are a highly significant lodging facility in
both the spring and summer season but, due to the extreme
seasonality, their impact is diluted when annualized."
Furthermore, "tourists who stay in campgrounds show the
lowest expenditure of the commercial lodging facilities."

According-to the report more than 80 percent of all-campe rs
in Maine are nonresidents. And of all nonresident activities,_
camping has the greatest negative social/environmental impact
and the lowest level of economic benefits. The authors of
the study conclude that "these data indicate that a policy
to promote camping as an activity would not be.justified."--
N
't-h-at "'but "th @high_ level
-ot, only-- e of camping volume, most
:,of -which -..is concentrated in summer,-suggests that this
activity may be a source of problems attributable to tourism
generally."

In 19 75, the Social Sci&nce Research Institute of the Univer-
sity of Maine undertook a survey of coastal residents for the
.State Planning Office concentrating on citizen evaluation of
public policy. The results of the survey showed that 34% of
the coastal residents interviewed participated in camping.
Sixty-five percent of the respondents supported increased
state spending for more coastal area campsites.

Panel surveys conducted around the state in 1976 by the
Social Science Research Institute revealed some interesting
results. Campgrounds, for instance, were listed as a state-
wide priority by all panel groups.While support for increased
Bureau funding for the development of camping areas varied
considerally by region; 34 percent of the participants from
all areas said they favored increasing funding. Interestingly,
support for camping area development declined as respondents
income increased. Moreover, belief that camping areas should
be developed solely by private enterprise steadily declined
as respondents age rose. Of those interviewed who were under
35 years old, 100 percent felt that private entrepreneurs
should not have a corner on the camping market. Overall,
more than 60 percent of the people interviewed believe that
the development of campgrounds should not be left exclusively
to private entrepreneurs.

180

In most of Maine, between private and public tent and trailer
areas, there are enough campsites to accommodate peak demands
throughout the season. According to the 1977 Maine Compre-
hensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, there are presently no cal-
culated camping deficiencies anywhere in Maine except in the
Penobscot and Northern Maine Planning Districts. At the
statewide level, no deficiencies for camping have been cal-
culated. Of course, the methodology utilized in these cal-
culations does not include considerations of the quality of
the camping experience. Nevertheless, with the private
sector providing over eighty-eight percent of the existing
campsites in Maine, it seems that private operators are
capable of satisfying the pressures for nonprimitive camping
areas in the state.

Those campsites not provided by private entrepreneurs in
Maine (t 12%) are supplied for the most part in state parks
and federal parks and forests. There are currently four
developed coastal state parks in the state park system which
offer camping facilities: Camden Hills, Warren Island,
Lamoine and Cobscook Bay. In addition, there are three
near-coastal camping state parks: Sebago Lake, Bradbury
Mountain and Lake St. George. Combined these parks have a
design capacity of 2,676 campers, about 3 percent of the
statewide capacity. Of the seven parks, the only ones which
appear to be consistently used very close to design capacity
are Camden Hills and Sebago Lake.

Based on an analysis of 1972 data, public camping use of
state parks is seen to be dominated by out-of-state*rs
(Figure 19 ). On the average, campers at the four coastal
state parks were 78 percent nonresidents. This is somewhat
higher than the 69 percent nonresident inland park camping
use.

The most recent data available on camping use and preferences
in Maine are the results of a survey conducted by Northeast
Markets for the Bureau of Parks and Recreation in early 1977.
Thirty-one percent of those interviewed indicated that they
participated in summer camping. However, only 18.7 percent
of those who said they camped indicated that they used state
parks. Finally, over 61 percent of those questioned said
the State should increase spending for camping areas along
the coast; 24 percent said the State should not spend more.

A few observations can be made from comparisons of these
studies and surveys. First, there appears to be substantial
support for State spending on campsites, coastal and state-
wide. Many people, particularly young people, apparently
feel that the provision of camping areas should not be left
exclusively to private individuals. However, as one alter-
native out of many for the allocation of public funds for
recreation camping does not have top priority.

181

Figure 19

T.
RESIDENTANITI-RESIDEN' STATE PIDLIC CYIP .-IG ILIISE

iMailne Resident,

Xcn-@zesidents

d e n
8 6 %

War- en
6 2
-siand

Cobsc ook

Lamoine 51 6

-oastal
2 78%
..verage

7 n land
@3 I % 691
A-.-erage 17--

S t at e
-28% '7 2 'v
Av e r a g eL
0 10 20 30 4o 50 6o 7 80 90
'0.

Percent

Data derived from. a 1972 analysis of all registerea nar'. @ies. Peaks -Ke.-..jy data basvd on a -97D
count .

Most campers in Maine are not res idents and most campgrounds
are private operations. Up to one-third of the people of
Maine participate in camping. Maine campers seem to use
inland camping areas more than coastal ones, at least at
state parks. The more affluent residents tend to show less
support for public development of campgrounds. Of course,
for many part of the attraction of camping is that it is a
relatively low cost vacation alternative. By the same token,
this is precisely what makes it a poor per person economic
investment to the state as a whole.

What then are the prospects for camping in Maine?

The great number of variables involved make it difficult to
judge whether the pressures for campsites in Maine will con-
tinue to rise in the short and long term. The effects of
fuel cost jumps, growing population, changing leisure time
and preferences and average disposal incomes all stand as
question marks in the face of recreation planning. One
recent long term study of annual family camping participation
revealed that more than 50 percent of the campers were either
camping less or had dropped out of the camping market. bis-
tinct style changes were also discernable (1) toward a more
primitive type of camping experience or (2) toward season-
long rentals and advance reservations at commercial campgrounds.
A number of considerations, many of them'outlined above,
suggest a framework for the provision of state park camping
facilities. In Maine, most campgrounds are located along
the coast in the southwestern part of the..state and in the
lakes region around Sebago. With the exceptions of Sebago
Lake and Bradbury Mountain State Parks all of these are
private campgrounds catering primarily to out-of-state
tourists.

There are a number of camping areas in the midcoast area
and a cluster around Mt. Desert Island. In other regions
of the state, campgrounds are mostly scattered with some
clusters around the larger communities and along the fringe
of the north woods.

Many of the private campsite areas offer electrical hookups,
dump stations and other services for tourists in recreational
vehicles. The Bureau of Parks and Recreation would do well
to leave the provision of facilities for campers using
socalled elaborate recreation vehicles to the competitive
private sector throughout the state. Those who can realize
a profit from such operations should not be burdened with
additional competition by public agencies. Uncertainty
about the regional, national and global energy situation;
moreover, makes it inappropriate for the Bureau to become
involved in the promotion of energy intensive recreational
activities.

183

The Bureau, on the other hand, can provide campsites for
those who, alternatively, want to participate in a non-
elaborate type *of camping experience. In particular, the
Bureau should try to meet the needs of Maine residents
first and foremost. This might be accomplished by the use
of differential fees, a resident preferred reservation
system, etc.

The need for primitive campsites may be most pressing in
the southern and midcoastal parts of the state where land
use changes are occurring most rapidly, population growth
is the greatest and suitable resources are disappearing
the fastest.

There does not appear to be a need in the coastal area east
of Mt. Desert Island for additional transient and destination
campgrounds. There may be some need for primiti ve campsites.
These might be provided on the coast at Eastern Head, and
inland at Pleasant River Lake, Rocky Lake and in the Tunk
Mountain area.

.184

"Where the mountainous ridges and
the valleys lay at an angle to the
coast, the sea ran far up between
the hills and occupied the valleys.
This was the origin of the deeply
indented and exceedingly irregular
coast that is characteristic of
much of Maine. The long narrow
estuaries of the Kennebec, the
Sheepscot, the Damariscotta and
many other rivers of the sea, are
the drowned valleys in which grass
and trees grew in a geological yes-
terday. The rocky, forested ridges
between them probably looked much
as they do today. Offshore, chains
of islands jut out obliquely into the
sea, on beyond another-- half sub-
merged ridges of the former land
mass."

-- Rachel Carson, The Edge
of the Sea, 1955

V, ISLAND ANALYSIS

A separate analysis of Maine's coastal islands will be
undertaken as part of this study. Findings and recom-
medations will be incorporated into this document when
the study has been completed.

187

"The Marine coast is a scare resource
relative to the demand for it and is
destined to become even more scarce
unless appropriate measures are taken
to preserve for public use larger
areas of the coast. Unless these
steps are taken, the situation in the
future may be such that perhaps only
a fortunate elite will have access to
it....Where such a limited natural
resource is involved, it is incumbent
upon us to make certain that there is
both a contraction of the private
sector and an expansion in the public
sector. To allow otherwise would be
to evade our responsibilities both to
ourselves and to generations to
come in the future."

-- Robert F. Barlow, "Trends
and Alternatives in Coastal
Land Use, " 1966

STATE NATURAL RESERVE SYSTEM PROPOSAL

A number of states have established systems of Natural Re-
serves which recognize the importance of maintaining certain
areas as mostly undeveloped. The embodiment of this con-
cept at the national level is our National Wilderness System.

Already in Maine we have several areas which would qualify as
state reserves: Baxter State Park, the Allagash Wilderness
Waterway, Bigelow Preserve, portions of Grafton Notch, Cam-
den Hills and Quoddy Head State Parks. Several undeveloped
state parks and some wildlife management areas also could
be part of the reserve system. Some federal areas, too -
including parts of Moosehorn, Petit Manan and Rachael Carson
National Wildlife Refuges, the White Mountains National For-
est, and Acadia National Park - would qualify for inclusion.
in the reserve system. Other sites which might be tagged as
reserves are Audubon sanctuaries, Nature Conservancy holdings,
designated game sanctuaries, and privately protected areas
which allow public access such as Monhegan Island.

Obviously such a reserve system would be statewide, not just
coastal. Among those coastal area sites which might be
acquired as state reserves are the Schoodic Hills, Mt. Agar.
menticus, and the Cutler-Lubec Headlands.

By setting up a reserve system as suggested here the State
could give positive recognition to the belief that we cannot
level every hill, drain every marsh and pave every forest
without causing irreparable damage not only to the natural
environment but to the quality of our own lives.

191

MAINE COAST HERITAGE TRAIL PROPOSAL

Because of its natural and cultural variety the seashore in
Maine is an area of special charm and fascination. Each
year millions of people of.all types travel to Maine to walk,
bicycle, hike, canoe, swim, ride horseback, camp, cross-country
ski, drive and boat along the coast. Each, no doubt, has their
favorite activities and spots. What a delight it could be,
however, if many of these were linked together into a popularly
recognized non-motorized trail stretching from Kittery to Calais.
Such a seaside trail would encourage people to leave their cars
behind - at least for a while - in favor of experiencing the
Maine coast by.means of transportation other than the automo-
@bile. (The car already has its coastal trail -.U.S. Route One).

President Carter has called for the designation of new re-
creational, scenic and historic trails as part of the National
Trails System. This is a proposal for the establishment of
a Maine Co.ast Heritage Trail network which could become part
of the National Trail System, akin to the 847-mile Potomac
Heritage Trail, the 1300-mile Florida Trail, or the 3200-mile
North Country Scenic Trail, all of which are in the works at
this time. An ambitious project, to be sure, but not an un-
achievable one.

A Maine Coast Heritage Trail would incorporate those stretches
of the seashore already open to the public suchas Marginal
Way in Ogunquit, Parson Way in Kennebunkport, Shore Walk in
Bar Harbor, the trails of Acadia National Park and Camden Hills
and Cobscook Bay State Parks, the public beaches of southern
Maine. But while the main trunk of the Trail would be a con-
tinuous walking/hiking trail many side excursions could be
part of the experience as well: ferry rides to the Fox Is-
lands, Squirrel Island, Islesboro, Monhegan and Swans Island;
canoe trails around Scarborough, Freeport, Harpswell, Friend-
ship and Mt. Desert Island; cross-country ski trails in Cam-
den, Bar Harbor, Freeport and Edmunds; bicycle trails in
southern Maine, Boothbay Harbor, Camden, Mt. Desert and
Downeast.

A Maine Coast Heri tage Trail would include not only existing
paths but new areas-as well. Trails along the York Cliffs
in York County, the Schoodic Hills in Hancock County, the
headlands in Washington County from Cutler to Lubec, for
instance, and abandoned railroad rights-of-way in various spots
along the coast would be part of the system.

The Trail would cross wild areas and urban areas, historic sites,
local parks, beaches and salt marshes. It would cross privat-e
lands and public lands but would be open to anyone interested
in using it.

192

Of course, such a trail need not be whole from its inception.
It would grow as new stretches were added until it formed an
unbroken thread from one end of the coast to the other, from,
say, the John Paul Jones Memorial in Kittery to St. Croix Is-
land in Calais,

Who would help build the Trail? Local towns and conservation
commissions, state agencies (Bureau of Parks and Recreation),
federal agencies (Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, National Park
Service), schools (College of the Atlantic, Maine Reach, Cen-
ter for Human Ecology Studies, Bates College Outing Club,
University of Maine Outing Club), private conservation
organizations (Maine Audubon Society, Natural Resources Coun'!-
cil, Nature Conservancy), outdoor organizations (Appalachian
Mountain Club, Sierra Club, Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts).

The Bureau of Parks and Recreation could give this coastal
trail project a large boost by surveying existing trails,
contacting pertinent groups, and so forth as part of a
statewide trails study planned for 1978. The Bureau could
also acquire property rights along sections of the Trail,
develop portions of the Trail on existing coastal properties,
and assist other agencies in building portions of the Trail
network.

193

ESTUARINE SANCTUARY PROPOSAL

The federal C0asta 1 Zone Management Act of 1972 authorizes
the Secretary of Commerce to make grants to coastal states
.for the "acquisition, development, and operation of estuarine
sanctuaries for the purpose of creating natural field labora-
tories to gather data and make studies of the natural and
'human processes occurring within the estuaries of the coastal
zone.11 To date, however, only two national estuarine sanctu-
aries.have been established despite the recommendation of a
recent study on Impacts of Construction Activities in Wet-
lands of the United States that "the cornerstone of wetland
evnironmental protection must be a nationwide system of
wet-land reserves to provide sanctuary for those species
and ecosystems which may be Jeopardized..."

Already significant steps have been taken in Maine.toward
wetlands protection. A Welands Control Board, for example,
was set up in 1967 to regulate the alteration of coastal
wetlands. In addition, both the Maine Department of In-
land Fisheries & Wildlife and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service have acquired some vital wildlife wetland habitats
over the past few years. The Mandatory Shoreland Zoning
Act has provided an added measure of protection to wetland
areas in Maine too. Yet even with all of these provisions
fragile wetlands in Maine continue to be dredged, mined
and filled.

The State of Maine, with some of the most important estuarine
areas remaining on the North Atlantic,coast, could,very ap-
propriately be the site of one or more national estuarine
sanctuaries. Perhaps these could even be tied into natural-
historical underwater parks for skin and scuba diving in,
for instance, the Casco and Penobscot Bay areas.

This proposal for the establishment of marine sanctuaries in
Maine is consistent with the recent message of the President
on environmental protection in which he called for the identi-
fication of possible sanctuaries and the collection of data
necessary to designate them as such under the law.

194

PRIVATE PARK CERTIFICATION PROPOSAL

It is suggested here that the State consider the establish-
ment of a system by which private parks would be certified
by the Bureau of Parks and Recreation. Certification would
depend upon meeting clearly defined criteria for site de-
velopment, density, road access and so on. A system such
as this would provide high quality recreation facilities.
At the same time private operators would have positive in-
centive to work for certification.because users would re-
cognize and appreciate the significance of State certifi-
cation and so would reward it with their patronage.

These parks, of course, would not be the equivalent of
concession operated state parks because the State would
own no part of the operation. As a result, local and
regional recreation needs could be satisfied by the pri-
vate sector while the State concentrated its money on
the development and operation of larger resource parks.

195

SCENIC HIGHWAYS

There are still a great many spots along the Maine coast
where spectacular scenery of the sea and shore is avail-
able from major roads. Sadly many of these scenic areas
are being usurped by housing developments, shopping cen-
ters, fast food shops and the like. A systematic and
comprehensive study of scenic highways along the coast
should be undertaken to determine which stretches could
be protected.

Currently there is a bill in the State Legislature to
control off-premise advertising, The proposed law would
replace most roadside billboards with uniform directional
.signs. Passage of this bill would show that the Legis-
lature is serious about protecting the visual resources
of our roadways, which are, after all, a common public
good. But controlling billboards is only a first step.
Scenic highway vistas are apparently a resource not valued
very highly in Maine, for little has been done toward
their conservation and improvement, The Maine Department
of Transportation could expand its program of providing
scenic overlooks and rest stops at such areas as Catepillar
Hill in Sedgewick as one example. Beyond this the De-
partment of Transportation should consider acquisition in
fee or easement of all undeveloped land seaward of all
coastal highways where the distance is one-quarter mile
or less and which does or could provide visual access to
the ocean.

196

ABANDONED RAILWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY RECREATION TRAILS

In 1973 a report was prepared for the State Parks and Recreation
agency on the potential of abandoned railroad rights-of-way in
Maine for trail use. The study included several rights-of-way
in coastal towns which might be suitable for seasonable or year-
round trail use.

Several of these lines are short but significant because of their
location. Those in York County are of particular interest due to
the rapid growth the region is experiencing. The following list
summarizes the most important coastal town rights-of-way.

TRAIL GENERAL
RIGHT-OF-WAY MILEAGE CONDTTTOM

South Berwick-Scarborough 35 go od
Kittery Point-York Beach 7 nonexistent
to good
Kennebunk-Coopers Corner 4.5 good
North Yarmouth-Cumberland Center 6.5 good

Stockton Springs-Cape Jellison 1.5 poor-fair

Washington Junction-McNeil Point. 10.5 poor-fair
(Hancock)

In addition to the lines listed above, there are several Atlantic
Shore Electric Railway rights-of-way in York County which may be
useable for trail recreation.

Although in some sections of the county, refurbishment of abandoned
railroad rights-of-way for trail use is quite common, in Maine
little action has yet been taken to reclaim this resource.
However, there appears to be a growing interest in using these
lines as evidenced by the fact that the Town of Kennebunk is
planning to utilize part of the old Boston and Maine line which
runs along the Mousam River for a bikeway.

The' State should study the use of other lines as possiblerecre-
ational trails. Parts of lines in southern Maine could be in-
cluded as sections of a Maine Coast Heritage Trail (see page 192).
Furthermore, with federal funds likely to be soon available on a
90-10 matching basis, it behooves the Bureau of Parks and Recreation
to at least seriously study a few demonstration trail projects.
Many abandoned railway lines in Maine run through highly scenic
areas. It would be a sad waste not to take advantage of these
when the opportunity is at hand.

197

RECOMMENDATIONS

62. The State should consider establishing a Natural Reserve
System of wild or undeveloped areas in Maine.

63. The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should take a leader-
ship role in the establishment of a Maine coastal trail by
acquiring and developing sections of the trail alone or in
cooperation with other organizations.

64. The State should study the possibility of establishing one
or more estuarine sanctuaries along the coast. I

65. The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should study the possi-
bility of establishing a private park certification program.

66. The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should urge the Depart-
ment of Transportation to expand its scenic highway program.

67. The Bureau of Parks and Recreation should take a leadership
role in the acquisition and development of abandoned rail-
road rights-of-way for recreational trail use.

198

"Several factors are necessary for
an effective program of natural area
protection at the level of the state
agencies...(including) a clear
definition of objectives which will
delineate the future of the state's
particular resources towards wich
agencies can direct their studies..."

-- Herbert Hartman,
Natural Area Protection
in Marine, 1973

VII. ACTION PLAN

It is expected that an action plan will be prepared as part
of this document as a second phase of the study following
review of the report by officials of the Department of Con-
servation and the Maine State Planning Office. The action
plan will include program priorities and estimated acquisi-
tion, development and operation costs for those sites iden-
tified as suitable for acquisition and/or development by the
Bureau of Parks and Recreation based on approximate capacities
and recreational potentials.

201

"Some hard decisions are going to have
to be made regarding the future of the
fragile resources in and near the coastal
areas of the State of Maine. And the
condition of these natural resources and
the people they are or ought to ohave been
supporting in the year 2000 is going to
be largely, if not wholly, determined by
what is decided in the present.

Some tradeoffs, if would seem, are inev-
itabely going to have public beaches,
private coastal homes, tidal power plants
even maybe oil refineries, nuclear power
plants, and offshore oil rigs IF we can
agree to(1) pay the full real costs of
each use (including external social and
environmental costs), (2) come to con-
sensus on where we want out various
activities located, (3) how much area
we are willing to foorego, (3) how much area
or nonactivity, etc. In brief, we can
have a good qualify of life and a good
quality environment if we fuse our imagin-
ations and our rationality to effect our
future.

-- Jym St. Pierre, A Look at the
Future of Marine's Marine
Resources, 1975

iX CONCLUDING REMARK

The purpose of this study hasbeen primarily to review the
status and the role of the efforts of the Bureau of Parks
and Recreation in the protection of natural areas and the
provision of opportunities for outdoor recreation along.the
coast of Maine. At the same time, several sites have been
suggested here for possible future action.

The Maine coast is a truly remarkable resource, rich in
natural diversity, historic significance and future poten-
tials. As pressures for use of the coast expand, it is
hoped that the Maine Bureau of Parks and Recreation is able
to expand its participation in the movement to protect and
open up the coast in the public interest.

205

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The 1970 Survey of Outdoor Recreation Activities:
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Island Study, Phase III Report on Casco Bay,
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Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. National Estuary Study.
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California Department of Parks and Recreation. California
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Community Planning Service. Open Space Plan: A Report prepared
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Darnell, Reyneat M, et.al. Impacts of Construction Activities
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Fish and Wildlife Service. National Wildlife Refuges in the
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1963.

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Land Development Plan, Portland, Maine. 1974.

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Maine Audubon Society. Properties of the Maine Audubon Society.
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Organized Towns - Town Owned and Water Company Land. Depart-
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Public Facilities For Boats Plan. Department of
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. 1975 Coastal Beach Analyses-Kittery to Portland.
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Land). Department of Finance and Administration. June,
1977. (unpublished).

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Plan. November, 1974.

The Penobscot Bay Resource Plan plus Appendix.
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Maine Coastal Development Plan Phase I Report.
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to February, 1977.

Twenty-Third Biennial Revision of the Inland Fisheries
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the Massachusetts Audubon Society. September, 1973.

1972 Maine Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
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Camping Survey Recap. 1972.

Maine Land Use Regulation Commission. Comprehensive Land Use
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State of Maine. Department of Conservation. September,
1976.

A Preliminary Study of the Coastal Islands in the
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Outdoor Recreation For Maine. in cooperation with
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Position Papers Submitted for the Maine Coastal
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Maine@Coastal Resources Renewal plus Appendix. 1971.

Maine Vacation Travel Analysis Committee. Tourism in Maine:
Analysis and Recommendations. prepared by Northeast Markets,
Inc., Arthur D. Little, Inc., and Wm. R. Farthergill, May,
1974.

Mandell, L., A. Johnson, and R. Beard. A Study of the Impact
of Acadia National Park on Mt. Desert Island. Prepared
by the Social Science Research Institute of the University
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McKee, John. "Coastal Development: Cost Benefit Models" Re-
print from Maine Townsman (July, 1969).

Monks, John Peabody. History of Roque Island, Maine. Diana
Whitehill Laing (ed). Boston: The Colonial Society of
Massachusetts, 1964.

National Audubon Society. National Audubon Society Sanctuaries
in Maine. Updated to 1977.

National Park Service. Draft Master Plan: Acadia National Park.
United States Department of Interior, May, 1976.

Decisions Paper: -Master Plan. United States
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. Acadia National Park, A Master Plan Proposal. United
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Parks for America. United States Department of the
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1973.

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book for Planners and Managers. United States Department
of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration,
January, i976.

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Background. Prepared for the State Planning Office, 1974.
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Outdoor Recreation Uses of Coastal Areas.

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prepared for Maine Department of Conservation, December,
1975.

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'Conservation, 1974.

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Progress Report 1967.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

MAINE BUREAU OF PARKS AND RECREATION

COASTAL AREA PROPERTIES

June 1977

STATE PARKS
(Su2ervised)

FEET SHORELINE FRONTAGE
Salt Fresh
AREA MCD COUNTY ACRES Ocean River Lake River

1. Camden.Hills Camden, Knox,
Lincolnville Waldo 5276.84 1,750 10,56o
2. Cobscook Bay Edmonds Twp. Washington 868.oo 27,200

3. Crescent Beach Cape
(incl.Kettle Cove) Elizabeth Cumberland '243.8.5 7,838
4. Fort Point Stockton
Springs Waldo 149-50 6,300
5. Holbrook Island
Sanctuary Brooksville Hancock 1230.25 12,730 2,4oo
6. Lamoine Lamoine Hancock 55-00 2,520
7. Moose Point Searsport Waldo 146.64 3,100
8. Peacock Beach Richmond Sagadahoc 100.00 650
9. Popham Beach Phippsburg Sagadahoc 554.68 6,750 5 630 3,4oo(Tidal)
LO. Quoddy Head Lubec Washington 531.9 19,66o
Ll. Reid Georgetown Sagadahoc 770-02 10,360 5,000
L2 .Roque Bluffs Roque Bluffs Washington 273-56 7,200 5,170
L3 .Scarborough Beach Scarborough Cumberland 2.8 67 375
L4 .Two Lights, Cape
Elizabeth Cumberland 41.og
-5. Warren Island Islesboro Waldo 70.4o 7,900
L6. Wolf Neck Freeport Cumberland 233.4o 10,300

STATE PARKS
(Undeveloped & Unsupervised)

FEET SHORELINE FRONTAGE
Salt Fresh
AREA MCD COUNTY ACRES Ocean River Lake River
1. Bangs Island Cumberland Cumberland 514-17 10,200

2. Branch Lake Ellsworth Hancock 1272.0 13,885
3. Clark Cove Harpswell Cumberland 20.4 1,6oo
4. Eastern Head Trescott Washington 263.0 15,900
5. Ferry Beach Saco York 109-78 49o
6. Gleasons Point Perry Washington 100.00 4,500 2,000
7. Good's Point Steuben Washington 0.25
8. Jewell Island (with Portland
Little Jewell Is.) Cumberland Cumberland 191.0 16,650
9. Laudholm Farm Wells York 198-50 1,800
LO. Little Chebeague Is. Portland
Cumberland Cumberland 81 10,020
11. Long Island Portland Cumberland 16.45 930
12. Mt. Waldo Frankfort Waldo 124.oo
13. Birch Point Owls Head Knox 56.25 1,345
14. Owls Head Light Owls Head Knox 12.90 2,235
15- Pickering Cove Deer Isle Hancock 94 4,450
16. Tyler Pond Augusta-
Manchester Kennebec 126.68

UNDEVELOPED LEASED PARKS

FEET SHORELINE FRONTAGE
Salt
AREA MCD COUNTY ACRES Ocean River LE AS ED -TD-

1. Carver' s Island Vinalhaven Knox 15-00 3,000 IFW

2. Lamoine Beach Lamoine Hancock 12.8o 94o Town

3. Lobster Cove Boothbay
Harbor Lincoln 9.84 1,88o Town

4. Merrymeeting Bay Bowdoinham Sagadahoc 435-00 5,776 IFW

5. Scarborough River Scarborough Cumberland 55-00 11,9 00 Town, IFW

IFW Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife

STATE MEMORIALS
(Supervised)

FEET SHORELINE FRCNTAGE
Salt Fresh
T
AREA MCD COUNTY ACRES Ocean River @ake River

Colonial Pemaquid Bristol Lincoln 17-71 1,644

2. Eagle Island Harpswell Cumberland 17.0 4,loo

3. Fort Edgecomb No. Edgecomb Lincoln 3.1 720

4. Fort'George Castine Hancock 2.75

5. Fort House Br@stol Lincoln 1.25

6. Fort Knox Prospect Waldo 124-50 3,4oo

7. Fort McClary Kittery York 27-54 2,300

8. Fort O'Brien Machiasport Washington 2.00 357

9. Fort Popham Phippsburg Sagadahoc 4.39 2,425

10. Fort Pownal Stockton
Springs Waldo 5.00

11. Fort William Henry Bristol Lincoln 1.7 299.5

12. John Paul Jones Kittery York 1.75

13. Mere Point Brunswick Cumberland 0.23

14. Montpelier Thomaston Knox 4.25

15. Storer Garrison Wells York 0.316

16. Vaughan Woods So. Berwick York 165.4o 4,loo

STATE MEMORIALS
.(Unsu_pervised)

--FEET SHORELINE FRONTAGE
Salt Fresh
AREA MCD COUNTY ACRES Ocean River Take River

1. Battery Gosselin @Iastine Hancock 0.25

2. Fort Baldwin Phippsburg Sagadahoc 45-13 385,

3. Fort St. George St. George Knox 2.6 1130

4. Fort Webber (East)
(.Fort Island) Boothbay Lincoln 37.6 5350

5. North & South
Sugarloaf Islands Phippsburg Sagadahoc 3.0 2020
6. Shell Heaps Damarisc otta Lincoln 4.50 174

BOATING FACILITIES
(Developed, State Owned or Op rated)
FEET SHORELINE FRONTAGE
Salt Fresh
AREA MCD COUNTY ACRES Ocean River Take River
1. Highland Lake Falmouth Cumberland 4.o

2. Jonesport Marina Jonesport Washington 1.75 546
3. Kennebec River Hallowell Kennebec 1.50 383
4. Long Pond Somesville Hancock 2.66 511
5. Lubec Town Lndg. Lubec Washington 1.66 280
6. Meetinghouse Eddy Biddeford York 10.00 1170
7. Narraguagus River Milbridge Washington 5.00 1050
8. Nonesuch River Scarborough Cumberland 1.85
9. Penobscot River Orr ington Penobscot 2.54 1320
10. Piscataqua Riverl Eliot York 7.00 46o
11. Rockport Harborl Rockport Knox 3.37 625
12. St.Croix River Robbinston Washington 7.50
13. Toddy Pond Orland Hancock 2.42 493
14. Verona Island Verona Island Hancock 2.00 635
15. Westport Island2 Westport Lincoln 10

lLeased to town, operated by town.

2DOT owned land.

BOATING FACILITIES
(State Owned, Undeveloped.& Unsupervised)
FEET SHORELINE FRONTAGE
Salt Fresh
T
AREA MCD. COUNTY ACRES Ocean River "ake River

1. Boat Park Swans Island Hancock 2.50

2. Buttermilk Cove Brunswick Cumberland 1.15

3. Duck Trap Lincolnvi.lle Waldo 7.20 274.6

4. Pemaquid River Bristol Lincoln 6.oo 215

5. Pleasant Pond Gardiner Kennebec .6-50 250

BOATING FACILITIES
(Developed, Town Owned & Operated)

Yarking
Area MCD County Spaces

1. Bar Harbor
Town Landing Bar Harbor Hancock 10

2. Cathance River Bowdoinham Sagadahoc 5

3. Damariscotta
Town Landing Damariscotta Lincoln 10

4. Kennebec River Augusta Kennebec 18

5. Murray Hill Boothbay Lincoln

6. New Meadows Brunswick Cumberland 25

7. Port Clyde St. George Knox

8. Richmond Park Lndg. Richmond Sagadahoc 20

9. Searsport Town Lndg. Searsport Waldo 16

10. Swans Island Swans Island H ancock

11. Vinalhaven Vinalhaven Hancock

12. Tenants Harbor St. George Knox 10

13. Bath Boat Facility Bath Sagadahoc

14. Union River Ellsworth Hancock

15. Frenchman's Bay Lamoine Hancock

16. Stockton Harbor Stockton Springs Waldo

-CONSERVATION EASEMENTS
APPROX-01
AUA MCD COUNTY ACRES
1. "The Brothers" Falmouth Cumberland 6

2.- Lake Megunticook Camden Knox 25

3. Northeast Creek Bar Harbor Hancock 13

4. Foster Island Harrington Washington 4oo

5. Pine Point Scarborough Cumberland ?

6. Round Pond Bristol Lincoln 5

7. Seavey Island St. George Knox 25

8. Sheep Island Owls Head Knox 8.8

9. Skillings River Hancock Hancock 65

10. Thrumcap Island Islesboro Waldo 1

11. Timber Island Biddeford York 24

12. Whaleboat Island Harpswell Cumberland 100

13. Wolf Neck Freeport Cumberland 200

APP ENDIX B

Natural Feature Definitions

Sand Beaches Intertidal and immediate subtidal
accumulations of sand and gravel
particles with an average diameter
of between 0.05 and 10mm.

Sand Dunes - Upland areas adjacent to sand beaches
which have a substrate of sand.

Cobble Beaches - Intertidal and immediate subtidal
accumulations of loose cobbles and
pebbles with an average diameter
between 10 and.500mm.

Rocky Headlands Upland rocky formations adjacent to the
sea which are affected by the stress of
a marine environment, particularly salt
spray.

Hills Surficial protensions of moderately high
elevation and relief.. Maine coastal
hills are typically rounded monadnocks.

Lakes & Ponds Standing bodies of fresh water; ponds
tend to be shallower than lakes.

Rivers & Streams Bodies of water flowing down a slope
along a definite path-, rivers are normally
larger and flow more slowly than streams.

Forests Upland areas dominated by trees that form
a canopy which is at least 50 percent closed
and four meters high. In coniferous
forests softwoods comprise over 66 percent
of the main crown canopy. In deciduous ..
forests hardwoods comprise over 66 percent
of the main crown canopy. In mixed forests
neither coniferous nor deciduous trees make
up over 66 percent of the main crown canopy.

Grasslands Upland areas dominated by herbacous Plants
which, in Maine, are artificially maintain-
ed open fields that are undergoing succession
to forests.

Bogs & Heaths Wetlands characterized by a sphagnum
moss mat which is generally covered by
ericaceous shrubs. Bogs occur in associ-.
ation with lakes and ponds; heaths occur
in upland areas.

Freshwater Marshes- Wetlands in which the dominant vegetation
is emergent, nonwoody plants.

Natural Feature Definitions (cont'd)

Estuaries Semi-enclosed bodies of water where rivers
run into the ocean and within which sea
water is measurably diluted by freshwater.

Salt Marshes Sediment beds of emergent grasses which
are alternately inundated and drained with
.the rise and fall of saline tides.

Sub-Alpine
Habitats Terrestrial areas characterized by grass-
sedge-heath communities and bedrock thin-
ly covered with mosses & lichens.
Normally found on exposed hill or mountain
summits. *Some islands & headlands support
ecosystems subjected particularly to wind
stress & salt spray which superficially
resemble exposed summits.,

Intertidal Flats Intertidal accumulations of silt & clay
particles which have an average diameter
of less than 0.05mm.

Source: Principally after Hunter, Malcolm L. Maine Ecosystems
(So. Gardiner, Me.: Center for Natural Areas, 1976).

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