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5017 13' (Mr ''N Ali HT _J Rqg, 393 L6 P37 J666 '',974 1 9 74 Contents Page Introduction........................... ................................................................ 4 The Louisiana Coastal Zone: A Definition .................... ........4....................... 4 Demographic Profile of the Louisiana Coastal Zone ......................................... 7 Size and Density of Population ......................................... , 7 Residence Characteristics ........................................... ....................... 7 Race Characteristics ....... ...... ........................................ 12 Age Characteristics .......................................................... 13 Cultural Characteristics... ..................; ....... .................................. 27 Industrial and Occupational Milieu...................................... ........�............ 33 The Recreation Picture and Potentialof the Coastal Zone................................... 50 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................... 57 Tables I. Land Area, Population Size, and Urban-Rural Components for Louisiana, the Coastal Zone, and the Noncoastal Area for 1970 and 1 960 ............. . .................................................................. 2. Population Size by Race and Sex for the Coastal and Noncoastal Areas of Louisiana, 1970 ................ ....................... ... ........10 3. Summary of General Characteristics of the Louisiana Population by Parishes, 1970 .......................................... . .. .. .................... 18 4. Births and Deaths in Louisiana for 1970 by Race and Area of the State ............... ............................... .. ... .. 20 5. Crude Birth Rate and Death Rate by Parish, 1970 ...................................... 21 6. Net Migration for Whites and Nonwhites by Parishi,. 1960- 1970 .......................................................................................... 23 7. Projected Population for Louisiana, the Coastal Zone, andti Noncoastal Area for 1985 ....................................................................... 25 8. Children Ever Born to Women Age 35-44 Years for Coastal and Noncoastal Parishes, 1970 .................................... .............. .................30 9. Industry of Employed Persons for Selected Indtustries in Louisiana by Parish, 1970 ..................................................34 10. Farms, Land in Farms an(d Ownership in Louisiana by Parishes, 1969 .................................................................... ...........38 11. Fishing and TrappingActivities in Louisiana ................................................ 40 12. Gulf Coast States Summary ofShrimp Landings, 19 71................................... 44 13. Value of Mineral Production in Louisiana, by Parish, 1967 and 1968 ...........................................................................48 14. Licenses Sold by Parish 1970-71 Hunting and Fishing 51 Season ................ ............................................, ,, ........ . 15. User l)ays of High Quarter Participation by Recreation Activity for 1970 and Projected for 1985 by Parish ....... ................2................ 52 6I(i. Accessible and Inaccessible Water Acreage in Louisiana Suitable for Recreation..... 57. C ,2- Figures Page 1. Coastal Zone of Louisiana Showing Primary Drainage Channels .................................................................................... 6 2. Population by Parish, 1970 ......................................................................... 9 3. Selected Population Characteristics for Louisiana by Coastal and Noncoastal Areas, 1970 .............................................................. 12 4. Median Age by Parish, 1970 ..................................................................... 14 5. Population in Louisiana Coastal Zone and Noncoastal Area by Age, Sex, and Race, 1970 ......................................................................... 15 6. Louisiana Population Change, 1960-1970, by Coastal and Noncoastal Areas ...................................................................................... 16 7. Population Change in Louisiana Parishes, 1960-1970 ....................................... 17 8. Population Trends for Louisiana, the Coastal Zone, and Noncoastal Area, from 1950 to 1985 .............................................................. 26 9. Percent French-Speaking, by Parish .............................................................. 27 10. Percent Catholic, by Parish ........................................................................ 28 11. Children Ever Born per 1,000 Women Ever Married ........................................ 29 12. Percent Distribution of Employed Persons for Selected Industries in the Coastal and Noncoastal Areas of Louisiana, 1970 ..................................................................................... 36 13. Number of Farms in Louisiana, the Coastal Zone, and the Noncoastal Area, 1954-1969 .................................................................... 37 14. Seafood Processing Industry in Louisiana .................................................. 42-43 15. Land in Farms in Louisiana, the Coastal Zone, and the NoncoastalArea, 1954-1969 ......................................................................... 16. Average Size of Farm in Louisiana's Coastal Zone and Noncoastal Area, in Acres, 1954-1969 ............................................................. 45 17. Mineral Production in Louisiana, 1969 ......................................................... 46 18. Crude Oil Production in Louisiana, the Coastal Zone, and the Noncoastal Area, 1965-1971 .............................................................. 47 19. Resource-Based Recreation Projections for Louisiana Hunting, Fishing, Crabbing, and Crawfishing in the Coastal and Noncoastal Areas from 1970 to 1985 ............................................. 55 20. Recreation Projections for Number of User Days of Swimining (Pool and Beach) in the Coastal and Noncoastal Areas of Louisiana from 1970 to 1985 ............................................ 56 Property of CSC Library Acknowledgments The research reported herein was sponsored by the Louisiana State University Sea Grant Program, a part of the national Sea Grant Program which is maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- tration of the U.S. Department o'CoTImrce.DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CENTER 2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 I- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Human Dimension Of Coastal Zone Development KAREN W. PATERSON, JOEL LINDSEY AND ALVIN L. BERTRAND' Introduction This is a time of grave concern over the proper development of our natural resources. The research reported in this bulletin was undertaken in an attempt to develop a greater understanding of the social factors which need to be considered in the formulation of programs and policies for the conservation and management of coastal regions. It is the first phase of an overall project planned to provide background information about residents of coastal areas and the feelings and attitudes of the people of Louisiana about these areas.1 Three broad classes of data were researched and are described in this bulletin. The first type of data collected relates to the demographic or popu- lation characteristics of Louisiana and the Louisiana coastal area; the second class of data was obtained to provide an overview of the natural resource base of the coastal area and of selected industries and employ- ment characteristics of this area; the third class of data was collected with the idea in mind of providing a picture of the recreation activities and potentials of this part of the state. It is hoped that the findings reported will be useful to local planners and to representatives of state and federal agencies seeking to formulate plans for the long range, orderly conservation and development of Louis- iana's coastal area. The Louisiana Coastal Zone: A Definition The Louisiana coastal zone, by any definition, is a unique area of variety and constant change. It is also characterized by prolific biological produc- tion. However, it has an indistinct physical character which makes it difficult to delineate a precise boundary between coastal and noncoastal regions. The definitions of the coastal zone which have been attempted *Instrulctor, Research Assistant, and Profssor, respectively, Department of Rural Sociology, Louisiana State University. 'The second phase, which is underway and will be reported later, is a study of local influentials. It is designed to determine the knowledge and attitudes of local persons toward coastal zone management and wetland resource development. The third phase of the overall study will be undertaken later. It will be devoted to a determination of the level of knowledge and attitudes of a statewide sample of citizens. 4 have tended to vary with the purposes and interpretations of writers and researchers. Generally, the coastal zone has been defined as an area with transitional rather than specific boundaries.2 A transitional boundary could not be accepted for this study for two major reasons. First, data of the type sought are normally reported on a parish (county) basis; second, decisions related to coastal zone manage- ment are implemented ultimately within the framework of local political units. It was for these reasons that an independent delineation of the Louisiana coastal zone was made and used. In working out a delineation of the coastal zone of Louisiana, the first step was to determine what physical features could be used as acceptable indicators of such an area. It was discovered, after a review of literature, that there was widespread concensus on the interpretation that the coastal zone is "a region of transition between the land and sea, encom- passing a wide heterogeneity of physical features and a broad array of activities.... "3 The notion that the coastal zone includes the land and salt water interface was also universally accepted. On the basis of the above criteria it was clear that the land adjacent to the high water marks of the sea must be included as part of coastal regions. It was also apparent that the areas of "marine influence," which include river basins and watersheds, were an integral part of these regions.4 With these considerations in mind the Louisiana coastal zone was defined in terms of areal contiguity to the coast and its primary drainage channels. Study of a map of Louisiana showing the details of waterways will reveal that the bayous Nezpique and des Cannes extend north from the Gulf of Mexico into Evangeline Parish and that Pointe Coupee Parish is the northern limit reached by the Atchafalaya River, which also empties into the Gulf. It will also indicate that East Baton Rouge Parish includes a port of major status, connected to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River, and that the Tangipahoa River extends into Tangipahoa Parish linking that parish with the Gulf. These were the major waterways used to delineate the coastal zone decided upon. Altogether, 29 parishes were included in the final delineation (see Figure 1). The coastal zone delineated (adjusted to parish boundaries) corresponds closely to the physiographic regions labeled marginal plain, marginal basin, deltaic plain, and alluvial valley by Frazier and Osanik.5 2Justin Rutka and Chennat Gopalakrishnan, Spheres of Influence in Hawaii's Coastal Zone, Vol. 1, Federal Agency Involvement. Sea Grant Advisory Report, UNIHI-Sea Grant-AR-72-03, March, 1973, p. 6. 31bi(l. 4This perspective of shore plus zone of direct influence impinging on the coastal waters conforms, for example, to the definition of coastal zone which appears in the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. 5After Frazier and Osanik, 1968 as reproduced in Lolisiana Governmnent andn the Coastal Zone-1972, Louisiana Advisory Commission on Coastal and Marine Resources, March 31, 1972. 5 r -? Figure I,-Coastal zone of Louisiana showing primary drainage channels. In contemplating the above delineation, the reader should be aware that there is some divergence from the region delineated by Jones and Rice in another recent Sea Grant supported study.6 This difference is in the inclusion of an additional five parishes (to the north of the Jones and Rice coastal region border) in the present delineation. The data in this report are given by parish so that comparisons between the two studies can be made. Anyone wishing to rearrange the data in terms of 6Lamar Jones and G. and ndolph Rice, An Esonoecti Base Sludy of Coastal Luisinlla, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LSU-SG-72-02. the Jones and Rice study can do so by subtracting the appropriate data for the extra five parishes from the totals for the coastal zone.7 Demographic Profile of the Louisiana Coastal Zone It was pointed out in the introduction that the major objective of this research was to determine the demographic and socio-cultural characteris- tics of the people in the coastal and noncoastal areas of Louisiana. The demographic material presented in this section is in keeping with this objective. It was selected to highlight population characteristics which would be meaningful in explaining coastal-noncoastal differences in behavioral patterns. The following discussion emphasizes the overall differences between the coastal and noncoastal areas. However, because of the need for making comparisons and because the interest of individuals and planning agencies tends to be in individual parishes, a relatively large number of tables are include(l which show statistical information by parish. Size and Density of Population The 29 parishes of the Louisiana coastal zone include less than half (42 percent) of the state's land area but over two-thirds (67 percent) of its people. Coastal Louisiana has a population density of 133 persons per square mile, as compared with a density of 45 persons per square mile in noncoastal Louisiana (Table 1). This fact contradicts the popular con- ception of coastal Louisiana as an area of marshes and swamps and relative isolation. It is a factor which has an important bearing on the types of problems which have accrued or will accrue in coastal areas. Altogether, almost 2.5 million people live in the coastal parishes of Louisiana. The largest population concentration is in the southeastern part of the state and is accounted for by the New Orleans metropolitan development (see Figure 2). The noncoastal parishes include about 1.2 million persons, which is less than half of the people in the coastal region. Again, it is worth noting that planning for coastal Louisiana means planning for the majority of Louisianians. Residence Characteristics Louisiana, in keeping with trends prevalent throughout the United States, is becoming more urban each year. The population classified as urban within the state increased from 63 percent in 1960 to 66 percent in 1970 (Table 1). For the purposes of this report, it is significant that the urbanization trend is especially strong in the coastal zone. It may come as a surprise to many that in 1970 almost three out of every four persons 7For another example of a choice of parishes for the coastal zone, see l.oi.siar, Wi-tlianl. Piospeclt.n, Louisiana Advisory Commission on Coastal anti Marine Re- sources, September 1973, pp. I-8. 7 TABLE I.--Land Area, Population Size, and Urban-Rural Components for Louisiana, the Coastal Zone, and the Noncoastal Area for 1970 and 1960 Land Area Total Population Urban Rural Percent Change, Square % of Per % of % of % of 1960 to 1970 Region Miles Total Number Sq. Mi. Pop. Number Total Number Total Total Urban Rural - - - - - - - - - - - - 1970 Population - - - - - - - - - - - State 44,930 100.0 3,641,306 81.0 100.0 2,406,150 66.0 1,235,156 34.0 11.8 16.8 3.2 Coastal 19,156 42.6 2,453,982 132.7 67.0 1,780,795 72.6 673,187 27.4 15.0 17.4 9.4 Noncoastal 25,774 57.4 1,187,324 44.9 33.0 625,355 52.7 561,969 47.3 5.5 14.9 -3.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1960 Population - - - - - - - - - - - State 3,257,022 72.5 100.0 2,060,606 63.0 1,196,416 37.0 Coastal 2,131,763 111.3 65.0 1,516,771 71.1 615,064 28.9 Noncoastal 1,125,259 43.7 35.0 543,835 48.3 581,352 51.7 Source: Table 9, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, Number of Inhabitants, Final Report PC(1)-A20, Louisiana. 11111 11111 2esEe 44.+44+{44+4. 4+++4H44.,4+,+** CCCCC[CC000000 ..... sssssZBEE....... ..... ..... .. ............ a . . .. l . onoucoU...... ..... ...... 1111111 11111 BB~te ***.4~t4*~4, ~*~**~4~44.4.v*+ 000n00CCU0UU ...... 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D sas.seee..ee.se ou+++++++ o OOOUU~meSS eeee .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... .........i .............eeeeeeee eeeeaeon o + + + + O3Om~ eeeeeee ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ .............. ..... ~6%.. ....... ...eIeeaeela~ e ooo++++11111 oo ll0o eaeee ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... .. ........I............eeeueeeeseee ee ooo+++11nliooimloooeeea ............. eofeeeeee e individua parishes incoaseal and++ noncoastal ...... .. .....o. D. ::::::: :::i??ii! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... ............................... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIH I02222`222 IIIIIllIIoooooo IIIIllllll11111.1 111 o o.o.oooooo. Figure 2-Populat~~~~mllllion b ar i s h 1970ooo living in this part of the state were classified as urban residents. By contrast, only about half of the inhabitants of the noncoastal region were so classified. This is indeed an important variable, one which sets the coastal parishes apart from the remainder of the state. By way of explanation, the number of urban people in the coastal area of the state reflects the location there of most of the state's major population centers--New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Lake Charles and Lafa- yette. The noncoastal region of the state includes only two--Shreveport and Monroe--of the state's six metropolitan areas. The 1970 popula- tion of individual parishes in coastal and noncoastal regions is shown in Table 2. TABLE 2. - Population Size by Race and Sex for the Coastal and Noncoastal Areas of Louisiana, 1970 1970 Population All Races White Negro Coastal Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Acadia 52,109 25,183 26,926 20,288 21,429 4,885 5,476 Ascension 37,086 18,315 18,771 13,532 13,516 4,749 5,208 Assumption 19,654 9,693 9,961 6,166 6,132 3,518 3,818 Calcasieu 145,415 70,958 74,457 55,775 57,915 15,072 16,396 Cameron 8,194 4,120 4,074 3,818 3,809 286 256 East Baton Rouge 285,167 138,216 146,951 99,313 103,215 38,407 43,374 Evangeline 31,932 15,583 16,349 11,476 11,771 4,081 4,543 Iberia 57,397 27,873 29,524 20,285 21,059 7,553 8,411 Iberville 30,746 14,874 15,872 7,959 8,143 6,873 7,704 Jefferson 337,568 165,499 172,069 144,530 149,950 20,427 21,523 Jefferson Davis 29,554 14,307 15,247 11,414 12,073 2,877 3,148 Lafayette 109,716 53,333 56,383 41,829 43,811 11,395 12,462 Lafourche 68,941 34,147 34,794 30,369 30,677 3,706 4,025 Livingston 36,511 18,169 18,342 16,153 16,222 2,008 2,110 Orleans 593,471 275,969 317,502 151,134 172,286 123,401 143,907 Plaquemines 25,225 12,894 12,331 9,729 9,123 2,862 2,916 Pointe Coupee 22,002 10,762 11,240 5,394 5,531 5,362 5,701 St. Bernard 51,185 25,245 25,940 23,853 24,504 1,278 1,353 St. Charles 29,550 14,795 14,755 11,003 10,734 3,772 4,002 St. James 19,550 9,626 10,107 5,157 5,244 4,465 4,856 St. John the Baptist 23,813 11,717 12,096 6,302 6,436 5,397 5,638 St. Landry 80,364 38,833 41,531 22,876 24,183 15,916 17,286 St. Martin 32,453 15,857 16,596 10,358 10,740 5,472 5,820 St. Mary 60,752 29,996 30,756 21,645 21,742 8,189 8,867 St. Tammany 63,585 31,299 32,286 25,496 25,986 5,703 6,184 Tangipahoa 65,875 32,172 33,703 22,266 22,827 9,833 10,815 Terrebonne 76,049 37,822 38,227 31,027 31,224 5,548 5,875 Vermilion 43,071 20,931 22,140 18,136 19,070 2,780 3,050 West Baton Rouge 16,864 8,101 8,763 4,711 4,884 3,387 3,873 Total 2,453,982 1,186,289 1,267,693 851,994 894,236 329,202 368,597 (continued) TABLE 2. - (continued) 1970 Population All Races White Black Noncoastal Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Allen 20,794 10,194 10,600 7,764 7,885 2,341 2,628 Avoyelles 37,751 18,329 19,422 13,335 13,951 4,963 5,438 Beauregard 22,888 11,468 11,420 9,262 9,303 2,181 2,082 Bienville 16,024 7,728 8,296 4,094 4,410 3,634 3,882 Bossier 64,519 31,380 33,139 25,201 26,283 6,053 6,659 Caddo 230,184 108,103 122,081 68,946 76,377 38,940 45,413 Caldwell 9,354 4,619 4,735 3,522 3,617 1,079 1,098 Catahoula 11,769 5,688 6,081 4,093 4,231 1,592 1,849 Claiborne 17,024 8,049 8,975 4,023 4,478 4,022 4,492 Concordia 22,578 10,873 11,705 6,795 6,977 4,054 4,709 DeSoto 22,764 10,773 11,991 5,012 5,590 5,758 6,397 East Carroll 12,884 6,213 6,671 2,669 2,588 3,513 4,056 East Feliciana 17,657 8,764 8,893 4,044 4,095 4,710 4,794 Franklin 23,946 11,607 12,339 7,496 7,882 4,103 4,450 Grant 13,671 6,600 7,071 5,161 5,385 1,422 1,676 Jackson 15,963 7,698 8,265 5,288 5,548 2,406 2,699 LaSalle 13,295 6,475 6,820 5,789 5,994 672 805 Lincoln 33,800 16,635 17,165 10,324 9,877 6,263 7,256 Madison 15,065 7,136 7,929 2,888 2,973 4,242 4,943 Morehouse 32,463 15,431 17,032 9,030 9,636 6,393 7,389 Natchitoches 35,219 17,010 18,209 10,808 11,172 6,105 6,951 Ouachita 115,387 55,267 60,120 40,651 43,082 14,548 16,943 Rapides 118,078 56,777 61,301 41,128 43,728 15,487 17,395 Red River 9,226 4,364 4,862 2,568 2,769 1,791 2,087 Richland 21,774 10,445 11,329 6,337 6,567 4,098 4,734 Sabine 18,638 9,121 9,517 7,366 7,586 1,749 1,922 St. Helena 9,937 4,789 5,148 2,120 2,271 2,669 2,876 Tensas 9,732 4,601 5,131 1,901 2,048 2,684 3,072 Union 18,447 8,919 9,528 5,931 6,356 2,984 3,166 Vernon 53,794 38,219 15,575 33,528 14,080 4,255 1,324 Washington 41,987 20,070 21,917 13,678 14,749 6,376 7,136 Webster 39,939 19,263 20,676 13,437 13,947 5,816 6,706 West Carroll 13,028 6,327 6,701 5,167 5,375 1,156 1,324 West Feliciana 11,376 8,323 3,053 2,730 997 5,588 2,050 Winn 16,369 7,937 8,432 5,552 5,823 2,382 2,603 Total 1,187,324 585,195 602,129 397,638 397,630 186,029 203,004 Source: Table 35, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC(1)-B20, Louisiana. Race Characteristics Racial groups are important sources of variation in any population. It was for this reason that data on the racial composition of the coastal and noncoastal parishes were compiled (Table 2 and Figure 3). Thousands AGE SEX 3400 a 9% 65+ Female 53% 2800 51% 2200 8% 18-64 1600 52% 10 _54% | 2%Male 1000 0% 38% 5% 49, |53% Under 8% 400 39% 98 37%9 0 RACE RESIDENCE 3400~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 3400 Black Rural 2800 30% 34% 2200 White Urban 29% 27% 1600 1000 0% 66% 71% 73% 47% 400 67%53 0 COASTAL NON STATE COASTAL NON STATE COASTAL COASTAL Figure 3-Selected population characteristics for Louisiana by coastal and noncoastal areas, 1970. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC(1)-B-20 Louisiana, Table 35. 12 Persons acquainted with Louisiana will understand why, relatively speaking, more blacks are present in the noncoastal parishes. In certain of the noncoastal parishes of the state one out of every three persons is black, a phenomenon which traces to the patterns of' land holding and agricul- ture prevalent in ante bellum times. The coastal parishes include only 29 percent black in their population, although this too is a larger percentage than in most of the U.S. In terms of absolute numbers, there are con- siderably more blacks in the coastal zone than in the noncoastal region: in fact, in 1970 there were almost twice as many-(697,799 as compared with 389,033. The significance of the above finding is hard to assess at this time. Cultural practices which tended to distinguish the races in the past are undergoing change, as are the life patterns of members of the black and white communities. Nevertheless, it is logical to assume that some activities and some attitudes relating to the use of coastal areas will vary from one race to another. Local persons will be in a more advantageous position to assess these variances and this is one of the reasons (ata on race are pro- vided by parish in Table 2. Age Characteristics Age is also an important demographic variable. Median ages are lower in the coastal parishes and higher in the north or noncoastal part of the state, as illustrated in Figure 4. It can also be seen in Figure 3 that the coastal parishes have slightly higher percentages of the population under 18 years and lower percentages over 6i5 years. The population pyramids in Figure 5 were constructed to show the age (and sex) composition of the coastal and noncoastal populations in another way. The outer pyramids show the age structure of the white population and the inner pyramids represent the blacks in each age and sex category. The shapes of' the coastal and noncoastal population pyra- mids differ in such a way as to indicate the younger population in the coastal parishes. Variations in the shapes of the population pyramids largely reflect migration patterns and birth rates of previous years. This is clearly the case for blacks in both coastal and noncoastal parishes. There is a dramatic decrease in the number of black males and females near the age of 2(). This is the group which accounts for a large share of the migra- tion out of the state, and especially in the noncoastal, rural areas. At the base of each population pyramid it is possible to note a decline in birth rates, which is shown in fewer numbers in the youngest two age categories. High rates of population growth were also characteristic of the coastal parishes during the last two decades, as can be seen in Figures 6 and 7 and Table 3. The major exception to this pattern is Orleans Parish, which lost residents. This loss was in keeping with trends in other cities. It is asso- ciated with what has come to be known as the "flight to the suburbs." However, the New Orleans metropolitan area, as a whole, grew rapidly and more than compensated for the loss experienced in the central city. 13 ....cc ......... .ae ............ ......s se +++++..++++ sees ... U.N.c +,, ...... .il�~m .esssee s .++.+.++++++.es .... ..toc *.+.�. ...s .....�m ...............e ....+.+.++ eae...... Casacoos~ ....... ..~eHsnm eeseeeaee++�++++ec ......... ccccccco ++.++ seeess"I "Ill:l ... seseosee ++*++Nse ... cccoccco *++�+eeless....... ..... .s.eees ++++++se ...... .... .....cs +.*sese um ....... see ++,+ e...........I ��cccc~~cc ++*+ seesess iwll�� ~... ......++**+++aes........ ~c~~cccccc +~� ~Ee~~~~sea iw ~........... **+*++ +OCO....... 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Ieeeslle �11 sIelse I'll*+~+ o s e . ................. ...... ........ ..................... ......... .... .... ......... ... .......... ............. eseeeeeeese +�**�~�++~���� eeesssseese I...........+++ +~#m ceases~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. .. ..... s.o.o.o.soos� c ++++ ........ .... ....... ..... ....osooc�oo ...... ....... .*++ ee~~~~~... ..... ..... ..... ..sooeoooooo sa�4++ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............. !:.... ...oocscoo ss +++ ~~~~~......... ..... csaosoeoie occ *++ ~~~~~~~....... ............ ...ssessoo ...eoso ...+ ............ ...........osccseaessse ~~~~~~~............... ..... a.essae assasse .....coooocese ............sooooeos ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........... ........ese a o oosco .....scac ees ..... ,+assasse Figure M esia agsescco ..... posoes arshs .... ,+ 190 .so~e vcccccccco cccese oseses ......scca1e 4sse....+� cso oo MALE FEMALE Age 100 75 50 Fort Polk 25 50 40 30 20 10 11 10 20 30 40 50 Population (thousands) Noncoastal 19 70 MALE FEMALE 100 75 50 25 125 100 75 50 25 ( 25 50 75 100 125 150 Population (thousands) Coastal 19 70 Figure 5.-Population in Louisiana coastal zone and noncoastal area by age, sex, and race, 1970. 15 CHANGE POPULATION 1960 - 1970 Increase 1970 Percent Thousands 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1000 2000 3000 l I [ I i I I I1 ~~~1. 8 lSTATE m 3:::: ::..:::;,641 ,306 COASTAL 15% 2, 453,982 NONCOASTAL L2 55% 1, 187,324 Figure 6.-Louisiana population change, 1960-1970, by coastal and noncoastal areas. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, Number of Inhabitants, Final Report PC(1)-A-20 Louisiana, Table 9. In contrast to the coastal parishes, in which population increased by 15 percent between 1960 and 1970, the noncoastal parishes suffered a de- crease of 5.5 percent in total population from 1960 to 1970. The only noncoastal parish to experience an unusually large population increase (194 percent between 1960 and 1970) was Vernon. This dramatic growth was due to the reactivation of Fort Polk. Vernon Parish lost population between 1950 and 1960 at a rate (4 percent) similar to other rural, non- coastal parishes. 16 +.... e.eeees . . ............ + +......... +++++ ee ..... + ............ ....... ..... .+++ .... ................. ...+ .. ee .... s. ...... . ..... **. 2+****. seesee.. + *. . *..... ............... ..... ............ *+++++*+ soass +,**~* ....... ++ ......- .... ........+ . ese~e +~+......... m +**+*++....................... + Fsseeeeeee ++ eesee +*- N- ....... esmel - + ......... ..Percent Change +++2++**~ s~se *,*+~** ....... Illllll H***. ~ .................... 555 . I eeee... ,sa +s eeeeeeeee. .... e.e . ........................ ..... .++++ e~e +**+. ,,,............ ....Population decrease ++ ................ ...........ss ........................... ........... .. .......... ............. +.5++++ eee.......... ............... . ..................10 ~++*++ ++* eeee ~ ~ ~ ~ eas................................. ....... ++ . + e ............... .e........ .......eee. e.. ee :..a.....;::. :::;:: ..............:: assess::. e.... 15 and over ................. I**+*,H+ +**...... ................................................ ~=e ..... 5 ' 10 ...++++++. ....... ...... ......... ~++*~* . ... ............... .. .a . esesse . . (10e505555555555555ea5510 15eas .ses seas.-oolnun~cOtrl e .44444**+* 555~5 n............... ..53555 ..Ise ...........~~see~e ...s .......- ++++ s FF~s crsooouoon ............. ... .................. +****~++~,~ ..44......a......... . s. ....... ~~~+*+H*+ - S scese ee s ee es as.. .... .......... .sesesassesse sssecse saUess*s so*se*es+ s* e es 4� a 44 . ssss~~|soouuouU.............. ........ .... ...... ......... ++ .... *.. : oo:ceee* ... ... ....................e6 ...s .++++*++*+* ........ .... .. *a|W|Bwgzs COCCUO .............4 s sa........ ...S eeeess....... .sac .. ...... ..+ *~+** ++ ....... so s oioosooc. ......... . + 4+44il.saasaessss seessee+e +++.es s ... .s.ss .ae~eesseeea seelaslssem 44OO*C..... eee.. . * * s .... ~~~~~~~~~~....5 ........... flaesa.... 444.ass.es....... Xs| ++ mlilamil. aa:..S00... ... ..... e.... ... mmmmmmmmmlassmm oooS ;;;;; o eeeee 4+++ sssee a333 eeee * 3 Ilmlmimm+mII [ooouosuo+ ose0 +++*+x* ++ + s eeee eee +++++ s R ee zz mmmlmmllm [JOOOOOOao +++ +++++++ @ee2eees~eee+ + z e++ m++lanmm+++eeuee�++ ooooo eo o eoeeoos e +**~+++*++ s | s mmmmmmm+ mmmlmllmml ossoooo s ,+ + +++++ ........ .......- ------ e sso ............... mmmoo++++++ +++...................... . . . . s .........e . . . ....... Figure 7.-Poput ie c g e in Li.............a p ........0 sssss ........... +*+$++ ~ * .....e i 17.... .......... ee..... ..... -- s eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee + eeeee OO..................... ............. N mmmmms" slsmmsssss||m " eee+ee++++++ee eeeeeee+ ........................sac coos s~sF s s ............D *++*+++++ ............................... ......... ~mmmemmmmmmmm! **H,*~H, *+++Z,+++*................. ... . ..00 essm mmmmmmmsmmmmm +**++?+++*+ ++H*~+*++............. ... mmmmm ~~smmmmm mmmmmmmmemmlm ++*++~,+++**, ++++* ........{ ..~~~~~~...........sesmmmm mmm sssmmmmmm ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....................++semmm{mmmmmessmmmmmmm Figure 7-Population change in Louisiana parishes, 1960-1970. 1 7 TABLE 3.-S,,~mmry of General Characteristics of the Louisiana Population by Parishes, 1970 Persons Persons Percent 14 yrs. Persons Persons 25 Yrs. Percent Percent Percent Percent 65 Yrs. Ferti- and eve% Over Per & Oveg Parish Change Non- Under 18-64 and lity % Married 18 Yrs., House- Median Median Median 60-70 White 18 Yrs. Years Over Ratio Male Female % Male hold ARe Income Yrs. Educ. Coastal Acadia 4.4 19.9 40.0 50.8 9.2 458 67.3 61.7 46.8 3.45 25.2 $5,550 8.3 Ascension 32.8 27.1 42.7 50.0 7.3 497 67.5 64.5 48.4 3.67 22.6 7,894 10,3 Assumption 9.2 37.4 43.6 48.2 8.2 54t 63.2 60.1 47.7 3.95 21.9 6,135 7,5 Calcasieu -.0 21.8 39.4 53.9 6.7 384 68.5 64.4 47.5 3.41 24.5 8,404 11.7 Cameron 18.6 6.9 40,3 52.2 7.5 460 70.1 70.9 49.9 3.54 25.1 7,726 9.4 East Baton Rouge 24.0 29.0 36.9 57.0 6.0 347 64.3 59.6 47.1 3.35 23,9 9,627 12.3 Evangeline 0.9 27.2 40,0 50,4 9.6 479 68.8 65.9 47.4 3.33 25.8 4,289 7.6 Iberia 11.1 28.0 42.4 49.9 7.7 477 67.4 62.5 47,0 3.65 23.4 7,109 9.4 Iberville 2.7 47.6 42.1 48.4 9.5 477 61.6 57.0 46.6 3.71 23.2 6,259 8.7 Jefferson 61.7 12,8 39,7 55.4 4.9 402 71.3 67.5 47.8 3.52 24.7 10,235 12.1 Jefferson Davis -.9 20.5 40,9 50.3 8.7 442 68.3 63.9 47.2 3.43 24.8 6,049 9.2 Lafayette 29.6 21.9 39,6 54.6 5.9 392 64.7 61.0 47.5 3.55 22.8 7,916 11.7 Lafourche 24.5 11.5 41,9 52,2 5.9 486 68.0 66.3 48.7 3.76 22.3 7,855 8,5 Livingston 35.4 11.3 40.6 52.5 7.0 443 70.7 69.9 48.7 3.51 24.0 7,652 10.5 Orleans -5.4 45.5 34,1 55.3 10.6 349 60.6 53.2 44.6 3.04 27.9 7,445 10.8 Plaquemines 11.9 2'5.3 42,4 53.4 4.2 476 68.7 69.5 51.7 3, 76 22.3 8,601 9.8 Pointe Coupee -2.2 50.3 42,5 47.4 10.1 473 61.6 58.6 47.5 3,74 23.1 4,957 8.2 St. Bernard 59.0 5.5 40,1 55.5 4.4 362 70.9 67.9 48.2 3.72 24.0 9,638 11,0 St. Charles 39.3 26.4 44,5 49.9 5.6 472 67.6 65.6 48,5 3.88 21.6 9,004 10.9 St. James 7.4 47.3 45.1 46.9 8.0 514 59.4 55.7 46.9 4.24 20.6 8,049 9.6 St. John the Baptist 29.1 46.5 44,7 48.8 6.5 498 63.1 61.0 48.3 4.12 21.2 8,275 9.9 St. Landry ~1.4 41.4 42,3 49.4 8~3 452 64.3 59.6 46.7 3.65 23.3 4,919 7.8 St. Martin 11.7 35.0 43,5 49.1 7.4 500 65.1 62.6 48,1 3.84 22.0 5,157 7.5 St. Mary 24.4 28.6 43,5 50.4 6.1 511 67.9 65.6 48.6 3.75 22.1 8,146 9.9 St. Tammany 64.5 19.0 41,0 51.5 7.5 407 68.1 65.5 48.0 3.51 25.0 8,655 11.9 Tangipahoa 10.8 31.5 38,7 52.4 8.9 414 61.2 57.8 47.3 3.40 23.5 5,208 9.6 Terrebonne 25.1 18.1 44.1 50.8 5.1 495 67.2 66.6 48.8 3.87 21.5 8,338 9.6 Vermilion 10.9 13.6 38.7 51.1 10.2 441 69.4 65.5 47.6 3.35 27.0 5,946 8.3 West Baton Rouge 14.0 43.1 43.4 49,7 6.9 501 65.9 60.3 47.1 3.81 21.9 6,920 10.1 (Continued) TABLE 3.-(continued) Persons Persons Percent 14 Yrs. Persons Persons 25 �rs. Percent Percent Percent Percent 65 Yrs Ferti- and Oven Over Per & Ove~ Parish Change Non- Under 18-64 and lity % Married 18 Yrs., House- Median Median Median 60-70 White 18 Yrs. Years Over Ratio Male Female % Male hold Age Income Yrs. Educ, Noncoastal Allen 4.7 24.7 39.8 50.0 10.2 454 66.7 63.8 47.6 3.37 25.9 5,931 9,0 Avoyelles .4 27.7 39.2 49.3 11.4 455 67.0 62.4 47.0 3.36 27.0 4,435 8.6 Beauregard 19.3 18.9 37.6 52,9 9.4 416 67.2 66.3 48.9 3.29 26.0 6,940 11.1 Bienville -4.2 46.9 35.6 49.8 14.6 446 66.7 61.7 47.4 3.22 30.1 5,187 9.5 BossJar 12.0 20.2 40.9 53.2 6.0 401 72.1 68.0 46.9 3.43 23.6 7,927 12.1 Caddo 2.8 36.9 36.3 53.4 10.3 365 67.1 58.8 45.0 3.13 27.6 8,103 12.0 Caldwell 3.9 23.7 36.1 50.3 13.6 391 63.7 60.5 47.4 3.20 29.9 5,224 9.7 Catahoula 3.0 29.3 40.5 49.0 10.5 406 65.7 61.0 47.3 3.45 25.7 4,850 9.3 Claiborne -12.3 50.1 34.6 48.3 17.1 430 67.0 59,0 45.4 3.07 33.3 5~347 9.3 Concordia 10.3 39.0 42.5 49.5 8.0 441 65.6 61.4 46.7 3,60 23.3 6,321 9.9 DeSoto -6.1 53.4 36.9 48.4 14.7 426 64,6 56.4 45.4 3.19 29,2 5,074 8.9 East Carroll -10.7 59.2 45.1 44.0 10.9 583 58.8 53.2 44.8 3.70 21.4 3,612 8.1 East Feliciana -12.6 53.9 35.0 51.6 13.4 396 50.8 50.8 49.1 3.77 30.4 5,755 8.4 Franklin -8.2 35.8 40.5 48.1 11.4 461 65.4 60.7 46.4 3.45 25.7 4,171 8.9 %0 Grant 2.6 22.9 36.4 50.5 13.2 402 67.7 63.1 46.5 3.19 30.1 5,329 9.6 Jackson .9 32.1 33.9 53.7 12,3 382 69.1 63,2 46.8 3,08 30.6 6,608 10.0 LaSalle 2.2 11.4 34.4 52.9 12.6 388 71.0 66.1 47,5 3.08 31,0 5,799 10.2 Lincoln 18.5 40.2 28.6 62.0 9.3 258 51.4 50.3 48.5 3.07 22.9 6,535 12.0 Madison -8.4 61.1 42.9 44.4 12.8 560 61,6 54.3 44.8 3.44 23.5 3,981 8.5 Morehouse -3.7 42.5 40.6 48,5 10.9 454 66.0 58.6 45.4 3.39 25.4 5,708 9.5 Natchitoches -1.2 37.6 34,4 54.3 11,3 338 56.9 53.4 46~9 3.26 23.9 4,598 9.4 Ouachita 13.5 27.4 37.1 54.2 8.7 386 65.8 59.8 45.9 3.24 24.9 7,354 11.7 Rapides 6.0 28.1 37.6 53.2 9.2 383 65.0 60.2 46.8 3.29 25.9 6,831 11.1 Red River -7.5 42.2 37.8 48.8 13.4 427 65.8 59.4 45.4 3.26 28.0 4,563 9.2 Richland -8.6 40.7 39.7 48.2 12.1 429 65.1 59.5 45.9 3.47 25.9 4,868 8.9 Sabine .4 19,8 36.4 50.0 13.6 459 66.6 63.1 47.5 3.22 28.8 5,146 9.3 St. Helena 8.5 55.8 44,5 46.8 8.7 514 62.7 59.4 47.0 3.87 21.3 4,107 9.2 Tensas -17.5 59.4 42.3 44.7 13.0 473 61.3 54.5 45.1 3,43 24,5 3,173 7.9 Union 4.7 33.4 35.3 51.1 13.6 390 68.0 61.7 46.5 3,23 29,8 5,976 9.7 Vernon 193.9 11.5 22.9 72.9 4.2 435 39.2 72.3 76.0 3,23 21.8 6,450 11.8 Washington -4.6 32.3 38.2 51.5 10.3 386 67.2 61.3 46.3 3.23 27.2 6,377 10.3 Webster .6 31.4 34.5 54.1 11.4 352 70.0 64.6 46.6 3.11 29.7 7,215 10.6 West Carroll -8.1 19.1 37.5 51.0 11.5 398 69.2 63.9 47.4 3.25 28.9 4,802 9.2 West Feliciana -8.2 67.2 24.1 70.6 5.4 515 41.3 55.7 79,5 3.88 27.2 5,355 9.1 Winn 2.1 30.5 35.2 51.8 13.0 416 67.8 63.4 47.5 3.11 30.1 5,405 9.7 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, General Population Characteristics Final Report PC(1)-B20, La. TABLE 4.-Births and Deaths in Louisiana for 1970 by Race and Area of the State Births (By Residence) Deaths (By Residence) Rate Rate Region Per Race Per Race Total 1000 White Black Total 1000 White Black State 74,615 20.5 46,666 27,949 33,386 9.2 21,672 11,714 Coastal 51,010 20.8 32,835 18,179 21,553 8.75 14,405 7,148 Noncoastal 23,605 19.9 13,835 9,770 11,833 10.0 7,303 4,530 Source: Table VII, p. 16 and Table XVII, p. 44, Statistical Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, 1970, Louisiana State Department of Health. When a comparison of birth, death, and migration rates is made be- tween the coastal and noncoastal parishes the following picture emerges. The birth rate is slightly higher in the coastal area, 20.8 per 1,000 persons as compared with 19.9 per 1,000 in the noncoastal area (Table 4). If birth rates are broken down by race, two additional facts become evident. First. blacks have a much higher crude birth rate in both coastal and noncoastal areas. Second, the birth rates of both blacks and whites are higher in the coastal area (Table 5). When comparisons of the crude death rate are made, it is found that people in the coastal parishes have the lower rate. The death rate there is 8.75 per 1,00() persons annually as compared with 10 per 1,000 persons in the noncoastal area. The crude death rate is higher for blacks in both regions, but is especially noticeable in the northern (noncoastal) parishes. From the above, it might be deduced that the favorable relation between the birth rate and death rate in the coastal area would make for a higher natural increase. This is true, but it is only a part of the growth picture. Looking at the effect of migration alone, the state as a whole had a net population loss of 3 percent, which was due to relatively large numbers of blacks leaving the state and relatively low in-migration by whites (see Table 6). All but four parishes (Cameron, Jefferson, St. Charles and Vernon) had net migration losses among the nonwhites. These losses were especially high in the noncoastal parishes, 18.5 percent as compared with 7.8 percent in the coastal parishes. The data on white migrants indicate that slightly more whites came into the state than left from 1960 to 197(). The coastal parishes had an advantage in this regard in that they attracted more in-migrants than the noncoastal parishes. The respective rates of increase were 1.6 percent and 1.2 percent. Two other population growth and composition facts are evident from the shape of the population pyramids in Figure 5. The first is the effect of migration patterns and birth rates of previous years. This is shown dramatically in the case of blacks in both coastal and noncoastal parishes. 20 TABLE 5.-Crude Birth Rate and Death Rate by Parish, 1970 Parish Birth Rate Death Rate COASTAL Acadia 20.2 9.3 Ascension 24.0 8.1 Assumption 20.6 9.4 Calcasieu 21.3 7.7 Cameron 15.6 4.9 East Baton Rouge 21.2 7.0 Evangeline 20.4 10.5 Iberia 23.0 7.9 Iberville 21.5 10.6 Jefferson 20.6 6.2 Jefferson Davis 18.9 9.5 Lafayette 21.7 6.1 Lafourche 19.8 7.3 Livingston 22.3 7.7 Orleans 19.1 12.3 Plaquemines 26.0 7.1 Pointe Coupee 20.5 10.2 St. Bernard 19.7 5.8 St. Charles 21.4 6.1 St. James 22.8 9.1 St. John the Baptist 21.9 7.9 St. Landry 22.8 9.9 St. Martin 20.9 8.4 St. Mary 23.8 8.0 St. Tammany 19.9 8.5 Tangipahoa 21.9 10.4 Terrebonne 23.8 7.4 Vermilion 17.8 9.9 West Baton Rouge 22.1 9.5 (continued) The drastic decrease in the number of black males and females near the age of 20 indicates this age group accounts for the largest share of the migration out of the state, especially in the noncoastal, rural areas. The second fact discernable from the pyramids is that the birth rate has de- clined within recent years. At the base of each population pyramid it is possible to note the fewer numbers in the youngest two age categories. This is meaningful in terms of planning for the future. 21 TABLE 5.-(continued) Parish Birth Rate Death Rate NONCOASTAL Allen 21.0 10.9 Avoyelles 19.3 9.9 Beauregard 20.1 10.7 Bienville 18.4 12.0 Bossier 25.3 6.8 Caddo 21.2 10.0 Caldwell 16.6 11.4 Catahoula 17.7 9.0 Claiborne 17.7 12.2 Concordia 19.1 9.4 DeSoto 18.2 12.8 East Carroll 24.2 12.0 East Feliciana 19.5 10.3 Evangeline 20.4 10.5 Franklin 18.1 9.6 Grant 18.6 12.1 Jackson 17.9 11.3 LaSalle 18.4 12.0 Lincoln 16.8 8.6 Madison 26.1 13.3 Morehouse 21.6 10.0 Natchitoches 19.7 10.4 Ouachita 22.1 9.2 Rapides 20.2 10.0 Red River 19.3 10.0 Richland 22.5 12.4 Sabine 19.0 11.8 St. Helena 15.8 8.5 Tensas 19.2 12.7 Union 15.8 11.5 Vernon 10.9 5.7 Washington 19.5 12.0 Webster 18.6 10.2 West Carroll 20.0 10.0 West Feliciana 12.8 6.2 Winn 18.7 13.0 Source: Table V and Table XVIII, Statistical Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, 1970, Louisiana State Department of Health. 22 TABLE 6.-Net Migration for Whites and Nonwhites by Parish, 1960-1970 Expected 1970 1970 Census Net Migration Population* Population Number Percent* Parish Whites Nonwhites Whites Nonwhites Whites Nonwhites Whites Nonwhites Coastal Acadia 45,806 12,335 41,717 10,392 -4,089 -1,943 -8.9 -15.8 Ascension 22,770 10,611 27,048 10,038 4,278 -573 18.8 -5.4 Assumption 12,280 8,889 12,298 7,356 18 -1,533 0.1 -17.2 Calcasieu 132,506 36,921 113,690 31,725 -18,816 -5,196 -14.2 -14.1 Cameron 7,466 541 7,627 567 161 26 2.2 4.8 East Baton Rouge 184,198 86,645 202,528 82,639 18,330 -4,006 10.0 -4.6 Evangeline 24,948 10,943 23,247 8,685 -1,701 -2,258 -6.8 -20.6 Iberia 44,052 18,564 41,344 16,053 -2,708 -2,511 -6.1 -13.5 Iberville 17,352 17,195 16,102 14,644 -1,250 -2,551 -7.2 -14.8 Jefferson 217,051 40,550 295,071 43,158 78,020 2,608 35.9 6.4 Jefferson Davis 26,668 7;555 23,487 6,067 -3,181 -1,488 -11.9 -19.7 A.p Lafayette 77,402 26,014 87,217 24,528 9,815 -1,486 12.7 -5.7 e., Lafourche 59,274 8,841 61,046 7,895 1,772 -946 3.0 -10.7 Livingston 26,688 5,232 32,375 4,136 5,687 -1,096 21.3 -20.9 Orleans 413,988 279,663 323,420 270,051 -90,568 -9,612 -21.9 -3.4 Plaquemines 19,569 8,032 18,852 6,373 -717 -1,659 -3.7 -20.7 Pointe Coupee 11,485 14,089 10,925 11,077 -560 -3,012 -4.9 -21.4 St. Bernard 35,808 2,981 48,357 2,828 12,549 -153 35.0 -5.1 St. Charles 18,947 7,130 21,737 7,813 2,790 683 14.7 9.6 St. James 10,985 11,040 10,401 9,332 -584 -1,708 -5.3 -15.5 St. John the Baptist 10,536 11,677 12,738 11,075 2,202 -602 20.9 -5.2 St. Landry 52,546 42,478 47,059 33,305 -5,487 -9,173 -10.4 -21.6 St. Martin 21,335 13,226 21,098 11,355 -237 -1,871 -1.1 -14.1 St. Mary 41,767 18,177 43,387 17,365 1,620 -812 3.9 -4.5 St. Tammany 32,718 12,789 51,482 12,103 18,764 -686 57.4 -5.4 Tangipahoa 43,717 24,919 45,093 20,782 1,376 -4,137 3.1 -16.6 Terrebonne 61,033 15,856 62,251 13,798 1,218 -2,058 2.0 -13.0 Vermilion 38,280 6,287 37,206 5,865 -1,074 -422 -2.8 -6.7 West Baton Rouge 9,034 8,762 9,595 7,269 561 -1,493 6.2 -17.0 Coastal Total 1,720,209 767,942 1,748,398 708,274 28,189 -59,668 1.6 -7.8 (continued) TABLE 6.-(continued) Expected 1970 1970 Census Net Migration Population Population Number Percent" Parish Whites Nonwhites Whites Nonwhites Whites Nonwhites Whites Nonwhites Noncoastal Allen 16,806 5,717 15,649 5,145 -1,157 -572 -6.9 -10.0 Avoyelles 29,158 12,722 27,286 10,465 -1,872 -2,257 -6.4 -17.7 Beauregard 16,584 5,010 18,565 4,323 1,981 -687 11.9 -13.7 Bienville 8,446 9,516 8,504 7,520 58 -1,996 0.7 -21.0 Bossier 51,580 16,826 50,828 12,875 -752 -3,951 -1.5 -23.5 Caddo 156,387 96,558 145,323 84,861 -11,064 -11,697 -7.1 -12.1 Caldwell 6,844 2,816 7,139 2,215 295 -601 4.3 -21.3 Catahoula 8,099 4,675 8,324 3,445 225 -1,230 2.8 -26.3 Claiborne 9,499 10,975 8,501 8,523 -998 -2,452 -10.5 -22.3 Concordia 12,682 10,586 13,772 8,806 1,090 -1,780 8.6 -16.8 DeSoto 10,538 15,939 10,602 12,162 64 -3,777 0.6 -23.7 East Carroll 6,370 10,289 5,257 7,627 -1,113 -2,662 -17.5 -25.9 East Feliciana 9,604 12,660 8,139 9,518 -1,465 -3,142 -15.3 -24.8 Franklin 16,570 12,669 15,378 8,568 -1,192 -4,101 -7.2 -32.4 Grant 10,736 3,786 10,546 3,125 -190 -661 -1.8 -17.5 Jackson 11,320 6,113 10,836 5,127 -484 -986 -4.3 -16.1 LaSalle 12,234 1,901 11,783 1,512 -451 -389 -3.7 -20.5 IO Lincoln 17,902 13,727 20,201 13,599 2,299 -128 12.8 -0.9 Madison 6,332 12,134 5,861 9,204 -471 -2,930 -7.4 -24.1 Morehouse 19,770 18,960 18,666 13,797 -1,104 -5,163 -5.6 -27.2 Natchitoches 21,640 17,519 21,980 13,239 340 -4,280 1.6 -24.4 Ouachita 78,926 39,571 83,733 31,654 4,807 -7,917 6.1 -20.0 Rapides 86,477 39,099 84,856 33,222 -1,621 -5,877 -1.9 -15.0 Red River 5,452 5,499 5,337 3,889 -115 -1,610 -2.1 -29.3 Richland 14,340 13,040 12,904 8,870 -1,436 -4,170 -10.0 -32.0 Sabine 15,353 5,111 14,952 3,686 -401 -1,425 -2.6 -27.9 St. Helena 4,203 6,190 4,391 5,546 188 -644 4.5 -10.4 Tensas 4,421 8,535 3,949 5,783 -472 -2,752 -10.7 -32.2 Union 11,467 7,687 12,287 6,160 820 -1,527 7.2 -19.9 Vernon 18,291 2,907 47,608 6,186 29,317 3,279 160.3 112.8 Washington 31,370 17,285 28,427 13,560 -2,943 -3,725 -9.4 -21.6 Webster 28,030 15,872 27,384 12,555 -646 -3,317 -2.3 -20.9 West Carroll 11,920 3,877 10,542 2,486 -1,378 -1,391 -11.6 -35.9 West Feliciana 4,472 9,092 3,727 7,649 -745 -1,443 -16.7 -15.9 Winn 11,409 5,724 11,375 4,994 -34 -730 -0.3 -12.8 Noncoastal Total 785,232 480,587 794,612 391,896 9,380 -88,691 1.2 -18.5 Louisiana Total 2,505,441 1,248,529 2,543,010 1,100,170 37,569 -148,359 1.5 -11.9 *1960 population plus natural increase from 1960 to 1970. Source: 1971 Statistical Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, Louisiana State Department of Health, New Orleans, p. 8. Planners are faced with the necessity of looking ahead as they work out programs of various types. With this thought in mind, population pro- jections for the coastal and noncoastal parishes to 1985 are presented in Table 7 and Figure 8. A study of this data shows the population of the coastal region is expected to increase by another half-million in the 15 TABLE 7.-Projected Population for Louisiana, The Coastal Zone, and Noncoastal Area for 1985 1970 1985 Parish Population Population Coastal Acadia 52,109 47,142 Ascension 37,086 50,950 Assumption 19,654 20,934 Calcasieu 145,415 179,563 Cameron 8,194 8,518 East Baton Rouge 285,167 373,567 Evangeline 31,932 28,031 Iberia 57,397 58,520 Iberville 30,746 28,432 Jefferson 337,568 526,291 Jefferson Davis 29,554 24,902 Lafayette 109,716 149,474 Lafourche 68,941 79,175 Livingston 36,511 53,353 Orleans 593,471 587,649 Plaquemines 25,225 28,424 Pointe Coupee 22,002 19,157 St. Bernard 51,185 101,947 St. Charles 29,550 43,907 St. James 19,733 19,262 St. John the Baptist 23,813 32,985 St. Landry 80,364 70,768 St. Martin 32,453 32,776 St. Mary 60,752 75,184 St. Tammany 63,585 140,812 Tangipahoa 65,875 69,608 Terrebonne 76,049 91,361 Vermilion 43,071 41,920 West Baton Rouge 16,864 19,405 Coastal Total 2,453,982 3,004,017 Noncoastal Total 1,187,684 1,142,310 State Total 3,641,666 4,146,327 Source: Roger L. Burford and Sylvia G. Murzyn, Population Projections by Age, Race, and Sex, for Louisiana and Its Parishes, 1970- 1985, Number 10, June, 1972. 25 Projected People 4,200,000 - 4,146,327 3,500,000 - STATE X COSTALE 2,1004,07 NONCOASTAL 1,142,310 700,000 0~~~~' , ,i Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Figure B,-Population trends for Louisiana, the coastal zone, and non- coastal area, from 1950 to 1985. Source: Population Projections by Age, Race and Sex for Louisiana and Its Parishes, 1970-1985. Roger L. Burford and Sylvia G. Murzyn. years following 1970. This is a much different picture than that projected for the noncoastal part of the state, where at best the population is expected to remain at present levels. It indicates that in the coastal region there will be six people in 1985 where there were only five in 1970. 26 Cultural Characteristics The population growth of a region is accounted for by births, deaths, and migration, but there are always underlying cultural factors which explain in large part the patterns such as those described in the previous section. The coastal-noncoastal differences in demographic characteristics which were reviewed are explainable to a considerable extent by the cul- tural contrasts between the two areas. Two rather sharp cultural distinc- tions are readily detected. First, the coastal region is primarily French in an ethnic sense and contrasts. to the noncoastal region, which is primarily inhabited by descendents of Anglo-Saxon, Scotch-Irish, and other non- French European stock. There is a large percentage of blacks in all parts of Louisiana. It is of interest in this context that many blacks in south Louisiana have adopted French cultural traits. The percentage of French- speaking inhabitants in Louisiana, by parish, is shown in Figure 9. In .... ............................... ............... ........... ... . ............. ............... ... .... :::: ............::.... 16::::::::::::::::::::.:::::: ~~.... ...U............. ........................................ .-::2::::::: ..:::::;: :::::::::::::::::::..:::::: :::: :.::::::::: ......... ....... ....... .................................. . . . . ........~...................... ....8 - 6 ..::::::::: .............. ..:: ........ .................................................. .................. . . . .......... .,...... . . ................................ .. == ~:::::::::- :;:::::::::::::::: ::: :::::: ..'.::: :.:::::::: : : : 2.. ... .- :.......0.0 : 0:::::::...... .. . I. ,o..o..oa . oooO,5*5555055 000000 ::::: ,::.O:::: . . ... 0.. 0.........................................ee OoooooOO0 ............... . . .................. 8 .3 *0000000 ....... .0. . ........ 00, 0*0... 0 0.......I .... .........0.......... ............... ............ .. , , , , , , l...... ............... 10000000000000000000000000000 . .. . ... .......... ..... 0 .... . .... 00000 000 0 ................................. ... ......... . .................................. ... 0.. ... .... ... .......................... ........... ... . ............. .... ....... ::: ::: ........ ..::: : .:::::.: ::+::.: ...... . .. ...................... eeee eeeee++ ............................ ............... ... ..... ..Freneecee h ek....+ .. ......y .... ..p ... ............. +++++ l eee +,+ .................... n.............. ....++ .. .ee. .eeeeee +++++ ..... . �-���~.............................. .............. '...... ... .+++4+++++ lieill eeeeeee+++2++............ ....L .......+ ++r i eeeeeeeeeB ++++r+ �....................................... ............. ................. ......................... eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeesesseseseeee ~r.. ................... *++++++++++++ + ee--eeeee eeeon nnnne n -. . ........ ............ ..w. @ .. ++xEBBBBB en nnnnn22 B... ..nn B .g. . .. +,+++++t++++++.+ aennenenneee e en neee illll i i.................... ................. +++++++++++++++ + 2neeenen~e eneeueeeseeeee oe lilllll .... ........................ ++++++++++++++++ eocoocoooeee n go goee geesggea8g8ee8 *eeelllll a+.++ lll ............. ......... +++++++++e+,,++++OOOO6OOO eeeseeeXl"esZgees e000e0000e0 eeee 1111 1111 ...l...... ++ ........ +++++++ + ++ RBBBB B -|--U - -+4+ +++ eeeeg e6eeeeee Beee nUU .........+..++ +++ ........ *. 1+++++++++++++++~rl~lt++l- -ee0e � CO8O8Ceesneeen iiiiiii88ii ....... +++++++o *+++ O ++++++++*++++++++++ BBeeeeeeee888 ee e iieesee ooo Ill .....c +++ +c++ +++ onooan ++++++++++++ aeteeeeee ee I8iiii neeee ooeaocnooO ++++.++ +2++ ++ aooaa 27 some coastal parishes as many as four out of five persons list French as their mother tongue. There is thus a sharp contrast in cultural tradition, which is accented by the perpetuation of the French language in much of the coastal area. The second cultural difference which stands out between coastal and noncoastal areas is a function of the first, but stands alone as an explana- tion of behavioral patterns. This is religion. In the coastal region the Roman Catholic Church predominates, while in the remainder of the state the various Protestant denominations claim the majority of religious communicants. The percent Catholic by parish for 1971 is shown in Figure 10. ............................. i ............................... ............. Percent Catholic ...0-18 ::::::. .....:::::::::::::::: ............................: ..................................................................... ................ .... .................................................................................. ... .... ::::::: ::: ::::: ::':::0.... -::::::::: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... . 0000 ....70 -U8u ...... ..... .. ::.....::: ................. 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'Z ................................................. ....... ::::: . ............ ... ...+.*.. ....... ~~~~~~~~~~~~..............+*~*+** *66906 .. ............... ---+++*++ N9964@6---. ............~....... .**+ 0006~~0oo; .... ..M ." . ................. ~~~~~689ga86868g8886 i........................ "i.... ...................... . ....... . ................ . . . ............ .................................. ... . ..... .. mue: ............ ++*+++++++ 6968696~8~~6~96ofo*++~+ .......+++++*++++*B~es .............. .. Z ....... .. .............. +++++*+++ 1 +++fle..... . ... .....eee8 o +....I .... .................8@8888g~@~ 080 oho +*+++.. .............. +++++++++++++ ............... 8899e~e88~885mumwmm o9~ooe0@8o nouuouoon +++++...+.............. ++. +++++++++++ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... ...... * --+e[eeleeele eiiee i .....ooou~oouu ssee..es~o~e ......mn mlam ...oao 8 .+++++ ............... ....... 8 eoo8 ees eee~erjseowmmmmmmlmmm m eeeooaooona U0 t{ .......................... .... ....++++++ oooosooaouoouooo ses~eo4@ee " sooa8nlmmm mmmim mouooaoooooooo e~iie ,. -+++--+- o~osunvouDosoouoo eeeeseeeeee mmmummmmm mmmm mmm ~ammm 0oo~osaoooo eeema@e , mm +F+++++ o88oDioDoonu oooo ~e@eeeesee *mmmm -- mmm m mmmmI| 80---00 - 33l ooooo ee~eega9 !ss ++++~ oouooooooooouooo ~eeeeoee8 mwmmm mmmImm mmmmmmmmmm oe33 s z ooooooo ~eeme mmw00 e~e~eee ~ eee~ e eeeeeeem -- * |2fif^"s eeee a8j3 R ~ - 9zuag ~00~300 mmm eseeeeeeeseee3es@eeiiaeeeeesse@@@~e ri**i *ee |+ eel39 00J30 m r~m o *- -m *- 3eseseee oeaee eeeeeefieeeee~eee@eee s~nI _m*llmwmmmml m +imammm+ mum e~saaeeeea X~ w ~ ~e oo ooooae mmmmmwmwmm ~@eeeeeeee~eeaese8e~ow eeeeee8eeseeee ile lllIIt liilllilII++++++ iiiIIeeeee IEi~lI-wmll ~o e~e~e Do~o@@oo iil eeeeeeeee eeeeeFlii i c, ++**-+ b11aishee. ilIiiiee @ os@ iII eee @ee~eo@ii~l Ii +* ++++++++* eB UllII-lXi eeeee ooooooooooo e@@eee mmiimmmmmmmm+++~++++ + @eeeei3@9ee2 mmmmmmll ee@e ooooo������� @@I~I~mImummmm ++++++++ ee e ~@e~eee ieemmlmm ees s e ooooooooooos ++++@e~ee@ee@@eeeeee m*mmmsmiimm ee8 oooooo@ooooo @@ee~o@e@@i~@~eee~~ *mmml~ 9 ooooouoouioooo ~eeeeeee~eeeee~@a@ I3 mIl oegs T oooooonooooooo e99@o i8es3e~s eese3@ *i - iii oooo~oiooooooooo se~seees IRlI oooooooon Figure lO--Percent Catholic, by parish. 28 There are, of course, differences in the behavioral practices encouraged and/or discouraged by each of these religious groups. One, which has had importance in the recent past, is birth control. The reluctance of Catholics to utilize artificial means of birth control is reflected in a demographic way as follows. A measure of completed family size is the number of children ever born to women between ages 34 and 45. It can be seen in Figure 1I that there is a concentration of parishes with averages of more than four children per woman in the coastal zone. This rate is not subject to fluctu- ation due to changes in the proportion of women in the population of child-bearing age. It is interesting andt in keeping with our point to note that the rate is higher for nonwhites in the noncoastal parishes (4.9) than in the coastal parishes (4.5), while for whites the opposite situation exists (see Table 8). ~~~~~~~~~~~......... ............. ooooooooooccoco co ................. .............. .ooooooooooooooD .oocCOOOCooO oc.o. ... .......................... :::ouoooooooo.ooooo oooooCCOOOCooo ooo m ............................ -ooooooooooooooooo ~ococ.coooo oo oooo .l.s ............~~.............. ooooocooo ooooo _cooo l .....................0 0. 1 .....oo........ 000000000000000 o00300o 0. .............................. ooooooo oooooo o. oooooco..oo. . . . ..................................0oo ....... ............ Otto . ... . . . . . 00 0000 ....................... oooo ......... .....................i . . ..... oooo oo oc� menuamsiii ................:ooc ::::............................. coo oooooalllle .................... OC............... .. ..... 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M .+*;** ++++++}i eeese cooI~~l*+ ++++,+* ~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ...S. ...... *++++* **+*++*#seeeee r~oR tI++ +**++*+ 000000000 00000000 e e 00000 c 0 00c .io0 .. t..t.+ ++000 ..A++ .. 0000000000000300000..0..0.............. .... .0 +0 ++++++.+000+00,esee0,eee0000oc ooooo 000000l0l 00eeee0 000000 111511100++ +*~****.++*+++ eeeeeeeeeee aoc ~ ~ ~ ~oooo ooo eeeee nsw eaccccllR*+++ +**++++ ~++++++++~+* eeeeeeeee uoo30ooo oeeeeeW~mlWU U ++ ++ �~~~~~~~~~~ ..~*+++eeeesesoooo eseeee HlW .......... +++++++++++~* 00000000000000 e0000e000e0e 00ooa00 .ei ....0... *0+,0+0* .I 00000000000000 0000000000 00 00000000000000000 *mSIwI 00000 ........ 00000000 0.0000 000000.00000 ++++++0+000+0+ 000 o 00 00e0s00000000e0e0000 p0 000000 ....... 000020000 00000 .++...+...+*+ 00000000 l0000000dren 000r00orn per 100. oe vrmrid ......... . 0 0000000000 . ... 0 ... ... 00000 00000 000.00000 oocccooooo~~~~~~ ......eeeeee .... .oo .. ..... ++++++.+ ...* "I+~++++ ............* ..cocooo ..... .e e e e...ee.. ... ...... .++++ ....... ..*+..+++++++++ � ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . +++.+*** ...............+* e ee eeeee .......+**+++++++++*+ ++++o ~+++oo oooo~ oooo0000 0++0000000 0+0000 00s00e0000 0000000000 000000000000 +0000 + + +++*++*+++~*+~,~+ + ~ ~ ~ ...... .....oo.o ....+.++* o eeeee ++ i e ........ � ++~+++.+~*~+ cocooooo ++ +,*+++ ~++ ooeecooeeoe o mm. s. e e ++......... ccoooac oo*~,*~**+* ccoooooooooooo eeeeeeeeiiiii eeeB*+++ ........... .. �cccccecoocccccococoooo ++~++++~++++aoooeooooooo e eese~emmms~ ees ++++..... ......... .. occc~c~ccococccecocc~ooo +++++++*+++ oooa~ccca eeeeeeeese mmmsos+*+*+...... .... ......... oo~cc~occooo~ceooooceaooo*+++*+++++** ooaoeoo aeee eee~e + + ~. ..... .... ............. eccccococccccccoococcoooo*+**+~+~++++ aoooeeo eeeeeeses oeooooa *++....++ ..o~..... oooococcccccccoooooooccooaooo ++*++++**~***+oooa ooeo eeeee eess coeoooeooo *+........+*+...... DO *++**+~*+*+++ OOOOOOOCCO ccocaoo GeO~oc~ccaoo.........*++* 0000000000400 II0000000000 -Cilr0 e ver born0000000 wome eve0000 e d 00 00 0 00 00 0 o2ooooooooooooo 0oo 000000+**++0++ 000000000000000000 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o o ooocccooo 000000000000 0000++0000+++00000000000+000000+++0+. 0 000 0000000 000000000 000000~~~~~0000o0oooo00000000000oo00oo0o0000000000+++ 000000 00000000000000 000000000a0 o0000000 00000000000 + *+*+*++0000+00 Figure 11.-Children ver born per10000 omn ever married 29 TABLE 8.-Children Ever Born to Women Age 35-44 Years for Coastal and Noncoastal Parishes, 1970 Parish Total Negro White COASTAL Acadia 3.806 4.854 3.577 Ascension 3.843 5.003 3.534 Assumption 4.559 5.779 3.977 Calcasieu 3.546 4.359 3.335 Cameron 4.000 -- 4.028 East Baton Rouge 3.334 4.278 3.014 Evangeline 4.163 5.935 3.577 Iberia 4.108 5.195 3.774 Iberville 4.398 5.643 3.616 Jefferson 3.188 4.537 3.033 Jefferson Davis 3.942 4.619 3.755 Lafayette 3.647 4.660 3.424 Lafourche 3.959 5.693 3.802 Livingston 3.600 5.031 3.443 Orleans 3.422 4.031 2.913 Plaquemines 3.826 5.316 3.507 Pointe Coupee 4.703 5.925 3.690 St. Bernard 3.110 4.051 3.084 St. Charles 3.851 5.791 3.351 St. James 4.688 5.611 4.073 St. John the Baptist 4.397 4.820 4.056 St. Landry 4.315 5.528 3.647 St. Martin 4.463 5.564 3.923 St. Mary 3.900 5.164 3.559 St. Tammany 3.543 5.168 3.268 Tangipahoa 3.700 5.121 3.153 Terrebonne 4.021 5.610 3.799 Vermilion 3.858 4.791 3.734 West Baton Rouge 4.014 4.813 3.449 Total Coastal 3.592 4.539 3.269 (continued) 30 TABLE 8.-(continued) Parish Total Negro White NONCOASTAL Allen 4.135 5.610 3.773 Avoyelles 3.859 5.225 3.473 Beauregard 3.671 5.319 3.251 Bienville 3.909 4.990 3.083 Bossier '3.227 5.274 2.954 Caddo 3.219 4.254 2.766 Caldwell 3.842 5.721 3.071 Catahoula 4.202 6.701 3.420 Claiborne 3.402 4.307 2.690 Concordia 3.900 5.721 3.260 DeSoto 4.168 5.304 3.156 East Carroll 5.028 6.661 3.425 East Feliciana 4.008 4.880 2.846 Franklin 4.069 6.192 3.115 Grant 3.309 4.579 3.062 Jackson 3.389 4.795 2.762 LaSalle 3.626 5.317 3.463 Lincoln 3.106 3.462 2.893 Madison 4.687 6.128 3.386 Morehouse 3.944 5.644 3.143 Natchitoches 3.830 5.352 3.012 Ouachita 3.259 4.446 2.882 Rapides 3.592 4.701 3.209 Red River 4.208 5.325 3.300 Richland 4.027 6.587 3.072 Sabine 4.125 5.178 3.829 St. Helena 4.802 5.729 3.681 Tensas 4.837 6.515 3.133 Union 4.047 5.841 3.185 Vernon 3.224 3.368 3.210 Washington 3.642 4.826 3.192 Webster 3.262 4.230 2.937 West Carroll 4.071 7.362 3.430 West Feliciana 4.582 5.741 3.380 Winn 3.923 6.044 3.139 Total Noncoastal 3.576 4.919 3.059 Source: Table 120 and 125, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC(1)-C20, Louisiana. 31 The strong French-Catholic ethnic group in the coastal region is characterized by cultural practices undoubtedly related to water resources. Members of this group became water oriented from the beginning and placed their settlements in such a way as to take advantage of bayous and other available water transportation routes. They also very early came to rely upon the coastal water areas as a source of food and livelihood. Utilization of fish and other wildlife for food led to a unique food culture, internationally recognized for consumption of crawfish, which is of in- terest in a report such as this because of the potential for development projects which it represents. The existence of a French subculture, in addition to a black subculture, has implications for the planner. The local use of French as a language suggests that program implementers should consider using persons who are bilingual. It seems logical to assume that local beliefs and practices would differ from those found in non-French communities. Planners for the region will have to work out ways of becoming accepted by the local people. The most striking finding of the demographic section of this study is that the coastal zone, originally defined in terms of drainage patterns, can also be delineated in terms of the French-Catholic cultural area of Louisiana. There are some exceptions, such as East Baton Rouge Parish and its vicinity, but these are not of great importance. The correspondence of a cultural and a physical area is not unusual. However, it is a coin- cidence which always has challenging consequences for the formulation of policies and programs.8 8For a discussion of this in the context of agricultural planning, see The F-elch anld Non-French in Rural Louisiana, Alvin L. Bertrand and Calvin L. Beale, LAES Bulletin No. 606, December 1967. 32 Industrial and Occupational Milieu The human resource component in an area is reflected in occupa- tional and industrial activity as well as in the composition and distribu- tion of the population. It was with this thought in mind that selected data relating to industry and employment were gathered. It can be seen from the accompanying tables and charts that there is, indeed, an important difference in the way people make a living in the coastal and noncoastal areas. These differences can be highlighted in terms of the percentage of persons in at least two employment categories, agriculture and mineral production (see Table 9 and Figure 12). It should be noted that a previous Sea Grant publication has explored differences in the economic structure of the coastal and noncoastal areas.9 For this reason, only broad findings which reflect culturally relevant patterns are reviewed here. One such pattern is that significantly fewer persons are engaged in agriculture in the coastal zone than in the noncoastal area. This difference is in both relative and absolute terms, as can be seen in Figure 13 and Table 10. The full ramifications of this difference in the way a living is made in the two regions are not obvious without elaboration. First, although it is clear that agricultural pursuits occupy the time and interests of more persons in the noncoastal area, only a relatively small percentage of persons work on farms in either the coastal zone or the noncoastal region. In this regard, it should be noted that many persons are engaged in farm-related but off-farm occupational pursuits. But it is still clear that noncoastal areas are much more agriculture-oriented in the traditional sense. A recent study done at the request of the Louisiana Advisory Commission on Coastal and Marine Resources goes into con- siderable detail in this area.l� Second, there is a considerable difference in agriculturally related pur- suits in the two parts of the state. Coastal area farmers tend to specialize in crops not grown in great quantity in noncoastal areas, such as rice, sugarcane, winter vegetables, and citrus. They also are engaged to a much greater extent in fisheries and trapping activity. Since fishing activity is included under agricultural industries in the U.S. Census, it was deemed of interest to try to determine the extent of its importance in the coastal area. Certain indicators were found and are shown in Table 11. 9Lamar B. Jones and G. Randolph Rice, All Eoolomic Btloe Slltd of C",.stal fl.,l- isianta, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LSU-SG-72-02. 'tFloyd L. Corty, A4grircoltlre il the Co,.sll Zone,, ojf LhtsiatrNa, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, A.E.A. Information Series No. 25, Louisi- ana State University, Baton Rouge, May 1972. 33 TABLE 9.-Industry of Employed Persons for Selected Industries in Louisiana by Parish, 1970 General Total Merchandising Parish Employed Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing and RetailinR Coastal Acadia 15,009 1,750 1,374 1,083 1,678 295 Ascension 10,805 459 209 1,430 2,643 234 Assumption 4,929 937 219 569 1,081 66 Calcasieu 47,648 1,084 1,693 5,168 9,052 1,188 Cameron 2,601 336 416 219 306 58 East Baton Rouge 102,577 1,133 981 10,116 17,772 2,654 Evangeline 8,386 1,316 585 613 931 155 Iberia 17,346 1,090 2,673 1,076 2,242 495 Iberville 8,018 548 363 1,088 1,361 81 Jefferson 122,345 1,129 4,810 10,608 19,323 4,168 Jefferson Davis 8,752 1,391 930 731 763 204 Lafayette 37,569 1,380 3,568 2,926 2,030 1,220 Lafourche 20,964 1,362 2,191 1,789 3,193 441 Livingston 11,066 432 183 2,091 1,986 273 Orleans 208,787 1,364 3,576 12,061 24,830 6,189 Plaquemines 7,905 371 1,596 1,015 827 76 Pointe Coupee 5,510 844 66 . 913 707 129 St. Bernard 17,521 225 356 1,785 3,777 520 St. Charles 8,910 205 261 723 2,881 216 St. James 4,976 511 18 313 2,197 40 St. John the Baptist 6,321 312 94 660 2,293 111 St. Landry 20,569 2,362 1,335 2,901 1,337 250 St. Martin 8,301 991 696 1,316 717 133 St. Mary 19,130 1,120 2,347 1,491 2,647 334 St. Tammany 19,608 440 488 2,065 4,018 351 Tangipahoa 19,294 2,007 292 1,939 3,063 438 Terrebonne 22,958 1,036 4,255 1,465 2,698 719 Vermilion 12,519 1,619 1,442 1,208 1,001 194 West Baton Rouge 4,583 309 68 617 1,070 88 Total 804,907 28,063 37,085 69,979 118,424 21,320 (continued) TABLE 9.-(continued) General Total Merchandising Parish Employed Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing and Retailing Noncoastal Allen 5,676 418 146 551 1,337 147 Avoyelles 9,859 1,435 241 1,361 877 181 Beauregard 6,454 212 187 683 1,187 317 Bienville 4,677 269 137 413 1,578 55 Bossier 17,879 558 539 1,093 3,326 671 Caddo 82,576 1,368 2,977 5,280 14,916 2,191 Caldwell 2,700 35] 111 283 362 48 Catahoula 3,091 596 188 306 371 35 Claiborne 5,001 269 364 323 1,195 93 Concordia 6,807 701 540 505 1,057 182 DeSoto 6,439 563 167 428 1,768 120 East Carroll 3,067 867 34 179 171 77 East Feliciana 4,419 309 18 350 854 31 Franklin 6,319 1,360 167 518 665 168 Grant 3,619 291 184 405 566 56 Jackson 5,250 116 18 349 2,228 437 LID LaSalle 3,810 84 606 253 907 31 CO> ~ Lincoln 11,371 342 220 733 1,248 214 Madison 4,015 750 23 263 527 101 Morehouse 9,038 971 77 531 2,655 207 Natchitoches 10,081 779 160 846 754 101 Ouachita 39,340 692 402 3,083 6,069 1,385 Rapides 35,353 1,505 406 2,501 4,329 976 Red River 2,715 340 67 240 574 36 Richland 5,849 1,037 166 558 786 108 Sabine 4,812 247 214 373 1,371 59 St. Helena 2,429 332 60 330 356 7 Tensas 2,388 707 62 103 181 30 Union 5,565 318 153 525 1,477 76 Vernon 6,933 246 63 607 738 275 Washington 12,636 646 260 959 3,495 177 Webster 13,369 265 361 873 4,988 260 West Carroll 3,228 768 36 390 439 74 West Feliciana 1,745 137 16 72 543 21 Winn 4,828 87 129 363 1,755 81 Total 353,338 19,936 9,499 26,630 52,150 9,028 Source: Table 123, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC(1)-C-20, Louisiana. LEI] COASTAL D- NONCOASTAL 7 3.5 Farming 5.6 ...... 4.6 Mining Constructionj 8.7 ! 147.5 Manufacturing 14. .....7..... ! ~ ~~~~~~114.7 General Merchandising 2.6 Retailing F 2.5 Figure 12-Percent distribution of employed persons for selected in- dustries in the coastal and noncoastal areas of Louisiana, 1970. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC(1)-C-20 Louisiana, Table 123. 36 Number of Farms 120,000 90,000 60,000 STATE (42,269) NONCOASTAL 30,000 - (23,254) COASTAL (19,015) 0 Year 1954 1959 1964 1969 Figure 13-Number of farms in Louisiana, the coastal zone, and the noncoastal area, 1954-1969. Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: 1969, Vol. 1, Part 35, La. Section 2, County Data, Table 3; U.S. Census of Agriculture: 1959, Vol. 1, Table 2. 37 TABLE 10.-Farms, Land in Farms and Ownership in Louisiana by Parishes, 1969 Land Average Proportion Negro Approximate in Number Size in Percent Percent Parish Land Farms, of of Farms, Tenant of of Area--Acres Acres Farms Farm--Acres Percent Acres Tenancy Tenancy Coastal Acadia 424,192 335,630 1,453 230.9 79.1 72,141 21.8 37.3 Ascension 192,640 64,135 523 308.0 33.3 18,753 14.3 50.0 Assumption 227,584 84,743 194 436.8 37.2 33,719 48.4 60.0 Calcasieu 707,200 403,435 739 545.9 57.0 109,686 25.1 33.3 Cameron 922,368 287,385 423 679.3 31.2 34,454 13.7 0.0 East Baton Rouge 293,760 133,511 675 197.7 45.4 16,854 12.8 15.3 Evangeline 427,840 222,317 1,519 146.3 52.0 32,336 23.6 62.7 Iberia 376,960 131,051 591 221.7 34.8 29,442 24.5 36.5 Iberville 401,472 122,340 286 427.7 30.5 35,700 40.9 40.7 Jefferson 236,416 8,951 54 165.7 3.8 2,788 31.4 0.0 Jefferson Davis 420,864 365,769 897 407.7 86.9 115,800 31.9 33.3 Lafayette 181,120 136,453 1,452 93.9 75.3 26,932 19.6 39.2 Gow~ ~ Lafourche 730,048 204,629 519 394.2 28.0 47,481 31.2 0.0 Livingston 418,368 44,864 489 91.7 10.7 824 2.8 33.3 Orleans 126,144 - - - - Plaquemines 658,944 31,691 111 285.5 4.8 4,926 25.2 50.0 Pointe Coupee 360,448 228,458 811 281.6 63.4 43,489 31.4 52.6 St. Bernard 329,024 7,112 27 263.4 2.2 320 25.9 0.0 St. Charles 188,224 33,653 71 473.9 17.9 18,645 47.8 0.0 St. James 162,112 56,900 145 392.4 35.1 28,948 45.5 43.4 St. John the Baptist 145,024 22,556 47 479.9 15.6 3,177 40.4 78.5 St. Landry 596,480 336,329 2,864 117.4 56.4 54,265 23.7 39.9 St. Martin 471,040 99,532 774 128.5 21.1 25,114 30.6 56.0 St. Mary 399,040 121,199 216 561.1 30.4 38,802 36.1 26.8 St. Tammany 567,360 80,206 526 152.4 14.1 2,665 4.7 0.0 Tangipahoa 517,184 159,592 1,513 105.4 30.9 7,851 6.0 9.4 Terrebonne 875,200 100,080 217 461.1 11.4 17,771 27.6 50.0 Vermilion 771,328 393,113 1,738 226.1 51.0 57,818 19.4 48.7 West Baton Rouge 129,856 55,334 141 392.4 42.6 10,728 23.4 12.5 Total 12,132,096 4,270,968 19,015 224.6 35.0 891,429 21.0 (continued) TABLE 10-(continued) Land Average Proportion Negro Approximate in Number Size in Percent Percent Parish Land Farms, of of Farms, Tenants of of Area--Acres Acres Farms Farm--Acres Percent Acres Tenancy Tenancy Noncoastal Allen 495,488 161,088 523 308.0 32.5 25,595 12.4 13.3 Avoyelles 532,480 257,609 2,009 128.0 48.4 14,975 10.0 22.6 Beauregard 757,568 157,174 828 189.8 20.7 15,546 6.8 0.0 Bienville 532,608 95,396 548 174.0 17.9 3,624 5.2 5.1 Bossier 543,040 181,350 537 337.7 33.4 26,582 13.5 13.0 Caddo 575,296 277,386 807 343.7 48.2 46,942 18.4 16.8 Caldwell 352,448 61,375 333 184.3 17.4 7,588 10.2 17.9 Catahoula 474,944 204,071 671 304.1 43.0 61,945 13.5 21.2 Claiborne 488,448 113,677 535 212.4 23.3 8,081 8.7 12.6 Concordia 459,264 237,946 443 537.1 51.8 34,358 16.4 22.0 DeSoto 572,160 246,552 877 281.1 43.1 25,166 10.3 11.6 East Carroll 278,720 211,010 445 474.1 75.7 34,071 18.2 15.9 East Feliciana 290,496 184,764 503 367.3 63.6 11,395 11.1 14.9 Franklin 414,528 326,782 1,701 192.1 78.8 47,840 15.5 29.5 Grant 428,608 62,796 347 180.9 14.7 1,793 8.0 21.6 Jackson 372,544 29,063 232 125.2 7.8 450 3.0 33.3 to LaSalle 411,648 21,695 283 76.6 5.3 1,245 7.4 38.4 (D Lincoln 300,032 77,333 482 160.4 25.8 2,683 3.9 21.4 Madison 423,232 242,575 443 547.5 57.3 44,873 17.8 33.7 Morehouse 514,560 268,449 726 369.7 52.2 45,413 16.3 18.8 Natchitoches 828,800 267,807 881 303.9 32.3 21,715 10.4 18.9 Ouachita 408,064 111,771 499 223.9 27.4 8,540 12.2 25.0 Rapides 843,776 197,839 1,130 175.0 23.4 30,595 14.2 37.3 Red River 259,776 131,513 428 307.2 50.6 13,427 11.2 26.3 Richland 368,832 263,814 1,146 230.2 71.5 33,989 14.7 33.5 Sabine 558,720 82,557 566 145.8 14.8 1,050 1.5 40.0 St. Helena 268,800 71,249 594 119.9 26.5 2,990 5.2 4.6 Tenses 400,832 235,042 459 512.0 58.6 38,201 27.4 35.3 Union 579,840 89,885 574 156.5 15.5 2,781 5.0 12.2 Vernon 868,672 63,142 575 109.8 7.3 1,509 2.6 50.0 Washington 425,600 137,405 1,212 113.3 32.3 4,248 4.3 8.6 Webster 393,856 103,758 545 190.3 26.3 3,659 5.8 8.8 West Carroll 227,840 196,855 1,163 169.2 86.4 22,638 13.0 26.5 West Feliciana 259,136 121,455 221 549.5 46.9 9,256 31.6 57.1 Winn 608,256 25,511 218 117.0 4.2 605 4.5 0.0 Total 16,518,912 5,517,694 23,254 237.28 33.0 655,368 12.0 State Total 28,777,152 9,788,662 42,269 231.5 34.0 1,546,797 16.0 29.6 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, 1969, Vol. 1, Area Reports, Part 34, Louisiana 2; County Data, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972. TABLE 11.-Fishing and Trapping Activities in Louisiana NUMBER OF FISHERMEN, QUANTITY AND VALUE OF LANDINGS IN LOUISIANA, 1972, AND NUMBER OF PROCESSING PLANTS IN LOUISIANA, 1971* Number of Fishermen Quantity and Value of Processing Plants and 1972 Landings, 1972 Number of Employees, 1971 Full Part Quantity Value Number of Average Annual Time Time 1000 of 1000 of Plants Employment Pounds Dollars Louisiana 9,500 3,300 1,070,597 71,916 128 3,112 Gulf States 30,500 8,250 1,584,799 232,419 428 11,488 United States 85,730 64,180 4,710,400 703,600 1,836 56,698 NUMBER OF TRAPPING AND FUR DEALING LICENSES SOLD FOR COASTAL AND NONCOASTAL LOUISIANA** Trapping Fur Buyers Fur Dealers Coastal Total 2,520 73 14 Noncoastal Total 878 12 2 Louisiana Total 3,398 85 16 Source: United States Department of Commerce, Fisheries of the United States, 1972, March 1973. **Source: Louisiana Almanac, 1973-1974, p. 215. Information obtained on commercial fishing activities in the state shows there were 128 fish processing plants in Louisiana in 1971, and that there were 9,500 full-time and 3,300 part-time commercial fishermen in 1972. The great majority of these plants and fishermen are in the coastal area. An idea of the importance of this type activity can be gleaned from the fact that, in 1972, Louisiana led all states in volume of fish landings with over 1 billion pounds processed. Shell fish are also a very important com- modity in the coastal zone. The areas where oysters, crabs, and salt- water fish are caught appear in Figure 14. For example, approximately 58 million pounds of shrimp with a value of $43.3 million were harvested in Louisiana coastal waters in 1971 (Table 12). It is also of interest to note the large number of trapping licenses sold in the coastal zone--2,520 as compared with only 878 in the noncoastal area. Fur-bearing animals such as nutria and muskrat thrive in the marsh and swamp lands of the coastal zone and provide a source of income for many residents in parishes such as Terrebonne, Vermilion, St. Mary, and Cameron (Table 11). Since most commercial fishing and trapping ac- tivities are restricted to the coastal zone, one can expect a definite cultur- al distinction in this respect between coastal and noncoastal Louisiana. It also should be noted that seaf(od and fur represent renewable resources. These resources, if properly maintained, could become in- creasingly important segments of the state's economy. The third difference in agricultural pursuits between the coastal and noncoastal zones is with respect to land holdings and tenure. There has been a decrease in the number of acres in farming in both coastal and noncoastal areas, but the drop in acreage has been more rapid in the noncoastal part of the state (see Figure 15). The number of farms also has been dropping in both regions, but this trend is more evident in the coastal parishes. From 1954 to 1969, the number of farms in Louisiana declined by 62 percent (Figure 13). The number of farms in the coastal zone declined by 56 percent and in the noncoastal area by 66 percent during this same period. Average farm size in the coastal zone was 110 acres in 1954, as compared with 99 acres in the noncoastal area; by 1969 average farm size had increased to 225 acres in the coastal zone and 237 acres in the noncoastal area. These changes are portrayed graphically in Figure 16. Land tenure has reference to the relations which man has to the land he owns or works. In this context, tenant farming is still a major way of life for many residents in the coastal zone. In fact, over two-thirds of the coastal zone farm acres are worked by tenants. By comparison, less than half the acreage in the noncoastal area is operated by tenants (Table 10). This pattern probably reflects a trend on the part of coastal landowners to maintain ownership, even though they live off the farm themselves. Such decisions can be attributed in part to a hope for benefits from oil and gas deposits. 41 SEA FOOD PROCESSING, NUMBER EMPLOYEES Peak of season, 1967 "~ ,') ~ 1,173-1,269 360-411 188-282 45 3-19 State = 4,882 PROCESSED PRODUCTS 1967 Value zzy>_~~ % 5X $1000 �.K~~~ ~ ~-"~ ,18,209 L' :I ,9,166-11,516 2125-3,695 ____ 44-994 State = 68,160 OYSTER LEASES 1969 (acres) ): i ~~36,939-37,654 EZ2 208-333 State = 1 17,51 8 - ,'....,.,- : ' " ,: ..X.-./CRAB. MAIN COMMERCIAL , ' , .s SHRIMP SPECIES MENHA -" i a\ $5 MENHADEN MENHADEN SHRM-P " . . '-' SHRIP CRAB .M' B' ATLANTIC CROAKER ATLANTIC CROAKER MENHADEN SILVERSIDE SHRIMP w SHRIMP ATLANTIC CROAKER SHRIMP MENHADEN SILVERSIDE MENHADEN SEA CAT Figure 14-Seafood processing industry in Louisiana. TABLE 12.-Gulf Coast States Summary of Shrimp Landings, 1971 Quantity Value 1000 of Founds 1000 of Dollars Louisiana 58,712 43,283 Florida West Coast 13,580 12,985 Alabama 10,470 11,451 Mississippi 5,927 4,239 Texas 54,385 64,191 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5924, Shrimp Landings, Annual Summary 1971, pp. 2-3. Acres 12,000,000 - STATE (9,788,662) 8,000,000 - NONCOASTAL (5,517,694) 4,000,000 - - COASTAL (4,270,968) 0 , , , Year 1954 1959 1964 1969 Figure 15-Land in farms in Louisiana, the coastal zone, and the non- coastal area, 1954-1969. Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: 1969, Vol. 1, Area Reports, Part 35, La. Section 2, County Data, Table 1; U.S. Census of Agriculture: 1959, Table 2. 44 Acres 300 - NONCOASTAL (237) 225 COASTAL (225) 150 75 0 i i Year 1954 1959 1964 1969 Figure 16-Average size of farm in Louisiana's coastal zone and non- coastal area, in acres, 1954-1969. Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: 1969, Vol. 1, Area Reports, Part 35, La. Section 2, County Data, Table 3; U.S. Census of Agriculture: 1959, Vol. 1, Table 2. The second major occupational activity which varies considerably from coastal to noncoastal Louisiana is mineral production or mining. The map of mineral production in Louisiana for 1969 (Figure 17) shows the vast areas of the coastal zone where mines are located. The leading minerals produced are salt, sulphur, lime, gypsum, and oil. Oil and gas production, which has a market value of more than $4.32 billion annually, is the major mineral industry in the coastal zone. Despite the fact that crude oil production in Louisiana experienced a sharp decline in 1971 45 LII Salt [m Sulphur " " Lime , Gypsum k Salt Dome Region :n Petroleum Not The Leading Mineral &. Shell Sand, Gravel Sto Figure 17--Mineral production in Louisiana, 1969. 46 (Figure 18), and that this decline occurred primarily in the coastal zone, production there still remains high. Mining, including quarrying as well as petroleum and gas extraction, currently employs over 37,000 people in the coastal zone, which is more than three times the number employed in like occupations in the noncoastal area (Table 9). In fact, almost one out of every 20 persons is 1000 BBLS. 875,000 STAT E 700,000 - COASTAL 525,000 350,000 175,000 - NONCOASTAL , , X I ' Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Figure 18-Crude oil production in Louisiana, the coastal zone, and the noncoastal area, 1965-1971. Source: Louisiana Department of Conservation, Annual Oil and Gas Report, respective years. 47 employed in this type occupation in the coastal zone, but in the noncoastal area only one in about every 34 persons is working in a mineral or mining job. The difference in the amount of such activity carried on in each region is highlighted by the fact that the value of mineral production was approximately 10( times greater in the coastal zone than in the non- coastal area in 1968 (see Table 13). Figure 12 and Table 9 include information on persons employed in construction, in manufacturing, and in general merchandising and re- tailing in the coastal and noncoastal areas of Louisiana. These occupa- tional areas, along with agriculture and mining, were considered to represent the important employment opportunities in the state where differences between coastal and noncoastal areas might exist. It can be seen that there is some difference between the coastal and noncoastal re- gions in the relative number of persons employed in construction work. TABLE 13.-Value of Mineral Production in Louisiana, by Parish, 1967 and 1968 1968 Minerals Produced in Parish 1967 1968 order of Value Order of Value1 Coastal Acadia $ 138,834 $ 114,116 NG, NGL, P Ascension 33,288 10,117 P, S, NG Assumption 32,752 27,708 NG, P Calcasieu 72,037 62,882 P, NG, NGL, L, S, CM, SL, C Cameron 176,593 218,472 NG, P, NGL, S, ST East Baton Rouge 18,917 16,689 CM, L, P, S&G, NG, C Evangeline 13,608 11,022 P, NG, NGL, S&G Iberia 144,428 193,098 P, NG, S, NGL, C Iberville 64,781 53,620 P, S, NG, NGL Jefferson 144,309 220,804 P, SL, NG, S, NGL, ST Jefferson Davis 80,786 57,825 NG, P, NGL, S&G Lafayette 19,992 15,872 NG, P, NGL, C Lafourche 315,272 445,289 P, NG, SL, NGL Livingston 67 18 P, NG Orleans 15,262 15,372 C, L, NG Plaquemines 912,908 1,093,662 P, NG, SL, NGL, S Pointe Coupee 22,668 25,087 P, NG, NGL, C St. Bernard 19,537 32,225 NGL, P, NG, C St. Charles 88,875 74,516 P, NGL, NG St. James 10,064 10,382 P, NG, NGL St. John the Baptist 6,482 4,703 P, NG, ST St. Landry 56,187 49,302 NG, P, NGL St. Martin 101,274 80,464 P, NG, NGL, S St. Mary 328,346 346,074 P, NG, NGL, S, ST, L St. Tammany 3,165 7,837 ST, S&G, NG, C, P Tangipahoa 430 170 P, S&G, C Terrebonne 535,504 529,991 P, NG, SL, NGL, S Vermilion 153,895 220,785 NG, P, NGL, S&G West Baton Rouge 845 3,497 P, NG, C Coastal Total 3,511,106 3,941,599 (Continued) 48 This difference, no doubt, is related to the fact that coastal areas are growing at a faster rate than the rest of the state. However, about the same relative number of people are employed in manufacturing, in general mer- chandising and retailing, anti in other activities in both regions of the state. TABLE 13.-(continued) 1968 Minerals Produced in Parish 1967 1968 Order of Value' Noncoastal Allen $ 7,903 $ 6,361 P, NG, NGL Avoyelles 6,627 5,449 P, NGL, NG Beauregard 14,494 9,315 P, NGL, NG, S&G Bienville 12,332 7,293 NG, P, C Bossier 20,137 24,005 NG, P, NGL Caddo 28,525 26,324 P, NG, NGL, C Caldwell 2,502 1,914 NG Catahoula 17,501 9,513 P, S&G, NG Claiborne 34,784 27,054 P, NG, NGL Concordia 37,534 30,011 P, NG DeSoto 12,878 6,458 NG, P East Carroll - 28 NG East Feliciana D D S&G Franklin 4,119 2,188 P, NG Grant 462 2,272 P, S&G, NG Jackson 4,251 2,650 NG, P LaSalle 29,925 19,733 P, NG, S&G Lincoln 35,732 19,835 NGL, NG, P, C Madison 1,955 814 NG Morehouse 1,891 11,760 NG, NGL, P Natchitoches 30,425 33,227 P, NG, NGL, C Ouachita 11,360 24,791 P, NG, NGL, S&G Rapides 10,499 7,548 P, S&G, NG, NGL, C Red River 1,581 595 S&G, P, NG Richland 22,346 16,911 P, NGL, NG Sabine 14,226 3,743 P, NG St. Helena D D S&G Tensas 18,491 7,359 P, NGL, NG Union 7,991 2,114 NG, P Vernon 17 17 S&G Washington 621 928 S&G Webster 36,959 31,635 NG, NGL, P, S&G West Carroll 139 36 NG West Feliciana D D S&G Winn 2,439 2,823 P, G, ST, S&G Undistributed 19,998 16,707 Noncoastal Total 450,644 379,411 State Total 3,961,750 4,321,010 1P=Petroleum, NG=Natural Gas, NGL=Natural Gas Liquid, S&G=Sand and Gravel, S=Salt, L=Lime, C=Clays, CM=Cement, SL= Sulfur, ST=Stone, G=Gypsum. D--Figures withheld to avoid disclosing company confidential data. Source: Division of Business and Economic Research, College of Business Administration, Louisiana State University in New Orleans, Statistical Abstract of Louisiana. Fourth Edition, 1971. 49 In concluding this section on major occupational and employment differences which set coastal Louisiana apart from noncoastal Louisiana, a word of summary is in order. Coastal residents are less likely to be farmers than noncoastal residents. However, those occupied in agricultur- al industries will tend to be in types of pursuits which are not prevalent in the northern part of the state. Another contrast is that coastal residents are more likely to be employed in extractive industries, i.e., mining and mineral production. These differences set the stage for considerable socio- cultural differences between the two areas. The Recreation Picture and Potential of the Coastal Zone Coastal areas of Louisiana represent an unusual recreation resource, with the mild climate and abundance of fish and wild life in these areas. It is thus important to attempt to determine the recreation use now being made of Louisiana's coastal zone. It is also in keeping with the objectives of this study to determine the potential uses for recreation which the coastal zone might have. The following discussion is intended to provide an indication of how the coastal zone fits into the statewide recreation picture. Two recreation activities, fishing and hunting, are more popular in Louisiana than in the U.S. as a whole. These are traditional sports engaged in by thousands of persons because the state offers many acres of wood- lands, swamps, marshes, agricultural lands, and water areas rich in fish and game. Rather easy access to game areas, as well as to fresh-water and salt-water fishing, enhances participation in these activities. Differences in sports fishing and hunting activity between the coastal and noncoastal areas are principally related to the presence of the Gulf of /Mexico and to the terrain features in these two parts of the state. For example, charter boats out of several coastal ports make daily recreation fishing runs as far as 20 to 30 miles to the large oil and gas platforms which dot the offshore Gulf area. Smaller, privately owned boats provide access to literally hundreds of bayous and lakes which characterize the estuarine areas of southern Louisiana. These areas also account for the national reputation which the Louisiana coast has for duck and goose hunting. In contrast, the noncoastal areas are more popular for deer and for birds other than waterfowl. Empirical evidence showing the larger volume of hunting and fishing in the coastal region as contrasted to the noncoastal region is presented in Table 14. It can be seen that over 30,000 more resident fishing licenses were sold in the coastal parishes in 1971, and that 35,000 more hunting licenses were sold. There are, of course, many other outdoor recreation activities, besides fishing and hunting, which are popular in Louisiana. Among those which stand out are boating for pleasure, camping, picnicking, bicycling, swim- ming, and sightseeing. It should be of concern to planners for the state that 50 TABLE 14.--Licenses Sold by Parish 1970-71 Hunting and Fishing Season Hunting Fishing Basic N/R N/R Big N/R N/R Resident Season Trip Recip- Game Resident Season Trip Parish $2.00 $25.00 $5.00 rocal $2.00 $2.00 $6.00 $3.00 Coastal Acadia 4,919 1 82 12 453 1,013 2 10 Ascension 3,883 1 6 - 1,068 1,106 2 25 Assumption 1,764 - - - 355 386 - 3 Calcasieu 18,779 15 1,292 - 4,726 9,295 25 184 Cameron 1,674 179 820 56 123 4,149 6 70 East Baton Rouge 22,381 4 212 41 8,662 10,621 20 336 Evangeline 4,345 - 13 - 1,192 1,374 3 27 Iberia 5,015 - 42 9 667 2,468 15 75 Iberville 3,419 1 4 - 1,518 1,731 2 14 Jefferson 15,198 1 54 17 1,868 7,084 12 77 Jefferson Davis 4,455 3 270 47 586 1,075 5 20 Lafayette 9,178 7 225 - 1,378 3,323 4 81 Lafourche 8,182 - - - 805 2,037 6 3 Livingston 5,745 1 9 - 2,764 1,119 - 21 Orleans 17,084 4 278 42 2,229 20,266 70 250 Plaquemines 2,175 - - - 211 1,342 - 1 Pointe Coupee 2,369 - 27 - 1,197 1,076 6 48 St. Bernard 3,102 - 1 - 371 2,184 1 14 St. Charles 2,945 - 30 1 566 1,427 11 34 St. James 1,448 - - - 301 271 1 - St. John the Baptist 1,680 - 7 - 342 535 3 15 St. Landry 8,916 - 32 - 2,635 2,876 3 30 St. Martin 2,819 - 6 - 486 1,606 4 59 St. Mary 6,158 1 71 - 1,048 2,034 14 61 St. Tammany 6,318 68 116 6 2,001 3,243 316 325 Tangipahoa 7,257 7 41 27 1,793 1,993 54 90 Terrebonne 7,956 6 21 - 696 3,266 6 18 Vermilion 5,199 7 479 - 592 1,307 3 11 West Baton Rouge 2,764 - 9 - 1,138 787 1 8 Total Coastal 187,127 306 4,147 258 41,771 90,994 595 1,210 Noncoastal 151,826 385 4,080 597 86,226 59,547 2,224 11,245 State Total 338,953 691 8.227 855 127,997 150,903 2,819 12,455 Source: Louisiana Almanac, 1973-74, p. 213. Louisiana ranks below national participant averages in almost all these activities.1' This is especially striking since the climate would allow for nearly year-round participation in outdoor recreation. In comparing the coastal and noncoastal areas with regard to the above types of recreation, one fact stands out. The coastal parishes are far ahead of noncoastal parishes in user days in all of the activities studied and presented in Table 15. A considerable amount of this difference is directly related to population differentials, but in some instances the re- "U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, The 1970 Survey of Outdoor Recreation Activities, Preliminary Report, February, 1972, p.8. 51 TABLE 15.- User Days of High Quarter Participation by Recreation Activity for 1970 and Projected for 1985 by Parish Water Activities Resource Based Swimming Non-fishinR Recreation Coastal Parishes 1970 1985 1970 1985 1970 1985 Acadia 357,656 331,460 115,535 107,100 278,562 258,225 Ascension 249,112 353,971 80,492 114,374 194,071 275,763 Assumption 131,575 146,656 42,514 47,387 102,504 114,253 Calcasieu 1,006,531 1,254,711 325,226 405,417 784,143 977,488 Cameron 56,086 60,401 18,122 19,516 43,694 47,055 E. Baton Rouge 1,978,782 2,603,037 639,376 841,083 1,541,580 2,027,908 Evangeline 219,123 197,919 70,802 63,951 170,708 154,190 Iberia 389,511 402,791 125,857 130,098 303,451 313,674 Iberville 209,272 198,177 67,619 64,034 163,035 154,391 Jefferson 2,307,759 3,690,107 745,675 1,192,333 1,797,871 2,874,796 Jefferson Davis 203,893 175,956 65,881 56,854 158,844 137,079 Lafayette 753,223 1,027,500 243,378 332,002 586,802 800,479 Lafourche 462,949 556,008 149,586 179,655 360,662 433,161 Livingston 248,539 376,866 80,307 121,771 193,626 293,599 Orleans 4,162,608 4,132,705 1,345,006 1,335,344 3,242,900 3,219,604 Plaquemines 169,989 194,912 54,926 62,979 132,431 151,847 Pointe Coupee 150,876 134,934 48,751 43,599 117,540 105,121 St. Bernard 353,274 716,790 114,148 231,606 275,220 558,418 St. Charles 199,219 304,892 64,371 98,516 155,202 237,528 St. James 133,008 133,556 42,977 43,154 103,621 104,048 St. John 160,045 229,693 51,713 74,218 124,684 178,944 St. Landry 550,535 494,136 177,886 159,663 428,897 384,959 St. Martin 219,208 229,795 70,830 74,250 170,776 179,023 St. Mary 406,228 518,557 131,259 167,554 316,474 403,985 St. Tammany 438,222 997,644 141,596 322,355 341,399 777,219 Tangipahoa 455,432 486,353 147,157 157,148 354,806 378,895 Terrebonne 509,608 631,278 164,662 203,976 397,012 491,800 Vermilion 297,728 297,242 96,201 96,044 231,946 231,568 W.Baton Rouge 112,940 135,161 36,493 43,673 87,986 105,298 Coastal 16,971,142 21,013,207 5,483,651 6,789,707 13,221,451 16,370,442 Noncoastal 8,201,862 8,050,947 2,650,155 2,601,392 6,389,701 6,272,130 State 25,173,004 29,064,154 8,133,806 9,391,099 19,611,152 22,642,572 (continued) TABLE 15.-(continued) Walking and Playing Watching Picnicking Outdoor Games Outdoor Events Camping Coastal Parishes 1970 19RI 1970 1985 1970 1985 1970 1985 Acadia 273,539 253,569 513,286 475,812 402,774 373,368 61,192 56,725 Ascension 190,572 270,790 357,601 508,127 280,608 398,726 42,632 60,577 Assumption 100,656 112,193 188,877 210,525 148,211 165,199 22,517 25,098 Calcasieu 770,002 959,862 1,444,879 1,801,143 1,133,793 1,413,352 172,254 214,727 Cameron 42,906 46,207 80,512 86,705 63,178 68,037 9,598 10,337 E. Baton Rouge 1,513,781 1,991,340 2,840,550 3,736,671 2,228,973 2,932,156 338,642 445,475 Evangeline 167,630 151,409 314,551 284,113 246,828 222,943 37,499 33,871 Iberia 297,978 308,018 559,145 577,983 438,760 453,542 66,660 68,905 Iberville 160,095 151,607 300,411 284,484 235,732 223,234 35,814 33,915 Jefferson 1,765,450 2,822,955 3,312,799 5,297,165 2,599,545 4,156,672 394,942 631,513 Jefferson Davis 155,980 134,607 292,690 252,585 229,673 198,203 34,894 30,112 Lafayette 576,220 786,044 1,081,254 1,474,980 848,457 1,157,413 128,904 175,843 Lafourche 354,159 425,350 664,565 798,152 521,482 626,308 79,227 95,153 Livingston 190,135 288,305 356,780 540,992 279,964 424,515 42,534 64,496 Orleans 3,184,422 3,161,546 5,975,442 5,932,517 4,688,915 4,655,231 712,375 707,257 Plaquemines 130 043 149,109 244,020 279,797 191,482 219,556 29,091 33,357 Pointe Coupee 115 421 103 226 216,583 193,699 169,953 151,995 25,820 23,092 St. Bernard 270,257 548,349 507,126 1,028,955 397,941 807,418 60,458 122,669 St. Charles 152,404 233,245 285,979 437,674 224,407 343,442 34,094 52,178 St. James 101,752 102 171 190,934 191,721 149,825 150,443 22,763 22,856 St. John 122,436 175 717 229,746 329,725 180,281 258,735 27,390 39,309 St. Landry 421,163 378,017 790,296 709,334 620,143 556,613 94,217 84,565 St. Martin 167,696 175,795 314,675 329,872 246,925 258,849 37,515 39,326 St. Mary 310,767 396,700 583,142 744,391 457,590 584,122 69,520 88,744 St. Tammany 335,242 763,204 629,069 1,432,122 493,629 1,123,783 74,996 170,733 Tangipahoa 348,408 372,063 653,774 698,161 513,015 547,845 77,941 83,233 Terrebonne 389,853 482,932 731,544 906,203 574,041 711,095 87,213 108,035 Vermilion 227,764 227,392 427,390 426,693 335,372 334,825 50,952 50,869 W. Baton Rouge 86,400 103,399 162,126 194,025 127,220 152,251 19,328 23,131 Coastal 11,530 14,277,172 24,362,149 30,164,552 19,116,918 23,670,049 2,904,385 3,596,130 Noncoastal 5,572 5,470,120 11,773,810 11,557,170 9,238,879 9,068,883 1,403,639 1,377,812 State 17,103,497 19,747,292 36,135,959 41,721,722 28,355,797 32,738,932 4,308,024 4,973,942 *Summer period is high quarter for all activities except hunting. Source: Roger Burford and Sylvia G. Murzyn, Population Projections by Age, Race and Sex, for Louisiana and Its Parishes 1970-1985. (Occasional Paper No. 10), Div. of Research, College of Business Administration, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, June, 1972; State of Louisiana Outdoor Recreation Plan, State Parks and Recreation Commission, June, 1971. source advantages of the coast areas account for the patterns observed. This is especially true for water activities other than fishing. Since it is predicted that the state's population increase over the next 15 years will be primarily in the coastal parishes, one can expect greater demands on existing recreation facilities there and a need for the creation of new ones. For this reason, projections of future recreation needs were attempted. The future demand for outdoor recreation was calculated by multiply- ing population projections for parishes in 1985 (Table 5) by current recrea- tion participation rates as determined in the outdoor recreation survey made by the Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission in 1968.12 Since these data are 5 years old, the projections are probably a con- servative estimate of outdoor recreation needs for 1985. An overall increase in Louisiana recreation participation rates to conform to national recrea- tion patterns can be expected. The projection trendline calculated for hunting, fishing, crabbing, and crawfishing, in terms of user days, for the period from 1970 to 1985 is shown in Figure 19. An upward trend is projected for the coastal zone, while a decline is projected for the noncoastal area in terms of user days. Projections for water activities such as motor boating, water skiing, canoeing, and sailing also show an expected steady increase in user days in the coastal zone as contrasted to the noncoastal area (Table 15). Projec- tions for camping, both tent and trailer, follow a similar pattern. Projections for swimming, which include pool and beach and water skiing (Figure 20), show a dramatic increase in terms of user days from 1970 to 1985 for the coastal zone. This jump in participation apparently will not be experienced in the remainder of the state. These projections of user days for various forms of outdoor recreation point to a serious need for program development in Louisiana. This growing need is basically a function of growing population. Since popula- tion growth in Louisiana is taking place mainly in the coastal parishes, the need for recreation planning seems to be more critical there. In concluding this section, certain observations are in order. The first is that Louisiana faces a great and inescapable challenge to develop more outdoor recreation facilities. Part of the challenge is to plan this develop- ment in such a way as to ensure the protection of both natural beauty and environmental quality. The current use of overcrowded swimming pools and undeveloped streams, lakes, reservoirs, and beaches results in conditions which discourage proper utilization of available resources.'3 12Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1970-1975, June, 1971, p.4.4. l3For a more extensive discussion of recreation activities in Louisiana and recommendations for actions by state government, see Llouisiana Wetlands PIros- pectuts, Louisiana Advisory Commission on Coastal and Marine Resources, September 1973, Chapter 6, Section 3, pp. VI-19 to VI-45. 54 User Days 18,000,000 COASTAL 12,000,000 6,0009000 ; NONCOASTAL ' I Years 1970 1980 1985 Figure 19,-Resource-based recreation projections for Louisiana hunting, fishing, crabbing, and crawfishing in the coastal and noncoastal areas from 1970 to 1985. Source: State of Louisiana Outdoor Recreation Plan, State Parks and Recreation Commission, June, 1971. In addition, many areas suitable for recreation activities are either in- accessible or lack such facilities as boat launching ramps, rental boats, or fishing piers. The amount of water presently suitable for recreation but in- accessible in the two areas of the state is delineated in Table 16. All in all, outdoor recreation activity appears to be one of the great op- portunities for those charged with developing the natural resources of the state and its coastal zone. 55 User Days 22,500,000 COASTAL 15,000,000 7,500,000 - NONCOASTAL Year 1970 1980 1985 Figure 20-Recreation projections for number of user days of swim- ming (pool and beach) in the coastal and noncoastal areas of Louisiana from 1970 to 1985. Source: Table 11, State of Louisiana Outdoor Recreation Plan, State Parks and Recreation Commission, June, 1971. 56 TABLE 16.-Accessible and Inaccessible Water Acreage in Louisiana Suitable for Recreaion Suitable Accessible Inaccessible Percent Suitable Region Water Water Suitable Water Now Water Inaccessible Coastal 1,296,380 82,836 1,213,544 93.6 Noncoastal 317,395 91,572 225,823 71.1 State 1,613,775 174,408 1,439,367 89.2 Source: Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission, Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1970-75, June, 1971, p. 4.4. Summary and Conclusions Louisiana's coastal zone, in comparison with the noncoastal area, is densely populated, has more major population centers, and has a larger percentage of the population living in urban areas. Population growth rates are higher in the coastal zone than in the noncoastal area, which is a reflection of more births than deaths rather than high in-migration. The fact that the population in the coastal zone is younger will no doubt affect birth rates in future years. Culturally the coastal zone is predominant- ly French-Catholic while the noncoastal area is mainly non-French and Protestant. The economy of Louisiana has a broad base. Mining, contract construc- tion, and farming and farm-related industries produce a large percentage of the state's gross product. Although the number of acres of land in farming and the number of farms in the state have declined, over one-third of the land area in the coastal zone is still in agricultural production. The number of farms has declined in both the coastal and noncoastal areas, while the average farm size in both regions has increased. Commercial fishing in the coastal zone provides many jobs and is an economic base not found in the remainder of the state. Mineral production, which pro- vides a large share of the gross state product, is also primarily located in the coastal zone. It is logical to expect the demand for improved and additional recrea- tion facilities in Louisiana to increase during the next 20 years because of the growing population. Projections of user days for swimming, hunting and fishing, camping, and water-related activities such as boating and skiing, indicate that demand for these activities in the coastal zone will rise rapidly over the next 10 years while the noncoastal areas will experi- ence a decline in these types of recreation. Fishing and hunting are more 57 popular in Louisiana than in the rest of the nation and considerably more than half of the resident fishing licenses sold in Louisiana (luring 1970) were sold in the coastal zone. The coastal zone also leads the rest of Louisiana in the number of hunting licenses sold, other than big game licenses. Future trends are implicit in the patterns now in evidence in Louisiana. In particular. the coastal zone is going to continue to be the area of greater population growth, as it has been in the past. This highlights the central dilemma of planning for the increasingly intense confrontation between man and a rather fragile coastal zone ecosystem, a confrontation evident in population growth trends, urbanization, industrialization, and increasing demands for recreation resources. Equally important from the perspective of wetland management is the fact that the coastal zone overlaps closely the area of French-Catholic Louisiana. Educational programs designed to make the whole state aware of land-use problems must be designed with this socio-cultural dichotomy in mind. The political ramifications of this cultural characteristic are also important. This information is presented in the hope that it will be useful to planners concerned with the development of the coastal zone and the state. 58