[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]










                                        TOWARD A MANAGEMENT PLAN
                                                   FOR INDIANA                     pS SHORELINE
                                                                     ON LAKE MI-CHIGAN








                          ON a










                                                                       -Vol%
                                                              *4 @@4-1 ft4t


       HT393
        16
       T 6                                                                                  VOLUME 2
       1993
       v. 2















          THE INDIANA LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE: STATE OF KNOWLEDGE



          Paul i. DuBowy and Joseph T. O'Leary
          Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
          Purdue University
          West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
          (317) 494-3565



          EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

               This study was commissioned by the Northwestern Indiana
          Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC) as a means to survey and
          compile what currently is known about the Indiana portion of the
          Lake Michigan shoreline. The study was divided into four
          sections: environmental (including water quality), hydrological
          (including shoreline processes), recreational (including marina
          development), and socioeconomic (including municipal and
          industrial plans). Starting on page 4 there are eight annotated
          bibliographies containing 597 references. The first four
          bibliographies detail literature on the four principal sections
          (environment, hydrology, recreation, and socioeconomic) listed
          above as they relate to the Indiana portion of the LakQ Michigan
          shoreline, including adjacent nearshore areas within the southern
          Lake Michigan basin. There is duplication among these four
          bibliographies; this was intentional. Many papers are cross-
          referenced in more than one bibliography due to their
          multidimensionality. For example, there is much duplication
          between the environmental and hydrological bibliographies as well
          as between the recreational and socioeconomic reference lists.
          The fifth through eighth bibliographies contain references which
          pertain to Lake Michigan or its surrounding environment but not
          directly to either Indiana or southern Lake Michigan. These are
          included as four appendices (beginning on page 91). A Table of
          Contents is provided immediately after this Executive summary on
          page 3.


          1. Environmental Concerns

               Environmental concerns in the Lake Michigan basin include
          water quality, erosion and sedimentation, various organismal
          inventories, and preservation or conservation topics. Twenty-two
          papers involve aspects of water quality, lake levels, water flow,
          or sedimentation. An additional eleven papers deal with erosion,
          soil, or beach and shoreline processes. Fourteen papers deal
          with plants, vegetation, or succession, especially in dune areas.
          Seven papers are studies of benthos, zooplankton or
          phytoplankton; and another five are on fish or amphibians.
          Inventories of endangered plants and animals have taken place
          within the IDNLS (Breden, 1989). offshore, numerous studies of
                     3Ltio
                        ps and migration have been conducted (Brandt, et
          6s9eRaR_4_m1e'nt o commerce
          ROAA C             o Center
          2234 S"Quci-     Ivenue
          Charleston, SC 29405-2413











          al. 1989). Studies of plant succession have been conducted,
          especially with dune ecosystems; some of these studies represent
          some of the pioneering research on plant ecology (Cowles, 1899).
          Additional studies have dealt with plant succession on man-made
          dunes and beach nourishment projects (Davis and wood, 1979).
          Several projects have examined phytoplankton growth and changes
          in distribution.

               Fifteen papers are concerned with preservation,
          conservation, restoration, community ecology or environmental
          effects on shoreline habitats and ecosystems. An additional
          thirteen papers deal with wetlands, resource inventories, past or
          present research, pollution (in general), and development
          feasibility. The impact of human population growth on the lake
          region environment also has been studied. Current state,
          federal, and corporate energy policies which may affect energy
          growth in the coastal zone have been reviewed. A scenario of
          growth in regional electricity need and state policy alternatives
          to meet future energy needs have been developed (center for Urban
          and Regional Analysis, 1979). Both the development of additional
          marinas and the effects of the boats, themselves, have been
          addressed (Chmura and Ross, 1978; Mills, et al., 1991).


          2. Hydrologic,@ti Concerns

               Twenty-two papers deal with the Lake Michigan shoreline or
          erosion. Twenty papers are concerned with monitoring or
          management of the shoreline, or environmental action plans.
          Sixteen papers deal with water quality or lake level fluctuations
          and effects. An additional twenty-three papers deal with
          topography or geology, development plans and effects, soil
          development, environmental impact, water resources, or harbor
          status.



          3. Recreational Concerns

               Twenty-nine papers deal with marina development and economic
          impacts, boating, and analysis of need. An additional eleven
          papers deal with recreation including sportfishing. Nine papers
          also deal with various topics such as harbor dredging, effects of
          water levels and shoreline conditions on recreation, wetlands
          protection, and development practices.

               Boating and sportfishing are major pursuits of many people
          who use Lake Michigan for recreation. A comprehensive review of
          boating in Indiana has been compiled by Piechota, et al. (1989),
          and a detailed review of marinasand fishing along Lake Michigan
          has been conducted by Mills, et al. (1991). Bartholomew, et al.
          (1981) estimated the total impact of Michigan City marinas and
          boat launching facilities. Absher, et al. (1987) have developed
          profiles for various segments of southern Lake Michigan anglers.
          IDNR studied the feasibility of constructing fishing piers or



                                        5-2










          modifying existing breakwater facilities to accommodate shoreline
          fisherman.



          4. Socioeconomic Concerns

               Thirty-four papers deal with shoreline development or
          economic impacts and analysis. An additional twenty-three papers
          deal with coastal policy and management, research/projects,
          energy demand and facilities, demographics (social parameters),
          and coastal resources.

               Comprehensive plans have been developed for several
          lakeshore communities. Most of these plans revolve around marina
          development and the economic impact thereof. NIRPC has developed
          an inventory of socioeconomic characteristics and conditions
          along Indiana's coastal zone, including population trends,
          population characteristics, personal and family finance, and
          employment (Tech. Rept. 102), as well as an inventory of plans,
          projects, and programs (Tech. Rept. 103).

               In 1984, Thurow, et al, developed an analysis of the
          relationship between the availability of Great Lakes water and
          future economic growth.



          ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


               The authors are grateful to E. Clark and G. Bolen for their
          valuable assistance in the collection of literature for this
          project. This is a report of the.Indiana Agricultural Experiment
          Station.




























                                      5-3

















                                 ENVIRONMENT



     1. Bowles, Marlin L.; DeMauro, Marcella M.; Pavlovic, Noel;
         Hiebert, Ronald D. Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on
         Endangered and Threatened Plants at the Indiana Dunes
         National Lakeshore. Natural Areas Journal; October 1990;
         10(4): 187.

     2. Bowles, Marlin L.; Hess, William J.; DeMauro, Marcella M.;
         Hiebert, Ronald D. Endangered Plant Inventory and Monitoring
         Strategies at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Natural Areas
         Journal; January 1986; 6(1): 18.

     3. Brannon, James M.; Gunnison, Douglas; Averett, Daniel E.;
         Martin, James L.; Chen, Rex L.; Athow, Robert F. Jr. Analysis
         of Impacts of Bottom Sediments from Grand Calumet River and
         Indiana Harbor Canal on Water Quality. U.S. Army Eng.
         Waterways Exp. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi: U.S. Army
         Corps of Engineers; Feb. 1989; Dredging operations Tech.
         Support Program. Misc. Paper EL-89-1. Final Report.
         Nc*- v4r,@% City.

     4. Breden, F. Natural History and Ecology of Fowler's Toad, Bufo
         woodhousei fowleri (Amphibia: Bufonidae), in the Indiana
         Dunes National Lakeshore. Fieldiana Zoology; 1988; 49: 16 pp.
         Population size was estimated as 1814 adults, with only 150
         egg masses laid in spring 1981 producing free swimming
         larvae. Relatively more dispersal from the natal areas
         occurred at the prereproductive juvenile stage than during
         the older age classes. While a strong male-biased sex ratio
         was observed in the breeding aggregations, the actual
         population sex ratio was not biased toward either sex.
         Females grew more quickly and attained a larger adult size
         than males, but became sexually mature at the same age, 2 yr
         after metamorphosis. Life table calculations showed a Type
         III survivorship curve, with <0.1% of all eggs surviving to
         age of first reproduction. Given the restriction of breeding
         areas of this species by specific habitat requirements and
         the intense utilization of the dunes area by humans, local
         extinctions of this species could be expected to be permanent
         events.















                                       5-4













      5. Chang, W.Y.B.; Rossmann, R. Changes in the Abundance of Blue-
           green Algae Related to Nutrient Loadings in the Nearshore of
           Lake Michigan. Hydrobiologia; Jan. 1988; 157(3): 271-278.
           Nutrient loadings to the nearshore of southeastern Lake
           Michigan have undergone a remarkable reduction. This
           reduction can affect the nutrient supply and result in
           biological changes. changes in phytoplankton community,
           particularly the blue-green algae, can be related to nutrient
           changes. After thermal stratification, sudden increases in
           the blue-green algae population were significantly correlated
           to soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations. Phosphorus-
           stimulated low dissolved silica and phosphorus limitations
           after stratification appear to be primary factors
           contributing to the success of these algae.

      6. Cohen, D.A.; Shedlock, R.J. Shallow Ground-water Flow, Water
           Levels, and Quality of Water, 1980-84, Cowles unit, Indiana
           Dunes National Lakeshore; 1986; USGS Water-Resources Invest.
           Rept. 85-4340.
           Note: Mich. City.
           Water levels and water quality were monitored near settling
           ponds on r'jacent ind11!='-r-i;;1 n-rnperty. Since the settling
           ponds were sealed in 1980, the water table has been reduced,
           and concentration of boron has decreased.

      7. Cole, K.L. Paleoecological Studies of Plant Succession and
           Settlement Impacts on Dune Forests at Indiana and Sleeping
           Bear Dunes. 32nd Conf. on Great Lakes Research; May 30-June
           2, 1989; Madison, WI. Buffalo, NY: Int. Assoc. for Great
           Lakes Research; 1989; in 32nd Conference on Great Lakes
           Research: 38 (summary only).
           The last several thousand years of vegetation and fire
           history of Great Lakes dune forests was studied using pollen
           and charcoal analysis of sediment cores from Sleeping Bear
           and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshores. Successional trends
           were evident for terrestrial plant taxa along dune
           chronosequences. However, the rates of vegetational change
           associated with settlement greatly exceeded natural rates in
           all areas studied. Some remote areas in Michigan seem to
           have recovered from lumbering to support presettlement type
           plant communities on the dunes. Dune communities in the more
           impacted areas of Indiana continue to diverge from
           presettlement conditions.









                                          5-5













     8. Cole, Kenneth L. Historical Impacts on communities in
         Disequilibrium. Cole, Kenneth L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood,
         James D. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
         Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana
         University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications
         Office
         75 Spring Street, S.W.
         Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Department of the Interior,
         National Park Service; 1987: 3-17.
         Information from historical photos, presettlement land
         surveys, and fossil pollen demonstrates that large changes in
         vegetation have occurred along the southern shore of Lake
         Michigan since 1850 A.D. These changes were caused by:
         lumbering, land clearance, drainage of wetlands, changes in
         fire frequency, introduction of exotics, pollution, and
         @hanges in weather, but discrimination among these variables
         is difficult. The largest changes have occurred in
         communities (or species) that are near the limits of their
         spatial or temporal distribution, such as white pine forest
         and prairie. These communities now persist relictually in
         undisturbed sites and are in disequilibrium with modern
         conditions. Their survival     based upor the i-*ia of
         vegetation; they are supported only by the large number of
         propagules produced during infrequent favorable years and are
         incapapble of re-invasion of disturbed areas.

     9. Cowles, H. C. The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on
         the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan. Bot. Gaz.; 1899; 27: 95-117,
         167-202, 281-308, 361-391.

     10. Crawford, C.G.; Wangsness, D.J. Streamflow and Water Quality
         of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County, Indiana, and Coole
         County, Illinois, October 1984. in: U.S. Geological Survey,
         Water-Resources Investigations Report. Indianapolis, IN;
         1987; Rep. 86-4208.
         Note: 137 pp.

     11. Cushman, J.H.; Cockerill, S.E.; Purdue University. Water
         Resources Professionals in Indiana: A Directory; Feb. 1988;
         NTIS Order No.: PB88-195888/GAR: 78 pp.
         Note: Water Resources Research Center: Grant DI-14-08-0001-G-
         1421: Sponsered by Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
         The Indiana Water Resources Research Center has published the
         directory to identify and encourage communication among
         researchers and organizations involved with preserving,
         protecting, and improving Indiana's water resources. The
         directory may be of use to members of the water research
         community as well as to members of public agencies and
         private organizations in the water resources area.




                                      5-6













      12. Davenport, R.; Spacie, A. Acute Phototoxicity of Harbor and
          Tributary Sediments from Lower Lake Michigan. Journal of
          Great Lakes Research; 1991; 17(l): 51-56.

      13. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. Vegetative Establishment on an
          Artificial Beach. Proc. 2nd Conf. on Scientific Research in
          the National Parks; 1979: pp. 304-316.
          Establishment of vegetation on the duned Lake Michigan
          coastline of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore has not
          proceeded as expected, following placement of artificial
          beach nourishment. This nourishment was placed to mitigate
          severe erosion of the dunes and total denuding of the beach
          by a combination of recent high lake levels and storm events.
          The beach fill, composed of glacial till, had a positive
          influence in controlling coastal erosion, due to an
          unexpected cementation of the material, which made it highly
          resistant to wind and wave erosion. However, this induration
          adversely affected the expected vegetative establishment
          sequence. Lack of a loose surface material, needed by
          pioneer vegetation to successfully be introduced, prevented
          the immediate start of sand capturing grasses. Only
                    plants, well adapted to hard soil env`-onments,
          first invaded this artificially stabilized beach    These
          wasteland plants dominated the fill for several years, with
          almost no new dune forming activity. The eventual appearance
          of a few isolated pioneer grasses on the consolidated fill
          finally initiated embryonic dune growth. These dunes rapidly
          expanded horizontally, aided by vegetative stabilization,
          while continuing sand capture allowed vertical growth of the
          dunes. Presently these dune structures have matured beyond
          the pioneer plant stage, evidenced by the presence of
          secondary plants, adding to the diversity of species and
          consequently to the biological stability of the new dune
          system. The unnourished areas adjacent to the fill exhibited
          a totally different influence of this artificial beach on
          vegetative establishment.

      14. De Cooke, B.G. Draft Report on United States Inundation and
          Erosion Stage Damage Relationships; 1991.
          Noteg Mich. City.
          Reach 7006 (Gary, Ind. - South Haven, MI.) noted as having a
          high erosion level. Indicated erosion damage of $15,155,467
          for 1985-87.














                                        5-7













     15.  Dolske, Donald A.; Sievering, Herman. Trace Element Loading
          of Southern Lake Michigan by Dry Deposition of Atmospheric
          Aerosol. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 1979; 12: 485-502.
          Aerosol samples and meteorological data were collected at a
          mid-southern Lake Michigan site from May through September
          1977. Hi-volume samplers with cellulose fiber filters and a
          digital meteorological data recording system were operated on
          board the U.S. EPA's R/V Roger R. Simons during four
          intensive sampling periods. Aerosol samples were analyzed by
          atomic absorption spectroscopy for seventeen trace elements.
          A diabatic drag coefficient method was used to determine
          aerosol deposition velocity overlake. By relating the
          observed trace element concentrations and deposition velocity
          to a long-term climatological record, annual dry deposition
          loadings to the southern basin for nine elements were
          estimated. For four elements, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn, dry
          deposition loadings to the southern basin alone of at least
          500, 30, 250, and 100 (xIs 10 to the third kg per year) were
          found. For Fe and Mn, these loadings represent about 15% of
          the total of all inputs to Lake Michigan. For Zn and Pb,
          about one-third to one-half of the annual loading from all
          sourc .- is from d-1 rl-n-iti.on of atmospheric aerosol.

      16. Eadie, B.J.; Chambers, R.L.; Gardner, W.S.; Bell, G.L.
          Sediment Trap Studies in Lake Michigan Resuspension and
          Chemical Fluxes in the Southern Basin. J. Great Lakes Res.;
          1984; 10(3): 307-321; ISSN: 0380-1330.
          The results of 4 years (1977-80) of sediment trap sample
          collection in the southeastern region of Lake Michigan are
          summarized and compared with water column and sediment
          characteristics. Mass flux data indicate strong seasonal
          patterns, with maximum fluxes recorded during the
          @nstratified period. The large amount of winter resuspension
          is a mechanism which provides an intimate coupling of recent
          sediments and the water column. Also these trap study
          results indicate that there is a near-bottom (10-m-thick)
          benthic nepheloid layer whose chemical composition approaches
          that of deep water (fine grain) sediments. The amount of
          resuspended NaOH extractable phosphorus injected into the
          euphotic zone is estimated as approximately equal to the load
          of new phosphorus entering southern Lake Michigan. The role
          of resuspension in the cycling of organic carbon and
          contaminants associated with it appears to be important.









                                         5-8













     17. Edgington, David N.; Robbins, John A. Records of Lead
         Deposition in Lake Michigan Sediments Since 1800.
         Environmental Science and Technology; 1976; 10(l): 266.
         The distribution of stable lead has been determined in
         several Lake Michigan cores that have been dated using the Pb
         technique. A mathematical model, based on records of
         national and regional fuel use, is developed that accounts
         for the effect of aquatic residence time, processes of
         sedimentation, compaction, postdepositional redistribution of
         sediment solids, and the effect of finite core sectioning.
         The model gives an excellent quantitative description of the
         data, indicating that the lead profiles reflect the history
         of lead input from the burning of coal and leaded gasoline
         since about 1830 and 1920, respectively. The model is
         applied to obtain the sedimentation and lead deposition rates
         from the stable lead distributions in undated sediment cores
         measured previously by others. The 1972 anthropogenic lead
         flux into the southern basin of the lake is determined to be
         1.3 ug cm(-2) per year in comparison to the natural
         (precultural) flux of about 0.16 ug cm(-2) per year. The
         anthropogenic lead deposited in the southern basin in 1972 is
         estimated to be about 24r metric tons as nonnared with an
         estimate of about 230 metric tons from air pollution fallout
         originating in the Chicago-Gary urban-industrial area. The
         measurement of both lead and lead-210 fluxes in the same core
         may allow contributions of atmospheric lead to be
         distinguished from terrigenous pollution inputs.

     18. Engel, J. R. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the
         Indiana Dunes. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press; 1983.
         Note: 268 pp.

     19. Engel, J. Ronald. Social Democracy, the Roots of Ecology, and
         the Preservation of the Indiana Dunes. Journal of Forest
         History; January 1984; 28(l): 4.

     20. Environmental Assessment (For City of Portage Port
         Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
         the Burns Waterway System. Chicago, Illinois: Howard Tammen
         Needles & Bergendoff; Sept. 1991.
         Note: reprint.
         The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
         of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
         socio-economic and physical environment. Special attention
         was focused on wetlands, water quality and impacts on the
         waterway system.








                                       5-9













      21. Erwin, Tanya Lee. Indiana Dunes: Another Border to Defend.
          National Parks and Conservation Magazine; October 1977;
          51(10): 4.

      22. Evans, M.S. The Morphology of Daphnia pulicaria, a Species
          Newly Dominating the offshore Southeastern Lake Michigan
          Summer Daphnid Community. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.; July
          1985; 104(3): 223-231.

      23. Evans, M.S. Recent Major Declines in Zooplankton Populations
          in the Inshore Region of Lake Michigan: Probable Causes and
          Implications. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Jan. 1986; 43(l):
          154-159; ISSN: 0706-652X.
          Summer zooplankton communities in the inshore region of
          southeastern Lake Michigan were dominated by small species
          during the 1970s, suggesting that size-selective fish
          predation pressures were intense. Abundances of alewife
          (Alosa pseudoharengus), the dominant planktivore in the
          1970s, declined in recent years, especially over 1982-94,
          suggesting that predatory pressures had intensified.
          Concurrent with the alewife population decrease was a major
          4n.-ase in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) bundances.

      24. Evans, M.S.; Jude, D.J. Recent Shifts in Daphnia Community
          Structure in Southeastern Lake Michigan: A Comparison of the
          Inshore and Offshore Regions. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Jan. 1986;
          31(l): 56-67.

      25. Foland, Steve. A Lush Valley Assured. Soil Conservation;
          November 1979; 45(4): 20.

      26. Franklin, Kay; Scaeffer, Norma. Industry, a Nuke, Even People
          Threaten the Indiana Dunes. Planning; April-May 1978; 44(4):
          34.

      27. Futyma, R. P. Paleobotanical Studies at Indiana Dunes
          National Lakeshore. Porter, Indiana: National Park Service;
          1985.


      28. Gardner, W.S.; Eadie, B.J.; Chandler, J.F.; Parrish, C.C;
          Malczyk, J.M. Mass Flux and "Nutritional Composition" of
          Settling Epilimnetic Particles in Lake Michigan. Can. J.
          Fish. Aquat. Sci; July 1989; 46(7): 1118-1124; ISSN: 0706-
          652X.
          A series of sediment-trap samples, collected at a 30-m depth
          in southeastern Lake Michigan, was analyzed to evaluate the
          seasonal flux and nutritional value of settling epilimnetic
          particles as potential food for benthic organisms. Flux was
          highest in the spring (due in part to resuspension), lowest





                                       5-10'












         in the summer during stratification, and intermediate during
         autumn months.

     29. Gatz, Donald F. Pollutant Aerosol Deposition into Southern
         Lake Michigan. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 1975; 5(2):
         239.
         Current estimates of pollutant aerosol input to southern Lake
         Michigan are based on a single calculated emission inventory
         and various estimates of the fraction of emissions that enter
         the Lake. Alternative, but still crude, estimates of urban
         elemental emissions and their wet and dry deposition in the
         lake are made here. Observed elemental concentrations in
         urban air are used to calculate emissions and recently
         measured wet and dry deposition parameters are used to
         calculate deposition. All available treatments conclude that
         atmospheric inputs of at least Fe, Pb, Ti, and V are sizable
         fractions of total lake input of these metals. This study
         suggests tentatively that 1) wet and dry inputs from the
         atmosphere are about equal, 2) between 3 and 15% of elemental
         pollutant emissions from Chicago and NW Indiana enter the
         Lake, and 3) this fraction increases with particle size.

     30. Gillies, Daniel C.; Lapham, Wayne W. Reassessment of the
         Effects of Construction Dewatering on Ground-water Level in
         the Cowles Unit, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana.
         Supplement to Geological Survey Water-Resources
         Investigations 78-138: U.S. Geological Survey; open File
         Report 80-1105.
         Note: Mich. City.
         A revision for the dewatering plan for the construction of a
         nuclear power plant at the Northern Indiana Public Service
         Company's (NIPSCO) Bailly Generating Station. This
         reassessment of the effects of dewatering and construction
         gives light to evidence suggesting the presence of a lateral
         variation in the hydraulic characteristics of the confining
         unit separating the unconfined sand aquifer and the confined
         sand aquifer in and near Cowles Bog National Landmark.

     31. Glatfelter, D.R.; Thompson, R.E.; Neil, G.E. (Geological
         surv., Indianapolis, IN. Water Resources Div.). Water
         Resources Data for Indiana, Water year 1986; Sep. 1986; NTIS
         Order No.: PB88-165808/GAR. USGS/WDR/IN-86/1.

     32. Governor's Water Resources Study Commission. The Water
         Resources Situation in Planning Region 1A. In: Water
         Resources Planning in Indiana; November 1978.








                                       5-11













      33. Great Lakes United; Lake Michigan Federation. Cleaning up
          Lake Michigan. A Citizen's Agenda for Action. A Report from
          a Lake Michigan Regional Meeting.; April 16, 1988.
          Note: Mich. City.
          On April 16, 1988, approximately 70 leaders of conservation,
          labor, environmental and community interest groups met in
          Michigan city, Indiana. The purpose of the meeting was to
          develop an action plan for working together to clean up Lake
          Michigan in the coming years. Topics included air toxics,
          contaminated sediments, laws, action plans, pollution
          elimination, shoreline management, and recommendations.

      34. Hardy, M.A. Chemical and Biological Quality of Streams at the
          Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana, 1978-1980; 1984;
          USGS Water-Resources Investigation. 83-4208.
          Note: Mich. City-
          A variety of land uses affects the water quality of streams
          at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.

      35. Harrison, W.; McCown, D.L.; Raphaelian, L.A.; Saunders, K.D.,
          Energy and Environmental Systems Division, Great Lakes
          Project (For: Illina_@@F institute 4@-- Environmental Quality).
          Water Resources Research Program. Pollution of coastal
          waters off Chicago by sinking plumes from the Indiana Harbor
          Canal. Argonne, Illinois 60439: Argonne National Laboratory;
          December 1977; ANL/WR-77-2-
          Note: CZM.
          On March 2, 1977, during sinking-plume conditions, a portion
          of the water of the Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC) was injected
          with samarium and rhodamine-dye tags and a section of the
          IHC's surface was covered with simulated oily waste tagged
          with dysprosium. Water samples were taken downcurrent, over
          a 54-hr period, from a vessel and from the raw-water streams
          from the intakes at Chicago's South Water Filtration Plant
          (SWFP). Bottom currents and water temperatures were measured
          almost continuously at four Lake Michigan stations located
          between the IHC and the SWFP.

      36. Henderson, Norman R. The Role of Fire in Succession in the
          Sand Dune Plant Communities of Lake Michigan. Cole, Kenneth
          L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James D. First Indiana Dunes
          Research Conference. Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3,
          1986; Indiana University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific
          Publications Office, 75 Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia
          30303: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service;
          1987: 34.
          Past research on plant succession on the sand dunes of Lake
          Michigan has been unable to adequately explain the apparent
          successional stagnation of the communities on the southern





                                         5-12













          dunes. Analysis of the contemporary and presettlement
          species composition within the southern and southeastern
          dunes (16 km apart) indicates that the plant communities
          were, and still are, vastly different. Those in the southern
          dunes are mostly early successional (mostly oaks) while those
          in the southeastern dunes are composed of later successional
          species (beech and maple). The climate and soil
          characterisitics, however, are similiar between the two
          areas. Fire is known to have been a potent ecological force
          in the midwest ecosystems. By including it as a major
          ecological force in the plant communities of the dunes, the
          vast differences in species composition and successional
          trends can be explained. With this force included, the
          original dune successional model, proposed by H. C. Cowles at
          the turn of the century, becomes useful.

      37. Hiebert, Ronald D. An Ecological Restoration Model:
          Application to Razed Residential Sites. Natural Areas
          Journal; October 1990; 10(4): 181.

      38. Hiebert, Ronald D.; Pavlovic, Noel B. Role of Past Land Use
          on Succession at the Indiana Dunes; Impl.'!,iations for
          Management. Cole, Kenneth L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James
          D. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
          Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana
          University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications
          Office
          75 Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Dept. of
          the Interior, National Park Service; 1987: 47.
          Studies of plant succession in old residential sites have
          shown that this type of man-caused disturbance can
          significantly affect succession rates and potentially affect
          species composition of a site for at least a century. Past
          land use (drive, garden, building site, lawn) was mapped for
          thirty old residential sites, ranging from 3 yr - 11 yr old,
          using historical aerial photos and ground surveys.
          Vegetation and soils were sampled for each past land use at
          each site. Vegetation composition richness, and estimated
          biomass varied significantly among past land uses.
          @imilarity in species composition was less in 9 yr old than
          in 3 yr old sites. Biomass was significantly different among
          past land uses for 3 yr old sites but not 9 yr old sites.
          These trends are most likely the result of substrate changes
          caused by the past land uses. Soil chemistry and compaction
          differed significantly among past land uses, although
          differences decreased with time. In spite of a convergence
          in substrate characteristics over time, the vegetation
          appears to be diverging.   These results, along with the
          results of other studies and ecological theory are applied





                                       5-13







          towards formulation of management prescriptions to en"courage
          succession towards the vegetation of the surrounding
          communities.

     39.  Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wilcox, Douglas A.; Pavlovic, Noel B.
          Vegetation Patterns In and Among Pannes (Calcareous
          Intradunal Ponds) at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
          Indiana. American Midland Naturalist; October 1986; 116(2):
          276,
          The relationships between plant species composition and
          dispersion, water chemistry and water depth/depth to water
          table were studied in five calcareous intradunal ponds
          (pannes) bordering the southern tip of Lake Michigan. The
          panne systems contained eight plant species threatened and
          endangered in Indiana. The aquatic zone was dominated by
          Chara, the pond edge by Rhynchospora capillacea, Juncus
          balticus and Utricularia cornuta, and the area surrounding
          the pond by Hypericum kalmianum. The water chemistry was
          typical of hardwater ponds in the area, probably affecting
          species composition but not species dispersion within the
          pannes. A significant correlation between the first axis
          scores froT - ---i-rocal-averaging ordination and water
          depth/depth to water was demonstrated. Panne species are
          fitted to a model based on hydrology proposed by van der Laan
          for dune-slack vegetation in the Netherlands.

      40. Hill, C. L, B. J. Ryan, B. A. McGregor, and M. Rust (U.S.
          Geological Survey / U.S. Department of the Interior /
          National Park Service). our changing Landscape; Indiana Dunes
          National Lakeshore. Pree on application to the Books and
          open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal
          Center, Box 25425 Denver, CO. 80225: United States
          Government Printing Office.; 1991; U.S. Geological Survey
          Circular 1085.
          Note: reprint.
          Earth-science information provides us with estimates of
          extent and rates of change. We need this information to
          transform the challenges presented here into opportunities
          for locating new or additional land, water, and mineral
          resources; for emphasizing prevention of contamination rather
          than cleanup; and for increasing our ability to live in
          harmony with nature.

      41. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
          Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
          Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
          A review was conducted to assess the existing research
          programs of various agencies and.universities working on Lake
          Michigan.




                                       5-14













     42. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
         Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
         Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
         Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
         This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
         mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
         Michigan.

     43. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
         Bibliography-volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
         of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
         Survey; 1989b.
         A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
         Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
         geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
         management, socio-economics, and recreation.

     44. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
         Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, IIlinois:
         Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
         Geological Survey; 1989a.
         A bibliography wr,..I-:r compiled rf All 'r,-,earch literature on
         Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
         geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
         management, socio-economics, and recreation.

     45. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Coastal Zone
         Management Program. Preliminary First Year Natural Resource
         Inventory. (Draft): Indianapolis; July 1976.
         Note: CZM.
         compiles an inventory of significant natural and man-made
         coastal resources including an inventory of the existing data
         on the natural resources of the state's Lake Michigan coast,
         brief discussion papers on the problems and issues of the
         area, and an analysis of the collected data for its use in
         the Coastal Zone Management Program.

     46. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana (U.S. Department
         of the Interior / National Park service). General Management
         Plan Amendment/Development Concept Plan/Environmental
         Assessment.; Sept. 1990.
         Note: Reprint.
         The purpose of this General Management Plan Amendment/
         Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment is to
         update the 1980 General Management Plan (GMP) considering the
         full range of issues that will affect the West Unit through
         the year 2000. These managment issues include access to West
         Beach, location of the West Unit transit center and parking
         area, use of shuttle bus systems, impacts of traffic on




                                       5-15,













          adjacent communities, additional hiking and biking trails,
          boundary adjustments, and use of lands adjacent to the
          Portage/Burns Waterway and those lands between the Paul H.
          Douglas Environmental Education Center and Broadway in Gary.

     47.  Indiana Shoreline Erosion (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).
          Indiana Shoreline Erosion: Final Feasibility Report and
          Environmental Impact Statement.; June 1982.
          Note: reprint. Interim document under agency review subject
          to revision.
          This study investigated the shoreland erosion problems
          between Michigan City Harbor, Indiana and the Illinois-
          Indiana State line. As a result of the study this report
          recommends shore erosion control measures for the reach of
          shore immediately west of Michigan City Harbor.

     48.  Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (Indiana Dunes National
          Lakeshore). Land Protection Plan (Draft); 7-01-87.
          Note: Covers National Lakeshore, Lake, Porter, Laporte
          counties.
          Identification of land uses and land needs of IDNLS.

     49.  Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Natural Resources
          Inventory. Indianapolis, IN: DNR; September 1976; Technical
          Report No. 101.
          Note: CZM.
          The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program will address the
          process of the future management of the natural resources in
          the "Coastal Zone". The purpose of the Natural Resources
          Inventory is to provide the natural resource data required
          for the CZM Program. The Natural Resources Inventory:
          identifies the natural resources; describes the natural
          processes; and identifies the existing and potential resource
          problems and issues in the CZM "study area". The emphasis of
          the inventory was placed on collating and interpreting
          existing information. However, where the basic information
          was inadequate, additional studies were initiated. Natural
          resource data in the form of maps and plates are included.

     50.  Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Planning Newsletter (For
          National Park Service/Denver Service Center). NPS To Revise
          Three Lakeshore Reports.; Mar. 1991.
          Note: reprint.
          The public review and comment period for three draft national
          lakeshore reports closed on December 3, 1990. The National
          Park Service responded to many questions and received many
          comments at three public meetings. More than 600 written
          comments were received from the p   'ostage-paid comment forms;
          personal, agency, and organization letters; and interest





                                           5-16













          group form letters. This newsletter summarizes the comments
          made at the public meetings and in correspondence. Responses
          to each comment explain and clarify the NPS position. The
          National Park Service will correct errors and clarify
          ambiguous aspects of the draft documents.

      51. Indiana Department of Natural Resources (For Indiana State
          Planning Services Agency). A Priority Rating of Selected
          Wetlands in the Indiana Coastal Zone: DNR; 4-30-79; Technical
          Report No. 303.
          Note: CZM.
          Until this time, a method for rating land on a priority basis
          for future acquisition as wetland conservation areas has been
          lacking. To devise a rating system, approximately 45
          selected wetland areas within the coastal drainage area of
          Lake Michigan in Indiana were studied. The Lake Michigan
          watershed area covers approximately the northern halves of
          Porter and Lake counties and the northwest quarter of LaPorte
          County. The second purpose was to utilize this rating system
          to categorize these wetland areas by priority for possible
          future acquisition.

      52. Indiana Department of Natural Resources; and Natural Land
          Institute (For: Indiana State Planning Services Agency). An
          Inventory of Natural Areas in the Indiana Coastal Zone Study
          Area. Indianapolis, IN: DNR; April 30, 1979; Technical Report
          No. 302.
          Note: CZM.
          As part of the current study of the Indiana Lake Michigan
          coastal zone, the Natural Land Institute and the Indiana
          Department of Natural Resources, Division of Nature
          Preserves, entered into a cooperative project to study
          natural areas and habitats of endangered and threatened
          plants and animals in the coastal zone. The Natural Land
          Institute, a private non-profit conservation and research
          organization with headquarters in Rockford, Illinois, was
          required to supply the following technical information to the
          Department: 1) an inventory and evaluation of natural areas,
          2) a compilation of existing information, 3) locating and
          identifying populations of endangered and threatened plant
          species, and 4) locating and identifying endangered and
          threatened animal species. The findings of this inventory
          will provide local, State and Federal officials with the
          information they need to initiate programs to preserve the
          rapidly vanishing remnants of Indiana's natural heritage.









                                       5-17














      53. Indiana Department of Environmental Management; U.S.
          Environmental Protection Agency Region V. Northwest Indiana
          Environmental Action Plan.
          Note: Mich. City.
          The Northwest Indiana Environmental Action Plan is a
          comprehensive plan which encompasses all programmatic efforts
          into the full range of ongoing regulatory and investigative
          activities. The plan delineates resources and establishes
          agency priorities necessary to achieve realistic area-wide
          environmental results. The plan establishes basic goals for
          cleaning up known environmental problems and provides a
          comprehensive framework for identifying cumulative problems
          and implementing cross-program solutions.

      54. Jackson, S. T. Plant Macrofossil Stratigraphy of Miller Woods
          Interdunal Pond 51, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Porter,
          Indiana: National Park Service; 1985.

      55. Jackson, S.T.; Futyma, R.P; Wilcox, D.A. A Paleoecological
          Test of a Classical Hydrosere in the Lake Michigan Dunes.
          Ecology; August 1988; 69(4): 928-936.
          Aquatic vege,-t-,on varie= ;mlnnrf A e-hronosequence of dune
          ponds at Miller Woods, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The
          oldest ponds are dominated by emergent plants, especially
          Typha angustifolia. The authors conducted paleoecological
          studies at a 3,000-yr old pond to test the hypothesis that
          the modern vegetational array along the pond chronosequence
          represents a hydrarch successional sequence. Pollen and
          macrofossil data indicate a major, rapid vegetational change
          at < 150 BP, evidently in response to local human
          disturbance. Pollen data reveal that the extensive Typha
          stands in the older ponds have developed recently, following
          post-settlement disturbance. Modern vegetational differences
          along the chronosequence reflect differential effects of
          disturbance rather than autogenic hydrarch succession.

      56. Laird, G.A.; Scavia, D.; Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Strong, L.A.;
          Lang, G.A. Dynamics of Lake Michigan Phytoplankton:
          Relationship of Nitrogen and Silica Fluxes. Can. J. Fish.
          Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 45(8): 1459-1466; ISSN: 0706-652X.
          The authors describe rates of nitrogen and silica
          concentration change during May-August 1983 and 1984 in
          southeastern Lake Michigan and compare those rates with
          measured plankton processes. Epilimnetic dissolved inorganic
          nitrogen depletion, compared with total phytoplankton demand,
          suggests that about 44% of the nitrogen demand is recycled.








                                       5-18













     57. Laird, G.A.; Scavia, D.; Fahnenstial, G.L.; Strong, L.A.;
         Malczyk, J.M. (NOAA Environmental Research Labs, Ann Arbor,
         MI). Southern Lake Michigan nutrients, temperature,
         chlorophyll, plankton, and water movement during 1983 and
         1984. (Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab, Oct 1987
         NOAA-TM-ERL-GLERL-67
         NOAA TECH. MEMO; NTIS Order No. : PB88-148572/GAR).
         several biological, chemical and physical properties were
         determined in Lake Michigan for the region of the 100-m depth
         contour in the southeastern basin of Lake Michigan off Grand
         Haven, Michigan, in 1983 and 1984. The measurements are
         presented in tabular and graphical form, and a brief
         description is given of collection and preparation methods.
         The nutrient fluxes recorded for 1983 and 1984 are typical
         for oligo-mesotrophic, phosphorus-limited, temperate lakes,
         and the water movements recorded indicate that advection in
         Lake Michigan, on a lake-wide scale, is small.

     58. Lake-Porter County Regional Transportation and Planning
         Commission. Water Resources Inventory: 1970.
         Note: NRPC.
         This is the first attempt in the region to --ystRynati,cally
         collect and record all water resource information.

     59. Mac, M.J. Mortality of Lake Trout Swim-up Fry from
         Southeastern Lake Michigan: Documentation and Hepatic
         Structural Analysis. DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B-SCI. & ENG.; Jan
         1987; 47(7)g 82 pp.
         Note: Diss. Ph. D.: Order No. FADDA8623098.
         After the extinction of the lake trout (Salvelinus namavcush)
         in Lake Michigan in the mid-1950s, an attempt to bring back a
         self-sustaining population began in 1965 with extensive
         planting of hatchery-reared yearling fish. Despite the
         annual planting of nearly two-million fish, no natural
         reproduction by adult trout in the lake has been observed. A
         syndrome occured during early development when fry were
         switching from endogenous to exogenous feeding.
         Characteristic behavioral signs exhibited by afflicted fry
         included a loss of equilibrium, abnormal swimming, fish
         laying on their sides on the bottom of tanks, general
         lethargy, cessation of feeding and eventual death. The
         observed mortality and associated behavior were similar to
         that caused by DDT in the mid-1960s. To determine whether
         environmental contaminants were affecting the health of young
         lake trout, a structural examination of the liver, including
         quantitative histopathology and electron microscopy was
         conducted. The results of quantitative histopathology
         indicated that fry of lake origin had decreased glycogen,





                                      5-19













          increased vacuolation, and a decrease in mitotic activity
          when compared to healthy fry.

      60. Madenjian, C.P.; Jude, D.J.; Tesar, F.J. Intervention
          Analysis of Power Plant Impact on Fish Populations. Can. J.
          Fish. Aquat. Sci.; April 1986; 43(4): 819-829; ISSN: 0706-
          652X.
          Alewife and yellow perch abundances, estimated from monthly
          gillnet and trawl catches at two transects, were monitored
          before (1973-74) and during (1975-82) operation of the D.C.
          Cook Nuclear Power Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.
          Intervention analysis, a technique which accounts for
          autocorrelated observations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA)
          were applied to the monitoring data to assess any plant
          impact beginning in 1975. Both analyses disclosed no
          significant power plant impacts except for gillnetted yellow
          perch adults. The ANOVA indicated a significant decrease in
          abundance at the plant-discharge transect relative to the
          reference transect as plant operation began, which
          established a plant effect; intervention analysis showed no
          change. When April and May catches (months of low abundance)
          wpr-          this plant effect was insignificant.

      61. Marie, James R. (U.S. Geological Survey). Model Analysis of
          Effects on Water Levels at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
          Caused by Construction Dewatering: U.S. Dept. of the
          Interior; July 1976; Water-Resources Investigations 76-82.
          Note: Mich. City.
          Two comprehensive models were developed to investigate
          possible hydrologic effects within the Indiana Dunes National
          Lakeshore caused by planned dewatering at the adjacent Bailly
          Nuclear Generator Construction Site. The results of this
          study have been used by the National Park Service to help
          evaluate the environmental impact of the dewatering,
          particularly the effects on the ecosystem of the lakeshore.

      62. Mazer, Susan J. Ecological, Taxonomic, and Life History
          Correlates of Seed Mass Among Indiana Dune Angiosperms.
          Ecological Monographs; March 1989; 59(2): 153; ISSN: 0012-
          9615.
          This study evaluated the ecological and taxonomic correlates
          of seed mass variation among 648 angiosperm species of the
          Indiana Dunes region (113 families, 507 genera in the
          original flora). The sample represented 50% of the species,
          60% of the genera, and 67% of the families reported from the
          area. species were chosen at random from the published
          flora. Each species was characterized by family membership,
          habitat, life history, phenological characters, and native
          vs. alien status, in order to determine the relationship




                                       5-20













          among species between these variables and mean seed mass.
          Unique to this study are measurements of the effects of
          phenology and taxonomic family on seed mass. The results   of
          this study parallel previous comparative works that have
          demonstrated associations between seed mass and life form  or
          habitat type. Seed mass does seggregate among species
          occupying distinct habitats, but this relationship is due
          largely to associations among taxonomic family, life form,
          and habitat.

      63. McIntosh, Robert P. Community and Succession in the Indiana
          Dunes, Cole, Kenneth L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James D.
          First Indiana Dunes Research Conference. Symposium on Plant
          Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana University Northwest,
          Gary, Indiana. scientific Publications Office, 75 Spring
          Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Department of
          Interior, National Park Service; 1987: p.l.
          The Indiana Dunes are the cradle of succession in America and
          a symbol of the need for maintaining elements of the natural
          environment against increasing demands of a technological
          culture. Succession as a natural process of change underlies
          all plar@_'ng and man,@-"emert -f such sites.

      64. McLeod, Kenneth W.; Murphy, Peter G. Establishment of Ptelea
          trifoliata on Lake Michigan Sand Dunes. American Midland
          Naturalist; 1977; 97(2): 350.
          The microclimate to which a seed or small seedling on the
          sand dunes of Lake Michigan is subjected is characterized by
          high surface soil temperatures and low soil moisture during
          the summer. The survival of 1st-year seedlings of Ptelea
          trifoliata was very low (10.5%). Second-year seedlings had a
          50% survival rate. The mortality was attributed to two
          environmental factors: insufficient soil moisture and illegal
          vehicular traffic. The slow elongation of the root makes the
          soil moisture a very critical factor. Shaded habitats within
          a Ptelea stand provide physical protection for the seedlings
          from vehicular traffic and have higher soil moisture;
          consequently, seedling survival is greater in shaded habitats
          than in open habitats. Because of the high mortality rate of
          young seedlings, seed production must be large to maintain
          the present population size.












                                       5-21













      65. Miller, W. P.; McFee, W. W. Distribution of Cadmium, Zinc,
          copper, and Lead in.Soils of Industrial Northwestern Indiana.
          Journal of Environmental Quality; 1983; 12(l): 29.
          Note: Technical Reports section.
          Five undisturbed locations of sandy Oakville and Plainfield
          soils under oak forest in the heavily industrialized region
          of northwestern Indiana were sampled at four depths, to
          assess the nature and extent of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb
          contamination. The litter layer and top 2.5 cm of soil at a
          site within 5 km of the center of the industrial complex were
          highly contaminated with Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb. Levels of Cd
          and Zn decreased rapidly with distance to the south and east,
          while Cu and Pb decreased more erratically, with all metals
          reaching nearly background levels at 18 km. Samples taken
          deeper in the profiles (30 to 36 cm) did not show elevated
          metal levels compared with a rural site 67 km to the south.
          Sequential extraction methods applied to the top 2.5-cm soil
          samples showed large amounts of relatively labile metals
          associated with exchange sites (KN03-extractable: 23, 10, 1,
          and 8% of total Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb, respectively), bound by
          soil organic matter, and associated with carbonates and/or
          noncrystalline Fe oxides (En"k-extractaln)e: 1.2- JR, 26, and
          28% of the total Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb). Minimal amounts of the
          metals were within the small amount of crystalline Fe and Mn
          oxides present in these soils. Nonextractable (residual)
          metals amounted to 26, 32, 23, and 4% of the total Cd, Zn,
          Cu, and Pb.

      66. Mortimer, C.H. Discoveries and Testable Hypotheses Arising
          from Coastal Zone Color Scanner Imagery of Southern Lake
          Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Mar. 1988; 33(2): 203-226.
          CZCS (Coastal Zone Color Scanner) images, confined mainly to
          the southern basin of Lake Michigan during the warm-up
          phases of 1979, 1980, and 1981, have furnished tools for
          synoptic reconnaissance of the wind-perturbed transition of
          the thermal regime in large basins from the winter to summer
          condition (including front formation and upwelling events),
          the coupling of phytoplankton growth with that transition,
          the intermittent mobilization and surface transport of
          sediment resuspended by storms, and the extensive temporary
          trapping of river-derived dissolved organic matter
          (gelbstoff) between the shoreline and the offshore-migrating
          thermal front. The observed pattern changes shed new light
          on the above processes and generate several testable
          conjectures. These relate to whole-basin sediment transport,
          coastal upwelling of near-bottom'sediment suspensions, and
          frontal hydrodynamics and its coupling with phytoplankton
          distributions.






                                         5-22













     67. Nalepa, T.F. Long-term Changes in the Macrobenthos of
         Southern Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987;
         44(3): 515-524; ISSN: 0706-652X.
         A benthic survey of 40 stations in southern Lake Michigan    in
         1980-81 was compared with results of studies conducted in    the
         mid-1960s to evaluate long-term trends in populations.
         Although apparent improvements in the water quality of Lake
         Michigan since the mid-1970s were not yet reflected by
         benthic populations in 1980-81, continued monitoring of the
         benthos should provide a useful indicator of future trends.

     68. Nalepa, T.F. Occurrence of a Resting Stage in Cyclopoid and
         Harpacticoid Copepods in Nearshore Lake Michigan. J. Great
         Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(l): 59-66; ISSN: 0380-1330.
         Temporal and spatial differences in the abundance of dormant
         harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods in a nearshore area of
         southeastern Lake Michigan are described.

     69. Nalepa, T.F.; Quigley, M.A. Abundance and Biomass of the
         Meiobenthos in Nearshore take Michigan with Comparisons to
         the Macrobenthos. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4): 530-547;
         TS8N@ 0380-1330*
         The meiobenthos of nearshore southeastern Lake Michigan was
         quantified by taking cores from depths (11,17, and 23 m) at
         monthly intervals from May to November 1976-79.

     70. Newsom-Brighton, Maryanne. The Indiana Dunes. Environment;
         May 1984; 26(5): 40.

     71. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission. Remedial
         Action Plan for the Indiana Harbor and Canal, the Grand
         Calumet River, and the Nearshore Lake Michigan - Stage One.
         Highland, Indiana: NIRPC; 1991.
         This report identifies environmental problems such as,
         groundwater contamination, oil slicks, and depressed fish
         populations. Sediment pollution is fingered as a most
         significant environmental concern.

     72. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning commission. Water
         Quality Data for the Indiana Coastal Zone. Indianapolis, IN:
         NIRPC; August 1976; Technical Memorandum IV. (Draft).
         Note: CZM.
         Presents statistics describing the water quality of
         northwestern Indiana.

     73. Olson, J. S. Rates of Succession and Soil Changes on Southern
         Lake Michigan Sand Dunes. Bot. Gaz.;  1958; 119: 125-170.






                                       5-23













      74. Osann, Edward R. Rounding out Indiana Dunes. National Parks
          and Conservation Magazine; August 1973; 47(8): 25.

      75. Paulson, Gerald A. Wetlands and Water Quality: A Citizen's
          Handbook for Protecting Wetlands. Lake Michigan Federation,
          59 East Van Buren, Suite 2215, Chicago, Illinois 60605.
          (302) 939-8038: The Lake Michigan Federation; 1990.
          The true value placed by the public on protecting wetlands is
          reflected in the range of wetland protection laws that
          Congress has passed in recent years. Despite these laws,
          however, wetlands continue to be lost, throughout the country
          and particularly in the Great Lakes region - one of the most
          wetland-rich regions in the nation. This continued
          destruction sends a clear message that our regulatory
          agencies still do not have the capacity to safeguard these
          precious natural resources adequately. As a result, citizen
          action has emerged as one of the strongest defenses against
          continued wetland destruction. This book is designed to give
          you, the citizen, the basic, practical information you need
          to protect wetlands and to guide you through often confusing
          legal and regulatory processes. Understanding why wetlands
          are 'noortant (wptland values) is the first step. Knowing
          and building a defense against a given proposed project is
          the second step, followed by presenting your views in a
          factual manner. But most importantly, taking the offensive
          can help to ensure that you do not have to take these
          defensive steps. This handbook will direct you through these
          important steps toward building your own strategies. It
          concentrates in most detail on the leading wetland law,
          Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, but also refers to a
          number of other legal and regulatory tools you can use.

      76. Perrone, M.; Schneeberger, P.J.; Jude, D.J. Distribution of
          Larval Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) in Nearshore Waters of
          Southeastern Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4):
          517-522; ISSN: 0380-1330.
          Spatial and temporal distribution of larval yellow perch
          flavescens) in south-eastern Lake Michigan was described from
          samples collected during 1973-1981 with plankton nets and
          benthic slids in water 0.5 to 21 m deep.














                                       5-24@













      77. Plato, Phillip A.; Jacobson, A. P. Cesium-137 in Lake
          Michigan Sediments: Areal Distribution and Correlation With
          Other Man-made Materials. Environmental Pollution; 1976; 10:
          19.
          Grab samples of sediment were collected at 530 locations in
          Lake Michigan, primarily in the southeastern quarter of the
          lake. Each sample was analysed in the field and in the
          laboratory for fallout cesium-137. Twenty-five of the
          samples, collected near the mouth of the St. Joseph River,
          were also analysed in the laboratory for 11 other man-made
          materials known to be discharged into the river. Two
          statistical methods were used to determine if cesium-137 can
          be used as an environmental tracer to predict the areal
          distributions of other man-made materials. The results show
          fallout cesium-137 to be a moderate to good tracer for
          locating areas of accumulation of plutonium-238, plutonium-
          239, zinc, copper, chromium, lead, dieldrin, DDT and PCB in
          sediment. Little or no correlation is found between fallout
          cesium-137 and strontium-90 or nickel.

      78. Reshdin, M. Geology and Soils of the Indiana Dunes National
          Lakeshore, volume one.
          Indiana Dunes Research Program Report 81-01; 1981; 81-01.

      79. Reshkin, Mark. Indiana Dunes Natural Resource Management.
          Natural Areas Journal; October 1990; 10(4); 176.

      80. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University (Great Lakes
          Coastal Research Laboratory). Executive Summary; Shoreline
          Situation Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Purdue
          University; June, 1986 booklet.
          The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (IDNLS) was established
          in 1966during a period of record rise in lake-level, but at a
          time when absolute lake-level was still below average. In
          1974 after lengthy study, discussion, and compromise the
          first major "hard" coastal shore protection structure was
          constructed along IDNLS coastline (a 13,000 foot long rock
          revetment constructed to protect Lake Front Drive in Beverly
          Shores, IN). In that same year a major "soft" shore
          protection structure, in the form of a beach nourishment
          fill, was placed in front of Mt. Baldy west of Michigan City,
          IN. The Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
          University was selected as the monitoring agency in 1975 to
          determine the effectiveness and impact along the coast of
          these structures. The purpose of this  'Shoreline Situation
          ESport is to present a complete data base on and rigorous
          assessment of the shoreline and adjacent nearshore area
          within the IDNLS. This report contains a thorough evaluation
          of coastal parameters and characteristics useful to




                                       5-25













           engineers, planners and managers of Indiana's coastal lands.
           Emphasis is placed on coastal processes as they relate to
           historic and contemporary erosion. Particular attention is
           given to position changes of the shoreline, bluff top,
           nearshore sand bars, and dune vegetation. Beach and
           nearshore sediments are analyzed with respect to their
           contemporary grain properties and compared to historic data
           to determine areas of change. An important aspect of this
           report deals with man-made structures on the coast and their
           impact on overall coastal stability. Recognizably, the
           proximity of owners homes to the receding shoreline of
           Indiana presents a special set of problems. However, poorly
           conceived coastal erosion control structures can ultimately
           be more damaging than helpful to overall coastal   integrity.
           The basic philosophy guiding preparation of this   report is
           that only through judicious planning can optimum   benefit be
           derived from Indiana's coastal resources.

       81. Spigarelli, S. A.; Goldstein, R. M.; Prepejchal,   W.; Thommes,
           M. M. Fish Abundance and Distribution Near Three   Heated
           Effluents to Lake Michigan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
           Aaiiatic Science; 1982; 39(2): 305.
           A combined echo location-temperature mapping technique was
           used to determine the abundance and distribution of fish with
           depth and temperature in locally heated and unheated areas of
           Lake Michigan. Surveys were conducted between April and
           October at two adjacent power plants in the southern basin
           and at one plant in the northern basin of the lake. Fish
           densities in plume and reference areas differed seasonally.
           Densities typically differed by a factor of 2-4 although on
           one occasion plume area density was 90 times greater.
           Highest plume densities occurred during late spring when
           alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) were spawning inshore.
           Consistently dense congregations of fish were found
           downstream of the interfaces between ambient shore-parallel
           currents and discharge flows. The general distribution of
           fish with depth was similar in all areas. Differences
           between plume and reference areas were related to the
           discharge type: at canal discharges fish tended to congregate
           inshore while at the offshore discharge they congregated in
           deeper zones. Fish also tended to occupy shallower depth
           strata in all plume areas. Positive correlation between fish
           density and increasing temperature was common at both plume
           and reference areas during all three seasons, but more
           frequent at plume areas. Temperatures selected by fish in
           plume areas were 1-3 degrees higher than maximum ambient
           temperatures.






                                         5-26













      82. Tarapchak, Stephen J.; Bigelow, Sylvia M.; Rubitshun, Cora.
          Over Estimation of Orthophosphorus Concentrations in surface
          Waters of Southern Lake Michigan: Effects of Acid and
          Ammonium Molybdate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
          Science; 1982; 39: 296-304.
          Water from southern Lake Michigan was analyzed to determine
          if orthophosphorus (P04-P) concentrations are overestimated
          by molybdenum blue methods and to assess the potential
          effects of ammonium molybdate on soluble reactive phosphorus
          (SRP) determinations. Time-course "hydrolysis" tests, based
          on the Chamberlain-Shapiro extraction method, showed that
          large amounts of orthophosphorus were released from bound
          sources into solution within seconds after acid molybdate was
          added, and that molybdate-reactive P04-P could be retained by
          filters or released from particulate material into filtrates
          during filtration. P04-P concentrations obtained by using
          the prescribed exposure of 30 s were overestimated minimally
          by up to 86%, and ammonium molybdate dramatically accelerated
          P04-P release in filtered samples. Tests using up to a
          fourfold range in ammonium molybdate concentrations also
          showed that the extraction method and Harvey's method yielded
          r7p values thAt, xr;%riorl two- to three-fold or more, and that
          most of the P04-P was released from "Particles" in filtrates.
          Analytical methods, therefore, can yield substantially
          different SRP estimates because of differences in the length
          of time samples are exposed to acid molybdate and because of
          differences in molybdate concentrations.

      83. Transeau, E. N. The Prairie Peninsula. Ecology; 1935; 16:
          424-437.

      84. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Burns Waterway Small Boat
          Harbor Monitoring Program. Portage County, Indiana. 2nd
          Annual Report.; 1990.
          Note: NRPC.
          Lower lake levels have had a significantly positive impact
          upon the shoreline. There is a consistent increase in beach
          width.

      85. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Chicago District. Burns Waterway
          Small Boat Harbor Monitoring Program Portage County, Indiana.
          3rd Annual Report.; March 1991..
          Note: Mich. City.
          The conclusions drawn in this report will be used to evaluate
          the shoreline conditions and how they pertain to the
          construction of the Burns Small Boat Harbor, how successful
          the mitigative efforts have been, if additional mitigation or
          modifications to the existing monitoring procedure are





                                          5-27













          needed, and to identify monitoring needs for the following
          year.

      86. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Indiana Shoreline Erosion.
          Final Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement;
          1982.
          Note: NIRPC.
          Shoreline erosion problems were investigated between Michigan
          City and the Illinois-Indiana state line. The shorelands
          within the National Lakeshore sustain the most serious shore
          erosion in the area. Harbor structures are responsible for
          about 60% of the erosion problem. This plan recommends
          mitigation of erosion damages caused by federal harbor
          structures in Michigan City and for restoration of shore
          processes at the Eastern end of the National Lakeshore.

      87. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Indiana Harbor, Indiana.
          Confined Dredged Disposal Facility. Site Selection Study.;
          1983.
          Note: NIRPC.

      88. U.S. Department of -.-,terior; Cit@,, -f Gary, Indiana. Gary
          Marina. Draft Environmental Impact Statement; 1989.
          Note: NIRPC.
          Compliance instrument for executive order 11990. The
          protection of wetlands is discussed. 1,000+ slip marina is
          proposed to be located between USX breakwater and Marquette
          Park.


      89. U.S. Park Service. Dra:ft Land Protection Plan. Indiana Dunes
          National Lakeshore, Indiana; 1987.
          Note: Mich. City.
          Describes methods to protect approximately 4,500 acres of
          non-federal public or private land remaining within the
          lakeshore.

      90. unknown. Interior Refuses to Step in on Behalf of Indiana
          Dunes. Conservation News; July 1977; 42(13): 2.

      91. unknown. NPCA at Work. National Parks and Conservation
          magazine; January 1980; 54(l): 20.

      92. Watson, L.R.; Shedlock, R.J.; Banaszak, K.J.; Arihood, L.D.;
          Doss, P.K. Preliminary Analysis of the Shallow Ground-water
          System in the Vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana
          Harbor Canal, Northwestern Indiana; 1989; US Geological
          SurveX Open-File Rept. 88-492.
          Note: Mich. City.





                                            5-28













      93. Wells, J. R.; Thompson, P. W. Plant Communities of the Sand
          Dunes Region of Berrien County, Michigan. The Michigan
          Botanist; 1982; 21: 3-38.

      94. Wilcox, D.A.; Apfelbaum, S.I.; Hiebert, R.D. Cattail Invasion
          of Sedge Meadows Following Hydrologic Disturbance in Cowles
          Bog Wetland Complex, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.
          Wetlands; 1984; 4: 115-128.

      95. Wilcox, D.A.; Simonin, H.A. A Chronosequence of Aquatic
          Macrophyte Communities in Dune Ponds. Aquat. Bot.; Aug. 1987;
          28(3-4): 227-242.
          Note: Indiana Dunes Natl. Lakeshore, Porter, IN.
          Differences in macrophyte community composition in a
          chronosequence of spatially separated dune ponds near the
          south shore of Lake Michigan were examined and related by
          environmental variables. Ordination of the vegetation data
          by detrended correspondence analysis revealed similarities in
          the plant communities of ponds in the same row and community
          differences between ponds in different rows.

          Wilcox, Douglas A.; Simonin, Howard A. 2@quatic Macrnr.h174-
          Community Differences in Dune Ponds - Hydrarch Succession or
          Disturbance? First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
          Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana
          University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications
          Office, 75 Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S.
          Department of the Interior, National Park Service; 1987: 18.
          Previous studies of plant succession at Indiana Dunes by
          Henry Cowles and Jerry Olson focused on the terrestrial
          vegetation of successively older dune ridges. Charles
          Shelford studied succession in the animal communities of the
          dune ponds that separate these ridges. In the Miller Woods
          area, adjacent to Gary, Indiana, a chronosequence of dune
          ponds in distinct linear rows remains despite local
          residential and industrial development. A study of the
          aquatic macrophyte communities of 25 ponds was undertaken to
          assess vegetational differences in relation to age
          differences between pond rows and water depths. The data
          suggest that a hydrarch successional sequence exists, with
          vegetation types changing from Chara/open water in the
          younger, deeper ponds to Myriophyllum/Nvmphaea/Nuphar in the
          middle-age ponds to Typha in the older, shallower ponds. A
          closer examination of the data and comparisons with
          paleoecological data collected by Futyma and by Jackson
          suggest that the vegetational differences may have resulted
          from post-settlement disturbance.. An assessment of these
          studies illustrates that the disturbance factor must be






                                         5-29













          examined closely before drawing conclusions about classical
          succession.

      97. Winnell, M.H.; White, D.S. Trophic Status of Southeastern
          Lake Michigan Based on the Chironomidae (Diptera). J. Great
          Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(4): 540-548; ISSN: 0380-1330.

      98. Wood, W. L. An Introduction to the Shoreline Problems of the
          Southern Lake Michigan Coast. Engineering Geology of the
          Greater Chicago Area and the South Shore of Lake Michigan;
          1979: pp. 47-64.
          Note: Association of Engineering Geologists.
          Prior to the current period of high lake level, narrow bands
          of foredunes commonly occurred between the dune-bluff system
          and the lake. These foredunes and wide beaches provided
          protection for the dune-bluff system and supplied sand to
          active dune fields. During the recent period of high lake
          levels on Lake Michigan, the entire shoreline has been
          subjected to excessive erosion. In areas where high dunes
          and bluffs exist, erosion has been accentuated by
          undercutting and slumping of the foreslopes. The presence of
          erosion         -t-ructures, industrial jetties, and
          navigational breakwaters creates additional environmental
          pressure on the coastal region. Erosion control structures
          range from man-made construction alternatives, designed to
          "wall-off" the entire beach frontage from the lake, to the
          placement of natural sand nourishment on the beach with the
          intent of balancing ongoing rates of erosion. Industrial
          jetties are normally built across the coastal zone in order
          to transport effluents offshore or to protect coastal
          industrial sites. Navigational breakwaters are necessary for
          the commerr-ial and recreational boat traffic; however, the
          presence of navigational breakwaters causes one of the major
          erosion problems in the coastal zone. The region upon which
          this field trip focuses is composed of high dunes and bluffs
          and is classified, therefore, as a critical erosion area.
          One aspect of today's field trip (Michigan City, Indiana
          Dunes National Lake Shore and Mt. Baldy with geologic
          history) is to observe some of the previously mentioned
          coastal structures and to discuss their impact on coastal
          sedimentation and stability.













                                       5-30













     99. Wood, William L.; Meadows, Guy; Cox, Jack, Dept. of
         Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
         Univ. (For: Department of Commerce, IN). Summary Report on
         The Feasibility of the Coastal Installations Proposed for the
         West Park and Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana.
         Economic Feasibility Proposals of West Park and Marina
         Development. Michigan City, Indiana. T. "Ted" Pantazis ed.
         Indiana Department of Commerce. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana
         Dept. of Commerce.
         Note: CZM.
         The following brief summary report was prepared by the staff
         of the Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory to assist the
         Indiana Department of Commerce in assessing the feasibility
         of coastal installations proposed for the West Park and
         Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana. The position
         supported herein is, that existing designs for breakwater and
         coastal defense systems will have deleterious effects on
         local and adjacent coastal provinces. It should be
         understood that this position is taken to be temporarily
         efficacious and does not imply that no solution is possible.
         Furthermore this position is designed to stress the concern
         for a total int -frated coastal r-A-ment concept in the
         assessment of the environmental impact of any coastal
         installations in the Michigan City or adjacent areas.
































                                      5-31

















                                  HYDROLOGY



      100. Brannon; Gunnison; Averett; Martin; Chen (Waterways
          Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers). Analyses of Impacts
          of Bottom Sediments from Grand Calumet River Subtitle:
          Indiana Harbor Canal on Water Quality; 2-1-89; Miscellaneous
          Paper D-89-1, Final Report.
          Note: Covers Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal.

      101. City of Gary; Planning and Development; IDNLS (U. S. Dept.
          of Interior, National Park Service, and City of Gary). Gary
          Marina; Draft Environmental Impact Statement 1987
          Subtitle: City of Gary Marina; 1-1-87; Draft EIS; Draft
          Report.
          Note: Covers Gary Indiana Shoreline, Marquette Park, U. S.
          Steel lakefill.
          Alternative plans for shoreline development and access
          routes. Contains a history of the plans to develop the Gary
          shoreline.

      102. Cockrell, Ron (IDNLS, National Pa-k Service). Sianature of
          Time and Eternity: Administrative History of IDNLS
          Subtitle: Adm. History, IDNLS; 7-20-88.
          Note: Covers development of IDNLS since 1966, Save the Dunes
          movement,
          From James R. Whitehouse to Dale B. Engquist.

      103. David, S. E.; Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Shoreline
          Situation Report, LaPorte County, Indiana; 1981; Special
          Report, State of Indiana, Coastal Zone Management Program.
          pp. 73.

      104. Davis, R.A.; McGeary, D.F.R. Stability in the Nearshore
          Bottom Topography and Sediment Distribution, Southeastern
          Lake Michigan. Univ. of Michigan Great Lakes Res. Div.; 1965;
          Publ. No. 13: 222-231.

      105. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L.; Markly, S. M. An Evaluation of
          Physical and Biological Controls on Coastal Erosion: National
          Park Service; 1976; Final Report. pp. 85.

      106. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. Historic Shoreline Loss in IDNLS
          Reach 3: National Park Service; 1985; Interim Report. pp. 33.

      107. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. A Perspective on Current and
          Future Condition of INDLS Coastline. Proc. Indiana Dunes Res.
          Conf.; 1986: pp. 84-96.





                                      5-32













     108. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. Vegetative Establishment on an
          Artificial Beach. Proc. 2nd Conf. on Scientific Research in
          the National Parks; 1979: pp. 304-316.
          Establishment of vegetation on the duned Lake Michigan
          coastline of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore has not
          proceeded as expected,'following placement of artificial
          beach nourishment. This nourishment was placed to mitigate
          severe erosion of the dunes and total denuding of the beach
          by a combination of recent high lake levels and storm events.
          The beach fill, composed of glacial till, had a positive
          influence in controlling coastal erosion, due to an
          unexpected cementation of the material, which made it highly
          resistant to wind and wave erosion. However, this induration
          adversely affected the expected vegetative establishment
          sequence. Lack of a loose surface material, needed by
          pioneer vegetation to successfully be introduced, prevented
          the immediate start of sand capturing grasses. Only
          wasteland plants, well adapted to hard soil environments,
          first invaded this artificially stabilized beach. These
          wasteland plants dominated the fill for several years, with
          almost no new dune forming activity. The eventual appearance
          of a f=w icnlAted pioneer grasses on the consolidated *'ill
          finally initiated embryonic dune growth. These dunes rapidly
          expanded horizontally, aided by vegetative stabilization,
          while continuing sand capture allowed vertical growth of the
          dunes. Presently these dune structures have matured beyond
          the pioneer plant stage, evidenced by the presence of
          secondary plants, adding to the diversity of species and
          consequently to the biological stability of the new dune
          system. The unnourished areas adjacent to the fill exhibited
          a totally different influence of this artificial beach on
          vegetative establishment.

      109. Davis, Stephen E.; Wood, William L.; Markley, Susan M.
          (Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory). Evaluation of
          Physical and Biological Controls on Coastal Erosion in the
          Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
          Subtitle: Stability, Dunes; 3-1-76; Final Report, National
          Park Service PX 6000 5 0650.
          Note: Covers Mt. Baldy area.














                                       5-33













      110. Davis, Stephen E.; Wood, William L.; Weishar, Lee L. (Great
          Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue University).
          Shoreline Situation Report; LaPorte Co., CZM
          Subtitle: CZM, Special Report to State Planning Services
          Agency, CZM Program; 1-1-81; CZ084-80-08.
          Note: Covers East of Michigan City to Michigan state line.
          The purpose of this shoreline situation report is to present
          a compilation and assessment of important coastal parameters
          and characteristics which will assist planners and managers
          of coastal lands in making decisions concerning these
          valuable resources. This report places special emphasis on
          historic and contemporary shore erosion.

      111. Environmental Assessment (For City of Portage Port
          Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
          The Burns Waterway System. 111 North Canal Street, Suite 880;
          Chicago, Illinois 60606: Howard Tammen Needles & Bergendoff;
          September 1991.
          Note: reprint.
          The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
          of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
          socio-econ,@--c and physical. P-nvironment. special attention
          was focused on wetlands, water quality and impacts on the
          waterway system.

      112. Environmental Planning and Engineering Inc. Indianapolis,
          Ind. (For the Indiana Department of Natural Resources).
          Regional Park Conceptual Development Plan
          Subtitle: L. Calumet River in Northwestern Indiana; 1-1-76.
          Note: Covers Lake and Porter Counties.
          Detailed plans of the Little Calumet River corridor.

      113. Franco, Jr., LTC Jess J. (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
          Chicago Dist. North Central Division). Coordination Meeting:
          State of Indiana/Corps of Engineers. Subtitle: Project
          Descriptions; 3-13-90.
          Note: covers Indiana; Little Calumet River, Duneland Beach,
          Dune Acres, Beverly Shores.

      114. Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue Univ.
          (Purdue University, for IDNLS). Shoreline Situation-Executive
          Summary. Subtitle: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore; 6-1-86;
          Executive Summary.
          Note: Covers IDNLS shoreline.
          Summarized the Shoreline Situation Report on the Indiana
          Dunes National Lakeshore. Erosion rates. Coastal processes.







                                        5-34













      115. Hill, C. L., B. J. Ryan, B. A. McGregor, and M. Rust. Our
          Changing Landscape: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. United
          States Government Printing office: free on application to the
          Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey
          Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver,CO. 80225.: U.S. Department
          of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey.; 1991; U.S.
          Geological Survey Circular 1085.
          Note: reprint.
          Earth-science information provides us with estimates of
          extent and rate of change. We need this information to
          transform the challenges presented here into opportunities
          for locating new or additional land, water, and mineral
          resources;. for emphasizing prevention of contamination rather
          than cleanup; and for increasing our ability to live in
          harmony with nature.

      116. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
          Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
          Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
          A review was conducted to assess the existing research
          programs of various agencies and universities working on Lake
          Michigan.

      117. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
          Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
          Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
          Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
          This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
          mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
          Michigan.

      118. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
          Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, Illinois:
          Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
          Geological Survey; 1989a.
          A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
          Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
          geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
          management, socio-economics, and recreation.

      119. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
          Bibliography-Volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
          of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
          Survey; 1989b.
          A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
          Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
          geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
          management, socio-economics, and recreation.





                                       5-35













      120. IDEM - Indiana Dept. of Environmental Management and U.S.
          EPA Region V (IJC - Submitted to International Joint
          Commission). Northwest Indiana Environmental Action Plan
          Subtitle: Area of Concern - Remedial Action Plan for Grand
          Calumet; 1-1-88; Environmental Action Plan.
          Note: Covers Indiana Harbor.

      121. IDEM - Indiana Dept. of Environmental Management gic
          Submitted to International Joint Commission). Northwest
          Indiana Environmental Action Plan (Draft)
          Subtitle: Area of Concern - Remedial Action Plan for Grand
          Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal; 1-1-88; Draft Remedial
          Action Plan.

      122. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana (U.S. Department
          of the Interior / National Park Service). General Management
          Plan: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana. 63pp.; Feb.
          1980.
          Note: reprint.
          The general management plan of the IDNLS. Two major trends
          affecting the natural environment of IDNLS has been the
          r!nrtin11A1 encroachment by residential, agricultur:71., and
          industrial development on the great Lake Michigan shoreline,
          and a growing awareness of the importance of creating
          national parks near urban area.

      123. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore    Indiana (U.S. Department
          of the Interior / National Park Service). General management
          plan amendment development concept plan/environmental
          assessment.; Sept. 1990.
          Note: reprint.
          The purpose of this General Management Plan Amendment/
          Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment is to
          update the 1980 General Management Plan (GMP) considering the
          full range of issues that will affect the West Unit through
          the year 2000. These management issues include access to
          West Beach, location of the West Unit transit center and
          parking area, use of shuttle bus systems, impacts of traffic
          on adjacent communities, additional hiking and biking trail,
          boundary adjustments, and use of lands adjacent to the
          Portage/Burns Waterway and those lands between the Paul H.
          Douglas Environmental Education. Center and Broadway in Gary.












                                        5-36













      124. Indiana Shoreline Erosion (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).
          Indiana Shoreline Erosion: Final Feasibility Report and
          Environmental Impact Statement.; June 1982.
          Note: reprint. Interim document under agency review subject
          to revision.
          This study investigated the shoreland erosion problems
          between Michigan City Harbor, Indiana and the Illinois-
          Indiana State line. As a result of the study this report
          recommends shore erosion control measure for the reach of
          shore immediately west of Michigan City Harbor.

      125. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Planning Newsletter. NPS To
          Revise Three Lakeshore Reports. Denver Service Center:
          National Park Service; March 1991.
          Note: reprint.
          This newletter summarizes the comments made at the public
          review and comment period for three draft national lakeshore
          reports closed on December 3, 1990. Responses to each
          comment explain and clarify the NPS position. The National
          Park Service will correct errors and clarify ambiguous
          aspects of the draft documents.

      126. Indiana Department of Natural Resources (For Indiana State
          Planning Services Agency). Shoreline Erosion Along the
          Indiana Coast of Lake Michigan. Subtitle: Erosion, DNR; 4-30-
          79; Technical Report No. 307.
          Of the approximately 45 shoreline miles along Lake Michigan,
          21.8 miles are protected from the process of erosion, 10.2
          miles have recession rates less than 1 foot per year, while
          the remaining 13 miles are classified as erosion hazard
          areas. It is concluded that in view of the existing
          legislative authority, the local units of government are best
          suited to establish and administer a shore erosion management
          program along the Indiana shoreline of Lake Michigan.

      127. Indiana Shoreline Erosion, Indiana (U.S. Army Engineer
          District). Shoreline Erosion Protection At Indiana Dunes
          National Lakeshore General Design Memorandum. 111 North Canal
          Street; Chicago, Illinois 60606-7206: Department Of The Army.
          Chicago District, Corps of Engineers; April, 1990.
          Note: reprint.
          The purpose of this project is to mitigate shore erosion
          damages along the Indiana Dunes Lakeshore.

      128. Larsen, C.E. Late Holocene Lake Levels in Southern Lake
          Michigan, in Collison, C., ed., Coastal Geology,
          Sedimentology, and Management; Chicago and the Northshore:
          Illinois State Geological Survey'Guide-book series 12; 1974.
          Note: p. 39-49.




                                       5-37














     129. Larsen, C.E. A Stratigraphic Study of Beach Features on the
          Southwestern Shore of Lake Michigan: New Evidence of Holocene
          Lake Level Fluctuations. Illinois State Geological Survey,
          Environmental Geology Notes; 1985a; 112: 31 p.

      130. Larsen, Curtis E. Long-term trends in Lake Michigan Levels,
          a View from the Geologic Record'. Proceedings: symposium on
          shoreline processes; First Indiana Dunes Research Conference;
          May 1986: 5-22.
          Note: see also Wilcox, Douglas A.
          Thirty years ago Olson (1958a,b) showed a strong relationship
          between times of dune formation at the Indiana Dunes and low-
          level periods of Lake Michigan. He indicated that an
          extended low level had occurred about 400 years ago (A.D.
          1550) following a high-level period at about 600 years ago
          (A.D. 1350). This prehistoric record was not fully
          appreciated by those contemporaries who assumed lake level
          changes over the past 3,000 years to have taken place on a
          time scale like that of the past century's historic record.
          Stratigraphic studies along the southern shore of Lake
          Michigan now show a record of Lake level change that extends
          at least 2,000 years into "-e past. Hiffh-loxrol. neriods
          occurred between A.D. 400 and 650, between A.D. 950 and 1225,
          and between A.D. 1500 and 1850. These left geologic records
          in stream mouth alluvial deposits now 1 and 2 m above the
          modern channels. Intervening periods of low level are dated
          by peat and marsh deposits now beneath the modern level of
          Lake Michigan. The historic lake level record of the past
          125 years appears to represent a low phase on a naturally
          fluctuating trend. Both prehistoric and historic records
          show lake level changes over this period to have been climate
          related. The current episode of high lake levels, when seen
          in geologic perspective, represents a return to normal long-
          term climatic trends.

      131. Marie, James R. (U.S. Geological Survey). Model Analysis of
          Effects on'Water Levels at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
          Caused by Construction Dewatering: U.S. Dept. of the
          Interior; July 1976; Water-Resources Investigations 76-82.
          Note: Mich. City.
          Two comprehensive models were developed to investigate
          possible hydrologic effects within the Indiana Dunes National
          Lakeshore caused by planned dewatering at the adjacent Bailly
          Nuclear Generator Construction Site. The results of this
          study have been used by the National Park Service to help
          evaluate the environmental impact of the dewatering,
          particularly the effects on the ecosystem of the lakeshore.






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     132. Olson, J.S. Lake Michigan Dune Development: 3, Lake Level,
         Beach, and Dune oscillations. Journal of Geology; 1958a; 66:
         473-483.


     133. Olson, J.S. Rates of Succession and Soil Development on
         Southern Lake Michigan Sand Dunes. Botanical Gazette; 1958b;
         119: 125-170.

     134. Reshkin, Mark. A Regional Management Approach is Needed to
         Lake Michigan Coastal Erosion in Indiana. First Indiana Dunes
         Research Conference. Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific
         Inquiry. Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Proceeses; May
         1-3, 1986: pp. 47-52.
         Public concern is again escalating over Lake Michigan
         shoreline erosion along the Indiana coast. Three areas
         affected are Long Beach, Beverly Shores and Ogden Dunes.
         Shoreline erosion is a chronic and most severe condition when
         lake levels are high. It can be managed but not cured.
         Management must be practical and continuous. Hardened
         structures are appropriate for some areas, beach nourishment
         for others and whether to attempt any protection of some
         A--A- is a policy question. Achieving regiona? management
         requires: 1. completing the studies of erosion proccesses to
         determine erosion rates; 2. determining how much of the
         erosion in each reach is natural and how much is human-
         induced; 3. establishing goals and priorities for erosion
         mitigation with the degree of mitigation determined on the
         basis of the responsibility to protect significant natural
         landmark areas, cost-effectiveness as it relates to the
         economic value and growth of commercial recreational
         activities, and the degree of public sector responsibility to
         aid in the protection of residential area. Selection of a
         management agency and the necessary legislation and funding
         mechanisms should involve participation of all levels of
         government.

     135. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University (Great Lakes
         Coastal Research Laboratory). Executive Summary; Shoreline
         situation Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Purdue
         University; June, 1986 booklet.
         The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (IDNLS) was established
         in 1966 during a period of record rise in lake-level, but at
         a time when absolute lake-level was still below average. In
         1974 after lengthy study, discussion, and compromise the
         first major "hard" coastal shore protection structure was
         constructed along IDNLS coastline (a 13,000 foot long rock
         revetment constructed to protect Lake Front Drive in Beverly
         Shores, IN). In that same year a major "soft" shore
         protection structure, in the form of a beach nourishment




                                      5-39













         fill, was placed in front of Mt. Baldy west of Michigan City,
         In. The Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
         University was selected as the monitering agency in 1975 to
         determine the effectiveness and impact along the coast of
         these structures. The purpose of this   'Shoreline Situation
         Report is to present a complete data base on and rigorous
         assessment of the shoreline and adjacent nearshore area
         within the IDNLS. This report contains a thorough evaluation
         of coastal parameters and characteristics useful to
         engineers, planners and managers of Indiana's coastal lands.
         Emphasis is placed on coastal processes as they relate to
         historic and contemporary erosion. Particular attention is
         given to position changes of the shoreline, bluff top,
         nearshore sand bars, and dune vegetation. Beach and
         nearshore sediments are analyzed with respect to their
         contemporary grain properties and compared to historic data
         to determine areas of change. An important aspect of this
         report deals with man-made structures on the coast and their
         impact on overall coastal stability. Recognizably, the
         proximity of owners homes to the receding shoreline of
         Indiana presents a special set of problems. However, poorly
         cor-:iived coastal Prosion control structures can ultimately
         be more damaging than helpful to overall coastal integrity.
         The basic philosophy guiding preparation of this  report is
         that only through judicious planning can optimum  benefit be
         derived from Indiana's coastal resources.

     136. Shedlock, Robert J.; Harkness, William E. (U.S.  Geological
         Survey). Shallow Ground-Water Flow and Drainage
         Characteristics; Brown Ditch Basin Near the East  Unit of
         IDNLS. Subtitle: Groundwater; 1-1-82; Water-Resources
         In,@estigations Report 83-4271.
         Note: Covers Porter Co, Ind.
         Brown Ditch consists of several segments that drain wetlands
         between dune ridges near the East unit of Indiana Dunes
         National Lakeshore in Porter County, Indiana, west of
         Michigan City.

     137. Thompson, Todd A. Development of the Late Wisconsin to Early
         Holocene Calumet and Toleston Dune/Beach Complexes in the
         Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. First Indiana Dunes
         Research Conference. Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific
         Inquiry. Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Processes; May
         1-3, 1986: pp. 1-4.
         The Calumet and Toleston dune/beach complexes formed along
         the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan following the post-
         Two Creeks and post-Chippewa transgressions in ancestral Lake
         Michigan respectively. Vibracores and exposures along the
         shoreline show that much of the back-barrier coastal deposits




                                       5-40













         were preserved during the post-Chippewa transgression,
         whereas the post-Two Creeks transgression removed almost all
         of the coastal sequence. These variations in preservation
         are believed to be related to differences in rate of change
         in lake level, slope and topography of the predepositional
         surface, and amount of sediment supplied to the shoreline.

     138. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Burns Waterway Small Boat
         Harbor, 1st Annual Report. Subtitle: Monitoring Program,
         Portage Co. Indiana; 5-1-89; 1st Annual Report.
         Note: Covers Portage/Burns Waterway, Lake Michigan, Ogden
         Dunes to Gary.
         shoreline erosion.

     139. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Burns Waterway Small Boat
         Harbor, 2nd Annual Report. Subtitle: Monitoring Program,
         Portage County, Indiana; 9-1-90; 2nd Annual Report.
         Note: Covers Portage/Burns Waterway, Lake Michigan, Ogden
         Dunes to Gary.
         Shoreline erosion.

     140. U.S. Army Corps of En7ineers. Environmental Impact Statement
         (Draft). Subtitle: Michigan City - Operation and
         Maintenance Activities; 8-1-77; EIS.
         Note: Covers dredged material disposal, Michigan City Harbor.

     141. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Chicago District). Indiana
         Shoreline Erosion 1982 Final Report. Subtitle: Final
         Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement; 6-1-
         82.
         Note: Covers between Michigan City Harbor and Illinois-
         Indiana State Line.
         Recommendation for erosion control measures immediately west
         of Michigan City Harbor.

     142. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Interim Report on Indiana
         Shoreline Erosion October 1975. Subtitle: Detailed
         Feasibility Report; 10-1-75.
         Reconnaissance investigation of the effect of the Michigan
         City Harbors structure on adjacent shorelands.

     143. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Project Maps: River and Harbor
         Works; 9-1-85; September 1985.
         Note: Covers Wisconsin to Michigan shoreline of Lake
         Michigan.
         Technical information on harbor engineering designs.







                                      5-41













     144. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Section III Reconnaissance
         Report - Michigan City Harbor, Indiana. Internal Report.
         Chicago district: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

     145. U.S. Geological Survey. Surface-Water-Quality Assessment,
         Upper Illinois River Basin - Subtitle: NAWQA; 1-1-87; Open-
         File Report 87-473.
         Note: Covers Northwest Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.
         National Water Quality Assessment Program.

     146. U.S. Geological Survey, Indiana State Board of Health..
         Streamflow and Water Quality of the Grand Calumet River
         Subtitle: Grand Calumet, Lake Co. Indiana and Cook Co.
         Illinois; October 1984; 1-1-87; Water-Resources Investigation
         Report 86-4208.

     147. Weishar, L. L.; Wood, W. L. Impact of Long Period Water
         Level Fluctuations on Beach and Nearshore changes in the
         Great Lakes (abs). EOS; 1982; 63(No. 3).
         A fifteen year data set of nearshore beach and bathymetric
         profiles obtained along the southeastern shore of Lake
         michigan has been analyzed using the meth-1 of empirical
         eigenfunctions. This analysis identified two primary modes
         of spatial variation. one is a dominant long period mode,
         while the other is a short period mode. A similar analysis
         of 120 years of monthly mean lake level records indicated two
         major long period trends in the record. These two long
         period trends are shown to be the probable sources of
         physical forcing of beach and nearshore profile change. This
         forcing is the result of long term modulation of local mean
         and wind-wave fields by the monthly mean lake level.

     148. Weishar, L. L.; Wood, W. L. Systematic Changes in Beach
         Profile and Nearshore Topography. Proc. 2nd Conf. on
         Scientific research in the National Parks; 1979: pp. 87-100.
         A three year set of monthly beach and nearshore topographic
         profiles have been obtained form the southeastern shore of
         Lake Michigan in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
         (I.D.N.L.S.). This ongoing study was initiated to determine
         the temporal and spatial beach and nearshore characteristics
         of a typical sandy Great Lakes Coastline. Empirical
         eigenfunction analysis was performed on the three year (1976-
         1978) data set of beach and nearshore topographic profiles
         measured monthly from May to November along the coast of
         IDNLS. This empirical eigenfunction analysis results in a
         series of eigenvalues and their corresponding temporal and
         spatial functions which describe the variance in the data.
         This analysis determined that the major variations contained
         within the monthly data set could be explained by the first




                                      5-42













         three eiqenvalues and their corresponding temporal and
         spatial functions. The first three eigenvalues represent
         approximately 97% of the total variance contained within the
         data. The majority of the variance contained within the data
         is represented by the first eigenvalue which represents the
         mean beach profile. The second most important eiqenvalue is
         spatiall.y reflected in the migration of the nearshore bars.
         The temporal signature of this eigenfunction corresponds to
         the passage of meteorologic systems. The third eigenvalue is
         spatially represented by small deviations from the mean along
         the entire profile line. This eigenvalue's temporal
         variation is reflected in the seasonal variation of lake
         level. The results of this analysis have been used to
         conceptualize a predictive model for beach and nearshore
         profile changes. The predictive model will combine spatial
         and temporal components to forecast changes in the beach and
         nearshore topographic profile. The spatial component will be
         represented by a mean beach profile, while the temporal
         components would be represented by wave climatology and lake
         level data.

     141? Nlilcox, Do--'-      Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James D. Jr.,
         Editors. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference: Symposium
         on shoreline processes [Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
         1100 N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, Indiana 46304]. First
         Indiana Dunes Research Conference. Indiana Dunes: A Century
         of Scientific Inquiry; May 1'-3, 1986; Indiana University
         Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications office, 75
         Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Dept. of
         Interior, National Park Service; 1986?
         Note: The individual papers included in this symposium are
         entered under their authors in seperate bibliographies.
         The theme of the conference was: Indiana Dunes - A century of
         scientific Inquiry. It was attended by over 160 scientists,
         students, naturalists, and employees of the Indiana Dunes
         National Lakeshore. This edition of the proceedings is the
         result of the invited symposium on Shoreline Processes. The
         other symposia were on: Plant Succession, visitor Aspects of
         Resource Management, and Natural History of NW Indiana. The
         contributed paper sessions focused on: Geohydrology and
         Aquatic Resources, Cultural Resources, Animal Sciences, Air
         Quality Monitoring and Effects, Plant Autecology, and General
         Plant Ecology.

     150. Wood, W. L. Coastal Sedimentation and Stability in Southern
         Lake Michigan. Coastal and Environmental Geology of
         Southeastern Lake Michigan; 1976: pp. 1-37.
         Note: Geological Society of America.





                                       5-43














     151. Wood, W. L. Coastal Degradation at Indiana Dunes National
         Lakeshore in the Vicinity of Beverly Shores, Indiana: Great
         Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory; 1979; Position Paper No.
         10. pp. 7.

     152. Woodf W. L. Coastal Response to Lake-level Variation and
         Storm Wave Occurrence in Southern Lake Michigan. Proc.
         Indiana Dunes Res. Conf.; 1986: pp. 71-83.
         Seasonal changes in beach profile are caused by seasonal
         change in wave conditions incident at the shore. However,
         bottom variability immediately adjacent to the beach is
         complicated by the modulating effects of seasonal and long-
         term lake-level variation. In southern Lake Michigan the
         inner-bar position actively changes under the influence of
         storm waves, but appears to lack a well-defined seasonal
         pattern. Conversely, the outer-bar position is seasonally
         stable, yet exhibits a long-term movement pattern which is
         directly related to mean annual lake-level variation.

     153. Wood, W. L. "Hydrologic System of the Great Lakes", in
         Decisions for the Great Lakes; 1982.
         Note: Editors: Rer,@"i.n, Mark; DAni4-1-z.. rlenda.

     154. Wood, W. L. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Pre-Nourishment
         Conditions and Recommended Monitor Program: U. S. Army Corps
         of Engineers; 1986; Final Report. pp. 78.

     155. Wood, W. L. An Introduction to the Shoreline Problems of the
         Southern Lake Michigan Coast. Engineering Geology of the
         Greater Chicago Area and the South Shore of Lake Michigan;
         1979: pp. 47-64.
         Note: Association of Engineering Geologists.
         Prior to the current period of high lake level, narrow bands
         of foredunes commonly occurred between the dune-bluff system
         and the lake. These foredunes and wide beaches provided
         protection for the dune-bluff system and supplied sand to
         active dune fields. During the recent period of high lake
         levels on Lake Michigan, the entire shoreline has been
         subjected to excessive erosion. In areas where high dunes
         and bluffs exist, erosion has been accentuated by
         undercutting and slumping of the foreslopes. The presence of
         erosion control structures, industrial jetties, and
         navigational breakwaters creates additional environmental
         pressure on the coastal region. Erosion control structures
         range from man-made construction alternatives, designed to
          wall-off" the entire beach frontage from the lake, to the
         placement of natural sand nourishment on the beach with the
         intent of balancing ongoing rates of erosion. Industrial
         jetties are normally built across the coastal zone in order




                                       5-44














         to transport effluents offshore or to protect coastal
         industrial sites. Navigational breakwaters are necessary for
         the commercial and recreational boat traffic; however, the
         presence of navigational breakwaters causes one of the major
         erosion problems in the coastal zone. The region upon which
         this field trip focuses is composed of high dunes and bluffs
         and is classified, therefore, as a critical erosion area.
         One aspect of today's field trip (Michigan City, Indiana
         Dunes National Lake Shore and Mt. Baldy with geologic
         history) is to observe some of the previously mentioned
         coastal structures and to discuss their impact on coastal
         sedimentation and stability.

     156. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Effectiveness and Environmental
         Impact of Beach Nourishment at the Indiana Dunes National
         Lakeshore: Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory; 1978;
         Technical Paper No. 10. pp. 24.

     157. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C.;
         Hagerman, K. R.; Shunk, M. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
         Monitoring Program: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1978;
         Progress Report No. 8- pp. 72.

     158. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C.;
         Hagerman, K. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring
         Program: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1979; Progress Report
         No. 10. pp. 24.

     159. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C. Indiana
         Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps
         of Engineers; 1979; Progress Report No. 9. pp. 61.

     160. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Hinze, L. M.
         Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S.
         Army Corps of Engineers; 1980; Interim Report No. 2. pp. 29.

     161. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L. Indiana Dunes
         National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps of
         Engineers; 1982; Final Report. pp. 47.

     162. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
         Monitoring Program: National Park Service; 1984; Final
         Report. pp. 42.

     163. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
         Shoreline Situation Report, Reach 3: National Park Service;
         1984; Interim Report. pp. 53.






                                       5-45













      164. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
          Shoreline Situation Report: National Park Service; 1986;
          Final Report. pp. 330.

      165. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L. Potential
          Influence of Marquette Park Small Boat Harbor on Nearshore
          Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport: Great Lakes Coastal
          Research Laboratory; 1979; Technical Paper No. 11. pp. 18.

      166. Wood, W. L.; Magnus, R. R.; Thacker, P. A.; Price, C.;
          Weishar, L. L. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring
          Program: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1977; Progress Report
          No. 5. pp. 58.

      167. Wood, W. L.; Magnus, K. R. Microtopography and Possible
          Stream Channels on the Shallow Bottom of Southern Lake
          Michigan. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology.
          Note: Submitted for publication.

      168. Wood, W. L.; Magnus, K. R.; Thacker, P. A.; Davis, S. E.;
          Meadows, G. A.; Price, C. Performance of Beach Nourishment at
          the Ind4-4-i        National Lakeshore: U.S. Army Corps olt
          Engineers; 1976; Interim Report. pp. 71.

      169. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A.; Davis, S. E.; Magnus, K. R.;
          Rouch, J. R. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Beach
          Nourishment and Revetment Structures at the Indiana Dunes
          National Lakeshore: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1975;
          Progress Report No. 2. pp. 44.

      170. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A.; Cox, J. C. The Feasibility of
          the Coastal Installations Proposed for West Park and Marina
          Development at Michigan city, Indiana: Department of
          Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
          University; 1973; Summary Report. pp. 5.

      171. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, K. R.; Davis, S. E.; Rouch, J. R.
          Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S.
          Army Corps of Engineers; 1975; Progress Report No. 3. pp. 55.

      172. Wood, W. L.; Price, C.; Weishar, L. L. Indiana Dunes
          National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps of
          Engineers; 1977; Progress Report No. 6. pp. 65.

      173. Wood, W.  L.; Thacker, P. A.; Davis, S. E.; Magnus, K. R.;
          Rouch, J. R. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring
          Program: Army Corps of Engineers;' 1976; Progress Report No.
          4. pp. 55.





                                          5-46













     174. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Beach Response to Long Period
          Lake-level Variation. Proc. 19th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng.;
          1984; 19: pp. 1571-1583.
          A 4-year set of beach and offshore profiles, measured at
          monthly intervals, is evaluated to determine the effect of
          wind-wave forcing and long period (1 year or greater) lake-
          level variation on beach profile change in the "tideless"
          Great Lakes. This evaluation indicates two distinct regions
          of change in the beach and nearshore area of these profiles.
          The beach-berm region responds directly to lake-level
          modulation of wind-wave forcing. This response occurs on two
          time scales (seasonal and long period), but always in direct
          relation to mean lake-level variation. The inner-bar
          actively changes under the influence of wind-waves, but
          appears to lack a well-defined seasonal pattern. Empirical
          eigenfunction analysis is applied to these data in order to
          statistically quantify the significance of these observed
          changes. This analysis provides confirmation of a
          hypothesized long-period (years) variation of the beach and
          berm in direct response to the lake-level variation.

      175. Wood, W. L.; -.-@jshar, L. T.- T--A-f- of Long Period Water
          Level Fluctuations on Beach and Nearshore Changes in the
          Great Lakes. EOS; January 19, 1982; 63(3): 22b-9.
          Note: Abstract.
          A fifteen year data set of nearshore beach and bathymetric
          profiles obtained along the southeastern shore of Lake
          Michigan has been analyzed using the method of empirical
          eigenfunctions. This analysis identified two primary modes
          of spatial variation. one is a dominant long period mode,
          while the other is a short period mode. A similar analysis
          of 120 years of monthly mean lake level records indicated two
          major long period trends in the record. These two long
          period trends are shown to be the probable sources of
          physical forcing of the beach and nearshore profile change.
          This forcing is the result of long term modulation of local
          mean and wind-wave fields by the monthly mean lake level.

      176. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C.; Davis, S. E. Indiana
          Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps
          of Engineers; 1978; Progress Report No. 7. pp. 58.













                                        5-47














      177. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Influence of Lake Level
          Variation and Storm Waves on Coastal Stability (invited
          paper). Proc. 3rd Workshop on Great Lakes Coastal Erosion and
          Sedimentation; 1982: pp. 63-66.
          Seasonal changes in beach profile caused by changes in
          incident wave conditions have long been recognized on most of
          the world's sandy coastlines. However, seasonal changes in
          the offshore region immediately adjacent to a beach are less
          well understood. Since wind-waves are a primary energy
          source in this offshore region as well as on beaches, it is
          presumed that related seasonal changes may be observed on
          both. During the past 4 years a set of precisely measured
          offshore and beach profiles has been collected at monthly
          intervals along the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. The
          four years of bathymetric profile data were initially
          evaluated in order to identify dominant areas of profile
          change. This evaluation indicated three distinct areas of
          profile change: the beach and berm, the inner-bar, and the
          outer-bar region. Each of these regions was found to vary
          independently of the other two. In order to evaluate impact
          of storm waves on beach and offshore response a series of
          profiles were collected on 2 to 1: lay intervals dtirina one
          month periods in spring and fall 1978 and 1979. During each
          survey period observations were made (at three hour
          intervals) on wind speed, wind direction, and wave height.

      178. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L.; Davis, S. E. Storm Impact on
          Systematic Changes in Beach and Nearshore Topography. Proc.
          2nd Conf. on Scientific Research in the National Parks; 1979:
          pp. 101-110.
          Changes in beach and nearshore topography have been
          monitored, for the past five years, along a section of
          coastline at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Empirical
          eigenfunction analysis of beach and nearshore data have shown
          that topographic changes are systematically related to
          seasonal wind wave and lake level variations. Anomalous
          variations in these periodic, systematic beach and nearshore
          topographic changes indicated that the eigenfunction analysis
          was sensitive to episodic events. A detailed analysis of
          topographic changes, at close time intervals, has shown that
          storm events are readily detected as significant variations
          in the temporal eigenfunction, weighted by its corresponding
          eigenvalue. Most significant in these results is the
          suggestion that storm impact on a coast can be predicted, in
          a statistical context, from climatological data.
          Specifically, these climatological data can be used to
          develop a probability distribution of episodic storm events
          and their intensity. Since this distribution is the episodic
          portion of the "forcing" on the second eigenfunction (wind




                                        5-48













         waves and currents), it can be used to predict changes in
         beach and nearshore topography. Herein lies the potential to
         develop models capable of predicting both periodic and
         episodic changes in topography for sandy coastlines of the
         Great Lakes.


     179. Wood, William L. Coastal Response to Lake-Level Variation
         and Storm Wave Occurrence in Southern Lake Michigan. First
         Indiana Dunes Research Conference
         Subtitle: Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific Inquiry
         Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Processes; May 1-3, 1986:
         pp. 23-33.
         Seasonal changes in beach profile are caused by seasonal
         change in wave conditions incident at the shore. However,
         bottom variability immediately adjacent to the beach is
         complicated by the modulating effects of seasonal and long-
         term lake-level variation. In southern Lake Michigan the
         inner-bar position actively changes under the influence of
         storm waves, but appears to lack a well defined seasonal
         pattern. Conversely, the outer-bar position is seasonally
         stable, yet exhibits a long-term movement pattern which is
         dirArt1v rplated to mean annual lake-level variation

     180. Wood, William L.; Davis, Stephen E. (Great Lakes Coastal
         Research Laboratory). Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
         Situation Report. Subtitle: Shoreline situation Report; 10-
         1-86.
         Note: Covers Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Property.
         Coastal parameters and characteristics, coastal processes.

     181. Wood, William L.; Davis, Stephen E. A Perspective on the
         Present and Future Conditions of the Indiana Dunes National
         Lakeshore Coastline. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
         Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific Inquiry
         Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Processes; May 1-3, 1986:
         pp. 34-46.
         The recently completed Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
         Shoreline Situation Report provides detailed description and
         analysis of historic and present coastal conditions.
         ?etailed beach and offshore survey data from 1966 to present
         indicate that changes in relative coastal stability may be
         more dramatic in offshore areas than on the shore. This
         result is most dramatic at and downrift from coastal
         engineering structures. Coastal recession rates are highly
         variable over short horizontal lengths of coastline and do,
         therefore, require careful consideration with respect to
         long-term prediction. consideration of present coastal
         conditions raises some difficult questions with respect to
         long-term management of IDNLS shoreline.




                                      5-49













     182. Wood, William L.; Gutschick, Raymond C.; Gonsiewski, James
         (Western Michigan University, Dept. of Geology). Field Trip
         Guidebook: coastal and Environmental Geology - Subtitle:
         Southern Lake Michigan; 1-1-76; Kalamazoo.
         Note: Covers Southern Lake Michigan, Mt. Baldy Indiana.
         10th Annual Meeting- Geological Society of America.

     183. Wood, William L.; Hoover, Julie A.; Stockberger, Todd M.;
         Zhang, Yan (Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
         University). State of Indiana Coastal Situation Report
         Subtitle: Coastal Situation Report; 6-1-88.
         Note: Covers shoreline of Indiana.
         Comprehensive erosion, structure, processes review.

     184. Wood, William L.; Madalon, Leonard J.; Wood, Christine L.
         (SEACO Inc. West Lafayette, Indiana). NIPSCO Beach
         Nourishment Sediment Evaluation for Southern Lake Michigan
         Subtitle: Final Report; 6-1-90; Final Report.
         Note: Covers NIPSCO Bailly plant, NIPSCO Michigan City plant
           Not available for distribution.










































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                                RECREATION



     185. The Abonmarche Group (For the Lake Michigan Marina
         Development Commission). Estimate of the demand for
         recreational boat slips along the Lake Michigan Shoreline in
         northern Indiana.; Aug. 1990.
         Note: reprint.
         An analysis of recreational boating characteristics in the
         northern Indiana area. A survey of existing, planned and-
         proposed marinas along the shoreline including study of the
         number of slips by length and purchase or rental prices.
         Estimation of the potential demand for new recreational boat
         slips for the period of 1990 through 1995, as well as an
         estimate of overall demand for the year 2000. Preparation of
         findings and conclusions pertaining to changes in market
         conditions and trends.

     186. Absher, J.D.; Collins, J.R. Southern Lake Michigan
         Sportfishery: Angler Profiles and specialization Index for
         Illinois and Indiana; 1987: University of Illinois, Urbana-
         Champaign, IL; ISSN: IL-IN Sp- Grant.
         Sportfishing is a major pursuit of many people that frequent
         Lake Michigan. Besides the intangible benefits it affords
         anglers, it contributes to the economic growth of the Lake
         region. The goals of this project were to provide baseline
         data on the use of the SLM sportfishery and to further refine
         and test the concept of recreational specialization. Results
         from this study have begun to develop a profile of the
         Illinois and Indiana SLM (southern Lake Michigan) angler and
         to develop a SLM angler taxonomy useful to many of the Lake's
         sportsfishing providers. With need for more definitive
         information about the SLM angler, the first objective of this
         study was to provide seperate profiles for the Illinois and
         Indiana SLM angler. The profiles consisted of over 220 items
         covering 13 major areas of inquiry. Each state was treated
         seperately and completely. The results were not easily
         encapsulated. The reader is referred to the table of
         contents for specific angler characteristics of interest
         (sociodemographics, fishing and behavior habits, motivations
         and satisfactions, management preferences, health risks, and
         non-southern Lake Michigan anglers). This angler taxonomy
         (low specializaion anglers, medium specialization anglers,
         and high specialization anglers) has provided evidence not
         only that there is an inherent diversity of behaviors,
         preferences, and motives within the realm of sportsfishing,
         but that this diversity can be systematically explained in
         terms of an activity specialization scale based on five
         characteristics of motivation. The specialization scale can




                                       5-51,













         help in managing the SLM angler population.   To treat SLM
         anglers as a homogeneous unit could be misleading and could
         also fail to provide optimized benefits for obviously
         distinct segments of this angler population.

     187. Bartholomew, Wayne ; Joray, Paul ; Kochanowski, Paul. An
         Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Marinas and Launching
         Facilities in Michigan City on the Michigan City Economy.
         [Report for the Michigan City Port Authority.]. Michigan
         City, IN; April 1981.
         Note: 2 copies.
         The marinas and boat launching facilities are an integral
         part of the Michigan City economy. The purpose of this
         research project is to estimate the economic impact of these
         facilities and boating in general on the Michigan city
         economy. The total impact is measured by using the export
         base model to project flow of income throughout the Michigan
         City economy that results from the direct income gains.
         Three major conclusions can be drawn from our analysis of the
         impact of boating upon the Michigan City economy. First, the
         impact upon the economy is substantial, ranging from
         Anw-n-i-Ately $13.4 million annually to approx. `@17.4
         million. This latter figure includes the estimated special
         impacts. Secondly, the impact upon the economy is extremely
         widespread. It is fair to say that anyone who sells either a
         product or service in Michigan City and anyone who works for
         a company that sells a product or service in Michigan City
         benefits from boating. Third, the lakeshore is an important
         resource that holds considerable comparative advantage for
         Michigan city vis-a-vis other cities in Indiana. This
         resource can make a major contribution to the Michigan City
         economy and to its residents if it is carefully developed.
         The impact of boating upon the Mich. City economy is
         substantial. Our surveys estimate that private marinas and
         events (Coho Club and Shriners Salmon Derby) contribute a
         4irect economic impact of about $2.4 million, an indirect
         income impact of $2.1 million and a total impact of $4.5
         million. We estimate that the public marinas and launching
         facilities generate a direct impact of $2.5 million, an
         indirect impact of $2.3 million, and a total impact of $4.8
         million. Michigan City's In The Water Boat Show is estimated
         to have a $4.1 million impact. Finally, the families who own
         year round and summer homes for boating-related activities,
         and whose imcome is from outside of Michigan City, contribute
         an income impact of approximately $1.3 million. Thus the
         total impact is nearly $15 million annually. Many people in
         the community view the benefits from activities like boating
         as accruing only to those who use the facilities or sell
         goods and services directly to the users. However, virtually




                                      5-52













          everyone in Michigan city benefits in some manner from the
          @15 million in extra income brought into the community. It
          is true that the income goes initially to those who sell
          directly to boaters, but the income is soon spent on other
          items, thus increasing the incomes of other Michigan City
          residents, and also contributes to the local tax base.

     188. Chicago District Economics Branch (Department of the Army,
          Chicago District, Corps of Engineers). Lake Michigan Regional
          Boating Study and Analysis. DRAFT. Chicago, IL: ACE; May
          1973.
          Note: CZM.
          This study is a comprehensive economic analysis of the need
          for small boat harbors on Lake Michigan. It includes
          descriptive, analytical, and quantitative material relevant
          to small boat harbor studies. The first objective was to
          describe and analyze the present patterns of boating on Lake
          Michigan via the information provided by a sample survey of
          boaters in the region. The second objective was to estimate
          the change in demand for Lake Michigan boating facilities.

     189. City -c Hammond; 141'      71T-,ociates, Hammond Marina Access
          Study. Final Report.; August, 1980; Project Indiana CZ084-
          80-04.
          Note: NRPC.
          The Lake County Park and Recreation Board has proposed the
          development of a 200-600 boat marina to be located on the
          Lake Michigan shore of the City of Hammond. A major concern
          ?f the City of Hammond is providing access to the site which
          is safe and convenient for marina users and which produces a
          minimum of disruption in existing traffic patterns and
          commercial, industrial and residential uses in the area.

     190. Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging Task Force.
          Great Lakes Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging:
          Issues and Recommendations; 1988.
          Note: Mich. City.
          Final Report to the Great Lakes Commission.

     191. Conroy, Kathleen/Lake County parks and Recreation Department
          (For the Lake County Indiana Parks and Recreation Board).
          Park & Open Space Plan 1988. Lake County, IN.: Lake County
          Parks and Recreation Department; July 1988.
          Note: reprint.
          A complete and useful guide for the long range development of
          a county park system. This plan will set forth goals,
          policies, and standards to meet county open space and
          recreation needs to the year 2010. This plan will also





                                          5-53













          provide the Park Board with a blueprint for acquisition and
          development of recommended county park sites.

     192. Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman & Company (For City of Gary,
          Indiana). Market Analysis For A Proposed Marina In Gary,
          Indiana.: Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman & Company; Oct.
          1991.
          Note: reprint.
          The sitef located at the eastern lakeside portion of the USX
          property near the public boat launch, is suitable for marina
          development if planned improvements and management actions
          address several physical limitations and environmental
          conditions which need to be ameliorated.

      193. D'Appolonia consulting Engineers, inc. (For Lake County
          Parks and Recreation Board, Crown Point, IN). Draft
          Environmental Impact Assessment, Gary Marina Site.; 1976;
          Project No. MW76-726.
          Note: NRPC.
          The proposed Marquette Park Small Harbor, referred to here as
          Gary Marina is located at the lakefront on the southern shore
          of Lake Michigan in Gary @ity, Lake Countv. TN. The
          objective of the proposed Gary Marina is to provide the
          citizens of the region, particularly of Lake County, with an
          access to Lake Michigan, a natural resource that has limited
          accessibility for public use in Lake County. Should the
          marina project be implemented it will offer opportunity for a
          harbor of refuge, boating, fishing, swimming, water skiing,
          picknicking, nature walks, and other outdoor recreation
          activities.

      194. D'Appolonia Consulting Engineering, Inc. (For Lake County
          Parks and Recreation Board, Crown Point, IN). Draft
          Environmental Impact Assessment. Hammond Marina Site.; 1976;
          Project No. MW76-726.
          Note-, NRPC,
          The proposed Hammond Marina site is located in Hammond, Lake
          County, Indiana, on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. The
          objective of the proposed projects are directly concerned
          with the quality of life, community services and maximum
          development of potential recreational sources in support of
          individual needs as well as to fulfill specific public
          demands. There will be provisions for boating, fishing,
          biking, swimming, water skiing, nature walks, picknicking,
          etc.










                                       5-54













     195. Dawson, C.P., Lichtkoppler, F.R. and Pistis, C. The Charter
         Boat Fishing Industry in the Great Lakes; 1988: Presented at
         the 50th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Columbus, OH.
         Note: 3 copies.
         An overview of the charter boat fishing industry was compiled
         from studies in the Great Lakes States of Wisconsin,
         Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, and New York:
         The revitalization of the warm and coldwater fishery resource
         in the Great Lakes was spurred by the stocking of five
         salmonoid fish species in the 1960's and 1970's and
         management efforts that enhanced wild fish stocks. Since
         1975, the Great Lakes charter boat industry grew from several
         hundred boats-for-hire to over 3,000 boats by 1988. The
         average charter vessel was a single engine, gas powered
         craft, 251-301 in length and capable of carrying six
         passengers for hire to fish with hook and line. The average
         estimated capital investment for the boat, fishing equipment,
         and trailer/truck was $34,0000 to $47,000 in 1985-87.
         Captains took an average of 42 to 70 charter trips from April
         to Oct. during the 1985-87 seasons. The three most important
         attributes customers sought in a charter boat captain were
         ho.cnitality skills, ability to locate fish, Rnd boating
         safety. Many other factors were of less importance (e.g.,
         catch trophy fish, charter price). Charter boat selection
         was influenced by reasons for chartering: challenge and
         excitement, relaxation, to enjoy nature and the lakes, and
         chance to get away. Total trip expenditures by charter boat
         fishing customers totaled $5.3 million in Minnesota (1988)
         and went as high as $59.5 million in Michigan (1985) with
         approximately 40 percent being spent within 10 miles of the
         charter boat dock. operating expenses generally equal
         revenues generated for businesses running the average number
         of charters per year. only charter businesses with 61 or
         more trips generat*ed sufficient revenues to equal operating
         and capital expenses; approximately 20% of the businesses in
         Ohio and New York run more than 61 charters per season.
         Charter boat operations took in revenues ranging from $1.1
         million in Minnesota (1988) and $44 million in New York
         (1986) to $6.4 million in Ohio (1985) and $13.8 million in
         @ichigan (1985). while continued slow growth of the industry
         is anticipated, many challenges and issues face the industry:
         (1) marketing improvements; (2) demographic changes in the
         population base; (3) changing preferences and expectations of
         charter fishing clients; (4) quality and quantity of
         warmwater and coldwater fishery resource; (5) toxic
         contaminants in fish; (6) changes in coldwater fish stocking
         programs; and (7) changes in U.S. Coast Guard and state
         charter boat licensing programs.





                                       5-55













     196. Department of Parks & Recreation - city of whiting, Indiana,
         and the State of Indiana/State Planning Agency -
         Indianapolis, Indiana (Department of Parks & Recreation/State
         of Indiana/State Planning Agency). Whiting Park Shoreline and
         Park Development Study.; July 1980.
         Note: reprint.
         This report summarizes the investigations and findings
         related to the technical and economic development of the
         required park facilities. Plans to develop an expanded beach
         area for Whiting Park are presented and conceptual
         alternative planrt for the overall development of the park
         waterfront and park access are prepared. Critical project
         elements are addressed and-cost estimates for the development
         alternatives have been prepared. The alternatives have been
         evaluated from technical, economic, functional, and aesthetic
         criteria. The end product of the study is the recommendation
         of the most favorable park development alternative.

     197. Donohue Engineers and Architects. Introducing the Robert A.
         Pastrick Marina. East Chicago, Indiana. Sheboygan, Wisconsin:
         Donohue; 1987.
         Nr'-e: CZM.
         When the steel industry faltered in the early 1980s,
         thousands of steelworkers were laid off in East Chicago,
         Indiana. Facing high unemployment, failing businesses, and
         fewer alternative occupational opportunities, the community
         looked toward its lakefront - an unused, untapped natural
         resource. East Chicago resolved to have an operating marina
         for the 1987 boating season and hired Donohue in 1985 to turn
         that idea into reality. The Robert A. Pastrick Marina
         officially opened July 31, 1987. This report contains
         pictures and plans of this marina.

     198. The East Chicago Park & Recreation Board (For the United
         States Department of the Interior Urban Park and Recreation
         Recovery.). Local Recovery Action Program. South Holland,
         Illinois: Paul H. Handing & Associates; 1992.
         Note: reprint.
         The East Chicago Park and Recreation Board of East Chicago,
         Indiana has a vision to make their city the best possible for
         all of their citizens. The first step has been taken by
         developing a 5-year Comprehensive Park and Recreation Plan
         which has been submitted to the state of Indiana. Last year
         a R.A.P. Plan was submitted for Nunez Park & Pool.
         Construction will be underway this year. This report, which
         deals with a new recovery action program for the City of East
         Chicago, Indiana, is an important continuing step in the
         process.






                                      5-56













     199. Environmental Assessment (For the City of Portage Port
         Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
         the Burns Waterway System. Chicago, Illinois: Howard Tammen
         Needles & Bergendoff; 1991.
         Note: reprint.
         The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
         of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
         socio-economic and physical environment. Special attention
         was focused on wetland, water quality and impacts on the
         waterway system.

     200. Gary, Indiana Parks & Recreation. Parks & Recreation
         Comprehensive Plan Update, Gary, Indiana, 1990-1995. Gary,
         Indiana: Parks and Recreation; 1990-1995.
         Note: reprint.
         This revised 1990 Park Plan has been compiled to include
         current statistics and information concerning park and
         recreation facilities in order to effectively and efficiently
         address the problems of the expansion of and the
         rehabilitation of the Gary Department of Parks and
         Recreation.

     201. Globetrotters Engineering Corp.; Warzyn Engineering, Inc.
         Schematic Design and Cost Estimates. Gary/Marquette Park
         Marina, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.; 1982.
         Note: NIRPC.
         An early report including alternative sites for the marina.

     202. Hill, C. L., B. J. Ryan, B. A. McGregor, and M. Rust (For
         the U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,
         National Park Service). Our Changing Landscape - Indiana
         Dunes National Lakeshore. Denver, CO.: U.S. Government
         Printing Office; 1991; U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1085.
         Note: reprint. Free on application to the Books and Open-
         File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center,
         Box 25425, Denver, CO. 80225.
         Earth-science information provides us with estimates of
         extent and rates of change. We need this information to
         transform the challenges presented here into opportunities
         for locating new or additional land, water, and mineral
         resources; for emphasizing prevention of contamination rather
         than cleanup; and for increasing our ability to live in
         harmony with nature.










                                      5-57













     203. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
         Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
         Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
         A review was conducted to asses's the existing research
         programs of various agencies and universities working on Lake
         Michigan.

     204. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
         Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
         Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
         Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
         This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
         mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
         Michigan.

     205. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
         Bibliography-Volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
         of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
         Survey; 1989b.
         A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
         Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
         @leology, physical limnology, meteorology hydrology,
         management, socio-economics, and recreation.

     206. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
         Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, Illinois:
         Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
         Geological Survey; 1989a.
         A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
         Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
         geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
         management, socio-economics, and recreation.

     207. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana (For the U.S.
         Department of the Interior / National Park Service). General
         Management Plan / Indiana Dunes Natinal Lakeshore / Indiana.;
         1980.
         Noteg reprint.
         The trend of growing awareness of the importance of creating
         national parks near urban areas.














                                       5-58













     208. Indiana Department of Na tural Resources (For Indiana State
         Planning Services Agency). Public Access to the Indiana
         Shoreline of Lake Michigan and Tributaries -Subtitle:
         Recreation; 4-30-79; Technical Report No. 305.
         The purpose of the Public Access Study is to assess the
         Indiana shorefront of Lake Michigan for public recreational
         access, and to provide the necessary information for the
         development of state policy as determined by the Executive
         Council of the State Planning Services Agency. Principal to
         the study is the demand, supply and shortage analysis for
         each major recreation opportunity in the shoreline area.

     209. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of outdoor
         Recreation. Indiana Outdoor Recreation: An Assessment and
         Policy Plan for 1989-Draft [unpublished report].
         Indianapolis, IN.; 1988.

     210. Indiana DNR Outdoor Recreation, Fish and wildlife (DNR).
         Guidelines for Indiana Waters: A Fishing and Boating Access
         Program; 6-1-89.
         Notebook of requirements.

     211. Johnson Johnson & Roy (For the City of Portage/Portage Port
         Authority). Burns Waterway: Boat Capacity Study. Ann Arbor,
         Michigan: Johnson Johnson & Roy/inc.; Oct. 1990.
         Noteo. reprint.
         A boat capacity study for the Burns Waterway and related
         portins of the East and West Branches of the Little Calumet
         River in Portage, Indiana. Channel geometry, volume of boats
         in use, boat speeds and sizes, and boat slip and launch
         pattern provided a means of assessing the reliability of the
         analytical results.

     212. Johnson, Johnson & Roy, Inc. (Ann Arbor, MI). East Chicago
         lakefront study East Chicago., Indiana. Conceptual Design
         Plan.; April 1978. NRPC.
         Note; Summary record of critical concepts from project
         meetings held in East Chicago, Nov. 3, 1977, and Jan. 5,
         March 16, and May 4, 1978.
         The purpose of this report is to identify development
         opportunities which optimize citizen use and appreciation of
         East Chicago Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline. Recent
         recreation use patterns at Jeorse Park suggest that the
         existing facility does not encourage local residents to take
         full advantage of this limited and unique natural resource.
         Johnson, Johnson & Roy of Ann Arbor, MI., were retained by
         the city in January, 1978, to prepare a Conceptual Design
         Study and Plan. This plan not only recommends broad
         recreation opportunities, but also identifies methods for




                                      5-59













        maximizing existing and desired uses. Economic evaluation
        and funding recommendations also included in the study assist
        in project implementation. This report graphically records
        and explains the proposed concept design plan and how it can
        be implemented.

    213. Johnson, Johnson & Roy, Inc (Ann Arbor, MI.). Gary Indiana.
        Marina and Waterfront Development.; 1987.
        Note: NRPC.
        The objective of this memorandum is to develop a technical
        data base for use in the planning and design of the proposed
        Gary, IN, waterfront and marina' development. Conclusions
        have been drawn from numerous prior studies to formulate a
        strategy that will allow for the creation of a desirable and
        achievable waterfront development. Upon the foundation of
        this data-gathering and analysis effort, the design team can
        begin to chart a course toward creating appropriate design
        guidelines, a preferred development program, and an
        implementation strategy to guide the city of Gary in
        achieving its aspiration of creating a first class waterfront
        development.

    214. Johnson, Johnson & Roy Inc. Jeorse Park. Road Access Study,
        East Chicago, Indiana; July 1980.
        Note: CZM.
        Jeorse Park is East Chicago's only lakefront public open
        space. Its unique character demands that every effort be
        taken to realize the full recreational potential of this
        facility. Currently underutilized, the "East Chicago
        Lakefront Study" identified how Jeorse Park should be
        improved. Marina and boating facilities, passive play areas,
        walkways and beach, fishing areas, and new parking lots and
        service roads are proposed. Although Jeorse Park can readily
        accomodate these activities and potentially attract greater
        numbers of users, the Park is difficult to reach. The Park
        user must either negotiate the intense traffic activity
        during these periods, or plan to use the facilities during
        slack hours. It is the purpose of this study to identify
        what alignments might be feasible from a conceptual design
        standpoint to rectify this accessibility problem.














                                      5-60














      215. Koch, Robert A., Fisheries Biologist (Fisheries Section;
          Division of Fish and Wildlife). Commercial Catch Monitoring
          in the Indiana Waters of Lake Michigan. July, 1978 - May,
          1979. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Department of Natural
          Resources; 1979.
          Note: CZM.
          The major objectives of this project were to: 1) Determine
          the total catch (number and weight) by species of the two
          full time commercial fishermen operating in Indiana waters;
          2) Determine the incidental catch of salmonids; 3) Determine
          population characteristics of yellow perch in the commercial
          catch and; 4) Determine the reliability of the commercial
          catch reporting system. Results and recommendations of this
          study are included.

      216. Koch, Robert A. (Fisheries Section; Indiana Department of
          Natural Resources). A Creel Survey of the Indiana Waters of
          Lake Michigan. June 1978 - May 1979. Indianapolis, IN:
          Division of Fish and Wildlife; 1979.
          Note: CZM.
          The major objectives of this project were to: 1) Determine
          fish harvest by all sport fisheries -long the InHiA--
          shoreline over a one year period. 2) Determine the
          feasibility of developing an alternative method for data
          expansion. Tables display the,results of this survey, and it
          is recommended that efforts be continued to computerize the
          Lake Michigan creel survey.

      217. Lehman & Lehman, Inc. (For Hammond Park and Recreation
          Board). Hammond 191/195 Park and Recreation Master Plan
          Update. Marion, Indiana: Lehman & Lehman, Inc.; 1990.
          Note: reprint.
          Statements of policies and objectives to help define the role
          and function of the Hammond Park and Recreation Department to
          enable it to meet the challenge of providing sufficient open
          space and facilities for the leisure time needs and interests
          of all residents as well as to enhance the physical and
          social characterisitics of the Hammond community.

      218. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
          Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
          Subtitleg Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1987); 6-
          1-87; Annual Report 1987.

      219. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
          Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
          Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1988); 6-
          1-88; Annual Report 1988.





                                       5-61













      220. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
          Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
          Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1989); 6-
          1-89; Annual Report 1989.

      221. LMMDC meeting (News). Lakefront Development - Subtitle:
          Reprint Post-Tribune, March 1988; 3-1-88.
          Mote: Covers articles on marina development.

      222. Musser, D.; Smidley, S. (Illinois-Indiana sea Grant Program,
          Urbana-Champaign). State and Federal Regulations Related to
          Boating on Lake Michigan. Urbana-Champaign, IL: I-ISGP; Oct.
          1985. (Rep. Il.-In. Sea Grant Program).
          Mote., 39 pp.
          The topics covered in this report include registration and
          titling of vessels, equipment requirements, operation
          requirements and basic rules of the road. Regulations
          governing charter boat or commercial boat operations are not
          included.

      223. Peterson, T.E. (Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.).
          Litera+--.- P-Piew of surveys methodologies inventorieT -@nd
          analyses pertaining to recreation boating beaches commercial
          fishing and charter boat operation in the Great Lakes.
          bibliography in: Citations from the NTIS Bibliographic
          Database -Recreational Boating (Jan 79 - Sep 88): U.S. Dept.
          of Commerce, National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
          Note: p. 83.
          The Great Lakes Basin provides a good quality of life through
          its beautiful scenery, fishing, swimming, power boating, and
          sailing, as well as through the agricultural, mining,
          manufacturing, power, and transportation industries. This
          bibliography presents a review of the literature that was
          developed as a part of a study conducted by Midwest Research
          Institute (MRI) for the Buffalo District U.S. Army Corps of
          Engineers. The overall objective of the study was to
          determine the effects proposed water level regulation plans
          would have on certain Great Lakes beaches, boating
          facilities, commercial fishing and charter boat operations.
          In addition to utilizing two national computerized literature
          services, a number of state, university and local sources
          were examined. For the purpose of clarification, the various
          studies, findings, and methodology examined during our search
          are categorized as follows: (1) Marinas and Boating; (2)
          Beaches and Swimming; (3) Commercial Fishing and Charter
          Boating; (4) Demand Analysis; (5) Cost-Benefit Analysis; and
          (6) Miscellaneous Studies.






                                       5-62













     224. Piechota, A. M.; O'Leary, J. T.; Fischer, B. C. Recreational
         Boating in Indiana. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University,
         Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station; 1989; Station
         Bulletin #574.
         Recreational boating is the nation's fourth largest leisure
         industry and represents a major recreational activity in
         Indiana. In 1987, there were over 200,000 motorized boats
         registered with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
         This was a significant increase over the number of boats
         registered in 1986. There were also thousands of
         unregistered boats such as sailboats, canoes, and rowboats.
         With over 30% of the population participating in boating
         activities (Indiana Department of Natural Resources, 1987),
         Indiana's 1986 boating-related purchases totaled $153
         million. Indiana has over 400 boating-related businesses,
         with approximately 29,000 Hoosiers employed in positions
         either directly or indirectly related to boating.
         Furthermore, the national growth trend of 10 million new
         participants annually is reflected by the 30-1200 percent
         five year sales increase reported by Indiana Business. This
         results from an increase in the number of boats sold and a
         trend toward, larger, morp Pynensive boats.

     225. Poulin, K. A.; Haynes, J. M. Construction Techniques,
         Environmental Impacts and Laws/Regulations for Recreation
         Development on the Great Lakes: An Annotated Bibliography and
         Discussion of Critical Needs in New York; 1986.
         Note: 2 copies.
         The objectives of this project were to: 1) develop an
         annotated bibliography that reviews coastal recreation
         development practices and relevant environmental impacts,
         mitigations, laws and regulations, especially for the Great
         Lakes, 2) evaluate the results of Objective 1 to determine a)
         whether major gaps in technical/environmental knowledge exist
         and b) whether sufficient information currently exists to
         rationally plan coastal development (short-term vs. long-term
         vs. cumulatively) on the Great Lakes generally, and Lake
         Ontario specifically. Perceived long-term/cumulative
         environmental damage could ultimately ruin many recreation
         opportunities as well as permanently damage coastal
         resources. It is important that engineers, builders,
         developers, resource managers, administrators, politicians
         and citizens be able to consider all of the alternative means
         of achieving desirable social goals in the coastal zone.
         With existing knowledge, improved evaluation tools, better
         planning and regulatory organization, proper decisions can be
         made to modify or avoid those projects for which the social/
         environmental cost is too high. The key remaining questions
         are whether or not our society and its subunits will 1) agree




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         upon and implement long-term, environmentally sound goals for
         the coastal zone and 2) spend initially greater time, effort
         and money to evaluate and mitigate long-term and cumulative
         impacts, so as to optimize sustainable coastal resource
         benefits.

     226. Ralph Burke Associates (For: Lake County Parks and
         Recreation Board, Crown Point, Indiana). Lakeshore Park &
         Marina Master Plan Development, Lake County, Indiana. Park
         Ridge, IL 60068: Ralph Burke Associates; March 1976; Project
         No. 7528.
         Note: CZM.
         Ralph H. Burke Associates has been authorized by the Lake
         County Park and Recreation Board to prepare the initial phase
         of a Lake County Lakeshore Park and Marina Master Plan
         Development. This report will constitute the Phase I portion
         of a five phase unilateral contract to include a Master Plan
         development for a park and marina, environmental assessment,
         financial feasibility analysis, design and construction
         services and project representation.

     227. Ralph Burke Associates (For: 1,--,Ie County Parks and
         Recreation Board, Crown Point, IN). Park and Marina Master
         Plan Study, Lake County, Indiana. Preliminary Draft Report.
         Park Ridge, Illinois 60068: Ralph Burke Associates; 1982;
         Project No. 81040.
         Note*. CZM.
         Based upon the inabililty to acquire the NIPSCO property as a
         marina site, the Lake County Parks and Recreation Board has
         authorized Ralph Burke Associates to prepare this site
         selection and master plan study for a park and marina to be
         located between the existing NIPSCO property on the west and
         Whiting City Park on the east. The boating demand for the
         1976 report "Lakeshore Park and Marina Master Plan
         Development" is also to be updated based upon changes in
         boating ownership that have occurred since the original
         marina master plan study was published.

     228. Samdahl, D. M. 1987 Survey of Charterboat Operators on
         Southern Lake Michigan; 1988; (IL-IN-SG-R-88-1): University
         of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL; ISSN: Illinois-Indiana Sea
         Grant.
         A questionnaire was developed that incorporated aspects of
         the other Great Lakes charterboat surveys as well as issues
         unique to charterboat operators on southern Lake Michigan.
         The results of the survey are reported and discussed. The 142
         respondants to this mailed survey represent about half of the
         charterboat operators in Illinois and Indiana. In general,
         these captains are primarily middle-aged married men with a




                                      5-64













          fairly high level of education. Most charter businesses were
          organized as a sole proprietorship; half hired crew members
          in addition to the owner/operator. Charter businesses were
          generally in operation on a part-time basis even during the
          busiest time of the year (May, June, and July), and captains
          mostly received only a small share of their income from
          chartering, averaging $8,000 per year. Only one boat was
         .used in most businesses; that boat was devoted primarily to
          chartering and not often used for other purposes and was an
          average 10 years old, 29 feet long, and could carry six
          passengers. Average fees charged were $220 for a half-day
          trip and $320 for a full-day. Multiplying average revenue
          from fees by the total number of charterboat operators in
          Illinois and Indiana, we can estimate the total regional
          revenue generated from fees to be $2.5 million dollars.
          Charter operations typically reflect an owner/operator with
          one boat who makes a few trips a week for five or six months.
          Although this work contributes only a small amount to the
          annual income of most operators, the total regional impact is
          enormous.


      229. FekPtm- npnrge; Schoonveldt, Michael, Investigatori, Lake
          Michigan Breakwater & Pier Report: House Bill 1069: Division
          of Fish and Wildlife.
          Note: copy obtained from George Seketa.
          This report studies the feasibility of constructing fishing
          piers or modifying existing breakwater facilities to
          accomodate shore line fisherman. Good dependable shoreline
          fishing opportunities for salmon, trout, and perch fishing
          along the Lake Michigan Shoreline is fairly restrictive
          throughout the total Indiana Lake Michigan Shoreline. The
          greatest potential for development of permanent shoreline
          fishing opportunities exists at the Port of Indiana, Midwest
          Steel, and Jeorse Park and Buffington Pier areas. Usage,
          construction costs, and federal funds are some of the topics
          discussed in this report.

      230. Somersan, A. Impacts of Recreation in the Coastal Zones:
          Economic Impact and Needs of Wisconsin's Great Lakes Boaters-
          1975. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Univ.-Madison; 1976; NTIS number
          PB-263-933. 52 p.
          The major objective of the study is to identify the
          dependency between Great Lakes boaters and the economy of the
          coastal communities. The report also identifies the
          socioeconomic profile of the Great Lakes ramp users and
          marina users, and summarizes the preference and needs of
          boaters for facilities and service.







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     231. Strang W. A.; Ditton, R. B. The Lake Michigan Charter
          Fishing Industry: A Product of Love and Taxes. J. Great Lakes
          Res; July 1976; 2(l): 89-98.
          Little is known about the Lake Michigan charter fishing
          industry. This study was conducted to describe Lake Michigan
          charter fishing boat operators and their customers and to
          evaluate the industry's financial status and local economic
          impact. Field work in 1973 revealed 98  charter operators
          working on Lake Michigan from Wisconsin ports. From a
          geographically proportionate sample, 44 extensive interviews
          were completed. The industry generated  $670,000 in sales in
          1973. Low average sales and profits do  not provide financial
          incentives to entrepreneurs. Financial  opportunity, however,
          appears to have played a minor role in the decision to enter
          the business. Major motivations appear to be tax advantages
          and life style rewards. A profile of charter customers was
          developed through a mail survey of a sample of 483 charter
          customers. Catch data were collected from operators
          @urveyed. Catch varied with  the proportion of operator
          income obtained from charter fishing. Port communities were
          affected economically by the industry. Applying a community
          multiplir%-- of 2.16 to the 0,1 6 million of direct expenditures
          yields an economic impact of $3,456,000 on Wisconsin's Lake
          Michigan community in 1973.  The industry is also important
          in that it provided fishermen with access to the Great Lakes
          lake trout and salmon fisheries. Without that access, these
          fisheries would be largely reserved for the wealthy.

     232. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plani East Chicago
          Subtitle: East Chicago; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers East Chicago.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.

     233. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plan, Portage
          Subtitle: Portage; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers Portage.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.

     234. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plan, Hammond, Indiana
          Subtitle: Hammond; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers Hammond.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.





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     235. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plan, Michigan City
          Subtitle: Michigan City; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers Michigan City.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.

     236. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plan, Gary
          Subtitle: Gary; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers Gary.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.

     237. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plan,
          Subtitle: Plan; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, Portage, Michigan
          City.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.

     238. TenEch Engineering, Inc,; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plan
          Subtitle: Executive summary, Financial Feasibility and
          Economic Impact Study; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers 5 Indiana shoreline cities.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.

     239. Theobold, W. F. Tourism Development Plan, Lake County,
          Indiana.
          tourism/ recreation/ Lake County/ Indiana.

     240. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Chicago District. Burns
          Waterway Small Boat Harbor Monitoring Program Portage County,
          Indiana. 3rd Annual Report; March 1991.
          Note: Mich. City.
          The conclusions drawn in this report will be used to evaluate
          the shoreline conditions and how they pertain to the
          construction of the Burns Small Boat Harbor, how successful
          the mitigative efforts have been, if additional mitigation or
          modifications to the existing monitoring procedure are
          needed, and to identify monitoring needs for the following
          year.










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     241. U.S. Department of Interior; City of Gary, Indiana. Gary
         marina. Draft environmental impact statement; 1989.
         Note: NIRPC.
         Compliance instrument for executive order 11990. The
         protection of wetlands is discussed. 1,000+ slip marina is
         proposed to be located between USX breakwater and Marquette
         Park.

     242. Warzyn Engineering, Inc. Gary Waterfront Marina Village.
         Preliminary feasibility study; 1985.
         Note: NIRPC.
         There is an unfilled demand for 4,000 boat slips in northern
         Indiana. The U.S. Steel property is not as environmentally
         sensitive as other potential sites.

     243. Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc., Architects, Planners,
         Construction Managers (For: City of Gary, Indiana). Marquette
         Park Small Boat Harbor Feasibility Study. Chicago, Illinois:
         Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc.; April 15, 1976.
         Note: CZM.
         Marquette Park has historically been the primary recreation
         pn^'- fn- the citizens of Gary and the people w)-7, reside in
         t@e Greater Gary Area. The lake is a tremendous attraction
         for boating, water skiing and fishing. This attraction
         creates a consumer demand that can be converted into an
         economic and recreation asset to the city through the
         development of a small boat harbor at Marquette Park. This
         study was commissioned to determine the physical development
         of the harbor and how that physical development should be
         programmed in order that the harbor would be economically
         feasible. The location of the boat harbor and the demand for
         boating and fishing facilities are reviewed. The design
         concept for the initial harbor facilities and the final
         development have been prepared with prime consideration given
         to the hydrographic conditions, construction cost and
         generated revenues.

     244. Williams-Kuebelbeck & Associates, Inc.(Real estate economic,
         financial and management consultants, Irvine, CA.); Epstein
         Civil Engineering, Inc.(Chicago, IL.). Indiana Marina Market
         and Economic Study; October 31, 1985.
         Note: NRPC.
         Based upon the findings presented in this study, the
         following important conclusions have been drawn which
         summarize the potential for marina development along the
         Indiana shoreline of Lake Michigan. 1) There is a large,
         untapped demand for boat slips in the South Lake Michigan
         market area. While the bulk of this unfulfilled demand is
         generated by the Illinois submarket, Indiana also stands in a




                                      5-68













         good position to develop additional marina facilities along
         its Lake Michigan shoreline. 2) Indiana is faced with the
         opportunity to increase the demand for marina facilities by
         seeking to include other recreation facilities and
         attractions at marina sites (with the highest potential west
         of the Dunes to attract visitors from the Chicago area). 3)
         creation of a revolving loan fund to assist in financing and
         construction, and lowering the tax burden placed on boat
         owners in Indiana is advised. 4)Available choices to Indiana
         are to include narrow development focusing on boat storage
         and related facilities, or a broader approach that emphasizes
         more extensive waterfront development. The latter approach
         seems more promising. 5) Major constraints on development
         include: lack of suitable sites; insufficient land area at
         available sites, and a lack of funding sources. 6) Overall,
         there's a bright future ahead for marina development in
         Indiana.













































                                      5-69

















                               SOCIOECONOMIC



     245. The Abonmarche Group  (For the Lake Michigan Marina
         Development Commission). Estimate of the Demand for
         Recreation Boat Slips Along The Lake Michigan Shoreline In
         Northern Indiana. Benton Harbor, MI., Grand Rapids, MI.: The
         Abonmarche Group; Aug. 1990.
         Note: reprint.
         Recreation boating characteristics/Survey of existing
         marinas/Potential demand for new recreational boat slips/
         Findings and conclusions pertaining to changes in market
         conditions and trends.

     246. Absher, J.D.; Collins, J.R. Southern Lake Michigan
         Sportfishery: Angler Profiles and specialization Index for
         Illinois and Indiana; 1987: University of Illinois, Urbana-
         Champaign, IL; ISSN: IL-IN Sea Grant.
         Sportfishing is a major pursuit of many people that frequent
         Lake Michigan. Besides the intangible benefits it affords
         anglers, it contributes to the economic growth of the Lake
         region. The goals of t1-4i project were to urovide baseline
         data on the use of the SLM sportfishery and to further refine
         and test the concept of recreational specialization. Results
         from this study have begun to develop a profile of the
         Illinois and Indiana SLM (southern Lake Michigan) angler and
         to develop a SLM angler taxonomy useful to many of the Lake's
         sportsfishing providers. With heed for more definitive
         information about the SLM angler, the first objective of this
         study was to provide seperate profiles for the Illinois and
         Indiana SLM angler. The profiles consisted of over 220 items
         covering 13 major areas of inquiry. Each state was treated
         seperately and completely. The results were not easily
         encapsulated. The reader is referred to the table of
         contents for specific angler characteristics of interest
         (sociodemographics, fishing and behavior habits, motivations
         and satisfactions, management preferences, health risks, and
         non-southern Lake Michigan anglers). This angler taxonomy
         (low specializaion anglers, medium specialization anglers,
         and high specialization anglers) has provided evidence not
         only that there is an inherent diversity of behaviors,
         preferences, and motives within the realm of sportsfishing,
         but that this diversity can be systematically explained in
         terms of an activity specialization scale based on five
         characteristics of motivation. The specialization scale can
         help in managing the SLM angler population.    To treat SLM
         anglers as a homogeneous unit could be misleading and could
         also fail to provide optimized benefits for obviously
         distinct segments of this angler population.




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     247. Bartholomew, Wayne ; Joray, Paul ; Kochanowski, Paul. An
         Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Marinas and Launching
         Facilities in Michigan City on the Michigan City Economy.
         (Report for the Michigan City Port Authority.]. Michigan
         City, IN; April 1981.
         Note: 2 copies.
         The marinas and boat launching facilities are an integral
         part of the Michigan City economy. The purpose of this
         research project is to estimate the economic impact of these
         facilities and boating in general on the Michigan City
         economy. The total impact is measured by using the export
         base model to project flow of income throughout the Michigan
         City economy that results from the direct income gains.
         Three major conclusions can be drawn from our analysis of the
         impact of boating upon the Michigan City economy. First, the
         impact upon the economy is substantial, ranging from
         approximately $13.4 million annually to approx. $17.4
         million. This latter figure includes the estimated special
         impacts. Secondly, the impact upon the economy is extremely
         widespread. It is fair to say that anyone who sells either a
         product or service in Michigan City and anyone who works for
         - @-ompany that sells a product or service 47 Michigan ritv
         benefits from boating. Third, the lakeshore is an important
         resource that holds considerable comparative advantage for
         Michigan city vis-a-vis other cities in Indiana. This
         resource can make a major contribution to the Michigan City
         economy and to its residents if it is carefully developed.
         The impact of boating upon the Mich. City economy is
         substantial. our surveys estimate that private marinas and
         events (Coho Club and Shriners Salmon Derby) contribute a
         direct economic impact of about $2.4 million, an indirect
         income impact of $2.1 million and a total impact of $4.5
         million. We estimate that the public marinas and launching
         facilities generate a direct impact of $2.5 million, an
         indirect impact of $2.3 million, and a total impact of $4.8
         million. Michigan City's In The Water Boat Show is estimated
         to have a $4.1 million impact. Finally, the families who own
         year round and summer homes for boating-related activities,
         and whose imcome is from outside of Michigan city, contribute
         an income impact of approximately $1.3 million. Thus the
         total impact is nearly $15 million annually. Many people in
         the community view the benefits from activities like boating
         as accruing only to those who use the facilities or sell
         goods and services directly to the users. However, virtually
         everyone in Michigan city benefits in some manner from the
         @15 million in extra income brought into the community. It
         is true that the income goes initially to those who sell
         directly to boaters, but the income is soon spent on other





                                       5-71













         items, thus increasing the incomes of other Michigan City
         residents, and also contributes to the local tax base.

     248. Carl L. Gardner & Associates, Inc., and Michigan City
         Planning Department. Comprehensive Plan Report, Michigan
         City, Indiana. Volume III.; July 1971; Hud Project No. Ind.
         P-112.
         Note: CZM.
         This report consists of the third and final phase of the
         Comprehensive Plan Report in which long-range proposals are
         made regarding the future development of the Michigan City
         Lake Front, Utilities System and Capital Improvements. The
         Lake Front Plan includes an analysis of the existing lake
         front characteristics - followed by three alternative
         proposals for future development. A final solution which is
         a composite for the three alternatives (as determined by the
         Michigan City Lake Front Committee) is presented along with
         priorities for phased development and land acquisition.

     249. City of Michigan City. Michigan City Comprehensive Plan;
         June 1988. City Hall, Michigan City, Indiana.
         7--te: Mich.

     250. Conroy, Kathleen (For the Lake'County Indiana Parks and
         Recreation Board). Park & Open Space Plan 1988. Lake County,
         IN.: Lake County Parks and Recreation Department; July 1988.
         Note: reprint.
         It is the purpose of this study to provide the lake County
         Parks and Recreation Board with a complete and useful guide
         for the long range development of a county park system. This
         plan will set forth goals, policies, and standards to meet
         county open space and recreation needs to the year 2010.
         This plan will also provide the Park Board with a blueprint
         for acquisition and development of recommended county park
         sites.

     251. Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman & Company (For the City of
         Gary, Indiana). Market Analysis for a Proposed Marina in
         Gary, Indiana. Gary, Indiana: Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman
         & Company; Oct. 1991.
         Note: reprint.
         The site, located at the eastern lakeside portion of the USX
         property near the public boat launch, is suitable for marina
         development if planned improvements and management actions
         address several physical limitations and environmental
         conditions which need to ameliorated.








                                      5-72













     252. Department of the Army. Shoreline Erosion Protection At
         Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore General Design Memorandum.
         Chicago, Illinois: U.S. Army Engineer District, Chicago Corps
         of Engineers; April 1990.
         Note: reprint.
         This General Design Memorandum presents the final design for
         beach replenishment at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
         (IDNL).

     253. Donohue Engineers and Architects. Introducing the Robert A.
         Pastrick Marina. East Chicago, Indiana. Sheboygan, Wisconsin:
         Donohue; 1987.
         Note: CZM.
         When the steel industry faltered in the early 1980s,
         thousands of steelworkers were laid off in East Chicago,
         Indiana. Facing high unemployment, failing businesses, and
         fewer alternative occupational opportunities, the community
         looked toward its lakefront - an unused, untapped natural
         resource. East Chicago resolved to have an operating marina
         for the 1987 boating season and hired Donohue in 1985 to turn
         that idea into reality. The Robert A. Pastrick Marina
         officially opened Ju-...! 31, 1987. rP)ni--- --r-irt contains
         pictures and plans of this marina.

     254. Dull, Daniel F. (Department of Geography, Indiana
         University). Lake County, Indiana, in Maps. Bloomington, IN:
         Dept. of Geography, IN Univ.; 1971; Occasional Publication
         No. 6. (Indiana University Foundation, Geography Publications
         Series).
         Note: CZM.
         This is a small thematic atlas of Lake County, Indiana, and
         its maps are designed to give their user a general overview
         of the historical and cultural development of this county.
         There are three types of cartographic products in this atlas:
         maps that were redrawn adaptations of existing maps, maps
         that were compiled by combining elements contained on two or
         more existing maps, and maps that were compiled from
         statistical sources.

     255. The East Chicago Park & Recreation Board (For the United
         States Department of the Interior Urban Park and Recreation
         Recovery). Local Recovery Action Program. South Holland,
         Illinois: Paul H. Handing & Associates Landscape Architects,
         Planners; Feb. 1992.
         Note: reprint.
         The East Chicago Park and Recreation Board of East Chicago,
         Indiana has a vision to make their city the best possible for
         all of their citizens. The first step has been taken by
         developing a 5-year Comprehensive Park and Recreation Plan




                                      5-73













         which has been submitted to the state of Indiana. Last year
         a R.A.P. Plan was submitted for Nunez Park & Pool.
         Construction will be underway this year. This report, which
         deals with a new recovery action program for the City of East
         Chicago, Indiana, is an important continuing step in the
         process.

     256. Environmental Assessment (For the City of Portage Port
         Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
         The Burns Waterway System. Chicago, Illinois: Howard Tammen
         Needels & Bergendoff; 1991.
         Note: reprint.
         The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
         of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
         socio-sconomic and physical environment. Special attention
         focused on wetlands, water quality and impacts on the
         waterway system.

     257. Feingold, Eugene M., Legal Consultant (Indiana State
         Planning services Agency). Legal and Administrative
         Inventory. Indianapolis, IN; September 1976; Technical Report
         105; CZM Indiana CZ-5-11.
         Note: CZM.
         The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 declared that it is
         the National Policy to preserve, protect, develop, and where
         possible, to restore or enhance, the resources of the
         nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.
         The coastal zone is to extend inland from the shorelines only
         to the extent necessary to control shorelands, the uses of
         which have a direct and significant impact on the coastal
         waters, which include the Great Lakes area. The State of
         Indiana, acting through its State Planning Services Agency,
         is developing a management program for the land and water
         resources of its coastal zone. For study purposes, the
         Indiana program has set the preliminary boundaries of the
         coastal zone inland to about the middle of Lake, Porter and
         LaPorte Counties which border Lake Michigan and are within
         its water shed.

     258. Haynes, Kingsley E., Ph.D.; et al., Indiana University (For:.
         Indiana State Planning Services Agency). Energy Facility
         Siting Review: The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program.
         Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning Services Agency;
         October 31, 1979; Technical Report No. 306; Project Indiana
         CZ-001-80-01.
         Note: CZM.
         A physical inventory of socioeconomic parameters which may
         affect energy demand is included, as well as a survey of
         existing energy systems in the region. Current State and




                                      5-74













          Federal policies which may affect energy growth in the
          coastal zone are reviewed. A scenario of growth in regional
          electricity need is drawn, and State policy alternatives to
          meet future energy needs in the coastal zone are presented.
          Institutional problems in implementing these policies are
          also examined.

     259. Haynes, Kingsley E., Ph.D.; et al., Indiana University (For:
          Indiana State Planning Services Agency). Indiana Coastal
          Energy Facilities Inventory. Bloomington, IN: School of
          Public and Environmental Affairs, IN Univ.; November 30,
          1979; Project Indiana CZ-001-80-02.
          Note: CZM.
          This is an inventory of the energy facilities that occur in
          the Indiana coastal zone of Lake Michigan. Facility address,
          type, activity, capacity, operating date, and expansion
          information is given.

     260. Haynes, Kingsley E.; Schoepfle, 0. Benjamin; Shapiro, Robert
          W., Indiana University (For: Indiana State Planning Service
          Agency). The Permit Process for Energy Facilities in Indiana.
          Alternati-,- 0-    t-ra t ions; November 30, 1979; Coastal Eno? ,y
          Impact Program, Appendix I to Report on Permit Consolidation,
          Submitted August 15, 1979.
          Note: CZM.
          The enactment of many separate laws and regulations, each
          addressing specific problems of land use, planning,
          administration, or environmental impact has created an
          increasing need for more holistic approaches to and the
          streamlining of decision-making process. This discussion
          focuses on the permit process for energy facility siting in
          Indiana and how the process might be consolidated by using
          the permit systems of four other states; Washington,
          Wisconsin, Oregon, and Minnesota as models. It is hoped that
          illustrations of these models will suggest some alternatives
          for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the
          Indiana permit system.

     261. Heikoff, Joseph M. Shorelines and Beaches in Coastal
          Management: A Bibliography. Monticello, Illinois: Council of
          Planning Librarians Exchange; 1975; (Bibliography 879): 63
          pp-

     262. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
          Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
          Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
          A review was conducted to assess the existing research
          programs of various agencies and universities working on Lake
          Michigan.




                                          5-75













      263. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
          Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
          Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
          Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
          This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
          mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
          Michigan.

      264. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
          Bibliography-Volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
          of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
          Survey; 1989b.
          A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
          Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
          geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
          management, socio-economics, and recreation.

      265. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
          Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, IIlinois:
          Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
          Geological Survey; 1989a.
          A bibliography !--s compiled -f All --e-arch literature on
          Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
          geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
          management, socio-economics, and recreation.

      266. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Coastal Zone
          Management Program. Preliminary First Year Natural Resource
          Inventory. (Draft): Indianapolis; July 1976.
          Note: CZM.
          Compiles an inventory of significant natural and man-made
          coastal resources including an inventory of the existing data
          on the natural resources of the state's Lake Michigan coast,
          brief discussion papers on the problems and issues of the
          area, and an analysis of the collected data for its use in
          the Coastal Zone Management Program.

      267. Indiana State Planning Services Agency. Economic Impact
          Modelsg The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program.
          Indianapolis, IN; June 1979.
          The majority of this report is concerned with demonstrating
          the contribution that economic analysis can make to Coastal
          Zone Management. The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 is
          among the children of Earth Day. The impetus for the Act
          stemmed from a growing recognition that the nation's coastal
          areas (including the shoreline of the Great Lakes)
          constituted a unique and serious policy problem. Forty-five
          percent of the nation's population lived in coastal counties,
          which constituted only a small fraction of its land area, and




                                        5-76













          the proportion was increasing. Urbanization of the coast
          generated conflicting demands for land among potential users;
          especially outdoor recreation, industry, water
          transportation, electric utilities, and residential uses.
          The pollution, landfill operations and erosion attending many
          of these uses often impacted one of the most delicate and
          biologically productive ecosystems; the estuarine areas.
          Thus the CZM Act reflected mainly a two-fold concern with
          ecological preservation and land use regulation. The role of
          economic development in CZM programs is clearly indicated in
          the preamble of the 1972 Act. The role of economic
          development considerations in Indiana's CZM program is even
          clearer than in the federal mandate. Governor Bowen has
          described the main purposes of'the Indiana program as
          "achieving a balance which allows for economic expansion
          while maintaining the quality of the environment", placing
          economic and environmental issues on equal footing. This
          report illustrates and applies techniques of regional
          economic analysis to the Indiana CZM region. Chapter 2
          describes a number of regional economic models which have
          potential applications in CZM. This chapter also
          demonstrates what is required for a -iomprehensive
          understanding of the Zone's economic functioning and the
          economic impacts of CZM policies and action programs.
          Chapter 3 attempts to apply some of these models to
          illustrate on an industry-by-industry basis the Zone's major
          sources of regional employment, income and growth. Chapter 4
          contains impact analyses of two problems into the Coastal
          Zone: air quality non-attainment and declining steel
          employment.

     268. Indiana Department of Commerce, Planning and Research Group
          (For: The Department of Planning and Research, Dept. of
          Commerce, IN). Economic Feasibility Proposals of West Park
          and Marina Development. Michigan City, Indiana. T. "Ted"
          Pantazis, Director ed. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana
          Department of Commerce; Project Ind. P-1009.
          Noteg CZM.
          This project involves development of a multifaceted
          recreation area including both land and water activities.
          The land area is approximately 200 acres containing both
          passive and active recreation areas. The water area, which
          is protected by an extensive breakwater system, contains a
          marina, boat launching ramps and fishing piers. An offshore
          area is proposed for fish spawning. This facility, if
          properly conceived and constructed, will serve an estimated
          area of approximately one million citizens. Today
          approximately seven percent of this population are marina and





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          boating enthusiasts. The average percentage increase in the
          sport of boating is four percent per annum.

      269. Indiana State Planning services Agency. Indiana Coastal Zone
          Management Program. Annual Report. Indianapolis, IN; June 1,
          1975 - September 30, 1976; Technical Report 107.
          Note: CZM.
          This report serves to conclude Indiana's first year efforts
          toward the development of a management program for the
          southern Lake Michigan shoreline. The activities of the first
          year program, including data inventory, public participation
          and program coordination, are summarized. There is also a
          discussion of the problems and issues in the coastal area,
          and an analysis of the physical, social and economic data for
          the purpose of aiding in the establishment of policy
          framework.

      270. Indiana State Planning services Agency. Indiana Coastal Zone
          Management Program Goals, objectives, and Policies. A draft
          framework paper; October 10, 1978.
          Note: CZM.
          The r-rr-7- -4@ this framework paper is to bring forwar-1 to
          the Executive council of the State Planning Services Agency
          for its consideration early in the third year program, a
          concise statement of the primary problems and issues which
          exist in the coastal zone and the possible policies and
          solutions for their resolution. After undergoing thorough
          public and governmental review, it is hoped that this
          document will provide a basic framework for the Indiana
          Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Program.

      271. Indiana Department of Commerce. The Indiana Management Plan:
          Economic Impact Models: Indiana Department of Commerce; June,
          1979; Technical Report No. 308.
          Note: CZH.
          Report demonstrates the contribution that economic analysis
          can make to coastal management. It describes a group of
          regional economic models applicable to the coastal zone such
          as economic base analysis, shift shore analysis, input-output
          models, econometric models locational analysis models (cost
          or demand-oriented models), cost benefit analysis. Some
          models are applied on an industry-by-industry basis to
          identify the major source of employment and income and to
          provide a guide for the determination of permissable and
          priority of uses. Two problems pertaining to the coastal
          zone are evaluated: the consequences of air quality non
          attainment and of declining steel employment.






                                        5-78













     272. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (Lake Michigan
         Shoreline Program). Indiana's Shoreline: A Resource for
         Everyone. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning Services
         Agency.
         Note: (CZM) booklet.
         This is a booklet aimed for public display that discusses the
         evolution of the Indiana shoreline, areas of concern,
         development, access, habitats, natural hazards, habitats,
         resources, recreation, energy, and lakeshore management. it
         also includes a chart on Shoreline Management Projects &
         Studies with completion dates, budgets, etc.

     273. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (By: Indiana
         Department of Natural Resources). Inventory of Plans,
         Programs, and Projects. Part I. Indianapolis, IN: DNR;
         September 1976; Technical Report No. 103.
         Note: Coastal Zone Management Program.
         The following Inventory of Plans, Projects and Programs is an
         effort to catalog and abstract the various Federal, State,
         Inter-State, and Regional governmental activities involving
         the natural resources and natural processes within the
         Indiana Coa @tai Zone Man;:1r-%Pm-n-t- 1-tudy area.

     274. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (By: Northwestern
         Indiana Regional Planning Commission). Inventory of Plans,
         Projects and Programs. Part 2; September, 1976; Technical
         Report No. 103.
         Note: Coastal Zone Management Program.
         This document presents an inventory of plans, projects and
         programs which relate to the coastal zone study area in Lake
         and Porter Counties. The purpose of this inventory is to
         identify problems and issues of general concern to
         communities within the study area and to assist in the
         development of the rol e of various agencies in the management
         of the coastal zone.

     275. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (By: Michiana Area
         Council of Governments). Inventory of Plans, Projects and
         Programs. Part 3; September 30, 1976; Technical Report 103.
         Note-. Coastal Zone Management Program.
         This report contains abstracts of 34 projects from the
         Indiana coastal zone area.













                                      5-79














     276. Indiana Department of Natural Resources (For Indiana State
         Planning services Agency). An inventory of man-made land
         along the Indiana shoreline of Lake Michigan; April 30, 1979;
         Tech. Rep. No. 304.
         Note*. NRPC.
         This inventory of man-made lands was undertaken in an effort
         to compile a complete record of authority to fill permits and
         patents. Whenever possible, an attempt is also made to
         obtain or locate the plats of survey which accompany the
         filing of such documents. The DNR, Secretary of State, State
         Auditor, Lake County Surveyor, Lake County Auditor, Lake
         County Recorder's Offices, and the archives of the Indiana
         State Library provided records of man-made fills in Lake
         Michigan.

     277. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (Indiana Dunes National
         Lakeshore), Land Protection Plan (Draft); 7-01-87.
         Note: Covers National Lakeshore, Lake, Porter, Laporte
         counties.
         Identification of land uses and land needs of IDNLS.

     278. Indiana State Planning Servic 7 Agency. T-b-ic-al memorandum
         II: Socioeconomic Description of the Indiana Coastal Zone.
         Highland, IN: Indiana State Planning Services Agency; 1976.

     279. Indiana Department of Commerce; Ranos, C. Economic Impact
         Models: The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program; June
         1979; Technical Report No. 301.
         The majority of the report is concerned with demonstrating
         the contribution that economic analysis can make to Coastal
         Zone Management.

     280. Johnson, David A.; Russell, John R., Ball State University
         (Indiana State Planning services Agency). Esthetic Resource
         Assessment. Indianapolis, IN; September 1976; Technical
         Report 104.
         Note: CZM.
         This deals with producing definite guidelines for the
         assessment of esthetic resources to aid in the program for
         Coastal Zone Management. The College of Architecture and
         Planning Team (Ball State) must inventory esthetic resources
         and provide visual aid documents and narrative information
         for use in public educational and public participation
         activities.











                                       5-80













     281. Johnson, Johnson & Roy, Inc. (Ann Arbor, MI). East Chicago
         lakefront study East Chicago, Indiana. Conceptual Design
         Plan; April 1978. NRPC.
         Note: Summary record of critical concepts from project
         meetings held in East Chicago, Nov. 3, 1977, and Jan. 5,
         March 16, and May 4, 1978.
         The purpose of this report is to identify development
         opportunities which optimize citizen use and appreciati6n of
         East Chicago Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline. Recent
         recreation use patterns at Jeorse Park suggest that the
         existing facility does not encourage local residents to take
         full advantage of this limited and unique natural resource.
         Johnson, Johnson & Roy of Ann Arbor, MI., were retained by
         the city in January, 1978, to prepare a Conceptual Design
         Study and Plan. This plan not only recommends broad
         recreation opportunities, but also identifies methods for
         maximizing existing and desired uses. Economic evaluation
         and funding recommendations also included in the study assist
         in project implementation. This report graphically records
         and explains the proposed concept design plan and how it can
         be implemented.

     282. Johnson, Johnson & Roy Inc. Jeorse Park. Road Access Study,
         East Chicago, Indiana; July 1980.
         Note: CZM.
         Jeorse Park is East Chicago's only lakefront public open
         space. Its unique character demands that every effort be
         taken to realize the full recreational potential of this
         facility. Currently underutilized, the "East Chicago
         Lakefront Study" identified how Jeorse Park should be
         improved. Marina and boating facilities, passive play areas,
         walkways and beach, fishing areas, and new parking lots and
         service roads are proposed. Although Jeorse Park can readily
         accomodate these activities and potentially attract greater
         numbers of users, the Park is difficult to reach. The Park
         user must either negotiate the intense traffic activity
         during these periods, or plan to use the facilities during
         slack hours. It is the purpose of this study to identify
         what alignments might be feasible from a conceptual design
         standpoint to rectify this accessibility problem.














                                      5-81













     283. Johnson Johnson & Roy/inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan) (For the
         City of Portage Port Authority). Burns Waterway Boat Capacity
         Study. Ann Arbor, MI.: Johnson Johnson & Roy/inc.; Oct. 1990.
         Note: reprint.
         Through an on-site boat survey conducted on June 30, 1990, a
         wide range of data related to boat use and user
         characteristics was collected. A follow-up mail survey of
         Waterway slip-holders and marina operators assisted in the
         evaluation of existing waterway conditions, as well as
         providing a means of assessing the reliability of the
         analytical results. The physical data obtained during the
         survey--channel geometry, volume of boats in use, boat speeds
         and sizes, and boat slip and launch patterns--provided the
         basis for estimating boat capacity at various locations on
         the Waterway. Survey results are included in separate
         appendages. Interpretation of the analytical results are
         provided by descriptive figures, tables, and charts.
         Finally, potential scenarios of development, and channel
         improvements and modifications are evaluated to determine
         their relative impact upon the Waterway.

     284. Lambert, john F. ir T,,;%"A h-muisition in the National Parks:
         Examples from Yosemite National Park and Indiana Dunes
         National Lakeshore. Harvard Environmental Law Review; 1982;
         6(l): 35.

     285. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
         Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
         Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1987); 6-
         1-87; Annual Report 1987.

     286. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
         Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
         Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1988); 6-
         1-88; Annual Report 1988.

     287. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
         Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
         Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1989); 6-
         1-89; Annual Report 1989.

     288. LMMDC meeting (News). Lakefront Development
         Subtitle- Reprint Post-Tribune, March 1988; 3-1-88.
         Noteg Covers articles on marina development.










                                      5-82














     289. Michiana Area Council of Governments (Coastal Zone
          Management Program). Economic and Social Inventory. Part 2.
          Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning services Agency.;
          September 30, 1976; Technical Report 102. (Project Indiana
          CS-5-4).
          Note: CZM.
          This report accompanies the work done by the Northwestern
          Indiana Regional Planning Commision in Part 1 of the
          inventory, and provides data on air and water quality,
          population trends/projections, employment, housing, public
          facilities, land use and ownership, etc.

     290. Moshman Associates, Inc. Burns Waterway Harbor Export Coal
          Feasibility.; October 1981; Final Report. Project Indiana
          CZ086-81-01.
          Note: CZM.
          Based upon critical review of recently completed and
          published reports, the history, current status, and future
          outlook for world coal trade and U.S. exports of soft coals
          were examined. Preliminary siting, design, construction, and
          operating cost estimates for a two to three million annual
          ton capacity terminal at P-_-ns Waterwa,,         fnWH) were
          developed, as were total transportation cost estimates.
          Conclusions as to economic feasibility were reached and
          potentially rewarding actions were suggested.

    .291. Moshman Associates, Inc. (For: Indiana Port Commission).
          Port of Indiana Burns Waterway Harbor. Economic Impact,
          1977. Washington, D.C.: Moshman Assoc., Inc.; June 1978;
          Final Report.
          Note: CZM.
          This study was undertaken at the request of the Indiana Port
          Commission pursuant to a proposal dated February 10, 1978.
          This study's purposes are to provide quantitative measures of
          the direct and indirect socio-economic impacts generated by
          Burns Harbor. The motivation underlying these study purposes
          are to apprise State and Federal officials, specifically
          those of the Economic Development Administration, of this
          Port6s effects upon the domestic sub-economies in its
          geographic sphere of influence. Moreover, it was
          hypothesized that the impacts measurements would result in
          findings which would render Burns Harbor eligible for the
          award of a public works grant. Another purpose is the Port
          commission's desire to obtain new inputs for its policy-
          making and planning purposes.








                                         5-83













     292. NIRPC. A Socio-economic Description of the Indiana Coastal
         Zone.: Indianapolis; August 1976; Technical Memorandum II.
         Note: CZM.
         Describes the socioeconomic conditions in the state's coastal
         zone in terms of population trends, population
         characteristics, personal and family finance, and employment.
         Regional forecasts of population and employment are made.

     293. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (Coastal
         Zone Management Program). Economic and Social Inventory. Part
         1. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning Services Agency;
         September, 1976; Technical Report 102.
         Note: CZM (Part 2 of this inventory was prepared by the
         Michiana Area Council of Governments).
         Lake Michigan forms the northern boundary for Lake and Porter
          ounties and the State of Indiana. The 33 miles of shoreline
         is shared by the nation's largest steel-making complex,
         C

         power-generating plants, a major shipping port, private
         homeowners, and the Dunes State and National lakeshore Parks.
         The potential exists for further development of land in the
         coastal area. What direction this development should take,
         11- mil-h should be allowed, and what should b,@ nrleserved am
         public open space for future generations are the major issues
         being addressed in the Coastal Zone Management Program. A
         methodology for resolving these issues is the major goal.
         This report provides the basic data necessary to begin
         designing a management program that will direct the future
         uses and prevent abuses of Indiana's coastal zone.

     294. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission. Indiana
         Coastal Zone Management Program. Inventory of plans,
         projects, and programs; 1976; Tech. Report 103, Part 2.
         Note: NRPC.
         The purpose of this inventory is to identify problems and
         issues of general concern to communities within the study
         area and to assist in the development of the role of various
         agencies in management of the coastal zone.

     295. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission. A Socio-
         Physical Description of the Indiana Coastal Zone.
         Indianapolis, IN: NIRPC; August, 1976; Technical Memorandum
         III.
         Note: CZM.
         Describes for the state's coastal zone such social parameters
         as housing, cultural resources, historical and architectural
         landmarks'. educational resources, recreational resources,
         parks and recreation needs, community facilities and
         services, and others.





                                        5-84














     296. Ralph Burke Associates (For: Lake County Parks and
         Recreation Board, Crown Point, Indiana). Lakeshore Park &
         Marina Master Plan Development, Lake County, Indiana. Park
         Ridge, IL 60068: Ralph Burke Associates; March 1976; Project
         No, 7528,
         Note: CZM.
         Ralph H. Burke Associates has been authorized by the Lake
         County Park and Recreation Board to prepare the initial phase
         of a Lake County Lakeshore Park and Marina Master Plan
         Development. This report will constitute the Phase I portion
         of a five phase unilateral contract to include a Master Plan
         development for a park and marina, environmental assessment,
         financial feasibility analysis, design and construction
         services and project representation.

     297. Recreation Planning Associates Ltd. Michigan City
         Development Plan: Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program
         Demonstration. 2400 East Devon Avenue, Suite 165, Des
         Plaines, IL; December 1980.
         This is the third and final report to be submitted to the
         State of Indiana and City of Michigan City, addressing the
         redf-,[email protected]            related to the Trail Creek
         portion of Michigan City's North-End Area. This section will
         summarize the Initial Problem Analysis, indicate the Market
         Opportunities, and describe the Recommended Development Plan.

     298. Recreation Planning Associates. North-end Area. Task I:
         Problem Analysis. (Planning study of: Trail Creek Waterfront
         Redevelopment, Recreational Boating Plan, National Lakeshore
         Transit and Information Center; June 1980.
         Note: CZM.
         A study of the North End of Michigan City, Indiana
         demonstrating general economic conditions and development
         opportunities, physical characteristics of the several "North
         End" neighborhoods, and a preliminary overview of funding and
         implementation issues.

     299. Recreation Planning Associates; et al. Michigan City
         Development Plan. Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program
         Demonstration; 1980.
         Note: NIRPC.
         Planning study of: 1. Trail Creek Waterfront Redevelopment,
         II. Recreation Boating Plan, III. National Lakeshore Transit
         and Information Center.











                                      5-85













    300. Recreation Planning Associates; et al. North-end Area.
        Initial Plan and Strategy for Redevelopment. Phase III:
        Action Plan; June 1980.
        Note: CZM.
        This is the third and final report to be submitted to the
        City of Michigan City, Indiana, addressing the redevelopment
        opportunities of Michigan City's "North End". This report,
        which is based on the previous two reports as well as client
        response, is a refinement of the efforts of earlier phases
        and provides the Project Team's recommendations regarding the
        redevelopment program and implementation strategy.

    301. Seketa, George; Schoonveldt, Michael, Investigators. Lake
        Michigan Breakwater & Pier Report: House Bill 1069: Division
        of Fish and Wildlife.
        Note.- copy obtained from George Seketa,
        This report studies the feasibility of constructing fishing
        piers or modifying existing breakwater facilities to
        accomodate shoreline fisherman. Good dependable shoreline
        fishing opportunities for salmon, trout, and perch fishing
        along the Lake Michigan Shoreline is fairly restrictive
        throughout the total T., _`Iiana Lake Mit-bir.--r shoreline. The
        greatest potential for development of permanent shoreline
        fishing opportunities exists at the Port of Indiana, Midwest
        Steel, and Jeorse Park and Buffington Pier areas. Usage,
        construction costs, and federal funds are some of the topics
        discussed in this report.

    302. State of Indiana, State Planning Agency / City of Whiting,
        Indiana / Stanley Consultants, Chicago, Illinois (For the
        Department of Parks & Recreation City of Whiting, Indiana).
        Whiting Park Shoreline and Park Development Study.
        Indianapolis, Indiana: State of Indiana, State Planning
        Services Agency; July 1980.
        Note: reprint.
        This report summarizes the investigations and findings
        related to the technical and economic development of the
        required park facilities. Plans to develop an expanded beach
        area for Whiting Park are presented and conceptual
        alternative plans for the overal development of the park
        waterfront and park access are prepared. Critical project
        elements are addressed and cost estimates for the development
        alternatives have been prepared. The alternatives have been
        evaluated from technical, economic, functional, and aesthetic
        criteria. The end product of the study is the recommendation
        of the most favorable park development alternative.







                                      5-86












     303. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
         (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
         Marina Development Plan, Portage
         Subtitle: Portage; 9-1-86.
         Note: Covers Portage.
         Economic feasibility of marina development.

     304. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
         (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
         Marina Development Plan
         Subtitle: Executive summary, Financial Feasibility and
         Economic Impact Study; 9-1-86.
         Note: Covers 5 Indiana shoreline cities.
         Economic feasibility of marina development.

     305. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
         (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
         Marina Development Plan, Hammond, Indiana
         Subtitle: Hammond; 9-1-86.
         Note., Covers Hammond.
         Economic feasibility of marina development.

     306. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
         (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
         Marina Development Plan, Michigan City
         Subtitle: Michigan City; 9-1-86.
         Note: Covers Michigan City.
         Economic feasibility of marina development.
     307. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
         (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
         Marina Development Plan, Gary
         Subtitle: Gary; 9-1-86.
         Note: Covers Gary.
         Economic feasibility of marina development.

     308. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
         (Submitted to Lake Michigan marina Development Commission).
         Marina Development Plan,
         Subtitle: Plan; 9-1-86.
         Note: Covers Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, Portage, Michigan
         city.
         Economic feasibility of marina development.











                                       5-87













      309. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
          (Submitted to Lake Michigan marina Development Commission).
          Marina Development Plan, East Chicago
          Subtitle: East Chicago; 9-1-86.
          Note: Covers East Chicago.
          Economic feasibility of marina development.

      310. Teska Associates, Inc. Waterfront Development Plan, Portage,
          IN. Evanston, Il; 1988.
          This report describes the future development potential of an
          important location within the City of Portage, Indiana.

      311. Theobold, W. F. Tourism Development Plan, Lake County,
          Indiana.
          tourism/ recreation/ Lake County/ Indiana.

      312. Thurow, Charles; Daniel, Glenda; Brown, Timothy H. Impact of
          the Great Lakes on the Region's Economy. 435 North Michigan
          Avenue, Chicago, IL: Center for the Great Lakes; August 1984.
          Note: A report to the Council of Great Lakes Governors.
          This is an analysis of the relationship between the
          .:vailabilit- -9        Lakes water and future economic growth
          in the region. From a number of interviews and written
          reports analyzing the region's economic and environmental
          health from broader or different perspectives, the Center
          soughtg 1) to document the ways water is used by different
          economic sectors in the region, 2) to gather estimates of the
          amount of money generated for the regional economy or
          particular water-dependent sectors of that economy, 3) to
          isolate examples of innovative marketing and promotional
          strategies which focus on the region's water resources and
          which might profitably be adapted for use in region-wide
          strategies. The resulting report presents a summary of the
          Center's findings along with conclusions and recommendations
          for action by the Council of Great Lakes Governors and other
          Public and private-sector policymakers in the region.

      313. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Chicago District Project Maps.
          River and Harbor Works; 1985.
          Noteg Mich. City.
          Includes the Calumet Harbor and River, Indiana Harbor, Burns
          Waterway Harbor, Beverly Shores and Michigan City Harbor.












                                         5-88













      314. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Indiana Shoreline Erosion:
          Final Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement.
          Chicago, Illinois: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; June 1992.
          Note: reprint.
          This study investigated the'shoreland erosion problems
          between Michigan City Harbor, Indiana and the Illinois-
          Indiana State line. As a result of the study this report
          recommends shore erosion control measures for the reach of
          shore immediately west of Michigan City Harbor.

      315. Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc., Architects, Planners,
          Construction Managers (For: City of Gary, Indiana). Marquette
          Park Small Boat Harbor Feasibility Study. Chicago, Illinois:
          Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc.; April 15, 1976.
          Note: CZM.
          Marquette Park has historically been the primary recreation
          spot for the citizens of Gary and the people who reside in
          the Greater Gary Area. The lake is a tremendous attraction
          for boating, water skiing and fishing. This attraction
          creates a consumer demand that can be converted into an
          economic and recreation asset to the city through the
          development of a s7-.-2.1 boat harl--- --I- v-rquette Park. This
          study was commissioned to determine the physical development
          of the harbor and how that physical development should be
          programmed in order that the harbor would be economically
          feasible. The location of the boat harbor and the demand for
          boating and fishing facilities are reviewed. The design
          concept for the initial harbor facilities and the final
          development have been prepared with prime consideration given
          to the hydrographic conditions, construction cost and
          generated revenues.

      316. Williams-Kuebelbeck & Associates, Inc.(Real estate economic,
          financial and management consultants, Irvine, CA.); Epstein
          Civil Engineering, Inc.(Chicago, IL). Indiana Marina Market
          and Economic Study; October 31, 1985.
          Note: NRPC.
          Based upon the findings presented in this study, the
          following important conclusions have been drawn which
          summarize the potential for marina development along the
          I'ndiana shoreline of Lake Michigan. 1) There is a large,
          untapped demand for boat slips in the South Lake Michigan
          market area. While the bulk of this unfulfilled demand is
          generated by the Illinois submarket, Indiana also stands in a
          good position to develop additional marina facilities along
          its Lake Michigan shoreline. 2) Indiana is faced with the
          opportunity to increase the demand for marina facilities by
          seeking to include other recreation facilities and
          attractions at marina sites (with    the highest potential west




                                          5-89













         of the Dunes to attract visitors from the Chicago area). 3)
         Creation of a revolving loan fund to assist in financing and
         construction, and lowering the tax burden placed on boat
         owners in Indiana is advised. 4)Available choices to Indiana
         are to include narrow development focusing on boat storage
         and related facilities, or a broader approach that emphasizes
         more extensive waterfront development. The latter approach
         seems more promising. 5) Major constraints on development
         include: Lack of suitable sites; insufficient land area at
         available sites, and a lack of funding sources. 6) Overall,
         there's a bright future ahead for marina development in
         Indiana.

     317. Wood, William L.; Meadows, Guy; Cox, Jack, Dept. of
         Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
         Univ. (For: Department of Commerce, IN). Summary Report on
         The Feasibility of the Coastal Installations Proposed for the
         West Park and Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana.
         Economic Feasibility Proposals of West Park and Marina
         Development. Michigan City, Indiana. T. "Ted" Pantazis ed.
         Indiana Department of Commerce. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana
         Dept. of Commerce.
         Note: CZM.
         The following brief summary report was prepared by the staff
         of the Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory to assist the
         Indiana Department of Commerce in assessing the feasibility
         of coastal installations proposed for the West Park and
         Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana. The position
         supported herein is, that existing designs for breakwater and
         coastal defense systems will have deleterious effects on
         local and adjacent coastal provinces. It should be
         understood that this position is taken to be temporarily
         efficacious and does not imply that no solution is possible.
         Furthermore this position is designed to stress the concern
         for a total integrated coastal management concept in the
         @ssessment of the environmental impact of any coastal
         installations in the Michigan City or adjacent areas.

















                                      5-90













                            Appendix 1: Environment


     318. Appleby. Environmental science and Technology; 1979; 13(4):
          478*
          Note: No official abstract.
          in Correspondence section.
          This paper deals with a relationship between the lead
          concentration in Lake Michigan sediments and the annual
          emission of lead into the atmosphere.

     319. Auer, M.T.; Heidtke, T.M.; Canale, R.P. (Dep. Civ. Eng.,
          Michigan Technol. Univ., Houghton, MI 49931). Trophic State
          Response to Nonpoint Pollution Control: Application of
          Coupled Microcomputer Models to   the Great Lakes. In:
          Perspectives on Nonpoint Source   Pollution: Proceedings of a
          National Conference; May 19-22,   1985; Kansas City, Missouri.
          Washington DC: U.S. EPA, Office   of Water Regulations and
          Standards; 1985: 147-152.
          Note: EPA 440-5-85-001.
          Phosphorus loading from the Fox   River (Wisconsin) produces a
          gradien@- 4n *---inic state along the major axis of Green F-,'
          (Lake Michigan) ranging from hypereutrophic to oligotrophic.
          Water quality problems associated with the gradient include
          high turbidity, excessive algal growth, and dissolved oxygen
          depletion. The Fox River contributes 78% of the tributary
          total phosphorus load to Green Bay; more than half of that
          load originates from nonpoint sources. A unit area load
          (UAL) based microcomputer model is used to generate estimates
          of non-point total phosphorus loads as a function of land use
          and soil texture in the Fox River watershed. Phosphorus
          loads are input to a water quality microcomputer model which
          calculates the total phosphorus and chlorophyll
          concentrations, water transparency, and trophic state
          corresponding to that load. Changes in water quality and
          trophic state are examined under existing conditions and two
          hypothetical land use scenarios: 100 percent woodland and loo
          percent high tillage cropland.

     320. Bartholic, J.F. Fiscal year 1985 Program Report: Michigan
          Institute of Water Research; Sep. 1986; NTIS Order No.: PB87-
          159422/GAR: 35 pp.
          Note: Grant DI-14-0001-G-1024.
          The major thrust of the Michigan Institute of Water Research
          during the 1985 program year involved activities related to
          its research program, state-wide water resources planning
          activities and the technology transfer program. Water
          management planning along with surface and ground-water
          contamination problems are the top priority issues in the




                                         5-91













         state,at the present time. Research projects funded by the
         Institute of Water Research to address these problems and
         issues are listed.

     321. Beeton, A.M. The World's Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res.;
         1984; 10(2): 106-113; ISSN: 0380-1330.

     322. Bell, G.L.; Eadie, B.J. Variations in the Distribution of
         Suspended Particles During an Upwelling Event in Lake
         Michigan in 1980. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4): 559-567;
         ISSN: 0380-1330.

     323. Bockstael, N. E.; Hanemann, W. M.; Strand, I. E. Measuring
         the Benefits of Water Quality Using Recreational Demand
         Models, "Benefit Analysis Using Indirect or Imputed Market
         Methods,"Draft; 1984.

     324. Bowers, J.A.; Gensemer, R.W. (Univ. Michigan, Great Lakes
         and Mar. Waters Cent., Div. Biol. Sci., Ann Arbor, MI 48109).
         Improved Population Estimates of Mysis relicta in Lake
         Michigan. in IAGLR-86 Program. International Association for
         Great Lakes Re--arch 29th      ------ : May 26-29, 1986;
         Scarborough, Ont. Canada. International Association for Great
         Lakes Research, Buffalo NY; 1986: 26.
         Note: abstract only.

     325. Brandt, S.B.; Patrick, V.; Mason, D.M.; Argyle, R.L.; Wells,
         L. Spatial and Temporal Patchiness and Abundance of Pelagic
         Fishes in Lake Michigan. 32nd Conf. on Great Lakes Research;
         30 May-June 2 1989; Madison, WI. Buffalo, NY: Int. Assoc. for
         Great Lakes Research; 1989: 32 (summary only).
         Lakewide abundances and patchiness of fishes were assessed in
         Lake Michigan during spring and summer 1987, fall 1988 and
         winter 1989. Data compiled using underwater acoustics and
         extensive midwater and bottom trawling illustrate the highly
         dynamic features of fish distributions. Palaeogic fishes
         exhibited lakewide seasonal migrations, small-scale diel
         migrations, clear associations with habitat structure and
         dynamic patchiness. Statistical evaluations of the acoustic
         measures of fish density and biomass-size spectra were used
         to estimate lakewide prey-fish abundances, patchiness and
         ultimately, production.

     326. Brown, E.J., Jr.; Argyle, R.L.; Payne, N.R.; Holey, M.E.
         Yield and Dynamics of Destabilized Chub (Coregonus spp.)
         Populations in Lakes Michigan and Huron, 1950-1984. Can. J.
         Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(no. suppl. 2): 371-383; ISSN:
         0706-652X.






                                       5-92













     327. Carrick, H.J.; Fahnenstiel, G.L. Biomass, Size Structure,
         and Composition of Phototrophic and Heterotrophic
         Nanoflagellate Communities in Lakes Huron and Michigan. Can.
         Journal of Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1989; 46(11): 1922-1928; ISSN:
         0706-652X.

     328. Carrick, H.J.; Lowe, R.L. Response of Lake Michigan Benthic
         Algae to In Situ Enrichment with Si, N, and P. Can. J. Fish.
         Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 45(2): 271-279; ISSN: 0706-652X.
         The possibility that benthic algae in the nearshore area of
         Lake Michigan might be growth limited by Si was tested using
         nutrient-releasing substrata. Nutrient treatments were Si, N
         + P, Si + N + P, and controls (CONT) and were sampled after
         7, 14, and 31 d of exposure. Addition of Si alone had little
         stimulatory effect on algal biomass, while enrichment with Si
         + N + P led to the greatest increase in chlorophyll a,
         particulate Si, total biovolume, and diatom biovolume after
         14 d of incubation. By day 31, communities on CONT and Si
         substrata exhibited little change in biomass and remained
         dominated by diatoms, while algal biomass on both N + P and
         Si + N + P substrata increased more than eightfold and
         consisted mainly of Stigeclonium f--nue (Chlorophyta) And
         Schizothrix calcicloa (Cyanophyta). These results indicate
         that benthic diatoms in Lake Michigan are not currently
         limited by Si, but may become Si limited following enrichment
         with N + P.

     329. Chang, W.Y.B.; Rossmann, R. (Univ. Michigan, Great Lakes
         Res. Div., 2200 Bonisted Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109)_ Effects
         of Power Plant Entrainment on Phytoplankton Response. in
         Congress in France 1983. Proceedings.
         Congress of the International Association of Limnology; 21
         Aug, 1983; Lyon, France. Stuttgart (FRG): Schweizerbart'sche
         Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1984: 2493-2497. (Trav. Assoc. Int.
         Limnol. Theor. Appl.; v. vol. 22, no. 4); ISBN: 3-510-54026-
         30.
         N te: ISSN 0368-0770.
         Effects of power plant entrainment on phytoplankton response
         @onsist primarily of four types: thermal and hydromechanical
         impacts, and the impacts of biofouling control and of erosion
         and corrosion of power plant components. A study focusing on
         these issues was conducted between February 1980 and May 1982
         at the D.C. Cook Plant on the southeastern shore of Lake
         Michigan. The results show that changes in chlorophyll and
         phaeophytin concentration are not significant in water which
         has passed through the condenser cooling system, but the
         reduction in primary productivity as measured by C14 was
         remarkable, ranging from 20%-80%. While the former show no
         significant damage done by increased temperature and




                                       5-93













          hydromechanical abrasion on phytoplankton, the latter
          indicates a significant inhibition of the photosynthesis of
          these phytoplankton.

     330. Chmura, Gail L.; Ross, Neil W. The Environmental Impacts of
          Marinas and Their Boats: A Literature Review with Management
          Considerations. Narragansett, Rhode Island: University of
          Rhode Island; 1978; Marine Memorandum 45. 32 pp.
          The purpose of this review is to summarize all aspects of
          marina and boat-related environmental effects. Discussion
          focuses on studies of each component's effects, the
          management options needed to reduce negative effects and
          expand positive ones, and future research needs.

     331. Christensen, E.R.; Goetz, R.H. (Dep. Civ. Eng., Univ.
          Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201). Declining Atmoshperic Fluxes
          of Pb, Zn, Cd, and PCBs to Lake Michigan. in IAGLR-86
          Program. International Association for Great Lakes Research
          29th Conference; May 26-29, 1986; International Association
          for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY; 1986: 28.
          A deconvolution method has been developed to extract the
          hist@--4-1- 4--ut record of particle-associated pollilt'int'-'s to
          a lake from their sedimentary profiles influenced by       mixing.
          Based on known mixing and compaction paramenters of the
          sediment, a time vs. depth matrix E is generated from a known
          @nit input flux, and the input record F is then calculated by
          inverting E and multiplying with the existing profile vector
          C. The method has been successfully tested and applied to
          Pb, Zn, and Cd in several sediment cores from Lake Michigan.
          Using 15-year time intervals, it is shown that there is about
          a 44% decrease in Pb levels during 1969-84, a 34% decrease in
          Cd levels during 1954-84, and about a 23% decrease in Zn
          levels during 1960-84.

     332. Christensen, E.R.; Goetz, R.H. Historical Fluxes of
          Particle-bound Pollutants from Deconvolved Sedimentary
          Records. Environ. Sci. Technol.; Nov. 1987; 21(11): 1088-
          1096.
          A deconvolution method to extract the historical input
          records of particle-associated pollutants from their
          sedimentary profiles, influenced by mixing, is developed.
          Application of the method to Pb, Zn, and Cd in several Lake
          Michigan sediment cores shows that pollution with these
          metals started around 1894 in the southern part of the lake
          and 15-30 years later further north. A maximum was obtained
          during 1954-1969 for Pb and Zn and during 1939-1954 for Cd,
          while current levels have declined 45-35% relative to these
          maxima in accordance with available atmospheric loading data
          (Pd) and U.S. consumption figures (Zn and Cd).




                                          5-94













     333. Claflin, L.W. (Maryland Off. Environ. Programs, Div. Model.
         and Anal., 201 West Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21201).
         Associations Between the Phytoplanktonic and Physicochemical
         Regimes of Lake Michigan. International Symposium on the
         Phycology of Large Lakes of the World; St. John's, Nfld.
         (Canada). Stuttgart (Frg.): Schweizerbart'sche
         Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1987; 25: 97-121. (Munawar, M.); ISBN:
         3-510-47023-0.
         Note: ISSN 0071-1128.
         Phytoplanktonic and physicochemical data were collected on a
         Lake Michigan transect between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and
         Ludington, Michigan from 6 October 1971 to 29 October 1972.
         Spatial and temporal patterns of the data were visually
         displayed with contour and isometric profection plots. Five
         phytoplanktonic groups and four physicochemical groups were
         identified by principal components analysis. The fall-
         winter-spring group varied directly with nitrate nitrogen and
         silica and inversely with temperature, pH, and
         phenolphthalein alkalinity. The spring mixing group varied
         directly with specific conductance and total alkalinity. The
         early and late summer stratification groups varied directly
         with tempe,-_,.ture, pH, nvirl ;-11'enlinity and-inversely with
         nitrate nitrogen and silica. The fall mixing group varied
         directly with total phosphorus and soluble reactive
         phosphorus.

     334. Conley, D.J.; Quigley, M.A.; Schelske, C.L. Silica and
         Phosphorus Flux from Sediments: Importance of Internal
         Recycling in Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1988;
         45(6): 1030-1035; ISSN: 0706-652X.
         Estimated lake-wide sediment fluxes of silica and phosphorus
         (P) were determined and then compared with other components
         in the biogeochemical cycle to investigate the importance of
         sediment regeneration in Lake Michigan. Dissolved silica
         (Si) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes from
         sediment were measured by the incubation of intact sediment
         cores. Differences in the supply rates and in the
         biogeochemical recycling rates of Si and P can lead to
         seasonal Si depletion in the water mass and influence the
         outcome of seasonal phytoplankton species succession by
         limiting Si availability necessary for diatom production.












                                      5-95













     335. Conley, D.J.; Schelske, C.L. Processes Controlling the
         Benthic Regeneration and Sedimentary Accumulation of Biogenic
         silica in Lake Michigan. Arch. Hydrobiol.; 1989; 116(1): 23-
         43; ISSN: 0003-9136.
         Processes controlling the benthic regeneration of biogenic
         silica (BSi) and factors affecting the accumulation of BSi in
         Lake Michigan sediments were investigated. Dissolved silica
         (DSi) fluxes measured directly by core incubation ranged from
         2.3-10.3 mg Si02 cm(-2)/yr and were 1-10 times greater than
         diffusive DSi fluxes calculated from pore water DSi
         concentration gradients which ranged from 0.4-5.3 mg Si02
         cm(-2)/yr. Benthic invertebrates were probably not a
         significant factor in enhancing DSi fluxes. DSi fluxes
         measured from cores could be predicted from the surficial
         sediment BSi concentration in cores by a saturation curve.
         At high surficial BSi concentrations DSi fluxes appeared to
         be limited by diffusive transfer of DSi into overlying
         waters. Experiments in which the upper 2 mm of sediment was
         removed confirmed the importance of BSi on the sediment
         surface to DSi fluxes.

     336. Crowder, L.B.; McDonald, M.E.- Rice, J.A Urr'-si-,inding
         Recruitment of Lake Michigan Fishes: The Importance of Size-
         Based Interactions Between Fish and Zooplankton. Can. J.
         Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(no. suppl. 2): 141-147; ISSN:
         0706-652X.
         Mechanisms controlling recruitment of fishes appear to be
         strongly size dependent. It is now established that size-
         selective predators can dramatically reduce zooplankton size,
         but little is known about the effects of zooplankton size on
         growth and recruitment of fish through the post-larval stage.
         Based on recent research on resource use, foraging behavior,
         and recruitment dynamics of larval and juvenile fishes, the
         authors suggest two hypotheses. First, young-of-year and
         juvenile pelagic fishes may have the major size-structuring
         effects on epilimnial zooplankton in Lake Michigan. And
         second, if large zooplankton are uncommon as they were in
         Lake Michigan in the 1960s, growth rates and recruitment of
         native fishes will be reduced.

     337. Cuthbert F.J. Tern Populations and Changing Lake Levels:
         Implications for Management and Conservation. 32nd Conference
         on Great Lakes Research; May 30-June 2, 1989; Madison, WI;
         1989, in 32nd Conference on Great Lakes Research.
         Int. Assoc. for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY: 40
         (Summary only).







                                      5-96














     3,38. Cuthbert, F. Intraseasonal Movement Between Colony Sites by
         Caspian Terns in the Great Lakes. Wilson Bull.; Dec 1985;
         97 (4) : 502-510.

     339. D'itri, F.M. Pollution of a Marina Area by Watercraft Use.
         J. Water Poll. Control Fed.; 1973; 45(l): 97-104.

     340. David, E.L. Public Perceptions of Water Quality. Water
         Research; 1971; 7(3): 453-457.
         Water pollution is perceived by the general public to be of
         increasing concern as a major problem facing the state. The
         @ost widely used indicators of water pollution seem
         insufficient in light of the public definition of, and
         concern about, water pollution.

     341. Dorazio, R.M.; Bowers, J.A.; Lehman, J.T. Food-web
         Manipulations Influence Grazer Control of Phytoplankton
         Growth Rates in Lake Michigan. J. Plankton Res.; 1987; 9(5):
         891-899.
         Stocking piscivorous salmonids in Lake Michigan produced
         dramatic alterations in food-web structure, including higher
                  -F large-bodied zooplankton (especially T@,:.lhnia
         pulicaria), lower summer chlorophyll concentrations and
         increased water transparency. Experimental determinations of
         epilimnetic phytoplankton growth rates and of zooplankton
         grazing rates indicate that herbivorous zooplankton
         controlled algal dynamics during the summer of 1983 because
         grazers occupied the surface waters throughout the day. In
         1985, however, both large- and small-bodied Daphnia made
         approximately equal contributions to total grazer biomass,
         and all grazers displayed pronounced diel vertical
         migrations, visiting epilimnetic waters only at night. This
         prohibited zooplankton from controlling algal dynamics
         because grazing losses did not exceed phytoplankton growth
         rates. The changes in zooplankton community composition and
         behavior observed in summer 1985 probably resulted from
         increased predation by visually orienting planktivorous fish,
         especially bloater chub (Coregopus hpyl

     342. Dunn, D.L. Cadmium-113m as a Biogeochemical Tracer for
         Cadmium in Lake Michigan. DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B-SCI. & ENG.;
         Nov. 1988; 49(5): 133 pp.
         Note: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: DA8816265.
         Cadmium is a toxic trace metal responsible for several
         debilitating pathological conditions. Anthropogenic activity
         has greatly enhanced environmental cadmium mobility. There
         has been concern about the fate of cadmium in potable water
         supplies. The Great Lakes are major sources of freshwater
         for much of the populated United States and Canada. The Lake




                                         5-97













          Michigan watershed has been sampled for Cd-113m. This long-
          lived metastable isotope of cadmium allowed independent
          evaluation of cadmium distribution in this dynamic ecosystem.
          Cd-113m analysis was not hampered by contamination or loss.
          The Cd-113 activities confirm the expected semiconservative
          behavior for cadmium.

     343. Eadie, B. J.; Landrum, P. F.; Faust, W. Polycyclic Aromatic
          Hydrocarbons in Sediments, Pore Water and the Amphipod
          Pontoporeia hovi from Lake Michigan. Chemosphere; 1982;
          11(9): 847.

     344. Eck, G.W.; Wells, L. Recent Changes in Lake Michigan's Fish
          Community and Their Probable Causes, with Emphasis on the
          Role of the Alewife (Alosa pseudoharangus). Can. J. Fish.
          Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 44(no. suppl. 2): 53-60; ISSN: 0706-652X.
          The exotic alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), which had
          proliferated to extremely high levels of abundance in the mid
          1960s, declined, particularly in the early 1980s. The
          authors believe that the sharp decline in alewives in the
          1980s was caused primarily by poor recruitment during the
          colder '-han normal --n-, @,4:' 1.976-82. The authors present
          evidence suggesting that the mechanism by which alewives
          affect native species is not by competition for food, as has
          often been hypothesized, and discuss the possibility that it
          is predation on early life stages.

     345. English, J. N  .; Surber, E. W.; McDermott, G. N. Pollutional
          Effects of Outboard Motor Exhaust -- Field Studies. J. Water
          Pollut. Control Fed.; 1963; 35: 1121-1132.

     346. Evans, M.S. Large-Lake Responses to Declines in the
          Abundance of a Major Fish Planktivore - the Lake Michigan
          Example. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Science; Sept
          1990; 47(9): 1738-1754; ISSN: 0706-625X.
          Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) abundances declined
          dramatically in southeastern Lake Michigan over 1973-77,
          several years before the lakewide decline occurred. The
          regional effects of this decline on adult copepod abundances,
          zooplankton biomass, and water clarity are examined.
          Zooplankton biomass, zooplankton mean dry weight, and water
          clarity apparently were not affected by the decline in
          alewife abundance in either the inshore or offshore region.
          The results of this study are evaluated in terms of the
          lakewide decline in alewife abundance, the summer 1983
          dominance of Daphnia pulicaria in offshore waters, the 1983
          marked improvement in offshore water clarity, and later
          changes in summer offshore C. pulicaria populations.





                                         5-98














     347. Evans, M.S.; Schelske, C.L. (Great Lakes Res. Div., Univ.
         Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109). Seasonal Aspects of Total Dry
         Weight and Biogenic Silica Flux, Lake Michigan. in IAGLR-86
         Program. International Association For Great Lakes Research
         29th Conference; May 26-29, 1986; Scarborough, Ont. (Canada):
         International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo,
         NY; 1986: 32.
         Note: abstract only.
         Total dry weight flux varied seasonally in Lake Michigan with
         highest rates observed in spring. During spring, zooplankton
         fecal pellets and fecal matter accounted for approximately
         35-55% while phytoplankton accounted for 12-18% of total dry
         weight flux. However, in terms of biogenic silica,
         phytoplankton accounted for approximately 36% of the flux.
         Melosira and Stephanodiscus were the major components of
         this silica flux. During summer, organic aggregates and
         zooplankton exoskeletons accounted for much of the dry weight
         flux. Biogenic silica flux rates were low and individually
         sinking phytoplankton cells appeared to contribute
         proportionately less to silica flux than in spring.
         Flagilaria and Tabellaria were important components of
         summer biogenic silica

     348. Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Carrick, H.J. Primary Ptoduction in Lakes
         Huron and Michigan: In Vitro and In Situ Comparisons. J.
         Plankton Res.; Nov 1988; 10(6): 1273-1283.
         Oxygen- and carbon-14-based primary production estimates from
         9-16 h in vitro incubations were compared in lakes Huron and
         Michigan. For surface mixing layer comparisons, gross 02/C14
         photosynthetic quotients (gross PQ) averaged 2.2, and net 02/
         C14 photosynthetic quotients (net PQ) averaged 1.4. In situ
         production estimates were determined by measuring water-mass
         ?xygen changes and oxygen transfer across the air-water
         interface. In situ production estimates were approximately
         twice in vitro production estimates for both surface mixing
         layer and deep chlorophyll layer comparisons.

     349. Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Scavia, D. Dynamics of Lake Michigan
         Phytoplankton: Recent Changes in Surface and Deep
         Communities. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(3): 509-514;
         ISSN: 0706-652X.
         Lake Michigan phytoplankton dynamics were studied from the
         end of spring isothermal mixing (May) through
         midstratification (July-August) in 1982-84. Phytoplankton
         composition shifted from a diatom-dominated community (75% of
         phytoplankton carbon) during May to a phytoflagellate-
         dominated community (71% of phytoplankton carbon) during
         July-August. This summer phytoflagellate dominance in the
         1980s is distinctly different from the summer blue-green and




                                      5-99













         green algae dominance in the 1970s. Foodweb interactions
         caused by a changing zooplankton composition and nutrient
         supply changes were two possible causes. A deep chlorophyll
         layer (DCL) developed after the onset of thermal
         stratification.

     350. Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Scavia, D. (Great Lakes Environmental
         Research Lab., NOAA, 2300 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI
         48104). Phytoplankton Dynamics and Primary Production in Lake
         Michigan, 1982-84. in IAGLR-86 Program. International
         Association For Great Lakes Research 29th Conference.; May
         26-29, 1986; Scarborough, Ont. Canada. International
         Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY; 1986: 32.
         Note: abstract only.
         Phytoplankton dynamics and primary production, studied from
         late spring isothermy through mid stratification 1982-1984,
         were consistent with recent reported changes in the Lake
         Michigan ecosystem. Significant changes from the 1970s were
         noted in summer epilimnetic phytoplankton composition and
         size of the deep chlorophyll layer. Trends in primary
         production were not as clear. Average summer assimilation
         --t4l- did not exhibit significant changes fr--n the 1970s
         Integral water column production trends could not be
         adequately compared. Phytoplankton growth during summer
         stratification was limited by the supply of phosphorus.

     351. Fehringer, N.V.; Walters, S.M.; Kozara, R.J.; Schneider,
         L.F. Survey of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Fish
         from the Great Lakes and Selected Michigan Rivers. J. Agric.
         Food Chem.; Jul.-Aug. 1985; 33(4): 626-630.
         Fish from the Great Lakes region and selected Michigan rivers
         were analyzed for residues of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
         dioxin (TCDD) by using combinations and modifications of
         published methods. Portions of homogenates of skinless fish
         fillets were digested in ethanolic KOH and TCDD was extracted
         with hexane. TCDD was separated from coextractives by
         passing through a silica gel supported sulfuric acid column
         followed by collecting the TCDD fraction of eluate from three
         high-performance liquid chromatographic systems. Capillary
         gas chromatography (HRGC) with electron capture (EC)
         detection was used for residue screening. Residues found by
         HRGC-EC were confirmed by HRGC low-resolution mass
         spectrometry by using a 12-ion monitoring scheme. Fish from
         Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), the Tittabawassee River in
         Michigan, and Lake Ontario contained the highest levels of
         contamination. No TCDD residues at or above the minimum
         confirmable level of 10 ppt were found in fish from Michigan
         rivers other than the Tittabawassee.


                                     5-100













     352. Fogarty, S. A Citizen's Action Guide. Great Lakes Toxic
         Hotspots; 1985: Lake Michigan Federation. Chicago, Il.

     353. Gannon, J. J. Health Aspects of Great Lakes Water as Related
         to Water Supply and Recreational Uses; 1970; ISBN: MICHU-SG-
         76-200.
         Note: Sea Grant.

     354. Gardner, W.S.; Chandler, J.F.; Laird, G.A. Organic Nitrogen
         Mineralization and Substrate Limitation of Bacteria in Lake
         Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Mar. 1989; 34(2): 478-485.
         Labile organic nitrogen mineralization and the apparent
         degree of bacterial substrate limitation were examined to
         consider seasonal relationships between substrate
         availability and bacterial activity in Lake Michigan.
         Accumulation rates of ammonium nitrogen in amino acid
         fortified and unfortified samples of epilimnetic Lake
         Michigan water, incubated in the dark, provided reasonable
         estimates of potential and actual rates of organic nitrogen
         mineralization.

     355. Gr_-%rin, J.M.;         !4.S.; Quigley, M.A. Effects of Food
         Removal on Nutrient Release Rates and Lipid Content of Lake
         Michigan Pontoporeia hoyi. Can. Journal of Fish. and Aquatic
         Science; July 1989; 46(7): 1125-1130; ISSN: 0706-652X.
         Note: NOAA Environmental Research Lab, 2205 Commonwealth
         Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105.

     356. Gerloff, G.C.; Muth, J.V. (Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI,
         Botany Dept.). Nutritional ecology of Great Lakes Cladophora
         glomerata.; Jan. 1984. (NTIS Order No.: PB84-136571).
         Note: Grant EPA-R-804402.
         Various bioassays, primarily plant analysis, were utilized to
         evaluate relative nutrient supplies and primary growth
         limiting nutrients for 'Cladophora glomerata growth in parts
         of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, known to differ markedly in
         degree of pollution. Preliminary studies indicated emphasis
         should be on evaluations of five nutrients: phosphorus,
         @itrogen, boron, sulfur, and vitamin B1. The bioassays
         indicated that phosphorus very likely is the critical
         nutrient in nuisance C. glomerata growths and that at times
         phosphorus-supply actually is reduced to growth-limiting
         concentrations. However, the possibility that vitamin B1 may
         at times be critical of C. alomerata cannot as yet be
         eliminated.









                                      5-101













     357. Giesy, J.P.; Newsted, J.; Garling, D.L. Relationships
         Between Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations and Rearing
         Mortality of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawvtscha) Eggs
         from Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1986; 12(1): 82-98;
         ISSN: 0380-1330.
         A study was conducted to investigate a possible correlation
         between chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and rearing
         mortality of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawvtscha).
         Eggs, collected from adult Lake Michigan chinook salmon in
         October, 1982, were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon
         concentrations and rearing mortality. Polychlorinated
         biphenyls, toxaphene, and fifteen other chlorinated
         @ydrocarbons were quantified. Also concentrations of
         individual PCB congeners were quantified. Some 78
         quantifiable PCB congeners were found, only three of which
         were non-ortho substituted. Mean concentrations of Aroclor
         1242, 1254, and 1260 were 1.7, 5.4, and 1.1 ug/g
         respectively. The concentration of toxaphene-like material
         was 3.3 ug/g, and the mean concentration of the total DDT
         complex was 1.0 ug/g. Concentrations of chlorinated
         hydrocarbons ranged about 10-fold among individual fish.
         When the residues werr classified into 4 principal
         components, 2 of the principal components which contained
         primarily the toxaphene and PCB concentrations were
         negatively correlated with survival of fry to the swim-up
         stage.

     358. Gooch, J.W.; Matsumura, F. Evaluation of the Toxic
         Components of Toxaphene in Lake Michigan Lake Trout. J.
         Agric. Food Chem.; Sep.-Oct. 1985; 33(5): 844-848.
         Lake trout (Salvelinus namavcush) from Lake Michigan were
         analyzed for residues of the insecticide toxaphene and two of
         the primary toxic constituents, toxicants A and B. Using
         various chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometric
         confirmation, the authors have identified these toxic
         congeners in Lake Michigan lake trout residues. Levels of
         toxicants A and B have been found to be roughly 1 order of
         magnitude or more less than the estimated total toxaphene
         residue. Since the environmentally derived toxaphene is
         extensively altered in comparison to the technical material,
         measurement of toxic congeners may be a more toxicologically
         relevant measure of toxaphene derived residues.

     359. Goodale, T.L.; Ditton, R.B. Attitudes and Actions:
         Perceiving and Responding to a Degraded Water Resources. In:
         International Association of Great Lakes Research. Proc. 16th
         Conference on Great Lakes Research; 1973: pp. 912-919.






                                      5-102













     360. Graney, R.L.; Keilty, T.J.; Giesy, J.P. Free Amino Acid
         Pools of Five Species of Freshwater Oligochaetes. Can. J.
         Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Mar. 1986;-43(3): 600-607; ISSN: 0706-
         652X.


     361. Grant, J.E. Michigan's Process for Regulating Toxic
         Substances in Surface Water Permits. World Conf. on Large
         Lakes; 18 May, 1986; Mackinac Island, MI. Chelsea, MI: Lewis
         Publ.; 1988: 317-328; ISBN: 0-87371-090-8.
         A necessary aspect of fisheries management is a water
         pollution control program that will not only provide nontoxic
         water quality conditions but also ensure that fish do not
         contain unacceptable levels of toxic substances for human
         consumption. Michigan has recently promulgated revisions to
         Rule 323.1057 of its Water Quality Standards that establish a
         regulatory process that will protect public health and the
         environment from discharges of toxic substances from point
         source surface water discharges. This paper reviews the
         development of the rule amendments and discusses key aspects
         of the adopted rules and guidelines.

          Great Lakes Water Quality Board. 1989 R.,port on Gre:,
         Water Quality. Appendix A. Progress in Developing and
         Implementing Remedial Action Plans for Areas of Concern in
         the Great Lakes Basin.; 1989; Report to the International
         Joint commission.
         Note: Mich. City.
         42 Areas of Concern have been identified in the Great Lakes
         Basin Ecosystem where general or specific objectives of the
         Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement are not met, and such
         failure has caused or is likely to cause impairment of
         beneficial use or of the area's ability to support aquatic
         life. As a result of a recomendation of the Great Lakes
         Water Quality Board, the eight Great Lakes States and the
         Province of Ontario committed themselves in 1985 to
         developing and implementing a Remedial Action Plan (RAP) to
         restore all beneficial uses in each Area of Concern within
         their geological boundaries.

     363. Great Lakes Basin commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
         Study). Environmental Impact Statement (Final). Ann Arbor,
         MI: Public Information Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission;
         1976.
         Note: CZM.
         Preparation of a Framework Study evaluating the water and
         related land resources of the Great Lakes Basin, in an
         attempt to obtain a consensus among involved States and
         Federal agencies on the general rate at which future
         development of these resources should proceed, which types of




                                     5-103













         development should be encouraged or discouraged, and which
         geographic areas should receive special consideration for
         development or preservation. The Framework Study is an
         overview of the entire Great Lakes Basin, and will serve as a
         guide to programs and studies needed to consider more
         specific resource problems and smaller geographic areas. The
         Commission has developed a Proposed Framework for the Basin
         through the year 2020, which envisions a rate of economic
         growth and development slightly lower than that which would
         follow from a projection of past growth trends. The
         Environmental Imapact Statement is a conceptual study, not an
         authorized plan for construction. It is very general, with
         little description of detailed effects, but it is believed to
         adequately highlight the most significant impacts that can be
         covered in a Level A study.

     364. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
         Stiudy). Fish. Appendix 8. Ann Arbor, MI: Public Information
         Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1976.
         Note: CZM.
         The objective of this report is to examine long-range fishery
         developmen4-          for the waters of the Great Lakes Bas,_-,
         predicated on the historical development of the fishery,
         present status and problems, and projections for future
         supply and demand. Alternative approaches have been
         considered in response to various physical, ecological,
         social, economic, and institutional conditions that are
         expected in future years.

     365. Grieb, T.M.; Driscoll, C.T.; Shofield, C.L.; Bowie, G.L.;
         Porcella, D.B. Factors Affecting Mercury Accumulation in Fish
         in the Upper Michigan Peninsula. 9th Annual Meeting of the
         Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Symposium
         on Metal Chemistry and Bioavailability in Acid Waters; Nov
         13, 1988; Arlington, VA (USA); 1990; Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,
         vol 9, no. 7: 919-930.

     366. Griffin, John J.; Goldberg, Edward D. Impact of Fossil Fuel
         Combustion on Sediments of Lake Michigan: A Reprise.
         Environmental Science and Technology; 1983; 17(4): 244.
         The size distribution of charcoals in sediments of Lake
         Michigan reflects the onset of the industrial revolution and
         the increased intensities of fossil fuel combustion during
         the twentieth century. Prior to'1900 the less than lum
         fraction was dominant, and its source was primarily biomass
         burning. In the subsequent years coal and oil burning became
         evident with larger particles, especially greater than 32 um,
         making larger contributions to the total charcoal
         concentrations. The input of the larger particles is a




                                      5-104













         consequence of near fallout of particles from energy-
         producing plants near the lake.

     367. Hanson, F.B. Bioeconomic Model of the Lake Michigan Alewife
         (Alosa pseudoharengus) Fishery.  Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.;
         1987; 44(no. suppl. 2): 298-305; ISSN: 0706-652X.

     368. Hartig, J.H.; Jude, D.J. Ecological and Evolutionary
         significance of Cyclopoid Predation on Fish Larvae. J.'
         Plankton Res.; May 1988; 10(3): 573-577.
         of 412 cyclopoids found preying on fish larvae in Lake
         Michigan, 411 were adult females. It is suggested that
         adult, female cyclopoid predation on fish larvae may
         represent an important mechanism both to reduce intraspecific
         competition for food (ie. between sexes) and maximize net
         energy intake for reproduction.

     369. Heinz, G.H.; Haseltine, S.D.; Reichel, W.L.; Hensler, G.L.
         @elationships of Environmental Contaminants to Reproduction
         in Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator) from Lake
         Michigan. Environ. Pollut. (A Ecol. Biol.); 1983; 32(3): 211-
         232.
         In 1977 and 1978, the authors studied red-breasted mergansers
         Mergus serrator nesting on islands in northwestern Lake
         Michigan to determine whether environmental contaminants were
         having effects on reproduction. The authors looked for
         effects of individual contaminants and combinations of
         contaminants on reproductive measurements such as nest
         desertionf failure of eggs to hatch, death of newly hatched
         ducklings leaving the nest and eggshell thickness. They also
         looked for relationships between the levels of some
         contaminants in blood samples of 39 incubating females and
         reproductive success. A small degree of eggshell thinning
         was attributed to DDE and a few other statistical tests were
         significant, but no contaminant or combination of
         contaminants measured seemed to have a pronounced effect on
         the aspects of reproduction we followed.

     370. Hendry, K.K.; Conlan, K.N.; White, G.S.; Proudlove, A.
         Bewsher; Hawkins, S.J. Water Quality in Disused Docks: Their
         Potential for Recreational and Commercial Fisheries. In:
         Coastal Water Resources Sum.; May 1988. Wilmington, N.C.:
         Amer. Water Resources Assn.; 1988. 225 pp.











                                      5-105













     371. Hesselberg, R.J.; Hickey, J.P.; Nortrup, D.A.; Willford,
          W.A. Contaminant Residues in the Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) of
          Lake Michigan, 1969-1986. Journal Great Lakes Research; 1990;
          16(l): 121-129; ISSN: 0380-1330.
          Note: Natl. Fish. Res. Cent., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
          1451 Green Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
          Residues of DDT, PCBs, dieldrin in Lake Michigan bloaters
          (Coregonus hoyi) decreased between 1969 and 1986. All
          values for contaminant residues were measured and reported as
          ug/g of whole fish, wet weight; the error limits represented
          the 95% confidence interval half widths. Total DDT content
          declined 87% from 9.9 in 1970, when its use was banned, to
          1.3 in 1974, and then averaged 0.88 in 1978-1986 with a low
          of 0.67 in 1986. PCBs first analyzed in 1972, declined 64%
          (from 5.7 to 2.2) between 1972 and 1980 and were at 1.64 in
          1986. The great decline in PCBs occurred following the 1976
          ban.

     372. Hoffman, D.J.; Rattner, B.A.; Sileo, L.; Docherty, D.;
          Kubiak, T.J. Embryotoxicity, Teratogenicity, and Aryl
          Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Activity in Forster's Terns on Green
          Bay, Lake Michigan. Environ. Res.; FT, 1987; 42(i)- 1'7<-10A.

     373. International Joint Commision. Procedures for the Assessment
          of Contaminated Sediment Problems in the Great Lakes.
          Windsor, Ontario: Great Lakes Regional Office.; 1988.

     374. Jackivicz, T. P., Jr.; Kuzminski, L. N. The Effect of the
          Interaction of Outboard Motors with the Aquatic Environment
          A Review. Environ. Res.; 1973; 6: 436-454.

     375. Jenkins, W. A. Environmental Effects of Pollutants
          Associated with Marina Development: A Synthesis of Existing
          Research. In: The Fate and Effects of Pollutants: A
          Symposium. College Park: University of Maryland, Sea Grant
          Program; 1985; Tech. Rep., UM-SG-TS-85-02: 63-64.
          Noteg (Abstract Only].

     376. Jones, W.W.; Winters, J:; Doxstater, G. (Sch. Public and
          Environ. Aff., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN. 47401). Lake
          Management in Indiana - New Approaches to Old Problems. 8
          Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed
          Management; 15-18 Nov.1988; St. Louis, MO. Arlington, VA:
          North American Lake Management Soc.; 1988: p. 17 (summary
          only).

     377. Jude, D.J.; Tesar, F.J.; Deboe, S.F.; Miller, T.J. Diet and
          Selection of Major Prey Species by Lake Michigan Salmonines,
          1973-1982. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc-'; Sep. 1987; 116(5): 677-691.




                                      5-106














      378. Jude, D. J.; Tesar, F. J. Recent Changes in the Inshore
          Forage Fish of Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.;
          1985; 42: 1154-1157.

      379. Keen, Cecil S. Lake/Land Breeze Circulations on the Western
          Shore of Lake Michigan. Journal of Applied Meteorology; 1978;
          17(2): 1843.
          A classic lake breeze circulation cell that formed on the
          western shore of Lake Michigan on 4 September 1974 is studied
          in great detail. Wind measurements are made with surface
          anemometers and serial pibals, with air trajectories
          monitored via tetroons. Aircraft measurements map the
          thermal internal boundary layer and small and large aerosol
          distributions. Recirculation of pollutants is indicated from
          analysis of the tetroon data. Aerosol measurements suggest
          size sorting of small versus large particles as they are
          transported through the complex three dimensional flow.
          These wind data also form the basis of a kinematic diagnostic
          study of mesoscale pollution transport in coastal areas, to
          be reported in a subsequent paper.

      '380. Keen, r-il q * Lyons, Walter A.; Schuh, Jerome A. Air
          Pollution Transport Studies in a Coastal Zone Using Kinematic
          Diagnostic Analysis. Journal of Applied Meteorology; 1979;
          18(5): 606.
          Data from a mesoscale wind analysis of a vigorous lake/land
          breeze circulation on 4 September 1974 along the western
          shoreline of Lake Michigan are available. A computer program
          takes subjectively analyzed observed and estimated u and v
          components of the wind for a 24 h period, calculates vertical
          motions, and then estimates the trajectory of any particle(s)
          released within the coastal zone. The computed three-
          dimensional trajectories are presented using computer
          graphics displays. They reveal highly complex transport
          processes for aerosols released from typical line and
          multistack point sources. Aerosol recirculation and size
          sorting can be found within the lake breeze cell.

      381. Keilty, T.J.; White, D.S.; Landrum, P.F. Short-term
          Lethality and Sediment Avoidance Assays with Endrin-
          Contaminated Sediment and Two Oligochaetes from Lake
          Michigan. Arch. Environ. Contam.' Toxicol.; Jan. 1988; 17(l):
          95-101.


      382. Kenneunen, R. E.; Peterson, J.; Stewart, S.; Swineh    art, C.
          Sea Grant Research and Community Development Lake Michigan's
          Bottomland Pr. Marine Parks and Conservation Challenge and
          Promises; 1985: 78-184.; ISBN: Reprint: MICHU-R-85010.





                                        5-107













     383. Kilham, S.S. Dynamics of Lake Michigan Natural Phytoplankton
          Communities in Continuous Cultures Along a Si:P Loading
          Gradient. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Feb. 1986; 43(2): 351-
          360; ISSN: 0706-652X.
          The hypothesis that phytoplankton species assort themselves
          along resource ratio gradients according to their relative
          competitive abilities for the potentially limiting resources
          was tested using natural communities from Lake Michigan.
          Algae were grown in six continuous cultures for 46 d on a
          gradient consisting of four silicon to phosphorus (Si:P)
          loading ratios: 313:1 (two cultures), 71:1, 4.6:1, and 0.9:1,
          and 0.9 (two cultures). Diatoms were the superior
          competitors for P and dominated the three high Si:P ratio
          cultures at steady state. Green algae dominated the three
          low Si:P ratio cultures. Results illustrate that
          phytoplankton natural community continuous cultures provide a
          method for evaluating potential changes in community
          structure resulting from long-term changes in loading ratios
          of resources.

     384. Kitchell, J.F. The Scope for Mortality Caused by Sea
          Lamprey. Trar., Am. Fish. q--    jiilw 1990; 119(4): 642-648.
          Note: Presented at From Environment to Fish to Fisheries: A
          Tribute to F.E.J. Fry - Symp. at 118 Annu. Meet. of the
          American Fisheries Soc., Toronto, Ont. Canada (Sep 12, 1988).
          Subsequent to development of the lampricide program, sea
          lampreys Petromyzon marinus in Lake Michigan have
          demonstrated increased growth rates in parallel with expanded
          stocking rates of salmon and trout. Based on bioenergetics
          modeling of maximum and minimum growth and feeding rates, the
          author estimated sea lamprey effects as the "scope for
          mortality", which depends on host size and sea lamprey size.
          @or small host fishes, sea lamprey-induced mortality may have
          increased approximately sixfold over the past two decades.

     385. Kitchell, J.F.; Hewett, S.W. Forecasting Forage Demand and
          Yield of Sterile Chinook Salmon (Onocorhynchus tshawytscha)
          in Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(no.
          suppl. 2): 384-389; ISSN: 0706-652X.

     386. Laird, G.A. Distribution of Labile Dissolved organic Carbon
          in Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Mar. 1990; 35(2): 443-
          447.
          Bioassay-measured, labile dissolved organic carbon (LDOC)
          concentrations were compared in n,ear-bottom and near-surface
          Lake Michigan water between April and October 1986. In five
          of seven experiments, the LDOC concentration was higher in
          near-bottom water. LDOC reached 40.2% of the total DOC pool
          in the near-bottom water in late May and 13.8% in the near-




                                       5-108













         surface water in early July. Concentration in near-bottom
         water was highest during early stratification; concentration
         in surface water varied less but was highest in early July.
         The data suggest that an allochthonous source of labile
         organic C may be important.

    387. Lambert, John F. Jr. Land Acquisition in the National Parks:
         Examples from Yosemite National Park and Indiana Dunes
         National Lakeshore. Harvard Environmental Law Review; 1982;
         6(1): 35.

    388. Landers, D.; Gloss, S.P; Grieb, T.M.; Driscoll, C.T.;
         Schofield, C.L. Mercury Levels in Fish from the Upper
         Peninsula of Michigan (ELS Subregion 2B) in Relation to Lake
         Acidity. Ecol. Res. ser. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency NTIS;
         1990; Order number PB90-263484/GAR.: 116 pp.
         Note: Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.
         Environmental Research Lab.

    389. Larsen, C.E. (U.S. Geol. Surv., Reston, VA 22070). Long-term
         Variation in the Levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron: A Lesson
         from the Geologic and Paleoclimat4- Records. Klein-Helmuth,
         B.C.; Savold, D. in 1987 AAAS Annual Meeting: 153rd National
         Meeting; 14-18 February; Chicago. Washington DC: AAAS; 1987:
         12.
         Note: summary only.
         The historic record of Great Lakes level changes currently
         used for planning and engineering purposes in the region
         begins in 1860, but only the record from 1900 is used for
         forecasting. The range of variation between high and low
         average monthly levels over this period is about 5 ft.
         Geologic records for the past 2,000 years show a greater
         range of variation. Dated alluvial deposits near stream
         mouths along the Lake Michigan shore show the contemporaneous
         base level (lake level) was 4-8 ft above the present base
         level. Buried peats from cattail marshes adjacent to the
         lakeshore near Waukegan, IL show that lake level to have
         been once from 5-7 ft lower than during historic.
         Paleoclimatic and archeologic records suggest that these
         long-term fluctuations were due to periodic changes in
         precipitation and evaporation within the basin.













                                     5-109














     390. Lauritsen, D.D.; Mozley, S.C.; White, D.S. Distribution of
         Oligochaetes in Lake Michigan and Comments on Their Use as
         Indices of Pollution. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(l): 67-
         76; ISSN: 0380-1330.
         Benthic samples were taken from 286 stations covering all
         areas of Lake Michigan in 1975 as part of sedimentological
         survey of the Great Lakes. From these samples a total of 27
         oligochaete species were identified. Stylodrilus heringianus
         @as the most abundant species in the lake and densities were
         inversely related to organic content of the sediments.
         Tubificids exhibited localized concentrations in Green Bay
         and in northern and southern basins. Comparison of several
         methods using oligochaete data to assess water quality showed
         similar patterns, indicating that Southern Green Bay and
         parts of the northern and southern basins of the lake are
         organically enriched environments. With the exception of the
         northern basin, which had not previously been surveyed, these
         conclusions are consistent with earlier regional oligochaete
         surveys of the lake.

     391. Lesht, B.M.; Rockwell, D.C. (Environ. Res. Div., Argonne
         Nat' T.=I,% . argonne, IL 60439). Nutrient Enrichment *i the
         Benthic Nephoid Layer of Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan,
         1983-1984. in IAGLR-86 Program. International Association
         for Great Lakes Research 29th Conference; May 26-29, 1986;
         Scarborough, Ont. Canada. International Assoc. for Great
         Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY; 1986: 39.
         Note: abstract only.
         Data collected during the 1983-84 water quality surveys of
         lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan show that summertime
         concentrations of both particulates and nutrients in the
         lower ten meters (at least) of the water column are
         significantly enriched relative to the overlying waters.
         Most pronounced in Lake Michigan, this enrichment was also
         observed in Lake Huron and in the eastern basin of Lake Erie
         during both years. By integrating the water column mass of
         total phosphorus and dissolved reactive silica before, during
         and after stratification the authors estimate that as much as
         30% of the whole lake burden of these nutrients may be
         suspended within the benthic nepheloid layer before turnover.

     392. Liston, C. R.; Brazo, D. C.; Bohr, J. R.; Gulvas, J. A.
         Abundance and Composition of Lake Michigan Fishes Near Rock
         Jetties and a Breakwater, with Comparisons to Fishes in
         Nearby Natural Habitats. In: D'Itri, F. M. Artificial Reefs:
         Marine and Fresh Applications. Lewis Publishing: Chelsea, MI;
         1985. 491-513.







                                      5-110













     393. Loftus, A.J.; Taylor, W.W.; Keller, M. An Evaluation of Lake
         Trout (Salvelinus namavcush) Hooking Mortality in the Upper
         Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 45(8): 1473-
         1479; ISSN: 0706-652X.

     394. McMahon, P.J.T. The Impact of Marinas on Water Quality.
         Water Sci. Techno.; 1989; 21: 39-43.

     395. Merna, J.W. Contamination of Stream Fishes with Chlorinated
         Hydrocarbons from Eggs of Great Lakes Salmon. Trans. Am.
         Fish. Soc.; Jan. 1986; 115(l): 69-74.
         Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have been stocked in the
         Great Lakes where they accumulate body burdens of chlorinated
         hydrocarbons. The transport of these contaminants to
         resident communities in spawning streams was studied in two
         tributaries of Lake Michigan accessible to anadromous
         spawners and one control tributary blocked to them. No
         polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, or dieldrin were
         @etected in the sediments or biota of the control stream, or
         in sediments of the test streams. However, trout Salmo spp.
         and, to a lesser extent, sculpins Cottus spp. accumulated
         PCBs and -nT as a reSlilt- of sz;;ting contaminated salmon eggs.
         Eggs constituted as much as 87% (by weight) of the total
         stomach contents of trout collected during the salmon
         spawning season early October to early January. Salmon eggs
         contained 0.46-9.50 mg PCBs/kg, and 0.14-1.80 mg DDT/kg.
         Consumption of eggs varied greatly among individual trout,
         and there was strong correlation between numbers of eggs in
         the stomachs and PCB and DDT concentrations in the fillets.

     396. Metzler, G.; Sager, P. E. A Preliminary Study of the
         Macrobenthos of Wave-Swept and Protected Sites on the Lake
         Michigan Shoreline at Toftpoint Natural Area, Wisconsin USA.
         Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett.; 1986; 74: 126-132.

     397. Miller, G.S.; Saylor, J.H. Currents and Temperatures in
         Green Bay, Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(2):
         97-109; ISSN: 0380-1330.
         Current velocities and water temperatures were measured in
         the 4 main passages between Green Bay and Lake Michigan and
         at several sites within the bay during summer and fall 1977.
         Monthly resultant currents indicate there is anticlockwise
         circulation in the bay during dominant southwesterly wind and
         a reversal of this pattern during episodes of northeasterly
         wind. it is common for 2 layers to flow through the mouth of
         the bay in opposite directions during the stratified season.
         Cold hypolimnetic lake water entering through the mouth and
         extending far into the bay maintains stratification and
         promotes flushing. The effects of resonance of forced and




                                       5-111













         free long wave disturbances are prominent in current records;
         these oscillations are coherent and in phase across the
         mouth.


     398. Miller, T.; Crowder, L.B.; Binkowski, F.P. Effects of
         Changes in the Zooplankton Assemblage on Growth of Bloater
         and Implications for Recruitment Success. Trans. Am. Fish.
         Soc.; May 1990; 19(3): 483-491.
         Note: McGill Univ., 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, Montreal. Quebec.
         H3A 1B1, Canada.

     399. Moll, R.; Brahce, M. Seasonal and spatial distribution of
         bacteria, chlorophyll, and nutrients in nearshore Lake
         Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1986; 12(l): 52-62; ISSN:
         0380-1330.
         Bacterial abundances and metabolic activity were related to
         chlorophyll concentrations, nutrient concentrations, and the
         physical environment in the vicinity of the Grand River
         discharge into Lake Michigan. The results show that bacteria
         and phytoplankton displayed almost opposite seasonal and
         spatial distributions. Bacterial abundances were at their
         annual high in the late sumrn-- and early fall when
         chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity were at a
         seasonal low and nutrient concentrations were at their annual
         nadir. These results indicate that bacterial populations
         were not highly stimulated by the presence of algae or algal
         extracellular excretions. However, a complete separation of
         bacterial and algal dynamics was difficult because of the
         ecological overlap between microalgae and bacterioplankton.
         Analysis of bacterial abundance, chlorophyll concentration,
         and glucose uptake by size fractions showed that Lake
         Michigan has an abundant crop of microalgae.

     400. Morandi, Larry B.; Greg H. Lazarus. Water Resources
         Management: Issues and Policy options. National Conference of
         State Legislatures; Denver; 1982.

     401. Morehead, N.R.; Eadie, B.J.; Lake, B.; Landrum, P.F.;
         Berner, D. The sorption of PAH onto Dissolved organic Matter
         in Lake Michigan Waters. Chemosphere; April 1986; 15(4): 403-
         412.
         The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrophobic organic
         .contaminants (HOC) that associate with dissolved organic
         matter (DOM) in natural water systems. The DOM-HOC complex
         is sufficiently stable to allow measurement of an association
         constant, Kb. For individual HOC in different natural
         waters, Kb ranges over two orders of magnitude. Results show
         that the Kb is more dependent on,the source of the DOM than





                                     5-112













         the water solubility of the HOC but that for a specific water
         sample, correlation of Kb with solubility does exist.

     402. Morrison, W. David, Jr. The Impacts of Development of
         Wetlands on Water Quality. Detroit, Michigan: Southeast
         Michigan Council of Governments; 1979: 111 pp.

     403. Problems of the Great Lakes Region: Conference Proceedings.
         Traverse City, MI; June 9-11, 1980; ISBN: MICHU-SG-81-900.

     404. Quigley, M.A.; Robbins, J.A. Phosphorus Release Processes in
         Nearshore Southern Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.;
         1986; 43(6): 1201-1207; ISSN: 0706-652X.

     405. Quigley, M.A.; Robbins, J.A. Silica Regeneration Processes
         in Nearshore Southern Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.;
         1984; 10(4): 383-392; ISSN: 0380-1330.
         The seasonal depletion of dissolved silica to levels that
         limit diatom production is particularly critical in Lake
         Michigan's nearshore zone where diatom biomass is greatest,
         and where silica regeneration from sediments is not well-


     406. Reber, Jan Marie, Master's Student. Photo-enhanced Toxicity
         and Developmental Effects of River Sediment Elutriates to
         Early Life Stages of the Fathead Minnow; August 1991;
         Master's Thesis.
         Note: Purdue University.

     407. Rice, J.A.; Crowder, L.B.; Holey, M.E. Exploration of
         Mechanisms Regulating Larval survival in Lake Michigan
         Bloater: A Recruitment Analysis Based on Characteristics of
         Individual Larvae. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.; Sep. 1987; 116(5):
         703-718.


     408. Richman, S.; Sager, P.E., Banta, G.; Harvey, T.R.; Destasio,
         B.T. (Lawrence Univ., Biol. Dep., Appleton, WI 54912).
         Phytoplankton Standing Stock, Size Distribution, Species
         Composition and Productivity Along a Trophic Gradient in
         Green Bay, Lake Michigan. in Congress in France 1983.
         Proceedings.; 21 Aug. 1983; Lyon, France. Schweizerbart'sche
         Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart (FRG); 1984: 460-469. (Trav.
         Assoc. Int. Limnol. Theor. Appl; v. 22, no.1); ISBN: 3-5105-
         4023-9.
         Note: ISSN 0368-0770.
         A distinct feature of Green Bay is a south to north gradient
         evident in increases in mean depth, water volume and light
         penetration, and decrease in nutrient concentration and
         specific conductance. These physico-chemical gradients




                                      5-113













         correlate well with gradients in standing stock distributions
         of phytoplankton in terms of numerical density, biovolume
         concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, and species
         composition and with primary productivity. These parameters
         are closely correlated with one another and clearly establish
         spatial variations in trophic conditions oriented along the
         longitudinal axis of the bay from very high hypereutrophic
         conditions in the extreme southern to mesoeutrophic/
         oligotrophic status in the northern bay.

     409. Rodgers, P.W.; Swain, W.R. Analysis of Polychlorinated
         Biphenyl (PCB) Loading Trends in Lake Michigan. J. Great
         Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4): 548-558; ISSN: 0380-1330.
         PCB concentrations in coregonid fishes (bloater chubs)
         collected from Lake Michigan between 1972 and 1980 are used
         to infer an historical loading trend for polychlorinated
         biphenyls (PCBs). A mass balance model was developed to
         describe the dynamics of PCBs by assuming that historical
         fish concentrations are proportional to concurrent water
         column concentrations of PCB. The validity of this
         assumption is strengthened, since the data represent a single
         speci@,7,2 of fish (-      feeder), a specific age class of
         that species, and a single laboratory performing the
         collections and analysis of data. The results of model
         analysis indicate that PCB loading to Lake Michigan during
         the period of observation can be described by a linearly
         decreasing trend. The calibrated model also forecasts the
         response of selected fish species to various loading
         scenarios. Forecast results indicate that a continuously
         decreasing load will result in compliance with U.S. and
         Canadian guideline value for human consumption by 1987.

     410. Rossmann, R. (Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Great Lakes
         Research Div.). Trace Metal Concentrations in the offshore
         Water of Lakes Erie and Michigan; Nov. 1984; NTIS Order No.:
         PB85-199396/GAR. (Special Report Mich. Univ. Great Lakes Res.
         Div.).
         Note; Grant EPA-R-005709-01.
         During 1981, water samples were collected from ten Lake Erie
         and ten Lake Michigan stations. In both Lake Erie and Lake
         Michigan, large percentages of aluminum, iron, and manganese
         were associated with particulate matter. A substantial
         fraction of the total berylium, cobalt, copper, lead, tin,
         vanadium, and zinc were associated with Lake Michigan
         particulate matter. In Lake Erie, it appears that a
         significant fraction of the particulates may have been
         resuspended sediment.






                                     5-114














     411. Scavia D.; Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Evans, M.S.; Jude, D.J.;
         Lehman, J.T. Influence of Salmonine Predation and Weather on
         Long-term water Quality Trends in Lake Michigan. Can. J.
         Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Feb. 1986; 43(2): 435-443; ISSN: 0706-
         652X,
         Trends in Lake Michigan water quality over 1975-84 appear to
         reflect reduced nutrient loadings as indicated by gradual
         declines in spring total phosphorus (TP) and summer
         epilimnetic chlorophyll a (Chl a). Deviations from these
         trends during 1977 and 1983-84 were apparently caused by
         abiotic and biotic factors, respectively. Prolonged ice
         cover during 1977 decreased sediment resuspension resulting
         in lower TP, reduced Chl a levels, and increased water
         clarity. A similar dramatic result occurred in 1983 and to a
         lesser extent in 1984, but via a different mechanism.
         Burgeoning populations of stocked salmonines reduced
         populations of the planktivorous alewife (Alosa
         pseudoharengus), which allowed large Daphnia to flourish.
         Because the Daphnia are more voracious and nonselective
         grazers than the formerly dominant calanoid copepods, they
         reduced seston concentrations, causing dramatic increases in
         Secchi disk transparency

     412. Scavia, D.; Lang, G.A.; Kitchell, J.F. Dynamics of Lake
         Michigan Plankton: A Model Evaluation of Nutrient Loading,
         Competition, and Predation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci; Jan.
         1988; 45(l): 165-177; ISSN: 0706-652X.
         Lake Michigan's offshore ecosystem has been altered
         dramatically during the past decade. These changes occurred
         concurrently with reduced P load, P concentration, and
         abundance of the dominant zooplanktivore, the alewife (Alosa
         pseudoharengus). In this analysis the authors pose
         alternative hypotheses of nutrient loading and species
         interactions as determinants of zooplankton and phytoplankton
         species composition in the summer epilimnion. They evaluate
         these hypotheses with a food web model that was calibrated to
         measurements of the 1980s Lake Michigan plankton composition
         and algal production, sedimentation, and growth rates and
         literature estimates of zooplankton secondary production and
         nutrient excretion.
















                                     5-115













     413. Schelske, C.L. Historic Trends in Lake Michi gan Silica
         Concentrations. Int. Rev. Gesamt. Hydrobiol.; 1988; 73(5):
         559-591; ISSN: 0020-9039.
         Historic data on soluble silica in the offshore waters of
         Lake Michigan were compiled and analyzed to determine whether
         the data supported a decrease in silica concentration which
         had been hypothesized previously on the basis of other
         studies. Although the data base was limited and no data were
         obtained for offshore waters prior to 1954,@ the available
         data support the conclusion that the silica concentration
         decreased rapidly after 1954. The thesis is developed that
         rapid silica depletion occurred in the 15-year period from
         1954-1969 when the winter maximum concentration decreased
         from approximately 4.4 to 1.4 mg Si02/I and the summer
         minimum decreased from approximately 2.2 to -@ 0.2 mg Si02/I.
         The decrease in silica concentration is attributed to
         increased production and sedimentation of diatoms that
         resulted from increased anthropogenic phosphorus loading.

     414. Schelske, D.L.; Sicko-Goad, L. Effect of Chelated Trace
         Metals on Phosphorous Uptake and Storage in Natural
         B@--mblages of Lake Michigan Phytoplankton. 7ournal of
         Lakes Research; 1990; 16(l): 82-89; ISSN: 0380-1330.
         In experiments with natural phytoplankton assemblages from
         Lake Michigan, additions of chelated trace metals and
         orthophosphate increased phosphate uptake more than additions
         of orthophosphate alone. Enhanced phosphate uptake is
         attributed to the storage of polyphosphate by phytoplankton
         which can be triggered by high concentrations of trace
         metals. Similar effects were obtained with a surface
         phytoplankton assemblage collected in April and with a
         metalimnetic assemblage collected in September. Microscopic
         @xamination showed that polyphosphate formation was enhanced
         in populations of Melosira islandica and Scenedesmus
         opoliensis. These results and data from the literature
         suggest that polyphosphate storage may play an important role
         in the phytoplankton population dynamics of Lake Michigan,
         especially in bays and nearshore areas where tributary inputs
         of phosphorous and trace metals are high.

     415. Schloesser, D.W.; Hiltunen, J.K.; Owens, R.W. Rediscovery of
         Lake Balls in Lake Michigan. J. Freshwat. ecol.; 1983; 2(2):
         159-163; ISSN: 0270-5060.
         For the first time in 70 years, the occurrence of a "lake
         ball" in Lake Michigan is here reported in the literature.
         According to a published system of classification, the object
         the authors collected in 1978 was a "false" lake ball.
         Dissection revealed that it was colonized by 5 chironomid
         larvae and 162 oligochaetes. The species and numerical




                                      5-116














          proportions of the oligochaetes indicated that it was formed
          in or near the mouth of a eutrophic tributary rather than in
          the open waters of Lake Michigan where it was found. Because
          of their mobility, false lake balls may be ecologically
          important, serving as natural vehicles for the dispersal of
          invertebrates.

     416. School of Public and Environmental Affairs - Indiana
          University. Indiana Coastal Energy Facilities Inventory.
          Bloomington, IN: Indiana University; August 1979.
          Note: CZM.
          A detailed inventory of Indiana's coastal related energy
          facilities including: name of facility, operator, address,
          facility type, activity capacity, operating data, expansion
          dates, anticipated expansion dates, peak operating
          employment, source of information.

     417. Schwartz, Pamela M.; Jacobson, Sandra W.; Fein, Greta;
          Jacobsen, Joseph L.; Price, Harold A. Lake Michigan Fish
          Consumption as a Source of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human
          Cord Serum, Maternal Serum, and Milk. American Journal of
          r.'_--.1ic Health: Mircl, 1.093; 73(3): 293.

     418. Seelye, J. G.; Hesselberg, Robert J.; Mac, Michael J.
          Accumulation by Fish of Contaminants from Dredged Sediments.
          Environmental Science and Technology; 1982; 16: 459-464.
          Note: Correction 16:886.

     419. Seelye, J. G.; Mac, M. J. Size-Specific Mortality in Fry of
          Lake Trout (Salvelinus namavcush) from Lake Michigan.
          Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology;
          September 1981; 27(3): 376-

     420. Sprules, W.G.; Brandt, S.B.; Stewart, D.J.; Munawar, M.;
          Jin, E.H.; Love, J. Biomass Size Spectrum of the Lake
          Michigan Pelagic Food Web. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Jan
          1991; 48(l): 105-115; ISSN: 0706-652X.
          Biomass size spectra for the complete Lake Michigan pelagic
          food web from picoplankton to salmonids were constructed for
          nine sampling transects around the lake in May and September
          1987. Size spectra were typical for freshwaters, having
          distinct peaks corresponding to major size groups. Biomass
          concentration of algae, zooplankton, and planktivores
          conformed to particle-size model predictions, but piscivore
          biomass was lower than predicted because these species are
          stocked. our analyses suggest that piscivore production is
          constrained by food web structure. Bloater, which comprise
          72% of planktivore biomass, make up less than 20% of salmon
          diets. We estimate that piscivore production could be double



                                      5-117













         the current value of 0.27 g/m squared/year if the forage fish
         community changed to include species more available to
         salmon.


     421. Stauffer, Thomas M. Effects of DDT and PCB's on Survival of
         Lake Trout Eggs and Fry in a Hatchery and in Lake Michigan.
         Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; March 1979;
         108(2). 178.

     422. Stedman, R.M.; Argyle, R.L. Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax)
         as Predators on Young Bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake
         Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(l): 40-42; ISSN:
         0380-1330.

     423. Stedman, R.M.; Bowen, C.A. Introduction and Spread of the
         Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Lakes
         Huron and Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(4): 508-
         511; ISSN: 0380-1330.

     424. Steinhart, C. E.; Schierow, L. J.; Chesters, G. An
         Environmental Quality Index for the Nearshore Waters of the
         Great Lakes. Univerr'@ty of Wisco-qi- maaison, WI: Water
         Resource Center; 1981; Great Lakes Environmenatal Planning
         Study #42.
         14 pp.
         (Abstract only].

     425. Stewart, D.J.; Binkowski, F.P. Dynamics of Consumption and
         Food Conversion by Lake Michigan Alewives: An Energetics-
         modeling Synthesis. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.; Sep. 1986; 115(5):
         643-661.

     426. Swackhamer, D.L. The Role of Water-particle Partitioning and
         Sedimentation in Controlling the Fate and Transport of PCBs
         in lakes. Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B-Sci. & Eng.; Jan. 1986;
         46(7): 279 pp.
         Note: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: FADDA8512329.
         The spatial distribution and Aroclor composition of PCBs in
         Lake Michigan water and sediments were determined. The
         average PCB concentrations in surficial sediments were 81 ng/
         g, 26 ng/g, and 7.2 ng/g for depositional, translational, and
         non-depositional zones, respectively, with an average Aroclor
         composition of 18% 1242, 33% 1248, and 49% 1254. The average
         PCB concentration in water was 1.8 ng/L. Differences in
         concentration and Aroclor composition in both sediments and
         water were used to identify point sources to the lake at
         Green Bay, Waukegan, Calumet Harbor, and Benton Harbor.






                                     5-118













     427. Talavage, J. optimal Regulation of Rural Ecosystem
          Pollution. Environment and Planning; November 1977; 9(11):
          1281.


     428. Tarapchak, S.J.; Herch, L.R. Phosphate Uptake by
          Microorganisms in Lake Water: Deviations from Simple
          Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Feb.
          1986; 43(2): 319-328; ISSN: 0706-652X.
          Orthophosphate uptake rates by natural Lake Michigan
          microbial assemblages were measured to test  a hypothesis that
          the instantaneous velocity of P uptake at low added spbstrate
          concentrations is higher than predicted by the simple
          Michaelis-Menten equation. Analysis of data from most
          experiments verified this prediction.

     429. Tarapchak, S.J; Moll, R.A. Phosphorus Sources for
          Phytoplankton and Bacteria in Lake Michigan. Journal Plankton
          Research; July 1990; 12(4): 743-758.
          Size-fractionation experiments on the uptake of phosphate
          (P04) and recently excreted dissolved organic phosphorous (E-
          DOP) from phytoplankton suggest that algae and bacteria rely
          on different forms of phosphorous (P) i_- the epilirni- -f D-
          limited Lake Michigan. Rate constants for P04 uptake in 0-1
          um fractions generally were low relative to those measured in
          wholewater, suggesting that most of the uptake was by algae.
          Uptake of 33E-DOP in 0-1 um fractions approximated uptake in
          wholewater, indicating uptake principally by bacteria.
          Concurrent experiments showed that E-DOP and P04 were taken
          up by different transport systems; bacteria have transport
          systems for E-DOP compounds; and cell-surface phosphatase-
          mediated P04 supply to phytoplankton from E-DOP was
          negligible. Results suggest that pathways of P04 and E-DOP
          flux in microplankton communities of P-limited large and
          small lakes may differ.

     430. Taylor, W.W; Smale, M.A.; Freeberg, M.H. Biotic and Abiotic
          Determinants of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clugeaformis)
          Recruitment in Northeastern Lake Michigan. can. J. Fish.
          Aquat. Sci.; 1985; 44(no. suppl. 2): 313-323; ISSN: 0706-
          652X.

     431. Turney, W.G. Control of Pollution from Pleasure Boats. J.
          Water Pollut. Control Fed.; 1971; 43(3): 447-453.











                                      5-119













     432. Turney, W.G. (Michigan State Dep. Nat. Resour., S.T. Mason
         Building, Box 30028, Lansing, MI 48909). Michigan's
         Legislative Policies Regarding Lake Environmental Issues. in
         Shiga Conference 1984 on Conservation and Management of World
         Lake Environment; 27 Aug. 1984; Otsu, Japan: Shiga
         Prefectural Gov., Otsu (Japan); 1985: 282-288.
         A description is given of the Great Lakes system and inland
         lakes of Michigan with respect to the state's legislative
         policies covering pollution control, in particular toxic and
         hazardous materials.

     433. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
         Levels for the Great Lakes.
         Note: Mich. City.

     434. Udd, E.; Fridgen, J.D. (Dep. For., Kansas State Univ.,
         Manhattan, KS 66502). Anglers' Perceptions of Toxic Chemicals
         in Rivers and Sport Fish. Lucas, R.C. Proceedings - National
         Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research.; 23-26 July
         1985; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; July 1986:
         245-250. (INT-212. Gen. Tech. Rep., Intermt. Res. Stn.).
         Anglersf ---n- t-o toxic chemical contamination of river-
         and sports fish were tested on three rivers in Michigan.
         Across three levels of contamination, there was no difference
         among anglers in terms of their awareness of, responses to or
         avoidance of contaminants, even on the river with high levels
         of toxic chemical contamination. Management, health and
         recreation experience implications are discussed.

     435. unknown. Cesium-137 Activities in Fish Residing in Thermal
         Discharges to Lake Michigan. Health Physics; May 1976; 30(5):
         411,

     436. Vanderploeg, H.A.; Eadie, B.J.; Liebig, J.R.; Tarapchak,
         S.J.; Glover, R.M. Contribution of Calcite to the Particle-
         size Spectrum of Lake Michigan Seston and its Interactions
         with the Plankton. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(11):
         1898-1914; ISSN: 0706-652X.
         The authors determined the contribution of calcite to the
         total particle-size spectrum of Lake Michigan seston during
         different seasons in 1978-83 and 1985, employing a novel
         Coulter counter method, to examine the intensity and
         ecological effects of calcite whitings that result from
         autogenic precipitation of calcite. The whitings were most
         intense during September, when 12-56% of the total particle
         volume was calcite. overall, food web dynamics were more
         controlling of than controlled by whitings. Year-to-year
         variation in calcite concentration was probably caused by





                                     5-120













         predation-controlled variation in primary production, which
         drives calcite precipitation through C02 uptake.

     437. Warren, G.J. Predation by Limnocalanus as a Potentially
         Major Source of Winter Naupliar Mortality in Lake Michigan.
         J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(3): 389-395; ISSN: 0380-1330.
         Predation by adult Limnocalanus macrurus may have a
         significant impact on naupliar mortality in Lake Michigan.
         Nauplier mortality rates were estimated from plankton samples
         from winter and early spring of 1981, and compared with
         estimates of potential mortality due to predation by adult
         Limnocalanus. Predation, rather than competition for food,
         is probably, the main influence on nauplier mortality.

     438. Warren, G.J.; Evans, M.S.; Jude, D.J.; Ayers, J.C. Seasonal
         variations in Copepod Size: Effects of Temperature, Food
         Abundance, and Vertebrate Predation. J. Plankton Res.; Sep.
         1986; 8(5): 841-853.

     439. Wells, L. Changes in Lake Michigan's Prey Fish Populations
         with Increasing Salmonid Abundance, 1962 to 1,984. SPEC. PUBL.
         GLFC; 1985; NO. "7-3: 13-25.
         Along with dramatic increases in salmonid populations in Lake
         Michigan during the last two decades, striking changes in
         prey fish populations have occured. Alewives increased to
         7reat abundance in the mid 1960s, suffered an enormous dieoff
         in 1967, recovered partly in the early 19701s, then
         fluctuated to low levels in 1982-84. According to some
         biologists the recent decline resulted from salmonid
         predation, but according to others it was due in considerable
         degree to adverse thermal conditions. Several species
         (smelt, chubs, deepwater sculpins, yellow perch, and emerald
         shiners) declined to low levels in the mid 1960s, apparently
         as a result of interference with their reproduction by the
         abundant alewife declined.

     440. Westphal, J.H.; Halverson, W.F. Assessing the Long-term
         Effects of an Environmental Education Program: A Pragmatic
         Approach. J. Environ. Educ.; 1985-86; 17(2): 26-30.
         Citizen involvement in public decision-making processes
         affecting the environment requires an informed and motivated
         citizenry. This paper examines the long-term effects of an
         environmental education program specifically designed to
         involve citizens in environmental affairs concerning water
         quality in Lake Michigan. Feedback from the participants
         indicates a wide range of attitudinal and behavioral change
         as a result of program participation. The most common
         changes were: greater awareness-of the problem and more





                                      5-121













          confidence in discussing environmental issues in public
          forums.

     441. Winnell, M.H.; White, D.S. The Distribution of
          Heterotrissocladius oliveri Seather (Diptera: Chironomidae)
          in Lake Michigan. Hydrobiologia; Feb 1986; 131(3): 205-214.
          Fifty one chironomid species were identified from 504 samples
          collected at depths ranging 8 to 267 m in Lake Michigan,
          U.S.A. Heterotrissocladius oliveri Saether occured in 32% of
          these samples and had an average abundance of .0022 m which
          was similar to other estimates from the Great Lakes. Maximum
          average lake-wide density was at 30-60. At depths > 60 m,
          oliveri was the dominant chironomid species comprising 75%
          of total Chironomidae. Although still oligotrophic in
          nature, high density occurences in both high and low
          sedimentation areas of the lake suggest the trophic indicator
          status of H. oliveri might be broader than previously
          thought.

     442. Winnell, M.H.; White, D.S. Ecology of Some Chironomidae
          (Diptera) from Southeastern Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Trans. Am.
          Entomol. Soc.; Sep. 1985; 111(3): 2-:-360.
          In nine year study of the benthic environment of southeastern
          Lake Michigan, 90 taxa of Chironomidae were collected. of
          these, 20 were present in sufficient quantities to provide
          information on densities, yearly population fluctuations,
          relationships to water depths, correlations with sediment
          types, growth, and emergence periods.

     443. Wood, William L. Managing Coastal Erosion Through the NFIP,
          Delineation of Erosion Hazard Shorelands. Great Lakes
          Shoreland Management Workshop Series; 1990; 2: 13-15.
          Note; article.
          The National Research Council formed the Committee on Coastal
          Erosion Zone Management in 1988 to provide advice on
          appropriate erosion management strategies, supporting data
          needs, and applicable methodologies to administer these
          strategies through the National Flood Insurance Program. The
          committee agreed that an erosion element of the National
          Flood Insurance Program should have three primary objectives.
          First, it should transfer economic costs of erosion losses
          from all federal taxpayers to the property owners at risk by
          charging premiums that approximate the risks of loss. The
          program should eventually become actuarial. Second, the
          program should discourage inappropriate development from
          occurring in erosion zones as delineated by FEMA or the
          states. Third, the program should strongly support the
          improvement of development and redevelopment practices in





                                      5-122














         erosion-prone areas. In order to meet these objectives  FEMA
         must take steps to facilitate erosion hazard reduction.

     444. Wood, William L. Managing Coastal Erosion Through the
         National Flood Insurance Program. Journal of American Shore
         and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); April
         1990; 58(2): 3.
         Note: article.
         In response to a request from the Federal Emergency
         Management Agency/Federal Insurance Administration (FEMA/FIA)
         in 1988, the National Research Council (NRC) established the
         Committee on Coastal Erosion Zone Management under the
         auspices of its Water Science and Technology Board and the
         Marine Board. The committee was asked to provide advice on
         appropriate erosion management strategies, supporting data
         needs, and applicable methodologies to administer these
         strategies through the National Flood Insurance Program.
         Population and economic pressures have transformed the
         lightly developed shorelines of earlier years into higher
         density resorts and urban complexes, e.g.: Ocean City,
         Maryland; Clearwater, Florida; Galveston, Texas.




































                                      5-123













                           Appendix 2: Hydrology


     445. Bernabo, J.C. Quantitative Estimates of Temperature Changes
         Over the Last 2,700 Years in Michigan Based on Pollen Data.
         Quaternary Research; 1981; 15: 143-159.

     446. Clemens, Robert H. Selected Environmental Criteria for the
         Design of Artificial Structures on the Southeast Shore of
         Lake Erie. South Carolina: Coastal Resources Division South
         Carolina University, Department of Geology; 1976; Technical
         Report No. 8-CRD.

     447. Crane, Thomas; Great Lakes Commission (Great Lakes
         Commission). Drought Planning, Management and Water Level
         Changes - Great Lakes; 1-1-90; Guidebook.
         Note: Covers Great Lakes.
         Response to the 1988 drought. Planning for future drought.

     448. DeCooke, B.G.; Megerian, E. Forecasting the Levels of the
         Great Lakes. Water Resources Research; 1967; 3: 397-403.

     449. Detroit District, Corps of Engineers (Corps of Engineers).
         Great Lakes Water Level Facts
         Subtitle: Corps of Engineers; 1-1-86.
         Note: Covers Great Lakes.
         Physical features of Great Lakes, water level fluctuations,
         factors influencing lake levels.

     450. Dorr, J.A.; Eschman, D.F. Geology of Michigan. Ann Arbor,
         Mi: University of Michigan Press; 1970.
         Note: 476 pages.

     451. Fraser, G.S.; Hester, N.C. Sediment Distribution in a Beach
         Ridge Complex and its Application to Artificial Beach
         Replenishment. Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental
         Geology Notes; 1974; 67: 26 p.

     452. Great Lakes Shoreland Management Workshop Series
         (International Joint Commission, Water Levels Reference
         Study). Delineation of Erosion Hazard Shorelands, Cleveland,
         Ohio. Subtitle: Erosion Hazard, Workshop Summary; 6-21-90;
         Workshop Summary.
         Note: Covers all 8 Great Lakes States.
         Shoreline erosion - setback legislation/questionaire answers.








                                     5-124













      453. Great Lakes Science Advisory Board (G. L. Science Advisory
          Board). Great Lakes Science Advisory Board; 1-1-87.
          Ecosystem approach to the Great Lakes - policy and programs;
          monitoring and surveillance; research.

      454. Great Lakes Water Quality Board (IJC). Great Lakes Water
          Quality Board; 1-1-89; Appendix A.
          Progress in developing and implementing remedial action plans
          for areas of concern in the Great Lakes Basin.

      455. Great Lakes Water Quality Board (IJC). Great Lakes Water
          Quality Board; 1-1-90.
          Progress in developing remedial action plans for areas of
          concern in the Great Lakes Basin.

      456. Great Lakes Commission (Great Lakes Commission). Water Level
          Changes
          Subtitle: Factors Influencing the Great Lakes; 1-1-86.
          Note: Covers the Great Lakes.
          Lake levels, flooding, Shoreline Erosion Task Force- basic
          information about the Great Lakes; factors affecting lake
          levels.

      457. Great Lakes Commission, Ann Arbor MI (GLC). Great lake
          Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging:
          Subtitle: Issues and Recommendations; 11-1-88; Final Report.
          Note: Covers eight Great Lakes states shorelines.
          Confined Disposal Facilities (CDF's), navigation, lake
          levels.

      458. Hands, E.B. Prediction of Shore Retreat and Nearshore
          Profile Adjustments to Rising Water Levels on the Great Lakes
          [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
          Technical Paper 80-7.
          Note: p.119.

      459. Hansel, A.K.; Mickelson, D.M.; Schneider, A.F.; Larsen, C.E.
          Late Wisconsin and Holocene History of the Lake Michigan
          Basin. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30;
          1985: 39-53.
          Note: In Karrow, P.F; Calkin, P.E.: Quaternary evolution of
          the Great Lakes.













                                      5-125













     460. Hartmann, Holly C.; Donahue, Michael J. (Great Lakes
         Commission). Great Lakes Water Level Forecasting and
         Statistics Symposium. Subtitle: Water Level Forecasting and
         Statistics, Proceedings; 5-17-90; Proceedings of Symposium.
         Note: Covers Great Lakes.
         Assess strengths and weaknesses of water level forecasting;
         response to publics questions; develop a communication
         methods of statistics to users.

     461. Hester, N.C.; Fraser, G.S. Sedimentology of a Beach Ridge
         Complex and its Significance in Land Use Planning. Illinois
         State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes; 1973;
         63: 24 p.

     462. Hough, J.L. Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana, IL:
         University of Illinois Press; 1958.
         Note; 313 p.

     463. IJC. International Joint Commission-United States and Canada
         Subtitle: Activities Report 1986; 1-1-86.
         Note: Covers 1912-1986.

     464. IJC Task Force (International Joint Commission). 1985-86
         High Water Levels in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin
         Subtitle: Interim Report to the International Joint
         Commission; 10-1-88.
         Note: Covers all Great Lakes.
         Ability of man's existing control structures to influence the
         Great Lakes water levels. Appendix A Summary-Great Lakes
         Water Levels Task Forece to International Joint Commission
         October 1987.

     465. Keen, Cecil S.; Lyons, Walter A. Lake/Land Breeze
         Circulations on the Western Shore of Lake Michigan. Journal
         of Applied Meteorology; 1978; 17(12): 1843.
         A classic lake breeze circulation cell that formed on the
         western shore of Lake Michigan on 4 September 1974 is studied
         in great detail. Wind measurements are made with surface
         anemometers and serial pibals, with air trajectories
         monitored via tetroons. Aircraft measurements map the
         thermal internal boundary layer and small and large aerosol
         distributions. Recirculation of pollutants is indicated from
         analysis of the tetroon data. Aerosol measurements suggest
         size sorting of small versus large particles as they are
         transported through the complex three-dimensional flow.
         These wind data also form the basis of kinematic diagnostic
         study of mesoscale pollution transport in coastal areas, to
         be reported in a subsequent paper.





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     466. Lake Levels, Flooding and Shoreline Erosion Task Force
         (Great Lakes Commission). Great Lakes Shore Erosion and
         Flooding Assistance Programs; 1-1-87.
         Note: Covers Great Lakes.
         Shore erosion control, Federal assistance projects, permits,
         shore protection and flooding assistance programs.

     467. Larsen, C.E. Geoarchaeological Interpretation of Great Lakes
         Coastal Environments. Stein, J.K.; Farrand, W.R., editors.
         Archaelogical sediments in context, peopling of the Americas.
         Edited Series No. 1 ed. University of Maine, Orono: Institute
         for Quaternary Studies; 1985b.
         Note: p. 99-110.

     468. Larsen, C.E. Prehistoric Levels of Lake Michigan-Huron:
         Their Potential in Shoreland Planning. Proceedings of the
         Shoreland Planning Conference; (1973); Lake Michigan
         Federation, Chicago; 1973: 169-195.,

     469. Lee, Kwang K. Longshore Currents and Sediment Transport in
         West Shore of Lake Michigan. Water Resources Research;
         December 1975; 11(6)- 10')Q
         Longshore sediment transport presents an important problem at
         the shores along the Great Lakes. Direct field measurements
         were made on the parameters related to waves, beaches,
         longshore currents, and sediment transport. By using the
         field data from Lake Michigan, the longshore currents are
         found to be linearly related to the longshore momentum flux
         of incident waves at the breaker line, and also the longshore
         sediment immersed weight transport rate is found in terms of
         the longshore wave energy flux per unit length of beach.

     470.. Leverett, F.; Taylor, F.B. The Pleistocene of Indiana and
         Michigan and the History of the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological
         Survey Monograph; 1915; 53: 529 p.

     471. Liu, P. Statistics on Great Lakes levels. Proceedings of the
         13th Conference on Great Lakes Research; Ann Arbor,
         International Association for Great Lakes research; 1970:
         360-368.

     472. Meadows, G. A.; Wood, W. L. Long Period Surf Zone Motions.
         Ocean Engineering.
         Note: Submitted for publication.









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     473. Meadows, G. A.; Wood, W. L. Unsteady Longshore Currents in a
          Uniform Wave Field (abs). EOS; 1975; 56(No. 12): pp. 1009.
          Field observaions show, at a fixed point in the surf zone
          variations in excess of 150% of the mean longshore current
          velocity occur over time periods from three to eighty
          seconds. These unsteady motions in longshore currents
          persist horizontally across the surf zone and vertically from
          the surface to the bottom. The dominant period of these
          fluctuations corresponds to that of the incident breaker
          period, however, significant longer period fluctuations are
          also evidenced.

     474. Meadows, Lorelle A. (Editor) (Michigan Sea Grant, Department
          of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering). Great Lakes
          Coastal Erosion Research Needs
          Subtitle: Workshop Summary; 7-8-87; MICHU-SG-88-900.
          Note: Covers Great lakes.
          Shoreline erosion, lake level fluctuation, field
          experimentation needs, data collection methods.

     475. Sorensen, Robert M.; Seelig, William N. Hydrodynamics of
          Great Lakes Inlet-Harbors 1r,-T-tems. In: P--@7r,-Ii-js of the
          Fifteenth Coastal Engineering Conference, Volume 11; 1977:
          1646-1665.
          Note: American Society of Civil Engineers.
          Honolulu, Hawaii.

     476. Stockberger, M. Todd; Wood, William L. (American Society of
          Civil Engineers). Application of Equilibrium Beach Concepts
          to Sandy Great Lakes Profiles. Edge, Billy L. Twenty-Second
          Coastal Engineering Conference
          Proceedings of the international conference; July 2-6, 1990;
          Delft, the Netherlands. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY
          10017-2398: American Society of Civil Engineers; volume 3:
          2291.
          This study was designed to evaluate the equilibrium beach
          concept for conditions of "rapidly" varying water level,
          experienced on the North American Great Lakes. It was
          determined that the mathematical expression h(x) = Axfto the
          2/31 is appropriate for describing sandy beach and nearshore
          profiles of the Great Lakes. In addition, a correlation was
          found between lake-level change and the shape factor A, that
          indicates a phase lag in beach and nearshore response to
          "rapidly" changing water level. Results from this study also
          raise some questions about the reliability of determining the
          shape factor A directly from sediment size. Reliability in
          the determination of A may be related to the stability shape
          of the profile relative to its equilibrium shape.





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      477. U.S. Department of the Interior [Great Lakes Basin
          Commission]. Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, Appendix 12:
          Shore Use and Erosion. Ann Arbor, MI; 1975.
          Note: p. 56-57.

      478. U.S. Geological Survey. Low-flow Characteristics of Indiana
          Streams. Subtitle: Streams - Open File Report; l/l/83; Open
          File Report. 82-1007.

      479. Water Quality Board (IJC). Great Lakes Water Quality Board.
          Subtitle.- Report to the International Joint Commission; 1-i-
          87.

      480. Weishar, L. L.; Wood, W. L. An Evaluation of Offshore and
          Beach Changes on a Tideless Coast. Journal of Sedimentary
          Petrology; 1983; 53(No. 3): pp. 847-858.
          A 4-year set of beach and offshore profiles, measured at
          monthly intervals, is evaluated to determine the effect of
          wind-wave forcing and long-term lake-level variation on
          profile change in the Great Lakes. This evaluation indicates
          three distinct areas of profile change: the beach-and-berm,
          *',- _4-nsr-bar, and the outer-bar regions. The '_-each-and-b---
          region exhibits a classical transition from a narrow highly
          eroded (winter) profile to a broad fully deposited (summer)
          profile, during ice free months. The inner bar moves
          actively under the influence of wind-waves, but appears to
          lack a well-defined seasonal pattern. The outer bar advances
          onshore from early spring to early winter in response to
          lake-level modulation of incident wind-waves. Empirical
          eigenfunction analysis is applied to these data in order to
          statistically quantify the significance of these observed
          changes. This analysis provided confirmation of a
          hypothesized long-term (years) variation of the outer bar in
          direct response to lake-level variation.

      481. Wood, W. L. Ambient Hydrodynamic Flow Fields Associated with
          the TEXTITE Il Habitat: Department of the Interior, National
          Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; 1971; Final
          Report. pp. 10.

      482. Wood, W. L. Application of Short-Crested Wave Theory in the
          Design of Three Dimensional Coastal Hydrodynamic Models:
          Office of Naval Research, Department of Geosciences, Great
          Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue University; 1980;
          Final Report. pp. 26.

      483. Wood, W. L. The Breaking of Waves on a Submarine Bar (abs).
          EOS; 1972; 54(No. 4): pp. 316.





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      484. Wood, W. L. "Circulation of the Great Lakes", in Decisions
           for the Great Lakes; 1982.
           Note: Editors: Reskin, Mark; Daniels, Glenda.

      485. Wood, W. L. Coherent Turbulent Structure in Breaking waves.
           (abs) Proc. 4th Conf. on Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and
           Stability: pp. 17.

      486. Wood, W. L. Dependency of Surf Zone Motions on Longshore
           Bottom and Wave Variability (abs). EOS; 1976; 57(No. 12): pp.
           934.
           An analysis of the three-dimensional equations of motion has
           been carried out under the assumption that the initial
           conditions and boundary conditions at the outer surf zone are
           not independent of distance parallel to shore. Meyer and
           Turner (1967) have shown, for initial conditions and boundary
           conditions independent of distance parallel to shore, that
           when the longshore profile slope is gentler than the normal
           profile slope "weakly three-dimensional" surf can be analyzed
           directly by two-dimensional theory. However, solution of the
           equations of motion under the former assumption results in a
                !near time            --Free surface variation which is a
           non-_
           function of both bottom slope and crest height variablility.
           Zvaluation of this theoretical free surface variation using
           field observations shows a strong dependency of surf zone
           water motions on longshore variations in the incident wave
           field. Notable application of two-dimensional theory is not
           valid under these conditions.

      487. Wood, W. L. A Ducted Impellor Flowmeter for Shallow-Water
           Measurements of Internal Velocities in Breaking Waves: Office
           of Naval Research, Department of Geology, Michigan State
           University; 1968; Technical Report No. 1. pp. 58.

      488. Wood, W. L. An Energy Evaluation Within the Nearshore Zone
           (abs). EOS; 1970; 51(No. 4): pp. 322.
           An intensive instrumentation network was established in the
           nearshore zone of Lake Michigan near Pentwater, Michigan for
           the purpose of determining nearshore wave energy
           distributions over a broad spectrum of wind and wave
           conditions. For purposes of analysis the nearshore zone is
           only divided into "near breaking", "breaking", and
           "reforming" areas and the waves are classified into three
           symmetry groups. The mass transport energy beneath the wave
           crest of "extremely asymmetric" waves was a maximum of seven
           times as great as that under the crest of "slightly
           asymmetric" and 11symetric" waves. In the "near breaking"
           area the "slightly asymmetric" and the "symmetric" waves have
           about the same mass transport energy under the wave crest.




                                        5-130













          However, the "symmetric" waves contained twice as much mass
          transport energy beneath the wave crest as the "slightly
          asymmetric" wave in both the "breaking" and "reforming"
          areas. A high potential energy correlates directly with this
          high mass transport energy in "symmetric" waves. As a result
          the "energy transmission coefficient" is much higher for
          "symmetric" waves within the nearshore zone.

     489. Wood, W. L. The Formation of Complex Cuspate Forelands as a
          Result of Structural Influences on Nearshore Wave and Current
          Processes (abs). Transactions of American Geophysical Union;
          1968; 49(No. 1): pp. 190.

     490. Wood, W. L. Horizontal Particle Velocity Profiles Beneath
          the Crests of Waves Breaking on a Submarine Bar: office of
          Naval Research, Department of Natural science, Michigan State
          University; 1970; Technical Report No. 3. pp. 68.

     491. Wood, W. L. Influence of Breaking Wave Decay on Longshore
          Current Velocity. Proc. 20th Congress IAHR; 1983: pp. 70-74.

     492. Wood, W. L. An Invent-z--_- of Data               Systems for
          Coastal Processes Experiments. Nears@ore Sediment Transport
          Study Workshop on Instrumentation for Nearshore Processes;
          1977; Sea Grant Publication 62: pp. 175-181.
          Note: invited paper.
          A primary concern in planning for the National Sediment
          Transport Study (NSTS) is to establish the suitability and
          availability of data acquisition systems. Success of the
          large-scale field experiments, planned for this study, is
          integrally dependent upon the ease and reliability of
          recording large amounts of data on a synchronous time base.
          A new data acquisition system will be designed and funded
          specifically for the NSTS experiments. The NSTS steering
          committee requested that an inventory of existing data
          acquisition systems, suitable for recording field data during
          coastal processes experiments, be conducted within the
          research community of the U.S. A questionnaire was issued
          with five primary objectives: to inventory existing data
          acquisition systems; to determine the current status of these
          systems; to assess the compatability of these systems; to
          determine the suitability of these systems for coastal
          process experiments; and to determine the availability of
          these systems for the NSTS large-scale experiments. The
          results of the survey provided a number of generalizations
          which will be useful in the planning for the NSTS large-scale
          experiments.






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     493. Wood, W. L. A Physical and Geological Oceanographic Cruise
         Game (abs). EOS; 1977; 58(No. 11): pp. 867.

     494. Wood, W. L. Relationship of Wave and Current Energy to
         Coastal Destruction Along a Barred Coastline of Northeastern
         Lake Michigan (abs). Proc. 9th Conf. on Great Lakes
         Reasearch; 1966: pp. 15.

     495. Wood, W. L. A Shallow-Water Instrument System for monitoring
         Wave and Current Parameters in the Nearshore Zone: Office of
         Naval Research, Department of Geology, Michigan State
         University; 1970; Technical Report No. 2. pp. 53.

     496. Wood, W. L. Short-crested Waves at a Coast. Proc. 2nd Conf.
         on Coastal Meterology; 1980: pp. 104.

     497. Wood, W. L. Stability of Glacial Till Beach Nourishment
         Sand. American Society of Civil Engineering paper 3374; 1978:
         pp. 1-17.
         Note: invited paper.

     AGO F-od, W. L. Stability of Glacial Till Be,-:-__!i Sand. Jour-1 --F
         Waterways, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering.
        'Note: Submitted for publication.

     499. Wood, W. L. Surf Zone Analysis Utilizing Computer Graphic
         Projections (abs). EOS; 1973; 54(No. 4): pp. 316.
         A surf zone analysis has been developed which calculates the
         best fit curves of the free surface from time histories of an
         array of monitoring stations located through the surf zone.
         These curves are extrapolated through time to construct
         computer graphic projections of the free surface
         transformation. Analysis of a group of breaking waves,
         utilizing this technique, has illustrated its uniqueness to
         conventional methods in interpreting surf zone dynamics. The
         primary advantage of the analysis is that it provides a
         restored visualization of the surf zone and subsequently
         enhances the data for appraising breaking wave
         transformations. A potential extension of this technique may
         be used to evaluate the surface circulation within the surf
         zone.


     500. Wood, W. L. Three Dimensional Conditions of Surf: office of
         Naval Research, Department of Geoscience, Great Lakes Coastal
         Research Laboratory, Purdue University; 1977; Technical
         Report No. 4. pp. 15.







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     501. Wood, W. L. Three Dimensional Conditions of Surf. Proc. 15th
         International conf. on Coastal Engineering; 1977; 15: Chap.
         30, pp. 525-538.
         Wave height variability along the crest of breaking waves is
         shown to be a significant factor in the assessment of surf
         zone dynamics. variations in excess of 50 percent of the
         maximum wave height can occur along a single crest without
         significant variations in bathymetry. The horizontal scale
         of this longshore variability in crest height corresponds to
         the wave length of incident breaking waves. Four possible
         mechanisms for this variability are postulated and then
         evaluated individually on the basis of field observations. A
         major result of these evaluations is that two-dimensional
         shallow-water wave equations appear to be inappropriate for
         expressing natural surf zone wave transformations and water
         motions even under the condition of waves encroaching on a
         plane sloping bottom. Consequently, three-dimensional
         equations of surf should be used for describing most natural
         surf zone dynamics.

     502. Wood, W. L. Transformations of Breaking Wave Characteristics
           -er a Submar- On- riepartment of Natural Science, Michigan
         State University; 1970; Technical Report No. 4. pp. 114.

     503. Wood, W. L. Transformations of Breaking Wave Parameters on a
         Submarine Bar (abs). EOS; 1971; 52(No. 4): pp. 258-259.
         The effect of a submarine bar on the transformation of
         breaking wave parameters is to create a "filter" on wave
         celerity and length. The degree of filtering is directly
         related to the intensity of wave breaking. The filtering
         effect of the submarine bar suggests that this is the reason
         for better agreement between observed wave parameters and
         theory in the reforming zone shoreward of the submarine bar.
         The role of turbulence of flow induced by breaking is the
         most important factor in wave height attenuation shoreward of
         the submarine bar. As a result, theoretical expressions
         which utilize depth as a primary control factor for shallow
         water wave transformations in the nearshore zone must be re-
         evaluated with turbulent dissipation taken into consideration
         as a major factor.

     504. Wood, W. L. A Turbulent Shear Flow Mechanism for Wind
         Generation of Ocean Waves (abs). Proc. 3rd Conf. on
         Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability; 1982: pp. 13.

     505. Wood, W. L. Upper Trinity Bay Circulation Study: Oceanologic
         Research Laboratory Inc., Lockheed Electronics; 1972; Final
         Report. pp. 44.





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     506. Wood, W. L. Wave and Flow Transformations Associated with
         Waves Breaking on a Submarine Bar (abs). Proc. 2nd National
         Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conference; 1971: pp. 260.

     507. Wood, W. L. A Wave and Current Analysis in the Nearshore
         Zone: Office of Naval Research, Department of Natural
         Science, Michigan State University; 1973; Final Report. pp.
         146.

     508. Wood, W. L-A Wave Analysis System for the Breaker Zone.
         International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and
         Analysis; 1974; 1: pp. 774-787.

     509. Wood, W. L. A Wave Analysis System for the Breaker Zone:
         Office of Naval Research, Department of Geosciences, Great
         Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue University; 1975;
         Technical Report No. 1. pp. 15.

     510. Wood, W. L. Wave Height Decay Due to breaking (abs).
         Bulletin American Meteorological Society; 1981; 61(No. 10).

     511. Wood, W. L.; DaviT, S. E.; Mea@----. 177    Lesht, B. A.
         Boundary Layer Shear-flow Structure and Sediment Movement at
         the Seafloor Bed: NOAA, National Uhderseas Research Program;
         1985; Report 84-13. pp. 7.

     512. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Nearshore Response to Meteorologic
         Forcing Factors on the Tideless Great Lakes. (abs) EOS; 1985;
         66(No. 46).
         A series of beach and nearshore profiles measured
         concurrently with local meteorologic observations were
         analyzed using the method of empirical eigenfunctions. The
         spatial function having the second highest eigenvalue has a
         pronounced maximum in the region of the inner-bar crest.
         Temporal dependence of this inner-bar function shows sharp
         step-like increases and decreases associated with the passage
         of major wind-wave events. Wind-wave intensity (magnitude
         times duration) scales directly to the magnitude of temporal
         variation in the inner-bar function. Direction of inner-bar
         profile change (onshore or offshore) appears to be related to
         initial pre-shore position and not to storm intensity.













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     513. Wood, W. L.; Howell, G *L.; Cole, R. A. Crescent City Dolos
         Project. Proc. Coastal Engineering Res. Board; 1985: pp. 114-
         136.
         At present there is not a design procedure available to
         coastal engineers for the prediction of structural strength
         requirements for dolos armor units. As armor unit sizes have
         increased, structural failures have increased in frequency.
         Several major failures of breakwaters around the world have
         been attributed to dolos structural failure. The objective
         of the Crescent City Dolos Project is to obtain high-quality
         data on the forces, motions, and resulting structural
         stresses of dolos armor units in a high-energy prototype
         environment. As part of the study, an international workshop
         was held to review the state of the art in structural
         investigations of dolos. The unanimous conclusion of the
         workshop was that detailed prototype studies, such as that at
         Crescent City, were necessary before further development of
         design methodology could be accomplished.

     514. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Living with America's
         Coastlines: Lake Michigan's Coast; scheduled for publication
         in 1986.

     515. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. The Prediction of Breaking wave
         Probability Distributions in the Surf Zone (abs). EOS; 1974;
         55(No. 12): pp. 1136.
         The utilization of probability distributions of breaking wave
         height and length adds a significant dimension to the
         prediction of surf zone kinematics and dynamics. A series of
         probability distributions at breaking are generated from a
         descrete set of deep water wave parameters under the
         assumption that the deep water sea surface is Rayleigh
         distributed. A second series of probability distributions at
         breaking are generated through a linear transformation of a
         set of probability distributions from deep water wave
         observations. Result: deep water transformation schemes
         utilizing probability distributions are proposed for the
         prediction of surf zone behavior.

     516. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Unsteadiness in Longshore
         Currents: office of Naval Research, Department of
         Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
         University; 1975; Technical Report No. 3.










                                     5-135













     517. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Unsteadiness in Longshore
         Currents. Geophysical Research Letters; 1975; 2(No. 11): pp.
         503-505.
         Classically, field and laboratory investigations have relied
         on averaged results from Lagrangian measurements to establish
         longshore current velocities. Likewise, conservation
         equations have been time averaged in the formulation of
         longshore current theories. Recent experimental measurements
         by the authors indicate that at a fixed point in the surf
         zone variations in excess of 159% of the mean current
         velocity occur over time periods from three to eighty
         seconds. These unsteady motions in longshore currents
         persist horizontally across the surf zone and vertically from
         the surface to the bottom. This persistence and magnitude of
         the observed velocity fluctuations from this investigation
         imply that time dependent analytic treatments of conservation
         equations are necessary in order to properly determine
         longshore current velocity.

     518. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Unsteady Longshore Currents in a
         Non-uniform Wave Field (abs). EOS; 1975; 56(No. 12): pp.
         1010.
         Significant unsteadiness in longshore currents has been
         observed with a periodicity equivalent to that of the
         incident breaker period. However, the assumptions that an
         incident wave field, at the outer limit of the surf zone, is
         statistically steady and uniform in the longshore direction
         are fundamental to existing longshore current theories and
         result in the prediction of steady currents.   Recent field
         measurements show prominent non-uniformity, in the longshore
         direction, for wave height distributions incident at the
         outer surf zone. Analysis of these data indicate that
         transverse motion is occurring along the crest and that this
         motion intensifies as the wave approaches breaking.
         Consideration of this non-uniformity in wave height provides
         an order of magnitude approximation for a periodic longshore
         velocity component which may contribute significantly to
         unsteadiness in longshore currents.

     519. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Influence of Seasonal Wind
         Variation on Coastal Stability in the Great Lakes (abs). EOS;
         1982; 63 (No. 3) .
         Empirical eigenfunction analysis of four years of beach and
         nearshore topographic data results in the identification of
         one significant short term mode of variability and one long
         term mode. A similar analysis of directionally filtered wind
         speed data for this same time period identifies a variational
         trend in the first temporal eigenfunction which correlates
         with the short term variational trend in beach and nearshore




                                     5-136













         topography. A sensitivity analysis shows that the method of
         empirical eigenfunctions is capable of detecting changes in
         beach and nearshore topography caused by single storm
         events.

     520. Wood, William L. Effects of Seawalls on Profile Adjustment
         Along Great Lakes Coastlines. Journal  of Coastal Research;
         Autumn 1988; 4(Special Issue No. 4): 135-146.
         An extensive Great Lakes beach and nearshore profile data
         base is analyzed to determine the influence of seawalls on
         beach and nearshore profile change. Empirical eigenfunction
         analysis of these profile data supports the conclusion that
         the primary region of spatial change (outer-bar) is similar
         for armored and unarmored lengths of shoreline. Correlation
         of profile response between armored and unarmored lengths of
         shoreline is strongest for periods of rising lake-level and
         weaker during periods of falling lake-level. Analysis of
         sub-aerial beach response in front of extensive lengths of
         seawall indicates that beach width diminishes systematically
         from the downdrift to the updrift end. This observed
         narrowing also appears to be directly related to a lack of
         upland sediment-2ource.

     521. Wood, William L. (Director, Great Lakes Coastal Research
         Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Purdue University).
         The Effects of Sea Level Variation on the Coast. Proceedings
         of the International Joint Commission Functional Group 5
         Workshop; 1989: 214-217.
         Dr. Wood gave a detailed treatment of the state of knowledge
         about Great Lakes water level variations, centering on
         coastal engineering and erosion issues. He identified
         important concerns associated with both rising and falling
         water levels. In addition, he discussed the temporal and
         spatial scales of water level variations and identified
         program needs in each category. Rising lake levels create a
         number of issues pertinent to coastal engineering and
         erosion. To establish coastal construction lines, or set-
         back limits, we must very clearly differentiate between
         encroachment, recession, and erosion. Coastal flooding
         becomes important with the advent of rising water levels. In
         addition, structural overtopping during high water levels is
         a primary concern of designers.












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     522. Wood, William L. Managing Coastal Erosion Through the
          National Flood Insurance Program. Journal of American Shore
          and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); April
          1990; 58(2): 3.
          Note: article.
          In response to a request from the Federal Emergency
          Management Agency/Federal Insurance Administration (FEMA/FIA)
          in 1988, the National Research Council (NRC) established the
          Committee on Coastal Erosion Zone Management under the
          auspices of its Water Science and Technology Board and the
          Marine Board. The committee was asked to provide advice on
          appropriate erosion management strategies, supporting data
          needs, and applicable methodologies to administer these
          strategies through the National Flood Insurance Program.
          Population and economic pressures have transformed the
          lightly developed shorelines of earlier years into higher
          density resorts and urban complexes, e.g.: ocean tity,
          Maryland; Clearwater, Florida; Galveston, Texas.

      523. Wood, William L., Committee on Coastal Engineering
          Measurement Systems (National Research Council's Commission
          on Engineering and Technical Syst--..-;'. Nationa@ 11T--A- 11Cr
          Coastal Engineering Measurement Systems. 50th Coastal
          Engineering Research Board Meeting, Virginia Beach, VA.;
          1988.
          Note: Paper presented based on abstract only.
          The committee appointed to undertake a two-year study of the
          present state and future needs of coastal measurement systems
          was charged with the tasks of: assessing the needs for
          coastal data and measurement systems; determining the
          availability and suitability of existing instrumentation and
          measurement systems; and developing a set of recommendations
          regarding instrumentation and measurement system development.
          The committee was also responsible for providing guidance on
          development priorities. In general, the committee agreed
          that there is a pressing need for development of instruments
          and measurement systems. To stimulate this development there
          is a perceived need for resource commitment at the national
          level. There is need for better coordination at the national
          level and for a forum to provide information, collaboration,
          and interaction on coastal measurement systems development.
          The committee also found that some existing conceptual and
          mathematical models need theoretical improvement and rigorous
          field testing (in an interactive fashion), while better
          physically based models are derived and field tested. All of
          these findings are presently under review prior to
          publication of the final report.






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      524. Wood, William L. Wave Analysis System for the Breaker Zone.
          ASCE; 1974; 1. 774-787*
          Note: Proceedings of the International Symposium on ocean
          Wave Measurement and Analysis [ASCE/New Orleans, La./Sept. 9-
          11, 1974].
          The measurement and analysis of breaking wave parameters and
          their transformation within the breaker zone must be
          approached in a considerably different manner from that used
          on open ocean waves. Free surface time histories taken
          within the breaker zone should be interpreted with caution
          due to ambiguities arising from the rapid variations in wave
          parameters which subsequently create errors in transforming
          the temporal records to a spatial reference frame. A large
          number of wave sensors should be used to adequately measure
          the nonlinear transforming wave system. Based on these
          considerations a variety of wave analysis techniques are
          discussed with respect to their applicability in the breaker
          zone. A multiparametric wave analysis system is described
          which was developed to evaluate wave transformations, wave
          stability, and wave energy distribution in the breaker zone.
          This computer analysis system receives input data from an
          exte-e-riw^ r-@--ork of shallow water monitoring staticr - and
          calculates a series of wave parameters, indices, and energy
          estimates. These calculated data are output in a matrix
          format referenced both spatially and temporally, for
          subsequent use in a variety of wave analysis and display
          schemes.


































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                          Appendix 3: Recreation


     525. Abonmarche Group. Estimate of the Market Opportunity for
         Recreational Boat Slips for 9 Shoreline Regions and the State
         of Michigan. P.O. Box 1088, Benton Harbor, MI 49022:
         Abonmarche Group; Jan. 1991.
         Note: NRPC.
         With this study, the DNR Boating Programs Branch has decided
         to re-examine current market potentials (ie market demand
         present in 1990) for boat storage slips. Some conclusions of
         this study follow; 1) recreational boating demand remains
         @uite strong, 2) supply of wet and dry boat storage has
         increased significantly, 3) geographic market areas are
         shrinking and have been redefined, 4) potential new supply
         will further impact market size and location, 5) market
         potential for new slips will not be fullfilled by 1995, 6)
         overall occupancy has declined as newer slips have been
         added, 7) occupancy rates differ by type of marina facility,
         8) pricing has been modified as occupancy has decreased, 9)
         economic turmoil has disrupted boat buyer purchasing
         decisions, '-0) environrc-@-%''f;nancial and construction
         concerns limit the potential for new marina facilities.

     526. Chaney, Charles A. Marinas: Recommendations for Design,
         Construction and Maintenance. Chicago, Illinois: National
         Association of Engine and Boat Manufacturers, Inc.; 1961.

     527. Chien, Han. Projecting Use of a Proposed New Lake Michigan
         Marina: A Spatial Analysis Approach. East Lansing, MI:
         Michigan State University; 1975.
         Note: Ph.D. Dissertation.

     528. De Gaspari, J. Dealers of the Great Lakes. Boating Industry;
         1987; July: 53-58.
         The Great Lakes states have taken some economic hard knocks.
         Nevertheless, boating remains deeply ingrained among the
         regiones sizeable and enthusiastic boating public. Overall,
         boating dealers throughout the five Great Lakes states
         averaged $1,452,414 in annual marine sales, including
         products sold and services rendered. Indiana dealers
         averaged $836,363. John Hatfield of Howe Marine feels that
         sales will continue to grow as long as the consumer interest
         rate stays below 10%.









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     529. Dickmen, F.N@ Great Lakes Slip Survey: Sales Rental 1986.
          Great Lakes Boating; 1986; July.
          A survey was conducted to provide boaters with information
          about docking slip sales and rentals for comparison shoppers.
          It gives information on the size of slips and water depth,
          charges, amenities, space available, as well as other
          information about many marinas (along with their addresses).

     530. Dippel, Carol J.; Meier, Sharon K.; Stitt, Harold J.
          Integrated Impact Assessment: A Case Study. Ann Arbor,
          Michigan: University of Michigan, School of Natural
          Resources; 1980z 124 pp.

     531. Ditton, R. B. The Social and Economic Signifigance of
          Recreational Activities in the Marine Environment. Green Bay,
          WI: University of Wisconsin; 1972.
          This paper discusses recreation in coastal zones, redefines
          recreation, discusses the economics of coastal zone
          recreation, and discusses what future use of marine
          environments for recreation depends on: It has been
          recognized that recreation use is the most rapidly growing
          demand on water.  DemographerT stimate tb-A+- +-@- TT Q.
          population will approximately double by the year 2,000 and
          175 million people will be living in the coastal zone,
          including the Great Lakes.    The Bureau of Outdoor
          Recreation (BOR) found, moreover, that increases in the
          demand for many types of outdoor recreation far outstrips
          population increases. Their studies revealed that there was a
          12% increase in fishing, and 18% increase in boating and a
          15% increase in swimming during the half decade from 1960-65,
          while the population increase was estimated at only 8% during
          that period. Recreation must be redefined to be viewed as an
          experience that is freely engaged in largely during leisure,
          from which an individual derives some satisfaction. In other
          words, recreation experiences must have a qualitative value,
          and esthetics can not be ignored in planning. It has been
          estimated that the total recreational value of the coastal
          zone is about $300 million if each person participates 5 days
          annually. In conclusion, individuals, adjacent shoreland
          owners, businessmen, polluters, etc. must begin to assume
          implicit responsibility for the sustained yield of our
          coastal zones if society is to realize the full social and
          economic significance of recreational activities in the
          marine environment.











                                      5-141













     532. Ditton, R. B.; Goodale, T. L. Water Quality Perceptions and
         the Recreational Use of Green Bay, Lake Michigan. WIS-SG-73-
         3040 and NOAA-73101003; 1973.
         How people perceive Green Bay as a recreation resource, how
         perceptions differed between groups, and how these
         perceptions related to recreation use patterns, are
         identified. Whereas seven of 10 household heads interviewed
         participated in boating, or swimming, only 3 of 10 used Green
         Bay during the preceding 12 months, indicating that Green Bay
         was not a focal point of water-based recreation among
         residents of the five-county study area. Chi square test
         groups differed significantly on most comparisons when used
         to describe the Bay and its most bothersome physical and
         water quality characteristics. Generally, participants and
         those who use the Bay were less apt to cite unpleasant smell
         and dead fish as major problems and more apt to cite such
         problems as winds, waves and cloudiness. comparisons between
         three user groups (fishermen, boaters, and swimmers)
         indicated swimmers and boaters differed most in their
         perception of the Bay and its troublesome characteristics,
         with fishermen occupying a position between the two groups.

     533. Eckenstahler, Charles. Determining Market Demand for Boat
         Slips. In: Readings in Waterfront Development. Grand Rapids,
         MI: The Abonmarche Group; 1989.
         This article discusses how Laventhol & Horwath determines
         market potential for a specific project: The MBIA and DNR
         among others, have projected the need for 15,000- 20,000
         additional boat slips in the state of Michigan by the year
         2000. Consequently, a flurry of marina projects are being
         planned, but a developer must determine how much of the need
         can be captured at one particular site. Boater surveys
         indicate that most boaters travel less than 45-60 minutes
         from home (or work) to their dock. This radius defines the
         primary market area. A secondary market area, defined as a
         1-2 hour drive time, is also plotted since a portion of the
         boating population therein will possibly use the proposed
         facility depending upon the number and location of existing
         marinas and transportation routes. Demand is determined
         through study of historic per capita boat registration ratios
         for the market area(s) (say for the past 3 or 5 years).
         These ratios (adjusted for growth) are used to project the
         future number of boats demanded utilizing projections of
         future population for the market area(s). The art of market
         feasibility analysis is drawing conclusions from the data and
         determining the portion of demand that can be captured by a
         specific project.






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     534. Fridgen, J.D. Images and Perceptions of the Great Lakes:
         Implications for Tourism in Michigan. Ann Arbor: MI Sea Grant
         82-84; 1983.
         The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a
         study conducted during the summer of 1980. The objectives of
         the study were to: 1. compare how inland and coastal boat
         owners in Michigan responded to fuel constraints, 2. compare
         perceived changes in boating activities between the 1979 and
         1980 boating seasons for these two groups, 3. compare
         expressed boat fuel consumption between 1979 and 1980 boating
         seasons and between the two groups.

     535. Fridgen, J. D. Recreational Boater Owner's Response to
         Energy Constraints. In: Michigan Tourism How Can Research
         Help?; East Lansing, MI. MSU: Ag. Exp. Stn.; 1982; Spec.
         Rept. No. 6: p. 143-147.

     536. Fridgen, J.; Taber M.; Gillings, G. Michigan Marinas; 1982;
         (MICHU-SG-82-600): University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;
         ISSN: Michigan Sea Grant.
         This list of marina names and addresses was developed as a
         produe' n-l' the Sea     ---ject: "The Perceived Influence
         of Fuel Price and Availability Upon Great Lakes Boating
         Behavior Among Urban Michigan Boaters." Marina operators
         were contacted to assess how energy was affecting their
         business and their customers. To draw a sample of marina
         operations to survey, this list was developed. Michigan is a
         land of many lakes and, of course, the Great Lakes. Water
         resources in Michigan offer extensive recreation and pleasure
         boating opportunities. Recreation delivery systems have
         grown in proportion to the increase in water-based
         activities. one of the prime industries serving the boater
         interested in using water resources is the marina. In
         Michigan there are almost 500 Great Lakes marinas and more
         than 500 inland marinas.

     537. Great Lake Fishery Commission. Lake Michigan Committee,
         Annual Meeting; Sault Ste. Maire; 1989.

     538. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
         Study). Outdoor Recreation. Appendix 21. Ann Arbor,
         Michigan: Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1975.
         Note: CZM.
         Appendix 21, Outdoor Recreation, is part of a comprehensive
         planning study for the conservation, development,
         utilization, management, and enhancement of the water and
         related land resources of the Great Lakes Basin. It is a
         single-purpose framework plan to improve the quantity and
         quality of outdoor recreation opportunities within the Great



                                      5-143













         Lakes Basin. To meet foreseeable short- and long-term needs,
         consideration is given to the timely development and
         management of these resources as essential aids to the
         economic development and growth of the region: the
         preservation of resources to insure that they will be
         available for future use, and the well-being of all the
         people as the overriding determinant in such planning.

     539. Holecek, D. F. A Model of Michigan Tourism. Columbus, Ohio;
         1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-314.
         Note: System with implication for research.

     540. Holecek, D. F.; Stynes, D. J.; Fridgen, J. D.; Moncreef, L.
         W. Michigan Tourism Symposium: Reflections and
         Recommendations; 1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-311.

     541. Holecek, Donald F.; Smiley, E. Thomas. Management Guidelines
         for Michigan's Great Lakes Bottomland Preserves. Ann Arbor,
         Michigan: University of Michigan Sea Grant Program; 1982;
         (MICHU-SG-82-201): 22 pp.
         Although bottomland preserves, or underwater parks as they
         are more commonly known, r--e new in           -r7-veral do
         exist in other areas of the U.S. and in other countries as
         well. These guidelines draw heavily from management
         experiences with existing park/preserves and land based
         facilities with similar management objectives. The
         guidelines begin with a description of the components of a
         preserve system and the interactions between its components.
         Individual components and interactions are then singled out
         @nd management problems likely to be associated with each are
         identified. Recommendations for dealing with these problems
         are provided in the report.

     542. Jaworski, E.; Raphael, C. N. Fish, Wildlife, and
         Recreational Values of Michigan's Coastal Wetlands. Lansing,
         MI: Mich. Dept. of Nat. Res.; 1978; Phase 1 & 2.
         98 pp.

     543. Jaworski, Eugene; Raphael, C. Nicholas. Coastal Wetlands
         Value Study in Michigan. Fish, Wildlife, and Recreational
         Values of Michigan's Coastal Wetlands. Twin Cities,
         Minnesotag United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region
         111; 1978-. 225pp.

     544. Jordan, S. W.; Talhelm, D. R. Economic Impacts of Sport
         Fishing in Ottawa County; 1983: Michigan State University.







                                      5-144













      545. Klancnik, Fred P. Planning Marinas for the 1990's (Marina/
          Dock Age]; January/February 1990. University of Wisconsin,
          Madison, WI.
          This paper briefly describes national and regional trends in
          the recreational boating industry and then focuses on the
          author's recent experiences in the Great Lakes area.
          Applicable marina planning criteria are contained in an
          appendix of this paper along with project descriptions.

      546. Kusler, Jon A. Regulations to Reduce Conflicts Between
          Recreation Water Uses. Madison, Wisconsin: University of
          Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources; 1970; Research
          Report 65.

      547. Mahoney, Edward M.; Brunke, Mary; Pistis, Charles. 1985
          Michigan Charter Fishing Study; March 1986; MICHU-SG-87-509;
          ISSN: Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
          Note: 2 copies.
          This study was designed to: 1) provide a description of
          Michiganls charter fishing market, 2) estimate direct
          expenditures associated with charter fishing trips, and 3)
                     the amount captains have invested J.- -'---heir char---
          boats. This is the first comprehensive study of Michigan's
          charter boat market.


      548. Meltz, D.; Schink, D.; Somersan, A. 1979 Survey of
          Wisconsin's Great Lake Marinas.; 1980: University of
          Wisconsin Ext. Madison, WI.
          Note: 2 copies.
          This report focuses on Great Lakes marina characteristics and
          the internal management problem areas hindering profitable
          operating performance. This report identifies physical,
          demand, and management characteristics of Wisconsin's Great
          Lakes marinas. Information on the current status of these
          facilities is inventoried and statistically summarized by
          region and type of facility. The Lower Lake Michigan region
          averages 127 slips per marina, and the highest concentration
          of large slips is also here where 31% of them are greater
          than 39 feet in length. Statewide, seasonal slip rental fees
          average $12.56 per foot, and occupancy rates are close to
          100% at all the facilities surveyed. Generally, marinas with
          boat sales have more sophisticated accounting systems, more
          formalized marketing strategies, and employed personnel more
          efficiently. The survey included 12 yacht clubs and 9 public
          marinas. This report also identifies problem areas in the
          marinas that become apparent during the survey and upon
          review of the statistics. These problems are categorized and
          recommendations and comments as to their ultimate solution
          are given. Some of the problems that are mentioned are: 1)



                                          5-145













         the need to pay attention to changes in boating trends so
         that boat sizes can be monitored and adjustments (slip size)
         can be made, 2) pricing of slip fees must be reviewed to
         consider the number on waiting lists for slips, the size and
         type of boats for which slips are demanded, policies of
         competing facilities and their expansion plans. Other
         problems dealt with are updating waiting lists with relevant
         information, planning for expansion, marketing, personnel for
         this seasonal job, ownership, management, accounting,
         payment, repairs and maintenance, etc.

     549. Muench, Bruce. 1979 Sport Fishing Creel Survey on the
         Illinois Portion of Lake Michigan: Illinois Department of
         Conservation, Division of Fisheries and Wildlife; 1981.
         A direct contact fisherman creel census was conducted on the
         Illinois portion of Lake Michigan from May 15 to November 15,
         1979. A total of 1,760,000 hours of fishing effort was
         calculated to have occurred during that period. Proximity of
         qood quality launching areas controlled to some extent the
         intensity of boat fishing at different sites. Availability
         to the public of access to piers and breakwaters controlled
         to L greater eyl----l-  i.ntensity of shore fishing. Yellow
         perch fishing was more important in north and south Cook
         County than in Lake County and was the principal species in
         the anglers' creel from the shore and dominated the total
         catch. Overall catch rate in the shore sport fishery on Lake
         Michigan was similar to the catch rate on inland State-owned
         lakes in 1979. The boat fishery, because of the general
         absence of yellow perch, had a much lower fish catch rate
         than shore fishery. Information is also provided for coho
         salmon, chinook, rainbow trout, and lake trout. The value of
         the sport fishery in our part of Lake Michigan probably
         exceeds $10 million annually.

     550. Parish, Gary E.; Morgan, J. Michael. History, Practice and
         Emerging Problems of Wetlands Regulation: Reconsidering
         Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Land and Water Law
         Review; 19,82; 17(l): 43-84.

     551. Pistis, Charles. Community Enhancement of a Great Lakes
         Charterboat Fishery in Grand Haven, Michigan in The Great
         Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry--Selected Papers presented
         at the Great Lakes Sea Grant Network Charterboat Fishing
         Workshop. In: The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry
         (selected papers presented at the Great Lakes Sea Grant
         Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop); November 12-13, 1985;
         Spring Lake, MI.
         Charterboat fisheries have an economic impact on coastal
         communities. Quantifying the economic importance of.


                                     5-146













          recreational fisheries can result in community efforts to
          enhance and market the industry. Grand Haven, Michigan,
          developed centralized charterboat dockage to link the
          charterboat fleet with its downtown businesses. The facility
          known as Chinook Pier has become a focal point of Grand
          Haven's waterfront revitalization program.

      552. Plass, K.; Chase, S.; Fischer, B. C.; McKinney, J.;
          Schwartz, E. J.; Snyder, F.; White, D. G. Profile: The Great
          Lakes Charter Sailing Industry; 1989; (WIS-SG-89-435):
          University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.
          Note: 2 copies.
          This report presents the results of a survey conducted during
          the fall of 1987 by Sea Grant programs in Illinois-Indiana,
          Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. This
          report describes the status of the Great Lakes charter
          sailing industry in 1987 and estimates the 1987 gross income
          generated by the 31 participating businesses from charter
          sailing and charter sailing instruct   'ion. Lake Superior had
          the most charter sailboats, with 48 percent of the fleet.
          Next, in order, came Lake Michigan, Erie, Ontario, and Huron.
          Wisconsin had more chz-ter sailbo,-t- t'l-n ::@ny other state,
          with 58% of the fleet. Next, in order, came Ohio, Michigan,
          New York, Illinois, Indiana, and Minnesota. The 351
          sailboats were used for an estimated 12,189 charter days in
          1987. This was an increase of almost 16% from 1986. The
          businesses that taught sailing trained 2,174 people during
          1987, an increase of almost 61% over 1986. Great Lakes
          charter sailing and sailing instruction generated at least
          $2.5 million in 1987 gross income for the 31 business
          surveyed. This was based on an estimate of $1.95 million
          provided by 84% of the businesses, which accounted for 74% of
          the boats. The total direct and indirect regional impact was
          estimated at $3.25 million to $4.5 million, based on fees
          paid to these businesses. This does not include money spent
          for trip-related expenses like food and lodging.

      553. Schott, Robert W. The Impact of Great Lakes Recreational
          Boating on tche Economy of Michigan. Michigan State
          University; 1975.
          Unpublished M.S. Thesis.

      554. Somersan, Ayse; Neuman, Michael. Impacts of Recreation in
          the Coastal Area: Demand and Supply of Recreation in
          Wisconsin0s Coastal Counties. Madison, Wisconsin: State of
          Wisconsin Coastal Zone Management Program; 1977: 94 pp.







                                         5-147














     555. Stoffle, R. W.; Rasch, D. L.; Jensen, F. V. Urban Sports
         Anglers and Lake Michigan Fisheries Policies. Coastal Zone
         Mang. J.; 1983; 10(4): 407-427.
         Over the past few years an unusually intense struggle over
         the future of the Lake Michigan fishery has occured in the
         Wisconsin coastal communities of Racine and Konosha. This
         struggle has engaged participants on the local, state, and
         national levels in the debate over the fishery as it is
         potentially impacted by the presence of environmental toxins,
         the rising cost of fish stocking and management, and
         conflicting user group demands. We describe three cases where
         urban sports anglers, with the assistance of university-based
         social scientists, participated in state and city public
         policy decisions. After discussing this research and its
         policy implications, we propose a general public
         participation paradigm termed the Reciprocal Development
         Model. The concept that best describes our applied work is
         developmental change. This concept implies a deliberate and
         quided process that normally results in the emergence of
         increased societal or community capacity to create, plan,
         implement, and assess its own adaptive strategies. Today,
         -ublic agency decision-makers operate in __ radically
         social environment. Laws stemming from the ecology movement
         and the demand for participatory democracy have caused
         agencies that manage public goods, such as those that make up
         our coastal environments, to elicit, receive, and consider
         many more and often conflicting public demands. These
         conditions suggest that agency personnel should consider
         establishing more policy-specific relationships with
         academically-based social scientists.

     556. Strang, W.A. The Use of Market Segmentaton in Planning for a
         Recreation-based Economy. Madison, WI: University of
         Wisconsin; 1971.

     557. Stynes, D. J. Trends in Recreational Boating in Michigan.
         In: Michigan Tourism: How Can Research Help?; East Lansing,
         MI. HSU,. Ag. Exp. Stn.; 1981; Spec. Rpt. No. 6: p. 137-141.
         one in a series of three reports whose objectives are 1)
         provide up-to-date information on recreational boating in
         Michigan, 2) develop boater market segments by testing and
         evaluating alternative segmentation bases including
         demographics, equipment, boat use and storage, and reasons
         for boating, 3) develop and test an integrated system of
         planning models for estimating and forecasting boating
         activity and the resulting economic impacts on state and
         local economies.







                                      5-148














     558. Stynes, D. J.; Brothers, G. L.; Holecek, D. F.; Verbyla, D.
          Spending Patterns and Economic Impact of Michigan
          Recreational Boat owners: Michigan Sea Grant; 1983; ISBN:
          Michigan Sea Grant MICHU-SG-83-210.
          This paper summarizes the methods and results of an
          expenditure survey of Michigan boaters conducted in 1981.
          Michigan registered boat owners spent over one billion
          dollars on boating in 1981. This spending was divided
          between new and used boat purchases (10%), craft-related
          expenses (24%) and trip-related expenses (66%). The average
          boat owner spends $469 a year on craft-related items and
          about $39 per day on 33 days of boating each year. This
          amounts to an average of $1,787 per boat per year. The
          average annual spending of owners of different type of craft
          varies from about $1,000 for small power and sail boats to
          over $8,000 for power boats over 25 feet in length stored at
          a marina. These estimates are based upon a survey of
          expenditures of over 1,000 registered boat owners in 1981.
          The report details survey methods and reports spending
          patterns of different boater segments within 10 spending
          categories. Food (28%), equipment (21%), boat fuel (18%),
          :,nd auto fu-1 f14-01 r-ike up the largest proportions of the
          boating budget. M@st boating occurs close to home, but out-
          of-state registered boat owners spent $41.5 million in
          Michigan in 1981. An electronic spreadsheet program to
          estimate the spending impacts of alternative boating
          marketing and development actions is presented and then
          applied to two simple examples. By testing possibilities on
          the spreadsheet program, spending impacts of alternative
          development and marketing programs can be estimated.
          Guidelines for interpreting and applying the program are
          presented.

     559. Stynes, D. J.; Holecek, D. F. Recreational Boating: A
          Synthesis of Current Information. MI: Michigan Sea Grant;
          1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-203.
          This paper documents previous boating studies in Michigan,
          summarizes boating information for potential users, provides
          access to boating data bases, synthesizes and compares
          existing knowledge about GL boating, and provides direction
          for future research and data collection eff-orts. Based upon
          boat registration statistics, statewide boating surveys,
          marina inventories, and boating research in Michigan, this
          report summarizes information on  'Great Lakes recreational
          boating in Michigan from research and planning studies
          conducted prior to 1980. Information is reported in four
          major areas: (1) boat registration and use, (2) marina
          facilities, (3) economics of boating activity, and (4)
          boating and fuel use. Boating statistics are based upon boat




                                       5-149













          registration data, recreational boating surveys conducted
          between 1965 and 1977, a 1977 marina inventory, and a number
          of boating research studies.

      560. Stynes, D. J.; Safronoff, D.; Feltus, D. Michigan Boater
          Market Segment; 1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-502.

      561. Stynes, Daniel J.; Safronoff, David. 1980 Michigan
          Recreational Boating Survey. East Lansing, MI: Michigan Sea
          Grant, Michigan State University; 1982; MICHU-SG-82-202.
          In 1980 the Michigan Sea Grant Program undertook a survey of
          registered boat owners in the state. This report documents
          the methods and basic results of the survey. Based upon
          almost 4,000 respondents it is estimated that registered
          boats in Michigan logged 16.9 million boat days in 1980.
          This is an increase of 23% over 1977 levels. About one third
          of all boat days took place on the Great Lakes and connecting
          waters, the remaining two thirds occuring on inland lakes and
          streams, Boaters averaged 33 days of boating in 1980 with
          larger boats stored at waterfront sites the most active.
          Fishing is the most popular boating activity, accounting for
          over half of all 17..-@t days and ;41mn--t 60% of all Great Lakes
          boat days. The largest increase in boating between 1977 and
          1980 was in small boat activity on the Great Lakes.

      562. Talhelm, D.R. Defining Angling Supply: The Key to
          Recreational Fishery Resource Evaluation. East Lansing MI.:
          Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State Univ.; 1988.
          Few angling demand studies accurately evaluate realistic
          management alternatives. Typically such studies estimate the
          all-or-none value of an existing site without evaluating the
          qualitative changes managers are concerned about and without
          specifying (or misspecifying) the influence of alternative
          sites. Angling supply is not adequately specified. Specific
          angling "products" can be defined by observing which sites
          anglers consider alike and which they consider different,
          using a kind of discriminant analysis. Thus, if any two
          sites offer the same product they are "perfect" substitutes,
          so anglers only go to the most convenient (least expensive)
          site. Angling supply differs from the supply of most
          products because the consumer is also the producer: the
          angler must transport himself to the site for the product to
          exist for him. The supply of each specific angling product
          is defined by the costs anglers must incur to fish at the
          least expensive location offering that product. For anglers
          from a specific origin the distance and "price" of each
          product is constant, so the supply of each product is
          perfectly elastic (horizontal). Here, several variations in
          angling success rate and fish species composition at several




                                         5-150













         locations in Michigan were evaluated, simulating various
         fishery management strategies.

     563. Talhelm, D. R.; Jordan, S. W.; Holecek, D. F. 1986 Michigan
         Recreational Boating Survey. Lansing, MI: Michigan Department
         Natural Resources; 1988.
         This paper reports the results of a survey of owners of 10,
         089 of the 637,500 boats registered (licensed) in Michigan
         for the 1986 boating season. We asked about recreational
         boating activity in Michigan waters only. About half of the
         boaters surveyed responded. About 5% of the respondents live
         outside of Michigan. Boating activity in Michigan on
         registered boats increased by some 48% from 1980 to 1986.
         About 61% of the boating took place on island lakes, 28% on
         the Great Lakes, and 11% on inland rivers and streams.
         Fishing and pleasure boating were the most important
         activities accounting for 52% and 36% of total use. Boaters
         spent about $1.83 billion for boating with registered boats
         in 1986. About 598,000 boats with valid registrations were
         actually used on Michigan waters in 1986, an 18% increase
         over the number in 1980. Most boats under 21 feet long are
         relatively "trailerable", and are oft-@-i kept at r---
         waterfront sites. About 60% were transported to launch sites
         at least once, compared with 39% of boats 21-26 feet long and
         7% of larger boats. About 51,000 boats, 8.5% of the total,
         were usually kept at marinas. However, ony 40,000 of those
         occupied seasonal spaces at the marinas. The other 11,000
         were kept in auxiliary spaces at the marinas, perhaps on
         trailers or on blocks, or on larger boats (eg, dinghy).

     564. Talhelm, D.R.; Jordan, S.W.; Holecek, D.,F. 1986 Michigan
         Recreational Boating Survey: Executive Summary. Michigan
         State University, East Lansing, MI; November 1988.

     565. Talhelm, D. R.; Jordan, S. W.; Holecek, D. F. Summary of the
         1986 Potential Market for Seasonal Marina Slips For Michigan
         Marinas Having Access to the Great Lakes. East Lansing, MI:
         Department of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State
         University; 1988.
         This paper summarizes by county the potential market in 1986
         for seasonal marina slips in Michigan marinas having access
         to the Great Lakes. our estimates are based on the results
         of 2 surveys. The first was a survey of owners of 10,089 of
         the 637,500 boats registered in Michigan in 1986, asking
         about recreational boating activities and preferences for the
         1986 boating season. The second was a survey in 1986 and
         1987 of owners of boats occupying seasonal slips at randomly
         selected marinas having access to the Great Lakes in
         Michigan's lower peninsula. The questionnaire asked mainly



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         about marina preferences and user costs. This report is a
         snapshot of marina needs in 1986. It does not consider the
         effects of the large amount of marina construction since
         then, nor the probable continued increase in use of large
         boats on the Great Lakes. From 1974 to 1986, the amount of
         Great Lakes use by large boats (21 feet or longer) grew 2.7
         fold. From 1980 to 1986, it increased almost nine percent
         per year. In general we found "full service" marinas,
         Iffamily" marinas, and "economy" marinas; and segments of the
         user population corresponding to each type. The total
         potential market of 36,000 slips is our estimate of the
         number of additional seasonal slips boaters would like to
         have occupied in 1986, beyond the 30,000 already occupied in
         1986. This potential could only be fulfilled if the "right"
         kinds of marinas were available at just the right locations
         to satisfy the wide variety of boater preferences.

     566. Trudeau, Thomas. The 1984 Charter Boat Sport Catch from the
         Illinois Waters of Lake Michigan: Illinois Department of
         Conservation, Division of Fisheries; 1986.
         This report is a summary of the salmonid catch by charter
         boat ar-l-r-      the Illinois waters of Lake Michigan
         1984. T@e Illinois Dept. of Conservation issued permits to
         218 charter operators in 1984. Four operators submitted
         reports but did not have a 1984 charter boat permit. In 1984
         charter boat operators reported about 5,600 trips and carried
         nearly 28,200 anglers. Nearly 96 percent of these anglers
         were Illinois residents. In 1984 coho dominated the catch by
         number (66%), followed by chinook salmon (17%), lake trout
         (11%), rainbow trout (5%), and brown trout (2%). The
         salmonid catch for Waukegan area waters was 63 percent of the
         total salmonid catch. This was higher than the 1983 Waukegan
         catch (48%) but similar to the 1982 catch (67%). The 1984
         lake trout catch was less than half of the 1983 catch, and
         may be a reflection of the increased 1984 coho catch as
         compared to that of 1983.

    567. Underwood, Ray. Marketing the Charterboat Fishing Industry
         in Michigan. In. The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry
         (selected paper presented at the Great Lakes Sea Grant
         Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop); November 12-13, 1985;
         Spring Lake, MI; 1985.
         This report discusses the Michigan Boating Industries
         Association; membership, purpose, what it offers, etc. It is
         addressed to the charterboat fishing industry, and points out
         ays to develop the market for this business.
         Professionalism, public awareness, legislation, trade shows,
         W

         magazine advertisements, etc. are mentioned as important
         factors in promoting this industry.



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     568. Underwood, Raymond. Marketing the Charterboat Fishing
         Industry in Michigan in The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing
         Industry--Selected papers presented at the Great Lakes Sea
         Grant Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop, Spring Lake,
         Michigan: Sea Grant; November 12-13, 1985. 47-52.
         The Michigan Boating Industries Association was founded in
         1958 and its sole purpose at that time was to promote the
         Detroit Boat and Fishing Show and to sell boats. over the
         years, the Detroit Show has developed into the second largest
         dealer-owned, winter, public show in the United States and
         the association has broadened the scope of its activity to
         include a whole spectrum of services that will also
         eventually apply to the Michigan Charterboat Association.

     569. Wilkinson, Paul F. Environmental Impact of Outdoor
         Recreation and Tourism: A Bibliography. Monticello, Illinois:
         Vance Publishing Co.; 1978.
         90 pp.

     570. Wortley, C.A. (Wisconsin University) (Sea Grant Inst.].
         Docks and Marinas Bibliography: U.S. Department of Commerce
         National Techr.7al Informa+-inr        (NTIS); Oct, 86. (in:
         Citations from the NTIS bibliographic database;
         Recreational Boating (Jan 70 - Sep 88); u8706).
         The UW-Madison engineer--coordinator of the national Docks
         and Marinas Conference held each year in Madison-- has
         compiled a list of some 200 technical publications on the
         construction and operation of marina related environmental
         problems, hydraulic engineering, wood preservation,
         geotechnical and structural engineering, mechanical and
         electrical systems, and ice engineering.

     571. Wortley, C.A. (Wisconsin University, Madison). Great Lakes
         small-craft harbor and structure design for ice conditions:
         an engineering manual [Sea Grant Inst.). Citations from the
         NTIS Bibliographic Databases - Recreational Boating (Jan 79 -
         Sep 88)z U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical
         Information Service (NTIS); Oct 88. Purdue Univ. Library, ACQ
         Dept., Stewart Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
         Great Lakes harbors and marinas don't get hit by hurricanes.
         But each winter they are subjected to the pressures of
         another powerful natural force, ice. Each year, winter ice
         on the Great Lakes causes more than $100,000 in damages --
         bending iron railings, twisting docks into crazy shapes and
         pulling pilings out of the lake bed. This UW Sea Grant
         Advisory Report represents the culmination of 10 years of
         observations throughout the region and abroad. The first
         part of the report describes the properties of ice and its
         behavior under various conditions, and introduces and reviews




                                     5-153













         the applicable principles of ice engineering, soil mechanics
         and geotechnical engineering, and foundation design. The
         second part of the book covers preliminary design
         considerations -- site geology, climate, economy and the
         available types of small-craft harbor structures.

     572. Wortley, C.A.; Frankenstein, G.E. Rebuilding Infrastructure
         for Pleasure Boating. Proc. Fifth Int'l. Conf. on Cold
         Regions Engineering.: TCEE/ASCE Univ. Minnesota; 1988.: 188-
         201.
























































                                     5-154













                         Appendix 4: Socioeconomic


     573. Abonmarche Group. Estimate of the Market Opportunity for
         Recreational Boat Slips for 9 Shoreline Regions and the State
         of Michigan. P.O. Box 1088, Benton Harbor, MI 49022:
         Abonmarche Group; Jan. 1991.
         Note: NRPC.
         With this study, the DNR Boating Programs Branch has decided
         to re-examine current market potentials (i.e. market demand
         present in 1990) for boat storage slips. Some conclusions of
         this study follow; 1) recreational boating demand remains
         quite strong, 2) supply of wet and dry boat storage has
         increased significantly, 3) geographic market areas are
         shrinking and have been redefined, 4) potential new supply
         will further impact market size and location, 5) market
         potential for new slips will not be fullfilled by 1995, 6)
         overall occupancy has declined as newer slips have been
         added, 7) occupancy rates differ by type of marina facility,
         8) pricing has been modified as occupancy has decreased, 9)
         economic turmoil has disrupted boat buyer purchasing
         deciai-c. 10) environmental, financial and construr--@-icn
         concerns limit the potential for new marina facilities.

     574. Bender, Norman, K. Financial Management Application and Tax
         considerations. In: The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing
         Industry (Selected Papers from the Great Lakes Sea Grant
         Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop); November 12-13 1985;
         Spring Lake, MI; 1985.

     575. Braden, Patricia L.; Rideout, Susan R. Consumer Investment
         in Shore Protection. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan
         Sea Grant Program; 1980; (MICHU-SG-80-200): 7 pp.

     576. Bradley, Earl H., Jr.; Armstrong, John M. A Description and
         Analysis of Coastal Zone and Shoreland Management Programs in
         the United States. Ann Arbor, MI: Coastal Zone Management
         Program, University of Michigan; 1972; (MICHU-T-72-006).

     577. Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging Task Force.
         Great Lakes Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging:
         Issues and Recommendations; 1988.
         Note: Mich. City.
         Final Report to the Great Lakes Commission.









                                     5-155













     578. David, M.; Eheart, W.; Joeres, E.; David, E. Marketable
         Permits for the Control of Phosphorus Effluent into Lake
         Michigan. Water Resources Research; April 1980; 16(2): 263-
         270.
         Transferable discharge permits (TDP) can be used to achieve
         desired abatement levels at costs that approach the minimum.
         The emphasis in the discussion is on the implementation of
         such a system, the public choice problem in its adoption, and
         an assurance that regardless of which polluters provide waste
         treatment there is a mechanism for equitable sharing in the
         costs of that abatement. The argument is applied to
         phosphorus abatement in the Wisconsin portion of the Lake
         Michigan basin. The level of demand and supply for TDP's
         among 53 waste treatment plants is simulated, and the
         necessary steps to create a market are outlined.
         Enforcement, price changes, and future adjustments in the
         permissible effluent loading are shown to be compatible with
         the marketing process proposed.

     579. De Gaspari, J. Dealers of the Great Lakes. Boating Industry;
         1987; July: 53-58.
         The Great -ikes stateS haxro tAkpn some economic hard knocks.
         Nevertheless, boating remains deeply ingrained among the
         region's sizeable and enthusiastic boating public. Overall,
         boating dealers throughout the five Great Lakes states
         averaged $1,452,414 in annual marine sales, including
         products sold and services rendered. Indiana dealers
         averaged $836,363. John Hatfield of Howe Marine feels that
         sales will continue to grow as long as the consumer interest
         rate stays below 10%.

     580. Ditton, R. B. The Social and Economic Signifigance of
         Recreational Activities in the Marine Environment. Green Bay,
         WI: University of Wisconsin; 1972.
         This paper discusses recreation in coastal zones, redefines
         recreation, discusses the economics of coastal zone
         recreation, and discusses what future use of marine
         environments for recreation depends on. It has been
         recognized that recreation use is the most rapidly growing
         demand on water. Demographers estimate that the U.S.
         population will approximately double by the year 2,000 and
         175 million people will be living in the coastal zone,
         including the Great Lakes. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
         (BOR) found, moreover, that increases in the demand for many
         types of outdoor recreation far outstrips population
         increases. Their studies revealed that there was a 12%
         increase in fishing, an 18% increase in boating and a 15%
         increase in swimming during the half decade from 1960-65,
         while the population increase was estimated at only 8% during




                                      5-156













         that period. Recreation must be redefined to be viewed as an
         experience that is freely engaged in largely during leisure,
         from which an individual derives some satisfaction. In other
         words, recreation experiences must have a qualitative value,
         and aesthetics can not be ignored in planning. It has been
         estimated that the total recreational value of the coastal
         zone is about $300 million if each person participates 5 days
         annually. In conclusion, individuals, adjacent shoreland
         owners, businessmen, polluters, etc. must begin to assume
         implicit responsibility for the sustained yield of our
         coastal zones if society is to realize the full social and
         economic significance of recreational activities in the
         marine environment.

     581. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
         Study). Aesthetic and Cultural Resources. Appendix 22. Ann
         Arbor, MI: Public Information office, Great Lakes Basin
         Commission; 1976.
         Note: CZM.
         The information and recommendations contained in this
         appendix are based on map inventory and evaluation of the
         aesthetic and cultural resouir-es within the R_n-7i- i..n
         conjunction with a broad-scale analysis of factors that
         presently affect them. Recommendations have been made for
         proper development of planning and for further study of the
         most significant resources.

     582. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
         Study). Alternative Frameworks. Appendix 1. Ann Arbor,
         Michigan: Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1976.
         Note: CZM.
         The primary function of the Alternative Frameworks Appendix
         is to document the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study plan
         formulation process and to present the results of that
         process. In draft form, it also served as a basic working
         document for those individuals and organizations directly
         involved. The basic purpose of the Great Lakes Basin
         Framework Study is to identify geographic areas and resource
         categories where future demands as compared with available
         supplies may create problems in meeting the needs of the
         people of the Basin for water and related land resources.

     583. Great Lakes Commission. The Economic Impacts of a Uniform
         Deep-Draft User Charge on Great Lakes Shipping. Worcester:
         Data Resources, Inc.; September 1983.








                                     5-157














      584. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
          Study). Environmental Impact Statement (Final). Ann Arbor,
          MI: Public Information Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission;
          1976.
          Note: CZM.
          Preparation of a Framework Study evaluating the water and
          related land resources of the Great Lakes Basin, in an
          attempt to obtain a consensus among involved States and
          Federal agencies on the general rate at which future
          development of these resources should proceed, which types of
          development should be encouraged or discouraged, and which
          geographic areas should receive special consideration for
          development or preservation. The Framework Study is an
          overview of the entire Great Lakes Basin, and will serve as a
          guide to programs and studies needed to consider more
          specific resource problems and smaller geographic areas. The
          Commission has developed a Proposed Framework for the Basin
          through the year 2020, which envisions a rate of economic
          growth and development slightly lower than that which would
          follow from a projection of past growth trends. The
          Environmental Imapact Statement is a conceptual study, not an
          -1*11n-i-d plan for construction. It is very gF---@@ral, with
          little description of detailed effects, but it is believed to
          adequately highlight the most significant impacts that can be
          covered in a Level A study.

      585. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
          Study). Report. Ann Arbor, MI: Public Information office,
          Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1976.
          Note: CZM.
          The Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was begun in 1967 to
          develop an information base and to prepare components for a
          future comprehensive, coordinated, joint plan (CCJP). This
          plan will guide the conservation, use, and development of
          water and land resources in the Great Lakes area through the
          year 2020. The Framework Study Report, 25 appendix volumes
          and an environmental impact statement present a portion of
          the Great Lakes Basin Commission's work toward this goal.

      586. Heikoff, Joseph M. Coastal Resources Management:
          Institutions and Programs. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor
          Science Publishers, Inc.; 1977: 287 pp.

      587. Heikoff, Joseph M. Marine and Shoreland Resources
          Management. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science
          Publishers, Inc.; 1980: 214 pp.







                                       5-158













     588. Kenny, David; Hoffman, Edward; Tichacek, Gregg. Urban
         Waterfront Renewal: The Illinois Experience. 53 West Jackson
         Boulevard, Chicago, IL; April 1983.
         This report focuses on urban waterfront revitalization
         activities in Illinois with two objectives in mind: one, to
         develop a body of information that will encourage and assist
         local urban waterfront revitalization efforts and the other,
         to identify an appropriate role for the State in supporting
         these efforts.

     589. Pistis, Charles. Community Enhancement of a Great Lakes
         Charterboat Fishery in Grand Haven, Michigan in The Great
         Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry--Selected Papers presented
         at the Great Lakes Sea Grant Network Charterboat Fishing
         Workshop. In: The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry
         (selected papers presented at the Great Lakes Sea Grant
         Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop; November 12-13, 1985;
         Spring Lake, MI.
         Charterboat fisheries have an economic impact on coastal
         communities. Quantifying the economic importance of
         recreational fisheries can result in community efforts to
         enhan -, and marke4- 4-1-- ;.-1.1,stry. Grand Haven, Michigan,
         developed centralized charterboat dockage to link the
         charterboat fleet with its downtown businesses. The facility
         known as Chinook Pier has become a focal point of Grand
         HavenOs waterfront revitalization program.

     590. Pratt, Diana B. Acquisition of Public Access Sites to the
         Great Lakes. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Sea
         Grant Program; 1979; (MICHU-SG-79-214): 57 pp.

     591. Pratt, Diana B. The Legal Rights of the Public in the
         Foreshores of the Great Lakes. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
         University of Michigan Sea Grant Program; 1981; (MICHU-SG-81-
         209): 24pp.

     592. Raphael, C. Nicholas; Jaworski, Eugene. Economic Value of
         Fish, Wildlife, and Recreation in Michigan's Coastal
         Wetlands. Coastal Zone Management Journal; 1979; 5(3): 181-
         194.

















                                     5-159













     593. Somersan, A. Impacts of Recreation in the Coastal Zones:
          Economic Impact and Needs of Wisconsin's Great Lakes Boaters-
          1975. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Univ.-Madison; 1976; NTIS number
          PB-263-933. 52 p.
          The major objective of the study is to identify the
          dependency between Great Lakes boaters and the economy of the
          coastal communities. The report also identifies the
          socioeconomic profile of the Great Lakes ramp users and
          marina users, and summarizes the preference and needs of
          boaters for facilities and service.

     594. Strang W. A.; Ditton, R. B. The Lake Michigan Charter
          Fishing Industry: A Product of Love and Taxes. J. Great Lakes
          Res; July 1976; 2(1): 89-98.
          Little is known about the Lake Michigan charter fishing
          industry. This study was conducted to describe Lake Michigan
          charter fishing boat operators and their customers and to
          evaluate the industry's financial status and local economic
          impact. Field work in 1973 revealed 98      charter operators
          working on Lake Michigan from Wisconsin     ports. From a
          geographically proportionate sample, 44     extensive interviews
          were completed. The ind--!"try generaf-c%rl '@470.000 in sales in
          1973. Low average sales and profits do      not provide financial
          incentives to entrepreneurs. Financial      opportunity, however,
          appears to have played a minor role in the decision to enter
          the business. Major motivations appear to be tax advantages
          and life style rewards. A profile of charter customers was
          developed through a mail survey of a sample of 483 charter
          customers. Catch data were collected from operators
          surveyed. Catch varied with the proportion of operator
          income obtained from charter fishing. Port communities were
          affected economically by the industry. Applying a community
          multiplier of 2.16 to the $1.6 million of direct expenditures
          yields an economic impact of $3,456,000 on Wisconsin's Lake
          Michigan community in 1973. The industry is also important
          in that it provided fishermen with access to the Great Lakes
          lake trout and salmon fisheries. Without that access, these
          fisheries would be largely reserved for the wealthy.

     595. Wood, W. Economic Impact of the Winthrop Harbor/Zion Marina;
          1984: Waukegan, IL.













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     596. Wood, William L. Coastal Management Alternatives for
          Reducing Storm Impacts at a Coast. Journal of American Shore
          and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); Oct.
          1990; 58 (4) : 72.
          Note: article.
          The risk posed by residency along our nations coatlines was
          vividly illustrated by the recent passage of Hurricane Hugo
          across the South Carolina Coast. Wind, water, and erosion
          damage caused by Hugo was in excess of 300 million dollars
          and unaccountable losses were estimated to approach 2 billion
          dollars. Evident in the aftermath of Hugo's fury is the need
          to evaluate present coastal management policy and to assess
          its effectiveness as an alternative for reducing storm
          related losses. The National Flood Insurance Program and the
          more recent "Jones/Upton Amendment" provide for a regulated
          program of federal insurance for homeowners at risk from
          flooding due to extreme high water levels and erosion. This
          article deals with this current legislation, objectives and
          concerns of coastal management approach, and data and
          research needs.

                 William L. Managing Coastal Erosion T'@--ough the
          National Flood Insurance Program. Journal of American Shore
          and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); 1990;
          58(2).- 3.
          Notez article.
          Population and economic pressures have transformed the
          lightly developed shorelines of earlier years into higher
          density resorts and urban complexes, e.g. Clearwater,
          Florida; Galveston, Texas. In response to a request from the
          Federal Emergency Management Agency/ Federal Insurance
          Administration (FEMA/FIA) in 1988, the National Research
          Council (NRC) established the Committee on Coastal Erosion
          Zone Management under the auspices of its Water Science and
          Technology Board and the Marine Boad. The committee was
          asked to provide advice on appropriate erosion management
          strategies, supporting data needs, and applicable
          methodologies to administer these strategies through the
          National Flood Insurance Program.














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