    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                            TOWARD A MANAGEMENT PLAN
                                                       FOR INDIANA                     pS SHORELINE
                                                                         ON LAKE MI-CHIGAN

                              ON a

                                                                           -Vol%
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           HT393
            16
           T 6                                                                                  VOLUME 2
           1993
           v. 2

              THE INDIANA LAKE MICHIGAN SHORELINE: STATE OF KNOWLEDGE

              Paul i. DuBowy and Joseph T. O'Leary
              Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
              Purdue University
              West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
              (317) 494-3565

              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

                   This study was commissioned by the Northwestern Indiana
              Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC) as a means to survey and
              compile what currently is known about the Indiana portion of the
              Lake Michigan shoreline. The study was divided into four
              sections: environmental (including water quality), hydrological
              (including shoreline processes), recreational (including marina
              development), and socioeconomic (including municipal and
              industrial plans). Starting on page 4 there are eight annotated
              bibliographies containing 597 references. The first four
              bibliographies detail literature on the four principal sections
              (environment, hydrology, recreation, and socioeconomic) listed
              above as they relate to the Indiana portion of the LakQ Michigan
              shoreline, including adjacent nearshore areas within the southern
              Lake Michigan basin. There is duplication among these four
              bibliographies; this was intentional. Many papers are cross-
              referenced in more than one bibliography due to their
              multidimensionality. For example, there is much duplication
              between the environmental and hydrological bibliographies as well
              as between the recreational and socioeconomic reference lists.
              The fifth through eighth bibliographies contain references which
              pertain to Lake Michigan or its surrounding environment but not
              directly to either Indiana or southern Lake Michigan. These are
              included as four appendices (beginning on page 91). A Table of
              Contents is provided immediately after this Executive summary on
              page 3.

              1. Environmental Concerns

                   Environmental concerns in the Lake Michigan basin include
              water quality, erosion and sedimentation, various organismal
              inventories, and preservation or conservation topics. Twenty-two
              papers involve aspects of water quality, lake levels, water flow,
              or sedimentation. An additional eleven papers deal with erosion,
              soil, or beach and shoreline processes. Fourteen papers deal
              with plants, vegetation, or succession, especially in dune areas.
              Seven papers are studies of benthos, zooplankton or
              phytoplankton; and another five are on fish or amphibians.
              Inventories of endangered plants and animals have taken place
              within the IDNLS (Breden, 1989). offshore, numerous studies of
                         3Ltio
                            ps and migration have been conducted (Brandt, et
              6s9eRaR_4_m1e'nt o commerce
              ROAA C             o Center
              2234 S"Quci-     Ivenue
              Charleston, SC 29405-2413

              al. 1989). Studies of plant succession have been conducted,
              especially with dune ecosystems; some of these studies represent
              some of the pioneering research on plant ecology (Cowles, 1899).
              Additional studies have dealt with plant succession on man-made
              dunes and beach nourishment projects (Davis and wood, 1979).
              Several projects have examined phytoplankton growth and changes
              in distribution.

                   Fifteen papers are concerned with preservation,
              conservation, restoration, community ecology or environmental
              effects on shoreline habitats and ecosystems. An additional
              thirteen papers deal with wetlands, resource inventories, past or
              present research, pollution (in general), and development
              feasibility. The impact of human population growth on the lake
              region environment also has been studied. Current state,
              federal, and corporate energy policies which may affect energy
              growth in the coastal zone have been reviewed. A scenario of
              growth in regional electricity need and state policy alternatives
              to meet future energy needs have been developed (center for Urban
              and Regional Analysis, 1979). Both the development of additional
              marinas and the effects of the boats, themselves, have been
              addressed (Chmura and Ross, 1978; Mills, et al., 1991).

              2. Hydrologic,@ti Concerns

                   Twenty-two papers deal with the Lake Michigan shoreline or
              erosion. Twenty papers are concerned with monitoring or
              management of the shoreline, or environmental action plans.
              Sixteen papers deal with water quality or lake level fluctuations
              and effects. An additional twenty-three papers deal with
              topography or geology, development plans and effects, soil
              development, environmental impact, water resources, or harbor
              status.

              3. Recreational Concerns

                   Twenty-nine papers deal with marina development and economic
              impacts, boating, and analysis of need. An additional eleven
              papers deal with recreation including sportfishing. Nine papers
              also deal with various topics such as harbor dredging, effects of
              water levels and shoreline conditions on recreation, wetlands
              protection, and development practices.

                   Boating and sportfishing are major pursuits of many people
              who use Lake Michigan for recreation. A comprehensive review of
              boating in Indiana has been compiled by Piechota, et al. (1989),
              and a detailed review of marinasand fishing along Lake Michigan
              has been conducted by Mills, et al. (1991). Bartholomew, et al.
              (1981) estimated the total impact of Michigan City marinas and
              boat launching facilities. Absher, et al. (1987) have developed
              profiles for various segments of southern Lake Michigan anglers.
              IDNR studied the feasibility of constructing fishing piers or

                                            5-2

              modifying existing breakwater facilities to accommodate shoreline
              fisherman.

              4. Socioeconomic Concerns

                   Thirty-four papers deal with shoreline development or
              economic impacts and analysis. An additional twenty-three papers
              deal with coastal policy and management, research/projects,
              energy demand and facilities, demographics (social parameters),
              and coastal resources.

                   Comprehensive plans have been developed for several
              lakeshore communities. Most of these plans revolve around marina
              development and the economic impact thereof. NIRPC has developed
              an inventory of socioeconomic characteristics and conditions
              along Indiana's coastal zone, including population trends,
              population characteristics, personal and family finance, and
              employment (Tech. Rept. 102), as well as an inventory of plans,
              projects, and programs (Tech. Rept. 103).

                   In 1984, Thurow, et al, developed an analysis of the
              relationship between the availability of Great Lakes water and
              future economic growth.

              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                   The authors are grateful to E. Clark and G. Bolen for their
              valuable assistance in the collection of literature for this
              project. This is a report of the.Indiana Agricultural Experiment
              Station.

                                          5-3

                                     ENVIRONMENT

         1. Bowles, Marlin L.; DeMauro, Marcella M.; Pavlovic, Noel;
             Hiebert, Ronald D. Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbances on
             Endangered and Threatened Plants at the Indiana Dunes
             National Lakeshore. Natural Areas Journal; October 1990;
             10(4): 187.

         2. Bowles, Marlin L.; Hess, William J.; DeMauro, Marcella M.;
             Hiebert, Ronald D. Endangered Plant Inventory and Monitoring
             Strategies at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Natural Areas
             Journal; January 1986; 6(1): 18.

         3. Brannon, James M.; Gunnison, Douglas; Averett, Daniel E.;
             Martin, James L.; Chen, Rex L.; Athow, Robert F. Jr. Analysis
             of Impacts of Bottom Sediments from Grand Calumet River and
             Indiana Harbor Canal on Water Quality. U.S. Army Eng.
             Waterways Exp. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi: U.S. Army
             Corps of Engineers; Feb. 1989; Dredging operations Tech.
             Support Program. Misc. Paper EL-89-1. Final Report.
             Nc*- v4r,@% City.

         4. Breden, F. Natural History and Ecology of Fowler's Toad, Bufo
             woodhousei fowleri (Amphibia: Bufonidae), in the Indiana
             Dunes National Lakeshore. Fieldiana Zoology; 1988; 49: 16 pp.
             Population size was estimated as 1814 adults, with only 150
             egg masses laid in spring 1981 producing free swimming
             larvae. Relatively more dispersal from the natal areas
             occurred at the prereproductive juvenile stage than during
             the older age classes. While a strong male-biased sex ratio
             was observed in the breeding aggregations, the actual
             population sex ratio was not biased toward either sex.
             Females grew more quickly and attained a larger adult size
             than males, but became sexually mature at the same age, 2 yr
             after metamorphosis. Life table calculations showed a Type
             III survivorship curve, with <0.1% of all eggs surviving to
             age of first reproduction. Given the restriction of breeding
             areas of this species by specific habitat requirements and
             the intense utilization of the dunes area by humans, local
             extinctions of this species could be expected to be permanent
             events.

                                           5-4

          5. Chang, W.Y.B.; Rossmann, R. Changes in the Abundance of Blue-
               green Algae Related to Nutrient Loadings in the Nearshore of
               Lake Michigan. Hydrobiologia; Jan. 1988; 157(3): 271-278.
               Nutrient loadings to the nearshore of southeastern Lake
               Michigan have undergone a remarkable reduction. This
               reduction can affect the nutrient supply and result in
               biological changes. changes in phytoplankton community,
               particularly the blue-green algae, can be related to nutrient
               changes. After thermal stratification, sudden increases in
               the blue-green algae population were significantly correlated
               to soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations. Phosphorus-
               stimulated low dissolved silica and phosphorus limitations
               after stratification appear to be primary factors
               contributing to the success of these algae.

          6. Cohen, D.A.; Shedlock, R.J. Shallow Ground-water Flow, Water
               Levels, and Quality of Water, 1980-84, Cowles unit, Indiana
               Dunes National Lakeshore; 1986; USGS Water-Resources Invest.
               Rept. 85-4340.
               Note: Mich. City.
               Water levels and water quality were monitored near settling
               ponds on r'jacent ind11!='-r-i;;1 n-rnperty. Since the settling
               ponds were sealed in 1980, the water table has been reduced,
               and concentration of boron has decreased.

          7. Cole, K.L. Paleoecological Studies of Plant Succession and
               Settlement Impacts on Dune Forests at Indiana and Sleeping
               Bear Dunes. 32nd Conf. on Great Lakes Research; May 30-June
               2, 1989; Madison, WI. Buffalo, NY: Int. Assoc. for Great
               Lakes Research; 1989; in 32nd Conference on Great Lakes
               Research: 38 (summary only).
               The last several thousand years of vegetation and fire
               history of Great Lakes dune forests was studied using pollen
               and charcoal analysis of sediment cores from Sleeping Bear
               and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshores. Successional trends
               were evident for terrestrial plant taxa along dune
               chronosequences. However, the rates of vegetational change
               associated with settlement greatly exceeded natural rates in
               all areas studied. Some remote areas in Michigan seem to
               have recovered from lumbering to support presettlement type
               plant communities on the dunes. Dune communities in the more
               impacted areas of Indiana continue to diverge from
               presettlement conditions.

                                              5-5

         8. Cole, Kenneth L. Historical Impacts on communities in
             Disequilibrium. Cole, Kenneth L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood,
             James D. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
             Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana
             University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications
             Office
             75 Spring Street, S.W.
             Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Department of the Interior,
             National Park Service; 1987: 3-17.
             Information from historical photos, presettlement land
             surveys, and fossil pollen demonstrates that large changes in
             vegetation have occurred along the southern shore of Lake
             Michigan since 1850 A.D. These changes were caused by:
             lumbering, land clearance, drainage of wetlands, changes in
             fire frequency, introduction of exotics, pollution, and
             @hanges in weather, but discrimination among these variables
             is difficult. The largest changes have occurred in
             communities (or species) that are near the limits of their
             spatial or temporal distribution, such as white pine forest
             and prairie. These communities now persist relictually in
             undisturbed sites and are in disequilibrium with modern
             conditions. Their survival     based upor the i-*ia of
             vegetation; they are supported only by the large number of
             propagules produced during infrequent favorable years and are
             incapapble of re-invasion of disturbed areas.

         9. Cowles, H. C. The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on
             the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan. Bot. Gaz.; 1899; 27: 95-117,
             167-202, 281-308, 361-391.

         10. Crawford, C.G.; Wangsness, D.J. Streamflow and Water Quality
             of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County, Indiana, and Coole
             County, Illinois, October 1984. in: U.S. Geological Survey,
             Water-Resources Investigations Report. Indianapolis, IN;
             1987; Rep. 86-4208.
             Note: 137 pp.

         11. Cushman, J.H.; Cockerill, S.E.; Purdue University. Water
             Resources Professionals in Indiana: A Directory; Feb. 1988;
             NTIS Order No.: PB88-195888/GAR: 78 pp.
             Note: Water Resources Research Center: Grant DI-14-08-0001-G-
             1421: Sponsered by Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
             The Indiana Water Resources Research Center has published the
             directory to identify and encourage communication among
             researchers and organizations involved with preserving,
             protecting, and improving Indiana's water resources. The
             directory may be of use to members of the water research
             community as well as to members of public agencies and
             private organizations in the water resources area.

                                          5-6

          12. Davenport, R.; Spacie, A. Acute Phototoxicity of Harbor and
              Tributary Sediments from Lower Lake Michigan. Journal of
              Great Lakes Research; 1991; 17(l): 51-56.

          13. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. Vegetative Establishment on an
              Artificial Beach. Proc. 2nd Conf. on Scientific Research in
              the National Parks; 1979: pp. 304-316.
              Establishment of vegetation on the duned Lake Michigan
              coastline of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore has not
              proceeded as expected, following placement of artificial
              beach nourishment. This nourishment was placed to mitigate
              severe erosion of the dunes and total denuding of the beach
              by a combination of recent high lake levels and storm events.
              The beach fill, composed of glacial till, had a positive
              influence in controlling coastal erosion, due to an
              unexpected cementation of the material, which made it highly
              resistant to wind and wave erosion. However, this induration
              adversely affected the expected vegetative establishment
              sequence. Lack of a loose surface material, needed by
              pioneer vegetation to successfully be introduced, prevented
              the immediate start of sand capturing grasses. Only
                        plants, well adapted to hard soil env`-onments,
              first invaded this artificially stabilized beach    These
              wasteland plants dominated the fill for several years, with
              almost no new dune forming activity. The eventual appearance
              of a few isolated pioneer grasses on the consolidated fill
              finally initiated embryonic dune growth. These dunes rapidly
              expanded horizontally, aided by vegetative stabilization,
              while continuing sand capture allowed vertical growth of the
              dunes. Presently these dune structures have matured beyond
              the pioneer plant stage, evidenced by the presence of
              secondary plants, adding to the diversity of species and
              consequently to the biological stability of the new dune
              system. The unnourished areas adjacent to the fill exhibited
              a totally different influence of this artificial beach on
              vegetative establishment.

          14. De Cooke, B.G. Draft Report on United States Inundation and
              Erosion Stage Damage Relationships; 1991.
              Noteg Mich. City.
              Reach 7006 (Gary, Ind. - South Haven, MI.) noted as having a
              high erosion level. Indicated erosion damage of $15,155,467
              for 1985-87.

                                            5-7

         15.  Dolske, Donald A.; Sievering, Herman. Trace Element Loading
              of Southern Lake Michigan by Dry Deposition of Atmospheric
              Aerosol. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 1979; 12: 485-502.
              Aerosol samples and meteorological data were collected at a
              mid-southern Lake Michigan site from May through September
              1977. Hi-volume samplers with cellulose fiber filters and a
              digital meteorological data recording system were operated on
              board the U.S. EPA's R/V Roger R. Simons during four
              intensive sampling periods. Aerosol samples were analyzed by
              atomic absorption spectroscopy for seventeen trace elements.
              A diabatic drag coefficient method was used to determine
              aerosol deposition velocity overlake. By relating the
              observed trace element concentrations and deposition velocity
              to a long-term climatological record, annual dry deposition
              loadings to the southern basin for nine elements were
              estimated. For four elements, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn, dry
              deposition loadings to the southern basin alone of at least
              500, 30, 250, and 100 (xIs 10 to the third kg per year) were
              found. For Fe and Mn, these loadings represent about 15% of
              the total of all inputs to Lake Michigan. For Zn and Pb,
              about one-third to one-half of the annual loading from all
              sourc .- is from d-1 rl-n-iti.on of atmospheric aerosol.

          16. Eadie, B.J.; Chambers, R.L.; Gardner, W.S.; Bell, G.L.
              Sediment Trap Studies in Lake Michigan Resuspension and
              Chemical Fluxes in the Southern Basin. J. Great Lakes Res.;
              1984; 10(3): 307-321; ISSN: 0380-1330.
              The results of 4 years (1977-80) of sediment trap sample
              collection in the southeastern region of Lake Michigan are
              summarized and compared with water column and sediment
              characteristics. Mass flux data indicate strong seasonal
              patterns, with maximum fluxes recorded during the
              @nstratified period. The large amount of winter resuspension
              is a mechanism which provides an intimate coupling of recent
              sediments and the water column. Also these trap study
              results indicate that there is a near-bottom (10-m-thick)
              benthic nepheloid layer whose chemical composition approaches
              that of deep water (fine grain) sediments. The amount of
              resuspended NaOH extractable phosphorus injected into the
              euphotic zone is estimated as approximately equal to the load
              of new phosphorus entering southern Lake Michigan. The role
              of resuspension in the cycling of organic carbon and
              contaminants associated with it appears to be important.

                                             5-8

         17. Edgington, David N.; Robbins, John A. Records of Lead
             Deposition in Lake Michigan Sediments Since 1800.
             Environmental Science and Technology; 1976; 10(l): 266.
             The distribution of stable lead has been determined in
             several Lake Michigan cores that have been dated using the Pb
             technique. A mathematical model, based on records of
             national and regional fuel use, is developed that accounts
             for the effect of aquatic residence time, processes of
             sedimentation, compaction, postdepositional redistribution of
             sediment solids, and the effect of finite core sectioning.
             The model gives an excellent quantitative description of the
             data, indicating that the lead profiles reflect the history
             of lead input from the burning of coal and leaded gasoline
             since about 1830 and 1920, respectively. The model is
             applied to obtain the sedimentation and lead deposition rates
             from the stable lead distributions in undated sediment cores
             measured previously by others. The 1972 anthropogenic lead
             flux into the southern basin of the lake is determined to be
             1.3 ug cm(-2) per year in comparison to the natural
             (precultural) flux of about 0.16 ug cm(-2) per year. The
             anthropogenic lead deposited in the southern basin in 1972 is
             estimated to be about 24r metric tons as nonnared with an
             estimate of about 230 metric tons from air pollution fallout
             originating in the Chicago-Gary urban-industrial area. The
             measurement of both lead and lead-210 fluxes in the same core
             may allow contributions of atmospheric lead to be
             distinguished from terrigenous pollution inputs.

         18. Engel, J. R. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the
             Indiana Dunes. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press; 1983.
             Note: 268 pp.

         19. Engel, J. Ronald. Social Democracy, the Roots of Ecology, and
             the Preservation of the Indiana Dunes. Journal of Forest
             History; January 1984; 28(l): 4.

         20. Environmental Assessment (For City of Portage Port
             Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
             the Burns Waterway System. Chicago, Illinois: Howard Tammen
             Needles & Bergendoff; Sept. 1991.
             Note: reprint.
             The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
             of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
             socio-economic and physical environment. Special attention
             was focused on wetlands, water quality and impacts on the
             waterway system.

                                           5-9

          21. Erwin, Tanya Lee. Indiana Dunes: Another Border to Defend.
              National Parks and Conservation Magazine; October 1977;
              51(10): 4.

          22. Evans, M.S. The Morphology of Daphnia pulicaria, a Species
              Newly Dominating the offshore Southeastern Lake Michigan
              Summer Daphnid Community. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.; July
              1985; 104(3): 223-231.

          23. Evans, M.S. Recent Major Declines in Zooplankton Populations
              in the Inshore Region of Lake Michigan: Probable Causes and
              Implications. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Jan. 1986; 43(l):
              154-159; ISSN: 0706-652X.
              Summer zooplankton communities in the inshore region of
              southeastern Lake Michigan were dominated by small species
              during the 1970s, suggesting that size-selective fish
              predation pressures were intense. Abundances of alewife
              (Alosa pseudoharengus), the dominant planktivore in the
              1970s, declined in recent years, especially over 1982-94,
              suggesting that predatory pressures had intensified.
              Concurrent with the alewife population decrease was a major
              4n.-ase in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) bundances.

          24. Evans, M.S.; Jude, D.J. Recent Shifts in Daphnia Community
              Structure in Southeastern Lake Michigan: A Comparison of the
              Inshore and Offshore Regions. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Jan. 1986;
              31(l): 56-67.

          25. Foland, Steve. A Lush Valley Assured. Soil Conservation;
              November 1979; 45(4): 20.

          26. Franklin, Kay; Scaeffer, Norma. Industry, a Nuke, Even People
              Threaten the Indiana Dunes. Planning; April-May 1978; 44(4):
              34.

          27. Futyma, R. P. Paleobotanical Studies at Indiana Dunes
              National Lakeshore. Porter, Indiana: National Park Service;
              1985.

          28. Gardner, W.S.; Eadie, B.J.; Chandler, J.F.; Parrish, C.C;
              Malczyk, J.M. Mass Flux and "Nutritional Composition" of
              Settling Epilimnetic Particles in Lake Michigan. Can. J.
              Fish. Aquat. Sci; July 1989; 46(7): 1118-1124; ISSN: 0706-
              652X.
              A series of sediment-trap samples, collected at a 30-m depth
              in southeastern Lake Michigan, was analyzed to evaluate the
              seasonal flux and nutritional value of settling epilimnetic
              particles as potential food for benthic organisms. Flux was
              highest in the spring (due in part to resuspension), lowest

                                           5-10'

             in the summer during stratification, and intermediate during
             autumn months.

         29. Gatz, Donald F. Pollutant Aerosol Deposition into Southern
             Lake Michigan. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 1975; 5(2):
             239.
             Current estimates of pollutant aerosol input to southern Lake
             Michigan are based on a single calculated emission inventory
             and various estimates of the fraction of emissions that enter
             the Lake. Alternative, but still crude, estimates of urban
             elemental emissions and their wet and dry deposition in the
             lake are made here. Observed elemental concentrations in
             urban air are used to calculate emissions and recently
             measured wet and dry deposition parameters are used to
             calculate deposition. All available treatments conclude that
             atmospheric inputs of at least Fe, Pb, Ti, and V are sizable
             fractions of total lake input of these metals. This study
             suggests tentatively that 1) wet and dry inputs from the
             atmosphere are about equal, 2) between 3 and 15% of elemental
             pollutant emissions from Chicago and NW Indiana enter the
             Lake, and 3) this fraction increases with particle size.

         30. Gillies, Daniel C.; Lapham, Wayne W. Reassessment of the
             Effects of Construction Dewatering on Ground-water Level in
             the Cowles Unit, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana.
             Supplement to Geological Survey Water-Resources
             Investigations 78-138: U.S. Geological Survey; open File
             Report 80-1105.
             Note: Mich. City.
             A revision for the dewatering plan for the construction of a
             nuclear power plant at the Northern Indiana Public Service
             Company's (NIPSCO) Bailly Generating Station. This
             reassessment of the effects of dewatering and construction
             gives light to evidence suggesting the presence of a lateral
             variation in the hydraulic characteristics of the confining
             unit separating the unconfined sand aquifer and the confined
             sand aquifer in and near Cowles Bog National Landmark.

         31. Glatfelter, D.R.; Thompson, R.E.; Neil, G.E. (Geological
             surv., Indianapolis, IN. Water Resources Div.). Water
             Resources Data for Indiana, Water year 1986; Sep. 1986; NTIS
             Order No.: PB88-165808/GAR. USGS/WDR/IN-86/1.

         32. Governor's Water Resources Study Commission. The Water
             Resources Situation in Planning Region 1A. In: Water
             Resources Planning in Indiana; November 1978.

                                           5-11

          33. Great Lakes United; Lake Michigan Federation. Cleaning up
              Lake Michigan. A Citizen's Agenda for Action. A Report from
              a Lake Michigan Regional Meeting.; April 16, 1988.
              Note: Mich. City.
              On April 16, 1988, approximately 70 leaders of conservation,
              labor, environmental and community interest groups met in
              Michigan city, Indiana. The purpose of the meeting was to
              develop an action plan for working together to clean up Lake
              Michigan in the coming years. Topics included air toxics,
              contaminated sediments, laws, action plans, pollution
              elimination, shoreline management, and recommendations.

          34. Hardy, M.A. Chemical and Biological Quality of Streams at the
              Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana, 1978-1980; 1984;
              USGS Water-Resources Investigation. 83-4208.
              Note: Mich. City-
              A variety of land uses affects the water quality of streams
              at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.

          35. Harrison, W.; McCown, D.L.; Raphaelian, L.A.; Saunders, K.D.,
              Energy and Environmental Systems Division, Great Lakes
              Project (For: Illina_@@F institute 4@-- Environmental Quality).
              Water Resources Research Program. Pollution of coastal
              waters off Chicago by sinking plumes from the Indiana Harbor
              Canal. Argonne, Illinois 60439: Argonne National Laboratory;
              December 1977; ANL/WR-77-2-
              Note: CZM.
              On March 2, 1977, during sinking-plume conditions, a portion
              of the water of the Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC) was injected
              with samarium and rhodamine-dye tags and a section of the
              IHC's surface was covered with simulated oily waste tagged
              with dysprosium. Water samples were taken downcurrent, over
              a 54-hr period, from a vessel and from the raw-water streams
              from the intakes at Chicago's South Water Filtration Plant
              (SWFP). Bottom currents and water temperatures were measured
              almost continuously at four Lake Michigan stations located
              between the IHC and the SWFP.

          36. Henderson, Norman R. The Role of Fire in Succession in the
              Sand Dune Plant Communities of Lake Michigan. Cole, Kenneth
              L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James D. First Indiana Dunes
              Research Conference. Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3,
              1986; Indiana University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific
              Publications Office, 75 Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia
              30303: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service;
              1987: 34.
              Past research on plant succession on the sand dunes of Lake
              Michigan has been unable to adequately explain the apparent
              successional stagnation of the communities on the southern

                                             5-12

              dunes. Analysis of the contemporary and presettlement
              species composition within the southern and southeastern
              dunes (16 km apart) indicates that the plant communities
              were, and still are, vastly different. Those in the southern
              dunes are mostly early successional (mostly oaks) while those
              in the southeastern dunes are composed of later successional
              species (beech and maple). The climate and soil
              characterisitics, however, are similiar between the two
              areas. Fire is known to have been a potent ecological force
              in the midwest ecosystems. By including it as a major
              ecological force in the plant communities of the dunes, the
              vast differences in species composition and successional
              trends can be explained. With this force included, the
              original dune successional model, proposed by H. C. Cowles at
              the turn of the century, becomes useful.

          37. Hiebert, Ronald D. An Ecological Restoration Model:
              Application to Razed Residential Sites. Natural Areas
              Journal; October 1990; 10(4): 181.

          38. Hiebert, Ronald D.; Pavlovic, Noel B. Role of Past Land Use
              on Succession at the Indiana Dunes; Impl.'!,iations for
              Management. Cole, Kenneth L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James
              D. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
              Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana
              University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications
              Office
              75 Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Dept. of
              the Interior, National Park Service; 1987: 47.
              Studies of plant succession in old residential sites have
              shown that this type of man-caused disturbance can
              significantly affect succession rates and potentially affect
              species composition of a site for at least a century. Past
              land use (drive, garden, building site, lawn) was mapped for
              thirty old residential sites, ranging from 3 yr - 11 yr old,
              using historical aerial photos and ground surveys.
              Vegetation and soils were sampled for each past land use at
              each site. Vegetation composition richness, and estimated
              biomass varied significantly among past land uses.
              @imilarity in species composition was less in 9 yr old than
              in 3 yr old sites. Biomass was significantly different among
              past land uses for 3 yr old sites but not 9 yr old sites.
              These trends are most likely the result of substrate changes
              caused by the past land uses. Soil chemistry and compaction
              differed significantly among past land uses, although
              differences decreased with time. In spite of a convergence
              in substrate characteristics over time, the vegetation
              appears to be diverging.   These results, along with the
              results of other studies and ecological theory are applied

                                           5-13

              towards formulation of management prescriptions to en"courage
              succession towards the vegetation of the surrounding
              communities.

         39.  Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wilcox, Douglas A.; Pavlovic, Noel B.
              Vegetation Patterns In and Among Pannes (Calcareous
              Intradunal Ponds) at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
              Indiana. American Midland Naturalist; October 1986; 116(2):
              276,
              The relationships between plant species composition and
              dispersion, water chemistry and water depth/depth to water
              table were studied in five calcareous intradunal ponds
              (pannes) bordering the southern tip of Lake Michigan. The
              panne systems contained eight plant species threatened and
              endangered in Indiana. The aquatic zone was dominated by
              Chara, the pond edge by Rhynchospora capillacea, Juncus
              balticus and Utricularia cornuta, and the area surrounding
              the pond by Hypericum kalmianum. The water chemistry was
              typical of hardwater ponds in the area, probably affecting
              species composition but not species dispersion within the
              pannes. A significant correlation between the first axis
              scores froT - ---i-rocal-averaging ordination and water
              depth/depth to water was demonstrated. Panne species are
              fitted to a model based on hydrology proposed by van der Laan
              for dune-slack vegetation in the Netherlands.

          40. Hill, C. L, B. J. Ryan, B. A. McGregor, and M. Rust (U.S.
              Geological Survey / U.S. Department of the Interior /
              National Park Service). our changing Landscape; Indiana Dunes
              National Lakeshore. Pree on application to the Books and
              open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal
              Center, Box 25425 Denver, CO. 80225: United States
              Government Printing Office.; 1991; U.S. Geological Survey
              Circular 1085.
              Note: reprint.
              Earth-science information provides us with estimates of
              extent and rates of change. We need this information to
              transform the challenges presented here into opportunities
              for locating new or additional land, water, and mineral
              resources; for emphasizing prevention of contamination rather
              than cleanup; and for increasing our ability to live in
              harmony with nature.

          41. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
              Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
              Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
              A review was conducted to assess the existing research
              programs of various agencies and.universities working on Lake
              Michigan.

                                           5-14

         42. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
             Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
             Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
             Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
             This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
             mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
             Michigan.

         43. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
             Bibliography-volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
             of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
             Survey; 1989b.
             A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
             Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
             geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
             management, socio-economics, and recreation.

         44. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
             Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, IIlinois:
             Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
             Geological Survey; 1989a.
             A bibliography wr,..I-:r compiled rf All 'r,-,earch literature on
             Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
             geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
             management, socio-economics, and recreation.

         45. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Coastal Zone
             Management Program. Preliminary First Year Natural Resource
             Inventory. (Draft): Indianapolis; July 1976.
             Note: CZM.
             compiles an inventory of significant natural and man-made
             coastal resources including an inventory of the existing data
             on the natural resources of the state's Lake Michigan coast,
             brief discussion papers on the problems and issues of the
             area, and an analysis of the collected data for its use in
             the Coastal Zone Management Program.

         46. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana (U.S. Department
             of the Interior / National Park service). General Management
             Plan Amendment/Development Concept Plan/Environmental
             Assessment.; Sept. 1990.
             Note: Reprint.
             The purpose of this General Management Plan Amendment/
             Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment is to
             update the 1980 General Management Plan (GMP) considering the
             full range of issues that will affect the West Unit through
             the year 2000. These managment issues include access to West
             Beach, location of the West Unit transit center and parking
             area, use of shuttle bus systems, impacts of traffic on

                                           5-15,

              adjacent communities, additional hiking and biking trails,
              boundary adjustments, and use of lands adjacent to the
              Portage/Burns Waterway and those lands between the Paul H.
              Douglas Environmental Education Center and Broadway in Gary.

         47.  Indiana Shoreline Erosion (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).
              Indiana Shoreline Erosion: Final Feasibility Report and
              Environmental Impact Statement.; June 1982.
              Note: reprint. Interim document under agency review subject
              to revision.
              This study investigated the shoreland erosion problems
              between Michigan City Harbor, Indiana and the Illinois-
              Indiana State line. As a result of the study this report
              recommends shore erosion control measures for the reach of
              shore immediately west of Michigan City Harbor.

         48.  Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (Indiana Dunes National
              Lakeshore). Land Protection Plan (Draft); 7-01-87.
              Note: Covers National Lakeshore, Lake, Porter, Laporte
              counties.
              Identification of land uses and land needs of IDNLS.

         49.  Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Natural Resources
              Inventory. Indianapolis, IN: DNR; September 1976; Technical
              Report No. 101.
              Note: CZM.
              The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program will address the
              process of the future management of the natural resources in
              the "Coastal Zone". The purpose of the Natural Resources
              Inventory is to provide the natural resource data required
              for the CZM Program. The Natural Resources Inventory:
              identifies the natural resources; describes the natural
              processes; and identifies the existing and potential resource
              problems and issues in the CZM "study area". The emphasis of
              the inventory was placed on collating and interpreting
              existing information. However, where the basic information
              was inadequate, additional studies were initiated. Natural
              resource data in the form of maps and plates are included.

         50.  Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Planning Newsletter (For
              National Park Service/Denver Service Center). NPS To Revise
              Three Lakeshore Reports.; Mar. 1991.
              Note: reprint.
              The public review and comment period for three draft national
              lakeshore reports closed on December 3, 1990. The National
              Park Service responded to many questions and received many
              comments at three public meetings. More than 600 written
              comments were received from the p   'ostage-paid comment forms;
              personal, agency, and organization letters; and interest

                                               5-16

              group form letters. This newsletter summarizes the comments
              made at the public meetings and in correspondence. Responses
              to each comment explain and clarify the NPS position. The
              National Park Service will correct errors and clarify
              ambiguous aspects of the draft documents.

          51. Indiana Department of Natural Resources (For Indiana State
              Planning Services Agency). A Priority Rating of Selected
              Wetlands in the Indiana Coastal Zone: DNR; 4-30-79; Technical
              Report No. 303.
              Note: CZM.
              Until this time, a method for rating land on a priority basis
              for future acquisition as wetland conservation areas has been
              lacking. To devise a rating system, approximately 45
              selected wetland areas within the coastal drainage area of
              Lake Michigan in Indiana were studied. The Lake Michigan
              watershed area covers approximately the northern halves of
              Porter and Lake counties and the northwest quarter of LaPorte
              County. The second purpose was to utilize this rating system
              to categorize these wetland areas by priority for possible
              future acquisition.

          52. Indiana Department of Natural Resources; and Natural Land
              Institute (For: Indiana State Planning Services Agency). An
              Inventory of Natural Areas in the Indiana Coastal Zone Study
              Area. Indianapolis, IN: DNR; April 30, 1979; Technical Report
              No. 302.
              Note: CZM.
              As part of the current study of the Indiana Lake Michigan
              coastal zone, the Natural Land Institute and the Indiana
              Department of Natural Resources, Division of Nature
              Preserves, entered into a cooperative project to study
              natural areas and habitats of endangered and threatened
              plants and animals in the coastal zone. The Natural Land
              Institute, a private non-profit conservation and research
              organization with headquarters in Rockford, Illinois, was
              required to supply the following technical information to the
              Department: 1) an inventory and evaluation of natural areas,
              2) a compilation of existing information, 3) locating and
              identifying populations of endangered and threatened plant
              species, and 4) locating and identifying endangered and
              threatened animal species. The findings of this inventory
              will provide local, State and Federal officials with the
              information they need to initiate programs to preserve the
              rapidly vanishing remnants of Indiana's natural heritage.

                                           5-17

          53. Indiana Department of Environmental Management; U.S.
              Environmental Protection Agency Region V. Northwest Indiana
              Environmental Action Plan.
              Note: Mich. City.
              The Northwest Indiana Environmental Action Plan is a
              comprehensive plan which encompasses all programmatic efforts
              into the full range of ongoing regulatory and investigative
              activities. The plan delineates resources and establishes
              agency priorities necessary to achieve realistic area-wide
              environmental results. The plan establishes basic goals for
              cleaning up known environmental problems and provides a
              comprehensive framework for identifying cumulative problems
              and implementing cross-program solutions.

          54. Jackson, S. T. Plant Macrofossil Stratigraphy of Miller Woods
              Interdunal Pond 51, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Porter,
              Indiana: National Park Service; 1985.

          55. Jackson, S.T.; Futyma, R.P; Wilcox, D.A. A Paleoecological
              Test of a Classical Hydrosere in the Lake Michigan Dunes.
              Ecology; August 1988; 69(4): 928-936.
              Aquatic vege,-t-,on varie= ;mlnnrf A e-hronosequence of dune
              ponds at Miller Woods, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The
              oldest ponds are dominated by emergent plants, especially
              Typha angustifolia. The authors conducted paleoecological
              studies at a 3,000-yr old pond to test the hypothesis that
              the modern vegetational array along the pond chronosequence
              represents a hydrarch successional sequence. Pollen and
              macrofossil data indicate a major, rapid vegetational change
              at < 150 BP, evidently in response to local human
              disturbance. Pollen data reveal that the extensive Typha
              stands in the older ponds have developed recently, following
              post-settlement disturbance. Modern vegetational differences
              along the chronosequence reflect differential effects of
              disturbance rather than autogenic hydrarch succession.

          56. Laird, G.A.; Scavia, D.; Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Strong, L.A.;
              Lang, G.A. Dynamics of Lake Michigan Phytoplankton:
              Relationship of Nitrogen and Silica Fluxes. Can. J. Fish.
              Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 45(8): 1459-1466; ISSN: 0706-652X.
              The authors describe rates of nitrogen and silica
              concentration change during May-August 1983 and 1984 in
              southeastern Lake Michigan and compare those rates with
              measured plankton processes. Epilimnetic dissolved inorganic
              nitrogen depletion, compared with total phytoplankton demand,
              suggests that about 44% of the nitrogen demand is recycled.

                                           5-18

         57. Laird, G.A.; Scavia, D.; Fahnenstial, G.L.; Strong, L.A.;
             Malczyk, J.M. (NOAA Environmental Research Labs, Ann Arbor,
             MI). Southern Lake Michigan nutrients, temperature,
             chlorophyll, plankton, and water movement during 1983 and
             1984. (Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab, Oct 1987
             NOAA-TM-ERL-GLERL-67
             NOAA TECH. MEMO; NTIS Order No. : PB88-148572/GAR).
             several biological, chemical and physical properties were
             determined in Lake Michigan for the region of the 100-m depth
             contour in the southeastern basin of Lake Michigan off Grand
             Haven, Michigan, in 1983 and 1984. The measurements are
             presented in tabular and graphical form, and a brief
             description is given of collection and preparation methods.
             The nutrient fluxes recorded for 1983 and 1984 are typical
             for oligo-mesotrophic, phosphorus-limited, temperate lakes,
             and the water movements recorded indicate that advection in
             Lake Michigan, on a lake-wide scale, is small.

         58. Lake-Porter County Regional Transportation and Planning
             Commission. Water Resources Inventory: 1970.
             Note: NRPC.
             This is the first attempt in the region to --ystRynati,cally
             collect and record all water resource information.

         59. Mac, M.J. Mortality of Lake Trout Swim-up Fry from
             Southeastern Lake Michigan: Documentation and Hepatic
             Structural Analysis. DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B-SCI. & ENG.; Jan
             1987; 47(7)g 82 pp.
             Note: Diss. Ph. D.: Order No. FADDA8623098.
             After the extinction of the lake trout (Salvelinus namavcush)
             in Lake Michigan in the mid-1950s, an attempt to bring back a
             self-sustaining population began in 1965 with extensive
             planting of hatchery-reared yearling fish. Despite the
             annual planting of nearly two-million fish, no natural
             reproduction by adult trout in the lake has been observed. A
             syndrome occured during early development when fry were
             switching from endogenous to exogenous feeding.
             Characteristic behavioral signs exhibited by afflicted fry
             included a loss of equilibrium, abnormal swimming, fish
             laying on their sides on the bottom of tanks, general
             lethargy, cessation of feeding and eventual death. The
             observed mortality and associated behavior were similar to
             that caused by DDT in the mid-1960s. To determine whether
             environmental contaminants were affecting the health of young
             lake trout, a structural examination of the liver, including
             quantitative histopathology and electron microscopy was
             conducted. The results of quantitative histopathology
             indicated that fry of lake origin had decreased glycogen,

                                          5-19

              increased vacuolation, and a decrease in mitotic activity
              when compared to healthy fry.

          60. Madenjian, C.P.; Jude, D.J.; Tesar, F.J. Intervention
              Analysis of Power Plant Impact on Fish Populations. Can. J.
              Fish. Aquat. Sci.; April 1986; 43(4): 819-829; ISSN: 0706-
              652X.
              Alewife and yellow perch abundances, estimated from monthly
              gillnet and trawl catches at two transects, were monitored
              before (1973-74) and during (1975-82) operation of the D.C.
              Cook Nuclear Power Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.
              Intervention analysis, a technique which accounts for
              autocorrelated observations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA)
              were applied to the monitoring data to assess any plant
              impact beginning in 1975. Both analyses disclosed no
              significant power plant impacts except for gillnetted yellow
              perch adults. The ANOVA indicated a significant decrease in
              abundance at the plant-discharge transect relative to the
              reference transect as plant operation began, which
              established a plant effect; intervention analysis showed no
              change. When April and May catches (months of low abundance)
              wpr-          this plant effect was insignificant.

          61. Marie, James R. (U.S. Geological Survey). Model Analysis of
              Effects on Water Levels at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
              Caused by Construction Dewatering: U.S. Dept. of the
              Interior; July 1976; Water-Resources Investigations 76-82.
              Note: Mich. City.
              Two comprehensive models were developed to investigate
              possible hydrologic effects within the Indiana Dunes National
              Lakeshore caused by planned dewatering at the adjacent Bailly
              Nuclear Generator Construction Site. The results of this
              study have been used by the National Park Service to help
              evaluate the environmental impact of the dewatering,
              particularly the effects on the ecosystem of the lakeshore.

          62. Mazer, Susan J. Ecological, Taxonomic, and Life History
              Correlates of Seed Mass Among Indiana Dune Angiosperms.
              Ecological Monographs; March 1989; 59(2): 153; ISSN: 0012-
              9615.
              This study evaluated the ecological and taxonomic correlates
              of seed mass variation among 648 angiosperm species of the
              Indiana Dunes region (113 families, 507 genera in the
              original flora). The sample represented 50% of the species,
              60% of the genera, and 67% of the families reported from the
              area. species were chosen at random from the published
              flora. Each species was characterized by family membership,
              habitat, life history, phenological characters, and native
              vs. alien status, in order to determine the relationship

                                           5-20

              among species between these variables and mean seed mass.
              Unique to this study are measurements of the effects of
              phenology and taxonomic family on seed mass. The results   of
              this study parallel previous comparative works that have
              demonstrated associations between seed mass and life form  or
              habitat type. Seed mass does seggregate among species
              occupying distinct habitats, but this relationship is due
              largely to associations among taxonomic family, life form,
              and habitat.

          63. McIntosh, Robert P. Community and Succession in the Indiana
              Dunes, Cole, Kenneth L.; Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James D.
              First Indiana Dunes Research Conference. Symposium on Plant
              Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana University Northwest,
              Gary, Indiana. scientific Publications Office, 75 Spring
              Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Department of
              Interior, National Park Service; 1987: p.l.
              The Indiana Dunes are the cradle of succession in America and
              a symbol of the need for maintaining elements of the natural
              environment against increasing demands of a technological
              culture. Succession as a natural process of change underlies
              all plar@_'ng and man,@-"emert -f such sites.

          64. McLeod, Kenneth W.; Murphy, Peter G. Establishment of Ptelea
              trifoliata on Lake Michigan Sand Dunes. American Midland
              Naturalist; 1977; 97(2): 350.
              The microclimate to which a seed or small seedling on the
              sand dunes of Lake Michigan is subjected is characterized by
              high surface soil temperatures and low soil moisture during
              the summer. The survival of 1st-year seedlings of Ptelea
              trifoliata was very low (10.5%). Second-year seedlings had a
              50% survival rate. The mortality was attributed to two
              environmental factors: insufficient soil moisture and illegal
              vehicular traffic. The slow elongation of the root makes the
              soil moisture a very critical factor. Shaded habitats within
              a Ptelea stand provide physical protection for the seedlings
              from vehicular traffic and have higher soil moisture;
              consequently, seedling survival is greater in shaded habitats
              than in open habitats. Because of the high mortality rate of
              young seedlings, seed production must be large to maintain
              the present population size.

                                           5-21

          65. Miller, W. P.; McFee, W. W. Distribution of Cadmium, Zinc,
              copper, and Lead in.Soils of Industrial Northwestern Indiana.
              Journal of Environmental Quality; 1983; 12(l): 29.
              Note: Technical Reports section.
              Five undisturbed locations of sandy Oakville and Plainfield
              soils under oak forest in the heavily industrialized region
              of northwestern Indiana were sampled at four depths, to
              assess the nature and extent of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb
              contamination. The litter layer and top 2.5 cm of soil at a
              site within 5 km of the center of the industrial complex were
              highly contaminated with Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb. Levels of Cd
              and Zn decreased rapidly with distance to the south and east,
              while Cu and Pb decreased more erratically, with all metals
              reaching nearly background levels at 18 km. Samples taken
              deeper in the profiles (30 to 36 cm) did not show elevated
              metal levels compared with a rural site 67 km to the south.
              Sequential extraction methods applied to the top 2.5-cm soil
              samples showed large amounts of relatively labile metals
              associated with exchange sites (KN03-extractable: 23, 10, 1,
              and 8% of total Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb, respectively), bound by
              soil organic matter, and associated with carbonates and/or
              noncrystalline Fe oxides (En"k-extractaln)e: 1.2- JR, 26, and
              28% of the total Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb). Minimal amounts of the
              metals were within the small amount of crystalline Fe and Mn
              oxides present in these soils. Nonextractable (residual)
              metals amounted to 26, 32, 23, and 4% of the total Cd, Zn,
              Cu, and Pb.

          66. Mortimer, C.H. Discoveries and Testable Hypotheses Arising
              from Coastal Zone Color Scanner Imagery of Southern Lake
              Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Mar. 1988; 33(2): 203-226.
              CZCS (Coastal Zone Color Scanner) images, confined mainly to
              the southern basin of Lake Michigan during the warm-up
              phases of 1979, 1980, and 1981, have furnished tools for
              synoptic reconnaissance of the wind-perturbed transition of
              the thermal regime in large basins from the winter to summer
              condition (including front formation and upwelling events),
              the coupling of phytoplankton growth with that transition,
              the intermittent mobilization and surface transport of
              sediment resuspended by storms, and the extensive temporary
              trapping of river-derived dissolved organic matter
              (gelbstoff) between the shoreline and the offshore-migrating
              thermal front. The observed pattern changes shed new light
              on the above processes and generate several testable
              conjectures. These relate to whole-basin sediment transport,
              coastal upwelling of near-bottom'sediment suspensions, and
              frontal hydrodynamics and its coupling with phytoplankton
              distributions.

                                             5-22

         67. Nalepa, T.F. Long-term Changes in the Macrobenthos of
             Southern Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987;
             44(3): 515-524; ISSN: 0706-652X.
             A benthic survey of 40 stations in southern Lake Michigan    in
             1980-81 was compared with results of studies conducted in    the
             mid-1960s to evaluate long-term trends in populations.
             Although apparent improvements in the water quality of Lake
             Michigan since the mid-1970s were not yet reflected by
             benthic populations in 1980-81, continued monitoring of the
             benthos should provide a useful indicator of future trends.

         68. Nalepa, T.F. Occurrence of a Resting Stage in Cyclopoid and
             Harpacticoid Copepods in Nearshore Lake Michigan. J. Great
             Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(l): 59-66; ISSN: 0380-1330.
             Temporal and spatial differences in the abundance of dormant
             harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods in a nearshore area of
             southeastern Lake Michigan are described.

         69. Nalepa, T.F.; Quigley, M.A. Abundance and Biomass of the
             Meiobenthos in Nearshore take Michigan with Comparisons to
             the Macrobenthos. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4): 530-547;
             TS8N@ 0380-1330*
             The meiobenthos of nearshore southeastern Lake Michigan was
             quantified by taking cores from depths (11,17, and 23 m) at
             monthly intervals from May to November 1976-79.

         70. Newsom-Brighton, Maryanne. The Indiana Dunes. Environment;
             May 1984; 26(5): 40.

         71. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission. Remedial
             Action Plan for the Indiana Harbor and Canal, the Grand
             Calumet River, and the Nearshore Lake Michigan - Stage One.
             Highland, Indiana: NIRPC; 1991.
             This report identifies environmental problems such as,
             groundwater contamination, oil slicks, and depressed fish
             populations. Sediment pollution is fingered as a most
             significant environmental concern.

         72. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning commission. Water
             Quality Data for the Indiana Coastal Zone. Indianapolis, IN:
             NIRPC; August 1976; Technical Memorandum IV. (Draft).
             Note: CZM.
             Presents statistics describing the water quality of
             northwestern Indiana.

         73. Olson, J. S. Rates of Succession and Soil Changes on Southern
             Lake Michigan Sand Dunes. Bot. Gaz.;  1958; 119: 125-170.

                                           5-23

          74. Osann, Edward R. Rounding out Indiana Dunes. National Parks
              and Conservation Magazine; August 1973; 47(8): 25.

          75. Paulson, Gerald A. Wetlands and Water Quality: A Citizen's
              Handbook for Protecting Wetlands. Lake Michigan Federation,
              59 East Van Buren, Suite 2215, Chicago, Illinois 60605.
              (302) 939-8038: The Lake Michigan Federation; 1990.
              The true value placed by the public on protecting wetlands is
              reflected in the range of wetland protection laws that
              Congress has passed in recent years. Despite these laws,
              however, wetlands continue to be lost, throughout the country
              and particularly in the Great Lakes region - one of the most
              wetland-rich regions in the nation. This continued
              destruction sends a clear message that our regulatory
              agencies still do not have the capacity to safeguard these
              precious natural resources adequately. As a result, citizen
              action has emerged as one of the strongest defenses against
              continued wetland destruction. This book is designed to give
              you, the citizen, the basic, practical information you need
              to protect wetlands and to guide you through often confusing
              legal and regulatory processes. Understanding why wetlands
              are 'noortant (wptland values) is the first step. Knowing
              and building a defense against a given proposed project is
              the second step, followed by presenting your views in a
              factual manner. But most importantly, taking the offensive
              can help to ensure that you do not have to take these
              defensive steps. This handbook will direct you through these
              important steps toward building your own strategies. It
              concentrates in most detail on the leading wetland law,
              Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, but also refers to a
              number of other legal and regulatory tools you can use.

          76. Perrone, M.; Schneeberger, P.J.; Jude, D.J. Distribution of
              Larval Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) in Nearshore Waters of
              Southeastern Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4):
              517-522; ISSN: 0380-1330.
              Spatial and temporal distribution of larval yellow perch
              flavescens) in south-eastern Lake Michigan was described from
              samples collected during 1973-1981 with plankton nets and
              benthic slids in water 0.5 to 21 m deep.

                                           5-24@

          77. Plato, Phillip A.; Jacobson, A. P. Cesium-137 in Lake
              Michigan Sediments: Areal Distribution and Correlation With
              Other Man-made Materials. Environmental Pollution; 1976; 10:
              19.
              Grab samples of sediment were collected at 530 locations in
              Lake Michigan, primarily in the southeastern quarter of the
              lake. Each sample was analysed in the field and in the
              laboratory for fallout cesium-137. Twenty-five of the
              samples, collected near the mouth of the St. Joseph River,
              were also analysed in the laboratory for 11 other man-made
              materials known to be discharged into the river. Two
              statistical methods were used to determine if cesium-137 can
              be used as an environmental tracer to predict the areal
              distributions of other man-made materials. The results show
              fallout cesium-137 to be a moderate to good tracer for
              locating areas of accumulation of plutonium-238, plutonium-
              239, zinc, copper, chromium, lead, dieldrin, DDT and PCB in
              sediment. Little or no correlation is found between fallout
              cesium-137 and strontium-90 or nickel.

          78. Reshdin, M. Geology and Soils of the Indiana Dunes National
              Lakeshore, volume one.
              Indiana Dunes Research Program Report 81-01; 1981; 81-01.

          79. Reshkin, Mark. Indiana Dunes Natural Resource Management.
              Natural Areas Journal; October 1990; 10(4); 176.

          80. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University (Great Lakes
              Coastal Research Laboratory). Executive Summary; Shoreline
              Situation Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Purdue
              University; June, 1986 booklet.
              The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (IDNLS) was established
              in 1966during a period of record rise in lake-level, but at a
              time when absolute lake-level was still below average. In
              1974 after lengthy study, discussion, and compromise the
              first major "hard" coastal shore protection structure was
              constructed along IDNLS coastline (a 13,000 foot long rock
              revetment constructed to protect Lake Front Drive in Beverly
              Shores, IN). In that same year a major "soft" shore
              protection structure, in the form of a beach nourishment
              fill, was placed in front of Mt. Baldy west of Michigan City,
              IN. The Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
              University was selected as the monitoring agency in 1975 to
              determine the effectiveness and impact along the coast of
              these structures. The purpose of this  'Shoreline Situation
              ESport is to present a complete data base on and rigorous
              assessment of the shoreline and adjacent nearshore area
              within the IDNLS. This report contains a thorough evaluation
              of coastal parameters and characteristics useful to

                                           5-25

               engineers, planners and managers of Indiana's coastal lands.
               Emphasis is placed on coastal processes as they relate to
               historic and contemporary erosion. Particular attention is
               given to position changes of the shoreline, bluff top,
               nearshore sand bars, and dune vegetation. Beach and
               nearshore sediments are analyzed with respect to their
               contemporary grain properties and compared to historic data
               to determine areas of change. An important aspect of this
               report deals with man-made structures on the coast and their
               impact on overall coastal stability. Recognizably, the
               proximity of owners homes to the receding shoreline of
               Indiana presents a special set of problems. However, poorly
               conceived coastal erosion control structures can ultimately
               be more damaging than helpful to overall coastal   integrity.
               The basic philosophy guiding preparation of this   report is
               that only through judicious planning can optimum   benefit be
               derived from Indiana's coastal resources.

           81. Spigarelli, S. A.; Goldstein, R. M.; Prepejchal,   W.; Thommes,
               M. M. Fish Abundance and Distribution Near Three   Heated
               Effluents to Lake Michigan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
               Aaiiatic Science; 1982; 39(2): 305.
               A combined echo location-temperature mapping technique was
               used to determine the abundance and distribution of fish with
               depth and temperature in locally heated and unheated areas of
               Lake Michigan. Surveys were conducted between April and
               October at two adjacent power plants in the southern basin
               and at one plant in the northern basin of the lake. Fish
               densities in plume and reference areas differed seasonally.
               Densities typically differed by a factor of 2-4 although on
               one occasion plume area density was 90 times greater.
               Highest plume densities occurred during late spring when
               alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) were spawning inshore.
               Consistently dense congregations of fish were found
               downstream of the interfaces between ambient shore-parallel
               currents and discharge flows. The general distribution of
               fish with depth was similar in all areas. Differences
               between plume and reference areas were related to the
               discharge type: at canal discharges fish tended to congregate
               inshore while at the offshore discharge they congregated in
               deeper zones. Fish also tended to occupy shallower depth
               strata in all plume areas. Positive correlation between fish
               density and increasing temperature was common at both plume
               and reference areas during all three seasons, but more
               frequent at plume areas. Temperatures selected by fish in
               plume areas were 1-3 degrees higher than maximum ambient
               temperatures.

                                             5-26

          82. Tarapchak, Stephen J.; Bigelow, Sylvia M.; Rubitshun, Cora.
              Over Estimation of Orthophosphorus Concentrations in surface
              Waters of Southern Lake Michigan: Effects of Acid and
              Ammonium Molybdate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
              Science; 1982; 39: 296-304.
              Water from southern Lake Michigan was analyzed to determine
              if orthophosphorus (P04-P) concentrations are overestimated
              by molybdenum blue methods and to assess the potential
              effects of ammonium molybdate on soluble reactive phosphorus
              (SRP) determinations. Time-course "hydrolysis" tests, based
              on the Chamberlain-Shapiro extraction method, showed that
              large amounts of orthophosphorus were released from bound
              sources into solution within seconds after acid molybdate was
              added, and that molybdate-reactive P04-P could be retained by
              filters or released from particulate material into filtrates
              during filtration. P04-P concentrations obtained by using
              the prescribed exposure of 30 s were overestimated minimally
              by up to 86%, and ammonium molybdate dramatically accelerated
              P04-P release in filtered samples. Tests using up to a
              fourfold range in ammonium molybdate concentrations also
              showed that the extraction method and Harvey's method yielded
              r7p values thAt, xr;%riorl two- to three-fold or more, and that
              most of the P04-P was released from "Particles" in filtrates.
              Analytical methods, therefore, can yield substantially
              different SRP estimates because of differences in the length
              of time samples are exposed to acid molybdate and because of
              differences in molybdate concentrations.

          83. Transeau, E. N. The Prairie Peninsula. Ecology; 1935; 16:
              424-437.

          84. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Burns Waterway Small Boat
              Harbor Monitoring Program. Portage County, Indiana. 2nd
              Annual Report.; 1990.
              Note: NRPC.
              Lower lake levels have had a significantly positive impact
              upon the shoreline. There is a consistent increase in beach
              width.

          85. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Chicago District. Burns Waterway
              Small Boat Harbor Monitoring Program Portage County, Indiana.
              3rd Annual Report.; March 1991..
              Note: Mich. City.
              The conclusions drawn in this report will be used to evaluate
              the shoreline conditions and how they pertain to the
              construction of the Burns Small Boat Harbor, how successful
              the mitigative efforts have been, if additional mitigation or
              modifications to the existing monitoring procedure are

                                              5-27

              needed, and to identify monitoring needs for the following
              year.

          86. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Indiana Shoreline Erosion.
              Final Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement;
              1982.
              Note: NIRPC.
              Shoreline erosion problems were investigated between Michigan
              City and the Illinois-Indiana state line. The shorelands
              within the National Lakeshore sustain the most serious shore
              erosion in the area. Harbor structures are responsible for
              about 60% of the erosion problem. This plan recommends
              mitigation of erosion damages caused by federal harbor
              structures in Michigan City and for restoration of shore
              processes at the Eastern end of the National Lakeshore.

          87. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Indiana Harbor, Indiana.
              Confined Dredged Disposal Facility. Site Selection Study.;
              1983.
              Note: NIRPC.

          88. U.S. Department of -.-,terior; Cit@,, -f Gary, Indiana. Gary
              Marina. Draft Environmental Impact Statement; 1989.
              Note: NIRPC.
              Compliance instrument for executive order 11990. The
              protection of wetlands is discussed. 1,000+ slip marina is
              proposed to be located between USX breakwater and Marquette
              Park.

          89. U.S. Park Service. Dra:ft Land Protection Plan. Indiana Dunes
              National Lakeshore, Indiana; 1987.
              Note: Mich. City.
              Describes methods to protect approximately 4,500 acres of
              non-federal public or private land remaining within the
              lakeshore.

          90. unknown. Interior Refuses to Step in on Behalf of Indiana
              Dunes. Conservation News; July 1977; 42(13): 2.

          91. unknown. NPCA at Work. National Parks and Conservation
              magazine; January 1980; 54(l): 20.

          92. Watson, L.R.; Shedlock, R.J.; Banaszak, K.J.; Arihood, L.D.;
              Doss, P.K. Preliminary Analysis of the Shallow Ground-water
              System in the Vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana
              Harbor Canal, Northwestern Indiana; 1989; US Geological
              SurveX Open-File Rept. 88-492.
              Note: Mich. City.

                                                5-28

          93. Wells, J. R.; Thompson, P. W. Plant Communities of the Sand
              Dunes Region of Berrien County, Michigan. The Michigan
              Botanist; 1982; 21: 3-38.

          94. Wilcox, D.A.; Apfelbaum, S.I.; Hiebert, R.D. Cattail Invasion
              of Sedge Meadows Following Hydrologic Disturbance in Cowles
              Bog Wetland Complex, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.
              Wetlands; 1984; 4: 115-128.

          95. Wilcox, D.A.; Simonin, H.A. A Chronosequence of Aquatic
              Macrophyte Communities in Dune Ponds. Aquat. Bot.; Aug. 1987;
              28(3-4): 227-242.
              Note: Indiana Dunes Natl. Lakeshore, Porter, IN.
              Differences in macrophyte community composition in a
              chronosequence of spatially separated dune ponds near the
              south shore of Lake Michigan were examined and related by
              environmental variables. Ordination of the vegetation data
              by detrended correspondence analysis revealed similarities in
              the plant communities of ponds in the same row and community
              differences between ponds in different rows.

              Wilcox, Douglas A.; Simonin, Howard A. 2@quatic Macrnr.h174-
              Community Differences in Dune Ponds - Hydrarch Succession or
              Disturbance? First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
              Symposium on Plant Succession; May 1-3, 1986; Indiana
              University Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications
              Office, 75 Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S.
              Department of the Interior, National Park Service; 1987: 18.
              Previous studies of plant succession at Indiana Dunes by
              Henry Cowles and Jerry Olson focused on the terrestrial
              vegetation of successively older dune ridges. Charles
              Shelford studied succession in the animal communities of the
              dune ponds that separate these ridges. In the Miller Woods
              area, adjacent to Gary, Indiana, a chronosequence of dune
              ponds in distinct linear rows remains despite local
              residential and industrial development. A study of the
              aquatic macrophyte communities of 25 ponds was undertaken to
              assess vegetational differences in relation to age
              differences between pond rows and water depths. The data
              suggest that a hydrarch successional sequence exists, with
              vegetation types changing from Chara/open water in the
              younger, deeper ponds to Myriophyllum/Nvmphaea/Nuphar in the
              middle-age ponds to Typha in the older, shallower ponds. A
              closer examination of the data and comparisons with
              paleoecological data collected by Futyma and by Jackson
              suggest that the vegetational differences may have resulted
              from post-settlement disturbance.. An assessment of these
              studies illustrates that the disturbance factor must be

                                             5-29

              examined closely before drawing conclusions about classical
              succession.

          97. Winnell, M.H.; White, D.S. Trophic Status of Southeastern
              Lake Michigan Based on the Chironomidae (Diptera). J. Great
              Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(4): 540-548; ISSN: 0380-1330.

          98. Wood, W. L. An Introduction to the Shoreline Problems of the
              Southern Lake Michigan Coast. Engineering Geology of the
              Greater Chicago Area and the South Shore of Lake Michigan;
              1979: pp. 47-64.
              Note: Association of Engineering Geologists.
              Prior to the current period of high lake level, narrow bands
              of foredunes commonly occurred between the dune-bluff system
              and the lake. These foredunes and wide beaches provided
              protection for the dune-bluff system and supplied sand to
              active dune fields. During the recent period of high lake
              levels on Lake Michigan, the entire shoreline has been
              subjected to excessive erosion. In areas where high dunes
              and bluffs exist, erosion has been accentuated by
              undercutting and slumping of the foreslopes. The presence of
              erosion         -t-ructures, industrial jetties, and
              navigational breakwaters creates additional environmental
              pressure on the coastal region. Erosion control structures
              range from man-made construction alternatives, designed to
              "wall-off" the entire beach frontage from the lake, to the
              placement of natural sand nourishment on the beach with the
              intent of balancing ongoing rates of erosion. Industrial
              jetties are normally built across the coastal zone in order
              to transport effluents offshore or to protect coastal
              industrial sites. Navigational breakwaters are necessary for
              the commerr-ial and recreational boat traffic; however, the
              presence of navigational breakwaters causes one of the major
              erosion problems in the coastal zone. The region upon which
              this field trip focuses is composed of high dunes and bluffs
              and is classified, therefore, as a critical erosion area.
              One aspect of today's field trip (Michigan City, Indiana
              Dunes National Lake Shore and Mt. Baldy with geologic
              history) is to observe some of the previously mentioned
              coastal structures and to discuss their impact on coastal
              sedimentation and stability.

                                           5-30

         99. Wood, William L.; Meadows, Guy; Cox, Jack, Dept. of
             Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
             Univ. (For: Department of Commerce, IN). Summary Report on
             The Feasibility of the Coastal Installations Proposed for the
             West Park and Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana.
             Economic Feasibility Proposals of West Park and Marina
             Development. Michigan City, Indiana. T. "Ted" Pantazis ed.
             Indiana Department of Commerce. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana
             Dept. of Commerce.
             Note: CZM.
             The following brief summary report was prepared by the staff
             of the Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory to assist the
             Indiana Department of Commerce in assessing the feasibility
             of coastal installations proposed for the West Park and
             Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana. The position
             supported herein is, that existing designs for breakwater and
             coastal defense systems will have deleterious effects on
             local and adjacent coastal provinces. It should be
             understood that this position is taken to be temporarily
             efficacious and does not imply that no solution is possible.
             Furthermore this position is designed to stress the concern
             for a total int -frated coastal r-A-ment concept in the
             assessment of the environmental impact of any coastal
             installations in the Michigan City or adjacent areas.

                                          5-31

                                      HYDROLOGY

          100. Brannon; Gunnison; Averett; Martin; Chen (Waterways
              Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers). Analyses of Impacts
              of Bottom Sediments from Grand Calumet River Subtitle:
              Indiana Harbor Canal on Water Quality; 2-1-89; Miscellaneous
              Paper D-89-1, Final Report.
              Note: Covers Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal.

          101. City of Gary; Planning and Development; IDNLS (U. S. Dept.
              of Interior, National Park Service, and City of Gary). Gary
              Marina; Draft Environmental Impact Statement 1987
              Subtitle: City of Gary Marina; 1-1-87; Draft EIS; Draft
              Report.
              Note: Covers Gary Indiana Shoreline, Marquette Park, U. S.
              Steel lakefill.
              Alternative plans for shoreline development and access
              routes. Contains a history of the plans to develop the Gary
              shoreline.

          102. Cockrell, Ron (IDNLS, National Pa-k Service). Sianature of
              Time and Eternity: Administrative History of IDNLS
              Subtitle: Adm. History, IDNLS; 7-20-88.
              Note: Covers development of IDNLS since 1966, Save the Dunes
              movement,
              From James R. Whitehouse to Dale B. Engquist.

          103. David, S. E.; Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Shoreline
              Situation Report, LaPorte County, Indiana; 1981; Special
              Report, State of Indiana, Coastal Zone Management Program.
              pp. 73.

          104. Davis, R.A.; McGeary, D.F.R. Stability in the Nearshore
              Bottom Topography and Sediment Distribution, Southeastern
              Lake Michigan. Univ. of Michigan Great Lakes Res. Div.; 1965;
              Publ. No. 13: 222-231.

          105. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L.; Markly, S. M. An Evaluation of
              Physical and Biological Controls on Coastal Erosion: National
              Park Service; 1976; Final Report. pp. 85.

          106. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. Historic Shoreline Loss in IDNLS
              Reach 3: National Park Service; 1985; Interim Report. pp. 33.

          107. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. A Perspective on Current and
              Future Condition of INDLS Coastline. Proc. Indiana Dunes Res.
              Conf.; 1986: pp. 84-96.

                                          5-32

         108. Davis, S. E.; Wood, W. L. Vegetative Establishment on an
              Artificial Beach. Proc. 2nd Conf. on Scientific Research in
              the National Parks; 1979: pp. 304-316.
              Establishment of vegetation on the duned Lake Michigan
              coastline of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore has not
              proceeded as expected,'following placement of artificial
              beach nourishment. This nourishment was placed to mitigate
              severe erosion of the dunes and total denuding of the beach
              by a combination of recent high lake levels and storm events.
              The beach fill, composed of glacial till, had a positive
              influence in controlling coastal erosion, due to an
              unexpected cementation of the material, which made it highly
              resistant to wind and wave erosion. However, this induration
              adversely affected the expected vegetative establishment
              sequence. Lack of a loose surface material, needed by
              pioneer vegetation to successfully be introduced, prevented
              the immediate start of sand capturing grasses. Only
              wasteland plants, well adapted to hard soil environments,
              first invaded this artificially stabilized beach. These
              wasteland plants dominated the fill for several years, with
              almost no new dune forming activity. The eventual appearance
              of a f=w icnlAted pioneer grasses on the consolidated *'ill
              finally initiated embryonic dune growth. These dunes rapidly
              expanded horizontally, aided by vegetative stabilization,
              while continuing sand capture allowed vertical growth of the
              dunes. Presently these dune structures have matured beyond
              the pioneer plant stage, evidenced by the presence of
              secondary plants, adding to the diversity of species and
              consequently to the biological stability of the new dune
              system. The unnourished areas adjacent to the fill exhibited
              a totally different influence of this artificial beach on
              vegetative establishment.

          109. Davis, Stephen E.; Wood, William L.; Markley, Susan M.
              (Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory). Evaluation of
              Physical and Biological Controls on Coastal Erosion in the
              Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
              Subtitle: Stability, Dunes; 3-1-76; Final Report, National
              Park Service PX 6000 5 0650.
              Note: Covers Mt. Baldy area.

                                           5-33

          110. Davis, Stephen E.; Wood, William L.; Weishar, Lee L. (Great
              Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue University).
              Shoreline Situation Report; LaPorte Co., CZM
              Subtitle: CZM, Special Report to State Planning Services
              Agency, CZM Program; 1-1-81; CZ084-80-08.
              Note: Covers East of Michigan City to Michigan state line.
              The purpose of this shoreline situation report is to present
              a compilation and assessment of important coastal parameters
              and characteristics which will assist planners and managers
              of coastal lands in making decisions concerning these
              valuable resources. This report places special emphasis on
              historic and contemporary shore erosion.

          111. Environmental Assessment (For City of Portage Port
              Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
              The Burns Waterway System. 111 North Canal Street, Suite 880;
              Chicago, Illinois 60606: Howard Tammen Needles & Bergendoff;
              September 1991.
              Note: reprint.
              The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
              of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
              socio-econ,@--c and physical. P-nvironment. special attention
              was focused on wetlands, water quality and impacts on the
              waterway system.

          112. Environmental Planning and Engineering Inc. Indianapolis,
              Ind. (For the Indiana Department of Natural Resources).
              Regional Park Conceptual Development Plan
              Subtitle: L. Calumet River in Northwestern Indiana; 1-1-76.
              Note: Covers Lake and Porter Counties.
              Detailed plans of the Little Calumet River corridor.

          113. Franco, Jr., LTC Jess J. (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
              Chicago Dist. North Central Division). Coordination Meeting:
              State of Indiana/Corps of Engineers. Subtitle: Project
              Descriptions; 3-13-90.
              Note: covers Indiana; Little Calumet River, Duneland Beach,
              Dune Acres, Beverly Shores.

          114. Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue Univ.
              (Purdue University, for IDNLS). Shoreline Situation-Executive
              Summary. Subtitle: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore; 6-1-86;
              Executive Summary.
              Note: Covers IDNLS shoreline.
              Summarized the Shoreline Situation Report on the Indiana
              Dunes National Lakeshore. Erosion rates. Coastal processes.

                                            5-34

          115. Hill, C. L., B. J. Ryan, B. A. McGregor, and M. Rust. Our
              Changing Landscape: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. United
              States Government Printing office: free on application to the
              Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey
              Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver,CO. 80225.: U.S. Department
              of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey.; 1991; U.S.
              Geological Survey Circular 1085.
              Note: reprint.
              Earth-science information provides us with estimates of
              extent and rate of change. We need this information to
              transform the challenges presented here into opportunities
              for locating new or additional land, water, and mineral
              resources;. for emphasizing prevention of contamination rather
              than cleanup; and for increasing our ability to live in
              harmony with nature.

          116. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
              Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
              Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
              A review was conducted to assess the existing research
              programs of various agencies and universities working on Lake
              Michigan.

          117. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
              Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
              Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
              Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
              This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
              mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
              Michigan.

          118. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
              Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, Illinois:
              Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
              Geological Survey; 1989a.
              A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
              Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
              geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
              management, socio-economics, and recreation.

          119. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
              Bibliography-Volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
              of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
              Survey; 1989b.
              A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
              Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
              geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
              management, socio-economics, and recreation.

                                           5-35

          120. IDEM - Indiana Dept. of Environmental Management and U.S.
              EPA Region V (IJC - Submitted to International Joint
              Commission). Northwest Indiana Environmental Action Plan
              Subtitle: Area of Concern - Remedial Action Plan for Grand
              Calumet; 1-1-88; Environmental Action Plan.
              Note: Covers Indiana Harbor.

          121. IDEM - Indiana Dept. of Environmental Management gic
              Submitted to International Joint Commission). Northwest
              Indiana Environmental Action Plan (Draft)
              Subtitle: Area of Concern - Remedial Action Plan for Grand
              Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal; 1-1-88; Draft Remedial
              Action Plan.

          122. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana (U.S. Department
              of the Interior / National Park Service). General Management
              Plan: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana. 63pp.; Feb.
              1980.
              Note: reprint.
              The general management plan of the IDNLS. Two major trends
              affecting the natural environment of IDNLS has been the
              r!nrtin11A1 encroachment by residential, agricultur:71., and
              industrial development on the great Lake Michigan shoreline,
              and a growing awareness of the importance of creating
              national parks near urban area.

          123. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore    Indiana (U.S. Department
              of the Interior / National Park Service). General management
              plan amendment development concept plan/environmental
              assessment.; Sept. 1990.
              Note: reprint.
              The purpose of this General Management Plan Amendment/
              Development Concept Plan/Environmental Assessment is to
              update the 1980 General Management Plan (GMP) considering the
              full range of issues that will affect the West Unit through
              the year 2000. These management issues include access to
              West Beach, location of the West Unit transit center and
              parking area, use of shuttle bus systems, impacts of traffic
              on adjacent communities, additional hiking and biking trail,
              boundary adjustments, and use of lands adjacent to the
              Portage/Burns Waterway and those lands between the Paul H.
              Douglas Environmental Education. Center and Broadway in Gary.

                                            5-36

          124. Indiana Shoreline Erosion (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).
              Indiana Shoreline Erosion: Final Feasibility Report and
              Environmental Impact Statement.; June 1982.
              Note: reprint. Interim document under agency review subject
              to revision.
              This study investigated the shoreland erosion problems
              between Michigan City Harbor, Indiana and the Illinois-
              Indiana State line. As a result of the study this report
              recommends shore erosion control measure for the reach of
              shore immediately west of Michigan City Harbor.

          125. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Planning Newsletter. NPS To
              Revise Three Lakeshore Reports. Denver Service Center:
              National Park Service; March 1991.
              Note: reprint.
              This newletter summarizes the comments made at the public
              review and comment period for three draft national lakeshore
              reports closed on December 3, 1990. Responses to each
              comment explain and clarify the NPS position. The National
              Park Service will correct errors and clarify ambiguous
              aspects of the draft documents.

          126. Indiana Department of Natural Resources (For Indiana State
              Planning Services Agency). Shoreline Erosion Along the
              Indiana Coast of Lake Michigan. Subtitle: Erosion, DNR; 4-30-
              79; Technical Report No. 307.
              Of the approximately 45 shoreline miles along Lake Michigan,
              21.8 miles are protected from the process of erosion, 10.2
              miles have recession rates less than 1 foot per year, while
              the remaining 13 miles are classified as erosion hazard
              areas. It is concluded that in view of the existing
              legislative authority, the local units of government are best
              suited to establish and administer a shore erosion management
              program along the Indiana shoreline of Lake Michigan.

          127. Indiana Shoreline Erosion, Indiana (U.S. Army Engineer
              District). Shoreline Erosion Protection At Indiana Dunes
              National Lakeshore General Design Memorandum. 111 North Canal
              Street; Chicago, Illinois 60606-7206: Department Of The Army.
              Chicago District, Corps of Engineers; April, 1990.
              Note: reprint.
              The purpose of this project is to mitigate shore erosion
              damages along the Indiana Dunes Lakeshore.

          128. Larsen, C.E. Late Holocene Lake Levels in Southern Lake
              Michigan, in Collison, C., ed., Coastal Geology,
              Sedimentology, and Management; Chicago and the Northshore:
              Illinois State Geological Survey'Guide-book series 12; 1974.
              Note: p. 39-49.

                                           5-37

         129. Larsen, C.E. A Stratigraphic Study of Beach Features on the
              Southwestern Shore of Lake Michigan: New Evidence of Holocene
              Lake Level Fluctuations. Illinois State Geological Survey,
              Environmental Geology Notes; 1985a; 112: 31 p.

          130. Larsen, Curtis E. Long-term trends in Lake Michigan Levels,
              a View from the Geologic Record'. Proceedings: symposium on
              shoreline processes; First Indiana Dunes Research Conference;
              May 1986: 5-22.
              Note: see also Wilcox, Douglas A.
              Thirty years ago Olson (1958a,b) showed a strong relationship
              between times of dune formation at the Indiana Dunes and low-
              level periods of Lake Michigan. He indicated that an
              extended low level had occurred about 400 years ago (A.D.
              1550) following a high-level period at about 600 years ago
              (A.D. 1350). This prehistoric record was not fully
              appreciated by those contemporaries who assumed lake level
              changes over the past 3,000 years to have taken place on a
              time scale like that of the past century's historic record.
              Stratigraphic studies along the southern shore of Lake
              Michigan now show a record of Lake level change that extends
              at least 2,000 years into "-e past. Hiffh-loxrol. neriods
              occurred between A.D. 400 and 650, between A.D. 950 and 1225,
              and between A.D. 1500 and 1850. These left geologic records
              in stream mouth alluvial deposits now 1 and 2 m above the
              modern channels. Intervening periods of low level are dated
              by peat and marsh deposits now beneath the modern level of
              Lake Michigan. The historic lake level record of the past
              125 years appears to represent a low phase on a naturally
              fluctuating trend. Both prehistoric and historic records
              show lake level changes over this period to have been climate
              related. The current episode of high lake levels, when seen
              in geologic perspective, represents a return to normal long-
              term climatic trends.

          131. Marie, James R. (U.S. Geological Survey). Model Analysis of
              Effects on'Water Levels at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
              Caused by Construction Dewatering: U.S. Dept. of the
              Interior; July 1976; Water-Resources Investigations 76-82.
              Note: Mich. City.
              Two comprehensive models were developed to investigate
              possible hydrologic effects within the Indiana Dunes National
              Lakeshore caused by planned dewatering at the adjacent Bailly
              Nuclear Generator Construction Site. The results of this
              study have been used by the National Park Service to help
              evaluate the environmental impact of the dewatering,
              particularly the effects on the ecosystem of the lakeshore.

                                           5-38

         132. Olson, J.S. Lake Michigan Dune Development: 3, Lake Level,
             Beach, and Dune oscillations. Journal of Geology; 1958a; 66:
             473-483.

         133. Olson, J.S. Rates of Succession and Soil Development on
             Southern Lake Michigan Sand Dunes. Botanical Gazette; 1958b;
             119: 125-170.

         134. Reshkin, Mark. A Regional Management Approach is Needed to
             Lake Michigan Coastal Erosion in Indiana. First Indiana Dunes
             Research Conference. Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific
             Inquiry. Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Proceeses; May
             1-3, 1986: pp. 47-52.
             Public concern is again escalating over Lake Michigan
             shoreline erosion along the Indiana coast. Three areas
             affected are Long Beach, Beverly Shores and Ogden Dunes.
             Shoreline erosion is a chronic and most severe condition when
             lake levels are high. It can be managed but not cured.
             Management must be practical and continuous. Hardened
             structures are appropriate for some areas, beach nourishment
             for others and whether to attempt any protection of some
             A--A- is a policy question. Achieving regiona? management
             requires: 1. completing the studies of erosion proccesses to
             determine erosion rates; 2. determining how much of the
             erosion in each reach is natural and how much is human-
             induced; 3. establishing goals and priorities for erosion
             mitigation with the degree of mitigation determined on the
             basis of the responsibility to protect significant natural
             landmark areas, cost-effectiveness as it relates to the
             economic value and growth of commercial recreational
             activities, and the degree of public sector responsibility to
             aid in the protection of residential area. Selection of a
             management agency and the necessary legislation and funding
             mechanisms should involve participation of all levels of
             government.

         135. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University (Great Lakes
             Coastal Research Laboratory). Executive Summary; Shoreline
             situation Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Purdue
             University; June, 1986 booklet.
             The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (IDNLS) was established
             in 1966 during a period of record rise in lake-level, but at
             a time when absolute lake-level was still below average. In
             1974 after lengthy study, discussion, and compromise the
             first major "hard" coastal shore protection structure was
             constructed along IDNLS coastline (a 13,000 foot long rock
             revetment constructed to protect Lake Front Drive in Beverly
             Shores, IN). In that same year a major "soft" shore
             protection structure, in the form of a beach nourishment

                                          5-39

             fill, was placed in front of Mt. Baldy west of Michigan City,
             In. The Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
             University was selected as the monitering agency in 1975 to
             determine the effectiveness and impact along the coast of
             these structures. The purpose of this   'Shoreline Situation
             Report is to present a complete data base on and rigorous
             assessment of the shoreline and adjacent nearshore area
             within the IDNLS. This report contains a thorough evaluation
             of coastal parameters and characteristics useful to
             engineers, planners and managers of Indiana's coastal lands.
             Emphasis is placed on coastal processes as they relate to
             historic and contemporary erosion. Particular attention is
             given to position changes of the shoreline, bluff top,
             nearshore sand bars, and dune vegetation. Beach and
             nearshore sediments are analyzed with respect to their
             contemporary grain properties and compared to historic data
             to determine areas of change. An important aspect of this
             report deals with man-made structures on the coast and their
             impact on overall coastal stability. Recognizably, the
             proximity of owners homes to the receding shoreline of
             Indiana presents a special set of problems. However, poorly
             cor-:iived coastal Prosion control structures can ultimately
             be more damaging than helpful to overall coastal integrity.
             The basic philosophy guiding preparation of this  report is
             that only through judicious planning can optimum  benefit be
             derived from Indiana's coastal resources.

         136. Shedlock, Robert J.; Harkness, William E. (U.S.  Geological
             Survey). Shallow Ground-Water Flow and Drainage
             Characteristics; Brown Ditch Basin Near the East  Unit of
             IDNLS. Subtitle: Groundwater; 1-1-82; Water-Resources
             In,@estigations Report 83-4271.
             Note: Covers Porter Co, Ind.
             Brown Ditch consists of several segments that drain wetlands
             between dune ridges near the East unit of Indiana Dunes
             National Lakeshore in Porter County, Indiana, west of
             Michigan City.

         137. Thompson, Todd A. Development of the Late Wisconsin to Early
             Holocene Calumet and Toleston Dune/Beach Complexes in the
             Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. First Indiana Dunes
             Research Conference. Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific
             Inquiry. Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Processes; May
             1-3, 1986: pp. 1-4.
             The Calumet and Toleston dune/beach complexes formed along
             the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan following the post-
             Two Creeks and post-Chippewa transgressions in ancestral Lake
             Michigan respectively. Vibracores and exposures along the
             shoreline show that much of the back-barrier coastal deposits

                                           5-40

             were preserved during the post-Chippewa transgression,
             whereas the post-Two Creeks transgression removed almost all
             of the coastal sequence. These variations in preservation
             are believed to be related to differences in rate of change
             in lake level, slope and topography of the predepositional
             surface, and amount of sediment supplied to the shoreline.

         138. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Burns Waterway Small Boat
             Harbor, 1st Annual Report. Subtitle: Monitoring Program,
             Portage Co. Indiana; 5-1-89; 1st Annual Report.
             Note: Covers Portage/Burns Waterway, Lake Michigan, Ogden
             Dunes to Gary.
             shoreline erosion.

         139. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Burns Waterway Small Boat
             Harbor, 2nd Annual Report. Subtitle: Monitoring Program,
             Portage County, Indiana; 9-1-90; 2nd Annual Report.
             Note: Covers Portage/Burns Waterway, Lake Michigan, Ogden
             Dunes to Gary.
             Shoreline erosion.

         140. U.S. Army Corps of En7ineers. Environmental Impact Statement
             (Draft). Subtitle: Michigan City - Operation and
             Maintenance Activities; 8-1-77; EIS.
             Note: Covers dredged material disposal, Michigan City Harbor.

         141. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Chicago District). Indiana
             Shoreline Erosion 1982 Final Report. Subtitle: Final
             Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement; 6-1-
             82.
             Note: Covers between Michigan City Harbor and Illinois-
             Indiana State Line.
             Recommendation for erosion control measures immediately west
             of Michigan City Harbor.

         142. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Interim Report on Indiana
             Shoreline Erosion October 1975. Subtitle: Detailed
             Feasibility Report; 10-1-75.
             Reconnaissance investigation of the effect of the Michigan
             City Harbors structure on adjacent shorelands.

         143. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Project Maps: River and Harbor
             Works; 9-1-85; September 1985.
             Note: Covers Wisconsin to Michigan shoreline of Lake
             Michigan.
             Technical information on harbor engineering designs.

                                          5-41

         144. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Section III Reconnaissance
             Report - Michigan City Harbor, Indiana. Internal Report.
             Chicago district: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

         145. U.S. Geological Survey. Surface-Water-Quality Assessment,
             Upper Illinois River Basin - Subtitle: NAWQA; 1-1-87; Open-
             File Report 87-473.
             Note: Covers Northwest Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.
             National Water Quality Assessment Program.

         146. U.S. Geological Survey, Indiana State Board of Health..
             Streamflow and Water Quality of the Grand Calumet River
             Subtitle: Grand Calumet, Lake Co. Indiana and Cook Co.
             Illinois; October 1984; 1-1-87; Water-Resources Investigation
             Report 86-4208.

         147. Weishar, L. L.; Wood, W. L. Impact of Long Period Water
             Level Fluctuations on Beach and Nearshore changes in the
             Great Lakes (abs). EOS; 1982; 63(No. 3).
             A fifteen year data set of nearshore beach and bathymetric
             profiles obtained along the southeastern shore of Lake
             michigan has been analyzed using the meth-1 of empirical
             eigenfunctions. This analysis identified two primary modes
             of spatial variation. one is a dominant long period mode,
             while the other is a short period mode. A similar analysis
             of 120 years of monthly mean lake level records indicated two
             major long period trends in the record. These two long
             period trends are shown to be the probable sources of
             physical forcing of beach and nearshore profile change. This
             forcing is the result of long term modulation of local mean
             and wind-wave fields by the monthly mean lake level.

         148. Weishar, L. L.; Wood, W. L. Systematic Changes in Beach
             Profile and Nearshore Topography. Proc. 2nd Conf. on
             Scientific research in the National Parks; 1979: pp. 87-100.
             A three year set of monthly beach and nearshore topographic
             profiles have been obtained form the southeastern shore of
             Lake Michigan in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
             (I.D.N.L.S.). This ongoing study was initiated to determine
             the temporal and spatial beach and nearshore characteristics
             of a typical sandy Great Lakes Coastline. Empirical
             eigenfunction analysis was performed on the three year (1976-
             1978) data set of beach and nearshore topographic profiles
             measured monthly from May to November along the coast of
             IDNLS. This empirical eigenfunction analysis results in a
             series of eigenvalues and their corresponding temporal and
             spatial functions which describe the variance in the data.
             This analysis determined that the major variations contained
             within the monthly data set could be explained by the first

                                          5-42

             three eiqenvalues and their corresponding temporal and
             spatial functions. The first three eigenvalues represent
             approximately 97% of the total variance contained within the
             data. The majority of the variance contained within the data
             is represented by the first eigenvalue which represents the
             mean beach profile. The second most important eiqenvalue is
             spatiall.y reflected in the migration of the nearshore bars.
             The temporal signature of this eigenfunction corresponds to
             the passage of meteorologic systems. The third eigenvalue is
             spatially represented by small deviations from the mean along
             the entire profile line. This eigenvalue's temporal
             variation is reflected in the seasonal variation of lake
             level. The results of this analysis have been used to
             conceptualize a predictive model for beach and nearshore
             profile changes. The predictive model will combine spatial
             and temporal components to forecast changes in the beach and
             nearshore topographic profile. The spatial component will be
             represented by a mean beach profile, while the temporal
             components would be represented by wave climatology and lake
             level data.

         141? Nlilcox, Do--'-      Hiebert, Ronald D.; Wood, James D. Jr.,
             Editors. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference: Symposium
             on shoreline processes [Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
             1100 N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, Indiana 46304]. First
             Indiana Dunes Research Conference. Indiana Dunes: A Century
             of Scientific Inquiry; May 1'-3, 1986; Indiana University
             Northwest, Gary, Indiana. Scientific Publications office, 75
             Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303: U.S. Dept. of
             Interior, National Park Service; 1986?
             Note: The individual papers included in this symposium are
             entered under their authors in seperate bibliographies.
             The theme of the conference was: Indiana Dunes - A century of
             scientific Inquiry. It was attended by over 160 scientists,
             students, naturalists, and employees of the Indiana Dunes
             National Lakeshore. This edition of the proceedings is the
             result of the invited symposium on Shoreline Processes. The
             other symposia were on: Plant Succession, visitor Aspects of
             Resource Management, and Natural History of NW Indiana. The
             contributed paper sessions focused on: Geohydrology and
             Aquatic Resources, Cultural Resources, Animal Sciences, Air
             Quality Monitoring and Effects, Plant Autecology, and General
             Plant Ecology.

         150. Wood, W. L. Coastal Sedimentation and Stability in Southern
             Lake Michigan. Coastal and Environmental Geology of
             Southeastern Lake Michigan; 1976: pp. 1-37.
             Note: Geological Society of America.

                                           5-43

         151. Wood, W. L. Coastal Degradation at Indiana Dunes National
             Lakeshore in the Vicinity of Beverly Shores, Indiana: Great
             Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory; 1979; Position Paper No.
             10. pp. 7.

         152. Woodf W. L. Coastal Response to Lake-level Variation and
             Storm Wave Occurrence in Southern Lake Michigan. Proc.
             Indiana Dunes Res. Conf.; 1986: pp. 71-83.
             Seasonal changes in beach profile are caused by seasonal
             change in wave conditions incident at the shore. However,
             bottom variability immediately adjacent to the beach is
             complicated by the modulating effects of seasonal and long-
             term lake-level variation. In southern Lake Michigan the
             inner-bar position actively changes under the influence of
             storm waves, but appears to lack a well-defined seasonal
             pattern. Conversely, the outer-bar position is seasonally
             stable, yet exhibits a long-term movement pattern which is
             directly related to mean annual lake-level variation.

         153. Wood, W. L. "Hydrologic System of the Great Lakes", in
             Decisions for the Great Lakes; 1982.
             Note: Editors: Rer,@"i.n, Mark; DAni4-1-z.. rlenda.

         154. Wood, W. L. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Pre-Nourishment
             Conditions and Recommended Monitor Program: U. S. Army Corps
             of Engineers; 1986; Final Report. pp. 78.

         155. Wood, W. L. An Introduction to the Shoreline Problems of the
             Southern Lake Michigan Coast. Engineering Geology of the
             Greater Chicago Area and the South Shore of Lake Michigan;
             1979: pp. 47-64.
             Note: Association of Engineering Geologists.
             Prior to the current period of high lake level, narrow bands
             of foredunes commonly occurred between the dune-bluff system
             and the lake. These foredunes and wide beaches provided
             protection for the dune-bluff system and supplied sand to
             active dune fields. During the recent period of high lake
             levels on Lake Michigan, the entire shoreline has been
             subjected to excessive erosion. In areas where high dunes
             and bluffs exist, erosion has been accentuated by
             undercutting and slumping of the foreslopes. The presence of
             erosion control structures, industrial jetties, and
             navigational breakwaters creates additional environmental
             pressure on the coastal region. Erosion control structures
             range from man-made construction alternatives, designed to
              wall-off" the entire beach frontage from the lake, to the
             placement of natural sand nourishment on the beach with the
             intent of balancing ongoing rates of erosion. Industrial
             jetties are normally built across the coastal zone in order

                                           5-44

             to transport effluents offshore or to protect coastal
             industrial sites. Navigational breakwaters are necessary for
             the commercial and recreational boat traffic; however, the
             presence of navigational breakwaters causes one of the major
             erosion problems in the coastal zone. The region upon which
             this field trip focuses is composed of high dunes and bluffs
             and is classified, therefore, as a critical erosion area.
             One aspect of today's field trip (Michigan City, Indiana
             Dunes National Lake Shore and Mt. Baldy with geologic
             history) is to observe some of the previously mentioned
             coastal structures and to discuss their impact on coastal
             sedimentation and stability.

         156. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Effectiveness and Environmental
             Impact of Beach Nourishment at the Indiana Dunes National
             Lakeshore: Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory; 1978;
             Technical Paper No. 10. pp. 24.

         157. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C.;
             Hagerman, K. R.; Shunk, M. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
             Monitoring Program: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1978;
             Progress Report No. 8- pp. 72.

         158. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C.;
             Hagerman, K. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring
             Program: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1979; Progress Report
             No. 10. pp. 24.

         159. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C. Indiana
             Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps
             of Engineers; 1979; Progress Report No. 9. pp. 61.

         160. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L.; Hinze, L. M.
             Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S.
             Army Corps of Engineers; 1980; Interim Report No. 2. pp. 29.

         161. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L. Indiana Dunes
             National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps of
             Engineers; 1982; Final Report. pp. 47.

         162. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
             Monitoring Program: National Park Service; 1984; Final
             Report. pp. 42.

         163. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
             Shoreline Situation Report, Reach 3: National Park Service;
             1984; Interim Report. pp. 53.

                                           5-45

          164. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
              Shoreline Situation Report: National Park Service; 1986;
              Final Report. pp. 330.

          165. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E.; Weishar, L. L. Potential
              Influence of Marquette Park Small Boat Harbor on Nearshore
              Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport: Great Lakes Coastal
              Research Laboratory; 1979; Technical Paper No. 11. pp. 18.

          166. Wood, W. L.; Magnus, R. R.; Thacker, P. A.; Price, C.;
              Weishar, L. L. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring
              Program: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1977; Progress Report
              No. 5. pp. 58.

          167. Wood, W. L.; Magnus, K. R. Microtopography and Possible
              Stream Channels on the Shallow Bottom of Southern Lake
              Michigan. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology.
              Note: Submitted for publication.

          168. Wood, W. L.; Magnus, K. R.; Thacker, P. A.; Davis, S. E.;
              Meadows, G. A.; Price, C. Performance of Beach Nourishment at
              the Ind4-4-i        National Lakeshore: U.S. Army Corps olt
              Engineers; 1976; Interim Report. pp. 71.

          169. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A.; Davis, S. E.; Magnus, K. R.;
              Rouch, J. R. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Beach
              Nourishment and Revetment Structures at the Indiana Dunes
              National Lakeshore: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1975;
              Progress Report No. 2. pp. 44.

          170. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A.; Cox, J. C. The Feasibility of
              the Coastal Installations Proposed for West Park and Marina
              Development at Michigan city, Indiana: Department of
              Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
              University; 1973; Summary Report. pp. 5.

          171. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, K. R.; Davis, S. E.; Rouch, J. R.
              Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S.
              Army Corps of Engineers; 1975; Progress Report No. 3. pp. 55.

          172. Wood, W. L.; Price, C.; Weishar, L. L. Indiana Dunes
              National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers; 1977; Progress Report No. 6. pp. 65.

          173. Wood, W.  L.; Thacker, P. A.; Davis, S. E.; Magnus, K. R.;
              Rouch, J. R. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring
              Program: Army Corps of Engineers;' 1976; Progress Report No.
              4. pp. 55.

                                              5-46

         174. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Beach Response to Long Period
              Lake-level Variation. Proc. 19th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng.;
              1984; 19: pp. 1571-1583.
              A 4-year set of beach and offshore profiles, measured at
              monthly intervals, is evaluated to determine the effect of
              wind-wave forcing and long period (1 year or greater) lake-
              level variation on beach profile change in the "tideless"
              Great Lakes. This evaluation indicates two distinct regions
              of change in the beach and nearshore area of these profiles.
              The beach-berm region responds directly to lake-level
              modulation of wind-wave forcing. This response occurs on two
              time scales (seasonal and long period), but always in direct
              relation to mean lake-level variation. The inner-bar
              actively changes under the influence of wind-waves, but
              appears to lack a well-defined seasonal pattern. Empirical
              eigenfunction analysis is applied to these data in order to
              statistically quantify the significance of these observed
              changes. This analysis provides confirmation of a
              hypothesized long-period (years) variation of the beach and
              berm in direct response to the lake-level variation.

          175. Wood, W. L.; -.-@jshar, L. T.- T--A-f- of Long Period Water
              Level Fluctuations on Beach and Nearshore Changes in the
              Great Lakes. EOS; January 19, 1982; 63(3): 22b-9.
              Note: Abstract.
              A fifteen year data set of nearshore beach and bathymetric
              profiles obtained along the southeastern shore of Lake
              Michigan has been analyzed using the method of empirical
              eigenfunctions. This analysis identified two primary modes
              of spatial variation. one is a dominant long period mode,
              while the other is a short period mode. A similar analysis
              of 120 years of monthly mean lake level records indicated two
              major long period trends in the record. These two long
              period trends are shown to be the probable sources of
              physical forcing of the beach and nearshore profile change.
              This forcing is the result of long term modulation of local
              mean and wind-wave fields by the monthly mean lake level.

          176. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L.; Price, C.; Davis, S. E. Indiana
              Dunes National Lakeshore Monitoring Program: U.S. Army Corps
              of Engineers; 1978; Progress Report No. 7. pp. 58.

                                            5-47

          177. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Influence of Lake Level
              Variation and Storm Waves on Coastal Stability (invited
              paper). Proc. 3rd Workshop on Great Lakes Coastal Erosion and
              Sedimentation; 1982: pp. 63-66.
              Seasonal changes in beach profile caused by changes in
              incident wave conditions have long been recognized on most of
              the world's sandy coastlines. However, seasonal changes in
              the offshore region immediately adjacent to a beach are less
              well understood. Since wind-waves are a primary energy
              source in this offshore region as well as on beaches, it is
              presumed that related seasonal changes may be observed on
              both. During the past 4 years a set of precisely measured
              offshore and beach profiles has been collected at monthly
              intervals along the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. The
              four years of bathymetric profile data were initially
              evaluated in order to identify dominant areas of profile
              change. This evaluation indicated three distinct areas of
              profile change: the beach and berm, the inner-bar, and the
              outer-bar region. Each of these regions was found to vary
              independently of the other two. In order to evaluate impact
              of storm waves on beach and offshore response a series of
              profiles were collected on 2 to 1: lay intervals dtirina one
              month periods in spring and fall 1978 and 1979. During each
              survey period observations were made (at three hour
              intervals) on wind speed, wind direction, and wave height.

          178. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L.; Davis, S. E. Storm Impact on
              Systematic Changes in Beach and Nearshore Topography. Proc.
              2nd Conf. on Scientific Research in the National Parks; 1979:
              pp. 101-110.
              Changes in beach and nearshore topography have been
              monitored, for the past five years, along a section of
              coastline at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Empirical
              eigenfunction analysis of beach and nearshore data have shown
              that topographic changes are systematically related to
              seasonal wind wave and lake level variations. Anomalous
              variations in these periodic, systematic beach and nearshore
              topographic changes indicated that the eigenfunction analysis
              was sensitive to episodic events. A detailed analysis of
              topographic changes, at close time intervals, has shown that
              storm events are readily detected as significant variations
              in the temporal eigenfunction, weighted by its corresponding
              eigenvalue. Most significant in these results is the
              suggestion that storm impact on a coast can be predicted, in
              a statistical context, from climatological data.
              Specifically, these climatological data can be used to
              develop a probability distribution of episodic storm events
              and their intensity. Since this distribution is the episodic
              portion of the "forcing" on the second eigenfunction (wind

                                            5-48

             waves and currents), it can be used to predict changes in
             beach and nearshore topography. Herein lies the potential to
             develop models capable of predicting both periodic and
             episodic changes in topography for sandy coastlines of the
             Great Lakes.

         179. Wood, William L. Coastal Response to Lake-Level Variation
             and Storm Wave Occurrence in Southern Lake Michigan. First
             Indiana Dunes Research Conference
             Subtitle: Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific Inquiry
             Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Processes; May 1-3, 1986:
             pp. 23-33.
             Seasonal changes in beach profile are caused by seasonal
             change in wave conditions incident at the shore. However,
             bottom variability immediately adjacent to the beach is
             complicated by the modulating effects of seasonal and long-
             term lake-level variation. In southern Lake Michigan the
             inner-bar position actively changes under the influence of
             storm waves, but appears to lack a well defined seasonal
             pattern. Conversely, the outer-bar position is seasonally
             stable, yet exhibits a long-term movement pattern which is
             dirArt1v rplated to mean annual lake-level variation

         180. Wood, William L.; Davis, Stephen E. (Great Lakes Coastal
             Research Laboratory). Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
             Situation Report. Subtitle: Shoreline situation Report; 10-
             1-86.
             Note: Covers Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Property.
             Coastal parameters and characteristics, coastal processes.

         181. Wood, William L.; Davis, Stephen E. A Perspective on the
             Present and Future Conditions of the Indiana Dunes National
             Lakeshore Coastline. First Indiana Dunes Research Conference
             Indiana Dunes: A Century of Scientific Inquiry
             Proceedings: Symposium on Shoreline Processes; May 1-3, 1986:
             pp. 34-46.
             The recently completed Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
             Shoreline Situation Report provides detailed description and
             analysis of historic and present coastal conditions.
             ?etailed beach and offshore survey data from 1966 to present
             indicate that changes in relative coastal stability may be
             more dramatic in offshore areas than on the shore. This
             result is most dramatic at and downrift from coastal
             engineering structures. Coastal recession rates are highly
             variable over short horizontal lengths of coastline and do,
             therefore, require careful consideration with respect to
             long-term prediction. consideration of present coastal
             conditions raises some difficult questions with respect to
             long-term management of IDNLS shoreline.

                                          5-49

         182. Wood, William L.; Gutschick, Raymond C.; Gonsiewski, James
             (Western Michigan University, Dept. of Geology). Field Trip
             Guidebook: coastal and Environmental Geology - Subtitle:
             Southern Lake Michigan; 1-1-76; Kalamazoo.
             Note: Covers Southern Lake Michigan, Mt. Baldy Indiana.
             10th Annual Meeting- Geological Society of America.

         183. Wood, William L.; Hoover, Julie A.; Stockberger, Todd M.;
             Zhang, Yan (Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
             University). State of Indiana Coastal Situation Report
             Subtitle: Coastal Situation Report; 6-1-88.
             Note: Covers shoreline of Indiana.
             Comprehensive erosion, structure, processes review.

         184. Wood, William L.; Madalon, Leonard J.; Wood, Christine L.
             (SEACO Inc. West Lafayette, Indiana). NIPSCO Beach
             Nourishment Sediment Evaluation for Southern Lake Michigan
             Subtitle: Final Report; 6-1-90; Final Report.
             Note: Covers NIPSCO Bailly plant, NIPSCO Michigan City plant
               Not available for distribution.

                                          5-50

                                    RECREATION

         185. The Abonmarche Group (For the Lake Michigan Marina
             Development Commission). Estimate of the demand for
             recreational boat slips along the Lake Michigan Shoreline in
             northern Indiana.; Aug. 1990.
             Note: reprint.
             An analysis of recreational boating characteristics in the
             northern Indiana area. A survey of existing, planned and-
             proposed marinas along the shoreline including study of the
             number of slips by length and purchase or rental prices.
             Estimation of the potential demand for new recreational boat
             slips for the period of 1990 through 1995, as well as an
             estimate of overall demand for the year 2000. Preparation of
             findings and conclusions pertaining to changes in market
             conditions and trends.

         186. Absher, J.D.; Collins, J.R. Southern Lake Michigan
             Sportfishery: Angler Profiles and specialization Index for
             Illinois and Indiana; 1987: University of Illinois, Urbana-
             Champaign, IL; ISSN: IL-IN Sp- Grant.
             Sportfishing is a major pursuit of many people that frequent
             Lake Michigan. Besides the intangible benefits it affords
             anglers, it contributes to the economic growth of the Lake
             region. The goals of this project were to provide baseline
             data on the use of the SLM sportfishery and to further refine
             and test the concept of recreational specialization. Results
             from this study have begun to develop a profile of the
             Illinois and Indiana SLM (southern Lake Michigan) angler and
             to develop a SLM angler taxonomy useful to many of the Lake's
             sportsfishing providers. With need for more definitive
             information about the SLM angler, the first objective of this
             study was to provide seperate profiles for the Illinois and
             Indiana SLM angler. The profiles consisted of over 220 items
             covering 13 major areas of inquiry. Each state was treated
             seperately and completely. The results were not easily
             encapsulated. The reader is referred to the table of
             contents for specific angler characteristics of interest
             (sociodemographics, fishing and behavior habits, motivations
             and satisfactions, management preferences, health risks, and
             non-southern Lake Michigan anglers). This angler taxonomy
             (low specializaion anglers, medium specialization anglers,
             and high specialization anglers) has provided evidence not
             only that there is an inherent diversity of behaviors,
             preferences, and motives within the realm of sportsfishing,
             but that this diversity can be systematically explained in
             terms of an activity specialization scale based on five
             characteristics of motivation. The specialization scale can

                                           5-51,

             help in managing the SLM angler population.   To treat SLM
             anglers as a homogeneous unit could be misleading and could
             also fail to provide optimized benefits for obviously
             distinct segments of this angler population.

         187. Bartholomew, Wayne ; Joray, Paul ; Kochanowski, Paul. An
             Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Marinas and Launching
             Facilities in Michigan City on the Michigan City Economy.
             [Report for the Michigan City Port Authority.]. Michigan
             City, IN; April 1981.
             Note: 2 copies.
             The marinas and boat launching facilities are an integral
             part of the Michigan City economy. The purpose of this
             research project is to estimate the economic impact of these
             facilities and boating in general on the Michigan city
             economy. The total impact is measured by using the export
             base model to project flow of income throughout the Michigan
             City economy that results from the direct income gains.
             Three major conclusions can be drawn from our analysis of the
             impact of boating upon the Michigan City economy. First, the
             impact upon the economy is substantial, ranging from
             Anw-n-i-Ately $13.4 million annually to approx. `@17.4
             million. This latter figure includes the estimated special
             impacts. Secondly, the impact upon the economy is extremely
             widespread. It is fair to say that anyone who sells either a
             product or service in Michigan City and anyone who works for
             a company that sells a product or service in Michigan City
             benefits from boating. Third, the lakeshore is an important
             resource that holds considerable comparative advantage for
             Michigan city vis-a-vis other cities in Indiana. This
             resource can make a major contribution to the Michigan City
             economy and to its residents if it is carefully developed.
             The impact of boating upon the Mich. City economy is
             substantial. Our surveys estimate that private marinas and
             events (Coho Club and Shriners Salmon Derby) contribute a
             4irect economic impact of about $2.4 million, an indirect
             income impact of $2.1 million and a total impact of $4.5
             million. We estimate that the public marinas and launching
             facilities generate a direct impact of $2.5 million, an
             indirect impact of $2.3 million, and a total impact of $4.8
             million. Michigan City's In The Water Boat Show is estimated
             to have a $4.1 million impact. Finally, the families who own
             year round and summer homes for boating-related activities,
             and whose imcome is from outside of Michigan City, contribute
             an income impact of approximately $1.3 million. Thus the
             total impact is nearly $15 million annually. Many people in
             the community view the benefits from activities like boating
             as accruing only to those who use the facilities or sell
             goods and services directly to the users. However, virtually

                                          5-52

              everyone in Michigan city benefits in some manner from the
              @15 million in extra income brought into the community. It
              is true that the income goes initially to those who sell
              directly to boaters, but the income is soon spent on other
              items, thus increasing the incomes of other Michigan City
              residents, and also contributes to the local tax base.

         188. Chicago District Economics Branch (Department of the Army,
              Chicago District, Corps of Engineers). Lake Michigan Regional
              Boating Study and Analysis. DRAFT. Chicago, IL: ACE; May
              1973.
              Note: CZM.
              This study is a comprehensive economic analysis of the need
              for small boat harbors on Lake Michigan. It includes
              descriptive, analytical, and quantitative material relevant
              to small boat harbor studies. The first objective was to
              describe and analyze the present patterns of boating on Lake
              Michigan via the information provided by a sample survey of
              boaters in the region. The second objective was to estimate
              the change in demand for Lake Michigan boating facilities.

         189. City -c Hammond; 141'      71T-,ociates, Hammond Marina Access
              Study. Final Report.; August, 1980; Project Indiana CZ084-
              80-04.
              Note: NRPC.
              The Lake County Park and Recreation Board has proposed the
              development of a 200-600 boat marina to be located on the
              Lake Michigan shore of the City of Hammond. A major concern
              ?f the City of Hammond is providing access to the site which
              is safe and convenient for marina users and which produces a
              minimum of disruption in existing traffic patterns and
              commercial, industrial and residential uses in the area.

         190. Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging Task Force.
              Great Lakes Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging:
              Issues and Recommendations; 1988.
              Note: Mich. City.
              Final Report to the Great Lakes Commission.

         191. Conroy, Kathleen/Lake County parks and Recreation Department
              (For the Lake County Indiana Parks and Recreation Board).
              Park & Open Space Plan 1988. Lake County, IN.: Lake County
              Parks and Recreation Department; July 1988.
              Note: reprint.
              A complete and useful guide for the long range development of
              a county park system. This plan will set forth goals,
              policies, and standards to meet county open space and
              recreation needs to the year 2010. This plan will also

                                              5-53

              provide the Park Board with a blueprint for acquisition and
              development of recommended county park sites.

         192. Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman & Company (For City of Gary,
              Indiana). Market Analysis For A Proposed Marina In Gary,
              Indiana.: Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman & Company; Oct.
              1991.
              Note: reprint.
              The sitef located at the eastern lakeside portion of the USX
              property near the public boat launch, is suitable for marina
              development if planned improvements and management actions
              address several physical limitations and environmental
              conditions which need to be ameliorated.

          193. D'Appolonia consulting Engineers, inc. (For Lake County
              Parks and Recreation Board, Crown Point, IN). Draft
              Environmental Impact Assessment, Gary Marina Site.; 1976;
              Project No. MW76-726.
              Note: NRPC.
              The proposed Marquette Park Small Harbor, referred to here as
              Gary Marina is located at the lakefront on the southern shore
              of Lake Michigan in Gary @ity, Lake Countv. TN. The
              objective of the proposed Gary Marina is to provide the
              citizens of the region, particularly of Lake County, with an
              access to Lake Michigan, a natural resource that has limited
              accessibility for public use in Lake County. Should the
              marina project be implemented it will offer opportunity for a
              harbor of refuge, boating, fishing, swimming, water skiing,
              picknicking, nature walks, and other outdoor recreation
              activities.

          194. D'Appolonia Consulting Engineering, Inc. (For Lake County
              Parks and Recreation Board, Crown Point, IN). Draft
              Environmental Impact Assessment. Hammond Marina Site.; 1976;
              Project No. MW76-726.
              Note-, NRPC,
              The proposed Hammond Marina site is located in Hammond, Lake
              County, Indiana, on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. The
              objective of the proposed projects are directly concerned
              with the quality of life, community services and maximum
              development of potential recreational sources in support of
              individual needs as well as to fulfill specific public
              demands. There will be provisions for boating, fishing,
              biking, swimming, water skiing, nature walks, picknicking,
              etc.

                                           5-54

         195. Dawson, C.P., Lichtkoppler, F.R. and Pistis, C. The Charter
             Boat Fishing Industry in the Great Lakes; 1988: Presented at
             the 50th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Columbus, OH.
             Note: 3 copies.
             An overview of the charter boat fishing industry was compiled
             from studies in the Great Lakes States of Wisconsin,
             Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, and New York:
             The revitalization of the warm and coldwater fishery resource
             in the Great Lakes was spurred by the stocking of five
             salmonoid fish species in the 1960's and 1970's and
             management efforts that enhanced wild fish stocks. Since
             1975, the Great Lakes charter boat industry grew from several
             hundred boats-for-hire to over 3,000 boats by 1988. The
             average charter vessel was a single engine, gas powered
             craft, 251-301 in length and capable of carrying six
             passengers for hire to fish with hook and line. The average
             estimated capital investment for the boat, fishing equipment,
             and trailer/truck was $34,0000 to $47,000 in 1985-87.
             Captains took an average of 42 to 70 charter trips from April
             to Oct. during the 1985-87 seasons. The three most important
             attributes customers sought in a charter boat captain were
             ho.cnitality skills, ability to locate fish, Rnd boating
             safety. Many other factors were of less importance (e.g.,
             catch trophy fish, charter price). Charter boat selection
             was influenced by reasons for chartering: challenge and
             excitement, relaxation, to enjoy nature and the lakes, and
             chance to get away. Total trip expenditures by charter boat
             fishing customers totaled $5.3 million in Minnesota (1988)
             and went as high as $59.5 million in Michigan (1985) with
             approximately 40 percent being spent within 10 miles of the
             charter boat dock. operating expenses generally equal
             revenues generated for businesses running the average number
             of charters per year. only charter businesses with 61 or
             more trips generat*ed sufficient revenues to equal operating
             and capital expenses; approximately 20% of the businesses in
             Ohio and New York run more than 61 charters per season.
             Charter boat operations took in revenues ranging from $1.1
             million in Minnesota (1988) and $44 million in New York
             (1986) to $6.4 million in Ohio (1985) and $13.8 million in
             @ichigan (1985). while continued slow growth of the industry
             is anticipated, many challenges and issues face the industry:
             (1) marketing improvements; (2) demographic changes in the
             population base; (3) changing preferences and expectations of
             charter fishing clients; (4) quality and quantity of
             warmwater and coldwater fishery resource; (5) toxic
             contaminants in fish; (6) changes in coldwater fish stocking
             programs; and (7) changes in U.S. Coast Guard and state
             charter boat licensing programs.

                                           5-55

         196. Department of Parks & Recreation - city of whiting, Indiana,
             and the State of Indiana/State Planning Agency -
             Indianapolis, Indiana (Department of Parks & Recreation/State
             of Indiana/State Planning Agency). Whiting Park Shoreline and
             Park Development Study.; July 1980.
             Note: reprint.
             This report summarizes the investigations and findings
             related to the technical and economic development of the
             required park facilities. Plans to develop an expanded beach
             area for Whiting Park are presented and conceptual
             alternative planrt for the overall development of the park
             waterfront and park access are prepared. Critical project
             elements are addressed and-cost estimates for the development
             alternatives have been prepared. The alternatives have been
             evaluated from technical, economic, functional, and aesthetic
             criteria. The end product of the study is the recommendation
             of the most favorable park development alternative.

         197. Donohue Engineers and Architects. Introducing the Robert A.
             Pastrick Marina. East Chicago, Indiana. Sheboygan, Wisconsin:
             Donohue; 1987.
             Nr'-e: CZM.
             When the steel industry faltered in the early 1980s,
             thousands of steelworkers were laid off in East Chicago,
             Indiana. Facing high unemployment, failing businesses, and
             fewer alternative occupational opportunities, the community
             looked toward its lakefront - an unused, untapped natural
             resource. East Chicago resolved to have an operating marina
             for the 1987 boating season and hired Donohue in 1985 to turn
             that idea into reality. The Robert A. Pastrick Marina
             officially opened July 31, 1987. This report contains
             pictures and plans of this marina.

         198. The East Chicago Park & Recreation Board (For the United
             States Department of the Interior Urban Park and Recreation
             Recovery.). Local Recovery Action Program. South Holland,
             Illinois: Paul H. Handing & Associates; 1992.
             Note: reprint.
             The East Chicago Park and Recreation Board of East Chicago,
             Indiana has a vision to make their city the best possible for
             all of their citizens. The first step has been taken by
             developing a 5-year Comprehensive Park and Recreation Plan
             which has been submitted to the state of Indiana. Last year
             a R.A.P. Plan was submitted for Nunez Park & Pool.
             Construction will be underway this year. This report, which
             deals with a new recovery action program for the City of East
             Chicago, Indiana, is an important continuing step in the
             process.

                                          5-56

         199. Environmental Assessment (For the City of Portage Port
             Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
             the Burns Waterway System. Chicago, Illinois: Howard Tammen
             Needles & Bergendoff; 1991.
             Note: reprint.
             The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
             of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
             socio-economic and physical environment. Special attention
             was focused on wetland, water quality and impacts on the
             waterway system.

         200. Gary, Indiana Parks & Recreation. Parks & Recreation
             Comprehensive Plan Update, Gary, Indiana, 1990-1995. Gary,
             Indiana: Parks and Recreation; 1990-1995.
             Note: reprint.
             This revised 1990 Park Plan has been compiled to include
             current statistics and information concerning park and
             recreation facilities in order to effectively and efficiently
             address the problems of the expansion of and the
             rehabilitation of the Gary Department of Parks and
             Recreation.

         201. Globetrotters Engineering Corp.; Warzyn Engineering, Inc.
             Schematic Design and Cost Estimates. Gary/Marquette Park
             Marina, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.; 1982.
             Note: NIRPC.
             An early report including alternative sites for the marina.

         202. Hill, C. L., B. J. Ryan, B. A. McGregor, and M. Rust (For
             the U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,
             National Park Service). Our Changing Landscape - Indiana
             Dunes National Lakeshore. Denver, CO.: U.S. Government
             Printing Office; 1991; U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1085.
             Note: reprint. Free on application to the Books and Open-
             File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center,
             Box 25425, Denver, CO. 80225.
             Earth-science information provides us with estimates of
             extent and rates of change. We need this information to
             transform the challenges presented here into opportunities
             for locating new or additional land, water, and mineral
             resources; for emphasizing prevention of contamination rather
             than cleanup; and for increasing our ability to live in
             harmony with nature.

                                          5-57

         203. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
             Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
             Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
             A review was conducted to asses's the existing research
             programs of various agencies and universities working on Lake
             Michigan.

         204. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
             Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
             Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
             Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
             This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
             mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
             Michigan.

         205. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
             Bibliography-Volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
             of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
             Survey; 1989b.
             A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
             Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
             @leology, physical limnology, meteorology hydrology,
             management, socio-economics, and recreation.

         206. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
             Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, Illinois:
             Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
             Geological Survey; 1989a.
             A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
             Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
             geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
             management, socio-economics, and recreation.

         207. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Indiana (For the U.S.
             Department of the Interior / National Park Service). General
             Management Plan / Indiana Dunes Natinal Lakeshore / Indiana.;
             1980.
             Noteg reprint.
             The trend of growing awareness of the importance of creating
             national parks near urban areas.

                                           5-58

         208. Indiana Department of Na tural Resources (For Indiana State
             Planning Services Agency). Public Access to the Indiana
             Shoreline of Lake Michigan and Tributaries -Subtitle:
             Recreation; 4-30-79; Technical Report No. 305.
             The purpose of the Public Access Study is to assess the
             Indiana shorefront of Lake Michigan for public recreational
             access, and to provide the necessary information for the
             development of state policy as determined by the Executive
             Council of the State Planning Services Agency. Principal to
             the study is the demand, supply and shortage analysis for
             each major recreation opportunity in the shoreline area.

         209. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of outdoor
             Recreation. Indiana Outdoor Recreation: An Assessment and
             Policy Plan for 1989-Draft [unpublished report].
             Indianapolis, IN.; 1988.

         210. Indiana DNR Outdoor Recreation, Fish and wildlife (DNR).
             Guidelines for Indiana Waters: A Fishing and Boating Access
             Program; 6-1-89.
             Notebook of requirements.

         211. Johnson Johnson & Roy (For the City of Portage/Portage Port
             Authority). Burns Waterway: Boat Capacity Study. Ann Arbor,
             Michigan: Johnson Johnson & Roy/inc.; Oct. 1990.
             Noteo. reprint.
             A boat capacity study for the Burns Waterway and related
             portins of the East and West Branches of the Little Calumet
             River in Portage, Indiana. Channel geometry, volume of boats
             in use, boat speeds and sizes, and boat slip and launch
             pattern provided a means of assessing the reliability of the
             analytical results.

         212. Johnson, Johnson & Roy, Inc. (Ann Arbor, MI). East Chicago
             lakefront study East Chicago., Indiana. Conceptual Design
             Plan.; April 1978. NRPC.
             Note; Summary record of critical concepts from project
             meetings held in East Chicago, Nov. 3, 1977, and Jan. 5,
             March 16, and May 4, 1978.
             The purpose of this report is to identify development
             opportunities which optimize citizen use and appreciation of
             East Chicago Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline. Recent
             recreation use patterns at Jeorse Park suggest that the
             existing facility does not encourage local residents to take
             full advantage of this limited and unique natural resource.
             Johnson, Johnson & Roy of Ann Arbor, MI., were retained by
             the city in January, 1978, to prepare a Conceptual Design
             Study and Plan. This plan not only recommends broad
             recreation opportunities, but also identifies methods for

                                          5-59

            maximizing existing and desired uses. Economic evaluation
            and funding recommendations also included in the study assist
            in project implementation. This report graphically records
            and explains the proposed concept design plan and how it can
            be implemented.

        213. Johnson, Johnson & Roy, Inc (Ann Arbor, MI.). Gary Indiana.
            Marina and Waterfront Development.; 1987.
            Note: NRPC.
            The objective of this memorandum is to develop a technical
            data base for use in the planning and design of the proposed
            Gary, IN, waterfront and marina' development. Conclusions
            have been drawn from numerous prior studies to formulate a
            strategy that will allow for the creation of a desirable and
            achievable waterfront development. Upon the foundation of
            this data-gathering and analysis effort, the design team can
            begin to chart a course toward creating appropriate design
            guidelines, a preferred development program, and an
            implementation strategy to guide the city of Gary in
            achieving its aspiration of creating a first class waterfront
            development.

        214. Johnson, Johnson & Roy Inc. Jeorse Park. Road Access Study,
            East Chicago, Indiana; July 1980.
            Note: CZM.
            Jeorse Park is East Chicago's only lakefront public open
            space. Its unique character demands that every effort be
            taken to realize the full recreational potential of this
            facility. Currently underutilized, the "East Chicago
            Lakefront Study" identified how Jeorse Park should be
            improved. Marina and boating facilities, passive play areas,
            walkways and beach, fishing areas, and new parking lots and
            service roads are proposed. Although Jeorse Park can readily
            accomodate these activities and potentially attract greater
            numbers of users, the Park is difficult to reach. The Park
            user must either negotiate the intense traffic activity
            during these periods, or plan to use the facilities during
            slack hours. It is the purpose of this study to identify
            what alignments might be feasible from a conceptual design
            standpoint to rectify this accessibility problem.

                                          5-60

          215. Koch, Robert A., Fisheries Biologist (Fisheries Section;
              Division of Fish and Wildlife). Commercial Catch Monitoring
              in the Indiana Waters of Lake Michigan. July, 1978 - May,
              1979. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Department of Natural
              Resources; 1979.
              Note: CZM.
              The major objectives of this project were to: 1) Determine
              the total catch (number and weight) by species of the two
              full time commercial fishermen operating in Indiana waters;
              2) Determine the incidental catch of salmonids; 3) Determine
              population characteristics of yellow perch in the commercial
              catch and; 4) Determine the reliability of the commercial
              catch reporting system. Results and recommendations of this
              study are included.

          216. Koch, Robert A. (Fisheries Section; Indiana Department of
              Natural Resources). A Creel Survey of the Indiana Waters of
              Lake Michigan. June 1978 - May 1979. Indianapolis, IN:
              Division of Fish and Wildlife; 1979.
              Note: CZM.
              The major objectives of this project were to: 1) Determine
              fish harvest by all sport fisheries -long the InHiA--
              shoreline over a one year period. 2) Determine the
              feasibility of developing an alternative method for data
              expansion. Tables display the,results of this survey, and it
              is recommended that efforts be continued to computerize the
              Lake Michigan creel survey.

          217. Lehman & Lehman, Inc. (For Hammond Park and Recreation
              Board). Hammond 191/195 Park and Recreation Master Plan
              Update. Marion, Indiana: Lehman & Lehman, Inc.; 1990.
              Note: reprint.
              Statements of policies and objectives to help define the role
              and function of the Hammond Park and Recreation Department to
              enable it to meet the challenge of providing sufficient open
              space and facilities for the leisure time needs and interests
              of all residents as well as to enhance the physical and
              social characterisitics of the Hammond community.

          218. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
              Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
              Subtitleg Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1987); 6-
              1-87; Annual Report 1987.

          219. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
              Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
              Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1988); 6-
              1-88; Annual Report 1988.

                                           5-61

          220. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
              Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
              Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1989); 6-
              1-89; Annual Report 1989.

          221. LMMDC meeting (News). Lakefront Development - Subtitle:
              Reprint Post-Tribune, March 1988; 3-1-88.
              Mote: Covers articles on marina development.

          222. Musser, D.; Smidley, S. (Illinois-Indiana sea Grant Program,
              Urbana-Champaign). State and Federal Regulations Related to
              Boating on Lake Michigan. Urbana-Champaign, IL: I-ISGP; Oct.
              1985. (Rep. Il.-In. Sea Grant Program).
              Mote., 39 pp.
              The topics covered in this report include registration and
              titling of vessels, equipment requirements, operation
              requirements and basic rules of the road. Regulations
              governing charter boat or commercial boat operations are not
              included.

          223. Peterson, T.E. (Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.).
              Litera+--.- P-Piew of surveys methodologies inventorieT -@nd
              analyses pertaining to recreation boating beaches commercial
              fishing and charter boat operation in the Great Lakes.
              bibliography in: Citations from the NTIS Bibliographic
              Database -Recreational Boating (Jan 79 - Sep 88): U.S. Dept.
              of Commerce, National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
              Note: p. 83.
              The Great Lakes Basin provides a good quality of life through
              its beautiful scenery, fishing, swimming, power boating, and
              sailing, as well as through the agricultural, mining,
              manufacturing, power, and transportation industries. This
              bibliography presents a review of the literature that was
              developed as a part of a study conducted by Midwest Research
              Institute (MRI) for the Buffalo District U.S. Army Corps of
              Engineers. The overall objective of the study was to
              determine the effects proposed water level regulation plans
              would have on certain Great Lakes beaches, boating
              facilities, commercial fishing and charter boat operations.
              In addition to utilizing two national computerized literature
              services, a number of state, university and local sources
              were examined. For the purpose of clarification, the various
              studies, findings, and methodology examined during our search
              are categorized as follows: (1) Marinas and Boating; (2)
              Beaches and Swimming; (3) Commercial Fishing and Charter
              Boating; (4) Demand Analysis; (5) Cost-Benefit Analysis; and
              (6) Miscellaneous Studies.

                                           5-62

         224. Piechota, A. M.; O'Leary, J. T.; Fischer, B. C. Recreational
             Boating in Indiana. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University,
             Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station; 1989; Station
             Bulletin #574.
             Recreational boating is the nation's fourth largest leisure
             industry and represents a major recreational activity in
             Indiana. In 1987, there were over 200,000 motorized boats
             registered with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
             This was a significant increase over the number of boats
             registered in 1986. There were also thousands of
             unregistered boats such as sailboats, canoes, and rowboats.
             With over 30% of the population participating in boating
             activities (Indiana Department of Natural Resources, 1987),
             Indiana's 1986 boating-related purchases totaled $153
             million. Indiana has over 400 boating-related businesses,
             with approximately 29,000 Hoosiers employed in positions
             either directly or indirectly related to boating.
             Furthermore, the national growth trend of 10 million new
             participants annually is reflected by the 30-1200 percent
             five year sales increase reported by Indiana Business. This
             results from an increase in the number of boats sold and a
             trend toward, larger, morp Pynensive boats.

         225. Poulin, K. A.; Haynes, J. M. Construction Techniques,
             Environmental Impacts and Laws/Regulations for Recreation
             Development on the Great Lakes: An Annotated Bibliography and
             Discussion of Critical Needs in New York; 1986.
             Note: 2 copies.
             The objectives of this project were to: 1) develop an
             annotated bibliography that reviews coastal recreation
             development practices and relevant environmental impacts,
             mitigations, laws and regulations, especially for the Great
             Lakes, 2) evaluate the results of Objective 1 to determine a)
             whether major gaps in technical/environmental knowledge exist
             and b) whether sufficient information currently exists to
             rationally plan coastal development (short-term vs. long-term
             vs. cumulatively) on the Great Lakes generally, and Lake
             Ontario specifically. Perceived long-term/cumulative
             environmental damage could ultimately ruin many recreation
             opportunities as well as permanently damage coastal
             resources. It is important that engineers, builders,
             developers, resource managers, administrators, politicians
             and citizens be able to consider all of the alternative means
             of achieving desirable social goals in the coastal zone.
             With existing knowledge, improved evaluation tools, better
             planning and regulatory organization, proper decisions can be
             made to modify or avoid those projects for which the social/
             environmental cost is too high. The key remaining questions
             are whether or not our society and its subunits will 1) agree

                                          5-63

             upon and implement long-term, environmentally sound goals for
             the coastal zone and 2) spend initially greater time, effort
             and money to evaluate and mitigate long-term and cumulative
             impacts, so as to optimize sustainable coastal resource
             benefits.

         226. Ralph Burke Associates (For: Lake County Parks and
             Recreation Board, Crown Point, Indiana). Lakeshore Park &
             Marina Master Plan Development, Lake County, Indiana. Park
             Ridge, IL 60068: Ralph Burke Associates; March 1976; Project
             No. 7528.
             Note: CZM.
             Ralph H. Burke Associates has been authorized by the Lake
             County Park and Recreation Board to prepare the initial phase
             of a Lake County Lakeshore Park and Marina Master Plan
             Development. This report will constitute the Phase I portion
             of a five phase unilateral contract to include a Master Plan
             development for a park and marina, environmental assessment,
             financial feasibility analysis, design and construction
             services and project representation.

         227. Ralph Burke Associates (For: 1,--,Ie County Parks and
             Recreation Board, Crown Point, IN). Park and Marina Master
             Plan Study, Lake County, Indiana. Preliminary Draft Report.
             Park Ridge, Illinois 60068: Ralph Burke Associates; 1982;
             Project No. 81040.
             Note*. CZM.
             Based upon the inabililty to acquire the NIPSCO property as a
             marina site, the Lake County Parks and Recreation Board has
             authorized Ralph Burke Associates to prepare this site
             selection and master plan study for a park and marina to be
             located between the existing NIPSCO property on the west and
             Whiting City Park on the east. The boating demand for the
             1976 report "Lakeshore Park and Marina Master Plan
             Development" is also to be updated based upon changes in
             boating ownership that have occurred since the original
             marina master plan study was published.

         228. Samdahl, D. M. 1987 Survey of Charterboat Operators on
             Southern Lake Michigan; 1988; (IL-IN-SG-R-88-1): University
             of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL; ISSN: Illinois-Indiana Sea
             Grant.
             A questionnaire was developed that incorporated aspects of
             the other Great Lakes charterboat surveys as well as issues
             unique to charterboat operators on southern Lake Michigan.
             The results of the survey are reported and discussed. The 142
             respondants to this mailed survey represent about half of the
             charterboat operators in Illinois and Indiana. In general,
             these captains are primarily middle-aged married men with a

                                          5-64

              fairly high level of education. Most charter businesses were
              organized as a sole proprietorship; half hired crew members
              in addition to the owner/operator. Charter businesses were
              generally in operation on a part-time basis even during the
              busiest time of the year (May, June, and July), and captains
              mostly received only a small share of their income from
              chartering, averaging $8,000 per year. Only one boat was
             .used in most businesses; that boat was devoted primarily to
              chartering and not often used for other purposes and was an
              average 10 years old, 29 feet long, and could carry six
              passengers. Average fees charged were $220 for a half-day
              trip and $320 for a full-day. Multiplying average revenue
              from fees by the total number of charterboat operators in
              Illinois and Indiana, we can estimate the total regional
              revenue generated from fees to be $2.5 million dollars.
              Charter operations typically reflect an owner/operator with
              one boat who makes a few trips a week for five or six months.
              Although this work contributes only a small amount to the
              annual income of most operators, the total regional impact is
              enormous.

          229. FekPtm- npnrge; Schoonveldt, Michael, Investigatori, Lake
              Michigan Breakwater & Pier Report: House Bill 1069: Division
              of Fish and Wildlife.
              Note: copy obtained from George Seketa.
              This report studies the feasibility of constructing fishing
              piers or modifying existing breakwater facilities to
              accomodate shore line fisherman. Good dependable shoreline
              fishing opportunities for salmon, trout, and perch fishing
              along the Lake Michigan Shoreline is fairly restrictive
              throughout the total Indiana Lake Michigan Shoreline. The
              greatest potential for development of permanent shoreline
              fishing opportunities exists at the Port of Indiana, Midwest
              Steel, and Jeorse Park and Buffington Pier areas. Usage,
              construction costs, and federal funds are some of the topics
              discussed in this report.

          230. Somersan, A. Impacts of Recreation in the Coastal Zones:
              Economic Impact and Needs of Wisconsin's Great Lakes Boaters-
              1975. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Univ.-Madison; 1976; NTIS number
              PB-263-933. 52 p.
              The major objective of the study is to identify the
              dependency between Great Lakes boaters and the economy of the
              coastal communities. The report also identifies the
              socioeconomic profile of the Great Lakes ramp users and
              marina users, and summarizes the preference and needs of
              boaters for facilities and service.

                                           5-65

         231. Strang W. A.; Ditton, R. B. The Lake Michigan Charter
              Fishing Industry: A Product of Love and Taxes. J. Great Lakes
              Res; July 1976; 2(l): 89-98.
              Little is known about the Lake Michigan charter fishing
              industry. This study was conducted to describe Lake Michigan
              charter fishing boat operators and their customers and to
              evaluate the industry's financial status and local economic
              impact. Field work in 1973 revealed 98  charter operators
              working on Lake Michigan from Wisconsin ports. From a
              geographically proportionate sample, 44 extensive interviews
              were completed. The industry generated  $670,000 in sales in
              1973. Low average sales and profits do  not provide financial
              incentives to entrepreneurs. Financial  opportunity, however,
              appears to have played a minor role in the decision to enter
              the business. Major motivations appear to be tax advantages
              and life style rewards. A profile of charter customers was
              developed through a mail survey of a sample of 483 charter
              customers. Catch data were collected from operators
              @urveyed. Catch varied with  the proportion of operator
              income obtained from charter fishing. Port communities were
              affected economically by the industry. Applying a community
              multiplir%-- of 2.16 to the 0,1 6 million of direct expenditures
              yields an economic impact of $3,456,000 on Wisconsin's Lake
              Michigan community in 1973.  The industry is also important
              in that it provided fishermen with access to the Great Lakes
              lake trout and salmon fisheries. Without that access, these
              fisheries would be largely reserved for the wealthy.

         232. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plani East Chicago
              Subtitle: East Chicago; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers East Chicago.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

         233. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plan, Portage
              Subtitle: Portage; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers Portage.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

         234. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plan, Hammond, Indiana
              Subtitle: Hammond; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers Hammond.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

                                           5-66

         235. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plan, Michigan City
              Subtitle: Michigan City; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers Michigan City.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

         236. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plan, Gary
              Subtitle: Gary; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers Gary.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

         237. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plan,
              Subtitle: Plan; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, Portage, Michigan
              City.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

         238. TenEch Engineering, Inc,; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plan
              Subtitle: Executive summary, Financial Feasibility and
              Economic Impact Study; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers 5 Indiana shoreline cities.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

         239. Theobold, W. F. Tourism Development Plan, Lake County,
              Indiana.
              tourism/ recreation/ Lake County/ Indiana.

         240. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Chicago District. Burns
              Waterway Small Boat Harbor Monitoring Program Portage County,
              Indiana. 3rd Annual Report; March 1991.
              Note: Mich. City.
              The conclusions drawn in this report will be used to evaluate
              the shoreline conditions and how they pertain to the
              construction of the Burns Small Boat Harbor, how successful
              the mitigative efforts have been, if additional mitigation or
              modifications to the existing monitoring procedure are
              needed, and to identify monitoring needs for the following
              year.

                                           5-67

         241. U.S. Department of Interior; City of Gary, Indiana. Gary
             marina. Draft environmental impact statement; 1989.
             Note: NIRPC.
             Compliance instrument for executive order 11990. The
             protection of wetlands is discussed. 1,000+ slip marina is
             proposed to be located between USX breakwater and Marquette
             Park.

         242. Warzyn Engineering, Inc. Gary Waterfront Marina Village.
             Preliminary feasibility study; 1985.
             Note: NIRPC.
             There is an unfilled demand for 4,000 boat slips in northern
             Indiana. The U.S. Steel property is not as environmentally
             sensitive as other potential sites.

         243. Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc., Architects, Planners,
             Construction Managers (For: City of Gary, Indiana). Marquette
             Park Small Boat Harbor Feasibility Study. Chicago, Illinois:
             Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc.; April 15, 1976.
             Note: CZM.
             Marquette Park has historically been the primary recreation
             pn^'- fn- the citizens of Gary and the people w)-7, reside in
             t@e Greater Gary Area. The lake is a tremendous attraction
             for boating, water skiing and fishing. This attraction
             creates a consumer demand that can be converted into an
             economic and recreation asset to the city through the
             development of a small boat harbor at Marquette Park. This
             study was commissioned to determine the physical development
             of the harbor and how that physical development should be
             programmed in order that the harbor would be economically
             feasible. The location of the boat harbor and the demand for
             boating and fishing facilities are reviewed. The design
             concept for the initial harbor facilities and the final
             development have been prepared with prime consideration given
             to the hydrographic conditions, construction cost and
             generated revenues.

         244. Williams-Kuebelbeck & Associates, Inc.(Real estate economic,
             financial and management consultants, Irvine, CA.); Epstein
             Civil Engineering, Inc.(Chicago, IL.). Indiana Marina Market
             and Economic Study; October 31, 1985.
             Note: NRPC.
             Based upon the findings presented in this study, the
             following important conclusions have been drawn which
             summarize the potential for marina development along the
             Indiana shoreline of Lake Michigan. 1) There is a large,
             untapped demand for boat slips in the South Lake Michigan
             market area. While the bulk of this unfulfilled demand is
             generated by the Illinois submarket, Indiana also stands in a

                                          5-68

             good position to develop additional marina facilities along
             its Lake Michigan shoreline. 2) Indiana is faced with the
             opportunity to increase the demand for marina facilities by
             seeking to include other recreation facilities and
             attractions at marina sites (with the highest potential west
             of the Dunes to attract visitors from the Chicago area). 3)
             creation of a revolving loan fund to assist in financing and
             construction, and lowering the tax burden placed on boat
             owners in Indiana is advised. 4)Available choices to Indiana
             are to include narrow development focusing on boat storage
             and related facilities, or a broader approach that emphasizes
             more extensive waterfront development. The latter approach
             seems more promising. 5) Major constraints on development
             include: lack of suitable sites; insufficient land area at
             available sites, and a lack of funding sources. 6) Overall,
             there's a bright future ahead for marina development in
             Indiana.

                                          5-69

                                   SOCIOECONOMIC

         245. The Abonmarche Group  (For the Lake Michigan Marina
             Development Commission). Estimate of the Demand for
             Recreation Boat Slips Along The Lake Michigan Shoreline In
             Northern Indiana. Benton Harbor, MI., Grand Rapids, MI.: The
             Abonmarche Group; Aug. 1990.
             Note: reprint.
             Recreation boating characteristics/Survey of existing
             marinas/Potential demand for new recreational boat slips/
             Findings and conclusions pertaining to changes in market
             conditions and trends.

         246. Absher, J.D.; Collins, J.R. Southern Lake Michigan
             Sportfishery: Angler Profiles and specialization Index for
             Illinois and Indiana; 1987: University of Illinois, Urbana-
             Champaign, IL; ISSN: IL-IN Sea Grant.
             Sportfishing is a major pursuit of many people that frequent
             Lake Michigan. Besides the intangible benefits it affords
             anglers, it contributes to the economic growth of the Lake
             region. The goals of t1-4i project were to urovide baseline
             data on the use of the SLM sportfishery and to further refine
             and test the concept of recreational specialization. Results
             from this study have begun to develop a profile of the
             Illinois and Indiana SLM (southern Lake Michigan) angler and
             to develop a SLM angler taxonomy useful to many of the Lake's
             sportsfishing providers. With heed for more definitive
             information about the SLM angler, the first objective of this
             study was to provide seperate profiles for the Illinois and
             Indiana SLM angler. The profiles consisted of over 220 items
             covering 13 major areas of inquiry. Each state was treated
             seperately and completely. The results were not easily
             encapsulated. The reader is referred to the table of
             contents for specific angler characteristics of interest
             (sociodemographics, fishing and behavior habits, motivations
             and satisfactions, management preferences, health risks, and
             non-southern Lake Michigan anglers). This angler taxonomy
             (low specializaion anglers, medium specialization anglers,
             and high specialization anglers) has provided evidence not
             only that there is an inherent diversity of behaviors,
             preferences, and motives within the realm of sportsfishing,
             but that this diversity can be systematically explained in
             terms of an activity specialization scale based on five
             characteristics of motivation. The specialization scale can
             help in managing the SLM angler population.    To treat SLM
             anglers as a homogeneous unit could be misleading and could
             also fail to provide optimized benefits for obviously
             distinct segments of this angler population.

                                          5-70

         247. Bartholomew, Wayne ; Joray, Paul ; Kochanowski, Paul. An
             Analysis of the Economic Impact of the Marinas and Launching
             Facilities in Michigan City on the Michigan City Economy.
             (Report for the Michigan City Port Authority.]. Michigan
             City, IN; April 1981.
             Note: 2 copies.
             The marinas and boat launching facilities are an integral
             part of the Michigan City economy. The purpose of this
             research project is to estimate the economic impact of these
             facilities and boating in general on the Michigan City
             economy. The total impact is measured by using the export
             base model to project flow of income throughout the Michigan
             City economy that results from the direct income gains.
             Three major conclusions can be drawn from our analysis of the
             impact of boating upon the Michigan City economy. First, the
             impact upon the economy is substantial, ranging from
             approximately $13.4 million annually to approx. $17.4
             million. This latter figure includes the estimated special
             impacts. Secondly, the impact upon the economy is extremely
             widespread. It is fair to say that anyone who sells either a
             product or service in Michigan City and anyone who works for
             - @-ompany that sells a product or service 47 Michigan ritv
             benefits from boating. Third, the lakeshore is an important
             resource that holds considerable comparative advantage for
             Michigan city vis-a-vis other cities in Indiana. This
             resource can make a major contribution to the Michigan City
             economy and to its residents if it is carefully developed.
             The impact of boating upon the Mich. City economy is
             substantial. our surveys estimate that private marinas and
             events (Coho Club and Shriners Salmon Derby) contribute a
             direct economic impact of about $2.4 million, an indirect
             income impact of $2.1 million and a total impact of $4.5
             million. We estimate that the public marinas and launching
             facilities generate a direct impact of $2.5 million, an
             indirect impact of $2.3 million, and a total impact of $4.8
             million. Michigan City's In The Water Boat Show is estimated
             to have a $4.1 million impact. Finally, the families who own
             year round and summer homes for boating-related activities,
             and whose imcome is from outside of Michigan city, contribute
             an income impact of approximately $1.3 million. Thus the
             total impact is nearly $15 million annually. Many people in
             the community view the benefits from activities like boating
             as accruing only to those who use the facilities or sell
             goods and services directly to the users. However, virtually
             everyone in Michigan city benefits in some manner from the
             @15 million in extra income brought into the community. It
             is true that the income goes initially to those who sell
             directly to boaters, but the income is soon spent on other

                                           5-71

             items, thus increasing the incomes of other Michigan City
             residents, and also contributes to the local tax base.

         248. Carl L. Gardner & Associates, Inc., and Michigan City
             Planning Department. Comprehensive Plan Report, Michigan
             City, Indiana. Volume III.; July 1971; Hud Project No. Ind.
             P-112.
             Note: CZM.
             This report consists of the third and final phase of the
             Comprehensive Plan Report in which long-range proposals are
             made regarding the future development of the Michigan City
             Lake Front, Utilities System and Capital Improvements. The
             Lake Front Plan includes an analysis of the existing lake
             front characteristics - followed by three alternative
             proposals for future development. A final solution which is
             a composite for the three alternatives (as determined by the
             Michigan City Lake Front Committee) is presented along with
             priorities for phased development and land acquisition.

         249. City of Michigan City. Michigan City Comprehensive Plan;
             June 1988. City Hall, Michigan City, Indiana.
             7--te: Mich.

         250. Conroy, Kathleen (For the Lake'County Indiana Parks and
             Recreation Board). Park & Open Space Plan 1988. Lake County,
             IN.: Lake County Parks and Recreation Department; July 1988.
             Note: reprint.
             It is the purpose of this study to provide the lake County
             Parks and Recreation Board with a complete and useful guide
             for the long range development of a county park system. This
             plan will set forth goals, policies, and standards to meet
             county open space and recreation needs to the year 2010.
             This plan will also provide the Park Board with a blueprint
             for acquisition and development of recommended county park
             sites.

         251. Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman & Company (For the City of
             Gary, Indiana). Market Analysis for a Proposed Marina in
             Gary, Indiana. Gary, Indiana: Crowe Chizek and S. B. Friedman
             & Company; Oct. 1991.
             Note: reprint.
             The site, located at the eastern lakeside portion of the USX
             property near the public boat launch, is suitable for marina
             development if planned improvements and management actions
             address several physical limitations and environmental
             conditions which need to ameliorated.

                                          5-72

         252. Department of the Army. Shoreline Erosion Protection At
             Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore General Design Memorandum.
             Chicago, Illinois: U.S. Army Engineer District, Chicago Corps
             of Engineers; April 1990.
             Note: reprint.
             This General Design Memorandum presents the final design for
             beach replenishment at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
             (IDNL).

         253. Donohue Engineers and Architects. Introducing the Robert A.
             Pastrick Marina. East Chicago, Indiana. Sheboygan, Wisconsin:
             Donohue; 1987.
             Note: CZM.
             When the steel industry faltered in the early 1980s,
             thousands of steelworkers were laid off in East Chicago,
             Indiana. Facing high unemployment, failing businesses, and
             fewer alternative occupational opportunities, the community
             looked toward its lakefront - an unused, untapped natural
             resource. East Chicago resolved to have an operating marina
             for the 1987 boating season and hired Donohue in 1985 to turn
             that idea into reality. The Robert A. Pastrick Marina
             officially opened Ju-...! 31, 1987. rP)ni--- --r-irt contains
             pictures and plans of this marina.

         254. Dull, Daniel F. (Department of Geography, Indiana
             University). Lake County, Indiana, in Maps. Bloomington, IN:
             Dept. of Geography, IN Univ.; 1971; Occasional Publication
             No. 6. (Indiana University Foundation, Geography Publications
             Series).
             Note: CZM.
             This is a small thematic atlas of Lake County, Indiana, and
             its maps are designed to give their user a general overview
             of the historical and cultural development of this county.
             There are three types of cartographic products in this atlas:
             maps that were redrawn adaptations of existing maps, maps
             that were compiled by combining elements contained on two or
             more existing maps, and maps that were compiled from
             statistical sources.

         255. The East Chicago Park & Recreation Board (For the United
             States Department of the Interior Urban Park and Recreation
             Recovery). Local Recovery Action Program. South Holland,
             Illinois: Paul H. Handing & Associates Landscape Architects,
             Planners; Feb. 1992.
             Note: reprint.
             The East Chicago Park and Recreation Board of East Chicago,
             Indiana has a vision to make their city the best possible for
             all of their citizens. The first step has been taken by
             developing a 5-year Comprehensive Park and Recreation Plan

                                          5-73

             which has been submitted to the state of Indiana. Last year
             a R.A.P. Plan was submitted for Nunez Park & Pool.
             Construction will be underway this year. This report, which
             deals with a new recovery action program for the City of East
             Chicago, Indiana, is an important continuing step in the
             process.

         256. Environmental Assessment (For the City of Portage Port
             Authority). Environmental Assessment: Marina Development on
             The Burns Waterway System. Chicago, Illinois: Howard Tammen
             Needels & Bergendoff; 1991.
             Note: reprint.
             The Environmental Assessment considers the potential impacts
             of the projects on natural and cultural resources, and the
             socio-sconomic and physical environment. Special attention
             focused on wetlands, water quality and impacts on the
             waterway system.

         257. Feingold, Eugene M., Legal Consultant (Indiana State
             Planning services Agency). Legal and Administrative
             Inventory. Indianapolis, IN; September 1976; Technical Report
             105; CZM Indiana CZ-5-11.
             Note: CZM.
             The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 declared that it is
             the National Policy to preserve, protect, develop, and where
             possible, to restore or enhance, the resources of the
             nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.
             The coastal zone is to extend inland from the shorelines only
             to the extent necessary to control shorelands, the uses of
             which have a direct and significant impact on the coastal
             waters, which include the Great Lakes area. The State of
             Indiana, acting through its State Planning Services Agency,
             is developing a management program for the land and water
             resources of its coastal zone. For study purposes, the
             Indiana program has set the preliminary boundaries of the
             coastal zone inland to about the middle of Lake, Porter and
             LaPorte Counties which border Lake Michigan and are within
             its water shed.

         258. Haynes, Kingsley E., Ph.D.; et al., Indiana University (For:.
             Indiana State Planning Services Agency). Energy Facility
             Siting Review: The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program.
             Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning Services Agency;
             October 31, 1979; Technical Report No. 306; Project Indiana
             CZ-001-80-01.
             Note: CZM.
             A physical inventory of socioeconomic parameters which may
             affect energy demand is included, as well as a survey of
             existing energy systems in the region. Current State and

                                          5-74

              Federal policies which may affect energy growth in the
              coastal zone are reviewed. A scenario of growth in regional
              electricity need is drawn, and State policy alternatives to
              meet future energy needs in the coastal zone are presented.
              Institutional problems in implementing these policies are
              also examined.

         259. Haynes, Kingsley E., Ph.D.; et al., Indiana University (For:
              Indiana State Planning Services Agency). Indiana Coastal
              Energy Facilities Inventory. Bloomington, IN: School of
              Public and Environmental Affairs, IN Univ.; November 30,
              1979; Project Indiana CZ-001-80-02.
              Note: CZM.
              This is an inventory of the energy facilities that occur in
              the Indiana coastal zone of Lake Michigan. Facility address,
              type, activity, capacity, operating date, and expansion
              information is given.

         260. Haynes, Kingsley E.; Schoepfle, 0. Benjamin; Shapiro, Robert
              W., Indiana University (For: Indiana State Planning Service
              Agency). The Permit Process for Energy Facilities in Indiana.
              Alternati-,- 0-    t-ra t ions; November 30, 1979; Coastal Eno? ,y
              Impact Program, Appendix I to Report on Permit Consolidation,
              Submitted August 15, 1979.
              Note: CZM.
              The enactment of many separate laws and regulations, each
              addressing specific problems of land use, planning,
              administration, or environmental impact has created an
              increasing need for more holistic approaches to and the
              streamlining of decision-making process. This discussion
              focuses on the permit process for energy facility siting in
              Indiana and how the process might be consolidated by using
              the permit systems of four other states; Washington,
              Wisconsin, Oregon, and Minnesota as models. It is hoped that
              illustrations of these models will suggest some alternatives
              for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the
              Indiana permit system.

         261. Heikoff, Joseph M. Shorelines and Beaches in Coastal
              Management: A Bibliography. Monticello, Illinois: Council of
              Planning Librarians Exchange; 1975; (Bibliography 879): 63
              pp-

         262. Holm, Nancy Peterson. Inventory of Lake Michigan Research
              Projects: 1984-1987. Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and
              Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological Survey; 1987.
              A review was conducted to assess the existing research
              programs of various agencies and universities working on Lake
              Michigan.

                                              5-75

          263. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
              Bibliography: 1860-1988 Geological and Physical Processes.
              Champaign, IL: Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
              Illinois State Geological Survey; 1988.
              This bibliography covers research publications from 1860 to
              mid-1988 on geological and physical processes in Lake
              Michigan.

          264. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
              Bibliography-Volume 2: 1977-1986. Champaign, IL: Department
              of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State Geological
              Survey; 1989b.
              A bibliography was compiled of all research literature on
              Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
              geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
              management, socio-economics, and recreation.

          265. Holm, Nancy Peterson; Morgan, Beth McArdle. Lake Michigan
              Bibliography-Volume 1: 1960-1976. Champaign, IIlinois:
              Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois State
              Geological Survey; 1989a.
              A bibliography !--s compiled -f All --e-arch literature on
              Lake Michigan covering the subjects of biology, chemistry,
              geology, physical limnology, meteorology, hydrology,
              management, socio-economics, and recreation.

          266. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Coastal Zone
              Management Program. Preliminary First Year Natural Resource
              Inventory. (Draft): Indianapolis; July 1976.
              Note: CZM.
              Compiles an inventory of significant natural and man-made
              coastal resources including an inventory of the existing data
              on the natural resources of the state's Lake Michigan coast,
              brief discussion papers on the problems and issues of the
              area, and an analysis of the collected data for its use in
              the Coastal Zone Management Program.

          267. Indiana State Planning Services Agency. Economic Impact
              Modelsg The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program.
              Indianapolis, IN; June 1979.
              The majority of this report is concerned with demonstrating
              the contribution that economic analysis can make to Coastal
              Zone Management. The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 is
              among the children of Earth Day. The impetus for the Act
              stemmed from a growing recognition that the nation's coastal
              areas (including the shoreline of the Great Lakes)
              constituted a unique and serious policy problem. Forty-five
              percent of the nation's population lived in coastal counties,
              which constituted only a small fraction of its land area, and

                                            5-76

              the proportion was increasing. Urbanization of the coast
              generated conflicting demands for land among potential users;
              especially outdoor recreation, industry, water
              transportation, electric utilities, and residential uses.
              The pollution, landfill operations and erosion attending many
              of these uses often impacted one of the most delicate and
              biologically productive ecosystems; the estuarine areas.
              Thus the CZM Act reflected mainly a two-fold concern with
              ecological preservation and land use regulation. The role of
              economic development in CZM programs is clearly indicated in
              the preamble of the 1972 Act. The role of economic
              development considerations in Indiana's CZM program is even
              clearer than in the federal mandate. Governor Bowen has
              described the main purposes of'the Indiana program as
              "achieving a balance which allows for economic expansion
              while maintaining the quality of the environment", placing
              economic and environmental issues on equal footing. This
              report illustrates and applies techniques of regional
              economic analysis to the Indiana CZM region. Chapter 2
              describes a number of regional economic models which have
              potential applications in CZM. This chapter also
              demonstrates what is required for a -iomprehensive
              understanding of the Zone's economic functioning and the
              economic impacts of CZM policies and action programs.
              Chapter 3 attempts to apply some of these models to
              illustrate on an industry-by-industry basis the Zone's major
              sources of regional employment, income and growth. Chapter 4
              contains impact analyses of two problems into the Coastal
              Zone: air quality non-attainment and declining steel
              employment.

         268. Indiana Department of Commerce, Planning and Research Group
              (For: The Department of Planning and Research, Dept. of
              Commerce, IN). Economic Feasibility Proposals of West Park
              and Marina Development. Michigan City, Indiana. T. "Ted"
              Pantazis, Director ed. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana
              Department of Commerce; Project Ind. P-1009.
              Noteg CZM.
              This project involves development of a multifaceted
              recreation area including both land and water activities.
              The land area is approximately 200 acres containing both
              passive and active recreation areas. The water area, which
              is protected by an extensive breakwater system, contains a
              marina, boat launching ramps and fishing piers. An offshore
              area is proposed for fish spawning. This facility, if
              properly conceived and constructed, will serve an estimated
              area of approximately one million citizens. Today
              approximately seven percent of this population are marina and

                                          5-77

              boating enthusiasts. The average percentage increase in the
              sport of boating is four percent per annum.

          269. Indiana State Planning services Agency. Indiana Coastal Zone
              Management Program. Annual Report. Indianapolis, IN; June 1,
              1975 - September 30, 1976; Technical Report 107.
              Note: CZM.
              This report serves to conclude Indiana's first year efforts
              toward the development of a management program for the
              southern Lake Michigan shoreline. The activities of the first
              year program, including data inventory, public participation
              and program coordination, are summarized. There is also a
              discussion of the problems and issues in the coastal area,
              and an analysis of the physical, social and economic data for
              the purpose of aiding in the establishment of policy
              framework.

          270. Indiana State Planning services Agency. Indiana Coastal Zone
              Management Program Goals, objectives, and Policies. A draft
              framework paper; October 10, 1978.
              Note: CZM.
              The r-rr-7- -4@ this framework paper is to bring forwar-1 to
              the Executive council of the State Planning Services Agency
              for its consideration early in the third year program, a
              concise statement of the primary problems and issues which
              exist in the coastal zone and the possible policies and
              solutions for their resolution. After undergoing thorough
              public and governmental review, it is hoped that this
              document will provide a basic framework for the Indiana
              Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Program.

          271. Indiana Department of Commerce. The Indiana Management Plan:
              Economic Impact Models: Indiana Department of Commerce; June,
              1979; Technical Report No. 308.
              Note: CZH.
              Report demonstrates the contribution that economic analysis
              can make to coastal management. It describes a group of
              regional economic models applicable to the coastal zone such
              as economic base analysis, shift shore analysis, input-output
              models, econometric models locational analysis models (cost
              or demand-oriented models), cost benefit analysis. Some
              models are applied on an industry-by-industry basis to
              identify the major source of employment and income and to
              provide a guide for the determination of permissable and
              priority of uses. Two problems pertaining to the coastal
              zone are evaluated: the consequences of air quality non
              attainment and of declining steel employment.

                                            5-78

         272. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (Lake Michigan
             Shoreline Program). Indiana's Shoreline: A Resource for
             Everyone. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning Services
             Agency.
             Note: (CZM) booklet.
             This is a booklet aimed for public display that discusses the
             evolution of the Indiana shoreline, areas of concern,
             development, access, habitats, natural hazards, habitats,
             resources, recreation, energy, and lakeshore management. it
             also includes a chart on Shoreline Management Projects &
             Studies with completion dates, budgets, etc.

         273. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (By: Indiana
             Department of Natural Resources). Inventory of Plans,
             Programs, and Projects. Part I. Indianapolis, IN: DNR;
             September 1976; Technical Report No. 103.
             Note: Coastal Zone Management Program.
             The following Inventory of Plans, Projects and Programs is an
             effort to catalog and abstract the various Federal, State,
             Inter-State, and Regional governmental activities involving
             the natural resources and natural processes within the
             Indiana Coa @tai Zone Man;:1r-%Pm-n-t- 1-tudy area.

         274. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (By: Northwestern
             Indiana Regional Planning Commission). Inventory of Plans,
             Projects and Programs. Part 2; September, 1976; Technical
             Report No. 103.
             Note: Coastal Zone Management Program.
             This document presents an inventory of plans, projects and
             programs which relate to the coastal zone study area in Lake
             and Porter Counties. The purpose of this inventory is to
             identify problems and issues of general concern to
             communities within the study area and to assist in the
             development of the rol e of various agencies in the management
             of the coastal zone.

         275. Indiana State Planning Services Agency (By: Michiana Area
             Council of Governments). Inventory of Plans, Projects and
             Programs. Part 3; September 30, 1976; Technical Report 103.
             Note-. Coastal Zone Management Program.
             This report contains abstracts of 34 projects from the
             Indiana coastal zone area.

                                          5-79

         276. Indiana Department of Natural Resources (For Indiana State
             Planning services Agency). An inventory of man-made land
             along the Indiana shoreline of Lake Michigan; April 30, 1979;
             Tech. Rep. No. 304.
             Note*. NRPC.
             This inventory of man-made lands was undertaken in an effort
             to compile a complete record of authority to fill permits and
             patents. Whenever possible, an attempt is also made to
             obtain or locate the plats of survey which accompany the
             filing of such documents. The DNR, Secretary of State, State
             Auditor, Lake County Surveyor, Lake County Auditor, Lake
             County Recorder's Offices, and the archives of the Indiana
             State Library provided records of man-made fills in Lake
             Michigan.

         277. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (Indiana Dunes National
             Lakeshore), Land Protection Plan (Draft); 7-01-87.
             Note: Covers National Lakeshore, Lake, Porter, Laporte
             counties.
             Identification of land uses and land needs of IDNLS.

         278. Indiana State Planning Servic 7 Agency. T-b-ic-al memorandum
             II: Socioeconomic Description of the Indiana Coastal Zone.
             Highland, IN: Indiana State Planning Services Agency; 1976.

         279. Indiana Department of Commerce; Ranos, C. Economic Impact
             Models: The Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program; June
             1979; Technical Report No. 301.
             The majority of the report is concerned with demonstrating
             the contribution that economic analysis can make to Coastal
             Zone Management.

         280. Johnson, David A.; Russell, John R., Ball State University
             (Indiana State Planning services Agency). Esthetic Resource
             Assessment. Indianapolis, IN; September 1976; Technical
             Report 104.
             Note: CZM.
             This deals with producing definite guidelines for the
             assessment of esthetic resources to aid in the program for
             Coastal Zone Management. The College of Architecture and
             Planning Team (Ball State) must inventory esthetic resources
             and provide visual aid documents and narrative information
             for use in public educational and public participation
             activities.

                                           5-80

         281. Johnson, Johnson & Roy, Inc. (Ann Arbor, MI). East Chicago
             lakefront study East Chicago, Indiana. Conceptual Design
             Plan; April 1978. NRPC.
             Note: Summary record of critical concepts from project
             meetings held in East Chicago, Nov. 3, 1977, and Jan. 5,
             March 16, and May 4, 1978.
             The purpose of this report is to identify development
             opportunities which optimize citizen use and appreciati6n of
             East Chicago Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline. Recent
             recreation use patterns at Jeorse Park suggest that the
             existing facility does not encourage local residents to take
             full advantage of this limited and unique natural resource.
             Johnson, Johnson & Roy of Ann Arbor, MI., were retained by
             the city in January, 1978, to prepare a Conceptual Design
             Study and Plan. This plan not only recommends broad
             recreation opportunities, but also identifies methods for
             maximizing existing and desired uses. Economic evaluation
             and funding recommendations also included in the study assist
             in project implementation. This report graphically records
             and explains the proposed concept design plan and how it can
             be implemented.

         282. Johnson, Johnson & Roy Inc. Jeorse Park. Road Access Study,
             East Chicago, Indiana; July 1980.
             Note: CZM.
             Jeorse Park is East Chicago's only lakefront public open
             space. Its unique character demands that every effort be
             taken to realize the full recreational potential of this
             facility. Currently underutilized, the "East Chicago
             Lakefront Study" identified how Jeorse Park should be
             improved. Marina and boating facilities, passive play areas,
             walkways and beach, fishing areas, and new parking lots and
             service roads are proposed. Although Jeorse Park can readily
             accomodate these activities and potentially attract greater
             numbers of users, the Park is difficult to reach. The Park
             user must either negotiate the intense traffic activity
             during these periods, or plan to use the facilities during
             slack hours. It is the purpose of this study to identify
             what alignments might be feasible from a conceptual design
             standpoint to rectify this accessibility problem.

                                          5-81

         283. Johnson Johnson & Roy/inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan) (For the
             City of Portage Port Authority). Burns Waterway Boat Capacity
             Study. Ann Arbor, MI.: Johnson Johnson & Roy/inc.; Oct. 1990.
             Note: reprint.
             Through an on-site boat survey conducted on June 30, 1990, a
             wide range of data related to boat use and user
             characteristics was collected. A follow-up mail survey of
             Waterway slip-holders and marina operators assisted in the
             evaluation of existing waterway conditions, as well as
             providing a means of assessing the reliability of the
             analytical results. The physical data obtained during the
             survey--channel geometry, volume of boats in use, boat speeds
             and sizes, and boat slip and launch patterns--provided the
             basis for estimating boat capacity at various locations on
             the Waterway. Survey results are included in separate
             appendages. Interpretation of the analytical results are
             provided by descriptive figures, tables, and charts.
             Finally, potential scenarios of development, and channel
             improvements and modifications are evaluated to determine
             their relative impact upon the Waterway.

         284. Lambert, john F. ir T,,;%"A h-muisition in the National Parks:
             Examples from Yosemite National Park and Indiana Dunes
             National Lakeshore. Harvard Environmental Law Review; 1982;
             6(l): 35.

         285. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
             Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
             Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1987); 6-
             1-87; Annual Report 1987.

         286. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
             Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
             Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1988); 6-
             1-88; Annual Report 1988.

         287. LMMDC (Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission). Lake
             Michigan Marina Development Commission, Annual Report
             Subtitle: Annual Report (12 months ended June 30, 1989); 6-
             1-89; Annual Report 1989.

         288. LMMDC meeting (News). Lakefront Development
             Subtitle- Reprint Post-Tribune, March 1988; 3-1-88.
             Noteg Covers articles on marina development.

                                          5-82

         289. Michiana Area Council of Governments (Coastal Zone
              Management Program). Economic and Social Inventory. Part 2.
              Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning services Agency.;
              September 30, 1976; Technical Report 102. (Project Indiana
              CS-5-4).
              Note: CZM.
              This report accompanies the work done by the Northwestern
              Indiana Regional Planning Commision in Part 1 of the
              inventory, and provides data on air and water quality,
              population trends/projections, employment, housing, public
              facilities, land use and ownership, etc.

         290. Moshman Associates, Inc. Burns Waterway Harbor Export Coal
              Feasibility.; October 1981; Final Report. Project Indiana
              CZ086-81-01.
              Note: CZM.
              Based upon critical review of recently completed and
              published reports, the history, current status, and future
              outlook for world coal trade and U.S. exports of soft coals
              were examined. Preliminary siting, design, construction, and
              operating cost estimates for a two to three million annual
              ton capacity terminal at P-_-ns Waterwa,,         fnWH) were
              developed, as were total transportation cost estimates.
              Conclusions as to economic feasibility were reached and
              potentially rewarding actions were suggested.

        .291. Moshman Associates, Inc. (For: Indiana Port Commission).
              Port of Indiana Burns Waterway Harbor. Economic Impact,
              1977. Washington, D.C.: Moshman Assoc., Inc.; June 1978;
              Final Report.
              Note: CZM.
              This study was undertaken at the request of the Indiana Port
              Commission pursuant to a proposal dated February 10, 1978.
              This study's purposes are to provide quantitative measures of
              the direct and indirect socio-economic impacts generated by
              Burns Harbor. The motivation underlying these study purposes
              are to apprise State and Federal officials, specifically
              those of the Economic Development Administration, of this
              Port6s effects upon the domestic sub-economies in its
              geographic sphere of influence. Moreover, it was
              hypothesized that the impacts measurements would result in
              findings which would render Burns Harbor eligible for the
              award of a public works grant. Another purpose is the Port
              commission's desire to obtain new inputs for its policy-
              making and planning purposes.

                                             5-83

         292. NIRPC. A Socio-economic Description of the Indiana Coastal
             Zone.: Indianapolis; August 1976; Technical Memorandum II.
             Note: CZM.
             Describes the socioeconomic conditions in the state's coastal
             zone in terms of population trends, population
             characteristics, personal and family finance, and employment.
             Regional forecasts of population and employment are made.

         293. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (Coastal
             Zone Management Program). Economic and Social Inventory. Part
             1. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Planning Services Agency;
             September, 1976; Technical Report 102.
             Note: CZM (Part 2 of this inventory was prepared by the
             Michiana Area Council of Governments).
             Lake Michigan forms the northern boundary for Lake and Porter
              ounties and the State of Indiana. The 33 miles of shoreline
             is shared by the nation's largest steel-making complex,
             C

             power-generating plants, a major shipping port, private
             homeowners, and the Dunes State and National lakeshore Parks.
             The potential exists for further development of land in the
             coastal area. What direction this development should take,
             11- mil-h should be allowed, and what should b,@ nrleserved am
             public open space for future generations are the major issues
             being addressed in the Coastal Zone Management Program. A
             methodology for resolving these issues is the major goal.
             This report provides the basic data necessary to begin
             designing a management program that will direct the future
             uses and prevent abuses of Indiana's coastal zone.

         294. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission. Indiana
             Coastal Zone Management Program. Inventory of plans,
             projects, and programs; 1976; Tech. Report 103, Part 2.
             Note: NRPC.
             The purpose of this inventory is to identify problems and
             issues of general concern to communities within the study
             area and to assist in the development of the role of various
             agencies in management of the coastal zone.

         295. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission. A Socio-
             Physical Description of the Indiana Coastal Zone.
             Indianapolis, IN: NIRPC; August, 1976; Technical Memorandum
             III.
             Note: CZM.
             Describes for the state's coastal zone such social parameters
             as housing, cultural resources, historical and architectural
             landmarks'. educational resources, recreational resources,
             parks and recreation needs, community facilities and
             services, and others.

                                            5-84

         296. Ralph Burke Associates (For: Lake County Parks and
             Recreation Board, Crown Point, Indiana). Lakeshore Park &
             Marina Master Plan Development, Lake County, Indiana. Park
             Ridge, IL 60068: Ralph Burke Associates; March 1976; Project
             No, 7528,
             Note: CZM.
             Ralph H. Burke Associates has been authorized by the Lake
             County Park and Recreation Board to prepare the initial phase
             of a Lake County Lakeshore Park and Marina Master Plan
             Development. This report will constitute the Phase I portion
             of a five phase unilateral contract to include a Master Plan
             development for a park and marina, environmental assessment,
             financial feasibility analysis, design and construction
             services and project representation.

         297. Recreation Planning Associates Ltd. Michigan City
             Development Plan: Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program
             Demonstration. 2400 East Devon Avenue, Suite 165, Des
             Plaines, IL; December 1980.
             This is the third and final report to be submitted to the
             State of Indiana and City of Michigan City, addressing the
             redf-,-@.Iopment            related to the Trail Creek
             portion of Michigan City's North-End Area. This section will
             summarize the Initial Problem Analysis, indicate the Market
             Opportunities, and describe the Recommended Development Plan.

         298. Recreation Planning Associates. North-end Area. Task I:
             Problem Analysis. (Planning study of: Trail Creek Waterfront
             Redevelopment, Recreational Boating Plan, National Lakeshore
             Transit and Information Center; June 1980.
             Note: CZM.
             A study of the North End of Michigan City, Indiana
             demonstrating general economic conditions and development
             opportunities, physical characteristics of the several "North
             End" neighborhoods, and a preliminary overview of funding and
             implementation issues.

         299. Recreation Planning Associates; et al. Michigan City
             Development Plan. Indiana Coastal Zone Management Program
             Demonstration; 1980.
             Note: NIRPC.
             Planning study of: 1. Trail Creek Waterfront Redevelopment,
             II. Recreation Boating Plan, III. National Lakeshore Transit
             and Information Center.

                                          5-85

        300. Recreation Planning Associates; et al. North-end Area.
            Initial Plan and Strategy for Redevelopment. Phase III:
            Action Plan; June 1980.
            Note: CZM.
            This is the third and final report to be submitted to the
            City of Michigan City, Indiana, addressing the redevelopment
            opportunities of Michigan City's "North End". This report,
            which is based on the previous two reports as well as client
            response, is a refinement of the efforts of earlier phases
            and provides the Project Team's recommendations regarding the
            redevelopment program and implementation strategy.

        301. Seketa, George; Schoonveldt, Michael, Investigators. Lake
            Michigan Breakwater & Pier Report: House Bill 1069: Division
            of Fish and Wildlife.
            Note.- copy obtained from George Seketa,
            This report studies the feasibility of constructing fishing
            piers or modifying existing breakwater facilities to
            accomodate shoreline fisherman. Good dependable shoreline
            fishing opportunities for salmon, trout, and perch fishing
            along the Lake Michigan Shoreline is fairly restrictive
            throughout the total T., _`Iiana Lake Mit-bir.--r shoreline. The
            greatest potential for development of permanent shoreline
            fishing opportunities exists at the Port of Indiana, Midwest
            Steel, and Jeorse Park and Buffington Pier areas. Usage,
            construction costs, and federal funds are some of the topics
            discussed in this report.

        302. State of Indiana, State Planning Agency / City of Whiting,
            Indiana / Stanley Consultants, Chicago, Illinois (For the
            Department of Parks & Recreation City of Whiting, Indiana).
            Whiting Park Shoreline and Park Development Study.
            Indianapolis, Indiana: State of Indiana, State Planning
            Services Agency; July 1980.
            Note: reprint.
            This report summarizes the investigations and findings
            related to the technical and economic development of the
            required park facilities. Plans to develop an expanded beach
            area for Whiting Park are presented and conceptual
            alternative plans for the overal development of the park
            waterfront and park access are prepared. Critical project
            elements are addressed and cost estimates for the development
            alternatives have been prepared. The alternatives have been
            evaluated from technical, economic, functional, and aesthetic
            criteria. The end product of the study is the recommendation
            of the most favorable park development alternative.

                                          5-86

         303. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
             (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
             Marina Development Plan, Portage
             Subtitle: Portage; 9-1-86.
             Note: Covers Portage.
             Economic feasibility of marina development.

         304. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
             (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
             Marina Development Plan
             Subtitle: Executive summary, Financial Feasibility and
             Economic Impact Study; 9-1-86.
             Note: Covers 5 Indiana shoreline cities.
             Economic feasibility of marina development.

         305. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
             (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
             Marina Development Plan, Hammond, Indiana
             Subtitle: Hammond; 9-1-86.
             Note., Covers Hammond.
             Economic feasibility of marina development.

         306. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
             (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
             Marina Development Plan, Michigan City
             Subtitle: Michigan City; 9-1-86.
             Note: Covers Michigan City.
             Economic feasibility of marina development.
         307. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
             (Submitted to Lake Michigan Marina Development Commission).
             Marina Development Plan, Gary
             Subtitle: Gary; 9-1-86.
             Note: Covers Gary.
             Economic feasibility of marina development.

         308. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
             (Submitted to Lake Michigan marina Development Commission).
             Marina Development Plan,
             Subtitle: Plan; 9-1-86.
             Note: Covers Hammond, East Chicago, Gary, Portage, Michigan
             city.
             Economic feasibility of marina development.

                                           5-87

          309. TenEch Engineering, Inc.; Association with Plantec Corp
              (Submitted to Lake Michigan marina Development Commission).
              Marina Development Plan, East Chicago
              Subtitle: East Chicago; 9-1-86.
              Note: Covers East Chicago.
              Economic feasibility of marina development.

          310. Teska Associates, Inc. Waterfront Development Plan, Portage,
              IN. Evanston, Il; 1988.
              This report describes the future development potential of an
              important location within the City of Portage, Indiana.

          311. Theobold, W. F. Tourism Development Plan, Lake County,
              Indiana.
              tourism/ recreation/ Lake County/ Indiana.

          312. Thurow, Charles; Daniel, Glenda; Brown, Timothy H. Impact of
              the Great Lakes on the Region's Economy. 435 North Michigan
              Avenue, Chicago, IL: Center for the Great Lakes; August 1984.
              Note: A report to the Council of Great Lakes Governors.
              This is an analysis of the relationship between the
              .:vailabilit- -9        Lakes water and future economic growth
              in the region. From a number of interviews and written
              reports analyzing the region's economic and environmental
              health from broader or different perspectives, the Center
              soughtg 1) to document the ways water is used by different
              economic sectors in the region, 2) to gather estimates of the
              amount of money generated for the regional economy or
              particular water-dependent sectors of that economy, 3) to
              isolate examples of innovative marketing and promotional
              strategies which focus on the region's water resources and
              which might profitably be adapted for use in region-wide
              strategies. The resulting report presents a summary of the
              Center's findings along with conclusions and recommendations
              for action by the Council of Great Lakes Governors and other
              Public and private-sector policymakers in the region.

          313. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Chicago District Project Maps.
              River and Harbor Works; 1985.
              Noteg Mich. City.
              Includes the Calumet Harbor and River, Indiana Harbor, Burns
              Waterway Harbor, Beverly Shores and Michigan City Harbor.

                                             5-88

          314. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Indiana Shoreline Erosion:
              Final Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement.
              Chicago, Illinois: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; June 1992.
              Note: reprint.
              This study investigated the'shoreland erosion problems
              between Michigan City Harbor, Indiana and the Illinois-
              Indiana State line. As a result of the study this report
              recommends shore erosion control measures for the reach of
              shore immediately west of Michigan City Harbor.

          315. Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc., Architects, Planners,
              Construction Managers (For: City of Gary, Indiana). Marquette
              Park Small Boat Harbor Feasibility Study. Chicago, Illinois:
              Wendell Campbell Associates, Inc.; April 15, 1976.
              Note: CZM.
              Marquette Park has historically been the primary recreation
              spot for the citizens of Gary and the people who reside in
              the Greater Gary Area. The lake is a tremendous attraction
              for boating, water skiing and fishing. This attraction
              creates a consumer demand that can be converted into an
              economic and recreation asset to the city through the
              development of a s7-.-2.1 boat harl--- --I- v-rquette Park. This
              study was commissioned to determine the physical development
              of the harbor and how that physical development should be
              programmed in order that the harbor would be economically
              feasible. The location of the boat harbor and the demand for
              boating and fishing facilities are reviewed. The design
              concept for the initial harbor facilities and the final
              development have been prepared with prime consideration given
              to the hydrographic conditions, construction cost and
              generated revenues.

          316. Williams-Kuebelbeck & Associates, Inc.(Real estate economic,
              financial and management consultants, Irvine, CA.); Epstein
              Civil Engineering, Inc.(Chicago, IL). Indiana Marina Market
              and Economic Study; October 31, 1985.
              Note: NRPC.
              Based upon the findings presented in this study, the
              following important conclusions have been drawn which
              summarize the potential for marina development along the
              I'ndiana shoreline of Lake Michigan. 1) There is a large,
              untapped demand for boat slips in the South Lake Michigan
              market area. While the bulk of this unfulfilled demand is
              generated by the Illinois submarket, Indiana also stands in a
              good position to develop additional marina facilities along
              its Lake Michigan shoreline. 2) Indiana is faced with the
              opportunity to increase the demand for marina facilities by
              seeking to include other recreation facilities and
              attractions at marina sites (with    the highest potential west

                                              5-89

             of the Dunes to attract visitors from the Chicago area). 3)
             Creation of a revolving loan fund to assist in financing and
             construction, and lowering the tax burden placed on boat
             owners in Indiana is advised. 4)Available choices to Indiana
             are to include narrow development focusing on boat storage
             and related facilities, or a broader approach that emphasizes
             more extensive waterfront development. The latter approach
             seems more promising. 5) Major constraints on development
             include: Lack of suitable sites; insufficient land area at
             available sites, and a lack of funding sources. 6) Overall,
             there's a bright future ahead for marina development in
             Indiana.

         317. Wood, William L.; Meadows, Guy; Cox, Jack, Dept. of
             Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
             Univ. (For: Department of Commerce, IN). Summary Report on
             The Feasibility of the Coastal Installations Proposed for the
             West Park and Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana.
             Economic Feasibility Proposals of West Park and Marina
             Development. Michigan City, Indiana. T. "Ted" Pantazis ed.
             Indiana Department of Commerce. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana
             Dept. of Commerce.
             Note: CZM.
             The following brief summary report was prepared by the staff
             of the Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory to assist the
             Indiana Department of Commerce in assessing the feasibility
             of coastal installations proposed for the West Park and
             Marina Development at Michigan City, Indiana. The position
             supported herein is, that existing designs for breakwater and
             coastal defense systems will have deleterious effects on
             local and adjacent coastal provinces. It should be
             understood that this position is taken to be temporarily
             efficacious and does not imply that no solution is possible.
             Furthermore this position is designed to stress the concern
             for a total integrated coastal management concept in the
             @ssessment of the environmental impact of any coastal
             installations in the Michigan City or adjacent areas.

                                          5-90

                                Appendix 1: Environment

         318. Appleby. Environmental science and Technology; 1979; 13(4):
              478*
              Note: No official abstract.
              in Correspondence section.
              This paper deals with a relationship between the lead
              concentration in Lake Michigan sediments and the annual
              emission of lead into the atmosphere.

         319. Auer, M.T.; Heidtke, T.M.; Canale, R.P. (Dep. Civ. Eng.,
              Michigan Technol. Univ., Houghton, MI 49931). Trophic State
              Response to Nonpoint Pollution Control: Application of
              Coupled Microcomputer Models to   the Great Lakes. In:
              Perspectives on Nonpoint Source   Pollution: Proceedings of a
              National Conference; May 19-22,   1985; Kansas City, Missouri.
              Washington DC: U.S. EPA, Office   of Water Regulations and
              Standards; 1985: 147-152.
              Note: EPA 440-5-85-001.
              Phosphorus loading from the Fox   River (Wisconsin) produces a
              gradien@- 4n *---inic state along the major axis of Green F-,'
              (Lake Michigan) ranging from hypereutrophic to oligotrophic.
              Water quality problems associated with the gradient include
              high turbidity, excessive algal growth, and dissolved oxygen
              depletion. The Fox River contributes 78% of the tributary
              total phosphorus load to Green Bay; more than half of that
              load originates from nonpoint sources. A unit area load
              (UAL) based microcomputer model is used to generate estimates
              of non-point total phosphorus loads as a function of land use
              and soil texture in the Fox River watershed. Phosphorus
              loads are input to a water quality microcomputer model which
              calculates the total phosphorus and chlorophyll
              concentrations, water transparency, and trophic state
              corresponding to that load. Changes in water quality and
              trophic state are examined under existing conditions and two
              hypothetical land use scenarios: 100 percent woodland and loo
              percent high tillage cropland.

         320. Bartholic, J.F. Fiscal year 1985 Program Report: Michigan
              Institute of Water Research; Sep. 1986; NTIS Order No.: PB87-
              159422/GAR: 35 pp.
              Note: Grant DI-14-0001-G-1024.
              The major thrust of the Michigan Institute of Water Research
              during the 1985 program year involved activities related to
              its research program, state-wide water resources planning
              activities and the technology transfer program. Water
              management planning along with surface and ground-water
              contamination problems are the top priority issues in the

                                             5-91

             state,at the present time. Research projects funded by the
             Institute of Water Research to address these problems and
             issues are listed.

         321. Beeton, A.M. The World's Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res.;
             1984; 10(2): 106-113; ISSN: 0380-1330.

         322. Bell, G.L.; Eadie, B.J. Variations in the Distribution of
             Suspended Particles During an Upwelling Event in Lake
             Michigan in 1980. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4): 559-567;
             ISSN: 0380-1330.

         323. Bockstael, N. E.; Hanemann, W. M.; Strand, I. E. Measuring
             the Benefits of Water Quality Using Recreational Demand
             Models, "Benefit Analysis Using Indirect or Imputed Market
             Methods,"Draft; 1984.

         324. Bowers, J.A.; Gensemer, R.W. (Univ. Michigan, Great Lakes
             and Mar. Waters Cent., Div. Biol. Sci., Ann Arbor, MI 48109).
             Improved Population Estimates of Mysis relicta in Lake
             Michigan. in IAGLR-86 Program. International Association for
             Great Lakes Re--arch 29th      ------ : May 26-29, 1986;
             Scarborough, Ont. Canada. International Association for Great
             Lakes Research, Buffalo NY; 1986: 26.
             Note: abstract only.

         325. Brandt, S.B.; Patrick, V.; Mason, D.M.; Argyle, R.L.; Wells,
             L. Spatial and Temporal Patchiness and Abundance of Pelagic
             Fishes in Lake Michigan. 32nd Conf. on Great Lakes Research;
             30 May-June 2 1989; Madison, WI. Buffalo, NY: Int. Assoc. for
             Great Lakes Research; 1989: 32 (summary only).
             Lakewide abundances and patchiness of fishes were assessed in
             Lake Michigan during spring and summer 1987, fall 1988 and
             winter 1989. Data compiled using underwater acoustics and
             extensive midwater and bottom trawling illustrate the highly
             dynamic features of fish distributions. Palaeogic fishes
             exhibited lakewide seasonal migrations, small-scale diel
             migrations, clear associations with habitat structure and
             dynamic patchiness. Statistical evaluations of the acoustic
             measures of fish density and biomass-size spectra were used
             to estimate lakewide prey-fish abundances, patchiness and
             ultimately, production.

         326. Brown, E.J., Jr.; Argyle, R.L.; Payne, N.R.; Holey, M.E.
             Yield and Dynamics of Destabilized Chub (Coregonus spp.)
             Populations in Lakes Michigan and Huron, 1950-1984. Can. J.
             Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(no. suppl. 2): 371-383; ISSN:
             0706-652X.

                                           5-92

         327. Carrick, H.J.; Fahnenstiel, G.L. Biomass, Size Structure,
             and Composition of Phototrophic and Heterotrophic
             Nanoflagellate Communities in Lakes Huron and Michigan. Can.
             Journal of Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1989; 46(11): 1922-1928; ISSN:
             0706-652X.

         328. Carrick, H.J.; Lowe, R.L. Response of Lake Michigan Benthic
             Algae to In Situ Enrichment with Si, N, and P. Can. J. Fish.
             Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 45(2): 271-279; ISSN: 0706-652X.
             The possibility that benthic algae in the nearshore area of
             Lake Michigan might be growth limited by Si was tested using
             nutrient-releasing substrata. Nutrient treatments were Si, N
             + P, Si + N + P, and controls (CONT) and were sampled after
             7, 14, and 31 d of exposure. Addition of Si alone had little
             stimulatory effect on algal biomass, while enrichment with Si
             + N + P led to the greatest increase in chlorophyll a,
             particulate Si, total biovolume, and diatom biovolume after
             14 d of incubation. By day 31, communities on CONT and Si
             substrata exhibited little change in biomass and remained
             dominated by diatoms, while algal biomass on both N + P and
             Si + N + P substrata increased more than eightfold and
             consisted mainly of Stigeclonium f--nue (Chlorophyta) And
             Schizothrix calcicloa (Cyanophyta). These results indicate
             that benthic diatoms in Lake Michigan are not currently
             limited by Si, but may become Si limited following enrichment
             with N + P.

         329. Chang, W.Y.B.; Rossmann, R. (Univ. Michigan, Great Lakes
             Res. Div., 2200 Bonisted Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109)_ Effects
             of Power Plant Entrainment on Phytoplankton Response. in
             Congress in France 1983. Proceedings.
             Congress of the International Association of Limnology; 21
             Aug, 1983; Lyon, France. Stuttgart (FRG): Schweizerbart'sche
             Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1984: 2493-2497. (Trav. Assoc. Int.
             Limnol. Theor. Appl.; v. vol. 22, no. 4); ISBN: 3-510-54026-
             30.
             N te: ISSN 0368-0770.
             Effects of power plant entrainment on phytoplankton response
             @onsist primarily of four types: thermal and hydromechanical
             impacts, and the impacts of biofouling control and of erosion
             and corrosion of power plant components. A study focusing on
             these issues was conducted between February 1980 and May 1982
             at the D.C. Cook Plant on the southeastern shore of Lake
             Michigan. The results show that changes in chlorophyll and
             phaeophytin concentration are not significant in water which
             has passed through the condenser cooling system, but the
             reduction in primary productivity as measured by C14 was
             remarkable, ranging from 20%-80%. While the former show no
             significant damage done by increased temperature and

                                           5-93

              hydromechanical abrasion on phytoplankton, the latter
              indicates a significant inhibition of the photosynthesis of
              these phytoplankton.

         330. Chmura, Gail L.; Ross, Neil W. The Environmental Impacts of
              Marinas and Their Boats: A Literature Review with Management
              Considerations. Narragansett, Rhode Island: University of
              Rhode Island; 1978; Marine Memorandum 45. 32 pp.
              The purpose of this review is to summarize all aspects of
              marina and boat-related environmental effects. Discussion
              focuses on studies of each component's effects, the
              management options needed to reduce negative effects and
              expand positive ones, and future research needs.

         331. Christensen, E.R.; Goetz, R.H. (Dep. Civ. Eng., Univ.
              Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201). Declining Atmoshperic Fluxes
              of Pb, Zn, Cd, and PCBs to Lake Michigan. in IAGLR-86
              Program. International Association for Great Lakes Research
              29th Conference; May 26-29, 1986; International Association
              for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY; 1986: 28.
              A deconvolution method has been developed to extract the
              hist@--4-1- 4--ut record of particle-associated pollilt'int'-'s to
              a lake from their sedimentary profiles influenced by       mixing.
              Based on known mixing and compaction paramenters of the
              sediment, a time vs. depth matrix E is generated from a known
              @nit input flux, and the input record F is then calculated by
              inverting E and multiplying with the existing profile vector
              C. The method has been successfully tested and applied to
              Pb, Zn, and Cd in several sediment cores from Lake Michigan.
              Using 15-year time intervals, it is shown that there is about
              a 44% decrease in Pb levels during 1969-84, a 34% decrease in
              Cd levels during 1954-84, and about a 23% decrease in Zn
              levels during 1960-84.

         332. Christensen, E.R.; Goetz, R.H. Historical Fluxes of
              Particle-bound Pollutants from Deconvolved Sedimentary
              Records. Environ. Sci. Technol.; Nov. 1987; 21(11): 1088-
              1096.
              A deconvolution method to extract the historical input
              records of particle-associated pollutants from their
              sedimentary profiles, influenced by mixing, is developed.
              Application of the method to Pb, Zn, and Cd in several Lake
              Michigan sediment cores shows that pollution with these
              metals started around 1894 in the southern part of the lake
              and 15-30 years later further north. A maximum was obtained
              during 1954-1969 for Pb and Zn and during 1939-1954 for Cd,
              while current levels have declined 45-35% relative to these
              maxima in accordance with available atmospheric loading data
              (Pd) and U.S. consumption figures (Zn and Cd).

                                              5-94

         333. Claflin, L.W. (Maryland Off. Environ. Programs, Div. Model.
             and Anal., 201 West Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21201).
             Associations Between the Phytoplanktonic and Physicochemical
             Regimes of Lake Michigan. International Symposium on the
             Phycology of Large Lakes of the World; St. John's, Nfld.
             (Canada). Stuttgart (Frg.): Schweizerbart'sche
             Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1987; 25: 97-121. (Munawar, M.); ISBN:
             3-510-47023-0.
             Note: ISSN 0071-1128.
             Phytoplanktonic and physicochemical data were collected on a
             Lake Michigan transect between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and
             Ludington, Michigan from 6 October 1971 to 29 October 1972.
             Spatial and temporal patterns of the data were visually
             displayed with contour and isometric profection plots. Five
             phytoplanktonic groups and four physicochemical groups were
             identified by principal components analysis. The fall-
             winter-spring group varied directly with nitrate nitrogen and
             silica and inversely with temperature, pH, and
             phenolphthalein alkalinity. The spring mixing group varied
             directly with specific conductance and total alkalinity. The
             early and late summer stratification groups varied directly
             with tempe,-_,.ture, pH, nvirl ;-11'enlinity and-inversely with
             nitrate nitrogen and silica. The fall mixing group varied
             directly with total phosphorus and soluble reactive
             phosphorus.

         334. Conley, D.J.; Quigley, M.A.; Schelske, C.L. Silica and
             Phosphorus Flux from Sediments: Importance of Internal
             Recycling in Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1988;
             45(6): 1030-1035; ISSN: 0706-652X.
             Estimated lake-wide sediment fluxes of silica and phosphorus
             (P) were determined and then compared with other components
             in the biogeochemical cycle to investigate the importance of
             sediment regeneration in Lake Michigan. Dissolved silica
             (Si) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes from
             sediment were measured by the incubation of intact sediment
             cores. Differences in the supply rates and in the
             biogeochemical recycling rates of Si and P can lead to
             seasonal Si depletion in the water mass and influence the
             outcome of seasonal phytoplankton species succession by
             limiting Si availability necessary for diatom production.

                                          5-95

         335. Conley, D.J.; Schelske, C.L. Processes Controlling the
             Benthic Regeneration and Sedimentary Accumulation of Biogenic
             silica in Lake Michigan. Arch. Hydrobiol.; 1989; 116(1): 23-
             43; ISSN: 0003-9136.
             Processes controlling the benthic regeneration of biogenic
             silica (BSi) and factors affecting the accumulation of BSi in
             Lake Michigan sediments were investigated. Dissolved silica
             (DSi) fluxes measured directly by core incubation ranged from
             2.3-10.3 mg Si02 cm(-2)/yr and were 1-10 times greater than
             diffusive DSi fluxes calculated from pore water DSi
             concentration gradients which ranged from 0.4-5.3 mg Si02
             cm(-2)/yr. Benthic invertebrates were probably not a
             significant factor in enhancing DSi fluxes. DSi fluxes
             measured from cores could be predicted from the surficial
             sediment BSi concentration in cores by a saturation curve.
             At high surficial BSi concentrations DSi fluxes appeared to
             be limited by diffusive transfer of DSi into overlying
             waters. Experiments in which the upper 2 mm of sediment was
             removed confirmed the importance of BSi on the sediment
             surface to DSi fluxes.

         336. Crowder, L.B.; McDonald, M.E.- Rice, J.A Urr'-si-,inding
             Recruitment of Lake Michigan Fishes: The Importance of Size-
             Based Interactions Between Fish and Zooplankton. Can. J.
             Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(no. suppl. 2): 141-147; ISSN:
             0706-652X.
             Mechanisms controlling recruitment of fishes appear to be
             strongly size dependent. It is now established that size-
             selective predators can dramatically reduce zooplankton size,
             but little is known about the effects of zooplankton size on
             growth and recruitment of fish through the post-larval stage.
             Based on recent research on resource use, foraging behavior,
             and recruitment dynamics of larval and juvenile fishes, the
             authors suggest two hypotheses. First, young-of-year and
             juvenile pelagic fishes may have the major size-structuring
             effects on epilimnial zooplankton in Lake Michigan. And
             second, if large zooplankton are uncommon as they were in
             Lake Michigan in the 1960s, growth rates and recruitment of
             native fishes will be reduced.

         337. Cuthbert F.J. Tern Populations and Changing Lake Levels:
             Implications for Management and Conservation. 32nd Conference
             on Great Lakes Research; May 30-June 2, 1989; Madison, WI;
             1989, in 32nd Conference on Great Lakes Research.
             Int. Assoc. for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY: 40
             (Summary only).

                                          5-96

         3,38. Cuthbert, F. Intraseasonal Movement Between Colony Sites by
             Caspian Terns in the Great Lakes. Wilson Bull.; Dec 1985;
             97 (4) : 502-510.

         339. D'itri, F.M. Pollution of a Marina Area by Watercraft Use.
             J. Water Poll. Control Fed.; 1973; 45(l): 97-104.

         340. David, E.L. Public Perceptions of Water Quality. Water
             Research; 1971; 7(3): 453-457.
             Water pollution is perceived by the general public to be of
             increasing concern as a major problem facing the state. The
             @ost widely used indicators of water pollution seem
             insufficient in light of the public definition of, and
             concern about, water pollution.

         341. Dorazio, R.M.; Bowers, J.A.; Lehman, J.T. Food-web
             Manipulations Influence Grazer Control of Phytoplankton
             Growth Rates in Lake Michigan. J. Plankton Res.; 1987; 9(5):
             891-899.
             Stocking piscivorous salmonids in Lake Michigan produced
             dramatic alterations in food-web structure, including higher
                      -F large-bodied zooplankton (especially T@,:.lhnia
             pulicaria), lower summer chlorophyll concentrations and
             increased water transparency. Experimental determinations of
             epilimnetic phytoplankton growth rates and of zooplankton
             grazing rates indicate that herbivorous zooplankton
             controlled algal dynamics during the summer of 1983 because
             grazers occupied the surface waters throughout the day. In
             1985, however, both large- and small-bodied Daphnia made
             approximately equal contributions to total grazer biomass,
             and all grazers displayed pronounced diel vertical
             migrations, visiting epilimnetic waters only at night. This
             prohibited zooplankton from controlling algal dynamics
             because grazing losses did not exceed phytoplankton growth
             rates. The changes in zooplankton community composition and
             behavior observed in summer 1985 probably resulted from
             increased predation by visually orienting planktivorous fish,
             especially bloater chub (Coregopus hpyl

         342. Dunn, D.L. Cadmium-113m as a Biogeochemical Tracer for
             Cadmium in Lake Michigan. DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B-SCI. & ENG.;
             Nov. 1988; 49(5): 133 pp.
             Note: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: DA8816265.
             Cadmium is a toxic trace metal responsible for several
             debilitating pathological conditions. Anthropogenic activity
             has greatly enhanced environmental cadmium mobility. There
             has been concern about the fate of cadmium in potable water
             supplies. The Great Lakes are major sources of freshwater
             for much of the populated United States and Canada. The Lake

                                             5-97

              Michigan watershed has been sampled for Cd-113m. This long-
              lived metastable isotope of cadmium allowed independent
              evaluation of cadmium distribution in this dynamic ecosystem.
              Cd-113m analysis was not hampered by contamination or loss.
              The Cd-113 activities confirm the expected semiconservative
              behavior for cadmium.

         343. Eadie, B. J.; Landrum, P. F.; Faust, W. Polycyclic Aromatic
              Hydrocarbons in Sediments, Pore Water and the Amphipod
              Pontoporeia hovi from Lake Michigan. Chemosphere; 1982;
              11(9): 847.

         344. Eck, G.W.; Wells, L. Recent Changes in Lake Michigan's Fish
              Community and Their Probable Causes, with Emphasis on the
              Role of the Alewife (Alosa pseudoharangus). Can. J. Fish.
              Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 44(no. suppl. 2): 53-60; ISSN: 0706-652X.
              The exotic alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), which had
              proliferated to extremely high levels of abundance in the mid
              1960s, declined, particularly in the early 1980s. The
              authors believe that the sharp decline in alewives in the
              1980s was caused primarily by poor recruitment during the
              colder '-han normal --n-, @,4:' 1.976-82. The authors present
              evidence suggesting that the mechanism by which alewives
              affect native species is not by competition for food, as has
              often been hypothesized, and discuss the possibility that it
              is predation on early life stages.

         345. English, J. N  .; Surber, E. W.; McDermott, G. N. Pollutional
              Effects of Outboard Motor Exhaust -- Field Studies. J. Water
              Pollut. Control Fed.; 1963; 35: 1121-1132.

         346. Evans, M.S. Large-Lake Responses to Declines in the
              Abundance of a Major Fish Planktivore - the Lake Michigan
              Example. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Science; Sept
              1990; 47(9): 1738-1754; ISSN: 0706-625X.
              Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) abundances declined
              dramatically in southeastern Lake Michigan over 1973-77,
              several years before the lakewide decline occurred. The
              regional effects of this decline on adult copepod abundances,
              zooplankton biomass, and water clarity are examined.
              Zooplankton biomass, zooplankton mean dry weight, and water
              clarity apparently were not affected by the decline in
              alewife abundance in either the inshore or offshore region.
              The results of this study are evaluated in terms of the
              lakewide decline in alewife abundance, the summer 1983
              dominance of Daphnia pulicaria in offshore waters, the 1983
              marked improvement in offshore water clarity, and later
              changes in summer offshore C. pulicaria populations.

                                             5-98

         347. Evans, M.S.; Schelske, C.L. (Great Lakes Res. Div., Univ.
             Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109). Seasonal Aspects of Total Dry
             Weight and Biogenic Silica Flux, Lake Michigan. in IAGLR-86
             Program. International Association For Great Lakes Research
             29th Conference; May 26-29, 1986; Scarborough, Ont. (Canada):
             International Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo,
             NY; 1986: 32.
             Note: abstract only.
             Total dry weight flux varied seasonally in Lake Michigan with
             highest rates observed in spring. During spring, zooplankton
             fecal pellets and fecal matter accounted for approximately
             35-55% while phytoplankton accounted for 12-18% of total dry
             weight flux. However, in terms of biogenic silica,
             phytoplankton accounted for approximately 36% of the flux.
             Melosira and Stephanodiscus were the major components of
             this silica flux. During summer, organic aggregates and
             zooplankton exoskeletons accounted for much of the dry weight
             flux. Biogenic silica flux rates were low and individually
             sinking phytoplankton cells appeared to contribute
             proportionately less to silica flux than in spring.
             Flagilaria and Tabellaria were important components of
             summer biogenic silica

         348. Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Carrick, H.J. Primary Ptoduction in Lakes
             Huron and Michigan: In Vitro and In Situ Comparisons. J.
             Plankton Res.; Nov 1988; 10(6): 1273-1283.
             Oxygen- and carbon-14-based primary production estimates from
             9-16 h in vitro incubations were compared in lakes Huron and
             Michigan. For surface mixing layer comparisons, gross 02/C14
             photosynthetic quotients (gross PQ) averaged 2.2, and net 02/
             C14 photosynthetic quotients (net PQ) averaged 1.4. In situ
             production estimates were determined by measuring water-mass
             ?xygen changes and oxygen transfer across the air-water
             interface. In situ production estimates were approximately
             twice in vitro production estimates for both surface mixing
             layer and deep chlorophyll layer comparisons.

         349. Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Scavia, D. Dynamics of Lake Michigan
             Phytoplankton: Recent Changes in Surface and Deep
             Communities. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(3): 509-514;
             ISSN: 0706-652X.
             Lake Michigan phytoplankton dynamics were studied from the
             end of spring isothermal mixing (May) through
             midstratification (July-August) in 1982-84. Phytoplankton
             composition shifted from a diatom-dominated community (75% of
             phytoplankton carbon) during May to a phytoflagellate-
             dominated community (71% of phytoplankton carbon) during
             July-August. This summer phytoflagellate dominance in the
             1980s is distinctly different from the summer blue-green and

                                          5-99

             green algae dominance in the 1970s. Foodweb interactions
             caused by a changing zooplankton composition and nutrient
             supply changes were two possible causes. A deep chlorophyll
             layer (DCL) developed after the onset of thermal
             stratification.

         350. Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Scavia, D. (Great Lakes Environmental
             Research Lab., NOAA, 2300 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI
             48104). Phytoplankton Dynamics and Primary Production in Lake
             Michigan, 1982-84. in IAGLR-86 Program. International
             Association For Great Lakes Research 29th Conference.; May
             26-29, 1986; Scarborough, Ont. Canada. International
             Association for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY; 1986: 32.
             Note: abstract only.
             Phytoplankton dynamics and primary production, studied from
             late spring isothermy through mid stratification 1982-1984,
             were consistent with recent reported changes in the Lake
             Michigan ecosystem. Significant changes from the 1970s were
             noted in summer epilimnetic phytoplankton composition and
             size of the deep chlorophyll layer. Trends in primary
             production were not as clear. Average summer assimilation
             --t4l- did not exhibit significant changes fr--n the 1970s
             Integral water column production trends could not be
             adequately compared. Phytoplankton growth during summer
             stratification was limited by the supply of phosphorus.

         351. Fehringer, N.V.; Walters, S.M.; Kozara, R.J.; Schneider,
             L.F. Survey of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Fish
             from the Great Lakes and Selected Michigan Rivers. J. Agric.
             Food Chem.; Jul.-Aug. 1985; 33(4): 626-630.
             Fish from the Great Lakes region and selected Michigan rivers
             were analyzed for residues of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
             dioxin (TCDD) by using combinations and modifications of
             published methods. Portions of homogenates of skinless fish
             fillets were digested in ethanolic KOH and TCDD was extracted
             with hexane. TCDD was separated from coextractives by
             passing through a silica gel supported sulfuric acid column
             followed by collecting the TCDD fraction of eluate from three
             high-performance liquid chromatographic systems. Capillary
             gas chromatography (HRGC) with electron capture (EC)
             detection was used for residue screening. Residues found by
             HRGC-EC were confirmed by HRGC low-resolution mass
             spectrometry by using a 12-ion monitoring scheme. Fish from
             Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), the Tittabawassee River in
             Michigan, and Lake Ontario contained the highest levels of
             contamination. No TCDD residues at or above the minimum
             confirmable level of 10 ppt were found in fish from Michigan
             rivers other than the Tittabawassee.

                                         5-100

         352. Fogarty, S. A Citizen's Action Guide. Great Lakes Toxic
             Hotspots; 1985: Lake Michigan Federation. Chicago, Il.

         353. Gannon, J. J. Health Aspects of Great Lakes Water as Related
             to Water Supply and Recreational Uses; 1970; ISBN: MICHU-SG-
             76-200.
             Note: Sea Grant.

         354. Gardner, W.S.; Chandler, J.F.; Laird, G.A. Organic Nitrogen
             Mineralization and Substrate Limitation of Bacteria in Lake
             Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Mar. 1989; 34(2): 478-485.
             Labile organic nitrogen mineralization and the apparent
             degree of bacterial substrate limitation were examined to
             consider seasonal relationships between substrate
             availability and bacterial activity in Lake Michigan.
             Accumulation rates of ammonium nitrogen in amino acid
             fortified and unfortified samples of epilimnetic Lake
             Michigan water, incubated in the dark, provided reasonable
             estimates of potential and actual rates of organic nitrogen
             mineralization.

         355. Gr_-%rin, J.M.;         !4.S.; Quigley, M.A. Effects of Food
             Removal on Nutrient Release Rates and Lipid Content of Lake
             Michigan Pontoporeia hoyi. Can. Journal of Fish. and Aquatic
             Science; July 1989; 46(7): 1125-1130; ISSN: 0706-652X.
             Note: NOAA Environmental Research Lab, 2205 Commonwealth
             Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105.

         356. Gerloff, G.C.; Muth, J.V. (Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI,
             Botany Dept.). Nutritional ecology of Great Lakes Cladophora
             glomerata.; Jan. 1984. (NTIS Order No.: PB84-136571).
             Note: Grant EPA-R-804402.
             Various bioassays, primarily plant analysis, were utilized to
             evaluate relative nutrient supplies and primary growth
             limiting nutrients for 'Cladophora glomerata growth in parts
             of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, known to differ markedly in
             degree of pollution. Preliminary studies indicated emphasis
             should be on evaluations of five nutrients: phosphorus,
             @itrogen, boron, sulfur, and vitamin B1. The bioassays
             indicated that phosphorus very likely is the critical
             nutrient in nuisance C. glomerata growths and that at times
             phosphorus-supply actually is reduced to growth-limiting
             concentrations. However, the possibility that vitamin B1 may
             at times be critical of C. alomerata cannot as yet be
             eliminated.

                                          5-101

         357. Giesy, J.P.; Newsted, J.; Garling, D.L. Relationships
             Between Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations and Rearing
             Mortality of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawvtscha) Eggs
             from Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1986; 12(1): 82-98;
             ISSN: 0380-1330.
             A study was conducted to investigate a possible correlation
             between chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and rearing
             mortality of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawvtscha).
             Eggs, collected from adult Lake Michigan chinook salmon in
             October, 1982, were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon
             concentrations and rearing mortality. Polychlorinated
             biphenyls, toxaphene, and fifteen other chlorinated
             @ydrocarbons were quantified. Also concentrations of
             individual PCB congeners were quantified. Some 78
             quantifiable PCB congeners were found, only three of which
             were non-ortho substituted. Mean concentrations of Aroclor
             1242, 1254, and 1260 were 1.7, 5.4, and 1.1 ug/g
             respectively. The concentration of toxaphene-like material
             was 3.3 ug/g, and the mean concentration of the total DDT
             complex was 1.0 ug/g. Concentrations of chlorinated
             hydrocarbons ranged about 10-fold among individual fish.
             When the residues werr classified into 4 principal
             components, 2 of the principal components which contained
             primarily the toxaphene and PCB concentrations were
             negatively correlated with survival of fry to the swim-up
             stage.

         358. Gooch, J.W.; Matsumura, F. Evaluation of the Toxic
             Components of Toxaphene in Lake Michigan Lake Trout. J.
             Agric. Food Chem.; Sep.-Oct. 1985; 33(5): 844-848.
             Lake trout (Salvelinus namavcush) from Lake Michigan were
             analyzed for residues of the insecticide toxaphene and two of
             the primary toxic constituents, toxicants A and B. Using
             various chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometric
             confirmation, the authors have identified these toxic
             congeners in Lake Michigan lake trout residues. Levels of
             toxicants A and B have been found to be roughly 1 order of
             magnitude or more less than the estimated total toxaphene
             residue. Since the environmentally derived toxaphene is
             extensively altered in comparison to the technical material,
             measurement of toxic congeners may be a more toxicologically
             relevant measure of toxaphene derived residues.

         359. Goodale, T.L.; Ditton, R.B. Attitudes and Actions:
             Perceiving and Responding to a Degraded Water Resources. In:
             International Association of Great Lakes Research. Proc. 16th
             Conference on Great Lakes Research; 1973: pp. 912-919.

                                          5-102

         360. Graney, R.L.; Keilty, T.J.; Giesy, J.P. Free Amino Acid
             Pools of Five Species of Freshwater Oligochaetes. Can. J.
             Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Mar. 1986;-43(3): 600-607; ISSN: 0706-
             652X.

         361. Grant, J.E. Michigan's Process for Regulating Toxic
             Substances in Surface Water Permits. World Conf. on Large
             Lakes; 18 May, 1986; Mackinac Island, MI. Chelsea, MI: Lewis
             Publ.; 1988: 317-328; ISBN: 0-87371-090-8.
             A necessary aspect of fisheries management is a water
             pollution control program that will not only provide nontoxic
             water quality conditions but also ensure that fish do not
             contain unacceptable levels of toxic substances for human
             consumption. Michigan has recently promulgated revisions to
             Rule 323.1057 of its Water Quality Standards that establish a
             regulatory process that will protect public health and the
             environment from discharges of toxic substances from point
             source surface water discharges. This paper reviews the
             development of the rule amendments and discusses key aspects
             of the adopted rules and guidelines.

              Great Lakes Water Quality Board. 1989 R.,port on Gre:,
             Water Quality. Appendix A. Progress in Developing and
             Implementing Remedial Action Plans for Areas of Concern in
             the Great Lakes Basin.; 1989; Report to the International
             Joint commission.
             Note: Mich. City.
             42 Areas of Concern have been identified in the Great Lakes
             Basin Ecosystem where general or specific objectives of the
             Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement are not met, and such
             failure has caused or is likely to cause impairment of
             beneficial use or of the area's ability to support aquatic
             life. As a result of a recomendation of the Great Lakes
             Water Quality Board, the eight Great Lakes States and the
             Province of Ontario committed themselves in 1985 to
             developing and implementing a Remedial Action Plan (RAP) to
             restore all beneficial uses in each Area of Concern within
             their geological boundaries.

         363. Great Lakes Basin commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
             Study). Environmental Impact Statement (Final). Ann Arbor,
             MI: Public Information Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission;
             1976.
             Note: CZM.
             Preparation of a Framework Study evaluating the water and
             related land resources of the Great Lakes Basin, in an
             attempt to obtain a consensus among involved States and
             Federal agencies on the general rate at which future
             development of these resources should proceed, which types of

                                         5-103

             development should be encouraged or discouraged, and which
             geographic areas should receive special consideration for
             development or preservation. The Framework Study is an
             overview of the entire Great Lakes Basin, and will serve as a
             guide to programs and studies needed to consider more
             specific resource problems and smaller geographic areas. The
             Commission has developed a Proposed Framework for the Basin
             through the year 2020, which envisions a rate of economic
             growth and development slightly lower than that which would
             follow from a projection of past growth trends. The
             Environmental Imapact Statement is a conceptual study, not an
             authorized plan for construction. It is very general, with
             little description of detailed effects, but it is believed to
             adequately highlight the most significant impacts that can be
             covered in a Level A study.

         364. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
             Stiudy). Fish. Appendix 8. Ann Arbor, MI: Public Information
             Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1976.
             Note: CZM.
             The objective of this report is to examine long-range fishery
             developmen4-          for the waters of the Great Lakes Bas,_-,
             predicated on the historical development of the fishery,
             present status and problems, and projections for future
             supply and demand. Alternative approaches have been
             considered in response to various physical, ecological,
             social, economic, and institutional conditions that are
             expected in future years.

         365. Grieb, T.M.; Driscoll, C.T.; Shofield, C.L.; Bowie, G.L.;
             Porcella, D.B. Factors Affecting Mercury Accumulation in Fish
             in the Upper Michigan Peninsula. 9th Annual Meeting of the
             Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Symposium
             on Metal Chemistry and Bioavailability in Acid Waters; Nov
             13, 1988; Arlington, VA (USA); 1990; Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,
             vol 9, no. 7: 919-930.

         366. Griffin, John J.; Goldberg, Edward D. Impact of Fossil Fuel
             Combustion on Sediments of Lake Michigan: A Reprise.
             Environmental Science and Technology; 1983; 17(4): 244.
             The size distribution of charcoals in sediments of Lake
             Michigan reflects the onset of the industrial revolution and
             the increased intensities of fossil fuel combustion during
             the twentieth century. Prior to'1900 the less than lum
             fraction was dominant, and its source was primarily biomass
             burning. In the subsequent years coal and oil burning became
             evident with larger particles, especially greater than 32 um,
             making larger contributions to the total charcoal
             concentrations. The input of the larger particles is a

                                          5-104

             consequence of near fallout of particles from energy-
             producing plants near the lake.

         367. Hanson, F.B. Bioeconomic Model of the Lake Michigan Alewife
             (Alosa pseudoharengus) Fishery.  Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.;
             1987; 44(no. suppl. 2): 298-305; ISSN: 0706-652X.

         368. Hartig, J.H.; Jude, D.J. Ecological and Evolutionary
             significance of Cyclopoid Predation on Fish Larvae. J.'
             Plankton Res.; May 1988; 10(3): 573-577.
             of 412 cyclopoids found preying on fish larvae in Lake
             Michigan, 411 were adult females. It is suggested that
             adult, female cyclopoid predation on fish larvae may
             represent an important mechanism both to reduce intraspecific
             competition for food (ie. between sexes) and maximize net
             energy intake for reproduction.

         369. Heinz, G.H.; Haseltine, S.D.; Reichel, W.L.; Hensler, G.L.
             @elationships of Environmental Contaminants to Reproduction
             in Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator) from Lake
             Michigan. Environ. Pollut. (A Ecol. Biol.); 1983; 32(3): 211-
             232.
             In 1977 and 1978, the authors studied red-breasted mergansers
             Mergus serrator nesting on islands in northwestern Lake
             Michigan to determine whether environmental contaminants were
             having effects on reproduction. The authors looked for
             effects of individual contaminants and combinations of
             contaminants on reproductive measurements such as nest
             desertionf failure of eggs to hatch, death of newly hatched
             ducklings leaving the nest and eggshell thickness. They also
             looked for relationships between the levels of some
             contaminants in blood samples of 39 incubating females and
             reproductive success. A small degree of eggshell thinning
             was attributed to DDE and a few other statistical tests were
             significant, but no contaminant or combination of
             contaminants measured seemed to have a pronounced effect on
             the aspects of reproduction we followed.

         370. Hendry, K.K.; Conlan, K.N.; White, G.S.; Proudlove, A.
             Bewsher; Hawkins, S.J. Water Quality in Disused Docks: Their
             Potential for Recreational and Commercial Fisheries. In:
             Coastal Water Resources Sum.; May 1988. Wilmington, N.C.:
             Amer. Water Resources Assn.; 1988. 225 pp.

                                          5-105

         371. Hesselberg, R.J.; Hickey, J.P.; Nortrup, D.A.; Willford,
              W.A. Contaminant Residues in the Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) of
              Lake Michigan, 1969-1986. Journal Great Lakes Research; 1990;
              16(l): 121-129; ISSN: 0380-1330.
              Note: Natl. Fish. Res. Cent., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
              1451 Green Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
              Residues of DDT, PCBs, dieldrin in Lake Michigan bloaters
              (Coregonus hoyi) decreased between 1969 and 1986. All
              values for contaminant residues were measured and reported as
              ug/g of whole fish, wet weight; the error limits represented
              the 95% confidence interval half widths. Total DDT content
              declined 87% from 9.9 in 1970, when its use was banned, to
              1.3 in 1974, and then averaged 0.88 in 1978-1986 with a low
              of 0.67 in 1986. PCBs first analyzed in 1972, declined 64%
              (from 5.7 to 2.2) between 1972 and 1980 and were at 1.64 in
              1986. The great decline in PCBs occurred following the 1976
              ban.

         372. Hoffman, D.J.; Rattner, B.A.; Sileo, L.; Docherty, D.;
              Kubiak, T.J. Embryotoxicity, Teratogenicity, and Aryl
              Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Activity in Forster's Terns on Green
              Bay, Lake Michigan. Environ. Res.; FT, 1987; 42(i)- 1'7<-10A.

         373. International Joint Commision. Procedures for the Assessment
              of Contaminated Sediment Problems in the Great Lakes.
              Windsor, Ontario: Great Lakes Regional Office.; 1988.

         374. Jackivicz, T. P., Jr.; Kuzminski, L. N. The Effect of the
              Interaction of Outboard Motors with the Aquatic Environment
              A Review. Environ. Res.; 1973; 6: 436-454.

         375. Jenkins, W. A. Environmental Effects of Pollutants
              Associated with Marina Development: A Synthesis of Existing
              Research. In: The Fate and Effects of Pollutants: A
              Symposium. College Park: University of Maryland, Sea Grant
              Program; 1985; Tech. Rep., UM-SG-TS-85-02: 63-64.
              Noteg (Abstract Only].

         376. Jones, W.W.; Winters, J:; Doxstater, G. (Sch. Public and
              Environ. Aff., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN. 47401). Lake
              Management in Indiana - New Approaches to Old Problems. 8
              Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed
              Management; 15-18 Nov.1988; St. Louis, MO. Arlington, VA:
              North American Lake Management Soc.; 1988: p. 17 (summary
              only).

         377. Jude, D.J.; Tesar, F.J.; Deboe, S.F.; Miller, T.J. Diet and
              Selection of Major Prey Species by Lake Michigan Salmonines,
              1973-1982. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc-'; Sep. 1987; 116(5): 677-691.

                                          5-106

          378. Jude, D. J.; Tesar, F. J. Recent Changes in the Inshore
              Forage Fish of Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.;
              1985; 42: 1154-1157.

          379. Keen, Cecil S. Lake/Land Breeze Circulations on the Western
              Shore of Lake Michigan. Journal of Applied Meteorology; 1978;
              17(2): 1843.
              A classic lake breeze circulation cell that formed on the
              western shore of Lake Michigan on 4 September 1974 is studied
              in great detail. Wind measurements are made with surface
              anemometers and serial pibals, with air trajectories
              monitored via tetroons. Aircraft measurements map the
              thermal internal boundary layer and small and large aerosol
              distributions. Recirculation of pollutants is indicated from
              analysis of the tetroon data. Aerosol measurements suggest
              size sorting of small versus large particles as they are
              transported through the complex three dimensional flow.
              These wind data also form the basis of a kinematic diagnostic
              study of mesoscale pollution transport in coastal areas, to
              be reported in a subsequent paper.

          '380. Keen, r-il q * Lyons, Walter A.; Schuh, Jerome A. Air
              Pollution Transport Studies in a Coastal Zone Using Kinematic
              Diagnostic Analysis. Journal of Applied Meteorology; 1979;
              18(5): 606.
              Data from a mesoscale wind analysis of a vigorous lake/land
              breeze circulation on 4 September 1974 along the western
              shoreline of Lake Michigan are available. A computer program
              takes subjectively analyzed observed and estimated u and v
              components of the wind for a 24 h period, calculates vertical
              motions, and then estimates the trajectory of any particle(s)
              released within the coastal zone. The computed three-
              dimensional trajectories are presented using computer
              graphics displays. They reveal highly complex transport
              processes for aerosols released from typical line and
              multistack point sources. Aerosol recirculation and size
              sorting can be found within the lake breeze cell.

          381. Keilty, T.J.; White, D.S.; Landrum, P.F. Short-term
              Lethality and Sediment Avoidance Assays with Endrin-
              Contaminated Sediment and Two Oligochaetes from Lake
              Michigan. Arch. Environ. Contam.' Toxicol.; Jan. 1988; 17(l):
              95-101.

          382. Kenneunen, R. E.; Peterson, J.; Stewart, S.; Swineh    art, C.
              Sea Grant Research and Community Development Lake Michigan's
              Bottomland Pr. Marine Parks and Conservation Challenge and
              Promises; 1985: 78-184.; ISBN: Reprint: MICHU-R-85010.

                                            5-107

         383. Kilham, S.S. Dynamics of Lake Michigan Natural Phytoplankton
              Communities in Continuous Cultures Along a Si:P Loading
              Gradient. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Feb. 1986; 43(2): 351-
              360; ISSN: 0706-652X.
              The hypothesis that phytoplankton species assort themselves
              along resource ratio gradients according to their relative
              competitive abilities for the potentially limiting resources
              was tested using natural communities from Lake Michigan.
              Algae were grown in six continuous cultures for 46 d on a
              gradient consisting of four silicon to phosphorus (Si:P)
              loading ratios: 313:1 (two cultures), 71:1, 4.6:1, and 0.9:1,
              and 0.9 (two cultures). Diatoms were the superior
              competitors for P and dominated the three high Si:P ratio
              cultures at steady state. Green algae dominated the three
              low Si:P ratio cultures. Results illustrate that
              phytoplankton natural community continuous cultures provide a
              method for evaluating potential changes in community
              structure resulting from long-term changes in loading ratios
              of resources.

         384. Kitchell, J.F. The Scope for Mortality Caused by Sea
              Lamprey. Trar., Am. Fish. q--    jiilw 1990; 119(4): 642-648.
              Note: Presented at From Environment to Fish to Fisheries: A
              Tribute to F.E.J. Fry - Symp. at 118 Annu. Meet. of the
              American Fisheries Soc., Toronto, Ont. Canada (Sep 12, 1988).
              Subsequent to development of the lampricide program, sea
              lampreys Petromyzon marinus in Lake Michigan have
              demonstrated increased growth rates in parallel with expanded
              stocking rates of salmon and trout. Based on bioenergetics
              modeling of maximum and minimum growth and feeding rates, the
              author estimated sea lamprey effects as the "scope for
              mortality", which depends on host size and sea lamprey size.
              @or small host fishes, sea lamprey-induced mortality may have
              increased approximately sixfold over the past two decades.

         385. Kitchell, J.F.; Hewett, S.W. Forecasting Forage Demand and
              Yield of Sterile Chinook Salmon (Onocorhynchus tshawytscha)
              in Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(no.
              suppl. 2): 384-389; ISSN: 0706-652X.

         386. Laird, G.A. Distribution of Labile Dissolved organic Carbon
              in Lake Michigan. Limnol. Oceanogr.; Mar. 1990; 35(2): 443-
              447.
              Bioassay-measured, labile dissolved organic carbon (LDOC)
              concentrations were compared in n,ear-bottom and near-surface
              Lake Michigan water between April and October 1986. In five
              of seven experiments, the LDOC concentration was higher in
              near-bottom water. LDOC reached 40.2% of the total DOC pool
              in the near-bottom water in late May and 13.8% in the near-

                                           5-108

             surface water in early July. Concentration in near-bottom
             water was highest during early stratification; concentration
             in surface water varied less but was highest in early July.
             The data suggest that an allochthonous source of labile
             organic C may be important.

        387. Lambert, John F. Jr. Land Acquisition in the National Parks:
             Examples from Yosemite National Park and Indiana Dunes
             National Lakeshore. Harvard Environmental Law Review; 1982;
             6(1): 35.

        388. Landers, D.; Gloss, S.P; Grieb, T.M.; Driscoll, C.T.;
             Schofield, C.L. Mercury Levels in Fish from the Upper
             Peninsula of Michigan (ELS Subregion 2B) in Relation to Lake
             Acidity. Ecol. Res. ser. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency NTIS;
             1990; Order number PB90-263484/GAR.: 116 pp.
             Note: Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.
             Environmental Research Lab.

        389. Larsen, C.E. (U.S. Geol. Surv., Reston, VA 22070). Long-term
             Variation in the Levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron: A Lesson
             from the Geologic and Paleoclimat4- Records. Klein-Helmuth,
             B.C.; Savold, D. in 1987 AAAS Annual Meeting: 153rd National
             Meeting; 14-18 February; Chicago. Washington DC: AAAS; 1987:
             12.
             Note: summary only.
             The historic record of Great Lakes level changes currently
             used for planning and engineering purposes in the region
             begins in 1860, but only the record from 1900 is used for
             forecasting. The range of variation between high and low
             average monthly levels over this period is about 5 ft.
             Geologic records for the past 2,000 years show a greater
             range of variation. Dated alluvial deposits near stream
             mouths along the Lake Michigan shore show the contemporaneous
             base level (lake level) was 4-8 ft above the present base
             level. Buried peats from cattail marshes adjacent to the
             lakeshore near Waukegan, IL show that lake level to have
             been once from 5-7 ft lower than during historic.
             Paleoclimatic and archeologic records suggest that these
             long-term fluctuations were due to periodic changes in
             precipitation and evaporation within the basin.

                                         5-109

         390. Lauritsen, D.D.; Mozley, S.C.; White, D.S. Distribution of
             Oligochaetes in Lake Michigan and Comments on Their Use as
             Indices of Pollution. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(l): 67-
             76; ISSN: 0380-1330.
             Benthic samples were taken from 286 stations covering all
             areas of Lake Michigan in 1975 as part of sedimentological
             survey of the Great Lakes. From these samples a total of 27
             oligochaete species were identified. Stylodrilus heringianus
             @as the most abundant species in the lake and densities were
             inversely related to organic content of the sediments.
             Tubificids exhibited localized concentrations in Green Bay
             and in northern and southern basins. Comparison of several
             methods using oligochaete data to assess water quality showed
             similar patterns, indicating that Southern Green Bay and
             parts of the northern and southern basins of the lake are
             organically enriched environments. With the exception of the
             northern basin, which had not previously been surveyed, these
             conclusions are consistent with earlier regional oligochaete
             surveys of the lake.

         391. Lesht, B.M.; Rockwell, D.C. (Environ. Res. Div., Argonne
             Nat' T.=I,% . argonne, IL 60439). Nutrient Enrichment *i the
             Benthic Nephoid Layer of Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan,
             1983-1984. in IAGLR-86 Program. International Association
             for Great Lakes Research 29th Conference; May 26-29, 1986;
             Scarborough, Ont. Canada. International Assoc. for Great
             Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY; 1986: 39.
             Note: abstract only.
             Data collected during the 1983-84 water quality surveys of
             lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan show that summertime
             concentrations of both particulates and nutrients in the
             lower ten meters (at least) of the water column are
             significantly enriched relative to the overlying waters.
             Most pronounced in Lake Michigan, this enrichment was also
             observed in Lake Huron and in the eastern basin of Lake Erie
             during both years. By integrating the water column mass of
             total phosphorus and dissolved reactive silica before, during
             and after stratification the authors estimate that as much as
             30% of the whole lake burden of these nutrients may be
             suspended within the benthic nepheloid layer before turnover.

         392. Liston, C. R.; Brazo, D. C.; Bohr, J. R.; Gulvas, J. A.
             Abundance and Composition of Lake Michigan Fishes Near Rock
             Jetties and a Breakwater, with Comparisons to Fishes in
             Nearby Natural Habitats. In: D'Itri, F. M. Artificial Reefs:
             Marine and Fresh Applications. Lewis Publishing: Chelsea, MI;
             1985. 491-513.

                                          5-110

         393. Loftus, A.J.; Taylor, W.W.; Keller, M. An Evaluation of Lake
             Trout (Salvelinus namavcush) Hooking Mortality in the Upper
             Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1988; 45(8): 1473-
             1479; ISSN: 0706-652X.

         394. McMahon, P.J.T. The Impact of Marinas on Water Quality.
             Water Sci. Techno.; 1989; 21: 39-43.

         395. Merna, J.W. Contamination of Stream Fishes with Chlorinated
             Hydrocarbons from Eggs of Great Lakes Salmon. Trans. Am.
             Fish. Soc.; Jan. 1986; 115(l): 69-74.
             Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have been stocked in the
             Great Lakes where they accumulate body burdens of chlorinated
             hydrocarbons. The transport of these contaminants to
             resident communities in spawning streams was studied in two
             tributaries of Lake Michigan accessible to anadromous
             spawners and one control tributary blocked to them. No
             polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, or dieldrin were
             @etected in the sediments or biota of the control stream, or
             in sediments of the test streams. However, trout Salmo spp.
             and, to a lesser extent, sculpins Cottus spp. accumulated
             PCBs and -nT as a reSlilt- of sz;;ting contaminated salmon eggs.
             Eggs constituted as much as 87% (by weight) of the total
             stomach contents of trout collected during the salmon
             spawning season early October to early January. Salmon eggs
             contained 0.46-9.50 mg PCBs/kg, and 0.14-1.80 mg DDT/kg.
             Consumption of eggs varied greatly among individual trout,
             and there was strong correlation between numbers of eggs in
             the stomachs and PCB and DDT concentrations in the fillets.

         396. Metzler, G.; Sager, P. E. A Preliminary Study of the
             Macrobenthos of Wave-Swept and Protected Sites on the Lake
             Michigan Shoreline at Toftpoint Natural Area, Wisconsin USA.
             Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett.; 1986; 74: 126-132.

         397. Miller, G.S.; Saylor, J.H. Currents and Temperatures in
             Green Bay, Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(2):
             97-109; ISSN: 0380-1330.
             Current velocities and water temperatures were measured in
             the 4 main passages between Green Bay and Lake Michigan and
             at several sites within the bay during summer and fall 1977.
             Monthly resultant currents indicate there is anticlockwise
             circulation in the bay during dominant southwesterly wind and
             a reversal of this pattern during episodes of northeasterly
             wind. it is common for 2 layers to flow through the mouth of
             the bay in opposite directions during the stratified season.
             Cold hypolimnetic lake water entering through the mouth and
             extending far into the bay maintains stratification and
             promotes flushing. The effects of resonance of forced and

                                           5-111

             free long wave disturbances are prominent in current records;
             these oscillations are coherent and in phase across the
             mouth.

         398. Miller, T.; Crowder, L.B.; Binkowski, F.P. Effects of
             Changes in the Zooplankton Assemblage on Growth of Bloater
             and Implications for Recruitment Success. Trans. Am. Fish.
             Soc.; May 1990; 19(3): 483-491.
             Note: McGill Univ., 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, Montreal. Quebec.
             H3A 1B1, Canada.

         399. Moll, R.; Brahce, M. Seasonal and spatial distribution of
             bacteria, chlorophyll, and nutrients in nearshore Lake
             Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1986; 12(l): 52-62; ISSN:
             0380-1330.
             Bacterial abundances and metabolic activity were related to
             chlorophyll concentrations, nutrient concentrations, and the
             physical environment in the vicinity of the Grand River
             discharge into Lake Michigan. The results show that bacteria
             and phytoplankton displayed almost opposite seasonal and
             spatial distributions. Bacterial abundances were at their
             annual high in the late sumrn-- and early fall when
             chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity were at a
             seasonal low and nutrient concentrations were at their annual
             nadir. These results indicate that bacterial populations
             were not highly stimulated by the presence of algae or algal
             extracellular excretions. However, a complete separation of
             bacterial and algal dynamics was difficult because of the
             ecological overlap between microalgae and bacterioplankton.
             Analysis of bacterial abundance, chlorophyll concentration,
             and glucose uptake by size fractions showed that Lake
             Michigan has an abundant crop of microalgae.

         400. Morandi, Larry B.; Greg H. Lazarus. Water Resources
             Management: Issues and Policy options. National Conference of
             State Legislatures; Denver; 1982.

         401. Morehead, N.R.; Eadie, B.J.; Lake, B.; Landrum, P.F.;
             Berner, D. The sorption of PAH onto Dissolved organic Matter
             in Lake Michigan Waters. Chemosphere; April 1986; 15(4): 403-
             412.
             The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrophobic organic
             .contaminants (HOC) that associate with dissolved organic
             matter (DOM) in natural water systems. The DOM-HOC complex
             is sufficiently stable to allow measurement of an association
             constant, Kb. For individual HOC in different natural
             waters, Kb ranges over two orders of magnitude. Results show
             that the Kb is more dependent on,the source of the DOM than

                                         5-112

             the water solubility of the HOC but that for a specific water
             sample, correlation of Kb with solubility does exist.

         402. Morrison, W. David, Jr. The Impacts of Development of
             Wetlands on Water Quality. Detroit, Michigan: Southeast
             Michigan Council of Governments; 1979: 111 pp.

         403. Problems of the Great Lakes Region: Conference Proceedings.
             Traverse City, MI; June 9-11, 1980; ISBN: MICHU-SG-81-900.

         404. Quigley, M.A.; Robbins, J.A. Phosphorus Release Processes in
             Nearshore Southern Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.;
             1986; 43(6): 1201-1207; ISSN: 0706-652X.

         405. Quigley, M.A.; Robbins, J.A. Silica Regeneration Processes
             in Nearshore Southern Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.;
             1984; 10(4): 383-392; ISSN: 0380-1330.
             The seasonal depletion of dissolved silica to levels that
             limit diatom production is particularly critical in Lake
             Michigan's nearshore zone where diatom biomass is greatest,
             and where silica regeneration from sediments is not well-

         406. Reber, Jan Marie, Master's Student. Photo-enhanced Toxicity
             and Developmental Effects of River Sediment Elutriates to
             Early Life Stages of the Fathead Minnow; August 1991;
             Master's Thesis.
             Note: Purdue University.

         407. Rice, J.A.; Crowder, L.B.; Holey, M.E. Exploration of
             Mechanisms Regulating Larval survival in Lake Michigan
             Bloater: A Recruitment Analysis Based on Characteristics of
             Individual Larvae. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.; Sep. 1987; 116(5):
             703-718.

         408. Richman, S.; Sager, P.E., Banta, G.; Harvey, T.R.; Destasio,
             B.T. (Lawrence Univ., Biol. Dep., Appleton, WI 54912).
             Phytoplankton Standing Stock, Size Distribution, Species
             Composition and Productivity Along a Trophic Gradient in
             Green Bay, Lake Michigan. in Congress in France 1983.
             Proceedings.; 21 Aug. 1983; Lyon, France. Schweizerbart'sche
             Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart (FRG); 1984: 460-469. (Trav.
             Assoc. Int. Limnol. Theor. Appl; v. 22, no.1); ISBN: 3-5105-
             4023-9.
             Note: ISSN 0368-0770.
             A distinct feature of Green Bay is a south to north gradient
             evident in increases in mean depth, water volume and light
             penetration, and decrease in nutrient concentration and
             specific conductance. These physico-chemical gradients

                                          5-113

             correlate well with gradients in standing stock distributions
             of phytoplankton in terms of numerical density, biovolume
             concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, and species
             composition and with primary productivity. These parameters
             are closely correlated with one another and clearly establish
             spatial variations in trophic conditions oriented along the
             longitudinal axis of the bay from very high hypereutrophic
             conditions in the extreme southern to mesoeutrophic/
             oligotrophic status in the northern bay.

         409. Rodgers, P.W.; Swain, W.R. Analysis of Polychlorinated
             Biphenyl (PCB) Loading Trends in Lake Michigan. J. Great
             Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(4): 548-558; ISSN: 0380-1330.
             PCB concentrations in coregonid fishes (bloater chubs)
             collected from Lake Michigan between 1972 and 1980 are used
             to infer an historical loading trend for polychlorinated
             biphenyls (PCBs). A mass balance model was developed to
             describe the dynamics of PCBs by assuming that historical
             fish concentrations are proportional to concurrent water
             column concentrations of PCB. The validity of this
             assumption is strengthened, since the data represent a single
             speci@,7,2 of fish (-      feeder), a specific age class of
             that species, and a single laboratory performing the
             collections and analysis of data. The results of model
             analysis indicate that PCB loading to Lake Michigan during
             the period of observation can be described by a linearly
             decreasing trend. The calibrated model also forecasts the
             response of selected fish species to various loading
             scenarios. Forecast results indicate that a continuously
             decreasing load will result in compliance with U.S. and
             Canadian guideline value for human consumption by 1987.

         410. Rossmann, R. (Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Great Lakes
             Research Div.). Trace Metal Concentrations in the offshore
             Water of Lakes Erie and Michigan; Nov. 1984; NTIS Order No.:
             PB85-199396/GAR. (Special Report Mich. Univ. Great Lakes Res.
             Div.).
             Note; Grant EPA-R-005709-01.
             During 1981, water samples were collected from ten Lake Erie
             and ten Lake Michigan stations. In both Lake Erie and Lake
             Michigan, large percentages of aluminum, iron, and manganese
             were associated with particulate matter. A substantial
             fraction of the total berylium, cobalt, copper, lead, tin,
             vanadium, and zinc were associated with Lake Michigan
             particulate matter. In Lake Erie, it appears that a
             significant fraction of the particulates may have been
             resuspended sediment.

                                         5-114

         411. Scavia D.; Fahnenstiel, G.L.; Evans, M.S.; Jude, D.J.;
             Lehman, J.T. Influence of Salmonine Predation and Weather on
             Long-term water Quality Trends in Lake Michigan. Can. J.
             Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Feb. 1986; 43(2): 435-443; ISSN: 0706-
             652X,
             Trends in Lake Michigan water quality over 1975-84 appear to
             reflect reduced nutrient loadings as indicated by gradual
             declines in spring total phosphorus (TP) and summer
             epilimnetic chlorophyll a (Chl a). Deviations from these
             trends during 1977 and 1983-84 were apparently caused by
             abiotic and biotic factors, respectively. Prolonged ice
             cover during 1977 decreased sediment resuspension resulting
             in lower TP, reduced Chl a levels, and increased water
             clarity. A similar dramatic result occurred in 1983 and to a
             lesser extent in 1984, but via a different mechanism.
             Burgeoning populations of stocked salmonines reduced
             populations of the planktivorous alewife (Alosa
             pseudoharengus), which allowed large Daphnia to flourish.
             Because the Daphnia are more voracious and nonselective
             grazers than the formerly dominant calanoid copepods, they
             reduced seston concentrations, causing dramatic increases in
             Secchi disk transparency

         412. Scavia, D.; Lang, G.A.; Kitchell, J.F. Dynamics of Lake
             Michigan Plankton: A Model Evaluation of Nutrient Loading,
             Competition, and Predation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci; Jan.
             1988; 45(l): 165-177; ISSN: 0706-652X.
             Lake Michigan's offshore ecosystem has been altered
             dramatically during the past decade. These changes occurred
             concurrently with reduced P load, P concentration, and
             abundance of the dominant zooplanktivore, the alewife (Alosa
             pseudoharengus). In this analysis the authors pose
             alternative hypotheses of nutrient loading and species
             interactions as determinants of zooplankton and phytoplankton
             species composition in the summer epilimnion. They evaluate
             these hypotheses with a food web model that was calibrated to
             measurements of the 1980s Lake Michigan plankton composition
             and algal production, sedimentation, and growth rates and
             literature estimates of zooplankton secondary production and
             nutrient excretion.

                                         5-115

         413. Schelske, C.L. Historic Trends in Lake Michi gan Silica
             Concentrations. Int. Rev. Gesamt. Hydrobiol.; 1988; 73(5):
             559-591; ISSN: 0020-9039.
             Historic data on soluble silica in the offshore waters of
             Lake Michigan were compiled and analyzed to determine whether
             the data supported a decrease in silica concentration which
             had been hypothesized previously on the basis of other
             studies. Although the data base was limited and no data were
             obtained for offshore waters prior to 1954,@ the available
             data support the conclusion that the silica concentration
             decreased rapidly after 1954. The thesis is developed that
             rapid silica depletion occurred in the 15-year period from
             1954-1969 when the winter maximum concentration decreased
             from approximately 4.4 to 1.4 mg Si02/I and the summer
             minimum decreased from approximately 2.2 to -@ 0.2 mg Si02/I.
             The decrease in silica concentration is attributed to
             increased production and sedimentation of diatoms that
             resulted from increased anthropogenic phosphorus loading.

         414. Schelske, D.L.; Sicko-Goad, L. Effect of Chelated Trace
             Metals on Phosphorous Uptake and Storage in Natural
             B@--mblages of Lake Michigan Phytoplankton. 7ournal of
             Lakes Research; 1990; 16(l): 82-89; ISSN: 0380-1330.
             In experiments with natural phytoplankton assemblages from
             Lake Michigan, additions of chelated trace metals and
             orthophosphate increased phosphate uptake more than additions
             of orthophosphate alone. Enhanced phosphate uptake is
             attributed to the storage of polyphosphate by phytoplankton
             which can be triggered by high concentrations of trace
             metals. Similar effects were obtained with a surface
             phytoplankton assemblage collected in April and with a
             metalimnetic assemblage collected in September. Microscopic
             @xamination showed that polyphosphate formation was enhanced
             in populations of Melosira islandica and Scenedesmus
             opoliensis. These results and data from the literature
             suggest that polyphosphate storage may play an important role
             in the phytoplankton population dynamics of Lake Michigan,
             especially in bays and nearshore areas where tributary inputs
             of phosphorous and trace metals are high.

         415. Schloesser, D.W.; Hiltunen, J.K.; Owens, R.W. Rediscovery of
             Lake Balls in Lake Michigan. J. Freshwat. ecol.; 1983; 2(2):
             159-163; ISSN: 0270-5060.
             For the first time in 70 years, the occurrence of a "lake
             ball" in Lake Michigan is here reported in the literature.
             According to a published system of classification, the object
             the authors collected in 1978 was a "false" lake ball.
             Dissection revealed that it was colonized by 5 chironomid
             larvae and 162 oligochaetes. The species and numerical

                                          5-116

              proportions of the oligochaetes indicated that it was formed
              in or near the mouth of a eutrophic tributary rather than in
              the open waters of Lake Michigan where it was found. Because
              of their mobility, false lake balls may be ecologically
              important, serving as natural vehicles for the dispersal of
              invertebrates.

         416. School of Public and Environmental Affairs - Indiana
              University. Indiana Coastal Energy Facilities Inventory.
              Bloomington, IN: Indiana University; August 1979.
              Note: CZM.
              A detailed inventory of Indiana's coastal related energy
              facilities including: name of facility, operator, address,
              facility type, activity capacity, operating data, expansion
              dates, anticipated expansion dates, peak operating
              employment, source of information.

         417. Schwartz, Pamela M.; Jacobson, Sandra W.; Fein, Greta;
              Jacobsen, Joseph L.; Price, Harold A. Lake Michigan Fish
              Consumption as a Source of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human
              Cord Serum, Maternal Serum, and Milk. American Journal of
              r.'_--.1ic Health: Mircl, 1.093; 73(3): 293.

         418. Seelye, J. G.; Hesselberg, Robert J.; Mac, Michael J.
              Accumulation by Fish of Contaminants from Dredged Sediments.
              Environmental Science and Technology; 1982; 16: 459-464.
              Note: Correction 16:886.

         419. Seelye, J. G.; Mac, M. J. Size-Specific Mortality in Fry of
              Lake Trout (Salvelinus namavcush) from Lake Michigan.
              Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology;
              September 1981; 27(3): 376-

         420. Sprules, W.G.; Brandt, S.B.; Stewart, D.J.; Munawar, M.;
              Jin, E.H.; Love, J. Biomass Size Spectrum of the Lake
              Michigan Pelagic Food Web. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Jan
              1991; 48(l): 105-115; ISSN: 0706-652X.
              Biomass size spectra for the complete Lake Michigan pelagic
              food web from picoplankton to salmonids were constructed for
              nine sampling transects around the lake in May and September
              1987. Size spectra were typical for freshwaters, having
              distinct peaks corresponding to major size groups. Biomass
              concentration of algae, zooplankton, and planktivores
              conformed to particle-size model predictions, but piscivore
              biomass was lower than predicted because these species are
              stocked. our analyses suggest that piscivore production is
              constrained by food web structure. Bloater, which comprise
              72% of planktivore biomass, make up less than 20% of salmon
              diets. We estimate that piscivore production could be double

                                          5-117

             the current value of 0.27 g/m squared/year if the forage fish
             community changed to include species more available to
             salmon.

         421. Stauffer, Thomas M. Effects of DDT and PCB's on Survival of
             Lake Trout Eggs and Fry in a Hatchery and in Lake Michigan.
             Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; March 1979;
             108(2). 178.

         422. Stedman, R.M.; Argyle, R.L. Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax)
             as Predators on Young Bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake
             Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(l): 40-42; ISSN:
             0380-1330.

         423. Stedman, R.M.; Bowen, C.A. Introduction and Spread of the
             Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Lakes
             Huron and Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.; 1985; 11(4): 508-
             511; ISSN: 0380-1330.

         424. Steinhart, C. E.; Schierow, L. J.; Chesters, G. An
             Environmental Quality Index for the Nearshore Waters of the
             Great Lakes. Univerr'@ty of Wisco-qi- maaison, WI: Water
             Resource Center; 1981; Great Lakes Environmenatal Planning
             Study #42.
             14 pp.
             (Abstract only].

         425. Stewart, D.J.; Binkowski, F.P. Dynamics of Consumption and
             Food Conversion by Lake Michigan Alewives: An Energetics-
             modeling Synthesis. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.; Sep. 1986; 115(5):
             643-661.

         426. Swackhamer, D.L. The Role of Water-particle Partitioning and
             Sedimentation in Controlling the Fate and Transport of PCBs
             in lakes. Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B-Sci. & Eng.; Jan. 1986;
             46(7): 279 pp.
             Note: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: FADDA8512329.
             The spatial distribution and Aroclor composition of PCBs in
             Lake Michigan water and sediments were determined. The
             average PCB concentrations in surficial sediments were 81 ng/
             g, 26 ng/g, and 7.2 ng/g for depositional, translational, and
             non-depositional zones, respectively, with an average Aroclor
             composition of 18% 1242, 33% 1248, and 49% 1254. The average
             PCB concentration in water was 1.8 ng/L. Differences in
             concentration and Aroclor composition in both sediments and
             water were used to identify point sources to the lake at
             Green Bay, Waukegan, Calumet Harbor, and Benton Harbor.

                                         5-118

         427. Talavage, J. optimal Regulation of Rural Ecosystem
              Pollution. Environment and Planning; November 1977; 9(11):
              1281.

         428. Tarapchak, S.J.; Herch, L.R. Phosphate Uptake by
              Microorganisms in Lake Water: Deviations from Simple
              Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; Feb.
              1986; 43(2): 319-328; ISSN: 0706-652X.
              Orthophosphate uptake rates by natural Lake Michigan
              microbial assemblages were measured to test  a hypothesis that
              the instantaneous velocity of P uptake at low added spbstrate
              concentrations is higher than predicted by the simple
              Michaelis-Menten equation. Analysis of data from most
              experiments verified this prediction.

         429. Tarapchak, S.J; Moll, R.A. Phosphorus Sources for
              Phytoplankton and Bacteria in Lake Michigan. Journal Plankton
              Research; July 1990; 12(4): 743-758.
              Size-fractionation experiments on the uptake of phosphate
              (P04) and recently excreted dissolved organic phosphorous (E-
              DOP) from phytoplankton suggest that algae and bacteria rely
              on different forms of phosphorous (P) i_- the epilirni- -f D-
              limited Lake Michigan. Rate constants for P04 uptake in 0-1
              um fractions generally were low relative to those measured in
              wholewater, suggesting that most of the uptake was by algae.
              Uptake of 33E-DOP in 0-1 um fractions approximated uptake in
              wholewater, indicating uptake principally by bacteria.
              Concurrent experiments showed that E-DOP and P04 were taken
              up by different transport systems; bacteria have transport
              systems for E-DOP compounds; and cell-surface phosphatase-
              mediated P04 supply to phytoplankton from E-DOP was
              negligible. Results suggest that pathways of P04 and E-DOP
              flux in microplankton communities of P-limited large and
              small lakes may differ.

         430. Taylor, W.W; Smale, M.A.; Freeberg, M.H. Biotic and Abiotic
              Determinants of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clugeaformis)
              Recruitment in Northeastern Lake Michigan. can. J. Fish.
              Aquat. Sci.; 1985; 44(no. suppl. 2): 313-323; ISSN: 0706-
              652X.

         431. Turney, W.G. Control of Pollution from Pleasure Boats. J.
              Water Pollut. Control Fed.; 1971; 43(3): 447-453.

                                          5-119

         432. Turney, W.G. (Michigan State Dep. Nat. Resour., S.T. Mason
             Building, Box 30028, Lansing, MI 48909). Michigan's
             Legislative Policies Regarding Lake Environmental Issues. in
             Shiga Conference 1984 on Conservation and Management of World
             Lake Environment; 27 Aug. 1984; Otsu, Japan: Shiga
             Prefectural Gov., Otsu (Japan); 1985: 282-288.
             A description is given of the Great Lakes system and inland
             lakes of Michigan with respect to the state's legislative
             policies covering pollution control, in particular toxic and
             hazardous materials.

         433. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Monthly Bulletin of Lake
             Levels for the Great Lakes.
             Note: Mich. City.

         434. Udd, E.; Fridgen, J.D. (Dep. For., Kansas State Univ.,
             Manhattan, KS 66502). Anglers' Perceptions of Toxic Chemicals
             in Rivers and Sport Fish. Lucas, R.C. Proceedings - National
             Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research.; 23-26 July
             1985; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; July 1986:
             245-250. (INT-212. Gen. Tech. Rep., Intermt. Res. Stn.).
             Anglersf ---n- t-o toxic chemical contamination of river-
             and sports fish were tested on three rivers in Michigan.
             Across three levels of contamination, there was no difference
             among anglers in terms of their awareness of, responses to or
             avoidance of contaminants, even on the river with high levels
             of toxic chemical contamination. Management, health and
             recreation experience implications are discussed.

         435. unknown. Cesium-137 Activities in Fish Residing in Thermal
             Discharges to Lake Michigan. Health Physics; May 1976; 30(5):
             411,

         436. Vanderploeg, H.A.; Eadie, B.J.; Liebig, J.R.; Tarapchak,
             S.J.; Glover, R.M. Contribution of Calcite to the Particle-
             size Spectrum of Lake Michigan Seston and its Interactions
             with the Plankton. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.; 1987; 44(11):
             1898-1914; ISSN: 0706-652X.
             The authors determined the contribution of calcite to the
             total particle-size spectrum of Lake Michigan seston during
             different seasons in 1978-83 and 1985, employing a novel
             Coulter counter method, to examine the intensity and
             ecological effects of calcite whitings that result from
             autogenic precipitation of calcite. The whitings were most
             intense during September, when 12-56% of the total particle
             volume was calcite. overall, food web dynamics were more
             controlling of than controlled by whitings. Year-to-year
             variation in calcite concentration was probably caused by

                                         5-120

             predation-controlled variation in primary production, which
             drives calcite precipitation through C02 uptake.

         437. Warren, G.J. Predation by Limnocalanus as a Potentially
             Major Source of Winter Naupliar Mortality in Lake Michigan.
             J. Great Lakes Res.; 1983; 9(3): 389-395; ISSN: 0380-1330.
             Predation by adult Limnocalanus macrurus may have a
             significant impact on naupliar mortality in Lake Michigan.
             Nauplier mortality rates were estimated from plankton samples
             from winter and early spring of 1981, and compared with
             estimates of potential mortality due to predation by adult
             Limnocalanus. Predation, rather than competition for food,
             is probably, the main influence on nauplier mortality.

         438. Warren, G.J.; Evans, M.S.; Jude, D.J.; Ayers, J.C. Seasonal
             variations in Copepod Size: Effects of Temperature, Food
             Abundance, and Vertebrate Predation. J. Plankton Res.; Sep.
             1986; 8(5): 841-853.

         439. Wells, L. Changes in Lake Michigan's Prey Fish Populations
             with Increasing Salmonid Abundance, 1962 to 1,984. SPEC. PUBL.
             GLFC; 1985; NO. "7-3: 13-25.
             Along with dramatic increases in salmonid populations in Lake
             Michigan during the last two decades, striking changes in
             prey fish populations have occured. Alewives increased to
             7reat abundance in the mid 1960s, suffered an enormous dieoff
             in 1967, recovered partly in the early 19701s, then
             fluctuated to low levels in 1982-84. According to some
             biologists the recent decline resulted from salmonid
             predation, but according to others it was due in considerable
             degree to adverse thermal conditions. Several species
             (smelt, chubs, deepwater sculpins, yellow perch, and emerald
             shiners) declined to low levels in the mid 1960s, apparently
             as a result of interference with their reproduction by the
             abundant alewife declined.

         440. Westphal, J.H.; Halverson, W.F. Assessing the Long-term
             Effects of an Environmental Education Program: A Pragmatic
             Approach. J. Environ. Educ.; 1985-86; 17(2): 26-30.
             Citizen involvement in public decision-making processes
             affecting the environment requires an informed and motivated
             citizenry. This paper examines the long-term effects of an
             environmental education program specifically designed to
             involve citizens in environmental affairs concerning water
             quality in Lake Michigan. Feedback from the participants
             indicates a wide range of attitudinal and behavioral change
             as a result of program participation. The most common
             changes were: greater awareness-of the problem and more

                                          5-121

              confidence in discussing environmental issues in public
              forums.

         441. Winnell, M.H.; White, D.S. The Distribution of
              Heterotrissocladius oliveri Seather (Diptera: Chironomidae)
              in Lake Michigan. Hydrobiologia; Feb 1986; 131(3): 205-214.
              Fifty one chironomid species were identified from 504 samples
              collected at depths ranging 8 to 267 m in Lake Michigan,
              U.S.A. Heterotrissocladius oliveri Saether occured in 32% of
              these samples and had an average abundance of .0022 m which
              was similar to other estimates from the Great Lakes. Maximum
              average lake-wide density was at 30-60. At depths > 60 m,
              oliveri was the dominant chironomid species comprising 75%
              of total Chironomidae. Although still oligotrophic in
              nature, high density occurences in both high and low
              sedimentation areas of the lake suggest the trophic indicator
              status of H. oliveri might be broader than previously
              thought.

         442. Winnell, M.H.; White, D.S. Ecology of Some Chironomidae
              (Diptera) from Southeastern Lake Michigan, U.S.A. Trans. Am.
              Entomol. Soc.; Sep. 1985; 111(3): 2-:-360.
              In nine year study of the benthic environment of southeastern
              Lake Michigan, 90 taxa of Chironomidae were collected. of
              these, 20 were present in sufficient quantities to provide
              information on densities, yearly population fluctuations,
              relationships to water depths, correlations with sediment
              types, growth, and emergence periods.

         443. Wood, William L. Managing Coastal Erosion Through the NFIP,
              Delineation of Erosion Hazard Shorelands. Great Lakes
              Shoreland Management Workshop Series; 1990; 2: 13-15.
              Note; article.
              The National Research Council formed the Committee on Coastal
              Erosion Zone Management in 1988 to provide advice on
              appropriate erosion management strategies, supporting data
              needs, and applicable methodologies to administer these
              strategies through the National Flood Insurance Program. The
              committee agreed that an erosion element of the National
              Flood Insurance Program should have three primary objectives.
              First, it should transfer economic costs of erosion losses
              from all federal taxpayers to the property owners at risk by
              charging premiums that approximate the risks of loss. The
              program should eventually become actuarial. Second, the
              program should discourage inappropriate development from
              occurring in erosion zones as delineated by FEMA or the
              states. Third, the program should strongly support the
              improvement of development and redevelopment practices in

                                          5-122

             erosion-prone areas. In order to meet these objectives  FEMA
             must take steps to facilitate erosion hazard reduction.

         444. Wood, William L. Managing Coastal Erosion Through the
             National Flood Insurance Program. Journal of American Shore
             and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); April
             1990; 58(2): 3.
             Note: article.
             In response to a request from the Federal Emergency
             Management Agency/Federal Insurance Administration (FEMA/FIA)
             in 1988, the National Research Council (NRC) established the
             Committee on Coastal Erosion Zone Management under the
             auspices of its Water Science and Technology Board and the
             Marine Board. The committee was asked to provide advice on
             appropriate erosion management strategies, supporting data
             needs, and applicable methodologies to administer these
             strategies through the National Flood Insurance Program.
             Population and economic pressures have transformed the
             lightly developed shorelines of earlier years into higher
             density resorts and urban complexes, e.g.: Ocean City,
             Maryland; Clearwater, Florida; Galveston, Texas.

                                          5-123

                               Appendix 2: Hydrology

         445. Bernabo, J.C. Quantitative Estimates of Temperature Changes
             Over the Last 2,700 Years in Michigan Based on Pollen Data.
             Quaternary Research; 1981; 15: 143-159.

         446. Clemens, Robert H. Selected Environmental Criteria for the
             Design of Artificial Structures on the Southeast Shore of
             Lake Erie. South Carolina: Coastal Resources Division South
             Carolina University, Department of Geology; 1976; Technical
             Report No. 8-CRD.

         447. Crane, Thomas; Great Lakes Commission (Great Lakes
             Commission). Drought Planning, Management and Water Level
             Changes - Great Lakes; 1-1-90; Guidebook.
             Note: Covers Great Lakes.
             Response to the 1988 drought. Planning for future drought.

         448. DeCooke, B.G.; Megerian, E. Forecasting the Levels of the
             Great Lakes. Water Resources Research; 1967; 3: 397-403.

         449. Detroit District, Corps of Engineers (Corps of Engineers).
             Great Lakes Water Level Facts
             Subtitle: Corps of Engineers; 1-1-86.
             Note: Covers Great Lakes.
             Physical features of Great Lakes, water level fluctuations,
             factors influencing lake levels.

         450. Dorr, J.A.; Eschman, D.F. Geology of Michigan. Ann Arbor,
             Mi: University of Michigan Press; 1970.
             Note: 476 pages.

         451. Fraser, G.S.; Hester, N.C. Sediment Distribution in a Beach
             Ridge Complex and its Application to Artificial Beach
             Replenishment. Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental
             Geology Notes; 1974; 67: 26 p.

         452. Great Lakes Shoreland Management Workshop Series
             (International Joint Commission, Water Levels Reference
             Study). Delineation of Erosion Hazard Shorelands, Cleveland,
             Ohio. Subtitle: Erosion Hazard, Workshop Summary; 6-21-90;
             Workshop Summary.
             Note: Covers all 8 Great Lakes States.
             Shoreline erosion - setback legislation/questionaire answers.

                                         5-124

          453. Great Lakes Science Advisory Board (G. L. Science Advisory
              Board). Great Lakes Science Advisory Board; 1-1-87.
              Ecosystem approach to the Great Lakes - policy and programs;
              monitoring and surveillance; research.

          454. Great Lakes Water Quality Board (IJC). Great Lakes Water
              Quality Board; 1-1-89; Appendix A.
              Progress in developing and implementing remedial action plans
              for areas of concern in the Great Lakes Basin.

          455. Great Lakes Water Quality Board (IJC). Great Lakes Water
              Quality Board; 1-1-90.
              Progress in developing remedial action plans for areas of
              concern in the Great Lakes Basin.

          456. Great Lakes Commission (Great Lakes Commission). Water Level
              Changes
              Subtitle: Factors Influencing the Great Lakes; 1-1-86.
              Note: Covers the Great Lakes.
              Lake levels, flooding, Shoreline Erosion Task Force- basic
              information about the Great Lakes; factors affecting lake
              levels.

          457. Great Lakes Commission, Ann Arbor MI (GLC). Great lake
              Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging:
              Subtitle: Issues and Recommendations; 11-1-88; Final Report.
              Note: Covers eight Great Lakes states shorelines.
              Confined Disposal Facilities (CDF's), navigation, lake
              levels.

          458. Hands, E.B. Prediction of Shore Retreat and Nearshore
              Profile Adjustments to Rising Water Levels on the Great Lakes
              [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
              Technical Paper 80-7.
              Note: p.119.

          459. Hansel, A.K.; Mickelson, D.M.; Schneider, A.F.; Larsen, C.E.
              Late Wisconsin and Holocene History of the Lake Michigan
              Basin. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30;
              1985: 39-53.
              Note: In Karrow, P.F; Calkin, P.E.: Quaternary evolution of
              the Great Lakes.

                                          5-125

         460. Hartmann, Holly C.; Donahue, Michael J. (Great Lakes
             Commission). Great Lakes Water Level Forecasting and
             Statistics Symposium. Subtitle: Water Level Forecasting and
             Statistics, Proceedings; 5-17-90; Proceedings of Symposium.
             Note: Covers Great Lakes.
             Assess strengths and weaknesses of water level forecasting;
             response to publics questions; develop a communication
             methods of statistics to users.

         461. Hester, N.C.; Fraser, G.S. Sedimentology of a Beach Ridge
             Complex and its Significance in Land Use Planning. Illinois
             State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes; 1973;
             63: 24 p.

         462. Hough, J.L. Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana, IL:
             University of Illinois Press; 1958.
             Note; 313 p.

         463. IJC. International Joint Commission-United States and Canada
             Subtitle: Activities Report 1986; 1-1-86.
             Note: Covers 1912-1986.

         464. IJC Task Force (International Joint Commission). 1985-86
             High Water Levels in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin
             Subtitle: Interim Report to the International Joint
             Commission; 10-1-88.
             Note: Covers all Great Lakes.
             Ability of man's existing control structures to influence the
             Great Lakes water levels. Appendix A Summary-Great Lakes
             Water Levels Task Forece to International Joint Commission
             October 1987.

         465. Keen, Cecil S.; Lyons, Walter A. Lake/Land Breeze
             Circulations on the Western Shore of Lake Michigan. Journal
             of Applied Meteorology; 1978; 17(12): 1843.
             A classic lake breeze circulation cell that formed on the
             western shore of Lake Michigan on 4 September 1974 is studied
             in great detail. Wind measurements are made with surface
             anemometers and serial pibals, with air trajectories
             monitored via tetroons. Aircraft measurements map the
             thermal internal boundary layer and small and large aerosol
             distributions. Recirculation of pollutants is indicated from
             analysis of the tetroon data. Aerosol measurements suggest
             size sorting of small versus large particles as they are
             transported through the complex three-dimensional flow.
             These wind data also form the basis of kinematic diagnostic
             study of mesoscale pollution transport in coastal areas, to
             be reported in a subsequent paper.

                                         5-126

         466. Lake Levels, Flooding and Shoreline Erosion Task Force
             (Great Lakes Commission). Great Lakes Shore Erosion and
             Flooding Assistance Programs; 1-1-87.
             Note: Covers Great Lakes.
             Shore erosion control, Federal assistance projects, permits,
             shore protection and flooding assistance programs.

         467. Larsen, C.E. Geoarchaeological Interpretation of Great Lakes
             Coastal Environments. Stein, J.K.; Farrand, W.R., editors.
             Archaelogical sediments in context, peopling of the Americas.
             Edited Series No. 1 ed. University of Maine, Orono: Institute
             for Quaternary Studies; 1985b.
             Note: p. 99-110.

         468. Larsen, C.E. Prehistoric Levels of Lake Michigan-Huron:
             Their Potential in Shoreland Planning. Proceedings of the
             Shoreland Planning Conference; (1973); Lake Michigan
             Federation, Chicago; 1973: 169-195.,

         469. Lee, Kwang K. Longshore Currents and Sediment Transport in
             West Shore of Lake Michigan. Water Resources Research;
             December 1975; 11(6)- 10')Q
             Longshore sediment transport presents an important problem at
             the shores along the Great Lakes. Direct field measurements
             were made on the parameters related to waves, beaches,
             longshore currents, and sediment transport. By using the
             field data from Lake Michigan, the longshore currents are
             found to be linearly related to the longshore momentum flux
             of incident waves at the breaker line, and also the longshore
             sediment immersed weight transport rate is found in terms of
             the longshore wave energy flux per unit length of beach.

         470.. Leverett, F.; Taylor, F.B. The Pleistocene of Indiana and
             Michigan and the History of the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological
             Survey Monograph; 1915; 53: 529 p.

         471. Liu, P. Statistics on Great Lakes levels. Proceedings of the
             13th Conference on Great Lakes Research; Ann Arbor,
             International Association for Great Lakes research; 1970:
             360-368.

         472. Meadows, G. A.; Wood, W. L. Long Period Surf Zone Motions.
             Ocean Engineering.
             Note: Submitted for publication.

                                         5-127

         473. Meadows, G. A.; Wood, W. L. Unsteady Longshore Currents in a
              Uniform Wave Field (abs). EOS; 1975; 56(No. 12): pp. 1009.
              Field observaions show, at a fixed point in the surf zone
              variations in excess of 150% of the mean longshore current
              velocity occur over time periods from three to eighty
              seconds. These unsteady motions in longshore currents
              persist horizontally across the surf zone and vertically from
              the surface to the bottom. The dominant period of these
              fluctuations corresponds to that of the incident breaker
              period, however, significant longer period fluctuations are
              also evidenced.

         474. Meadows, Lorelle A. (Editor) (Michigan Sea Grant, Department
              of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering). Great Lakes
              Coastal Erosion Research Needs
              Subtitle: Workshop Summary; 7-8-87; MICHU-SG-88-900.
              Note: Covers Great lakes.
              Shoreline erosion, lake level fluctuation, field
              experimentation needs, data collection methods.

         475. Sorensen, Robert M.; Seelig, William N. Hydrodynamics of
              Great Lakes Inlet-Harbors 1r,-T-tems. In: P--@7r,-Ii-js of the
              Fifteenth Coastal Engineering Conference, Volume 11; 1977:
              1646-1665.
              Note: American Society of Civil Engineers.
              Honolulu, Hawaii.

         476. Stockberger, M. Todd; Wood, William L. (American Society of
              Civil Engineers). Application of Equilibrium Beach Concepts
              to Sandy Great Lakes Profiles. Edge, Billy L. Twenty-Second
              Coastal Engineering Conference
              Proceedings of the international conference; July 2-6, 1990;
              Delft, the Netherlands. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY
              10017-2398: American Society of Civil Engineers; volume 3:
              2291.
              This study was designed to evaluate the equilibrium beach
              concept for conditions of "rapidly" varying water level,
              experienced on the North American Great Lakes. It was
              determined that the mathematical expression h(x) = Axfto the
              2/31 is appropriate for describing sandy beach and nearshore
              profiles of the Great Lakes. In addition, a correlation was
              found between lake-level change and the shape factor A, that
              indicates a phase lag in beach and nearshore response to
              "rapidly" changing water level. Results from this study also
              raise some questions about the reliability of determining the
              shape factor A directly from sediment size. Reliability in
              the determination of A may be related to the stability shape
              of the profile relative to its equilibrium shape.

                                            5-128

          477. U.S. Department of the Interior [Great Lakes Basin
              Commission]. Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, Appendix 12:
              Shore Use and Erosion. Ann Arbor, MI; 1975.
              Note: p. 56-57.

          478. U.S. Geological Survey. Low-flow Characteristics of Indiana
              Streams. Subtitle: Streams - Open File Report; l/l/83; Open
              File Report. 82-1007.

          479. Water Quality Board (IJC). Great Lakes Water Quality Board.
              Subtitle.- Report to the International Joint Commission; 1-i-
              87.

          480. Weishar, L. L.; Wood, W. L. An Evaluation of Offshore and
              Beach Changes on a Tideless Coast. Journal of Sedimentary
              Petrology; 1983; 53(No. 3): pp. 847-858.
              A 4-year set of beach and offshore profiles, measured at
              monthly intervals, is evaluated to determine the effect of
              wind-wave forcing and long-term lake-level variation on
              profile change in the Great Lakes. This evaluation indicates
              three distinct areas of profile change: the beach-and-berm,
              *',- _4-nsr-bar, and the outer-bar regions. The '_-each-and-b---
              region exhibits a classical transition from a narrow highly
              eroded (winter) profile to a broad fully deposited (summer)
              profile, during ice free months. The inner bar moves
              actively under the influence of wind-waves, but appears to
              lack a well-defined seasonal pattern. The outer bar advances
              onshore from early spring to early winter in response to
              lake-level modulation of incident wind-waves. Empirical
              eigenfunction analysis is applied to these data in order to
              statistically quantify the significance of these observed
              changes. This analysis provided confirmation of a
              hypothesized long-term (years) variation of the outer bar in
              direct response to lake-level variation.

          481. Wood, W. L. Ambient Hydrodynamic Flow Fields Associated with
              the TEXTITE Il Habitat: Department of the Interior, National
              Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; 1971; Final
              Report. pp. 10.

          482. Wood, W. L. Application of Short-Crested Wave Theory in the
              Design of Three Dimensional Coastal Hydrodynamic Models:
              Office of Naval Research, Department of Geosciences, Great
              Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue University; 1980;
              Final Report. pp. 26.

          483. Wood, W. L. The Breaking of Waves on a Submarine Bar (abs).
              EOS; 1972; 54(No. 4): pp. 316.

                                           5-129

          484. Wood, W. L. "Circulation of the Great Lakes", in Decisions
               for the Great Lakes; 1982.
               Note: Editors: Reskin, Mark; Daniels, Glenda.

          485. Wood, W. L. Coherent Turbulent Structure in Breaking waves.
               (abs) Proc. 4th Conf. on Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and
               Stability: pp. 17.

          486. Wood, W. L. Dependency of Surf Zone Motions on Longshore
               Bottom and Wave Variability (abs). EOS; 1976; 57(No. 12): pp.
               934.
               An analysis of the three-dimensional equations of motion has
               been carried out under the assumption that the initial
               conditions and boundary conditions at the outer surf zone are
               not independent of distance parallel to shore. Meyer and
               Turner (1967) have shown, for initial conditions and boundary
               conditions independent of distance parallel to shore, that
               when the longshore profile slope is gentler than the normal
               profile slope "weakly three-dimensional" surf can be analyzed
               directly by two-dimensional theory. However, solution of the
               equations of motion under the former assumption results in a
                    !near time            --Free surface variation which is a
               non-_
               function of both bottom slope and crest height variablility.
               Zvaluation of this theoretical free surface variation using
               field observations shows a strong dependency of surf zone
               water motions on longshore variations in the incident wave
               field. Notable application of two-dimensional theory is not
               valid under these conditions.

          487. Wood, W. L. A Ducted Impellor Flowmeter for Shallow-Water
               Measurements of Internal Velocities in Breaking Waves: Office
               of Naval Research, Department of Geology, Michigan State
               University; 1968; Technical Report No. 1. pp. 58.

          488. Wood, W. L. An Energy Evaluation Within the Nearshore Zone
               (abs). EOS; 1970; 51(No. 4): pp. 322.
               An intensive instrumentation network was established in the
               nearshore zone of Lake Michigan near Pentwater, Michigan for
               the purpose of determining nearshore wave energy
               distributions over a broad spectrum of wind and wave
               conditions. For purposes of analysis the nearshore zone is
               only divided into "near breaking", "breaking", and
               "reforming" areas and the waves are classified into three
               symmetry groups. The mass transport energy beneath the wave
               crest of "extremely asymmetric" waves was a maximum of seven
               times as great as that under the crest of "slightly
               asymmetric" and 11symetric" waves. In the "near breaking"
               area the "slightly asymmetric" and the "symmetric" waves have
               about the same mass transport energy under the wave crest.

                                            5-130

              However, the "symmetric" waves contained twice as much mass
              transport energy beneath the wave crest as the "slightly
              asymmetric" wave in both the "breaking" and "reforming"
              areas. A high potential energy correlates directly with this
              high mass transport energy in "symmetric" waves. As a result
              the "energy transmission coefficient" is much higher for
              "symmetric" waves within the nearshore zone.

         489. Wood, W. L. The Formation of Complex Cuspate Forelands as a
              Result of Structural Influences on Nearshore Wave and Current
              Processes (abs). Transactions of American Geophysical Union;
              1968; 49(No. 1): pp. 190.

         490. Wood, W. L. Horizontal Particle Velocity Profiles Beneath
              the Crests of Waves Breaking on a Submarine Bar: office of
              Naval Research, Department of Natural science, Michigan State
              University; 1970; Technical Report No. 3. pp. 68.

         491. Wood, W. L. Influence of Breaking Wave Decay on Longshore
              Current Velocity. Proc. 20th Congress IAHR; 1983: pp. 70-74.

         492. Wood, W. L. An Invent-z--_- of Data               Systems for
              Coastal Processes Experiments. Nears@ore Sediment Transport
              Study Workshop on Instrumentation for Nearshore Processes;
              1977; Sea Grant Publication 62: pp. 175-181.
              Note: invited paper.
              A primary concern in planning for the National Sediment
              Transport Study (NSTS) is to establish the suitability and
              availability of data acquisition systems. Success of the
              large-scale field experiments, planned for this study, is
              integrally dependent upon the ease and reliability of
              recording large amounts of data on a synchronous time base.
              A new data acquisition system will be designed and funded
              specifically for the NSTS experiments. The NSTS steering
              committee requested that an inventory of existing data
              acquisition systems, suitable for recording field data during
              coastal processes experiments, be conducted within the
              research community of the U.S. A questionnaire was issued
              with five primary objectives: to inventory existing data
              acquisition systems; to determine the current status of these
              systems; to assess the compatability of these systems; to
              determine the suitability of these systems for coastal
              process experiments; and to determine the availability of
              these systems for the NSTS large-scale experiments. The
              results of the survey provided a number of generalizations
              which will be useful in the planning for the NSTS large-scale
              experiments.

                                            5-131

         493. Wood, W. L. A Physical and Geological Oceanographic Cruise
             Game (abs). EOS; 1977; 58(No. 11): pp. 867.

         494. Wood, W. L. Relationship of Wave and Current Energy to
             Coastal Destruction Along a Barred Coastline of Northeastern
             Lake Michigan (abs). Proc. 9th Conf. on Great Lakes
             Reasearch; 1966: pp. 15.

         495. Wood, W. L. A Shallow-Water Instrument System for monitoring
             Wave and Current Parameters in the Nearshore Zone: Office of
             Naval Research, Department of Geology, Michigan State
             University; 1970; Technical Report No. 2. pp. 53.

         496. Wood, W. L. Short-crested Waves at a Coast. Proc. 2nd Conf.
             on Coastal Meterology; 1980: pp. 104.

         497. Wood, W. L. Stability of Glacial Till Beach Nourishment
             Sand. American Society of Civil Engineering paper 3374; 1978:
             pp. 1-17.
             Note: invited paper.

         AGO F-od, W. L. Stability of Glacial Till Be,-:-__!i Sand. Jour-1 --F
             Waterways, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering.
            'Note: Submitted for publication.

         499. Wood, W. L. Surf Zone Analysis Utilizing Computer Graphic
             Projections (abs). EOS; 1973; 54(No. 4): pp. 316.
             A surf zone analysis has been developed which calculates the
             best fit curves of the free surface from time histories of an
             array of monitoring stations located through the surf zone.
             These curves are extrapolated through time to construct
             computer graphic projections of the free surface
             transformation. Analysis of a group of breaking waves,
             utilizing this technique, has illustrated its uniqueness to
             conventional methods in interpreting surf zone dynamics. The
             primary advantage of the analysis is that it provides a
             restored visualization of the surf zone and subsequently
             enhances the data for appraising breaking wave
             transformations. A potential extension of this technique may
             be used to evaluate the surface circulation within the surf
             zone.

         500. Wood, W. L. Three Dimensional Conditions of Surf: office of
             Naval Research, Department of Geoscience, Great Lakes Coastal
             Research Laboratory, Purdue University; 1977; Technical
             Report No. 4. pp. 15.

                                           5-132

         501. Wood, W. L. Three Dimensional Conditions of Surf. Proc. 15th
             International conf. on Coastal Engineering; 1977; 15: Chap.
             30, pp. 525-538.
             Wave height variability along the crest of breaking waves is
             shown to be a significant factor in the assessment of surf
             zone dynamics. variations in excess of 50 percent of the
             maximum wave height can occur along a single crest without
             significant variations in bathymetry. The horizontal scale
             of this longshore variability in crest height corresponds to
             the wave length of incident breaking waves. Four possible
             mechanisms for this variability are postulated and then
             evaluated individually on the basis of field observations. A
             major result of these evaluations is that two-dimensional
             shallow-water wave equations appear to be inappropriate for
             expressing natural surf zone wave transformations and water
             motions even under the condition of waves encroaching on a
             plane sloping bottom. Consequently, three-dimensional
             equations of surf should be used for describing most natural
             surf zone dynamics.

         502. Wood, W. L. Transformations of Breaking Wave Characteristics
               -er a Submar- On- riepartment of Natural Science, Michigan
             State University; 1970; Technical Report No. 4. pp. 114.

         503. Wood, W. L. Transformations of Breaking Wave Parameters on a
             Submarine Bar (abs). EOS; 1971; 52(No. 4): pp. 258-259.
             The effect of a submarine bar on the transformation of
             breaking wave parameters is to create a "filter" on wave
             celerity and length. The degree of filtering is directly
             related to the intensity of wave breaking. The filtering
             effect of the submarine bar suggests that this is the reason
             for better agreement between observed wave parameters and
             theory in the reforming zone shoreward of the submarine bar.
             The role of turbulence of flow induced by breaking is the
             most important factor in wave height attenuation shoreward of
             the submarine bar. As a result, theoretical expressions
             which utilize depth as a primary control factor for shallow
             water wave transformations in the nearshore zone must be re-
             evaluated with turbulent dissipation taken into consideration
             as a major factor.

         504. Wood, W. L. A Turbulent Shear Flow Mechanism for Wind
             Generation of Ocean Waves (abs). Proc. 3rd Conf. on
             Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and Stability; 1982: pp. 13.

         505. Wood, W. L. Upper Trinity Bay Circulation Study: Oceanologic
             Research Laboratory Inc., Lockheed Electronics; 1972; Final
             Report. pp. 44.

                                          5-133

         506. Wood, W. L. Wave and Flow Transformations Associated with
             Waves Breaking on a Submarine Bar (abs). Proc. 2nd National
             Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conference; 1971: pp. 260.

         507. Wood, W. L. A Wave and Current Analysis in the Nearshore
             Zone: Office of Naval Research, Department of Natural
             Science, Michigan State University; 1973; Final Report. pp.
             146.

         508. Wood, W. L-A Wave Analysis System for the Breaker Zone.
             International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and
             Analysis; 1974; 1: pp. 774-787.

         509. Wood, W. L. A Wave Analysis System for the Breaker Zone:
             Office of Naval Research, Department of Geosciences, Great
             Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue University; 1975;
             Technical Report No. 1. pp. 15.

         510. Wood, W. L. Wave Height Decay Due to breaking (abs).
             Bulletin American Meteorological Society; 1981; 61(No. 10).

         511. Wood, W. L.; DaviT, S. E.; Mea@----. 177    Lesht, B. A.
             Boundary Layer Shear-flow Structure and Sediment Movement at
             the Seafloor Bed: NOAA, National Uhderseas Research Program;
             1985; Report 84-13. pp. 7.

         512. Wood, W. L.; Davis, S. E. Nearshore Response to Meteorologic
             Forcing Factors on the Tideless Great Lakes. (abs) EOS; 1985;
             66(No. 46).
             A series of beach and nearshore profiles measured
             concurrently with local meteorologic observations were
             analyzed using the method of empirical eigenfunctions. The
             spatial function having the second highest eigenvalue has a
             pronounced maximum in the region of the inner-bar crest.
             Temporal dependence of this inner-bar function shows sharp
             step-like increases and decreases associated with the passage
             of major wind-wave events. Wind-wave intensity (magnitude
             times duration) scales directly to the magnitude of temporal
             variation in the inner-bar function. Direction of inner-bar
             profile change (onshore or offshore) appears to be related to
             initial pre-shore position and not to storm intensity.

                                         5-134

         513. Wood, W. L.; Howell, G *L.; Cole, R. A. Crescent City Dolos
             Project. Proc. Coastal Engineering Res. Board; 1985: pp. 114-
             136.
             At present there is not a design procedure available to
             coastal engineers for the prediction of structural strength
             requirements for dolos armor units. As armor unit sizes have
             increased, structural failures have increased in frequency.
             Several major failures of breakwaters around the world have
             been attributed to dolos structural failure. The objective
             of the Crescent City Dolos Project is to obtain high-quality
             data on the forces, motions, and resulting structural
             stresses of dolos armor units in a high-energy prototype
             environment. As part of the study, an international workshop
             was held to review the state of the art in structural
             investigations of dolos. The unanimous conclusion of the
             workshop was that detailed prototype studies, such as that at
             Crescent City, were necessary before further development of
             design methodology could be accomplished.

         514. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Living with America's
             Coastlines: Lake Michigan's Coast; scheduled for publication
             in 1986.

         515. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. The Prediction of Breaking wave
             Probability Distributions in the Surf Zone (abs). EOS; 1974;
             55(No. 12): pp. 1136.
             The utilization of probability distributions of breaking wave
             height and length adds a significant dimension to the
             prediction of surf zone kinematics and dynamics. A series of
             probability distributions at breaking are generated from a
             descrete set of deep water wave parameters under the
             assumption that the deep water sea surface is Rayleigh
             distributed. A second series of probability distributions at
             breaking are generated through a linear transformation of a
             set of probability distributions from deep water wave
             observations. Result: deep water transformation schemes
             utilizing probability distributions are proposed for the
             prediction of surf zone behavior.

         516. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Unsteadiness in Longshore
             Currents: office of Naval Research, Department of
             Geosciences, Great Lakes Coastal Research Laboratory, Purdue
             University; 1975; Technical Report No. 3.

                                         5-135

         517. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Unsteadiness in Longshore
             Currents. Geophysical Research Letters; 1975; 2(No. 11): pp.
             503-505.
             Classically, field and laboratory investigations have relied
             on averaged results from Lagrangian measurements to establish
             longshore current velocities. Likewise, conservation
             equations have been time averaged in the formulation of
             longshore current theories. Recent experimental measurements
             by the authors indicate that at a fixed point in the surf
             zone variations in excess of 159% of the mean current
             velocity occur over time periods from three to eighty
             seconds. These unsteady motions in longshore currents
             persist horizontally across the surf zone and vertically from
             the surface to the bottom. This persistence and magnitude of
             the observed velocity fluctuations from this investigation
             imply that time dependent analytic treatments of conservation
             equations are necessary in order to properly determine
             longshore current velocity.

         518. Wood, W. L.; Meadows, G. A. Unsteady Longshore Currents in a
             Non-uniform Wave Field (abs). EOS; 1975; 56(No. 12): pp.
             1010.
             Significant unsteadiness in longshore currents has been
             observed with a periodicity equivalent to that of the
             incident breaker period. However, the assumptions that an
             incident wave field, at the outer limit of the surf zone, is
             statistically steady and uniform in the longshore direction
             are fundamental to existing longshore current theories and
             result in the prediction of steady currents.   Recent field
             measurements show prominent non-uniformity, in the longshore
             direction, for wave height distributions incident at the
             outer surf zone. Analysis of these data indicate that
             transverse motion is occurring along the crest and that this
             motion intensifies as the wave approaches breaking.
             Consideration of this non-uniformity in wave height provides
             an order of magnitude approximation for a periodic longshore
             velocity component which may contribute significantly to
             unsteadiness in longshore currents.

         519. Wood, W. L.; Weishar, L. L. Influence of Seasonal Wind
             Variation on Coastal Stability in the Great Lakes (abs). EOS;
             1982; 63 (No. 3) .
             Empirical eigenfunction analysis of four years of beach and
             nearshore topographic data results in the identification of
             one significant short term mode of variability and one long
             term mode. A similar analysis of directionally filtered wind
             speed data for this same time period identifies a variational
             trend in the first temporal eigenfunction which correlates
             with the short term variational trend in beach and nearshore

                                         5-136

             topography. A sensitivity analysis shows that the method of
             empirical eigenfunctions is capable of detecting changes in
             beach and nearshore topography caused by single storm
             events.

         520. Wood, William L. Effects of Seawalls on Profile Adjustment
             Along Great Lakes Coastlines. Journal  of Coastal Research;
             Autumn 1988; 4(Special Issue No. 4): 135-146.
             An extensive Great Lakes beach and nearshore profile data
             base is analyzed to determine the influence of seawalls on
             beach and nearshore profile change. Empirical eigenfunction
             analysis of these profile data supports the conclusion that
             the primary region of spatial change (outer-bar) is similar
             for armored and unarmored lengths of shoreline. Correlation
             of profile response between armored and unarmored lengths of
             shoreline is strongest for periods of rising lake-level and
             weaker during periods of falling lake-level. Analysis of
             sub-aerial beach response in front of extensive lengths of
             seawall indicates that beach width diminishes systematically
             from the downdrift to the updrift end. This observed
             narrowing also appears to be directly related to a lack of
             upland sediment-2ource.

         521. Wood, William L. (Director, Great Lakes Coastal Research
             Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Purdue University).
             The Effects of Sea Level Variation on the Coast. Proceedings
             of the International Joint Commission Functional Group 5
             Workshop; 1989: 214-217.
             Dr. Wood gave a detailed treatment of the state of knowledge
             about Great Lakes water level variations, centering on
             coastal engineering and erosion issues. He identified
             important concerns associated with both rising and falling
             water levels. In addition, he discussed the temporal and
             spatial scales of water level variations and identified
             program needs in each category. Rising lake levels create a
             number of issues pertinent to coastal engineering and
             erosion. To establish coastal construction lines, or set-
             back limits, we must very clearly differentiate between
             encroachment, recession, and erosion. Coastal flooding
             becomes important with the advent of rising water levels. In
             addition, structural overtopping during high water levels is
             a primary concern of designers.

                                          5-137

         522. Wood, William L. Managing Coastal Erosion Through the
              National Flood Insurance Program. Journal of American Shore
              and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); April
              1990; 58(2): 3.
              Note: article.
              In response to a request from the Federal Emergency
              Management Agency/Federal Insurance Administration (FEMA/FIA)
              in 1988, the National Research Council (NRC) established the
              Committee on Coastal Erosion Zone Management under the
              auspices of its Water Science and Technology Board and the
              Marine Board. The committee was asked to provide advice on
              appropriate erosion management strategies, supporting data
              needs, and applicable methodologies to administer these
              strategies through the National Flood Insurance Program.
              Population and economic pressures have transformed the
              lightly developed shorelines of earlier years into higher
              density resorts and urban complexes, e.g.: ocean tity,
              Maryland; Clearwater, Florida; Galveston, Texas.

          523. Wood, William L., Committee on Coastal Engineering
              Measurement Systems (National Research Council's Commission
              on Engineering and Technical Syst--..-;'. Nationa@ 11T--A- 11Cr
              Coastal Engineering Measurement Systems. 50th Coastal
              Engineering Research Board Meeting, Virginia Beach, VA.;
              1988.
              Note: Paper presented based on abstract only.
              The committee appointed to undertake a two-year study of the
              present state and future needs of coastal measurement systems
              was charged with the tasks of: assessing the needs for
              coastal data and measurement systems; determining the
              availability and suitability of existing instrumentation and
              measurement systems; and developing a set of recommendations
              regarding instrumentation and measurement system development.
              The committee was also responsible for providing guidance on
              development priorities. In general, the committee agreed
              that there is a pressing need for development of instruments
              and measurement systems. To stimulate this development there
              is a perceived need for resource commitment at the national
              level. There is need for better coordination at the national
              level and for a forum to provide information, collaboration,
              and interaction on coastal measurement systems development.
              The committee also found that some existing conceptual and
              mathematical models need theoretical improvement and rigorous
              field testing (in an interactive fashion), while better
              physically based models are derived and field tested. All of
              these findings are presently under review prior to
              publication of the final report.

                                          5-138

          524. Wood, William L. Wave Analysis System for the Breaker Zone.
              ASCE; 1974; 1. 774-787*
              Note: Proceedings of the International Symposium on ocean
              Wave Measurement and Analysis [ASCE/New Orleans, La./Sept. 9-
              11, 1974].
              The measurement and analysis of breaking wave parameters and
              their transformation within the breaker zone must be
              approached in a considerably different manner from that used
              on open ocean waves. Free surface time histories taken
              within the breaker zone should be interpreted with caution
              due to ambiguities arising from the rapid variations in wave
              parameters which subsequently create errors in transforming
              the temporal records to a spatial reference frame. A large
              number of wave sensors should be used to adequately measure
              the nonlinear transforming wave system. Based on these
              considerations a variety of wave analysis techniques are
              discussed with respect to their applicability in the breaker
              zone. A multiparametric wave analysis system is described
              which was developed to evaluate wave transformations, wave
              stability, and wave energy distribution in the breaker zone.
              This computer analysis system receives input data from an
              exte-e-riw^ r-@--ork of shallow water monitoring staticr - and
              calculates a series of wave parameters, indices, and energy
              estimates. These calculated data are output in a matrix
              format referenced both spatially and temporally, for
              subsequent use in a variety of wave analysis and display
              schemes.

                                            5-139

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                              Appendix 3: Recreation

         525. Abonmarche Group. Estimate of the Market Opportunity for
             Recreational Boat Slips for 9 Shoreline Regions and the State
             of Michigan. P.O. Box 1088, Benton Harbor, MI 49022:
             Abonmarche Group; Jan. 1991.
             Note: NRPC.
             With this study, the DNR Boating Programs Branch has decided
             to re-examine current market potentials (ie market demand
             present in 1990) for boat storage slips. Some conclusions of
             this study follow; 1) recreational boating demand remains
             @uite strong, 2) supply of wet and dry boat storage has
             increased significantly, 3) geographic market areas are
             shrinking and have been redefined, 4) potential new supply
             will further impact market size and location, 5) market
             potential for new slips will not be fullfilled by 1995, 6)
             overall occupancy has declined as newer slips have been
             added, 7) occupancy rates differ by type of marina facility,
             8) pricing has been modified as occupancy has decreased, 9)
             economic turmoil has disrupted boat buyer purchasing
             decisions, '-0) environrc-@-%''f;nancial and construction
             concerns limit the potential for new marina facilities.

         526. Chaney, Charles A. Marinas: Recommendations for Design,
             Construction and Maintenance. Chicago, Illinois: National
             Association of Engine and Boat Manufacturers, Inc.; 1961.

         527. Chien, Han. Projecting Use of a Proposed New Lake Michigan
             Marina: A Spatial Analysis Approach. East Lansing, MI:
             Michigan State University; 1975.
             Note: Ph.D. Dissertation.

         528. De Gaspari, J. Dealers of the Great Lakes. Boating Industry;
             1987; July: 53-58.
             The Great Lakes states have taken some economic hard knocks.
             Nevertheless, boating remains deeply ingrained among the
             regiones sizeable and enthusiastic boating public. Overall,
             boating dealers throughout the five Great Lakes states
             averaged $1,452,414 in annual marine sales, including
             products sold and services rendered. Indiana dealers
             averaged $836,363. John Hatfield of Howe Marine feels that
             sales will continue to grow as long as the consumer interest
             rate stays below 10%.

                                         5-140

         529. Dickmen, F.N@ Great Lakes Slip Survey: Sales Rental 1986.
              Great Lakes Boating; 1986; July.
              A survey was conducted to provide boaters with information
              about docking slip sales and rentals for comparison shoppers.
              It gives information on the size of slips and water depth,
              charges, amenities, space available, as well as other
              information about many marinas (along with their addresses).

         530. Dippel, Carol J.; Meier, Sharon K.; Stitt, Harold J.
              Integrated Impact Assessment: A Case Study. Ann Arbor,
              Michigan: University of Michigan, School of Natural
              Resources; 1980z 124 pp.

         531. Ditton, R. B. The Social and Economic Signifigance of
              Recreational Activities in the Marine Environment. Green Bay,
              WI: University of Wisconsin; 1972.
              This paper discusses recreation in coastal zones, redefines
              recreation, discusses the economics of coastal zone
              recreation, and discusses what future use of marine
              environments for recreation depends on: It has been
              recognized that recreation use is the most rapidly growing
              demand on water.  DemographerT stimate tb-A+- +-@- TT Q.
              population will approximately double by the year 2,000 and
              175 million people will be living in the coastal zone,
              including the Great Lakes.    The Bureau of Outdoor
              Recreation (BOR) found, moreover, that increases in the
              demand for many types of outdoor recreation far outstrips
              population increases. Their studies revealed that there was a
              12% increase in fishing, and 18% increase in boating and a
              15% increase in swimming during the half decade from 1960-65,
              while the population increase was estimated at only 8% during
              that period. Recreation must be redefined to be viewed as an
              experience that is freely engaged in largely during leisure,
              from which an individual derives some satisfaction. In other
              words, recreation experiences must have a qualitative value,
              and esthetics can not be ignored in planning. It has been
              estimated that the total recreational value of the coastal
              zone is about $300 million if each person participates 5 days
              annually. In conclusion, individuals, adjacent shoreland
              owners, businessmen, polluters, etc. must begin to assume
              implicit responsibility for the sustained yield of our
              coastal zones if society is to realize the full social and
              economic significance of recreational activities in the
              marine environment.

                                          5-141

         532. Ditton, R. B.; Goodale, T. L. Water Quality Perceptions and
             the Recreational Use of Green Bay, Lake Michigan. WIS-SG-73-
             3040 and NOAA-73101003; 1973.
             How people perceive Green Bay as a recreation resource, how
             perceptions differed between groups, and how these
             perceptions related to recreation use patterns, are
             identified. Whereas seven of 10 household heads interviewed
             participated in boating, or swimming, only 3 of 10 used Green
             Bay during the preceding 12 months, indicating that Green Bay
             was not a focal point of water-based recreation among
             residents of the five-county study area. Chi square test
             groups differed significantly on most comparisons when used
             to describe the Bay and its most bothersome physical and
             water quality characteristics. Generally, participants and
             those who use the Bay were less apt to cite unpleasant smell
             and dead fish as major problems and more apt to cite such
             problems as winds, waves and cloudiness. comparisons between
             three user groups (fishermen, boaters, and swimmers)
             indicated swimmers and boaters differed most in their
             perception of the Bay and its troublesome characteristics,
             with fishermen occupying a position between the two groups.

         533. Eckenstahler, Charles. Determining Market Demand for Boat
             Slips. In: Readings in Waterfront Development. Grand Rapids,
             MI: The Abonmarche Group; 1989.
             This article discusses how Laventhol & Horwath determines
             market potential for a specific project: The MBIA and DNR
             among others, have projected the need for 15,000- 20,000
             additional boat slips in the state of Michigan by the year
             2000. Consequently, a flurry of marina projects are being
             planned, but a developer must determine how much of the need
             can be captured at one particular site. Boater surveys
             indicate that most boaters travel less than 45-60 minutes
             from home (or work) to their dock. This radius defines the
             primary market area. A secondary market area, defined as a
             1-2 hour drive time, is also plotted since a portion of the
             boating population therein will possibly use the proposed
             facility depending upon the number and location of existing
             marinas and transportation routes. Demand is determined
             through study of historic per capita boat registration ratios
             for the market area(s) (say for the past 3 or 5 years).
             These ratios (adjusted for growth) are used to project the
             future number of boats demanded utilizing projections of
             future population for the market area(s). The art of market
             feasibility analysis is drawing conclusions from the data and
             determining the portion of demand that can be captured by a
             specific project.

                                          5-142

         534. Fridgen, J.D. Images and Perceptions of the Great Lakes:
             Implications for Tourism in Michigan. Ann Arbor: MI Sea Grant
             82-84; 1983.
             The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a
             study conducted during the summer of 1980. The objectives of
             the study were to: 1. compare how inland and coastal boat
             owners in Michigan responded to fuel constraints, 2. compare
             perceived changes in boating activities between the 1979 and
             1980 boating seasons for these two groups, 3. compare
             expressed boat fuel consumption between 1979 and 1980 boating
             seasons and between the two groups.

         535. Fridgen, J. D. Recreational Boater Owner's Response to
             Energy Constraints. In: Michigan Tourism How Can Research
             Help?; East Lansing, MI. MSU: Ag. Exp. Stn.; 1982; Spec.
             Rept. No. 6: p. 143-147.

         536. Fridgen, J.; Taber M.; Gillings, G. Michigan Marinas; 1982;
             (MICHU-SG-82-600): University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;
             ISSN: Michigan Sea Grant.
             This list of marina names and addresses was developed as a
             produe' n-l' the Sea     ---ject: "The Perceived Influence
             of Fuel Price and Availability Upon Great Lakes Boating
             Behavior Among Urban Michigan Boaters." Marina operators
             were contacted to assess how energy was affecting their
             business and their customers. To draw a sample of marina
             operations to survey, this list was developed. Michigan is a
             land of many lakes and, of course, the Great Lakes. Water
             resources in Michigan offer extensive recreation and pleasure
             boating opportunities. Recreation delivery systems have
             grown in proportion to the increase in water-based
             activities. one of the prime industries serving the boater
             interested in using water resources is the marina. In
             Michigan there are almost 500 Great Lakes marinas and more
             than 500 inland marinas.

         537. Great Lake Fishery Commission. Lake Michigan Committee,
             Annual Meeting; Sault Ste. Maire; 1989.

         538. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
             Study). Outdoor Recreation. Appendix 21. Ann Arbor,
             Michigan: Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1975.
             Note: CZM.
             Appendix 21, Outdoor Recreation, is part of a comprehensive
             planning study for the conservation, development,
             utilization, management, and enhancement of the water and
             related land resources of the Great Lakes Basin. It is a
             single-purpose framework plan to improve the quantity and
             quality of outdoor recreation opportunities within the Great

                                          5-143

             Lakes Basin. To meet foreseeable short- and long-term needs,
             consideration is given to the timely development and
             management of these resources as essential aids to the
             economic development and growth of the region: the
             preservation of resources to insure that they will be
             available for future use, and the well-being of all the
             people as the overriding determinant in such planning.

         539. Holecek, D. F. A Model of Michigan Tourism. Columbus, Ohio;
             1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-314.
             Note: System with implication for research.

         540. Holecek, D. F.; Stynes, D. J.; Fridgen, J. D.; Moncreef, L.
             W. Michigan Tourism Symposium: Reflections and
             Recommendations; 1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-311.

         541. Holecek, Donald F.; Smiley, E. Thomas. Management Guidelines
             for Michigan's Great Lakes Bottomland Preserves. Ann Arbor,
             Michigan: University of Michigan Sea Grant Program; 1982;
             (MICHU-SG-82-201): 22 pp.
             Although bottomland preserves, or underwater parks as they
             are more commonly known, r--e new in           -r7-veral do
             exist in other areas of the U.S. and in other countries as
             well. These guidelines draw heavily from management
             experiences with existing park/preserves and land based
             facilities with similar management objectives. The
             guidelines begin with a description of the components of a
             preserve system and the interactions between its components.
             Individual components and interactions are then singled out
             @nd management problems likely to be associated with each are
             identified. Recommendations for dealing with these problems
             are provided in the report.

         542. Jaworski, E.; Raphael, C. N. Fish, Wildlife, and
             Recreational Values of Michigan's Coastal Wetlands. Lansing,
             MI: Mich. Dept. of Nat. Res.; 1978; Phase 1 & 2.
             98 pp.

         543. Jaworski, Eugene; Raphael, C. Nicholas. Coastal Wetlands
             Value Study in Michigan. Fish, Wildlife, and Recreational
             Values of Michigan's Coastal Wetlands. Twin Cities,
             Minnesotag United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region
             111; 1978-. 225pp.

         544. Jordan, S. W.; Talhelm, D. R. Economic Impacts of Sport
             Fishing in Ottawa County; 1983: Michigan State University.

                                          5-144

          545. Klancnik, Fred P. Planning Marinas for the 1990's (Marina/
              Dock Age]; January/February 1990. University of Wisconsin,
              Madison, WI.
              This paper briefly describes national and regional trends in
              the recreational boating industry and then focuses on the
              author's recent experiences in the Great Lakes area.
              Applicable marina planning criteria are contained in an
              appendix of this paper along with project descriptions.

          546. Kusler, Jon A. Regulations to Reduce Conflicts Between
              Recreation Water Uses. Madison, Wisconsin: University of
              Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources; 1970; Research
              Report 65.

          547. Mahoney, Edward M.; Brunke, Mary; Pistis, Charles. 1985
              Michigan Charter Fishing Study; March 1986; MICHU-SG-87-509;
              ISSN: Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
              Note: 2 copies.
              This study was designed to: 1) provide a description of
              Michiganls charter fishing market, 2) estimate direct
              expenditures associated with charter fishing trips, and 3)
                         the amount captains have invested J.- -'---heir char---
              boats. This is the first comprehensive study of Michigan's
              charter boat market.

          548. Meltz, D.; Schink, D.; Somersan, A. 1979 Survey of
              Wisconsin's Great Lake Marinas.; 1980: University of
              Wisconsin Ext. Madison, WI.
              Note: 2 copies.
              This report focuses on Great Lakes marina characteristics and
              the internal management problem areas hindering profitable
              operating performance. This report identifies physical,
              demand, and management characteristics of Wisconsin's Great
              Lakes marinas. Information on the current status of these
              facilities is inventoried and statistically summarized by
              region and type of facility. The Lower Lake Michigan region
              averages 127 slips per marina, and the highest concentration
              of large slips is also here where 31% of them are greater
              than 39 feet in length. Statewide, seasonal slip rental fees
              average $12.56 per foot, and occupancy rates are close to
              100% at all the facilities surveyed. Generally, marinas with
              boat sales have more sophisticated accounting systems, more
              formalized marketing strategies, and employed personnel more
              efficiently. The survey included 12 yacht clubs and 9 public
              marinas. This report also identifies problem areas in the
              marinas that become apparent during the survey and upon
              review of the statistics. These problems are categorized and
              recommendations and comments as to their ultimate solution
              are given. Some of the problems that are mentioned are: 1)

                                              5-145

             the need to pay attention to changes in boating trends so
             that boat sizes can be monitored and adjustments (slip size)
             can be made, 2) pricing of slip fees must be reviewed to
             consider the number on waiting lists for slips, the size and
             type of boats for which slips are demanded, policies of
             competing facilities and their expansion plans. Other
             problems dealt with are updating waiting lists with relevant
             information, planning for expansion, marketing, personnel for
             this seasonal job, ownership, management, accounting,
             payment, repairs and maintenance, etc.

         549. Muench, Bruce. 1979 Sport Fishing Creel Survey on the
             Illinois Portion of Lake Michigan: Illinois Department of
             Conservation, Division of Fisheries and Wildlife; 1981.
             A direct contact fisherman creel census was conducted on the
             Illinois portion of Lake Michigan from May 15 to November 15,
             1979. A total of 1,760,000 hours of fishing effort was
             calculated to have occurred during that period. Proximity of
             qood quality launching areas controlled to some extent the
             intensity of boat fishing at different sites. Availability
             to the public of access to piers and breakwaters controlled
             to L greater eyl----l-  i.ntensity of shore fishing. Yellow
             perch fishing was more important in north and south Cook
             County than in Lake County and was the principal species in
             the anglers' creel from the shore and dominated the total
             catch. Overall catch rate in the shore sport fishery on Lake
             Michigan was similar to the catch rate on inland State-owned
             lakes in 1979. The boat fishery, because of the general
             absence of yellow perch, had a much lower fish catch rate
             than shore fishery. Information is also provided for coho
             salmon, chinook, rainbow trout, and lake trout. The value of
             the sport fishery in our part of Lake Michigan probably
             exceeds $10 million annually.

         550. Parish, Gary E.; Morgan, J. Michael. History, Practice and
             Emerging Problems of Wetlands Regulation: Reconsidering
             Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Land and Water Law
             Review; 19,82; 17(l): 43-84.

         551. Pistis, Charles. Community Enhancement of a Great Lakes
             Charterboat Fishery in Grand Haven, Michigan in The Great
             Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry--Selected Papers presented
             at the Great Lakes Sea Grant Network Charterboat Fishing
             Workshop. In: The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry
             (selected papers presented at the Great Lakes Sea Grant
             Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop); November 12-13, 1985;
             Spring Lake, MI.
             Charterboat fisheries have an economic impact on coastal
             communities. Quantifying the economic importance of.

                                         5-146

              recreational fisheries can result in community efforts to
              enhance and market the industry. Grand Haven, Michigan,
              developed centralized charterboat dockage to link the
              charterboat fleet with its downtown businesses. The facility
              known as Chinook Pier has become a focal point of Grand
              Haven's waterfront revitalization program.

          552. Plass, K.; Chase, S.; Fischer, B. C.; McKinney, J.;
              Schwartz, E. J.; Snyder, F.; White, D. G. Profile: The Great
              Lakes Charter Sailing Industry; 1989; (WIS-SG-89-435):
              University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.
              Note: 2 copies.
              This report presents the results of a survey conducted during
              the fall of 1987 by Sea Grant programs in Illinois-Indiana,
              Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. This
              report describes the status of the Great Lakes charter
              sailing industry in 1987 and estimates the 1987 gross income
              generated by the 31 participating businesses from charter
              sailing and charter sailing instruct   'ion. Lake Superior had
              the most charter sailboats, with 48 percent of the fleet.
              Next, in order, came Lake Michigan, Erie, Ontario, and Huron.
              Wisconsin had more chz-ter sailbo,-t- t'l-n ::@ny other state,
              with 58% of the fleet. Next, in order, came Ohio, Michigan,
              New York, Illinois, Indiana, and Minnesota. The 351
              sailboats were used for an estimated 12,189 charter days in
              1987. This was an increase of almost 16% from 1986. The
              businesses that taught sailing trained 2,174 people during
              1987, an increase of almost 61% over 1986. Great Lakes
              charter sailing and sailing instruction generated at least
              $2.5 million in 1987 gross income for the 31 business
              surveyed. This was based on an estimate of $1.95 million
              provided by 84% of the businesses, which accounted for 74% of
              the boats. The total direct and indirect regional impact was
              estimated at $3.25 million to $4.5 million, based on fees
              paid to these businesses. This does not include money spent
              for trip-related expenses like food and lodging.

          553. Schott, Robert W. The Impact of Great Lakes Recreational
              Boating on tche Economy of Michigan. Michigan State
              University; 1975.
              Unpublished M.S. Thesis.

          554. Somersan, Ayse; Neuman, Michael. Impacts of Recreation in
              the Coastal Area: Demand and Supply of Recreation in
              Wisconsin0s Coastal Counties. Madison, Wisconsin: State of
              Wisconsin Coastal Zone Management Program; 1977: 94 pp.

                                             5-147

         555. Stoffle, R. W.; Rasch, D. L.; Jensen, F. V. Urban Sports
             Anglers and Lake Michigan Fisheries Policies. Coastal Zone
             Mang. J.; 1983; 10(4): 407-427.
             Over the past few years an unusually intense struggle over
             the future of the Lake Michigan fishery has occured in the
             Wisconsin coastal communities of Racine and Konosha. This
             struggle has engaged participants on the local, state, and
             national levels in the debate over the fishery as it is
             potentially impacted by the presence of environmental toxins,
             the rising cost of fish stocking and management, and
             conflicting user group demands. We describe three cases where
             urban sports anglers, with the assistance of university-based
             social scientists, participated in state and city public
             policy decisions. After discussing this research and its
             policy implications, we propose a general public
             participation paradigm termed the Reciprocal Development
             Model. The concept that best describes our applied work is
             developmental change. This concept implies a deliberate and
             quided process that normally results in the emergence of
             increased societal or community capacity to create, plan,
             implement, and assess its own adaptive strategies. Today,
             -ublic agency decision-makers operate in __ radically
             social environment. Laws stemming from the ecology movement
             and the demand for participatory democracy have caused
             agencies that manage public goods, such as those that make up
             our coastal environments, to elicit, receive, and consider
             many more and often conflicting public demands. These
             conditions suggest that agency personnel should consider
             establishing more policy-specific relationships with
             academically-based social scientists.

         556. Strang, W.A. The Use of Market Segmentaton in Planning for a
             Recreation-based Economy. Madison, WI: University of
             Wisconsin; 1971.

         557. Stynes, D. J. Trends in Recreational Boating in Michigan.
             In: Michigan Tourism: How Can Research Help?; East Lansing,
             MI. HSU,. Ag. Exp. Stn.; 1981; Spec. Rpt. No. 6: p. 137-141.
             one in a series of three reports whose objectives are 1)
             provide up-to-date information on recreational boating in
             Michigan, 2) develop boater market segments by testing and
             evaluating alternative segmentation bases including
             demographics, equipment, boat use and storage, and reasons
             for boating, 3) develop and test an integrated system of
             planning models for estimating and forecasting boating
             activity and the resulting economic impacts on state and
             local economies.

                                          5-148

         558. Stynes, D. J.; Brothers, G. L.; Holecek, D. F.; Verbyla, D.
              Spending Patterns and Economic Impact of Michigan
              Recreational Boat owners: Michigan Sea Grant; 1983; ISBN:
              Michigan Sea Grant MICHU-SG-83-210.
              This paper summarizes the methods and results of an
              expenditure survey of Michigan boaters conducted in 1981.
              Michigan registered boat owners spent over one billion
              dollars on boating in 1981. This spending was divided
              between new and used boat purchases (10%), craft-related
              expenses (24%) and trip-related expenses (66%). The average
              boat owner spends $469 a year on craft-related items and
              about $39 per day on 33 days of boating each year. This
              amounts to an average of $1,787 per boat per year. The
              average annual spending of owners of different type of craft
              varies from about $1,000 for small power and sail boats to
              over $8,000 for power boats over 25 feet in length stored at
              a marina. These estimates are based upon a survey of
              expenditures of over 1,000 registered boat owners in 1981.
              The report details survey methods and reports spending
              patterns of different boater segments within 10 spending
              categories. Food (28%), equipment (21%), boat fuel (18%),
              :,nd auto fu-1 f14-01 r-ike up the largest proportions of the
              boating budget. M@st boating occurs close to home, but out-
              of-state registered boat owners spent $41.5 million in
              Michigan in 1981. An electronic spreadsheet program to
              estimate the spending impacts of alternative boating
              marketing and development actions is presented and then
              applied to two simple examples. By testing possibilities on
              the spreadsheet program, spending impacts of alternative
              development and marketing programs can be estimated.
              Guidelines for interpreting and applying the program are
              presented.

         559. Stynes, D. J.; Holecek, D. F. Recreational Boating: A
              Synthesis of Current Information. MI: Michigan Sea Grant;
              1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-203.
              This paper documents previous boating studies in Michigan,
              summarizes boating information for potential users, provides
              access to boating data bases, synthesizes and compares
              existing knowledge about GL boating, and provides direction
              for future research and data collection eff-orts. Based upon
              boat registration statistics, statewide boating surveys,
              marina inventories, and boating research in Michigan, this
              report summarizes information on  'Great Lakes recreational
              boating in Michigan from research and planning studies
              conducted prior to 1980. Information is reported in four
              major areas: (1) boat registration and use, (2) marina
              facilities, (3) economics of boating activity, and (4)
              boating and fuel use. Boating statistics are based upon boat

                                           5-149

              registration data, recreational boating surveys conducted
              between 1965 and 1977, a 1977 marina inventory, and a number
              of boating research studies.

          560. Stynes, D. J.; Safronoff, D.; Feltus, D. Michigan Boater
              Market Segment; 1982; ISBN: MICHU-SG-82-502.

          561. Stynes, Daniel J.; Safronoff, David. 1980 Michigan
              Recreational Boating Survey. East Lansing, MI: Michigan Sea
              Grant, Michigan State University; 1982; MICHU-SG-82-202.
              In 1980 the Michigan Sea Grant Program undertook a survey of
              registered boat owners in the state. This report documents
              the methods and basic results of the survey. Based upon
              almost 4,000 respondents it is estimated that registered
              boats in Michigan logged 16.9 million boat days in 1980.
              This is an increase of 23% over 1977 levels. About one third
              of all boat days took place on the Great Lakes and connecting
              waters, the remaining two thirds occuring on inland lakes and
              streams, Boaters averaged 33 days of boating in 1980 with
              larger boats stored at waterfront sites the most active.
              Fishing is the most popular boating activity, accounting for
              over half of all 17..-@t days and ;41mn--t 60% of all Great Lakes
              boat days. The largest increase in boating between 1977 and
              1980 was in small boat activity on the Great Lakes.

          562. Talhelm, D.R. Defining Angling Supply: The Key to
              Recreational Fishery Resource Evaluation. East Lansing MI.:
              Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State Univ.; 1988.
              Few angling demand studies accurately evaluate realistic
              management alternatives. Typically such studies estimate the
              all-or-none value of an existing site without evaluating the
              qualitative changes managers are concerned about and without
              specifying (or misspecifying) the influence of alternative
              sites. Angling supply is not adequately specified. Specific
              angling "products" can be defined by observing which sites
              anglers consider alike and which they consider different,
              using a kind of discriminant analysis. Thus, if any two
              sites offer the same product they are "perfect" substitutes,
              so anglers only go to the most convenient (least expensive)
              site. Angling supply differs from the supply of most
              products because the consumer is also the producer: the
              angler must transport himself to the site for the product to
              exist for him. The supply of each specific angling product
              is defined by the costs anglers must incur to fish at the
              least expensive location offering that product. For anglers
              from a specific origin the distance and "price" of each
              product is constant, so the supply of each product is
              perfectly elastic (horizontal). Here, several variations in
              angling success rate and fish species composition at several

                                             5-150

             locations in Michigan were evaluated, simulating various
             fishery management strategies.

         563. Talhelm, D. R.; Jordan, S. W.; Holecek, D. F. 1986 Michigan
             Recreational Boating Survey. Lansing, MI: Michigan Department
             Natural Resources; 1988.
             This paper reports the results of a survey of owners of 10,
             089 of the 637,500 boats registered (licensed) in Michigan
             for the 1986 boating season. We asked about recreational
             boating activity in Michigan waters only. About half of the
             boaters surveyed responded. About 5% of the respondents live
             outside of Michigan. Boating activity in Michigan on
             registered boats increased by some 48% from 1980 to 1986.
             About 61% of the boating took place on island lakes, 28% on
             the Great Lakes, and 11% on inland rivers and streams.
             Fishing and pleasure boating were the most important
             activities accounting for 52% and 36% of total use. Boaters
             spent about $1.83 billion for boating with registered boats
             in 1986. About 598,000 boats with valid registrations were
             actually used on Michigan waters in 1986, an 18% increase
             over the number in 1980. Most boats under 21 feet long are
             relatively "trailerable", and are oft-@-i kept at r---
             waterfront sites. About 60% were transported to launch sites
             at least once, compared with 39% of boats 21-26 feet long and
             7% of larger boats. About 51,000 boats, 8.5% of the total,
             were usually kept at marinas. However, ony 40,000 of those
             occupied seasonal spaces at the marinas. The other 11,000
             were kept in auxiliary spaces at the marinas, perhaps on
             trailers or on blocks, or on larger boats (eg, dinghy).

         564. Talhelm, D.R.; Jordan, S.W.; Holecek, D.,F. 1986 Michigan
             Recreational Boating Survey: Executive Summary. Michigan
             State University, East Lansing, MI; November 1988.

         565. Talhelm, D. R.; Jordan, S. W.; Holecek, D. F. Summary of the
             1986 Potential Market for Seasonal Marina Slips For Michigan
             Marinas Having Access to the Great Lakes. East Lansing, MI:
             Department of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State
             University; 1988.
             This paper summarizes by county the potential market in 1986
             for seasonal marina slips in Michigan marinas having access
             to the Great Lakes. our estimates are based on the results
             of 2 surveys. The first was a survey of owners of 10,089 of
             the 637,500 boats registered in Michigan in 1986, asking
             about recreational boating activities and preferences for the
             1986 boating season. The second was a survey in 1986 and
             1987 of owners of boats occupying seasonal slips at randomly
             selected marinas having access to the Great Lakes in
             Michigan's lower peninsula. The questionnaire asked mainly

                                         5-151

             about marina preferences and user costs. This report is a
             snapshot of marina needs in 1986. It does not consider the
             effects of the large amount of marina construction since
             then, nor the probable continued increase in use of large
             boats on the Great Lakes. From 1974 to 1986, the amount of
             Great Lakes use by large boats (21 feet or longer) grew 2.7
             fold. From 1980 to 1986, it increased almost nine percent
             per year. In general we found "full service" marinas,
             Iffamily" marinas, and "economy" marinas; and segments of the
             user population corresponding to each type. The total
             potential market of 36,000 slips is our estimate of the
             number of additional seasonal slips boaters would like to
             have occupied in 1986, beyond the 30,000 already occupied in
             1986. This potential could only be fulfilled if the "right"
             kinds of marinas were available at just the right locations
             to satisfy the wide variety of boater preferences.

         566. Trudeau, Thomas. The 1984 Charter Boat Sport Catch from the
             Illinois Waters of Lake Michigan: Illinois Department of
             Conservation, Division of Fisheries; 1986.
             This report is a summary of the salmonid catch by charter
             boat ar-l-r-      the Illinois waters of Lake Michigan
             1984. T@e Illinois Dept. of Conservation issued permits to
             218 charter operators in 1984. Four operators submitted
             reports but did not have a 1984 charter boat permit. In 1984
             charter boat operators reported about 5,600 trips and carried
             nearly 28,200 anglers. Nearly 96 percent of these anglers
             were Illinois residents. In 1984 coho dominated the catch by
             number (66%), followed by chinook salmon (17%), lake trout
             (11%), rainbow trout (5%), and brown trout (2%). The
             salmonid catch for Waukegan area waters was 63 percent of the
             total salmonid catch. This was higher than the 1983 Waukegan
             catch (48%) but similar to the 1982 catch (67%). The 1984
             lake trout catch was less than half of the 1983 catch, and
             may be a reflection of the increased 1984 coho catch as
             compared to that of 1983.

        567. Underwood, Ray. Marketing the Charterboat Fishing Industry
             in Michigan. In. The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry
             (selected paper presented at the Great Lakes Sea Grant
             Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop); November 12-13, 1985;
             Spring Lake, MI; 1985.
             This report discusses the Michigan Boating Industries
             Association; membership, purpose, what it offers, etc. It is
             addressed to the charterboat fishing industry, and points out
             ays to develop the market for this business.
             Professionalism, public awareness, legislation, trade shows,
             W

             magazine advertisements, etc. are mentioned as important
             factors in promoting this industry.

                                         5-152

         568. Underwood, Raymond. Marketing the Charterboat Fishing
             Industry in Michigan in The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing
             Industry--Selected papers presented at the Great Lakes Sea
             Grant Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop, Spring Lake,
             Michigan: Sea Grant; November 12-13, 1985. 47-52.
             The Michigan Boating Industries Association was founded in
             1958 and its sole purpose at that time was to promote the
             Detroit Boat and Fishing Show and to sell boats. over the
             years, the Detroit Show has developed into the second largest
             dealer-owned, winter, public show in the United States and
             the association has broadened the scope of its activity to
             include a whole spectrum of services that will also
             eventually apply to the Michigan Charterboat Association.

         569. Wilkinson, Paul F. Environmental Impact of Outdoor
             Recreation and Tourism: A Bibliography. Monticello, Illinois:
             Vance Publishing Co.; 1978.
             90 pp.

         570. Wortley, C.A. (Wisconsin University) (Sea Grant Inst.].
             Docks and Marinas Bibliography: U.S. Department of Commerce
             National Techr.7al Informa+-inr        (NTIS); Oct, 86. (in:
             Citations from the NTIS bibliographic database;
             Recreational Boating (Jan 70 - Sep 88); u8706).
             The UW-Madison engineer--coordinator of the national Docks
             and Marinas Conference held each year in Madison-- has
             compiled a list of some 200 technical publications on the
             construction and operation of marina related environmental
             problems, hydraulic engineering, wood preservation,
             geotechnical and structural engineering, mechanical and
             electrical systems, and ice engineering.

         571. Wortley, C.A. (Wisconsin University, Madison). Great Lakes
             small-craft harbor and structure design for ice conditions:
             an engineering manual [Sea Grant Inst.). Citations from the
             NTIS Bibliographic Databases - Recreational Boating (Jan 79 -
             Sep 88)z U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical
             Information Service (NTIS); Oct 88. Purdue Univ. Library, ACQ
             Dept., Stewart Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
             Great Lakes harbors and marinas don't get hit by hurricanes.
             But each winter they are subjected to the pressures of
             another powerful natural force, ice. Each year, winter ice
             on the Great Lakes causes more than $100,000 in damages --
             bending iron railings, twisting docks into crazy shapes and
             pulling pilings out of the lake bed. This UW Sea Grant
             Advisory Report represents the culmination of 10 years of
             observations throughout the region and abroad. The first
             part of the report describes the properties of ice and its
             behavior under various conditions, and introduces and reviews

                                         5-153

             the applicable principles of ice engineering, soil mechanics
             and geotechnical engineering, and foundation design. The
             second part of the book covers preliminary design
             considerations -- site geology, climate, economy and the
             available types of small-craft harbor structures.

         572. Wortley, C.A.; Frankenstein, G.E. Rebuilding Infrastructure
             for Pleasure Boating. Proc. Fifth Int'l. Conf. on Cold
             Regions Engineering.: TCEE/ASCE Univ. Minnesota; 1988.: 188-
             201.

                                         5-154

                             Appendix 4: Socioeconomic

         573. Abonmarche Group. Estimate of the Market Opportunity for
             Recreational Boat Slips for 9 Shoreline Regions and the State
             of Michigan. P.O. Box 1088, Benton Harbor, MI 49022:
             Abonmarche Group; Jan. 1991.
             Note: NRPC.
             With this study, the DNR Boating Programs Branch has decided
             to re-examine current market potentials (i.e. market demand
             present in 1990) for boat storage slips. Some conclusions of
             this study follow; 1) recreational boating demand remains
             quite strong, 2) supply of wet and dry boat storage has
             increased significantly, 3) geographic market areas are
             shrinking and have been redefined, 4) potential new supply
             will further impact market size and location, 5) market
             potential for new slips will not be fullfilled by 1995, 6)
             overall occupancy has declined as newer slips have been
             added, 7) occupancy rates differ by type of marina facility,
             8) pricing has been modified as occupancy has decreased, 9)
             economic turmoil has disrupted boat buyer purchasing
             deciai-c. 10) environmental, financial and construr--@-icn
             concerns limit the potential for new marina facilities.

         574. Bender, Norman, K. Financial Management Application and Tax
             considerations. In: The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing
             Industry (Selected Papers from the Great Lakes Sea Grant
             Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop); November 12-13 1985;
             Spring Lake, MI; 1985.

         575. Braden, Patricia L.; Rideout, Susan R. Consumer Investment
             in Shore Protection. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan
             Sea Grant Program; 1980; (MICHU-SG-80-200): 7 pp.

         576. Bradley, Earl H., Jr.; Armstrong, John M. A Description and
             Analysis of Coastal Zone and Shoreland Management Programs in
             the United States. Ann Arbor, MI: Coastal Zone Management
             Program, University of Michigan; 1972; (MICHU-T-72-006).

         577. Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging Task Force.
             Great Lakes Commercial and Recreational Harbor Dredging:
             Issues and Recommendations; 1988.
             Note: Mich. City.
             Final Report to the Great Lakes Commission.

                                         5-155

         578. David, M.; Eheart, W.; Joeres, E.; David, E. Marketable
             Permits for the Control of Phosphorus Effluent into Lake
             Michigan. Water Resources Research; April 1980; 16(2): 263-
             270.
             Transferable discharge permits (TDP) can be used to achieve
             desired abatement levels at costs that approach the minimum.
             The emphasis in the discussion is on the implementation of
             such a system, the public choice problem in its adoption, and
             an assurance that regardless of which polluters provide waste
             treatment there is a mechanism for equitable sharing in the
             costs of that abatement. The argument is applied to
             phosphorus abatement in the Wisconsin portion of the Lake
             Michigan basin. The level of demand and supply for TDP's
             among 53 waste treatment plants is simulated, and the
             necessary steps to create a market are outlined.
             Enforcement, price changes, and future adjustments in the
             permissible effluent loading are shown to be compatible with
             the marketing process proposed.

         579. De Gaspari, J. Dealers of the Great Lakes. Boating Industry;
             1987; July: 53-58.
             The Great -ikes stateS haxro tAkpn some economic hard knocks.
             Nevertheless, boating remains deeply ingrained among the
             region's sizeable and enthusiastic boating public. Overall,
             boating dealers throughout the five Great Lakes states
             averaged $1,452,414 in annual marine sales, including
             products sold and services rendered. Indiana dealers
             averaged $836,363. John Hatfield of Howe Marine feels that
             sales will continue to grow as long as the consumer interest
             rate stays below 10%.

         580. Ditton, R. B. The Social and Economic Signifigance of
             Recreational Activities in the Marine Environment. Green Bay,
             WI: University of Wisconsin; 1972.
             This paper discusses recreation in coastal zones, redefines
             recreation, discusses the economics of coastal zone
             recreation, and discusses what future use of marine
             environments for recreation depends on. It has been
             recognized that recreation use is the most rapidly growing
             demand on water. Demographers estimate that the U.S.
             population will approximately double by the year 2,000 and
             175 million people will be living in the coastal zone,
             including the Great Lakes. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
             (BOR) found, moreover, that increases in the demand for many
             types of outdoor recreation far outstrips population
             increases. Their studies revealed that there was a 12%
             increase in fishing, an 18% increase in boating and a 15%
             increase in swimming during the half decade from 1960-65,
             while the population increase was estimated at only 8% during

                                          5-156

             that period. Recreation must be redefined to be viewed as an
             experience that is freely engaged in largely during leisure,
             from which an individual derives some satisfaction. In other
             words, recreation experiences must have a qualitative value,
             and aesthetics can not be ignored in planning. It has been
             estimated that the total recreational value of the coastal
             zone is about $300 million if each person participates 5 days
             annually. In conclusion, individuals, adjacent shoreland
             owners, businessmen, polluters, etc. must begin to assume
             implicit responsibility for the sustained yield of our
             coastal zones if society is to realize the full social and
             economic significance of recreational activities in the
             marine environment.

         581. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
             Study). Aesthetic and Cultural Resources. Appendix 22. Ann
             Arbor, MI: Public Information office, Great Lakes Basin
             Commission; 1976.
             Note: CZM.
             The information and recommendations contained in this
             appendix are based on map inventory and evaluation of the
             aesthetic and cultural resouir-es within the R_n-7i- i..n
             conjunction with a broad-scale analysis of factors that
             presently affect them. Recommendations have been made for
             proper development of planning and for further study of the
             most significant resources.

         582. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
             Study). Alternative Frameworks. Appendix 1. Ann Arbor,
             Michigan: Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1976.
             Note: CZM.
             The primary function of the Alternative Frameworks Appendix
             is to document the Great Lakes Basin Framework Study plan
             formulation process and to present the results of that
             process. In draft form, it also served as a basic working
             document for those individuals and organizations directly
             involved. The basic purpose of the Great Lakes Basin
             Framework Study is to identify geographic areas and resource
             categories where future demands as compared with available
             supplies may create problems in meeting the needs of the
             people of the Basin for water and related land resources.

         583. Great Lakes Commission. The Economic Impacts of a Uniform
             Deep-Draft User Charge on Great Lakes Shipping. Worcester:
             Data Resources, Inc.; September 1983.

                                         5-157

          584. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
              Study). Environmental Impact Statement (Final). Ann Arbor,
              MI: Public Information Office, Great Lakes Basin Commission;
              1976.
              Note: CZM.
              Preparation of a Framework Study evaluating the water and
              related land resources of the Great Lakes Basin, in an
              attempt to obtain a consensus among involved States and
              Federal agencies on the general rate at which future
              development of these resources should proceed, which types of
              development should be encouraged or discouraged, and which
              geographic areas should receive special consideration for
              development or preservation. The Framework Study is an
              overview of the entire Great Lakes Basin, and will serve as a
              guide to programs and studies needed to consider more
              specific resource problems and smaller geographic areas. The
              Commission has developed a Proposed Framework for the Basin
              through the year 2020, which envisions a rate of economic
              growth and development slightly lower than that which would
              follow from a projection of past growth trends. The
              Environmental Imapact Statement is a conceptual study, not an
              -1*11n-i-d plan for construction. It is very gF---@@ral, with
              little description of detailed effects, but it is believed to
              adequately highlight the most significant impacts that can be
              covered in a Level A study.

          585. Great Lakes Basin Commission (Great Lakes Basin Framework
              Study). Report. Ann Arbor, MI: Public Information office,
              Great Lakes Basin Commission; 1976.
              Note: CZM.
              The Great Lakes Basin Framework Study was begun in 1967 to
              develop an information base and to prepare components for a
              future comprehensive, coordinated, joint plan (CCJP). This
              plan will guide the conservation, use, and development of
              water and land resources in the Great Lakes area through the
              year 2020. The Framework Study Report, 25 appendix volumes
              and an environmental impact statement present a portion of
              the Great Lakes Basin Commission's work toward this goal.

          586. Heikoff, Joseph M. Coastal Resources Management:
              Institutions and Programs. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor
              Science Publishers, Inc.; 1977: 287 pp.

          587. Heikoff, Joseph M. Marine and Shoreland Resources
              Management. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science
              Publishers, Inc.; 1980: 214 pp.

                                           5-158

         588. Kenny, David; Hoffman, Edward; Tichacek, Gregg. Urban
             Waterfront Renewal: The Illinois Experience. 53 West Jackson
             Boulevard, Chicago, IL; April 1983.
             This report focuses on urban waterfront revitalization
             activities in Illinois with two objectives in mind: one, to
             develop a body of information that will encourage and assist
             local urban waterfront revitalization efforts and the other,
             to identify an appropriate role for the State in supporting
             these efforts.

         589. Pistis, Charles. Community Enhancement of a Great Lakes
             Charterboat Fishery in Grand Haven, Michigan in The Great
             Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry--Selected Papers presented
             at the Great Lakes Sea Grant Network Charterboat Fishing
             Workshop. In: The Great Lakes Charterboat Fishing Industry
             (selected papers presented at the Great Lakes Sea Grant
             Network Charterboat Fishing Workshop; November 12-13, 1985;
             Spring Lake, MI.
             Charterboat fisheries have an economic impact on coastal
             communities. Quantifying the economic importance of
             recreational fisheries can result in community efforts to
             enhan -, and marke4- 4-1-- ;.-1.1,stry. Grand Haven, Michigan,
             developed centralized charterboat dockage to link the
             charterboat fleet with its downtown businesses. The facility
             known as Chinook Pier has become a focal point of Grand
             HavenOs waterfront revitalization program.

         590. Pratt, Diana B. Acquisition of Public Access Sites to the
             Great Lakes. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Sea
             Grant Program; 1979; (MICHU-SG-79-214): 57 pp.

         591. Pratt, Diana B. The Legal Rights of the Public in the
             Foreshores of the Great Lakes. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
             University of Michigan Sea Grant Program; 1981; (MICHU-SG-81-
             209): 24pp.

         592. Raphael, C. Nicholas; Jaworski, Eugene. Economic Value of
             Fish, Wildlife, and Recreation in Michigan's Coastal
             Wetlands. Coastal Zone Management Journal; 1979; 5(3): 181-
             194.

                                         5-159

         593. Somersan, A. Impacts of Recreation in the Coastal Zones:
              Economic Impact and Needs of Wisconsin's Great Lakes Boaters-
              1975. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Univ.-Madison; 1976; NTIS number
              PB-263-933. 52 p.
              The major objective of the study is to identify the
              dependency between Great Lakes boaters and the economy of the
              coastal communities. The report also identifies the
              socioeconomic profile of the Great Lakes ramp users and
              marina users, and summarizes the preference and needs of
              boaters for facilities and service.

         594. Strang W. A.; Ditton, R. B. The Lake Michigan Charter
              Fishing Industry: A Product of Love and Taxes. J. Great Lakes
              Res; July 1976; 2(1): 89-98.
              Little is known about the Lake Michigan charter fishing
              industry. This study was conducted to describe Lake Michigan
              charter fishing boat operators and their customers and to
              evaluate the industry's financial status and local economic
              impact. Field work in 1973 revealed 98      charter operators
              working on Lake Michigan from Wisconsin     ports. From a
              geographically proportionate sample, 44     extensive interviews
              were completed. The ind--!"try generaf-c%rl '@470.000 in sales in
              1973. Low average sales and profits do      not provide financial
              incentives to entrepreneurs. Financial      opportunity, however,
              appears to have played a minor role in the decision to enter
              the business. Major motivations appear to be tax advantages
              and life style rewards. A profile of charter customers was
              developed through a mail survey of a sample of 483 charter
              customers. Catch data were collected from operators
              surveyed. Catch varied with the proportion of operator
              income obtained from charter fishing. Port communities were
              affected economically by the industry. Applying a community
              multiplier of 2.16 to the $1.6 million of direct expenditures
              yields an economic impact of $3,456,000 on Wisconsin's Lake
              Michigan community in 1973. The industry is also important
              in that it provided fishermen with access to the Great Lakes
              lake trout and salmon fisheries. Without that access, these
              fisheries would be largely reserved for the wealthy.

         595. Wood, W. Economic Impact of the Winthrop Harbor/Zion Marina;
              1984: Waukegan, IL.

                                             5-160

         596. Wood, William L. Coastal Management Alternatives for
              Reducing Storm Impacts at a Coast. Journal of American Shore
              and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); Oct.
              1990; 58 (4) : 72.
              Note: article.
              The risk posed by residency along our nations coatlines was
              vividly illustrated by the recent passage of Hurricane Hugo
              across the South Carolina Coast. Wind, water, and erosion
              damage caused by Hugo was in excess of 300 million dollars
              and unaccountable losses were estimated to approach 2 billion
              dollars. Evident in the aftermath of Hugo's fury is the need
              to evaluate present coastal management policy and to assess
              its effectiveness as an alternative for reducing storm
              related losses. The National Flood Insurance Program and the
              more recent "Jones/Upton Amendment" provide for a regulated
              program of federal insurance for homeowners at risk from
              flooding due to extreme high water levels and erosion. This
              article deals with this current legislation, objectives and
              concerns of coastal management approach, and data and
              research needs.

                     William L. Managing Coastal Erosion T'@--ough the
              National Flood Insurance Program. Journal of American Shore
              and Beach Preservation Association (Shore and Beach); 1990;
              58(2).- 3.
              Notez article.
              Population and economic pressures have transformed the
              lightly developed shorelines of earlier years into higher
              density resorts and urban complexes, e.g. Clearwater,
              Florida; Galveston, Texas. In response to a request from the
              Federal Emergency Management Agency/ Federal Insurance
              Administration (FEMA/FIA) in 1988, the National Research
              Council (NRC) established the Committee on Coastal Erosion
              Zone Management under the auspices of its Water Science and
              Technology Board and the Marine Boad. The committee was
              asked to provide advice on appropriate erosion management
              strategies, supporting data needs, and applicable
              methodologies to administer these strategies through the
              National Flood Insurance Program.

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