[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]







                                    RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION PROGRAM
                                    AND THE UNDEVELOPED PORTIONS OF COLLIER
                                    COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE        CM-97













































               HT
               393
               16
               G67
               1985





















                                                                   1-1.1 ISTAL
                                                               INIFOR14ATION CEIT1.7,.--







                                                  CM-97





                    RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION  PROGRAM FOR THE UNDEVELOPED


                               PORTIONS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE




                                        Dr. C. Edward Proffitt
                                          Project Administrator

                                          Dr. Robert H. Gore
                                          Project Supervisor


                  Department of Natural Resources Management, Collier County, Florida















40

































                         RECOMMENDATIONS AND A PROGRAM FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT


                              AND PROTECTION FOR THE UNDEVELOPED LANDS OF


                                     COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE







                                                  By


                                            Robert H. Gore


                                  Coastal Zone Management Specialist

                              Department of Natural Resources Management,

                                    Collier County ,Florida 33962









































                                         TECHNICAL REPORT 85-1



                                                 1985


                                   Research supported in part by the
                        Florida Department of Environmental Regulation and the
                 Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, Administered by the
         Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration












         C. EDWARD PROFFITT, PH.D.
              Director


         ROBERT H. GORE, PH.D.                       NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
         Coastal Zone Management
              Specialist                                COLLIER COUNTY GOVERNMENT COMPLEX


         MAURA E. CURRAN                                     3301 TAMIAMI TRAIL EAST
         Coastal Zone Management
             Associate                                     NAPLES, FLORIDA 33942-4977






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                               "Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all."

                                                              Garrett Hardin


                                                              1968


































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                                                   ii










                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS


                   INTRODUCTION  .......................................................              I


                   THE AREA  ..............................................        o ............     4


                   THE PROBLEM  ..........  o.........  o ....................................      11


                   METHODOLOGY  .........................................................           12


                       The OWNRLIST Program    .............................................        12
                       The COASTVAL Program    ........................................          o.... 15
                       The OWNRZONE Program    .........................    o ...o ...........   o... 15
                       The Vegetational Indicators Program      .................    o ........  o-16
                       The LUMACT Program    ...............................................        18


                   THE APPROACH
                   I. WHAT ARE THE ESTUARINE AND COASTAL VEGETATIONAL RESOURCES IN
                        THE UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE?           ......... 22


                       Vegetational Assemblages in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone           ......... 25
                       Land Resources in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone         ...................   27

                   II. WHO OWNS THE LAND ON WHICH THE RESOURCES OCCUR?            ................  29


                       Land Ownership in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone          ...................  29
                       The RFD (Restricted Future Development) Classification           ........... 36
                       Land Ownership by Coastal Zone       ...............................      o... 41

                          Water Management No. 6      ........................................      41
                          Belle Meade   ................   oo  ..... oo ........o.................  43
                          Camp Keasis.   ...........................     o ......................   44
                          Fakahatchee   ..................................      o .......... o   ..... 46
                          Turner River   ....... o ....................................      o   ..... 47
                          Big Cypress West, Big Cypress East       .......................       o.... 48

                   THE SOLUTION
                   III. HOW CAN THESE RESOURCES BE PROTECTED, OR PUT TO THE BEST AND
                          HIGHEST  USE WITHOUT SUBSTANTIALLY DEGRADING THE COASTAL ZONE
                         ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS?     ............................      o- .... 50


                          1.   Land Held in Private Ownership      .........................     -50

                               A)   Creative Zoning   ....... o ...............................     51
                               B)   Tax and Developmental Relief or Modification         .......... 51
                               C)   Restrictive or Environmental Zoning        ...................  52
                               D)   Environmental Easements     ...o ...........................    53
                               E)   Bufferzone Mandates     ........o ..........................    53
                               F)   Population Cap for Collier County       .....................   53
                               G)   Enforcement of Environmental Ordinances        ......... o   ..... 55


                          2.   Coastal Lands and Public Welfare      ................   o  ......... 55
                          3.   The Maintenance of Healthy Coastal Ecosystems...         ... o...... 58

                   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS    ....................................................         64


                   REFERENCES  .............   o.....................    o ......................   65


                                                             iii











                Table of Contents (Continued).



                APPENDICES


                Appendix 1.   OWNRLIST Program Example  ............................... 60
                Appendix 2.   COASTVAL Program Example  ............................... 61
                Appendix 3.   OWNRZONE Program Example  ............................... 62
                Appendix 4.   LUMACT Program Descriptors and Definitions   ............. 63
                Appendix 5.   LUMACT Program Example ................................  119















































                                                  iv














                                              INTRODUCTION




                     The coastal zone in the State of Florida faces an impending crisis.

                In the the 15 years between 1960 and 1975 the population of Florida

                approximately doubled from 4.9 million to 8.5 million, increasing at a

                rate of nearly 24,000 people per month. Projected population by the year

                2000 is nearly 15 million persons. It is anticipated that most of these

                will settle in defined regional centers either along the shoreline or in

                major populational nodes within the interior of the state. Presently,

                75% of the state's population occurs in the coastal zone areas (Division

                of State Planning, 1976). These populational figures become more impor-

                tant when it is realized that 1) development in the state of Florida

                continues to take place with little consistent strategy of management;

                2) the coastal margins of Florida are now incapable of supporting un-

                managed growth; and 3) there seems to be little incentive to take a

                responsible position in growth management.

                     Portions of the coastal zone of Collier County comprise one of the

                few unaltered major environmentally sound areas remaining in the state.

                The natural resources of the county, consisting of subtropical climate,

                relatively untrammeled beaches, nearly pristine seagrass and mangrove

                ecosystems, extensive salt and freshwater marshes, expansive coastal

                prairies, and associated cypress and pine upland forest systems, all

                occur within the zone and provide a wealth of natural habitats and

                environmentally attractive amenities. Indeed, without these resources

                Collier County would not exhibit the attractiveness that it does--an

                attractiveness which has resulted in the county becoming one of the

                fastest growing areas in the entire United States. The Naples Metropol-








                                                                                      2.



                itan area is the third fastest growing in the entire United States. U.S.

                Census Bureau stated that population increased 29% between 1980 and 1984

                with nearly 111,000 living in the coastal area from North Naples to Marco

                Island.


                     In Collier County, according to the Community Development Division

                of this county there are presently over 100 planned unit developments

                (PUD) being considered or actively being developed through the entire

                area of Collier County. These developments, when realized, will cover

                approximately 22,000 acres and consist of nearly 84,000 single and

                multifamily units, as well as nearly 100 commercial units. A popu-

                lational increase of 170,000 is projected which would raise the total

                Collier County population to over 285,000 people by the year 2,000. The

                effects of extensive development on the coastal zone ecosystems may be


                massive.


                     One management tool for this rapid growth has been the formulation

                of the county Comprehensive Plan, which established two major land-use

                and management categories. One was the Coastal Resources Management and

                Recreation Area (CRMRA) which identifies some 138 square miles of the

                unaltered coastal zone still held in private ownership, and noted it as

                an area where future developmental activities will require a detailed

                review to ensure compatibility with existing natural resources. The

                second category, Parks and Preserves, designated and mapped the un-

                .developed areas of the coastal zone presently under administration of

                Federal, State and County governmental agencies. The Natural Resources

                Element in the Comprehensive Plan also provides a detailed listing and

                functioning of the natural resources in the county, especially the

                coastal barrier islands, lagoons, marshes, maritime forests, and other








                                                                                     3.



                 wetlands which are coming under increasing pressure as man's impact

                 impinges on, alters, or eliminates these biotopes.

                     Although the Comprehensive Plan has identified the remaining un-

                 developed areas of the coastal zone, and set general goals and policies

                 to protect these areas, its implementation has been quite general and

                 exhibits many deficiencies. Prior to 1984 no functional water district

                 management units, or much data related to these, existed. Estuarine

                 resources were acknowledged but were not categorized in any meaningful

                 manner. There were no summational data on property ownership, zoning,

                 vegetational cover, ecosystem interlocking, or other important input

                 relating to environmental factors and land use management. Consequently,

                 developmental activities that were permitted on parcels of land did not

                 necessarily take into account such aspects at the time of development.

                 Nor was the affect of the permitted development on adjacent areas, or the

                 future environmental consequences of such development on any contiguous

                 areas, considered in depth.

                     The impact of existing development has now been well documented (see

                 Benedict 1984V Benedict et al. 1984, Gore 1984a, b). Attention has been

                 drawn to the potential detrimental effects future development might have

                 on primeval areas, especially in undeveloped regions of the county. This

                 attention fits well with the goal of the Collier County Coastal Zone

                 Management Program which seeks the protection of the undisturbed natural

                 .resources of the county on the one hand, and the careful management of

                 coastal development within and adjacent to these resource areas on the

                 other. Such a policy, if adhered to, will ensure that future land-use

                 activities will have minimal adverse impact on the existing natural


                 resources.








                                                                                    4.




                     It is apparent that many, if not all, of the pristine ecosystems in

                Collier County are sufficiently resilient to recover from mild environ-

                mental insult. Any impact, however, produces some change and no eco-

                system can remain totally unaltered. Nor can an ecosystem that has

                been changed ever be restored to its primeval and pristine state. Only

                by careful management of growth and development will these systems remain

                resilient and persist into the future.


                                                THE AREA


                     The coastal zone of Collier County is defined here as that area of

                the County on the south, or Gulf of Mexico, side of US 41 (Tamiami

                Trail). This areas comprises a relatively narrow strip of land that

                stretches 57 miles from the northwest terminus at the Lee County line to

                the southeastern terminus at the Dade-Monroe County lines. The strip

                varies in width from 2 miles in the north, to 12 miles in the area of

                Marco Island, to 8 miles wide near the southeastern county border. The

                coastal zone comprises 16 percent of the total land area of Collier

                County and is inhabited by nearly 40,000 people, or roughly 35 percent of

                the total county population. Nearly 30,000 additional people (approxi-

                mately 30% more of the population) live eastward of US 41 within a five

                mile strip paralleling that highway. Thus, nearly 65% of the total

                county population occurs within 10 miles of the Gulf of Mexico.

                     The Collier County Coastal Zone contains both developed and un-

                ,developed areas. Approximately 67 square miles (21%) of the total 328

                square miles comprising the Zone are developed, with the majority of this

                development found in five major populational centers: Vanderbilt Beach,

                Park Shore, City of Naples, East Naples, and the Marco Island-Isles of

                Capri areas. The first three centers are located north of Gordon Pass,
















































































































                                                                                                                                                 i

                                                                                                                                                         FIGURE 1
















                                                                                                                 Lt                         COLLI
                                                                                                                                      UNDEVELOF




                                                                                                 +                 4.






                        04




                                                                                                                              Nom
                                                                                                                  4-1



                           IN-CANAL                                                                                -------------
                           =HIGHWAYS
                        r)     PAPA OR PRESEPIVE               ----------
                        In        3 4
                        CL
                        ye   MILES
                        #A                                                                     0
                                                                                         %blb
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                        39
                        0                                                                      Ml                 0   E               0  u   N        Y
                          RANGEJ        25 E             26 E           27 E             28 E            26E             30 E           31 E








                                                                                     5.




                the mouth of Gordon River that forms the southern terminus of the Naples

                headland. The fourth area is inland and southeast of the Pass, and Marco


                Island is to the southeast and forms the southernmost terminus of de-


                velopment in western Collier County.

                     The undeveloped coastal zone as defined for this report comprises

                the area south of US 41 that extends from Gordon Pass in the northeast to


                the Monroe County line and Everglades National Park in the south, and to

                the Dade County line and the Big Cypress National Preserve areas in the

                east (Figure 1). This region contains approximately 261 square miles of

                land (about 79% of the total coastal zone), most of which is uninhabited

                or slightly to moderately developed. Populational centers in this area

                include the towns of Goodland (population 332), Everglades City and

                Chokoloskee Island (population 514) and Ochopee (population 204). The

                two most important factors affecting this region are the existence of

                several large parks or preserves which make up about 37% of the un-

                developed lands, and the fact that nearly 52% of the remainder of un-

                developed lands remains in private ownership. The existence of parkland,

                which is non-developable, forces future development and growth into the

                undeveloped lands which, although inherently undevelopable, or develop-

                able only with difficulty and great expense, nevertheless remain poten-

                tially so and are held for speculation by many of these same owners.

                     The vast majority of undeveloped coastal land in Collier County is

                .relatively remote and exists in its natural or nearly primeval condition.

                The coastal physiography of this region includes active barrier islands,

                tidally influenced estuarine lagoons, mainland coastal bays, and associ-

                ated wetlands and maritime seasonally inundated upland areas. A number

                of rivers, creeks and tributaries also occur as important hydrological








                                                                                    6.




                features in the undeveloped zone, the most prominent being Henderson

                Creek and Royal Palm Creek, the Blackwater, Fakahatchee, Whitney, Wood,

                and East, Barron and Turner Rivers, and the Turner River and Faka Union

                canal systems. The latter two conduits drain upland hardwood forest and

                coastal prairie lands north of US 41.

                     Included within these land and water regions are several major

                vegetational biotopes, such as marine seagrass beds, extensive mangrove

                forests, well-developed coastal saltwater marshes, maritime upland pine

                and cypress forests, and wide low coastal prairies. In several delimited

                areas large stands of RUE (rare, endangered or unique) vegetational

                assemblages occur. These include a mature coastal hardwood (predom-

                inantly oak) hammock on Cannon Island, a unique Mastic-Gumbo Limbo

                hammock on Little Marco Island adjacent to Cannon Island, a complex and

                now unique high island xeric-hydric forest community on Horr's Island,

                and large hydric oak-maple-cabbage palm hammocks in the Camp Keasis and

                Fakahatchee districts. North of US 41 large pine barrens, and mixed

                swamp hardwood strands are found from east of SR 951 to the Turner River


                area.


                     Before alteration and development the vegetational and physiograph-

                ical relationships of Collier County's coastal ecosystems extended

                northward to link with similar systems in Lee County, and southward to

                blend with the coastal ecosystems of the Everglades in Monroe County.

                The upland systems, in turn, reached northeastward and southeastward to

                unite with the coastal prairies and pine and cypress islands of Broward

                and Dade County and eventually also merged into the vast sawgrass and

                hammock-dotted plains of the Everglades (Conservation Foundation, 1968).

                Now, many coastal areas north of Gordon Pass have been completely al-








                                                                                     7.



                tered, or are presently undergoing massive destruction through develop-

                mental land clearing. The remaining coastal ecosystems are restricted to

                four main areas south of US 41. These are 1) the Rookery Bay-Keewaydin

                Island estuarine lagoonal and coastal barrier systems in Water Management

                District No. 6; 2) the large and relatively undisturbed seagrass-

                mangrove-saltmarsh systems north of Marco Island and east of SR 951,

                which extend to SR 92 in the Belle Meade and Camp Keasis districts;

                3) the vast reticulated coastal mangrove swamps east of Marco Island

                comprising the western Ten Thousand Islands, plus the associated fresh-

                water marshes occurring from SR 92 eastward to SR 29 in the Fakahatchee

                district; and 4) the complex reticulated mangrove swamp-salt/freshwater

                marsh-cypress forest-coastal prairie systems of the eastern Ten Thousand

                Islands area and the associated maritime margins east of SR 29, and

                extending to Dade and Broward Counties. The distinctness of this latter

                system is especially apparent in the upland regions north of US 41 al ong

                SR 84 (Alligator Alley) where a noticeable transition from sawgrass

                prairie to cypress dome prairie can be seen in a 5-10 mile stretch

                between western Broward and eastern Collier County. The importance of

                all these areas has been well documented previously (see Gore 1984a,

                Benedict et al. 1984 for bibliography).

                     The vegetational systems noted above all intergrade into the coastal

                estuarine system of Florida Bay. This region, including the Ten Thousand

                .Islands area, has been characterized as "...a complex system of tidal

                creeks and mangrove swamps with islands separated by shallow tidal

                lagoons and natural passes. Sand beaches are infrequent in this area."

                (Warinner et al. 1976). This same report notes that important habitat

                and nursery grounds for estuarine-dependent fish and shellfish, including








                                                                                     8.




                commercially exploited stock, occur throughout the region. The authors

                list 8 concerns including Major Concerns of domestic and industrial

                pollution, dredging, and diversion of freshwater flows; Significant

                Concerns of pesticides, electric power generator impacts, pulp and

                textile mill wastes, and filling of marshes; and the Lesser Concern of

                ditching and draining of wetland areas. They point out that the Ever-

                glades/Ten Thousand Islands systems are acutely sensitive to freshwater

                supplies, and that severe curtailment of freshwater inflow can be ex-

                pected to decrease overall amounts of mangrove and marshland habitats,

                affect salinities and flushing of waters through these systems, and

                induce additional physiological stress on the fauna and flora. At least

                13 endangered species of mammals and birds are found in these estuarine

                systems or rely on them in some manner.








                                                                                     9.





                                               THE PROBLEM


                     The program embarked upon during 1984-1985 by the Collier County

                Natural Resources management Department is a continuation of the Coastal

                Zone Management Program begun in 1983 and 1984. Attention in 1985 was

                focused on undeveloped coastal resources and how they may best be manag-

                ed. This study began by asking three important questions:

                     1.   WHAT ARE THE ESTUARINE AND COASTAL VEGETATIONAL RESOURCES IN


                          THE UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE?


                     2.   WHO OWNS THE LAND ON WHICH THESE RESOURCES OCCUR?


                     3.   HOW CAN THESE RESOURCES BE PROTECTED, OR PUT TO THE BEST AND


                          HIGHEST USE WITHOUT SUBSTANTIALLY DEGRADING THE COASTAL ZONE


                          ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS?


                Toward this end a detailed land-use review and permitting process in-

                corporating a land-use matrix is herein proposed which delineates the

                natural resources of a given section of land (concentrating on vegeta-

                tion, for reasons which will become clear), and which recommends develop-

                mental categories and activities within each category that are amenable

                to that particular land section. T his process, if adopted, will ensure

                that future land-use activities will not, or only marginally, degrade

                existing natural resources, not only in the section being developed, but

                in adjacent sections which might also be affected by developmental

                activities. It is now apparent that no land-use activities should be

               .conducted in any portion of the undeveloped coastal zone of Collier

                County without giving serious consideration to existing ecosystem values,

                functions, and limiting factors in contiguous sections as well. To

                ignore these factors is to put the coastal zone environment in jeopardy

                and ultimately to alter the entire coastal ecosystem, the prime factor








                                                                                       10.




                 that makes Collier County such an attractive place to live.

                                                METHODOLOGY


                      In order to develop a Land Use Matrix it was necessary to determine

                 ownership and zoning of all land in the undeveloped coastal zone, and the

                 major vegetational systems on such lands. A list of the types of activi-

                 ties that might take place was developed and the activities ranked on a

                 descending scale of compatibility or desirability. This scale was then

                 applied to each section of land within the seven major coastal zones.

                 From this application recommendations could be made as to the type and

                 extent of the various activities, thus forming the basis of the Land Use

                 Matrix. A series of land use Categories and Impacts was developed with

                 categories ranging from Compatible (benign or very low adverse impact) to

                 Prohibited (severe or catastrophic impact). Each general activity

                 category in this series was defined on the basis of potential ecosystem

                 impairment using vegetational recovery as the criteria. In addition, the

                 required agency permits9 approval) guidelines or environmental impact

                 statements was listed, as well as situations in which a performance
                 bond Iwould be posted, with a a listing of penalties for non-compliance.

                 These data are provided in Table 1.

                 The OWNRLIST program

                      To determine the general land ownership and extent of holdings by

                 various corporations, individuals or other legal entities within the

                 undeveloped coastal zone a listing of all property owners within the





                 I         The performance bond refers to the Performance Bond Ordinance
                           designed by the author in a previous report (Gore 1984b).











                sections, townships and ranges of the zone was obtained from the Collier

                County Tax Assessor. Each owner was given a unique owner number, named,

                listed under the appropriate map reference (section, township, range) and

                sorted under one or more of seven coastal zone water management dis-

                tricts. These data were entered in an expandable r:Base program named

                OWNRLIST, which allows a general determination of land ownership and

                distribution within each district. A synopsis of these data will be

                discussed in more detail below (see also Fig. 5). An example of the

                program printout is provided in Appendix 1.

                The COASTVAL Program

                     A second program was developed which compiled the tax valuation and

                assessments for land and assets of all major land owners in Collier

                County. The owners were listed under 14 general names in the r:Base

                program COASTVAL which allows a summary of land values within each

                section, or within each coastal zone. An example of the COASTVAL program

                is given in Appendix 2.

                The OWNRZONE Program

                     A third program, ancillary to OWNRLIST, was developed which con-

                tained data on zoning, dominant vegetation, alterational aspects, and

                general location notes, including major physiographical features, for

                every section in the undeveloped coastal zone. An example of this

                program, termed OWNRZONE, is provided in Appendix 3. As with the other

                programs, OWNRZONE is expandable. This program may eventually be com-

                bined with OWNRLIST to provide a more expanded database once the as-

                sessment for all of Collier County (and not just the undeveloped coastal

                zone) has been completed.









        Table 1.         Land Use Categories and Impacts to Developmental Activities in the Collier County Coastal Zone

        ACTIVITY
        DESIGNATOR:             COMPATIBLE(C)         PROVISIONAL(P)          RESTRICTED(R)         INCOMPATIBLE(I)        PROHIBITED(X)


        Projected impact      Benign or very low     Very low to moderate    Moderate to high       High to severe          Severe to
        of activity:          adverse impact;        adverse impact; eco-    adverse impact;        adverse impact;         catastrophic
                              ecosystem only         system stressed in      most or entire eco-    entire ecosystem        adverse im-
                              slightly affected;     part, but resilient;    system stressed;       recovery severely       pact; eco-
                              habitat recovery       habitat recovery        recovery of part or    stressed; majority      system re-
                              probably complete      probably incomplete.    all of habitats        of habitats com-        covery im-
                              or nearly so.                                  prevented; system      pletely and per-        probable or
                                                                             partially and per-     manently altered.       impossible;
                                                                             manently altered.                              major portion
                                                                                                                            of habitats
                                                                                                                            nearly or
                                                                                                                            totally des-
                                                                                                                            troyed.

        Permits:              None                   Required                Required               Discouraged; Grant-      Denied
                                                                                                    ed only in extremis.

        DNRMGMT               Administrative         Site plan approval      Site plan approval     Site plan approval      N/A
        Notification:         approval required.     required.               required.              mandatory.

        Guidelines:           As needed              Required                Required               Mandatory               NIA

        Monitoring:           Only in exceptional    May be required         Required during one    Mandatory during all    N/A
                              cases.                 during one or more      or more phases of      phases of  develop-
                                                     phases.                 development.           ment.

        BCC Variance:         None needed            None needed             May be required        Mandatory               N/A

        E.I.S.:               None needed            None needed             May be required        Mandatory               N/A



               0                                                                                                              0




        Table 1. (continued)


        ACTIVITY
        DESIGNATOR:            COMPATIBLE(C)           PROVISIONAL(P)          RESTRICTED(R)          INCOMPATIBLE(I)        PROHIBITED(X)


        D.R.I.:               None needed             None needed             May be required         Probably required        N/A

        Performance           None                    None                    May be required    for  Mandatory; to cover      N/A
        Bond:                                                                 one or more phases      all phases of
                                                                              of development.         development.

        Non-Compliance:       Fine equal to 1%        Fine equal to 5%        Fine equal to 25%       Fine equal to 50%        Fine equal to
                              of total develop-       of total projected      of projected total      of total develop-        100% of all
                              ment costs.             development costs.      development cost or     ment costs plus          development
                                                                              complete mitigation,    complete miti-           costs; total
                                                                              whichever is great-     gation; mandatory        restoration
                                                                              er; and/or jail         jail sentence.           of areas;
                                                                              sentence.                                        mandatory
                                                                                                                               jail sentence.

        Contractors           N/A                     N/A                     Possible revocation     Mandatory revocation     Permanent
        Licenses:                                                             up to 5 years.          for 10 years.            revocation


        CHART/
        Categories and impacts














                                                                                                                                          W








                                                                                    14.



                sections, townships and ranges of the zone was obtained from the Collier

                County Tax Assessor. Each owner was given a unique owner number, named,

                listed under the appropriate map reference (section, township, range) and

                sorted under one or more of seven coastal zone water management dis-

                tricts. These data were entered in an expandable r:Base program named

                OWNRLIST, which allows a general determination of land ownership and

                distribution within each district. A synopsis of these data will be

                discussed in more detail below (see also Fig. 5). An example of the

                program printout is provided in Appendix 1.

                The COASTVAL Program

                     A second program was developed which compiled the tax valuation and

                assessments for land and assets of all major land owners in Collier

                County. The owners were listed under 14 general names in the r:Base

                program COASTVAL which allows a summary of land values within each

                section, or within each coastal zone. An example of the COASTVAL program

                is given in Appendix 2.

                The OWNRZONE Program

                     A third program, ancillary to OWNRLIST, was developed which con-

                tained data on zoning, dominant vegetation, alterational aspects, and

                general location notes, including major physiographical features, for

                every section in the undeveloped coastal zone. An example of this

                program, termed OWNRZONE, is provided in Appendix 3. As with the other

                .programs, OWNRZONE is expandable. This program may eventually be com-

                bined with OWNRLIST to provide a more expanded database once the as-

                sessment for all of Collier County (and not just the undeveloped coastal

                zone) has been completed.








                                                                                     15.




                The Vegetational Indicators Program

                     The most important part in determining land use activities within

                this study is the use of vegetational assemblages as a major and more or

                less permanent ecological indicator. Vegetation descriptions also

                provide information on general characteristics of the ecosystem in an

                area and reflect the general environmental health. These assemblages

                thus allow guidelines and recommendations to be made for nearly every

                developmental or recreational activity in any given section.

                     Because much of the undeveloped coastal zone in Collier County is

                remote or generally inaccessible by normal land vehicles three methods

                were employed to determine the major vegetational assemblages in each

                section: 1) aerial photography using REDI (Real Estate Development

                Institute) photographs, usually at 1:600 or 1:1200 scale; 2) State of

                Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) aerial overflight transects

                which produces a section by section series of photo mylars at a scale of

                1:200 or 1:400; 3) ground truthing and photography in selected sections

                where known vegetational assemblages could be identified and provide

                11signatures" for aerial photograph interpretation. In this phase a

                series of ground photographs were also made approximately every mile

                along the south side of US 41 from the Collier-Dade County lines westward

                to Rattlesnake Hammock Road (SR 864). These stations are shown in Fig.

                2.

                     The REDI photographs allowed a major overview of entire ecosystems,

                including watercourses, sheetflow ways, large vegetational assemblages

                (such as pine-cypress forests or hardwood hydric strands), and important

                geomorphological features. Zoning categories and areas within each

                section were listed on each page facing a photograph. A major drawback



















































































                                                                                                                                                         FIGURE 2





















                                                          .%-PL E@-'                    BELLE                       CAMP                   FAKAHATCO(i         TuF* F                       i.
                                                                                        it Al                       KEASIS                                     R I YE R
                              0
                                                                        a                                                                                                                 COLLI
                                                                                                                                                                                   UNDEVELOP
                              to                                                                                                                                                       GROUND TRWH




                                                                                                                                 +


                                                                                                                                                     roll


                              C4                                                                                                          - - - - - - -


                                                                                       49b


                                                                          %

                                                                                                                                                                                                  +
                                        PHOTO-VEGETAT ION                               le         W-r
                                        PH070-FIELD
                                         ANAL
                                                                                                                                                            - - - - - - - - - -
                                        C'GHWAYS                                                                                                  tva   Zros
                                        PARK OR PRESERVE
                              in
                                 0  1 2 3 4
                                     MILES
                              In                                                                                                                 0
                              z                                                                                                                                    A
                              0                                                                                                     0     k  i;       0      f              c     0   u     07    T     y
                                RANGEJ              2S E                   26E                 27E                    28 E                 29E                   30 E                 31 E                  32








                                                                                     16.




                was that at the scale used many smaller vegetational features were

                indistinct or impossible to evaluate. In such a case the DOT photographs

                filled the gap, because at their scale individual trees or other vegeta-

                tional units, major physiographic features, hydrological characteristics,

                and other important terrestrial components were usually easily dis-

                cernible and interpretable. The close-up scaling, however, provided a

                less holistic view of the surrounding biome, and no zoning was indicated

                within each section.


                     The ground truthing of the program provided more detailed data on

                physiographical and hydrographical features, as well as micro-vegeta-

                tional assemblages in selected areas of the coastal zone. They allow

                fine-tuning of features interpreted from the DOT or REDI aerial photo-

                graphs.

                     Interpretation of the photographs produced a categorization of the

                predominant vegetational communities occurring in each section. Not

                every community was listed because this would have made the database too

                unwieldy. After categorization these data were combined with physio-

                graphic features and assembled as a series of worksheets from which

                assessments and recommendations for developmental or recreational activ-

                ities could be made. Each section was assessed in this manner.


                The LUMACT Program

                     Finally, data from OWNRLIST, OWNRZONE, and vegetational information

                was combined into a single working unit for each section. A series of

                seven major developmental categories was established for activities

                within the undeveloped coastal zone (Table 2). Each category contained

                10 sub-categories listing general developmental, non-developmental, or

                recreational activities which might be applicable within a given section







                                                                                               17.




                 Table 2. Categories for developmental activities within the Collier
                            County undeveloped coastal zone.



                 NON-DEVELOPMENT       Land should be maintained in existing state or
                 (NONDEVEL)            modified only toward non-developmental activities
                                       such as park, preserves, or other restricted public
                                       usage.


                 RECREATION            Land is suitable for one or more recreational
                 (RECUSE)              activities and may be developed along guidelines
                                       appropriate for the particular type of recreation.
                                       Emphasis is toward non-major construction or land
                                       modification activities.


                 AGRICULTURE           Land is suitable for one or more agricultural or
                 (AGRIUSE)             agriculture-related activities, and may be developed
                                       under guidelines appropriate for such activity,
                                       including construction and land-clearing.

                 LAND MODIFICATION     Land is suitable for any developmental activities
                 (LANDMOD)             that require alteration of the surface, provided
                                       guidelines (as necessary) are adhered to. Magnitude
                                       and areal extent is dependent on particular
                                       vegetational assemblages.

                 WATERFLOW USES        Land is suitable for storage, construction of
                 (WATERFLO)            flowways or conduits, or otherwise acting as
                                       reservoir or flowway for particular types of water,
                                       including sewerage and wastewaters, subsurface
                                       storage or disposal, under appropriate environmental
                                       guidelines.

                 CONSTRUCTION          Land is suitable for constructional activities as
                 (CONSTRCT)            delineated and recommended, providing appropriate
                                       guidelines are met and environmental concerns (if
                                       any) are suitable addressed.

                 DREDGE & FILL         Land and related bottomlands suitable for dredge and
                 (DRDG&FIL)            fill activities which meet the criteria of all
                                       appropriate governmental permitting agencies.








                                                                                    18.




                The categories were then listed on a second series of computerized

                worksheets, one for each section in any given township and range. Each

                applicable activity was ranked in a Land Use Activities Matrix as being

                Compatible (C), Provisional (P), Restricted (R), Incompatible (I) or

                Prohibited W. An example of this worksheet is provided in Appendix 4.

                These recommendations were combined with map references appropriate to

                each coastal zone, the presently established zoning, the numbered owners

                of property, and a general comments portion relating to any special,

                unique, vegetational or alterational features existing in the particular

                section. Once assembled the data were entered into a r:Base program

                named LUMACT. The LUMACT program thus allows a section by section

                appraisal of any pertinent activities that might be proposed within a

                parcel of land in any given section. It also provides recommendations

                for or against such activities and notes the reason why. An example of

                LUMACT and its explanation is provided in Appendix 5.

                     Once computerized, the worksheet data become quickly retrievable, or

                modifiable as conditions warrant (e.g. zoning changes). The LUMACT,

                OWNRLIST and OWNRZONE Programs thus allow the Department of Natural

                Resources Management to provide a more complete assessment of proposed

                activities in any section of the undeveloped coastal zone. The LUMACT

                program also allows the land owner or developer to see just how the

                various ecological factors aid in determining the type and magnitude of

                permitted activities on land in any given section. It is important to

                realize, however, that this method and program only provides general

                recommendations, based on predominating physiographical-hydrological-

                vegetational conditions existing at the time of aerial or ground surveys.

                It is expected that within any given section some or all of the








                                                                                   19.




                recommendations may eventually prove inapplicable at some future time

                owing to greatly altered conditions (e.g. hurricane damage). To fore-

                stall discrepancies of this order recourse can be made to the DOT aerial

                photographs where specific features come into question. On-site surveys

                may also be made in those cases where disagreement arises as to which

                recommendations may or may not apply. In such cases the developmental

                guidelines may require modification in order to be properly implemented.








                                                                                     20.





                                              THE APPROACH


                I.   WHAT ARE THE ESTUARINE AND COASTAL VEGETATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE


                     UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF COLLIER COUNTY'S COASTAL ZONE?


                     The ecological resources in the Collier County undeveloped coastal

                zone have been considered in depth in previous reports (Gore 1984a,b;

                Benedict et al. 1984). As a general definition, the resources to be

                managed in this area are primarily those natural factors, parameters or

                objects which may be exploited for human usage. The Florida Comprehen-

                sive Plan Land Development Element lists 10 land resources, as follows:


                          1.   Air


                          2.   Uplands

                          3.   Wetlands and submerged lands

                          4.   Water


                          5.   Soils


                          6.   Agricultural lands

                          7.   Minerals


                          8.   Amenities


                          9.   Beaches and dunes


                          10.  Natural hazard areas


                As might be expected, these categories are often too broad for any

                meaningful application of management techniques. Moreover, statements of

                purpose such as "Achieve the highest long-term quality of life for all

                Floridians consistent with sound social, economic and environmental

                principles through proper land development." (p. 8) in the same report

                are mere exercises in acrimonious vacuity if the modifiers "highest, long

                term, sound . . . principles, etc." are not clearly defined. It is also

                disarmingly easy to have similarly unclear objectives such as "Main-








                                                                                      21.



                tain[ing] and enhance[ing] the quality of the environment by the proper

                use and development of land", or "Distribute growth and development in

                the state in a manner consistent with support capabilities of available

                resources" when 11proper land use and development" mean different things

                to a developer, an investor, a buyer, a county commissioner and a member

                of the planning or environmental staff. In addition, distribution of.

                growth and development within the state, and Collier County in par-

                ticular, has not been consistent with the support capabilities of the

                available resources, but more often has taken place in spite of the known

                deficiencies of such resources. For example, as repeatedly emphasized in

                previous reports (Gore 1984a, b) Collier County is a water-based county,

                dependent on, and subject to, rainwater, ground water, sheetflow, and sea

                water. Yet development has taken little regard of the limited nature of

                these resources and planning has often fallen far behind anticipated

                growth.

                     One solution to this problem, and a means of addressing the ques-

                tions posed at the beginning of this section, is to focus on a single

                more or less inclusive resource which not only will reflect the basic

                state of most of the resources listed previously, but will also allow

                monitoring of many of these same resources either directly or indirectly

                by observing the status of the single inclusive resource. In this report

                we have focused on vegetation, because it is the one resource which is

                ,most practical to consider, which is most easily delineated, which can

                function as an ecological indicator of environmental health, and which

                can be assessed over a period of time in order to determine conditions

                that previously existed (resulting in its growth) as well as to determine

                whether any changes have or can be predicted to take place. In this








                                                                                    22.




                respect only the predominant vegetational assemblages occurring in the

                coastal zone are considered. Such assemblages are, for the most part,

                clearly identifiable from a distance or in aerial photographs, and are

                more or less characteristic of the prevailing ecological conditions

                within a given area. Moreover, any change over time can be ascertained,

                so that a general monitoring of the ecosystem is possible either by

                employing direct ground-truthing, or by using periodic aerial photography


                or surveys.


                     Utilized in this manner, a parcel or section of land can be aerially

                photographed and the major or dominant assemblages determined. The

                general health of these assemblages can provide information on air

                quality, abundance of water, soil conditions, and ecosystem structure and

                succession. From these assessments the general state of uplands, wet-

                lands, submerged lands, agricultural lands and even beaches and dunes can

                be extrapolated. Natural hazard areas (e.g. floodplains, barrier is-

                lands) can be observed and assessed for management purposes using extant

                vegetation, or areas of secondary regrowth (as seen, for example, in

                barrier island dune washovers).

                     The one resource which does not seem amenable for assessment using

                vegetation is minerals, including petroleum deposits. But the adverse

                impacts caused by negligent extraction of these resources can be easily

                determined by observing vegetational change or elimination in mining and

                drilling locations.

                     Concomitant to vegetation resources are wildlife resources (classi-

                fied under Amenities in the Florida Comprehensive Plan). Birdlife, sport

                and gamefish, commercial finfish and shellfish, and native animal species

                co-existing within their respective vegetational biotopes will have their








                                                                                    23.



                populational health reflected to a large degree by the health of the

                surrounding ecosystem. A much-touted example of this interrelationship

                has been the mangrove forests upon which larval and postlarval inverte-

                brates and fishes are dependent for their juvenile growth, and which in

                turn support adult populations of commercially valuable fishes and

                shellfish, and aesthetically valuable bird and mammal populations.

                Vegetational Assemblages in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone

                     As seen in Figure 3 the predominant vegetational assemblages in

                Collier County south of US 41 extend in four relatively well-defined,

                more or less parallel strips. Progressing from the estuary landward (and

                generally northward) these are: 1) the mangrove forests and reticulated

                coastal swamps along the margins of a series of bays beginning with

                Rookery Bay and extending into the Ten Thousand Islands area; 2) the

                saltwater-freshwater marshlands contiguous with and generally shoreward

                of the marginal mangrove fringes; 3) the upland maritime pine barrens and

                pine-cypress forests on the higher lands above the marshes; and 4) the

                coastal prairie-cypress dome systems in the freshwater drainage areas to

                the northeast.


                     Interspersed within each of these major systems are numerous sub-

                systems consisting of numerically dominant species-groupings that reflect

                more localized ecological conditions. Some examples are the sabal

                palm-halophyte islands east of Collier-Seminole State Park, the isolated

                hardwood hammock islands within portions of the coastal mangrove forest,

                and the high island xeric communities seen on Horr's Island, or in their

                remnant state on southeastern Marco Island.


                     Ecotones, or transitional vegetational assemblages also are found

                between one dominant community and another. Of no less importance than





























































                                                                                                                                                  FIGURE 3








































                                                                                                                                                                                                     0
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                                       0
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                                                                                                                                                                                              0      E                  c     0
                                                                   20 E                         2z (2                                                20 E                     29E.,           I           SOE           I








                                                                                     24.



                the major systems just delineated, ecotones function either as plant

                species intergradational areas in major waterflow regions, or as species

                refugia. for those plants which would be outcompeted, or which are ex-

                cluded by resident ecological factors from growing in any abundance in

                the larger adjacent systems.

                     The predominant assemblages considered and employed in this report

                are given in Table 3. The program descriptor provides a summary notator

                for the dominant vegetation and is used in the General Comments section

                in the LUMACT Program (q.v.).

                Land Resources in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone

                     In areal extent the coastal land resources with associated vegeta-

                tional assemblaged comprise approximately 270,000 acres. This figure is

                misleading in one sense because adjacent bodies of water such as coastal

                bays, tributary or river mouths, mangrove swamps, salt or freshwater

                marshes, and tidal mudflats are often alternately inundated or exposed,

                or may be under water for most or all of the year, depending on the tidal

                regime, and may thus have little dry land associated with them. Yet the

                overall extent of these areas is extremely important insofar as their

                relationship to the coastal margin is concerned. There is no need to

                delineate the importance of mangroves or saltmarshes because their

                intrinsic, real monetary, and aesthetic values are now well recognized.

                     Closely coupled with simple areal extent are physiographical,

                hydrological and ecological aspects. Lowlying, perpetually inundated

                mangrove swamps along coastal margins are now less attractive in a

                developmental sense than are high and dry (at least seasonally) pine

                barrens. At present, development is proceeding rapidly in many of the

                upland areas of the county, partly as a consequence of available and



        Table 0                                                                                                      is

                           Predominant Vegetational Assemblages, Composition, and General Location Within the
                                            Undeveloped Coastal Zone of Collier County, Florida

                                            Program
        Location                          Descriptor                 Vegetation                          Dominant species

        Coastal Barriers                  COASTBAR                Beach Strand                         Sea oats, railroad vine,
                                                                                                       seagrape
                                                                  Dune Vegetation                      Dune panic grass, dune
                                                                                                       sunflower, scrub oak
                                                                  Coastal Hardwood Hammocks            Live oak, gumbo limbo,
                                                                                                       cabbage palm

        Estuarine Lagoons                 COASTLAG                Mangrove Forest                      Red, black and white
                                                                                                       mangrove
                                                                  Seagrass Beds                        Cuban shoal grass, manatee
                                                                                                       grass, turtle grass
                                                                  Halophyte Shrubs                     Saltrush, goldenrod, sea
                                                                                                       oxeye


        Coastal Marshes                   COASTMAR                Salt Marsh                           Cordgrass, saltgrassg black
                                                                                                       rush
                                                                  Freshwater  Marsh                    Cattail, flat sedge,
                                                                                                       bullrush
                                                                  Fresh-salt Ecotone                   giant reed, willow, wax
                                                                                                       myrtle

        Coastal Upland                    COASTUPL                Hydric Hardwoods                     Swamp maple, pond apple,
                                                                                                       pop ash
                                                                  Mixed Pine/Cypress                   Slash pine, bald cypress,
                                                                                                       wax myrtle
                                                                  Pine Barrens                         Slash pine, saw palmetto,.
                                                                                                       panic grass

        Coastal Prairie                   COASTPRA                Sawgrass Prairie                     Sawgrass, maidencane,
                                                                                                       cabbage palm
                                                                  Cypress Domes                        Pond cypress, pickerel
                                                                                                       weed, arrowhead
                                                                  Pine Barrens                         Slash Pine, saw palmetto

        Rare, Unique, or Endangered       RUE                     Island Hardwood Hammock              Live oak, mastic, Jamaica
                                                                                                       dogwood
                                                                  Xeric High Island Group              Cactus, saw palmetto, xeric
                                                                                                       hardwoods                  K.)
                                                                  Intra-mangrove Coastal Hammock       Myrtle, oak, silver palm,
                                                                                                       wild tamarind








                                                                                    26.




                relatively cheaper land, and partly as a result of the ecological pen-

                dulum which has swung so far in one direction that mangroves have now

                become the sacred plant of Florida. Without denying the very real value

                of mangroves or any wetlands, it nevertheless must remain a major con-

                sideration that to develop the uplands completely while leaving the low

                wetlands untouched will eventually result in the degradation of the

                latter, simply because of curtailment or interruption of nutrient and

                waterflow to these systems (see Clark, 1975). Moreover, permanent

                alteration of uplands places an additional burden on water resources

                because groundwater supplies and shallow aquifer recharging may be

                interdicted by concrete and asphalt. Percolation is slowed or prevented

                in wet years adding to local flooding; in dry years hard surface runoff

                also eliminates groundwater recharge.


                II. WHO OWNS THE LAND ON WHICH THE RESOURCES OCCUR?


                     In this study 416 sections in 4 townships located in 10 ranges south

                of US 41 were delineated and compared. An estimated 266,240 acres in

                total overall area were calculated to be available either partially or

                completely for various types of developmental activities. Excluded from

                this total are approximately 16 sections on Marco Island proper which

                have already undergone complete development or alteration resulting in

                the total destruction of the previously occurring ecosystem. This

                acreage is not considered further in this report.

                Land Ownership in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone

                     Land in the undeveloped coastal zone can be classified into five

                main owner-categories: Corporations, Large family-oriented holdings,

                Bank and Savings & Loans Institutions, Miscellaneous small owners

                controlling individually and collectively less than 25% of a section, and








                                                                                    27.



                Social, Church or Government Agency holdings. Individual categories

                within this groups reflect control to a varying degree of much or nearly

                all sections within some coastal zone management districts. It should be

                remembered, however, that ownership within any given section of a coastal

                zone is often patchy and only rarely are entire or nearly entire sections

                owned by a single corporate or individual entity. Although there may be

                substantial land area controlled by such entities, these may often be

                overshadowed by the holdings of numerous smaller entities.

                     Approximately 50% of the 261 square miles of undeveloped coastal

                zone in Collier County is under the ownership or management of federal,

                state or county governmental agencies whose sole mission is management

                and preservation of these areas for public use (Figure 4). In the

                undeveloped coastal zone the State of Florida presently administers

                Collier-Seminole State Park, Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve, and the

                Cape Romano-Ten Thousand Islands Aquatic Preserve. Under Federal juris-

                diction are the Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National

                Park. Rookery Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary is administered in a

                tripartite arrangement involving land ownership by national private

                agencies (e.g. Audubon Society), and management by the State of Florida

                Department of Natural Resources, under the aegis of the National Oceanic

                and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The only County-administered park

                within the boundaries of the undeveloped coastal zone is Tigertail Beach

                Park on the northwest coast of Marco Island. The approximate total

                acreage and the percentage of the undeveloped coastal zone involved in

                these preserves is presented in Table 4.

                     Slightly more than 50% of the undeveloped coastal zone remains in

                private ownership and is presumably available for any development contin-






                                                                                          I


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                                                                                                                                                                               i
                                                                                                                                                        FIGURE 4               1
                                                                                                                                                                               1
                                                                                                                                                                               i





































                              0
                                                                                                                                         +                              CO LL

                                                                                                                        FAKAHATCHEE STPANP
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                                                                                                                                                  30 E              SIE










        Table 4.


                                     Parks and Preserves in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone of Collier County

                                                      Approximate                        Percentage of
            Entity                                   Total Acreage                       coastal zone                  Administration

        Rookery Bay National                          9 sections                               2                       Florida Dept.
        Estuarine Sanctuary                           5760 acres                                                       Natural  Resources

        Collier-Seminole                              10 sections                              2                       Florida  Dept.
        State Park                                    6400 acres                                                       Natural  Resources

        Fakahatchee Strand                            21 sections                              5                       Florida  Dept.
        State Preserve                                13440 acres                                                      Natural  Resources

        Big Cypress National                          117 sections                            29
        Preserve                                      74880 acres


        Everglades National   Park                    58 sections                             14                       U.S. Park Service
                                                      37120 acres


        Rookery Bay Aquatic   Preserve                    sections*
                                                             acres*                                                    Florida Dept.
                                                                                                                       Natural Resources

        Cape Romano-Ten Thousand                      56 sections*                           14**                      Florida Dept.
        Islands Aquatic Preserve                      35840 acres*                                                     Natural Resources

        Tigertail Beach                               < 1 section                           < I                        Collier County
        County Park                                   ca. 8 acres                                                      Parks and Recre-
                                                                                                                       ation Department


             Includes only sections with land indicated. Areal extent of Aquatic Preserve much greater but limited to baybottom
             lands.


             Calculated percent based on delineated land area, including overlap with Fakahatchee
             Strand State Preserve and Everglades National Park boundaries.
                                                                                                                                         t1j
                                                                                                                                         00
        RHG/jw
        Table 4
        9/17/85








                                                                                   29.



               gent on applicable zoning categories. As seen in Table 5, much of these

               lands is zoned A2-ST or agricultural, special treatment. Although the

               prime usage is expected to be for agricultural purposes, secondary usage

               such as single family residential is also permitted, as are projected

               other uses. It becomes moot whether these lands, used in their major

               category as farm or citrus or pasture or pulpwood lands, or in secondary

               categories as single family developments, would be more inimical to the

               environment. Many of these same properties are slated for, or are

               actually undergoing agricultural, residential or commercial development.

               This development imposes a two-fold threat to the preserved lands: 1)

               potential development of coastal zone lands presently held in private

               ownership eliminates usage of valuable upland and wetland areas needed to

               maintain present ecosystems; and 2) projected development of lands

               adjacent to or contiguous with preserved lands increases the threat of

               subsequent environmental degradation within the preserved areas when

               interlocking ecosystems are altered or destroyed.

                    As seen in Figure 5 private ownership of land in the undeveloped

               coastal zone is a well-marked patchwork of residential, commercial,

               agricultural, and undeveloped areas. Two important points must be noted.

               First, nearly all the coastal land north of Gordon Pass has been com-

               pletely developed. Second, major development south of Gordon Pass is

               centered on the Marco Island area. Both of these regions have had

               relatively little management of resources insofar as maintenance of

               ecosystem or environmental amenities. This is primarily a consequence of

               a now-outmoded land ethic which, in effect, restructured existing coastal

               margins and wetlands into putative uplands suitable for construction. It

               is also a consequence of ignorance deliberate on the part of county and














































































































                                                                                                                                             I


                                                                                                                                             I

                                                                                                                             FIGURE 5
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                                                                                    30.



               city governmental bodies before the concept of living within (instead of

               over) the environment became fashionable. Inasmuch as these two areas

               are either completely developed (City of Naples) or have been totally

               altered (Marco Island) they are not considered further.

                    Instead, attention has been directed toward the remaining areas in

               either private or public ownership. These lands, lying southeasterly

               from Naples and nearly due east of Marco Island have great potential. As

               noted by numerous authors (see Gore 1984a) most of this area can be

               divided into several major coastal zone or waterflow districts. Prog-

               ressing from Gordon Pass to the southeast these originally included:

               Water Management No. 6, Belle Meade, Camp Keasis, Fakahatchee, and Turner

               River. With the completion of the present study the sixth district

               previously listed as Big Cypress has been separated into Big Cypress West

               and Big Cypress East, respectively, because the general waterflow pat-

               terns can often be separated south of US 41. For example, vegetational

               indicators show that waterflow in the Big Cypress West district trends

               primarily southwest, toward Everglades City and the Chokoloskee Bay area,

               whereas that of Big Cypress East trends predominantly southward into

               Monroe County and Everglades National Park.

                    For development purposes much of these lands could be altered,

               either for constructional or agricultural purposes. By the same token,

               nearly all of these properties could be removed from further development

               for preservational purposes, or at least restricted in part as to the

               type and extent of development allowed. Approximately 68% of these lands

               are zoned AI-ST, another 9% is zoned A2-ST, and another large percentage

               (11%) is zoned RO-ST. The predominant zoning in each coastal zone is

               listed in Table 5 and indicates the approximate percentage by section of



              6                                                                                                            0





        Table 5.


                              Predominant Zoning Classifications in Coastal Zones of Collier County, Florida



        Coastal Zone            Total
            Unit               Sections     % Al-ST   % A2-ST     % A2     % RO-ST     % RSF      % RSF-ST     % RMF       % GC   % PUD

        Water Mgmt 6              42          --         50        19         16           5          --         5           --        4

        Belle Meade               49          12         27        16           6         12           6         2            2       14


        Camp Keasis               100         86           3         1          3          4           2        --           --       --


        Fakahatchee               76          57         --        --         42         --           --


        Turner River              48          98                                2


        Big Cypress West          60          100                             --

        Big Cypress East          41          100        --        --         --         --                                  --       --


        Totals                    416         68%         9%        4%        11%         3%        < 1%       < 1%          1%       2%


        RHG/jw
        Table 5
        9/16/85







                                                                                   32.




               zoning classifications within each district.

               The RFD (Restricted Future Development) Classification

                   Before considering land ownership in each of the water management

               districts the possibility of potential adverse environmental impacts on

               properties in those sections which lie adjacent to parks or preserves, or

               in relatively pristine regions must be addressed. The critical nature of

               many of these lands reemphasizes the importance of the ST (Special

               Treatment) classification attached to their present zoning. These areas

               will assume major importance in future years as the remaining undeveloped

               portions of the coastal zone become altered through development. They

               may thus be employed as a bufferzone around critical areas so as to allow

               hydrological and ecological factors to continue to operate. Many of

               these lands deserve a special additional categorical appellation, herein

               termed "RFD", or Restricted Future Development, so as to maintain and

               enhance their environmental integrity.

                    The RFD classification emphatically does not mean no development.

               It does mean that any type of developmental activity must receive in-

               creased scrutiny from the Department of Natural Resources Management,

               even more so than those properties designated "ST", before any approval

               for alteration can be given. It is apparent that the "ST" designation in

               the Collier County Zoning Regulations has several loopholes. This

               designation is no impediment to unbridled development of environmentally

               critical lands. The suggested "RFD" classification simply emphasizes

               that any developmental activities which involve major alteration or

               modification to land, water, or vegetation within any sections of the

               undeveloped coastal zone must be conducted under appropriate guidelines,

               determined on a case by case basis by the Department of Natural Resources








                                                                                   33.



               Management. An outline of these guidelines is listed in Appendix 6. The

               "RFD" classification is thus equivalent in part to the "Restricted"

               category of the Land Use Management Matrix insofar as alteration or

               modification is concerned but is not necessarily subject to all the

               restrictions of this classification in regard to constructional or

               recreational activities or permitting.

                    The sections recommended for "RFD" classification are depicted in

               Figure 6. It is easily seen that the majority of these areas lie adja-

               cent or contiguous to park or preservation areas, or extend to a distance

               on either side of such areas. The sections involved are restricted


               primarily to ensure uninterrupted, or minimally altered waterflow and

               ecological intergradation between the ecosystems to the north and the

               south of US 41. It should also be noted that the "RFD" classification is


               applicable primarily to privately owned land west of SR 29, an area which

               is of increasing critical concern owning to developmental pressures. A

               small area in the far eastern corner of the undeveloped coastal zone at

               the Dade County line is also recommended for "RFD" because there is

               little resource management in these sections and because the area is

               important as a water flowway to the south Big Cypress National Preserve

               and ultimately Everglades National Park. It is anticipated that addi-

               tional county border protection will be required in the future for

               sections north of US 41 to the Hendry County line in order to ensure

               maintenance of environmental integrity along the Broward County border-


               line.


               Land Ownership by Coastal Zone

                    A district by district assessment of land holdings and vegetational

               systems provides much insight on the value of undeveloped lands, as well












































































                                                                                                                                                      FIGURE 6
























                                                                                                                                                   UNDEV
                                                                                                                                                        RECO
                                                                   4





                                                                                                                              +







                                         DEVELOPABLE
                                     1
                                         CRITICAL
                                      3
                                         RFD


                                           I.AL
                                                                                                                                  ----------


                                             r PWE%tAvE
                                                                                                                                              f

                                        2  3  4

                                                                                                           0



                                                                                                                                              c   0 u     N


                                   RANGE           25 E
                                                                    26E             27 E             28 E"           29E              30 E           31E*








                                                                                    34.




                as allowing some predictions for land use in the future. In the assess-

                ment that follows data were assembled from Collier County tax rolls, the

                zoning atlas, and from DOT aerial photographs and/or ground-truthing by

                field surveys or area walkovers. Table 6 summarizes the land holder and

                tax base data.


                Water Management No. 6

                     In the Water Management No. 6 area a total of 42 sections were

                considered. The assessed tax value is approximately $758,789. Land

                ownership in this district is varied, with the majority of property in

                the hands of several corporations or environmental groups. Keewaydin

                Island ownership resides for the most part in Key Island Club, Incor-

                porated. The Rookery Bay area is held by National Audubon Society, The

                Nature Conservancy, and The Conservancy, Incorporated. Some additional

                land is owned by the State of Florida Department of Natural Resources.

                Other important owners include industrial Concern Investment Company,

                Neapolitan Enterprises, and Collier Development Company. Miscellaneous

                small owners of individuals parcels complete the distribution.

                     Water Management No. 6 is an important region for three reasons.

                First, Rookery Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary occupies a large portion

                of the district. Although delimited as an estuarine sanctuary, its ties

                to the surrounding ecosystems, including pine barrens and adjacent salt

                marshes are strong. Loss of these biotopes would undoubtedly affect

                habitats within the sanctuary to some, or a major degree (see e.g. The

                Nature Conservancy, 1968).

                     Second, this district contains the northernmost part of the func-

                tioning estuary and contiguous coastal ecosystems in Collier County.

                These lands remain critical to the health of the estuary at large, and



               0                                                                                                            0




        Table 6. Summary of Land Ownership and Tax Evaluation in the Undeveloped Coastal Zone of Collier County

           Coastal Zone: WATER MGMT. 6.                      Coastal Zone: BELLE MEADE               Coastal Zone: CAMP KEASIS


        Owners                           $TaxVal       Owners                           $TaxVal     Owners                          $TaxVal

        1.  USA                            $0.00       1.  TIITF/STATE                   $0.00      1.  TIITF/STATE                  $0.00
        2.  TIITF/STATE                    $0.00       2.  DELTONA                   $79,049.83     2.  COLLIER DEVELOPMENT          $6.73
        3.  COLLIER DEVELOPMENT      $123,724.29       3.  COLLIER FAMILY             $2,409.53     3.  DELTONA                  $17,542.19
        4.  GABLE                          $6.90       4.  GABLE                         $89.75     4.  COLLIER  FAMILY          $4,237.29
        5.  D. BATHEY                 $4,522.85        5.  BANKS/S&L               $638,027.46      5.  GABLE                    $3,996.50
        6.  KEY ISLAND CLUB. INC. $161,685.61          6.  DUDA                      $20,456.68     6.  BANKS/S&L                $1,098.46
        7.  BANKS/S&L                 $7,357.59        7.  IND. CON. INV. CO.            $41.58     7.  MISC. SMALL OWNERS       $55,894.70
        8.  IND. CON. INV. CO.        $2,240.69        8.  NEAPOL. ENTERPR.           $1,512.01
        9.  NATURE GROUPS                  $0.00       9.  MISC. SMALL OWNERS      $658,016.67
        10. NEAPOL. ENTERPR.             $300.38
        11. MISC. SMALL OWNERS       $604,451.40


           Coastal Zone: FAKAHATCHEE                         Coastal Zone: TURNER RIVER              Coastal Zone: BIG CYPRESS WEST


        1.  USA                            $0.00       1.  USA                           $0.00      1. USA                           $0.00
        2.  TIITF/STATE                    $0.00       2.  TIITF/STATE                   $0.00      2. TIITF/STATE                   $0.00
        3.  COLLIER DEVELOPMENT       $1,908.26        3.  COLLIER DEVELOPMENT          $289.61     3. COLLIER DEVELOPMENT          $521.70
        4.  COLLIER FAMILY               $489.21       4.  GABLE                      $2,068.00     4. MISC. SMALL OWNERS        $3,241.93
        5.  GABLE                     $1,900.00        5.  MISC. SMALL OWNERS        $19,289.87
        6.  NATURE GROUPS             $1,957.22
        7.  MISC. SMALL OWNERS           $974.26


           Coastal Zone: BIG CYPRESS EAST


        1. USA                             $0.00
        2. MISC. SMALL OWNERS         $7,747.67


        RHG/jw
        Table 6








                                                                                     36.




                have come under pressure in recent years to be developed as large,

                country-club PUD's both south and north of US 41.

                     Third, the last unspoiled remnants of coastal barrier islands occur

                within this district, and include not only Keewaydin Island (the longest

                barrier island) but the important RUE lands of Cannon Island and Little

                Marco Island, both of which are unique in Collier County, and both of

                which are presently held in private ownership.

                     It is for these reasons that nearly all of the sections surrounding

                Rookery Bay, and throughout the Dollar and Johnson Bay area have been

                recommended for RFD classification. Because much of the land is pre-

                sently mangrove forest the pressure to develop will undoubtedly be

                shifted to the upland maritime systems which are predominantly given over

                to pine-cypress forests. Reference to Table 5 shows that the majority of

                sections in the district carry A2-ST zoning, (50%) followed by A-2 (19%)

                and RO-ST (16%).

                     Several large >1000 acres) planned unit developments (PUD) have

                either been approved or are in planning stages. The Lely development

                would add some 10,000 new residences and approximately 20,000 people to

                the population along the coastal zone. In addition to general popu-

                lational pressures several 18 hole golf courses are planned, thus pro-

                moting a major destructive use of fragile pine-cypress maritime forest

                lands, as well as being a prime nutrient-pesticide-herbicide source for

                groundwaters and runoff into the estuary.


                Belle Meade


                     A total of 49 sections were assessed within this district with a tax
40              value of approximately $1,399,569. In the Belle Meade district the
                Deltona Corporation is by far the largest private landholder, controlling








                                                                                     37.




                some 18 sections (although some parcels have been deeded to the State of

                Florida under conditions of a settlement/land swap agreement involving

                jurisdictional lands of the Department of Natural Resources and the US

                Army Corps of Engineers). The next largest private landholder is Duda

                Farms, along with some other agricultural interests. Miscellaneous small

                owners constitute the third ranked private group. The State of Florida

                controls much of the bottom lands, and the Lamar Gable Trust owns some

                acreage in the eastern boundary of the district along SR 92.

                     The Belle Meade district is a critical area because it lies at the


                southern terminus of a major sheetflow waterway, which drains the lands

                in the vicinity of Golden Gate Estates. South of US 41 these lands are

                predominantly pine-barren, saltmarsh and mangrove ecosystems, that

                comprise an important and viable series of biotopes utilized by birdlife

                and other estuarine fauna and flora. A series of ragged bays, oyster

                bars, seagrass beds and mudflats make up the lower portions of the Belle

                Meade system and undoubtedly enhances the maintenance of the estuarine/

                marine ecosystems in the region. In addition to birdlife this region is

                also noted for gamefishing, and is exploited commercially for stone

                crabs.


                     The major zoning in this district is A2-ST (27%), followed by A-2

                (16%), PUD (14%) and RSF (12%) (Table 5). Presently, land development is

                occurring to the east of SR 951 by Deltona Corporation in an area front-

                ing McIlvane Bay. To the north much of the land has been cleared and

                turned over to agriculture by Duda Farms. Both types of development will

                have serious impacts on the saltmarshes of the.lower estuary as more and
40              more land is removed from the sheetflow way. Portions of the district
                adjacent to Collier-Seminole State Park and above Addison Bay have been







                                                                                     38.




                recommended for RFD status in order to act as bufferzones, or to provide

                some protection for major parts of the estuary to the southeast, respect-

                ively. Critical habitat, including an RUE coastal hammock, also occur on

                John Stevens Creek in the vicinity of Goodland. A PUD by Deltona Corp-

                oration is underway in this area but the company has stated its intention

                of leaving the intra-mangrove coastal hammock property as a nature


                preserve.


                Camp Keasis


                     A total of 100 sections were considered in this district with a tax


                value of approximately $82,775. Nearl y all of this land is in private

                holdings except for Collier-Seminole State Park. Three major land

                owners, the Gable Trust, the Collier Family, and Deltona Corporation

                share this district, controlling approximately 65% of the land. State

                of Florida ranks fourth at 28%. Miscellaneous small owners comprise a

                fifth group which, collectively, owns about 5% of the land.

                     Most of the land in private ownership is salt marsh and mangrove

                forest, although a large parcel of coastal hardwood hammock and associat-

                ed sabal palm-halophyte island assemblages occur adjacent to and within

                Collier-Seminole State Park. Moreover, much of the coastal fringe,

                primarily lowlying mangrove islands forming the northwestern gateway to

                the Ten Thousand Islands, is relatively remote and mosquito-infested

                black and red mangrove forests. As such, it is to all extents and pur-

                poses undevelopable, although it functions as a major recreational area

                for local boaters and fishermen, and contributes to a stone crab fishery.

                Other land, however, on southeastern Marco Island is prime waterfront

                property which has undergone developmental conversion via dredging and

                filling. Planned unit developments occur along the upland margins of







                                                                                            39.




                  Barfield Bay, a remnant area of prime coastal hammock, and adjacent to

                  John Stevens Creek in the Goodland area. Horr's Island, a unique high

                  island with RUE coastal hammock and xeric-high island pine assemblages

                  lies directly in the center of the estuary and points toward Caxambas

                  Pass and the open Gulf of Mexico. Also of great importance are Kice and

                  Morgan Islands south of Marco Islands. Although considered coastal

                  barriers, their areal extent and accretional tendencies suggest that they

                  are more correctly considered incipient headlands which have not yet

                  united with Marco Island (itself a headland in formation). Kice and


                  Morgan Islands are nearly pristine areas, supporting a few vacation-type

                  houses. Much of these islands is hammock, fringed by extensive beach and

                  dune assemblages or surrounded by extensive mangrove forest.

                       Of additional importance in the Camp Keasis district are the lands

                  draining the southern terminus paralleling US 41, and the large mangrove

                  forest-saltmarsh ecosystem that lies on the western boundary of the

                  Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve. The Cape Romano-Ten Thousand Islands

                  Aquatic Preserve is found predominantly in the Camp Keasis district and

                  incorporates many of the southernmost Ten Thousand Islands and much of

                  the shallow nearshore Gulf of Mexico bottomlands in the Gullivan Bay


                  area.


                       Major portions of the region have been recommended for RFD status in

                  order to preserve these biotopes, or ensure that bufferzones exist for

                  the valuable wildlife areas and marine/oligohaline ecosystems.

                  Predominant zoning is Al-ST (86%) followed by RSF (4%), A2-ST (3%) and

                  RO-ST 0%) (Table 5).


                  Fakahatchee


                       A total of 76 sections were considered in this district. Tax value








                                                                                     40.




                was assessed at approximately $5,272. Landholdings in the Fakahatchee

                district are in large part held in protected status, being managed under

                one or more agencies either by the State of Florida as the Fakahatchee

                Strand State Preserve, or by the Federal Government as the Everglades

                National Park. Nevertheless, a small but important area consisting of

                approximately 14 sections located in the vicinity of the US 41/SR 29

                junction at Carnestown remains in private ownership. This land is

                controlled primarily by Collier Development Company, the Gable Trust, or

                the Collier Family, plus miscellaneous small owners. A southern part of

                the area is incorporated as Everglades City and Chokoloskee Island, again

                mostly in small tracts held by miscellaneous owners.

                     Only the uplands near US 41 would seem to have any potential for

                development. The lower part of the Fakahatchee coastal zone is almost

                completely given over to reticulated coastal mangrove swamp and salt-

                marshes, and innumerable small, oyster-bar built mangrove islands. The

                upland areas are critical because roughly 50% of these lands lie in the

                flowway for the eastern margin of the Fakahatchee Strand and the

                northwestern Everglades National Park. These lands form an important

                saltmarsh-freshmarsh interlock between Fakahatchee and Faka-Union Bays.

                They are thus extremely important as sheetflow and tributarial water-

                courses for the region.

                     It seems probable that SR 29 forms a dike of sorts within this area,

                directing sheetflow and tributarial flow westward into the Ten Thousand

                Islands and Chokoloskee Bay. This input probably does not match in

                importance that of the Faka-Union Canal. This canal drains freshwater

                from much of the Golden Gate Estates subdivision and thus produces

                relatively low salinities within Faka-Union Bay, in contrast to higher








                                                                                    41.




                and more normal salinities (28-38% )in Fakahatchee Bay.

                     This district is zoned primarily A2-ST (57%) and RO-ST (42%) in the

                preserve areas. These include the lower portion of the Fakahatchee

                Strand State Preserve, the Everglades National Park, and the bay and

                upland/salt marsh portions of the Cape Romano-Ten Thousand Islands

                Aquatic Preserve. Owning to the proximity of the Fakahatchee Strand

                State Preserve and Everglades National Park 10 sections are recommended

                for RFD classification because they lie directly adjacent to these


                preserves.


                Turner River


                     A total of 48 sections with an assesed tax value of about $2,364


                were considered. In the Turner River district with the exception of a

                large parcel lying parallel to SR 29 most of the lands belong to the

                Federal Government, either as part of the Big Cypress National Preserve

                or as Everglades National Park. The State of Florida has some scattered

                holdings. The remainder of the area ownership is with miscellaneous

                small owners in the incorporated section containing Everglades City and


                its environs.


                     The land adjacent to SR 29 is either mangrove forest or saltwater or

                freshwater marsh. Approaching US 41 the land begins to intergrade into

                coastal prairie although freshwater marsh remains extensive. It is

                probable that the salinity of this region is determined in large part by

                lunar tidal ingress and storm-tide modification. Mangroves are seen

                north of US 41 in an area otherwise given over primarily to cattail

                (Typha) marsh.

                     Although some development has occurred, it is mostly of very low

                density (Carnestown, Ochopee) and of little ecological consequence at








                                                                                     42.




                present. Primary impact seems to be swamp buggy and airboat trails which

                remain for long periods of time after the makers have departed. The

                Turner River district is in a relatively remote part of Collier County,

                served by US 41, and economical, logistical, zoning, hydrological and

                entomological factors are all operating against future major development.

                Although Everglades City has now become something of a rustic resort town

                .its expansional abilities are few owing to its geographical position

                between the Big Cypress National Preserve to the east, Everglades Nation-

                al Park to the south, and the Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve to the


                west. Whether the northern areas near US 41 that are still open for

                development will be exploited remains to be seen.

                     Three sections are recommended for RFD, all to the east of SR 29.

                The area around the Chokoloskee Causeway is also recommended as RFD as

                insurance against adverse impact from residential development to the

                Chokoloskee Bay bottomlands. The Turner River district is otherwise

                zoned almost entirely AI-ST (98%) or RO-ST (2%).

                Big Cypress West, Big Cypress East

                     A total of 60 sections and 41 sections comprise the two districts,

                respectively. Assessed tax values are $3,762 and $7,747. Land in the

                Big Cypress area is owned primarily by the Federal Government, but with

                some notable private holdings (Figure 5). Development in these two

                districts is mostly at a very low level, consisting of isolated or

                small-group home-sites, limited commercial facilities, and scattered

                Seminole Indian villages. Hunting cabins, some of which are equivalent

                to small, self-contained rustic resorts, are also scattered throughout

                the area, but to a lesser extent than north of US 41. A small commercial

                hub occurs at SR 92, Monroe Station, and limited agricultural development







                                                                                     43.




                and land clearing has occurred. The entire area south of US 41 is nearly

                pristine but undergoes some stress with extensive swamp buggy and airboat

                usage, the trails of which are clearly visible on aerial photographs.

                Just what effect these seasonally periodic trail scars will have on the

                coastal prairie ecosystem remains to be seen.

                     Both districts comprise some of the most beautiful land in Collier

                County. Vast expanses of coastal prairie, interrupted by the green domes

                of cypress forests, and scattered cabbage palm hammocks on tear-drop

                shaped islands in the norther margins of the River of Grass, all add up

                to a scene of untrammeled and exquisite wilderness beauty. Because it is

                greatly removed from urban hubs the landscape offers a peaceful serenity

                that has been discovered by many Collier Countians, who explore its

                verdant vistas on weekend escapes. Its Federal preserve status will

                ensure that no major residential development will occur, although

                agricultural, forestry and petroleum development remains possible. The

                region should be maintained primarily for recreational purposes, and as

                an important recharge and sheetflow area.

                     The two districts are 100% Al- ST. A group of sections south of 50

                mile Bend on the Tamiami Trail just before the Dade County line is

                recommended for RFD because present development is unmanaged and appears

                to be uncontrolled. The zoning atlas indicates that both commercial and

                residential development could occur in this vicinity.







                                                                                    44.





                                              THE SOLUTION


                III. HOW CAN THESE RESOURCES BE PROTECTED, OR PUT TO THE BEST AND HIGHEST


                     USE WITHOUT-SUBSTANTIALLY DEGRADING THE COASTAL ZONE ENVIRONMENT AND


                     ECOSYSTEMS?


                     Three major considerations are salient in addressing the problem of

                land ownership in the undeveloped coastal zone and how these areas may

                best be managed. These are 1) the amount and distribution of lands held

                in private ownership; 2) the necessity of restricting degradational

                development on much of the coastal lands; and promoting its direct and

                indirect use for the needs and general welfare of the general public; and

                3) the absolute necessity of maintaining a healthy environment on such

                lands regardless of their ultimate use. Although these considerations

                may seem to be mutally exclusive, a little reflection will show that they


                are not.


                1. Land Held in Private Ownership

                     In this report several r:Base programs have been developed which

                allow continued input and assessment of data from these lands, so that

                the Department of Natural Resources-Management can more properly arrive

                at sound environmentally compatible decisions. These programs also can

                show potential developers the criteria used in judging how their property

                is to be best managed during development. In addition, there are permit-

                ting guidelines and penalties indicated for non-compliance. The latter,

                if correctly, properly and expeditiously implemented should go far in

                enhancing an environmentally proper land-use ethic in Collier County.

                     There are other means available to aid in accomplishing these

                recommendations. One effective technique is the concept of "Creative

                Zoning", which includes transfer of developplental density rights (TDR).







                                                                                      45.




                Others include tax relief incentives; restrictive or environmental zoning

                (ST, RFD); environmental easements; bufferzone mandates; a population

                cap; and strict enforcement of environmental ordinances. Each or all may

                be used with lands held in private ownership.

                A)   Creative Zoning

                     This is a relatively recent term (see Blackwelder 1985). Creative

                zoning is defined as the application to resources of specifically tailor-

                ed techniques for controlling land-use which traditional comprehensive

                planning and Euclidian zoning would not adequately address. This cate-

                gory utilizes several concepts, including clustering of development in

                selected portions of environmentally sensitive or critical areas, or as

                urban clusters; groundwater wellfield ordinances for aquifer protection;

                developmental restrictions for estuarine margins, floodplains, or sheet-

                flowway; designation of local critical areas by a zoning notator such as

                ST, or RFD; coastal setback or vegetational provisions; and parks and

                special use restrictions including area designators such as Preservation,

                Conservation, or Recreation. All of these concepts are addressed at

                length in Blackwelder (1985).

                B)   Tax and Developmental Relief or Modification

                     Of increasing usage in the State of Florida, financial 11rewards" to

                the developer or landholder are an attractive way to ensure preservation

                or conservation of critical lands. One of these concepts employs tax

                relief whereby higher taxes paid for a number of years on properties now

                considered non-developable or restricted can either have the differences

                carried forward or applied to relieve in part tax burdens on other

                non-critical properties, or assessed in part toward future (lower) taxes

                on the same property. As an example, if a landholder or developer deeds








                                                                                     46.



                to a county non-devlopable wetland property which was taxed under a

                higher zoning category (e.g., RSF) and the property is subsequently

                rezoned RO-ST, taxes previously paid on such lands may now be pro-rated

                and applied to-relieve in part taxes on other lands to which the land-

                holder retains ownership.

                     Another concept involves the transfer of density rights from en-

                vironmentally sensitive property to adjacent non-sensitive or other

                property held by the landowner. This often involves a "bump-up" pro-

                vision where non-developable acreage densities are incorporated into a

                higher density on the remaining acreage, or are transferred to properties

                considered non-critical.


                Q    Restrictive or Environmental Zoning

                     This concept is already employed in part in Collier County with the

                ST or Special Treatment zoning appellation. Unfortunately, portions of

                the ST requirements contain serious loopholes. Even in the Big Cypress

                Area of Critical State Concern (ACSC) any privately held land used for

                agricultural or related purposes may be exempted from ACSC regulations.

                The largest proportion of lands having ST designation are agricultural

                A-1 or A-2, with only a limited number of parcels zoned RMF-ST or RSF-ST

                (single or multifamily residential). As noted earlier, most of these

                lands are environmentally critical and are located within or adjacent to

                major flowways or other important habitats. Thus, the addition of an RFD

                classification will require a more thorough and detailed examination of

                any developmental activity proposed for these lands, although it does not

                necessarily prevent carefully controlled modification. Included in this

                concept is the establishment of RFD corridors leading from the develop-

                able uplands to the coastal margins, and major delineated RFD sections in







                                                                                    47.



                a checkerboard pattern. Both will ensure continued nutrient and hydro-

                logical flow patterns from north to south through the County.

                D)   Environmental Easements

                     Another concept which is receiving increasing scrutiny is the

                provision of easements allowing dedication of portions of sensitive

                properties for public use. Control of access may reside in the County

                government, or be jointly held between owner and the County. This

                concept is especially attractive for lands which have some unique physio-

                graphic, environmental or historical feature, such as sinkholes, caves,

                springs, RUE vegetational assemblages, or significant Indian mounds. The

                owner can retain ownership, and receive tax relief on the portion ded-

                icated to easement while still having some control over its usage,

                usually as specified in the deed to the County.

                E)   Bufferzone Mandates

                     This concept is an outgrowth of the basic idea behind a bufferzone,

                an area which acts to prevent direct impact between a developed area and

                a non-developed area. Land with Bufferzone Mandate would not necessarily

                be removed from developmental consideration, but certain portions of the

                land would need to be permanently restricted from any type of development

                potentially inimical to the land being buffered, although the overall

                zoning is not necessarily changed. Again, tax relief of one sort or

                another could also be applied toward the portion mandated as buffer zone

                inasmuch as it is now prohibited from future development.

                F)   Population Cap for Collier County

                     This is undoubtedly the most unappealing recommendation but one








                                                                                     48.


                which recognizes the absolute carrying capacity2of the environment. It

                is a matter of simple mathematics, already realized too late by the

                megalopolis along the southeastern Florida coast ("The Gold Coast"), that

                the land may support exponentially increasing populations, but the water

                table will not. Nor will governmental agencies, public utilities,

                school, police, and fire districts be able to maintain equality with such

                growth unless severe tax increases are implemented. Indeed, not even a

                greatly expanded tax base is the final solution, as witness the breakdown

                or non-usage of public transportation, utility blackouts, and popu-

                lational disenfranchisement occurring in the metropolitan Dade County


                area at present.

                     Because so much land in the middle and eastern part of Collier

                County is in parks and preserves status already, and because it is

                absolutely necessary to maintain strict developmental controls on low-

                lying coastal areas, most development will be required to locate in the

                western areas, a region already heavily developed in places. Although

                populational growth estimates project over 200,000 people by the turn of

                the century, there are definite questions whether the environment as it

                now is being managed will tolerate such increase. In a region subject to

                periodic drought, seasonal storms and hurricanes, having a limited area

                for growth, and eventually to become part of a projected megalopolis

                extending to Tampa, a population cap may well be required by the year

                2000 for Collier County, and probably for other southeastern coastal

                counties as well.


 0              2    An ecological concept that refers to the ability of an ecosystem to
                     sustain a finite number of individual and aggregational floral and
                     faunal units within its boundaries without being stressed.







                                                                                    49.




                G)   Enforcement of Environmental Ordinances

                     None of these recommendations will have any weight without a vigor-

                ous and rigorous enforcement of applicable ordinances. Developers should

                not be let off with minor wrist slaps for environmental degradations.

                Nor should "after the fact" permits be routinely tolerated. If Collier

                County is to retain any control on growth in any area, and not just the

                coastal zone, there must be strong and rapid enforcement of vegetational,

                CCCL, ST, EIS, and Performance Bond ordinances. Moreover, County Commis-

                sioners and the public must be made aware that now is the time to address

                and enforce, and not later. Education of landowners as to the results of

                unconscionable development, and government administrators and County

                Commissioners as to the effects of injudicious granting of variances, is

                mandatory.


                2.   Coastal Lands and Public Welfare


                     In a perceptive and far-reaching paper Hardin (1968) made the

                important point that it is mathematically impossible to maximize for two

                or more variables at the same time.   Referring in this case to popu-

                lation growth he held that a purely technical solution may not be pos-

                sible. His arguments can be as easily applied to Land Use Management.

                That is, it is impossible to obtain the maximum amount of land for

                preservation and at the same time allow a maximum for development. The

                corollary is that the maximum amount of public good may not be directly

                correlated either to the maximum amount of land being developed, or

                placed in preservation. Hardin asks: "What is good? To one person it

                is wilderness, to another it is ski lodges [or in southwest Florida,

                condominiums, RHGJ for thousands. To one it is estuaries to nourish

                ducks for hunters to shoot; to another it is factory lands" (Hardin 1968,








                                                                                     50.



                p.1244). In pursuing his arguments Hardin used the analogy of the

                tragedy (i.e. the solemn remorseless working of things) of the commons.

                The commons is an English land-use concept in which land open to all is

                used by some people to a greater degree than by others. Hardin's example

                was pasture land used by herdsmen. By substituting "development" for

                Hardin's "herdsman" the argument goes as follows.

                     Given an undeveloped area, development within that area will tend

                toward maximal numbers. Until the carrying capacity of the land is

                reached this poses no problem. At that point, however, the scenario

                changes. Each developer will continue to try and maximize his holdings,

                by adding one more development to the land. This produces a positive

                component of +1 directly and only to the developer for each unit de-

                veloped and sold. The negative component is the function of additional

                environmental stress on land already at its carrying capacity. But the

                negative effect is shared not only by this developer, but by all others,

                and all other members in the population. Thus, the negative component to

                the developer is only a fraction of -1. As each developer realizes his

                potential for gain in the commons of the undeveloped coastal land each

                tries to maximize his holdings. The result? "Ruin is the destination

                toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a

                society that believes in the freedom of the commons."

                     How can this apply to coastal lands? Quite simply, if development

                is allowed to proceed untrammeled the lands will cease to become func-

                tioning parts of the coastal ecosystem. The ecosystem becomes severely

                strained, and with the addition of one or only a few more otherwise

                previously tolerable insults, collapses. The results are dramatic,

                extensive, and permanent. No ecosystem once perturbed ever reestablishes







                                                                                     51.



                itself precisely as it was before, and none ever returns to its original

                pristine state once altered or destroyed.

                     How does this affect the public welfare? Again, quite simply, if

                the highest and best use of undeveloped land is ultimately for the

                public good (and not just for the good of the developer) then the dev-

                elopment of such lands must be carefully managed. Not in a manner so

                that either the public or the developer obtain maximum benefit (a math-

                ematical impossibility as noted earlier) but in a way that both receive

                optimum benefit based on mutual participation. For example, a developer

                may wish to clear coastal maritime pine forests adjacent to the estuary

                to put in single and multifamily residences and a golf course. One may

                reasonably ask "With at least 35 golf courses, country clubs and driving

                ranges already in Collier County, do we need yet another?" In other

                words is the addition of a direct benefit to a limited number of people

                (golf course) worth the cost of destroying a feature of direct or in-

                direct benefit to the majority of people (an upland maritime pine eco-

                system)? Instead, cannot the development be modified to incorporate pine

                forest, and an alternate use for part of this land be determined? This,

                of course, will not seem fair to landowners many of who still hold the

                Judaeo-Christian philosophy that a man's land is his property to utilize

                as he sees fit. But the results of decades of such use and exploitation

                have also had an impact on fairness. What was fair during low population

                decades is no longer fair today.

                3.   The Maintenance of Healthy Coastal Ecosystem

                     If Collier County is to maintain its attractiveness then the

                amenities and features that produce this attraction must be maintained,

                and if possible enhanced. Development of coastal lands does not








                                                                                    52.




                necessarily mean that the amenities are destroyed, although examples are

                numerous where such is the case. Careful land-use can and does enhance


                many of the amenities by making them more available and by allowing them

                to be managed in part. Two simple examples illustrate this, both at

                opposite ends of a well-managed land-use scale. The first is The Wilder-

                ness Country Club, a PUD of 377 proposed multifamily units on 218 acres.

                Here the majority of the cypress-pine forest ecosystem has been main-

                tained, the units carefully placed, and the golf course carefully planned

                and laid out. The Wilderness is a reasonably good model of how to allow

                inevitable develop in a sensitive area. At the opposite end of the scale

                is Big Cypress Country Club, a 620 acre country club in which the entire

                vegetational cover was scraped clean. With the exception of a few

                isolated cabbage palms this "planned development" lies unvegetated and

                baking in the sun, a monument to environmentally poor development.

                Moreover, being upland from the estuary this type of land alteration will

                probably have adverse impact via waterflow, nutrient and pesticide input,

                and a number of other factors that impinge directly or indirectly on the

                coastal ecosystem.

                     Throughout this report the emphasis has been on maintenance of

                ecosystem viability, and usage of vegetational assemblages as indicators

                of health. It must also be remembered that Collier County is a water-

                dependent, water-blessed and water-cursed county. Any land use manage-

                ment must take into account the presence, absence, and quality of

                rainfall, surface and aquifer waters. This is not only important for

                flood control reasons, but more importantly because the water supply

                within Collier County must remain essentially or potentially potable.

                     Loss of shallow potable drinking water may be the one factor that







                                                                                     53.



                may eventually prove catastrophic to Collier County. It should not be

                forgotten that Collier County is in a relatively precarious hydrological

                situation because:


                           1.  It is on the lowest downstream side of all upland-

                               generated waterflow;

                           2.  Sister counties to the north are using groundwaters before

                               they arrive in Collier County and may be returning waters

                               of poorer quality into the aquifer;

                           3.  Recent evidence of wet-dry cycles and periodically occur-

                               ring droughts, with resultant wildfires, has shown how

                               critical the sheetflow system is to the county;

                           4.  Projected populational increases over the next 15 years

                               will severely tax presently available water supplies in

                               good wet years, whereas in dry or drought years well

                               draw-down or exhaustion may result in disaster both at the

                               commercial-residential as well as agricultural levels;

                           5.  Present water policies are directed primarily toward

                               removing standing water during heavy-rainfall years, with

                               no consideration or provisions for storage above or below

                               ground against years of drought;

                           6.  Standing surface waters are no longer percolating downward

                               to recharge shallow aquifers in the amounts that they did

                               for millenia, but instead are shunted from canal to canal

                               and eventually pour out into the Gulf of Mexico;

                           7.  Loss of surface recharge increases drastically the possi-

                               bility of saltwater intrusion in shallow aquifers, with

                               further resultant loss of potable supplies;







                                                                                      54.




                          8.   Incipient sea level rise, predicted to range from a few

                               inches to nearly a foot over the next century will exacer-

                               bate the salt intrusion problem both to humans and to the

                               surrounding ecosystems (Titus and Barth 1984);

                          9.   Incipient sea level rise will also drastically affect the

                               ecology of lowlying coastal areas via inundation, or by

                               erosion and displacement caused by longshore current

                               systems (Titus 1984);

                          10.  As water supplies decrease it will become increasingly

                               expensive to find, obtain, treat and provide such water to

                               a burgeoning coastal population, most of whom desire a

                               lifestyle totally foreign to the prevailing environment.

                     There is a wealth of information and recommendations for guidelines

                regulating growth within the coastal zones and wetlands of the State of

                Florida. These include publications by the Coastal Coordinating Council

                (1973), the Florida Division of State Planning (1976), The Conservation

                Foundation (1968), in the professional press (e.g. Clark 1975; Black-

                welder, 1985), and in Collier County governmental studies such as the

                Demographic and Economic Profile, and the Natural Resources Element and

                Future Land Use Element of the Comprehensive Plan. Most of the suggest-

                ions made in these reports, and those made herein will be difficult to

                accept for those landowners or developers who primarily see the immediate

                results of their actions and are profit-oriented with little thought

                or care for the environment now or later. It is an unfortunate fact that


                a great many of these developers are not native Floridans, as are an

                increasing number of landholders. To many of these, Southwest Florida is

                not and never should be a land of eroding or accreting coastal barriers,








                                                                                     55.




                cabbage palms, fresh and saltwater marshes, coastal mangrove swamps.,

                mosquitoes and other insects, snakes, and all the other linon-amenities"

                they have perpetrated on the general public in conjunction with public

                relations media. Instead Southwest Florida is an ethereal mirage of

                sugar sand beaches, swaying coconut palms, verdant golf courses, aerial

                evadulticiding", land drainage, habitat destruction, and other so-called

                11amenities" conducive to a manufactured and manipulated subtropical

                paradise. Whether any of these images can be modified or erased is

                debatable given the opinions of a certain faction of the populace (Fig.

                7). Implementation will require courage and far-thinking on the part of

                permitting agencies in response to those developers who are motivated

                solely for profit.

                     Recognizing that private ownership of undeveloped lands is a factor

                that must be contended with, it is far better to promote careful., regul-

                ated, and even restricted usage of such lands where necessary, in order

                to prevent continued mismanagement within the coastal zone. On the other

                hand, it must also be recognized by landowners that the Judaeo-Christian

                ethic of total exploitation of the earth's resources is now no longer

                tenable. Although not discouraging careful development or limited

                exploitation it is now necessary to emphasize that any development must

                take into consideration not only the potential or actual adverse impacts

                on the lands to be developed, but also the results of such impacts on

                adjacent, contiguous, or downstream areas. Furthermore, such

                developmental considerations are applicable not only in the present,

                but to an indeterminate time in the future. Only by considering the

                results of present day activities will Collier County be able to ensure a

                productive and lasting heritage for its future.


~0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 56.









                               Water Restriction
                               Decision                                                Delayed
                                                                                                                           ~S~mt~b Florida
                                   By DAVID ~FL~ECHSIG                                   which ~a~c:c~ompa~ny
                                              Stan ~w~r~f~t~*~c                              ~e~u~m~i~t~t~e~. -~ld ~i~nd the dilemma.
                                                                                       But them Is no ~n~d~n In ~-~Lg~b~t~-
                                     ~n~a~l water officials ~am P
                                   waiting ~g~o~q" with the "~a~th                           ~TILF~O~PLD C~P~S~M~I deputy ~e~xe~cu-
                                                                                       ~Uv~e d~i-~1~-~1 f~o~r t~h~e South Florida
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ~:1~0
                                                                                       Water ~M~ar~i~a~l~f~e~m~ent D~W~A~c~t~. ~qmd
                               one -~d today that his office I
                                                                                       today ~U~t~i~i water o~f~fl~ic~t~ia~l~. will wait                                                                                                              ~Y~*
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                                                                    ~.C~6q=
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                                                                                       ~b~r~qw                                                                                                                                    .. Abe pl~a~it~a~gr~aph was #-I,- looking ~v~N~q0 ~t~b~q*~8qW~qj
                                                       _~6~0~.~a~a~ar~t~y Is
                                              ~t~e~s~q@~m~a~h~m~a ~s~p~r~i~w
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                               ~~ in has ~A~g~a~qm~- ~-                                                                                              ~r~e~s~u~i~c~u~m~e to Now at ~o~"~I~s~a~i~i~i~.
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                                                                                                                                                      ~s~a~r~ippl~i~e~s And ~P~o~w~i~s~t~ir~e UK~-
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                                     ~h~a~l~i~g~a~s~s~~b~i~g            ~N~o~o~s~s~a 11~-                          ~w~qf~qt w~q~ In Ilona ~Sk                           ~a~s~a~b~i~o ~l~i~o~n~v~olo~n.
                               ~

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        by JOHN LUNSFORD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ~q" Writ"                                                                                                                      ~f~a~i~s~s~i~a~t~i~; decrying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Not ~s~m~o~o the biggest ~lud~s pit the
                                                                                                                                   ~r
                                                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ~tr~iv~i~n~t~s~i~o~n~o~nt~a~J block ~T-d~i~i~i~i,
                                                                                                                           ~q1~4qh
                               .-~~qS0~6qy~0qn~'d~.~q;~'~2qd~6qfDC~-3~qi~8q0~.~'~@                                                                                                                                                            ~t~ould haft c~l~i~s~i~n~g~s. i~n th~e ~qWy~.
                                                                                                    ~_~2qM~4q4 ead
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ~S~tr~a~too~t B~o~ac~tl~i development order                                                                                    d~o~o~n~a~ll
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  hc~h allows mom b~o~m~r~s to be
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  it., C~o~t~ir~i~t~y~.                                                                                                 ~p~l~a~s~s~s~t~o~;~b~a~n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  In the facts of opposition by                                                                                  p~ubl~il~t~o ~l~a~s~s~u~b ~i~i~i~i~s ~v~i~t~i~t~ill     ~qW~A of ~&~~4~s~o-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  m.~)~or regulatory and ~a.~--~-~-.~.                                                                                                         ~.~1~~n~a
                               Edit~dri Naples Dally Ne~2q*s:~.                                                                                                                                                        ~t~o~l ~f~*r~c~a~o~. t~h~e County ~C~o~m              ~' ;Ion                                                                  AND ~P~qU~S~A~qM~, ~qW ~s~p~L~r~f~t~- It. ~j~a~s~k ~-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      in
                               W~qf~qi~qi~2qP~qb~qia~q4~qiif~0q&~-~~n~j~U~S~qj~e_                                            t~qd.~'~*~qf~qi~'                  ~qb~qi~q6~qi~% ~qour~-                                                                             ~o~t~e~d 4-1 In .:low higher d~i~n~b~i~t on                                                                             OWL    ~"~qT       ~s~u~i~s ~q$~qw ~r
                                                                                                                           ~~_ ~q@~6qj                                                                                  ~t~h~e t~w~o-m~i~l~i~t stretch of Gulf front                                                                            ~D~-~r~i~ar~t ~M~r~ar~t~i~.        ~1~4~qW~I~ll~i~f
                               ou~~s~'~qe~' ~q@~qp~qda~qy ~I~0qkth                                      ~'t~qhree~q7r~i~2qd~-~ql~4qe                               ~r~aj~qj~qj~ng~                                                                      property    and to ~p~or~o~ut more than                                                                                                   ~t~i~f ~j~l~a~i~m~2qE~2q@~0qA~0ql
                                                                               -those                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ~a~i~s~o of, ~U~w~,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  double this number of ~m~.~,d~,.c..                                                                                                                   ~i~.~"11~11.1~4~t~w~3~f~.~;
                                                ~-oomed~,~l~qiver ~q6u~qf~To~oft6~qpson Gordon                                                                                                                                d~l~n~i~c~~dy on ~th~e beach. Co....                                                           ass                                           ~0qC.~0qM~s. ~D~o~qw~q"
                                   they ~z                           ~. ~.~.~;                        - - ~Z~4~:~4 ~,                                   ~@                                                                   ~s~l~o~n~er M~u H~a~s. cast t~h~e                                    PROJECT ~qW~C~ATION                                ~'~.~. ~-L~*
                                                                                                                                              ~IL                                                                                                                                                                            ~*    NAM of          ~t~i~s~h~q" ~~1t~*~S~o~W~d~a~4~-~,~t~l~a~v~!~1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Ing WWII~.                                                      ~-~n~o~r~t~b of ~N~A~P~W~&~. ~,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Tu~t~od~ay'~s cha~n~i~g~,
                               --Some of ~qvs-~qS~vh~qd~qi~q4~qi ~'horn                                                     ~qf~0qWbe~s~t~qit~qiful                                                                                        ~b~o-~h-~f~r~o~n~t homes from ~ZU9 ~t~o 492                         ~t~,~.~. of t~b~a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            I ~@~irt~n~a~al~st ~C~! C~.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ~I~o~n be                                           ~.~1~. ~.~01~7~6~U~.~0 ~qw~n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ~1~4 Ratio~q" ~q0~0~9~6~1~@~-~@
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ;;,the ~aw~jor complaint it ~.~)~ppo                          dd~l~i~t~. U~q. ~0~0 a ~c~a~u~s~i~m~a~n~a saw                                     Now            ~-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   to - ~a~n~d increases I~q- ~- ~19 to                           ~c~&r~ry~j~b~#~f~I~b~lt~o~p~Ut~S~W~f~t~j~j~?~.~,                            ~'~i~s~t~o~ok~.~s~i~a~l~l~i~j~i~s~i~g for ~U~r~i~s~t ~I~* r~-l~ow t~h~o
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Mau, ~w~e~*~" ~t~& coop"", ~L~a~ir~t
                               ~~~~~w~a~~'~qms'o~'f~.~-~sk~6q4t~q6~qi~q@~s~'~,~q!~,~;~@~b~q6~r~qhb~qi~qi~qi~qd~qi~qi~qig~7~i~qi~qich ~-a~nd:                                                                                                                        ~&~W the number of d-~!~!~@~n~@ ~_~,-                                                         ~.~ ~.                 ~.~1p~1p~p~ ~"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  p~.-~It~ud ~c~qZ-1~;                                            ~Un~#~d up spinal this                                                          ~s~e~w~l~i~t ~t~h~e ~T~-~g~ic~i~t~a~w
                               ~~eve                                           stop              ~ outs                                                                                                           %I= SOME                                                                                                                                 ~h~i~s~s~'~8qO~r~i~z~ed the
                                   ~rY~-~-~o~qh~q6~2q*~4q1~qhe~qk~`                                      pod"                   ~qIde-~,~"~0qMat~'~0qWa~qs                                                                                                                        ~l~h~@ ~1-~;~@                by ~L~ly E~.t~a~it~s~s I~A~L
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ~qt~qo~qma~qn~qc~qy. i~qn~qaJ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  tray be lost. To~4q- T~qo~qm.~q-. t~qi~q.                                              sting that ~b~q"~qC~l~qi~qs~q-~t~qr~qi~qp~qi~qal~l           baud ~t~h~qa~X this ~qS~C~*~4q=~q~0qZ~&tJ~q1~q:
                                                      days~q-~ql~qo                                    ~2qqpr~8qay1ng.~q-~q.~q-~q,~q-~q,~q.                                                                                                 rector of The Co~q-~qs~qe-~q1~q, I ~q-~q-~qy~q-                            d~qir~qe~qa~ql~qo~qp~qm~qe~qnt could be ~qU~qn~qs~qi~qs~ql~qo.1~q0 ~6qW                    ~qD~qo~qP~qa~qU~qs~qi~qs~qt~qi~ql~ql ~q0~q0~q1
                                                                               ,aerial,                                                                                                                                                b~qe~q,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ~qU~qw ~qu has ~qJ.~q.                                             ~q,ft o~qc~qtcup~qa~qnt~qs; t~qh~qe local Lost" ~qo~q! ~q;~q!~q!~qy~qi~qs~qa~qd ~qd~qav~qo~ql~qo~ql
                                                                                                                                              are                                                                                           ~qr~qd   the                       ~qw~qo~qo~q"~qn Voters~q. with                               views. ~q!~q'~qT~qm~qL~qo~qa~qa~qa~qa~qs me ~qA~qL~2qWK
                               ~8q0`~qYY~,~qi~q't~q'~20qC~56q0~60q"~q'                                                     ~32qmb~2q@rs~qiof FA~60q&~0qï¿½
                               ~0qZ ~q9~q1 ,                                          an                                                                                                                                       ~qc~4qW~qt ~qu~qad ~qW
                               ~.~4qIv~qid~qe~qz~2qitl~6qy~q'~0qY~qz~4qi~4qe                                                                            An ~qt ~16qW~56qd
                                                                                                                                   d
                               ~@~q'~qi~qbb~qably~4qi~76q@ b~8qa~8qik ~40qVor~0qffi:~8q@~0qJter t~2qh~6q6~6qk ~qi~8q6~2qan~q't; ~28qd~8qmd~4q:
                               ~qP~. ~qF~q,                                                                                                                                                                                    ~q@ ~-              ~
                                                                                                                           t~4q6d~q1~qv~36qUt~q1~0qi~q!                                                                                                                                      ~0q@~32q@~qIm .--,totally.                                for      -spraying,
                                        -they                                                    ~qr~4qi~8qyI~qn~-                    al
                                                             ~48q4
                                                                                                 d -~q$~qe~q;~60qU~24qP
                                     ~qD~qr~qi~~6q9~q.~q1~8qt~6qh~q-e~20qy~qJ ~6qO~24qW~12qT ~qi~q-~2qF                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ~q;~q;~q-~12qAh~qe~4qm ~q&~0qi~q.
                                                                               ~qs~qu                   ~q;-- - ~q:~qi,                                                         ~q,~6q*~                                                                                                  `
                                                                                       ~16qW~q,
                                                                                                 ~q@~q,~q,~q"~q:~q;~q.~q7 ~q@~q-~q'~36qN~20qaes~qt ~q!~6qA~qj~2qitle                                   Realtor ~q@~28qS                                                                                                    ~20q4~6q6~0qb~2qi~qi Gre                         ~qs~qaid~q;`~q1
                                                       ~q4 ~q1
                                                                                                                           ~0q4~4q@~q.N~2qdples                         tired to- death:::                                   en                         ~qn                                                         t~qconfus              Ie   me                        these
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  "Don'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ~6qW~q1
                                                                                                                                                             ~4qi~qsts.~2qI~ql~8qi~qn~8ql~qor~q-~q.ae~qr~4qi~8qa~6ql~q:spray~8qi~qn~8qi~56qv~q,~2q@~q;~q-~q, ~52q0~q1 ~q_-~6qW~q!                                                                   ~8qmi~qnori                      facts."
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ~-t~8qy
                                                                Figure 7.                           Selected                                  examples of                           prevailing                                environmental                                    philosophy in Collier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ~i~s saw


















                                                                County,                          Florida.                          The        excerpts refer to developmental variances, vacillation
                                                                in water management decisions during time of drought, and comments from pro-
                                                                aerial adulticiding factions on the efficacy of Baytex applications using DC-3~q's.
                                                                (Naples Daily News)
 





                                                                                          57.











                                            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS




                     This report could not have been completed or been as thorough

                without the aid of Mss. Maura Curran and Linda Weinland who compiled and

                entered much of the data into the computer programs and checked the

                entries for accuracy. I also thank Drs. Mark Benedict of The Conser-

                vancy, Incorporated, Kris Thoemke, Sanctuary Manager, Rookery Bay

                National Estuarine Sanctuary; and C. Edward Proffitt, Director, Natural

                Resources Management Department of Collier County, for many fruitful

                discussions which clarified much of my thinking in preparing this report.

                Messrs. Jeff Perry and Chuck Lamine, Community Development Division,

                Collier County, provided aid and insight into the obscure mysteries of

                the r:Base computer program. Mrs. Josie Widner and Julie Fallon did

                yeoman service in typing the manuscript in order to meet all deadlines.

                Finally, Seana Gore allowed everything to be placed in its proper per-

                spective. To all of these my grateful appreciation.







                                                                                          58.






                                               REFERENCES



                Benedict, M. A., R. H. Gore, J. W. Harvey, M. C. Curran. 1984. Coastal
                     Zone management units: Data inventory and analysis. Natural
                     Resources of Collier County Florida, Report 84-4, part 4, 238 pp.

                Blackwelder, B. 1985. Creative zoning for the environment emerges in
                     Florida. The Florida Bar Journal, May, 1985:17-22.

                Clark, J. 1975. Rookery Bay: Ecological constraints on coastal
                     development. Florida Environmental and Urban Issues, 2(4):9-13.

                Coastal Coordinating Council. 1973. Recommendations for development
                     activities in Florida's coastal zone. State of Florida, Department
                     of Natural Resources, Marine Advisory Program. 20 pp.

                Conservation Foundation, The. 1968. Rookery Bay Area Project. A
                     demonstration study in conservation and development, Naples,
                     Florida. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC, 61 pp.

                Dawson, A D. 1983. Wetlands Regulation, Zoning and Planning Law
                     report, 6(9):153-160.

                Division of State Planning. 1976. The State Land Development Plan.
                     Land Development Element of the State Comprehensive Plan. Florida
                     Department of Administration, DSP-BCP-22-76, 146 pp.

                Environmental Effects Laboratory. 1978. Preliminary guide to wetlands
                     of peninsular Florida. Major Associations and Communities Identi-
                     fied. Technical Report Y-78-2, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
                     Experiment Station, 94 pp.

                Florida Power & Light Company. 198.1. Atlas of environmental
                     jursidictions in Florida. Florida Power & Light Environmental
                     Affairs, March, 1981. 22 pp.

                Gore, R. H. 1984a. Coastal Estuarine Resources. Natural Resources of
                     Collier County, Florida, Report 84-3, part 3. 66 pp.

                Gore, R. H. 1984b. Draft ordinances for protection of coastal
                     ecosystems. Natural Resources of Collier County, Florida, Report
                     84-6, part 6, 199 pp.

                Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162:1243-1248.

                Nicholas, J. C. & C. Crawford. 1976. The Florida Keys: A case study
                     of critical area of designation. Florida Environmental and Urban
                     Issues, 3(5):8-13.





                                                                                          59.








                Titus, J. G. 1984. Planning for sea level rise before and after a
                     coastal disaster. In Barth, M. & J. Titus (eds.). Greenhouse
                     effect and sea leveTrise: A challenge for this generation. Van
                     Nostrand Reinhold Co., NY. Chap.

                Titus, J. G. & M. C. Barth. 1984. An overview of the causes and
                     effects of sea level rise. In: Barth, M. & J. Titus, (eds.).
                     Greenhouse effect and sea level rise: A challenge for this
                     generation. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., NY. Chap. 1. pp. 1-56.

                Warinner, J. E., M. Nolan, C. G. Becker, R. W. Middleton, and W. M.
                     Rizzo. 1976. An assessment of estuarine and nearshore marine
                     environments. Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean
                     Engineering, No. 93 (Revised), Office of Biological Services, U.S.
                     Fish and Wildlife Service, 132 pp.


                RHG/jw
                References
                9/17/85






                                                                                                                                                                                     60.


                                                                                   Appendix 1


                              Program Example. Summary                             assessment           of individual               land ownership in                    the
            undeveloped                 coastal     zone of Collier County.

              Lt.- n e    C o     i:i t Z o n                 Ma P. e              r                                                            Uen 1`@rr-jai
                                                                                                              - ----------- ------------------
                                        MQm            6'     S      1--S' T.
                                                                       :_:         @j                                                . @.: ..   0.09         acre-
                   32. Water                    t.-';                              I-(:)S    @@550        S.     Trai-I
                                                                          E
                                                              R      2-)
                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                   --0S      'Gubal
                                                              S      I
                          Wat e r,      MQ(rt                                                                                          ... ...
                   "n..                                       R      25   E
                                                                                      S..:,@t:Lakewood. Co
    -;@,'!@t!.1*4;34 Water.. Mgmt                                                                                       untry,        P1                       act es,
       @,q     Q,;
                                                                     'J-r@' %:     0'              -an       ome
                          S . Wat .                "   6 '                   -
                 @Z,21            er    Mgmt                                                 ky           A'
                                                                     2--' E
                                                                                                              A,
                                                                                                                                                             acres
                                                                                             ku                                                                                             V
                                                              S . I
                                        :Mgmt.
                                                                          T                        bischfniAn_ Ass
                          6' Watei


                                              -nt..,                                                                                            0. 92        acres
                          7 -Water      M              -6@ :.-S-1-Y       T        50 S      A 1. i g a r ta,        N.
                                                              R      2 5  E
                                                                                                                                                0`69 acres
                                  er       gm                             T-50                  Lt     chman' Asscc@'.-t,'
                   3      -.Wat
                                                                                             14' b s
                                                                                                                                                                         V
                                                              R      25   E                                                       ......
                                                                                                                                                                 iN.Oe';h
                                                              S
                                                                                                                                                                                      hrWR R
         vz  'V@
                          9 '.W - er       gm                                      C_                            a@- k /4@                                   :,cres n`4
                                t               t                         j           "S. ,@,-N                                   irt
                          r                                 F R                                                                                                                             IMP,
                                                                                                                                               @,Parce_ s:
                                                                     :@5
                                                                                                                               ;:4 f


                                                                     1:7. T
                          ....Water .,Mg


                                                                                             -,'.Mot) i   e; Oi I-       Co.                                 ,acre
       _,@[email protected],FVZE    till,                               R      5 E,
                                                                     17
                                                              S
                   41
                                        _M
           !v. @.w        Water@:                                         T        50 T@'






                                  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....         *  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          - - - - - - - - - - - -
                                                                                                                                                                                            Ulf
                   @4       a t e r                       _,S 'Ia, T -5(:
                                                                                      S @-,::Naples AssoclateS                                               jacre
                                                              R      M E
                          -r-WAter ::Mgtnt@;:@@+6.L"'@-.'C3.-*--,@        T                     enny @s            n c                               8 0     a c r e s,@
         Z: Y:k`                                                     1 .3          0. _S-"@,._:@L@,p
                                                                          E               -'a   v@
                                   @W5
                          Aii                                                                                                                                                                     1W
                                                                                                                                                                                        ..QN
                                                     M.14
                                                                                                                                                                                                  z
                                                                                                                                                                          te       -C,JL",r
                                                                                                                                                                       L
                                              M                                                    Lad.65    -Count
                                                                                                                           r7-Y      -b:
                          _,Urlit 6i                                                                                            -CI                                                      U.
                                                                                                                                                             me n t s
                                                                                                                                                                                    i;e
                                                                                                                                                             lition 'in

                                                                                                                                                             a c r e s




                                                                                                                                                                                            Att




                                                                                                                                                   0 -                     J  n0i'! -7-k V4
                '-'4S Water+               9,nf:       6                  T 55--o
                          ---                                                                          Y1
                                                              R-.25- E
                              tbr@ Mg                                     T-: @5 0 - S *'+-.'S in i
                                                              R      2 5
                                                                     3S   T        5) S      Na t i o n a 1        TrUSt         CO.. Y'#57                  -
                          Water         Mgmt--         6      S      1                                                                                    6
                                                              R      25   E
                                                                                                                                                                                            7 %
                   5 1    Water-        Mqmt.          6      S      1    T        5         t@-.'a t il o n a 1   Tru=lt        Co.            #5096
  0,


                                                                                                                                                                                            44
                                                                                                        "0: P.





                                                                                                                                                         61.




                                                                         Appendix 2

                         COASTVAL        Program        Example. Summary assessment of land ownership and
                                                        undeveloped coastal zone of Collier County.
                   ''.._,evaluation         in the





                                                                                                                                                 'LUMAP-.179'16-
       D@a                    F A K AH A T C H E E              M-Apreference:T                52, 5--`    S   R 223, 229       E
                                                                                                                             CjO
                                                                                                                  _2 7 5 . 0 0
                                                                Surd`- ota
   -Total      -'No.'Owners.                                                    I ---ASSP_Ment::$755-
                                                                SUM       d., Tcax .Val uat.i on           $
                                                                                                             7
                                                                                                                 ,2,e     9,


                                                                                                                                         tAss      :---`_$LndAss
                                                                    ects.       Acres              Tot
   Oviners                                              Rank.,-Sq                                           -$TaI,.,Val          @_$To
                                                                                                                                                    o"'

                                                                                         -7                          no
                                                                      or)                        t- co                             77,2 ()-nQ -c?7750
                                                                                      2
                                                                                               -67
                                                              Zr.
  4t@     T I I TF./- STATE                                         !t                                 Q     _V?    0 0              5.
                                                        04              0                                                                 -2- 5-00-     15472S
          C 0 L L I E R    -DEVELOPMENT.-I'-                                    4454. 7.       -_j'5. 0          .908. '76
                                                                                                                          -         547
                                                                                                                                                                       OC
                                                        5
                                                                -9    00                                                         @@Z,150660.00 V@0660,00
   ',z.'5. GABLE                                                                  9S'. 4        .1 (72,. 0 -           Q  0 0
                                                                                                                       -7
                                                        -A
                                 PP                                   007 -_@-,1674. Q0.1.
            AT-U.RE:*GRI U
                                                                                                                                                              77S 0

                                               A,




                                                                                                                                                   0

                                                                                             _41
                                                                                                 6;52/
                                                                                                            29:_ f 97-221','25=32; 53/
          ::L-3-7-@'9=:    A. -
    C d a s@@ia     2Z o n e                    E 15 S  .:F-,- @@j             renciii T,                 R-Z           34.-]
                                                                VA
                                                                    Pre @p


                                                                         T-H+
                                                                                                      t
    _Otaf`
                                                                                              sjpgrk
                                                                Z

                                                                                                                                   U_
                                                                             _Tax      .-Valuatioh:$7,747.


                                                                                                                T                      f I
                                                                                                V r,,+-       Ck
                                                                                                                        1-1          T









                                                              -71










                                                        5-:4 @6
                                     -53/3 -.--17
                                                                '53/    4-
    Gener.. 'Cqmments'.                                               3

   r:




                                                                                                                  . . .. ......


                                                                                                                                                                   @AT


                                                                                                        j
                                                                                                                                .vl`;

                                                                                4
                               27;
              Zs;.Xv
                                                   T@,
          t


                    kA.
                                                          Ot






                                                                                                                                                                     62.


                                                                        Appendix 3

                                                                                     Summary of vegetation,                                 location and
                 .@@-.,',,,.OMRZONE Program Example.
                  ....@,,--zoning data for individual                                sections in the                    Collier County un-
                          developed coastal zone.


      ,:@"Coastzon                               Maprefer                    Vegetatn                          Lon.Lng                      Locnot2s
                          ------- --------------- --------------- ---------- --------------------

                                                                                                                                                                       a
                                     6           [431 S    '2 5      T-      Pine, Cypress,                    A2-ST                        Lely Canal are.
                                                 50 S R    27 1 5    E
                                     6           [481 S    '71       T       Mangrove                          A2 - S T                     Lely Canal area
                        Mgmt                               -
                                                 50 S R    22 5      E
                                           `1473      S    27        T       Mangrove,             Pine        RPD-RI-15                    NKeewaydin Island
          @Water@@.Mgmt.,..6
                                                 So S R    2 5       E
                                     I           r A@n                                                                                            LQ I.j j;
                                                           29                                                                                                    4i 1=1 TQ I a pr4
                                     zi

                                                                                                                      ST                                         -ty i n,.@., sarr.
                                                                                                                                                  e


                                                                               angrove,
       -Water Mgmt                   6           E 431S    35        T       M-                                A2-ST                        Lel y Canal          area
                                                 50   R    25        E       Pine,        Cypress
                                                 j
                                                                               i M an     r    r-N #- im c:                                                      al    --i
                                                 r4pi P    7,1,      T                                                                                           iAr
                        M.nm+ A                                              r                                        @;T

                                                                                               . . . . . .........
                                         w.
                                                                                                          p
                                                      R              5@
                                                                               J'4 n. 9.
                                                                                                                                                                 ee
                                                                     T.                                                                                          way   I
          -wate         MQMt,
                                                                     Fe-
                                                                                                 .. ..... .
                                                                                                                                            T
                             -nt     6           [1041     S         2+T     Mangrove                          A'"' -ST                     Middle               Keewaydin
           Water        Mg,
                                                                                                                                                  --nd
                                                                                                                                       -Isla
                                                 IS   R    25-E           -:@-            -                      .-.1- k          -
                                                                                                                                                                 =wnwrii n
                                                 U-041               71,               M, f cl,    r=*l        8pp                          i id 0.1             @4p
                                      X
                                                                                                              ..........
                                                                                                                                                  and
    AL


                                                                                                                                                  Y'Q -
                                     cc:
                                                 51 @S                                                                                            ... .... .. .  . .. ... ... .. ........ ....
                                                  .... .                                                          ON                                             -r-;
                                                                     I:Z
                                                                                                                                                                 -EstUarin
                                                                                                                 RO@ST...
                                                                                                                                            National.
                                                                     6E
                                                 1'S'R               2
                                                                                                                                                                 Y
                                                                     F w
                                                                                                                 E:-n-CZT                   R ri o               IP'nI
                                                                                            -0
                              -4-                                                                                                                                ..... .
                                                           s
                                                                                                                                                                 n

                                                                                                                                                  C              Uar"
                                                 ...........
                                                                                                                                                                 LEI
                                                                                                                                            ri                   I
                                                 .--I C,
                                                                                                                                            Nat i an a I         Est Uar frie-
                                                                                                                                            zSanctuary.:
                                                                                                   7
                                                                                                                                            nP I  Tnt%t A-       ri I A i- i- fmri
                                                                                                                                                                 ...no
                                                                                                                      ...... ....
                                                                                                                                            Ue-Velopmen
                                                                                                                                                                               x
                                                                                                                                                                     in A

                                                 51   S    R         26 E
                                                                                                                                            parce S,
                                                                                                                                                                 opment
                                                                                                                                            devel.
                                                                                                                                                                 Ar F-
                                                                     A"Y                                                                          1-             K
                                                 5
                                                 -2   S    R         2 7 E
            Camp        Keasis                   @[N/D] S 29 T                 Mangrove                          AI-ST                      Tripod               Key area;'
                                                                     -@7 P
                                                                                                                                            T     -%nd- Aquati
                                                                                                                                            Is
                                                                     wo
                                                                                                                                                                           C:
                                                                                                                                            P
                                                                                                                                                  -2rVE

                                                                                                                                            n rx-
                                                                                                                                                                 !-        E
            Q,                                   r
                                                      S    13        27E                                                                    end Horr"s island
            C a IT, P   Ir e   s                 [N/D]     S         1T        M a n g r (n v e                  A I --ST                   Neat 1-:.ey; Ten
                                                                     1@1 -7                                                                 T h

                                                                                                                                                                    'er'
                                                                                                                                            ()qUatir- Pr2t'S               /e
                                     6









































                                                                                                                 A 1 --ST                   Coon Key             are-A; Ten
            Ca in P'. K F-) a s      S           E N I/ D 'a cc      -r        Man-rove
                                                                                                                                                                     -And
                                                                                                                                            Thni ic- --,nri      1=1,      ca'
                                                                                                                                            Aquatic Preserve







                                                                                           63.
                            APPENDIX 4 (Report Pages 63 through 118)

        LUMACT Program Descriptors and Definitions




         DESCRIPTOR             MEANING                     DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITION


        01. WILDRNSS           WILDERNESS            Part or all of a section to be left in a


                                                     natural, or as close to natural state, as

                                                     possible. No developmental activity of

                                                     any kind except for fencing, interpretive

                                                     signs, primitive campsite clearing, em-

                                                     placement of minimal facilities (pit toi-

                                                     lets, small fire pads, grating, etc.);

                                                     accessways unimproved.

        02. NATURPRK           NATURE PARK           Part or all of a section to be developed

                                                     or salvaged as interpretive natural park

                                                     area. Development confined to minimal

                                                     entrance or docking facilities, restrooms

                                                     (septic tank or sewerline serviced),

                                                     camping pads, campfire pads, grills or

                                                     grating, flowing water supply, basic ve-

                                                     hicular accessways, improved nature

                                                     trails, bikepaths, battery powered tram-

                                                     ways or autoways.

        03. GREENPRK           GREEN PARK            Part or all of a section to be developed

                                                     or salvaged as recreational park area.

                                                     Limited development restricted to paved

                                                     roadways, picnic facilities, shower and

                                                     restroom facilities (septic tank or

                                                     sewerline serviced), parking areas, lim-

                                                     ited numbers of R/V pads and hook-ups,

                                                     sporting or playground areas; flowing







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            64.



                                                     water supply, moderate or extensive re-

                                                     moval of non-native vegetation, in con-

                                                     junction with transplanting or rein-

                                                     troduction of native species, including

                                                     landscaping.

        04. FORESTRY            FORESTRY             Part or all of a section potentially

                                                     utilizable for forestry purposes, in-

                                                     cluding maintenance of mono- or poly-

                                                     culture tree species for commercial use,

                                                     or protected as specimen examples of local

                                                     native assemblages. Development restrict-

                                                     ed to activities not affecting forestry

                                                     resource values, and/or to areas not

                                                     indigenous to, or impinging on or within

                                                     forestry-designated portions.

        05. BUFFRZON            BUFFER ZONE          Part or all of section potentially capable

                                                     of forming a buffer area between partially

                                                     or completely developed adjacent areas on

                                                     the one side and incompletely developed,

                                                     undeveloped or preserved areas on the

                                                     other, or acting in such a way as to

                                                     modify the influence of adverse environ-

                                                     mental parameters in an adjoining or

                                                     adjacent region or related ecosystem.

                                                     Development restricted to activities

                                                     preserving or enhancing the buffering

                                                     capability of the portion of the section

                                                     in question.






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            65.



        06. RESRMGMT            RESOURCE              Part or all of a section requiring care-

                                MANAGEMENT            ful management of important or influential

                                                      environmental resources, either to main-

                                                      tain the ecological continuity of part

                                                      or all of the area, or to ensure same in

                                                      adjacent areas or related ecosystems.

                                                      Development restricted to activities which

                                                      preserve, enhance, or upgrade the re-

                                                      sources in question.

        07. ARCHAEO             ARCHAEOLOGIC          Part or all of a section has been shown to


                                RESOURCES             contain widespread or scientifically

                                                      significant archaeological artifacts, or

                                                      to have noteworthy anthropological value,

                                                      as determined by a professional archae-

                                                      ologist or other recognized anthropologi-

                                                      cal or archaeological authority or group.

                                                      No developmental activity permitted until

                                                      site has been thoroughly evaluated and

                                                      necessary excavations or recovery com-

                                                      pleted. Development on significant

                                                      archaeological sites restricted to activ-

                                                      ities which perserve or enhance arch-

                                                      aeological or anthropological features.

                                                      Developmental activity on non-significant,

                                                      excavated, or recovered sites to be de-


                                                      termined with Department of Natural Re-

                                                      sources Management approval and guide-

                                                      lines, and utilizing existing zoning.







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            66.




        08. HISTORIC            HISTORIC             Part or all of a section has been shown


                                RESOURCES            to contain cultural attributes of signifi-

                                                     cant historical value, such as homestead,


                                                     battle, treaty, pioneer or early settler

                                                     sites; historical artefacts, buildings or

                                                     roadways or other constructions; vege-

                                                     tational, biological, geomorphological or

                                                     ecological features or settings; or which

                                                     otherwise contains important information

                                                     relating to the history, culture, or mores

                                                     of the vicinity, Collier County, or re-

                                                     ional Southwestern Florida, as determined

                                                     by a recognized professional historian or

                                                     historical society. No developmental

                                                     activity permitted until the site, arte-

                                                     facts, buildings, topography or other

                                                     attributes are fully assessed to determine

                                                     the feasibility, necessity, and mode of

                                                     preservation or recovery. Development on

                                                     significant sites restricted to those

                                                     activities which preserve or enhance the

                                                     historic features. Development on non-

                                                     significant, excavated or recovered sites

                                                     to be determined by Department of Natural

                                                     Resources Management, requiring approval

                                                     and guidelines, and utilizing existing

                                                     zoning.






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            67.




        09. Reserved

        10. OTHERUSE            OTHER NON-           Category reserved for part or all of a

                                DEVELOPMENTAL        section which requires preservation,

                                USAGE                conservation, or limited development owing

                                                     to attributes or features not specifically

                                                     covered by other categories as listed

                                                     above. Approved developmental activities

                                                     are normally restricted to those causing

                                                     minimal environmental disruption or

                                                     ecological damage.

        11. PASSVREC            PASSIVE              Part or all of the section in its natural


                                RECREATION           state is suitable for passive recreational

                                                     activities such as hiking, backpacking,

                                                     birding, tent-camping, photography, nature

                                                     study and other non-sport recreation, via

                                                     nature trails, pathways, bike paths,

                                                     bridle paths, boardwalks, or similar

                                                     access routes or passages. Developmental

                                                     activity that normally enhances such

                                                     recreation will be encouraged.

        12. WATERREC            WATER                Part or all of the section is suitable


                                RECREATION           for activities on, in, or related to

                                                     fresh or saltwater recreation, including

                                                     non-commercial fishing by individuals or

                                                     using licensed fishing guides, water-
 0                                                   skiing, power boating, houseboating,
                                                     canoeing, rafting, tubing, swimming or

                                                     wading. Developmental activities that






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             68.



                                                     normally enhance such recreational activ-

                                                     ities and which do not alter or sigifi-

                                                     cantly degrade the existing environmental

                                                     quality of the areas will be encouraged.

                                                     These might include construction of

                                                     limited launching or docking facilities,

                                                     excluding marinas, and development of

                                                     lakefront, riverfront, streamfront or

                                                     pondfront beaches, or maintenance of

                                                     active flowways for any significant water

                                                     bodies,


        13. BEACHREC            BEACH                Part or all of the section is suitable


                                RECREATION           for activities normally associated with


                                                     freshwater- or saltwater-bordered beaches


                                                     including swimming, sunbathing, surfboard-

                                                     ing, windsurfing, snorkelling, SCUBA-

                                                     diving, surf-fishing, sailing, picnicking

                                                     or family-outing activities. Development-

                                                     al activities normally restricted to those

                                                     which preserve, enhance, or upgrade the

                                                     recreational potential of the area. Such

                                                     activities may include grading, clearing


                                                     and other small scale maintenance of


                                                     beaches, construction of service struc-

                                                     tures such as lifeguard stands, restroom.

                                                     or dressing facilities, picnic stands,

                                                     firegrates or braziers, and other related


                                                     facilities.






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             69.



        14. LANDREC            LAND                  Part or all of a section in its natural

                               RECREATION            or partially altered state is suitable for

                                                     land-related or land-participatory recre-

                                                     ation, including hunting, occupation of


                                                     weekend or other short term or interval


                                                     -occupied vacation-type housing, camping

                                                     using individual or isolated RV or trailer

                                                     vehicles not involving RV campgrounds or

                                                     trailer (TTRV) parks, and land-based

                                                     sporting activities such as tennis,

                                                     volleyball, baseball, softball, football,

                                                     or other non-professional sporting activi-

                                                     ties, and their associated courts, dia-

                                                     monds or playing fields. Developmental

                                                     activities would include single-family

                                                     vacation-type dwellings, limited con-

                                                     struction of courts, playing fields and

                                                     other sports facilities, and not to exceed

                                                     a capacity of 100 persons/developed unit,

                                                     nor more than 20 such units/section.


         15. CAMPGRND           CAMPGROUND           Part or all of a section is suitable for


                                                     the establishment of a permanent commer-

                                                     cial or agency-operated non-domicilary,

                                                     interval-usage tent or RV campground with

                                                     or without utilities hookups, pads, shower

                                                     and lavatory facilities, restrooms,

                                                     running freshwater supplies, concession-

                                                     aire services such as laundromats, grocery







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            70.



                                                     or supply stores. Development activities


                                                     restricted to construction of interval


                                                     usage RV or tent pads, utility poles,

                                                     limited sewerage and waterlines, on-site

                                                     sewage treatment plants, and other sup-

                                                     plies and services capable of supporting

                                                     no more than 100 persons, or 25 developed

                                                     sites, per unit, and not more than 10 such

                                                     units/section. Petroleum dispensing and

                                                     storage facilities if included require

                                                     mandatory Department of Natural Resources

                                                     Management approval, permits and guide-

                                                     lines, and may be emplaced only under

                                                     allowable zoning presently existing on

                                                     site.


        16. AEROREC            AERIAL                Part or all of a section is suitable for


                                RECREATION           the development of a field and facilities

                                                     for single or twin-engined fixed, or

                                                     rotary wing, aircraft, including ultra-

                                                     light craft, and balloons or other lighter

                                                     than air vehicles, hanggliders and sail-

                                                     planes, provided that in any case passen-

                                                     ger capacity shall not exceed 6 persons

                                                     including the pilot, and such craft shall

                                                     be flown primarily for pleasure and not

                                                     for hire or other commerical purposes.

                                                     VFR flight rules shall apply at all times.

                                                     Developmental activities may consist of no







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           71.




                                                     more than 2 hard, permanent or semi-

                                                     permanent concrete or graded earth run-

                                                     ways, not to exceed 2000 feet in overall

                                                     length, limited tie-down or other storage

                                                     facilities of a temporary nature, confined

                                                     petroleum storage and dispensing depots,

                                                     and such other structures and facilities


                                                     to properly service or maintain the

                                                     aircraft while in site and expressly for

                                                     short intervals.


        17. ORVREC              OFF-ROAD-            Part or all of a section shall be left


                                VEHICLE              in its natural state but is suitable for


                                RECREATION           the use of swamp buggies, airboats, jeeps

                                                     and other 4-wheel drive vehicles, all-

                                                     terrain cycles (but specifically excluding

                                                     Motocross and all other racing or cross-

                                                     country vehicles) and other off-road

                                                     vehicles employed primarily for pleasure

                                                     and not for hire, racing or other commer-

                                                     cial usage. Developmental activities

                                                     would include construction or maintenance


                                                     of trails and pathways, fenced and pro-

                                                     tected areas, open picnic grounds and

                                                     other places for passive recreation

                                                     (PASSVREC) (q.v.). No permanent or
 0                                                   temporary housing, garages, or structures
                                                     for repairs, maintenance or any other

                                                     purposes shall be established, nor shall







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             72.



                                                     any petroleum storage or dispensing depots

                                                     be incorporated within.

        18. AMUSPARK           AMUSEMENT             Part or all of a section is suitable to


                                PARK                 the development of a theme or amusement-

                                                     type of park or area, consisting of

                                                     conveyances, rides, games, attractions,

                                                     support services and ancillary facilities

                                                     representative of a given theme, amusement

                                                     concept, or a zoo or other enclosed

                                                     wildlife facility or display, or other

                                                     outdoor recreational activity. Develop-

                                                     mental activity would include area land

                                                     modification and preparation, employment

                                                     of certain discharge activities potent-

                                                     ially detrimental in whole or in part to

                                                     the surrounding ecosystem, and construct-

                                                     ion of rides, mechanical contrivances,

                                                     enclosed rinks, eating establishments,

                                                     theme or other related housing and con-

                                                     structional activities appropriate to the

                                                     facility. No permanent housing, hotels,

                                                     or other domiciliary structures, whether

                                                     commercial or private, shall be included,

                                                     and all development will require Depart-

                                                     ment of Natural Resources Management

                                                     approval, permits, and mandatory guide-

                                                     lines and environmental monitoring ser-


                                                     vices.






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           73.




        19. GOLFCORS           GOLF COURSE           Part or all of the section is suitable or


                                                     will support development of a private or

                                                     public golfcourse not to exceed 18 holes

                                                     overall including all related facilities

                                                     supporting same. Developmental activities

                                                     which may involve large-scale land modifi-

                                                     cation, implementation of various dis-

                                                     charge categories, and construction of

                                                     permanent structures, may prove inimical

                                                     or completely destructive to the surround-

                                                     ing ecosystem. No such development shall

                                                     occur without prior Department of Natural

                                                     Resources Management approval, permits,

                                                     and guidelines including mandatory moni-

                                                     toring of environmental impacts during all

                                                     phases of construction and for a period of

                                                     five years or longer thereafter.

        20. OTHERREC           OTHER RECREATIONAL    Part or all of the Section is suitable


                               ACTIVITIES            for employment or development of recrea-

                                                     tional activities not specifically defined

                                                     or covered in the preceding list. Develo-

                                                     pmental activities in regard to such

                                                     recreation may or may not be inimical to

                                                     the surrounding ecosystem and would

                                                     require judgement on its individual merit.

        21. SHELFISH           SHELLFISHING          Part or all of the section is suitable


                                                     for, or supports habitats that contain

                                                     shellfish, specifically oysters, clams,






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           74.




                                                     scallops, mussels, crabs, shrimps, fresh-

                                                     water crayfish, or spiny lobsters in

                                                     quantities that may be sufficient for

                                                     seasonal commercial exploitation, or

                                                     individual private consumption. Develop-

                                                     mental activities should be confined to


                                                     those which have no, or only moderate

                                                     adverse environmental impact on the

                                                     habitats and biotopes involved, or which

                                                     would enhance and not result in inordinate


                                                     depletion of, the shellfishery stocks

                                                     either directly or indirectly.

        22. NETTING            NETTING               Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                     commercial or private fishery exploitation

                                                     of non-sport or non-game finfish, by the

                                                     use of seine, cast, or gill nets, but

                                                     excluding any type of trawl, dredge, or

                                                     other dragged bottom-sweeping device.

                                                     Finfish may consist of those commercially

                                                     valuable species such as mullet, an-

                                                     chovies, sardines, various species of

                                                     baitfish such as spot, pinfish, shiners,

                                                     minnows, or any other non-sport or non-

                                                     game marine, estuarine, or saltwater

                                                     species for which a commercial or private

                                                     individual market exists. Developmental

                                                     activities should be confined to those


                                                     which have no, or only moderate adverse







       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           75.




                                                    environmental impact to the habitats or

                                                    biotopes involved, or which would enhance

                                                    and not result in inordinate depletion of,

                                                    the finfish stocks either directly or

                                                    indirectly.

       23. HUSBNDRY            ANIMAL HUSBANDRY     Part of all of the section is suitable for


                                                    the commercial or private utilization of

                                                    livestock such as cattle, swine, horses,

                                                    or other grazing animals maintained for

                                                    food, dray, sporting or recreational

                                                    purposes, using pasturage, feedlots,

                                                    training or racing tracks, bridle paths or

                                                    trails, or for the maintenance and breed-


                                                    ing of such animals, also to include

                                                    domestic pets such as dogs, cats, and

                                                    other animals normally kept as household

                                                    pets, either in kennels, studfarms or in

                                                    other enclosed maintenance facilities.


                                                    Developmental activities would be those

                                                    having moderate to severe environmental

                                                    impact either as a direct result of

                                                    establishing facilities or pasturage, or

                                                    through the consequences of grazing, herd

                                                    movement, or other activities directly

                                                    resulting from physical or biological

                                                    activities by the livestock being main-


                                                    tained.







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            76.




        24. HORTICUL           HORTICULTURE          Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                     the establishment and/or maintenance of


                                                     horticultural facilities or grounds for

                                                     the commercial production of plants, such

                                                     as nurseries, garden or agricultural

                                                     supply operations, tree farms (exluding

                                                     forestry, pulping, mulching, or other

                                                     timber operations, TIMBEROPS q.v.),

                                                     ornamental or household plants, commercial

                                                     flower production, and sod or lawngrass

                                                     farms. Developmental activity would be

                                                     those resulting in low to intermediate

                                                     adverse environmental impact as a con-

                                                     sequence of nursery or garden-oriented

                                                     concerns, or activities producing moderate

                                                     to severe impact on the existing ecosystem


                                                     as a result of land modification or


                                                     constructional activity. Activities which

                                                     are not inordinately detrimental or which

                                                     enhance the existing environment would be

                                                     encouraged.

        25. AQUACULT            AQUACULTURE          Part or all of the section is suitable

                                                     for the establishment and maintenance of


                                                     aquaculturing or mariculturing facilities

                                                     such as finfish farms, turtle, alligator,

                                                     crocodile or other aquatic reptile hatch-

                                                     eries, invertebrate aquatic animal rearing

                                                     facilities for molluscs, crustaceans and







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            77.



                                                     other non-chordate organisms, or the

                                                     culturing of other living aquatic organ-

                                                     isms including freshwater and marine

                                                     algae, or other hydrophytes. Develop-

                                                     mental activities would produce adverse

                                                     environmental impacts ranging from small

                                                     or neglible to moderate or severe de-

                                                     pending on the extent of modification of

                                                     the surrounding ecosystem, and the impact

                                                     of nutrients, fertilizers, herbicides or

                                                     pesticides into the groundwater table and

                                                     the associated freshwater estuarine or


                                                     marine environment.


        26. PADICULT           PADDY CULTURE         Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                     the establishment and production of

                                                     paddy-associated or terraced-farming crops


                                                     such as rice and related water-cultured


                                                     grains or produce. Developmental activi-

                                                     ties would produce moderate to severe

                                                     adverse environmental impacts on the

                                                     surrounding ecosystem depending on the

                                                     amount of land modification, discharge and

                                                     nutrient-pesticide input for the area

                                                     invloved. This category which invloves

                                                     surface-water retention ponds and nutrient

                                                     and pesticide impoundment, should be

                                                     reserved for lands of marginal produc-

                                                     tivity in which the extant ecosystem







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            78.




                                                      has already been severely modified or

                                                      destroyed, and which would have minimal

                                                      environmental impact on contiguous proper-


                                                      ties.


        27. ORCHARDS            ORCHARDS              Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                      the establishment and maintenance of


                                                      commercially valuable or exploitable

                                                      fruit, nut, seed, sap, leaf, root, or

                                                      bark-producing trees. Operations would

                                                      include citrus and other fruit groves for

                                                      fruits, juices or oils, turpentine, resin

                                                      and other commercially important sap

                                                      production. Developmental activities

                                                      would produce moderate to severe adverse

                                                      environmental impacts depending on the

                                                      amount of land modification involved,

                                                      amount of ground water usage, and the

                                                      requisite type of horticulture used to

                                                      ensure orchard productivity. Nutrient and

                                                      pesticide loading to adjacent groundwaters

                                                      or estuarine or marine environments is


                                                      presumed to be substantial and would

                                                      require careful planning for optimum

                                                      resource management and minimum environ-

                                                      mental impact.

         28. VINICULT           VINICULTURE           Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                      viniculture for the production of grapes,

                                                      or other fruit-bearing vines, and for






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           79.




                                                     byproducts normally associated with this

                                                     activity. Developmental activities will

                                                     produce moderate to severe adverse envi-

                                                     ronmental impact, depending on the amount

                                                     of land modification and amount of ground-

                                                     water involved and the requisite types of


                                                     vinicultural activities needed to ensure


                                                     productivity. Nutrient and pesticide

                                                     loading to adjacent groundwaters or

                                                     estuarine and marine environments may

                                                     be substantial and would require mandatory

                                                     monitoring for optimum resource management

                                                     and to lessen adverse impacts on adjacent

                                                     or related ecosystems.

        29. FARMING            FARMING               Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                     cultivation and production of commercial

                                                     crops including vegetables, grains,

                                                     groundbased fruits such as melons, or

                                                     tubers and related produce. Developmental

                                                     activities will produce severe to catas-

                                                     trophic adverse impacts on existing

                                                     ecosystems as a consequence of agricult-

                                                     ural field establishment, plowing, til-

                                                     ling, planting, fertilization, pesticid-

                                                     ing, and harvesting. Environmental

                                                     impacts on adjacent areas will range from

                                                     moderate to severe depending on the amount


                                                     and extent of land






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           80.



                                                     modification, and the input and/or reten-

                                                     tion of fertilizers and biocides, deplet-

                                                     ion or pollution of groundwater resources,


                                                     and modification of historical water


                                                     flowways. Owing to the drastic alteration

                                                     of land area, and the subsequent environ-

                                                     mental damages, this category must be

                                                     given careful consideration before recom-

                                                     mendation, and will require mandatory

                                                     monitoring before and during implemen-

                                                     tation. Adequate safeguards to protect

                                                     adjacent ecosystems must be ensured.

        30. TIMBEROP           TIMBER OPERATIONS     Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                     timber or tree management operations,

                                                     including pulpwood for paper or ferment-

                                                     ation, cordwood, boardwood or other lumber

                                                     usage, mulching and other bark and trunk-

                                                     wood use, and any other operation involv-

                                                     ing the selective, partial or clear-

                                                     cutting of large stands of single species

                                                     of trees. Developmental activities will

                                                     have severe to catastrophic adverse

                                                     impacts on existing and adjacent eco-

                                                     systems, involving major or complete

                                                     ecosystem destruction with resulting

                                                     environmental consequences. This category

                                                     should be employed only with extreme care






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            81.



                                                     and requires mandatory monitoring during

                                                     all phases of operations. Mitigation of

                                                     part or all of habitat destruction may be

                                                     required when environmental damage in-

                                                     trudes on adjacent ecosystems, groundwater

                                                     supplies, existing wildlife, or other

                                                     environmental parameters.

        31. LANDSCAP            LANDSCAPING          Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                     landscaping or horticultural modification,

                                                     including transfer, removal and replace-

                                                     ment of contained native and non-native


                                                     vegetation, and associated land modifica-

                                                     tion, contouring, and related landscaping

                                                     architectural activities for purposes of

                                                     enhancing the ecological and/or aesthetic

                                                     value of an area. Developmental effects

                                                     will range from benign or moderate to

                                                     severe environmental impact depending on

                                                     the magnitude of land and horticultural

                                                     modification employed. Activities which

                                                     utilize, enhance, or encourage the propa-

                                                     gation and maintenance of native vegeta-

                                                     tional species would be encouraged.

         32. VEGREMOV           VEGETATION           Part or all of a section may have

                                REMOVAL              naturally occurring (but not necessarily

                                                     native or indigenous species) vegetation

                                                     which may be removed either entirely or in

                                                     part, by excavation, pruning, or other







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           82.




                                                     non-chemical or non-pyrogenic means,

                                                     provided that no greater than 50% of the

                                                     total native vegetation growing in the

                                                     section, or that portions in each sub-

                                                     section add up to no more than 50% of

                                                     the total native vegetation overall are

                                                     removed, and provided that such removal is

                                                     for purposes other than landscaping.

                                                     Exception may be made when it can be

                                                     demonstrated that greater than 50% of the

                                                     naturally occurring vegetation is composed

                                                     of noxious exotic species particularly any

                                                     species of Casuarina (Australian Pine),

                                                     Melaleuca (Punk or Cajeput tree), or

                                                     Schinus (Brazilian Pepper). Development

                                                     activity will have benign to severe

                                                     adverse environmental impact depending on

                                                     the extent of vegetation removed and the

                                                     methods employed in removal. Development-

                                                     al activity which avoids or limits damage

                                                     to native species and which employs

                                                     mitigation using native species will be

                                                     encouraged.

        33. WATERWEL            FRESHWATER           Portions within a section may be compat-

                               WELL DRILLING         ible for the drilling of shallow or

                                                     deep-aquifer freshwater wells for commer-

                                                     cial, private, municipal or county pur-

                                                     poses. Developmental activities will







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           83.



                                                     range from benign or no adverse environ-

                                                     mental impact to moderate or severe impact

                                                     depending on the size and depth of the

                                                     well and the amount of water removed from


                                                     the standing water table, as well as the

                                                     amount of saline intrusion caused by well

                                                     drawdown, or as a consequence of extended

                                                     drought conditions or failure of the

                                                     drilled aquifer to adequately or consis-

                                                     tently recharge itself, thereby affecting

                                                     both hydrological and ecological systems.

                                                     Such activities should be carefully

                                                     monitored and regulated, with DNR manage-

                                                     ment permits and guidelines mandatory.

        34. EARTHMOV            EARTH MOVEMENT       Part or all of a section may be suitable

                                                     for topographical or physiographical dry

                                                     land surface modification including

                                                     bulldozing, excavating, ditching, swale

                                                     formation, water course establishment, or

                                                     other activities which emplace or remove

                                                     surface and subsurface sediments and


                                                     substrata, provided that such modification

                                                     does not take place in conjunction with,

                                                     or as a consequence of dredge and fill

                                                     operations (q.v.). Developmental activity

                                                     will range from moderate to severe adverse

                                                     impact depending on the extent and magni-

                                                     tude of modification, and the methods






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            84.




                                                     employed. Activities which avoid, or

                                                     spare, as much as feasible of naturally

                                                     occurring native habitats and biotopes

                                                     will be encouraged. Activities in prist-

                                                     ine, relatively undisturbed, or RFD or RUE

                                                     areas will be strongly discouraged, or

                                                     will require Department of Natural Re-

                                                     sources Management permits and mandatory

                                                     guidelines with possible mitigation


                                                     involved.


        35. LANDFILL           LANDFILL              Part or all of a section may be suitable

                                                     for sanitary landfill purposes, provided

                                                     that such fill can be shown to be non-


                                                     hazardous or is not detrimental to the


                                                     immediate environment, and that future

                                                     breakdown of such fill, or its potential

                                                     future interaction with environmental


                                                     parameters will not result in noticeable

                                                     or harmful degradation to the immediately

                                                     surrounding ecosystems. Developmental

                                                     activities will produce from moderate to

                                                     severe adverse impact depending on the

                                                     extent of the fill area and the type and

                                                     methodology of emplacement of the fill

                                                     material. DNR management permits and

                                                     mandatory monitoring will be required

                                                     during fill emplacement and for a period







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             85.




                                                     of 5 years after cessation of all fill


                                                     activities.


        36. STORAGE             SURFACE OR           Part or all of a section may be suitable

                                SUBSURFACE STORAGE   for emplacement of surface or subsurface

                                                     storage containers, for petroleum, chem-

                                                     ical, biological or other substances used

                                                     in either a commercial or private capa-

                                                     city, and which may or may not be drawn

                                                     upon for future use, or which may or may

                                                     not be permanently sealed against any

                                                     future use. This category does not

                                                     include septic tanks or other sewerage

                                                     systems (q.v.) or the use, transport or

                                                     storage of any waste substance or refuse

                                                     which is demonstrably toxic to any form of

                                                     life or which has been, or can be shown to

                                                     be, detrimental to the quality of the

                                                     environment and which may properly be

                                                     labelled as hazardous waste (q.v.).

                                                     Developmental activity will have benign to

                                                     severe or catastrophic adverse impact,

                                                     depending on the size of the storage

                                                     facility, its means of emplacement, and

                                                     its present and future container integ-

                                                     rity. Developmental use in this category

                                                     requires an EIS, DNR Management permits,

                                                     and mandatory monitoring during use,






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           86.



                                                     storage, and for a period of 20 years


                                                     after all such use has ceased.


        37. PETROLOP            PETROLEUM            Part or all of a section may be suitable


                                EXPLORATION OR       for initiation or continuation of


                                DRILLING OPERATIONS  commercial petroleum exploration or

                                                     drilling activities, including seismic

                                                     detection and exploration methods, test

                                                     wells, active petroleum removal, and

                                                     transfer of products above or below land

                                                     to other facilities, provided that no

                                                     refining or purification or other fract-

                                                     ionating methods or facilities are estab-

                                                     lished or employed. Developmental activi-

                                                     ties can range from benign or low adverse

                                                     impact in properly constructed and main-

                                                     tained facilities, to potentially high,

                                                     severe, or catastrophic adverse impact in

                                                     the case of well blow-outs, pipeline

                                                     fracture, or other related system fail-

                                                     ures. This category will require an

                                                     EIS, DNR Management permits, guidelines,

                                                     and continual monitoring before, during

                                                     and for a 3 year period after all petrol-

                                                     eum operations have ceased. In addition,

                                                     mitigation of all areas affected by such

                                                     activity will be mandatory.

        38. MININGOP            MINING OPERATIONS    Part or all of a section may be suitable







       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           87.




                                                     for initiation or continuation of commer-


                                                     cial mining operations such as limerock,

                                                     phosphate, or other mineral extracting

                                                     methods, and which might employ the use of

                                                     heavy machinery, explosives, or other

                                                     devices for excavating or reducing the

                                                     mined material. Developmental activities

                                                     will range from severe to catastrophic

                                                     adverse impact on the immediate environ-

                                                     ment and adjacent ecosystems, and may

                                                     continue for an unknwn period of time

                                                     after minimg operations have ceased. An

                                                     EIS and DNR Management permits will be

                                                     required, and guidelines and monitoring

                                                     before, during, and for a period of 5

                                                     years after cessation of all activity will

                                                     be mandatory. In addition, complete

                                                     mitigation and restoral of the mined area

                                                     is mandatory.

        39. LANDCLER           LAND CLEARING         Part or all of a section may be suitable

                                                     for land clearing operations which involve

                                                     the partial to complete removal of all

                                                     surface vegetation, grading of all topo-

                                                     graphical contours and alteration or

                                                     removal of surface soils present, provided

                                                     such operations are not for landscaping or

                                                     horticultural purposes, but are employed

                                                     in preparation of a site, for construct-


                                                     ional, roadway, highway, agricultural or







       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            88.




                                                    other major site-alteration activities.

                                                    Developmental activities will range from

                                                    severe to catastrophic and will result in

                                                    the total or nearly complete annihilation

                                                    of the contained ecosystems, and produce

                                                    moderate to severe affects on adjacent

                                                    ecosystems. An EIS, and DNR Management

                                                    permits and guidelines are required;

                                                    mitigation and restoral may be required

                                                    depending on present use and zoning,

                                                    should a rezoning application be filed.

       40. OTHERMOD            OTHER MODIFICATION   Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                    employment or utilization of land modify-

                                                    ing activities not specifically defined or

                                                    covered in the preceding list. Deve-

                                                    lopmental activities may be of varying

                                                    detriment to contained or adjacent ecosy-

                                                    stems and each would require judgement on

                                                    individual merits and assessment of actual


                                                    or potential environmental degradation.

       41. WATERFLO            WATER FLOW AREA      Part or all of the section is suitable for


                                                    the construction, maintenance, enhance-

                                                    ment, or modification of swales, channels,

                                                    creekbeds, streams, rivers and sheetflow

                                                    areas, or other naturally occurring

                                                    watercourses or water conduit structures


                                                    to maintain historical water passage,

                                                    alleviate flooding, or conduct water from







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                          89.



                                                     one naturally occurring aquatic body to

                                                     gnother. Developmental activity would

                                                     consist of minimal grading or excavating

                                                     or other topographic or physiographic

                                                     modification to provide for drainage or

                                                     passage and would range from moderate to

                                                     severe adverse impact. Activities which

                                                     utilize existing contours and historical

                                                     flowways would be encouraged, as would

                                                     activities which do not, or have only

                                                     minimal adverse impact on large sheetflow

                                                     and shallow aquifer regions.

        42. SEWERAGE           SEWER OR STORM        Part or all of the section is suitable


                               DRAIN INSTALLATION    for the emplacement of sewer, water, or

                                                     storm drainage systems for the express

                                                     purpose of providing water to, or conduct-

                                                     ing water away from certain areas, and

                                                     conveying such water to appropriate

                                                     treatment, storage, or disposal facilit-

                                                     ies. Such activities normally have low to

                                                     moderate adverse environmental impact.

                                                     Developmental activities would include

                                                     excavation of appropriate ditches and

                                                     other subsurface facilities normally

                                                     associated with water or sewerage lines.


                                                     Activities which cause minimal environ-


                                                     mental damage during construction and are

                                                     shown to be reasonably fail-safe to the







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           90.




                                                     surrounding ecosystem after emplacement

                                                     and during usage thereafter, will be

                                                     encouraged.

        43. AGRUNOFF           AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF   Part or all of the section may be suitable

                                                     for the passage, or conducted flow, or

                                                     storage of agricultural runoff, such as

                                                     irrigation or fertilizer or pesticide

                                                     /herbicide containing waters or fluids

                                                     associated with farming, produce or grove

                                                     operations, silage disposal, containment

                                                     ponds or catchbasins associated with

                                                     dairy, livestock or other farming operat-

                                                     ions, and refuse or waste products from

                                                     pastureland, or animal husbandry activit-

                                                     ies whether private or commercial in

                                                     scope. Such activities may range in

                                                     adverse impact from low to severe, depend-

                                                     ing on prevailing environmental condi-

                                                     tions. Developmental activities would

                                                     include construction or excavation of


                                                     appropriate facilities normally associated

                                                     with agricultural operations under consid-


                                                     eration. Activities which have a minimal


                                                     or no adverse impact on the environment

                                                     would be encouraged, as would construction


                                                     or use of containment facilities to


                                                     prevent eutrophication of adjacent or

                                                     nearby naturally occurring water bodies.







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           91.




        44. PSTCNTRL           PEST CONTROL          Part or all of the section may be suitable

                                                     for the employment of chemical or biologi-

                                                     cal agents or activities required to

                                                     contain, control or eliminate larvae or


                                                     adults of those organisms recognized as

                                                     pests or vermin, and which comprise a

                                                     hazard to agricultural, horticultural,

                                                     aquacultural, commercial, recreational, or

                                                     residential activities or lifestyles, by

                                                     virtue of their direct or indirect affects


                                                     on, or by the production of disease or

                                                     other trauma to, the health and general

                                                     welfare of humans, livestock, pets or

                                                     other native organisms whether animal or

                                                     plant. Any such activities would invari-

                                                     ably have adverse effects which may range

                                                     from low to severe, depending on methods

                                                     and substances employed. Developmental

                                                     activity may consist of application of

                                                     appropriate sprays, dusts or other mater-

                                                     ials, introduction of biological controls

                                                     such as predators or disease-inducing

                                                     organisms, or physical modification or


                                                     other destruction of habitat with which


                                                     the targeted pest or vermin is associated.

                                                     Activities, agents and methodologies which

                                                     have the least adverse impact to any or to






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            92.



                                                     the majority of organisms within the total

                                                     ecosystem involved would be encouraged.

        45. SOLIDWST           SOLID WASTE           Part or all of the section may be

                               PRODUCTION AND        suitable for the disposal or storage of

                               DISPOSAL              solid waste materials such as concrete


                                                     building materials, scrap metal, or other

                                                     non-degradable and non-organic refuse, but

                                                     excluding commercial waste fluids, indus-

                                                     trial waste fluids and materials, and any

                                                     material or substance which can properly

                                                     be classified as hazardous waste (q.v.).

                                                     Solid Waste disposal by its very nature

                                                     would have a noticeable detrimental impact

                                                     on the environment, ranging from moderate

                                                     to severe in extent, depending on the

                                                     materials, their means of disposal and

                                                     their ultimate containment. Developmental

                                                     activity would consist of providing access

                                                     ways to the site, excavation or other

                                                     forms of emplacement of solid waste

                                                     materials, and appropriate means of

                                                     covering or containing the emplaced


                                                     materials. Activities which have a


                                                     moderate adverse effect on the environment


                                                     would be encouraged.

        46. COMMRWST           COMMERCIAL WASTE      Part or all of the section may be

                               PRODUCTION AND        suitable for the transport, storage,







       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             93.




                               DISPOSAL             treatment or disposal of commercial fluid

                                                    waste, including chemcial or biological

                                                    products which may be toxic in part or in

                                                    whole, to the immediately surrounding

                                                    environment, and which thus would require

                                                    special containment or treatment condi-

                                                    tions to ensure the safety of persons,

                                                    wildlife, native vegetation, or other

                                                    parts or all of the ecosystem. Commercial

                                                    waste storage because of its nature will

                                                    invariably have some detrimental effect on

                                                    the environment ranging from low to

                                                    severe. Developmental activities would


                                                    include those associated with construct-


                                                    ion, maintenance, and storage or disposal

                                                    factilities involved with waste treatment.


                                                    Activities which are designed to minimize

                                                    environmental degradation would be en-

                                                    couraged.

        47. INDUSWST           INDUSTRIAL WASTE     Part or all of the section may be

                               PRODUCTION AND       suitable for the transport, storage,

                               DISPOSAL             treatment or disposal of industrial waste

                                                    fluids or substances resulting from

                                                    industrial operations or concerns, and

                                                    which may be partially or totally toxic or

                                                    otherwise harmful to the immediately

                                                    surrounding environment, including surface

                                                    and subsurface waters, and to any or all






       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           94.



                                                    living organisms. The degree of environ-

                                                    mental degradation associated with indus-

                                                    trial wastes depends on the type, toxi-

                                                    city, method of production, transport,

                                                    treatment or disposal, storage conditions

                                                    and the short and long-term cumulative


                                                    effects of such substances on the eco-


                                                    system. Such effects may range from

                                                    moderate to catastrophic. Developmental

                                                    activities would include those associated


                                                    with the construction of industrial


                                                    operations producing such wastes, and

                                                    their subsequent treatment thereafter.

                                                    Activities which provide maximum contain-

                                                    ment, with the highest degree of fail-safe

                                                    operation or security, and which are of

                                                    lowest possible detrimental effect on the

                                                    .present and future health of the immedi-

                                                    ately surrounding ecosystem will be

                                                    encouraged.

        48. HAZRDWST           HAZARDOUS WASTE      Part or all of the section may be

                               PRODUCTION AND       suitable for the production, storage, or

                               DISPOSAL             treatment of certain chemical, radioactive

                                                    or biological materials or substances

                                                    which, owing to their extreme toxicity to

                                                    humans, wildlife or to the general envir-

                                                    onment need extreme precautions and

                                                    extraordinary care in handling, use,






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                          95.



                                                     storage and disposal. Environmentally

                                                     detrimental effects may range from severe

                                                     to catastrophic depending on the nature of

                                                     the material and the extent and magnitude

                                                     of exposure to the ecosystem, wildlife or

                                                     humans. This category requires extreme

                                                     care in its implementation and should not

                                                     be permitted without a variance from the

                                                     County Commission, and a full EIS.

        49. DPINJECT           DEEP WELL INJECTION   Part or all of the section may be suitable

                                                     for the storage or emplacement by deep

                                                     well injection of hazardous or environ-

                                                     mentally damaging materials or substances.

                                                     Environmentally detrimental effects

                                                     ranging from severe to catastrophic if

                                                     such substances were stored or maintained


                                                     at the surface, may continue after in-

                                                   .jection, or such effects may be mitigated

                                                     to some or a great degree by utilization

                                                     of the deep well method of storage. This

                                                     category should be employed only after

                                                     careful consideration of long-term effects

                                                     of such substances to shallow and deep

                                                     aquifers, complete hydrological and

                                                     geological evaluation of the effects of

                                                     the injected substance, as well as the


                                                     determination that no viable alternative


                                                     exists for their storage. Implementation







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           96.



                                                     of this category requires a variance from

                                                     the County Commission and a complete EIS.

        50. OTHERDIS            OTHER DISCHARGE      Part or all of the section is suitable


                                ACTIVITIES           for discharge activities not specifically

                                                     defined or covered in the preceding

                                                     listing, and which may vary in the amount

                                                     of adverse impact to the environment

                                                     depending on their type, mode of employ-

                                                     ment, or actual or residual effects either


                                                     immediately or cumulatively over a spe-

                                                     cific period of time.


        51. PATHWAY             PATH OR UNIMPROVED   Part or all of a section is suitable for


                                TRAIL WAYS           the construction, maintenance, or


                                                     enhancement of naturally occurring or

                                                     artificial footpaths, biketrails, jogging

                                                     paths, nature trails or walkways, board-

                                                     walks, scenic overlooks or byways or other

                                                     access routes of a non- or semi- permanent

                                                     nature, and which are restricted to foot,

                                                     bicycle or other non-mot6ri2ed vehicular

                                                     traffic, and in which the prime purpose is

                                                     to minimize constructional or roadway

                                                     damage to the immediate environment.

                                                     Developmental activities would be

                                                     restricted to limited landclearing and

                                                     vegetational removal, and to those earth-

                                                     moving or other activities immediately

                                                     necessary for pathway construction or







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                              97.




                                                      maintenance. Adverse impacts would range

                                                      from none to benign to low or moderate

                                                      depending on the extent, size, and con-

                                                      structional methodology of the pathway.

                                                      Use of environmentally or ecologically

                                                      compatible constructional materials and

                                                      methodologies would be encouraged.

        52. ROADWAY             ROADWAYS, AND         Part or all of a section is suitable for


                                STREETS               the construction and maintenance of


                                                      streets, roadways or other passageways

                                                      established primarily for motorized

                                                      vehicular traffic either private or

                                                      commercial in nature, and which are meant

                                                      to provide a means of access or transport-

                                                      ability from adjacent sections to or

                                                      through the section in question. Develop-

                                                      mental activities will range from low to

                                                      moderate in adverse impact, depending on

                                                      the length, width, and areal extent of the

                                                      roadways, their method of emplacement and

                                                      maintenance, and the type of construc-

                                                      tional matierials employed. Activities

                                                      that would minimize damage to the im-

                                                      mediately surrounding environment, in-

                                                      cluding mitigation of runoff, enhancement

                                                      of sheet or tributarial flow within the


                                                      section, avoudance of ecologically sen-







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            98.



                                                     sitive areas, and use of environmentally

                                                     conscious engineering would be encouraged.

        53. UTILITY            UTILITY CONSTRUCT-    Part of the section is suitable for the


                               ION AND EASEMENTS     establishment of public or private utility

                                                     construction or easements, in which only a

                                                     moderate amount of alteration is required

                                                     for buildings, accessways, or associated

                                                     structures. Developmental activity would

                                                     include erection of substations, power-

                                                     lines, telephone poles, high-tension

                                                     towers, microwave towers, radio or tele-

                                                     vision transmitting or receiving antennae

                                                     or towers, and related structures. Also


                                                     included are construction of water treat-


                                                     ment and sewerage facilities, polishing

                                                     ponds, catch or aeration basins and other

                                                     structures associated with municipal or


                                                     PUD water and wastewater treatment.


                                                     Developmental activity would range from

                                                     low to moderate depending on the amount of

                                                     land modification and landclearing or

                                                     vegetational removal required, or to the


                                                     amount of maintenance of easements assoc-


                                                     iated with such activities. Development

                                                     and construction which utilizes naturally

                                                     occurring features would be encouraged.

        54. SINGLFAM            SINGLE FAMILY        Part or all of the section is suitable






       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             99.



                               RESIDENTIAL HOUSING for the construction of single-family

                                                     residential housing, including townhouses,

                                                     or mobile home communities, utilizing

                                                     appropriate densities to be determined by

                                                     the Department of Natural Resources

                                                     Management and existing zoning. Develop-

                                                     mental activities would include any and

                                                     all phases of construction and landscaping

                                                     of housing, whether in estate or planned

                                                     unit developments. Such activities will

                                                     invariably have a moderate or severe

                                                     adverse impact depending on the amount of

                                                     land affected and the means used to clear


                                                     it and the types of housing and their

                                                     construction. Activities which are


                                                     environmentally conscious, particularly

                                                     those utilizing existing natural features

                                                     or enhancing native ecosystems would be

                                                     encouraged. Mitigation may be required in

                                                     some instances, guidelines and environ-

                                                     mental monitoring will be mandatory in

                                                     developments larger than 10 acres, and an

                                                     EIS may be required in any case if so

                                                     deemed by the Department of Natural

                                                     Resources Management.


        55. MULTIFAM           MULTIFAMILY           Part or all of the section is suitable


                               RESIDENTIAL HOUSING   for the construction of multifamily

                                                     residential housing, such as townhouses,







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           100.




                                                     apartment buildings, condominiums, co-

                                                     operatives, and other multifamily dwelling

                                                     units including hotels, motels, and other

                                                     multiunit dwellings built for commercial

                                                     lodging purposes. Developmental activit-


                                                     ies associated with this construction will


                                                     range from moderate to catastrophic in

                                                     adverse impact depending on the extent of

                                                     the area modified and the magnitude of

                                                     destruction that results either directly

                                                     or indirectly from such modification,

                                                     particularly before and during any or all

                                                     phases of construction. Development in

                                                     this category which emphasizes or enhances

                                                     the natural environment, and includes part

                                                     or most of the native vegetational

                                                     ecosystem, as well as that which involves

                                                     minimum alteration to topographic or

                                                     physiographic parameters in the vicinity

                                                     will be encouraged. Any such development

                                                     will require an EIS and permits, and

                                                     guidelines from the Department of Natural

                                                     Resources Management.

        56. COMMERCE           COMMERCIAL            Part or all of the section is suitable


                               CONSTRUCTION          for the establishment of commercial,

                                                     non-industrial, enterprises or businesses,

                                                     including professional associations,


                                                     restaurants and food service






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           101.




                                                     establishments, medical or technical

                                                     services, small proprietary ownership, and

                                                     the like, but not including commercial

                                                     operations requiring above or under ground

                                                     storage facilities such as automobile

                                                     service stations, manufacturing facil-

                                                     ities, or other small or large industry.

                                                     Developmental activities would include

                                                     small or large scale land and vegetational

                                                     alteration, construction of suitable


                                                     structure to house the businesses, em-

                                                     placement of parking facilities, roadways,

                                                     and utility easements and services.

                                                     Adverse impacts will range from moderate

                                                     to severe depending on the magnitude of

                                                     constructional activity and the type of

                                                     activity employed. Commercial construc-

                                                     tion which maintains or enhances naturally

                                                     occurring vegetation, topography, or other

                                                     environmental features would be encour-


                                                     aged.

        57. HYDROCON           HYDROLOGICAL          Part or all of the section is suitable


                               OR HYDRODYNAMIC       for the establishment or construction,

                                CONSTRUCTION         modification or repair of structures

                                                     specifically designed to retard, inhibit,

                                                     or prevent waterflow or water ingress into

                                                     a given area, to stabilize land subject to

                                                     water-induced erosion by the employment of







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           102.



                                                     seawalls, groins, bulkheads, or other

                                                     stabilizing structures, or to channel or

                                                     direct waterflow from one portion within

                                                     the section to another by use of emplaced

                                                     structures or confining canals, sluices or

                                                     raceways. Included in this activity is

                                                     the construction of bridges or viaducts

                                                     across standing or flowing bodies of

                                                     water. Developmental activity would

                                                     include constructional activity using

                                                     poured concrete, driving of pilings,

                                                     burying of culverts, erections of lift

                                                     stations weirs, or other means of ensuring

                                                     continual directional waterflow, and other


                                                     hydrodynamically associated construction

                                                     activity, not specifically employing

                                                     natural, minimally disturbed or undisturb-

                                                     ed flowways. Adverse impacts would range

                                                     from moderate to severe depending on the

                                                     amount and type of of construction employ-

                                                     ed and the modification of land topography

                                                     and vegetational cover that resulted from

                                                     such activity. This activity requires

                                                     careful monitoring to ensure that any such


                                                     construction will not have direct or


                                                     indirect short or long-term effects on the

                                                     immediate or adjacent ecosystem.







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           103.




        58. HIGHWAYS           HIGHWAY               Part of the section has been shown


                               CONSTRUCTION          feasible for construction of paved,

                                                     highspeed, highway or turnpike. Develop-

                                                     mental activity would include grade

                                                     construction, fill emplacement, land

                                                     clearing and topographical alteration,

                                                     interruption of historical continual or

                                                     seasonal waterflow patterns, and concomi-

                                                     tant affects on the adjacent ecosystem and

                                                     contained wildlife. Adverse impacts will

                                                     range from moderate to catastrophic over a

                                                     limited area in the immediate vicinity of

                                                     the highway and the associated shoulder

                                                     and berm, and from low to moderate at

                                                     increasing distances from the main road-

                                                     way. In addition, both short and long

                                                     term ecological effects will occur owing

                                                     to highway presence, vehicular use,

                                                     associated petroleum/petrochemical runoff,

                                                     interruption or alteration of waterflow on

                                                     plant ecosystems, and impact on tradition-

                                                     al wildlife migrational or range routes,

                                                     as well as having direct effects on local

                                                     wildlife population owing to vehicular

                                                     hazards. This activity will require

                                                     careful monitoring of all development

                                                     directly impinging on the ecosystems in

                                                     the immediate vicinity, adherence to






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           104.



                                                    guidelines, filing of a detailed EIS, and

                                                    possible mitigation or monitoring of

                                                    environmental subsequent to completion of

                                                    highway construction.


        59. MARINAS            MARINA               Part of the section has been shown


                               CONSTRUCTION         feasible for the construction of a salt or


                                                    freshwater marina or boat basin, including


                                                    facilities for live-aboard as well as


                                                    transient boats, yachts or other water

                                                    vehicles, and storage and launching

                                                    facilities for same, but specifically

                                                    excluding boatyards, shipyards, or other

                                                    major boat, yacht, or water vehicular

                                                    repair facilities, industries, or ser-

                                                    vices. Developmental activity would

                                                    include dredging or excavation of tidal or

                                                    subtidal lands, emplacement of pilings for

                                                    dock or slips, construction of seawalls

                                                    and bulkheads for stabilization of


                                                    adjacent land, erection of subsidiary

                                                    buildings for administrative or minor

                                                    service purposes, concessions, ancillary

                                                    small nautically-oriented businesses,

                                                    placement of necessary utility lines and

                                                    conduits for electrical, telephone and

                                                    water supply, and construction of associ-

                                                    ated land vehicle parking areas and access

                                                    points. Adverse impacts will range from







       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           105.



                                                     severe to catastrophic given the nature of

                                                     marina construction, and the necessity for

                                                     disturbing supratidal and subtidal lands.

                                                     In addition, environmental disturbances

                                                     may be expected to continue for varying

                                                     periods of time after construction has

                                                     been completed, or even for the lifetime

                                                     of the marina, owing to continual influ-

                                                     ences produced by watercraft, waste

                                                     fluids, spillage or leakage, and by

                                                     disruption at least in part of naturally

                                                     occurring tidal flow, currents, or cycles

                                                     as a consequence of shoreline hardening,

                                                     pier, wharf or dock construction, channel

                                                     dredging and maintenance, and other

                                                     activities impinging on the immediately

                                                     surrounding marine or freshwater environ-

                                                     ment. Constructional activities will


                                                     require mandatory Department of Natural

                                                     Resources Management permits and guide-

                                                     lines, a continual monitoring during

                                                     all phases and for a period of 5 years

                                                     after completion of all activity, and for

                                                     an additional 5 years commencing from the

                                                     point of initiation of additional act-

                                                     ivity, the filing of a detailed EIS, and

                                                     possible mitigation of environmentally

                                                     derogatory effects.







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           106.




        60. OTHERCON           OTHER CONSTRUCT-      This activity category is reserved for

                               IONAL ACTIVITIES      constructional activities not specifically

                                                     covered, defined, or delineated in the

                                                     above listings, or which may require

                                                     modification or special consideration

                                                     owning to the type, methodology, magnitude

                                                     or extent of construction, or which by

                                                     their nature may have unusually severe or

                                                     debilitating effects on a given ecosystem

                                                     within the section.


        61. MAINTNCE           MAINTENANCE           Part of the section may be suitable for

                               DREDGING              maintenance dredging of existing canals,

                                                     channels, passes, or other maintained

                                                     waterways, public or private, within

                                                     recognized navigable waters. Such activ-

                                                     ity is specifically directed toward

                                                     maintaining depth and/or channel config-

                                                     uration deemed necessary for ensuring safe

                                                     passage of any watercraft which normally

                                                     use the waterway under consideration, but

                                                     specifically excludes such dredgings to

                                                     deepen, widen or otherwise modify any

                                                     channels previously existing. Develop-

                                                     mental activity would normally include

                                                     emplacement of necessary pipelines, spoil

                                                     dispersal equipment, dredging machinery or

                                                     vessels, and associated equipment.

                                                     Adverse environmental impacts would range






       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           107.




                                                    from moderate to severe depending on the

                                                    amount of dredging required, the volume of

                                                    material removed or displaced, the

                                                    emplacement sites and methodology employed

                                                    for resultant spoil, and concomitant

                                                    ecological effects resulting from in-

                                                    creased siltation, water turbidity,

                                                    benthic community disturbance sediment

                                                    overturn, and related perturbational

                                                    effects on subtidal, and intertidal areas,


                                                    as well as biological or physiological

                                                    effects resulting from emplacement of

                                                    spoil on adjacent submerged or upland

                                                    areas. This activity requires careful and

                                                    continual monitoring before, during, and

                                                    for a period of 1 year after completion,

                                                    permits and guidelines from Department of

                                                    Natural Resources Management and other

                                                    governmental agencies, and possible

                                                    mitigation of environmentally detrimental

                                                    aspects resulting from the activity.

                                                    Extensive maintenance, longer than 1 mile

                                                    or requiring removal of greater than

                                                    20,000 cubic yards of fill require de-

                                                    tailed EIS.


       62. DTCHDIKE            DITCHING OR DIKE     Part or all of the section may be

                               CONSTRUCTION         suitable for the employment of ditching or

                                                    diking to ensure impoundment of waters in






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           108.



                                                     wetlands or lagoonal areas as a means of

                                                     mosquito control. Excluded from this

                                                     activity category are any land alteration-

                                                     al activities involving excavation of

                                                     ditches, channels, or other water courses,

                                                     or the construction of berms, grades or

                                                     other topographically defined water-

                                                     retention structures not specifically

                                                     directed toward mosquito control or

                                                     abatement activities. Developmental

                                                     activities would include the employment of

                                                     dragline, dredging cranes, rotary ditch-

                                                     ers, bulldozers, backhoes, tractors, or


                                                     other mechanical devices, whether land or


                                                     waterborne, and associated equipment to

                                                     carry or disperse material excavated.

                                                     Adverse environmental impacts would range

                                                     from low to severe, depending on the

                                                     magnitude and areal extent of the ditching

                                                     or diking, the wetland hydroperiod that

                                                     may be affected, and concomitant effects

                                                     on the contained or associated ecosystems

                                                     and wildlife. Additional effects may

                                                     encompass one or more of those already

                                                     delineated in the category MAINTNCE
  0                                                  (q.v.). This activity will only be
                                                     permitted following receipt and approval

                                                     of a detailed EIS, permits, and guidelines







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            109.



                                                     from the Department of Natural Resources

                                                     Management and other appropriate govern-

                                                     mental agencies, and upon the establish-

                                                     ment of a continual monitoring program

                                                     directed toward determining the effect of

                                                     the activity during and after its com-

                                                     pletion. Mitigation may be required

                                                     including complete restoration of the

                                                     ditched or diked area to its previous


                                                     state if it can be shown that such activ-


                                                     ity was or will be detrimental to the

                                                     surrounding ecosystems.

        63. RENURISH           BEACH OR SHORE-       Part of the section may be suitable for

                               LINE RENOURISHMENT    renourishment of beach or shoreline which


                                                     has eroded or otherwise been lost specif-

                                                     ically and only as a consequence of

                                                     natural forces whether climatic, oceano-

                                                     graphic or hydrological, operating over a

                                                     period of time. Developmental activity

                                                     would include emplacement of required

                                                     dredging equipment and vessels, associated

                                                     pipelines, and related machinery. Adverse

                                                     environmental impact would range from low

                                                     to moderate on supratidal onshore areas,

                                                     moderate to severe on nearshore tidal/


                                                     subtidal areas, and catastrophic on the

                                                     borrow area offshore from which dredged

                                                     renourishing material is excavated. This






       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           110.



                                                     category requires a mandatory monitoring

                                                     program initiated 6 months before activi-

                                                     ties start, and continued during, and for

                                                     a period of 3 years after such activities

                                                     have ceased, to determine environmental

                                                     recovery. In addition a detailed EIS,

                                                     permits from DNRM and appropriate govern-

                                                     mental agencies, and guidelines directed

                                                     toward best and highest use of renourish-

                                                     ment material onshore will be required.

                                                     Mitigation of any area adversely affected

                                                     during or after cessation of activity

                                                     through activities of the operator,

                                                     whether negligent or not, may be required

                                                     and can be assessed against both the

                                                     operator and owners of the property being

                                                     renourished.


        64. LANDSTAB           LAND STABILIZATION    Part or all of a section may be suitable

                                                     for stabilization of lands with the


                                                     potential for, or which actually may be

                                                     undergoing, loss as a result of climatic

                                                     oceanographical or hydrodynamical forces

                                                     operating on them. Included in this

                                                     category are emplacement of shore harden-

                                                     ing or stabilization structures, including

                                                     seawalls, bulkheads, groins, breakwaters,

                                                     jetties, or other wave or current-

                                                     modifying devices, the positioning or







       Appendix 4 (continued)



                                                     maintenance of riprap or other land-

                                                     hardening or supporting construction, or

                                                     the construction of dikes, levees, or


                                                     other water-exclusionarv or control


                                                     earthenworks. Specifically excluded is

                                                     ditching or diking (DTCHDIKE) in which the

                                                     primary result is for control or abatement

                                                     of mosquitoes (q.v.). Developmental

                                                     activity will include the emplacement or

                                                     employment of suitable land or waterborne

                                                     equipment and machinery for constructing

                                                     or positioning shore-hardening materials,

                                                     including draglines, dredges, cranes,

                                                     caissons and similar constructions, and

                                                     other associated equipment or devices.

                                                     Adverse environmental effects will range

                                                     from moderate to severe and will depend on

                                                     the amount of modification previously

                                                     existing in an area, the type, method-

                                                     ology, magnitude and areal extent affected

                                                     by the activity, as well as subsequent

                                                     environmental affects resulting from such

                                                     activity. A detailed EIS, permits and

                                                     guidelines from Department of Natural

                                                     Resources Management and appropriate

                                                     governmental agencies is required, as is

                                                     mandatory monitoring during and after

                                                     completion of any project for a period of






       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            112.



                                                     3 years. Mitigation may be required if it

                                                     can be shown that additional environmental


                                                     damages occurred as a direct or indirect

                                                     result of negligence by the operator, and

                                                     may also be assessed against owners of the

                                                     property being stabilized.

        65. NEWCANAL           NEW CANAL             Part of a section may be suitable for the

                               CONSTRUCTION          construction and maintenance of a canal


                                                     specifically designed to remove excess

                                                     water from a given area in the section and

                                                     conduct it to another part of the section

                                                     or into adjacent sections or bodies of

                                                     water. Excluded is the construction of


                                                     new canals as part of any subdivision or

                                                     PUD which are constructed primarily as

                                                     aesthetic enhancements for same, or in

                                                     which the prime purpose is not the removal

                                                     of excess water. Developmental activity

                                                     would include use of dragline or other

                                                     dredging devices and excavating equipment,

                                                     both land and waterborne. Adverse


                                                     environmental impact would range from

                                                     moderate to severe in the vicinity of the

                                                     constructed canal, and from low to severe


                                                     in adjacent areas, depending on the size
  0                                                  of the canal, amount of water carried, and
                                                     the effects of water-removal on adjacent

                                                     ecosystems and associated water tables.






       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            113.


 is                                                  This category requires careful monitoring
                                                     during and after construction, a pre-

                                                     constructional detailed EIS and biological

                                                     and hydrological survey, and possible

                                                     mitigation of effects caused by actual

                                                     canal construction or the results of its


                                                     water removal.


        66. NEWLAND            NEW LAND              Part of the section is suitable for the


                               CONSTRUCTION          establishment of new land area using

                                                     dredge and fill operations to extend the

                                                     margin of a land parcel into a contiguous

                                                     or adjacent body of water, or to create

                                                     new islands by the emplacement of dredge

                                                     spoil or other fill within the confines of

                                                     a body of water where no land previously

                                                     existed. Specifically excluded from the

                                                     category are dredge and fill operations

                                                   .resulting in subdivision creation

                                                     (SUBDIVOP, q.v.) by finger-canal and

                                                     peninsular fill areas along landward

                                                     margins of aquatic areas. Developmental

                                                     activities are similar to those occurring

                                                     in MAINTNCE, RENURISH and LANDSTAB cate-

                                                     gories (q.v.). Adverse environmental

                                                     impact would range from moderate to

                                                     severe, or locally catastrophic where

                                                     emplaced fill materials affect ecosystems


                                                     or contained wildlife. Indirect or







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             114.



                                                      long-term effects from the emplaced fill

                                                      may occur through sediment or turbidity

                                                      increases., leaching of biological or

                                                      geochemical products, modification of

                                                      current or tidal regimes, and biological

                                                      or physiological changes in adjacent

                                                      benthic and supratidal communities. This

                                                      category requires an EIS, and mandatory

                                                      monitoring for a period of 6 months prior,

                                                      during, and for three years after cessa-

                                                      tion of activity. Mitigation may be

                                                      required to reestablish, insofar as is

                                                      possible, the ecosystems and communities

                                                      extant at the time of dredging.

        67. CAUSEWAY            CAUSEWAY              Part of a section may be suitable for the

                                CONSTRUCTION          construction of a causeway capable of

                                                      supporting vehicular traffic, connecting

                                                      two or more dry land areas with each other

                                                      across wetland, baybottom, or open water

                                                      areas. Developmental activity would be

                                                      similar to that delineated for LANDSTAB


                                                      and NEWLAND categories (q.v.). Adverse

                                                      environmental effects would range from

                                                      locally catastrophic, to severe or

                                                      moderate depending on the distance of an

                                                      rea from the causeway proper. Major

                                                      effects would occur in interruption of or

                                                      modification of current flow patterns,






        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            115.



                                                     tidal regimes, and hydrological forces

                                                     previously existing in the affected water

                                                     body, as well as sedimentary, turbidity,

                                                     and water chemistry alterations owing to

                                                     causeway fill emplacement. Physiological

                                                     and biological impacts would occur to

                                                     varying degrees on associated benthic,

                                                     intertidal and to a lesser extent supra-

                                                     tidal communities, and may be short or

                                                     long term. This category requires an EIS,

                                                     a mandatory 6 month pre-construction

                                                     activity monitoring program, and a follow-

                                                     up program lasting 3 years in order to

                                                     ascertain any detrimental effects on the

                                                     benthos and related ecosystems. Depart-

                                                     ment of Natural Resources Management

                                                     guidelines, and permits, plus permits or

                                                     approval from all appropriate governmental

                                                     agencies is required. Construction which

                                                     maintains or enhances existing tidal and

                                                     current regimes, and which minimizes

                                                     ecological damage will be strongly en-

                                                     couraged.

        68. NEWPASS             NEW PASS OR INLET    Part of a section has been shown to be


                                CONSTRUCTION         suitable for the opening to allow nautical

                                                     ingress and egress between one body of

                                                     water and another. This category specif-

                                                     ically excludes MAINTNCE and NEWCANAL







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                           115.



                                                     tidal regimes, and hydrological forces

                                                     previously existing in the affected water

                                                     body, as well as sedimentary, turbidity,

                                                     and water chemistry alterations owing to

                                                     causeway fill emplacement. Physiological

                                                     and biological impacts would occur to

                                                     varying degrees on associated benthic,

                                                     intertidal and to a lesser extent supra-

                                                     tidal communities, and may be short or

                                                     long term. This category requires an EIS,

                                                     a mandatory 6 month pre-construction

                                                     activity monitoring program, and a follow-

                                                     up program lasting 3 years in order to

                                                     ascertain any detrimental effects on the

                                                     benthos and related ecosystems. Depart-

                                                     ment of Natural Resources Management

                                                     guidelines, and permits, plus permits or

                                                     approval from all appropriate governmental

                                                     agencies is required. Construction which

                                                     maintains or enhances existing tidal and

                                                     current regimes, and which minimizes

                                                     ecological damage will be strongly en-

                                                     couraged.

        68. NEWPASS            NEW PASS OR INLET     Part of a section has been shown to be


                               CONSTRUCTION          suitable for the opening to allow nautical

                                                     ingress and egress between one body of

                                                     water and another. This category specif-

                                                     ically excludes MAINTNCE and NEWCANAL







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                            116.



                                                     categories (q.v.) but developmental

                                                     activities would include those associated


                                                     with NEWCANAL and NEWLAND dredge and fill

                                                     activities. The adverse environmental


                                                     effects in this category may be substan-

                                                     tial, ranging from moderate to catas-

                                                     trophic, depending as much on the means

                                                     employed and areal extent of the affected

                                                     section as on subsequent hydrological,

                                                     physiological, and ecological changes

                                                     resulting from such construction. This

                                                     category should only be advocated after

                                                     careful consideration, including a com-

                                                     plete hydrological study of current and

                                                     tidal patterns, wave activity if ap-

                                                     propriate, geophysical assessments in-

                                                     cluding sediment transport, sand budgets,

                                                     barrier island erosional or accretional


                                                     tendencies if applicable, and any other

                                                     major physical parameter liable to affect

                                                     the immediate land area or the connected


                                                     bodies of water. Biological factors

                                                     including a survey of all benthic and

                                                     epibenthic communities, upstream associat-

                                                     ed ecosystems, and determination if

                                                     applicable of the effects of salinity

                                                     variations on the flora and fauna of the


                                                     region are mandatory. In addition,







        Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             117.



                                                     scouring and siltational tendencies should

                                                     be assessed. A detailed EIS, approval and

                                                     permits from all appropriate governmental

                                                     agencies, adherence to Department of

                                                     Natural Resources Management guidelines as

                                                     appropriate for each area, and the pos-

                                                     sible classification of this activity as a

                                                     DRI must all be considered and satisfied


                                                     before any activity is begun.

        69. SUBDIVOP           SUBDIVISION           Part or all of a section may be suitable

                               DREDGE AND FILL       for the construction of a subdivision or


                               OPERATIONS            PUD employing dredging and filling for

                                                     canal or waterway construction, and use of

                                                     obtained spoil as fill for land creation

                                                     or enhancement, along the landward margins

                                                     of aquatic areas, or within upland areas

                                                     partially or completely unassociated with

                                                     any contiguous water body. Developmental

                                                     activities include those associated with


                                                     NEWLAND, NEWCANAL, and NEWPASS categories.

                                                     Adverse environmental effects would range

                                                     from moderate to catastrophic depending on

                                                     the extent of the area modified, the

                                                     methodology employed, and the magnitude of

                                                     construction. Immediate severe to


                                                     catastrophic impacts would occur on water

                                                     tables and vegetational ecosystems in

                                                     land-locked operations, and on benthic






       Appendix 4 (continued)                                                             118.



                                                     ecosystems in estuarine or marine opera-

                                                     tions. Long term effects would be de-

                                                     pendent on the resiliency of the affected

                                                     biotope to recover from extensive dredge

                                                     and fill operations in this category.

                                                     Activities in this category require a

                                                     detailed EIS, permits and guidelines,

                                                     including adherence to a monitoring

                                                     program established by DNRM for a period

                                                     of 5 years after completion of all activ-

                                                     ity, or where mitigational damage can be

                                                     demonstrated.


        70. OTHERD&F           OTHER DREDGE &        This category is established to cover any

                               FILL OPERATIONS       dredge and fill operations not defined in

                                                     the above listing, or is to be used in

                                                     special cases involving those so defined

                                                     where it is deemed that the general

                                                     categorical definition or descriptor is

                                                     too broad. Activities and the resultant


                                                     impacts will depend on the type, extant,

                                                     and methodology employed.




        BOB'S WORK
        9/18/85







                                                                                   Appendix 5
                                  LUMACT Program Example. summary of zoning, predominant vegetation,
                                  owner numbers (OTATNRLIST) and developmental recommendations for
                                  individual sections in the Collier County undeveloped coastal zone.


                 C'-I a 1: t Z c---; nl't: I.-J,          1- Z.,

                      G.)
                                  Lill                    V.- /I
                                                                             J
                                                              I                               -,            Z"ge
                 7, C r 4 n g
                                                                                                          E'
                 Re c ommE,!rld C71 t J. or-I
                                                                                       r- --nn 1.4               @-4          P, rl!                          1-n
                 C C M !:';.,--) T 1`3 i--                               4-
                 P R 0 V 1-:-3 10  J                      D J.         q                      Ve 1


                 1 N C 0 M P A T 1 B LE'-                 @.Pet rol op             .-Timber-ops. IFIdLU-r.V;S-t--
                                                          1) r d'- & Fi I      'e',x, E? P    J) t C hD   I
                                                                                                                                             S--liatilm,       F.:


                 IN on D e v      i..) pi-ri c.., n't                P r-

                 A9j-JCLL'.1tL(Ie*f@'---'                                          1) r. c 1-i d i-.:   F;-.Arfning           Vilr
                 Land                                     L    1   5 C a, P        VJI a, t a@, vj e, 1                       E a r-     M 0, V
                                       &                  W,7                                               i..; r- zg fn           Cn J- w- 'I
                 C o n --s t r t..t c t:,;.                                                             ty.. i
                                                                                                                                         i -M,
                 D r E, d g e.         i I I I-D
                                                                                   j 4


                 G en e r a 1 f" o 17-1 ma, n t s         C o F.;-I il" e F- c. i                                                                            r
                                                                                   7y  a n. - rq@-si "do.ential        arc@i-:i;add-zon           F,;SF'5'.' TR      C@           F-L
                   -r- at                                            KI                 a     4--



                 CnastZon:: FaL--.,:7thatch--...o
                                                                                                                       o g,   4 '?,c                    LU'rIAP, 17 7
                 Map      R     t:--, r- . 1-- 7 11 S' 10    T    52   S"   R   2"a     r,._r
                 Z.r-, --I
                 Recommendations
                                                          First:                   Second               "I" hi i r d          F 0 U r- t h          F 1: f t h
                 COMPriT 1 13LE:                          R e C: U -=.- e          N (D vi D e v
                                                                                                        T' i - rj,--i F -i
                 FR 0 V I S 10 N t':! L.                  C or 1   t r c t         F--,.e c: U se       D
                 RESTRICTED-,                             L ;,-A n ij!' --ic.-' -1 TD -i       g          -mr, m   r C
                 I N' C 13 M P n- I-I.E.' L. E                                       C'j U    C t.,
                 PRO'HIBITED:
                                                                                              I if      T'I             .-.n
                                                                                         -ICIDU                                          v "-"Ij
                 NOT            L J.'CABLE-E.,            Fc; e-*try               D -d g     F i


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                 Non D e v,,,.--- I mtp-                     la I- u r F'r         Wi                                                               G
                 R cz: c r- a       r        e                     v Re                                        d IR, ec                             Ca,      G rn d
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                 Land                                     P-j 0




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